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+<title>The Project Gutenberg e-Book of The Boys of '61; Author: Charles Carleton Coffin.</title>
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Boys of '61, by Charles Carleton Coffin
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Boys of '61
+       or, Four Years of Fighting, Personal Observations with the Army and Navy
+
+Author: Charles Carleton Coffin
+
+Release Date: January 3, 2011 [EBook #34843]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOYS OF '61 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by D Alexander, Christine P. Travers and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+(This file was produced from images generously made
+available by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<h1>THE BOYS OF '61;<br>
+<span class="small">OR,</span><br>
+<span class="smcap">Four Years of Fighting.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="p2 center smaller">PERSONAL OBSERVATION WITH THE
+  ARMY AND NAVY,</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center small"><i>FROM THE FIRST BATTLE OF BULL RUN TO THE
+  FALL OF RICHMOND</i></p>
+
+<p class="p4 center"><span class="smaller">BY</span><br>
+CHARLES CARLETON COFFIN,</p>
+
+<p class="small center">AUTHOR OF "THE BOYS OF '76," "THE STORY OF LIBERTY," "WINNING HIS
+  WAY." "MY DAYS AND NIGHTS ON THE BATTLEFIELD," "FOLLOWING
+  THE FLAG," "OUR NEW WAY ROUND THE WORLD," ETC.</p>
+
+<p class="p4 center">ILLUSTRATED.
+
+<p class="p4 center small">BOSTON:<br>
+  PUBLISHED BY ESTES AND LAURIAT,<br>
+  301-305 <span class="smcap">Washington Street</span>.<br>
+  1886.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center small">Copyright, 1881 by<br>
+  ESTES AND LAURIAT.</p>
+
+<p class="center small">Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1866, by<br>
+  CHARLES CARLETON COFFIN,<br>
+  in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<a id="img001" name="img001"></a>
+<div class="p4 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img001.jpg" width="350" height="488" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Charge through an abattis.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="pageiii" name="pageiii"></a>(p. iii)</span> PREFATORY NOTE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>This volume, though historic, is not a history of the Rebellion, but a
+record of personal observations and experiences during the war, with
+an occasional look at affairs in general to give clearness to the
+narrative. The time has not arrived for the writing of an impartial
+history of the conflict between Slavery and Freedom in the United
+States. Reports of military operations are incomplete; documents in
+the archives at Washington are inaccessible; much material remains to
+be gathered before the patient historian can sift the wheat from the
+chaff. More than this, the war of ideas is not yet ended. Defeated
+Rebels in some parts of the South are bent on exterminating the
+African race. Few of those lately in rebellion plead guilty of having
+committed a crime; taking up arms against the government they consider
+to have been a blunder only. We are, therefore, too near the great
+events to render proper judgment upon questions in which our
+principles and sympathies have been enlisted.</p>
+
+<p>The chapter concerning the Confederate Cotton Loan may seem to be out
+of place in a volume of which so large a portion is given to
+narrative, but I trust that it will be acceptable to the general
+reader, inasmuch as it reveals the efforts of the Rebels to array all
+Europe against the United States in the late struggle. The
+correspondence in my possession was picked up in the streets of
+Richmond, and will be of value to the future historian. The chapter in
+question is but an outline of the operations of the Confederates
+abroad.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="pageiv" name="pageiv"></a>(p. iv)</span> In looking over the sheets as they came from the press,
+several errors relative to the organization and formation of troops in
+battle have been detected, which, however, will appear in but a few
+copies. Undoubtedly there are others, and the writer will esteem it a
+favor to be put right wherever he is in the wrong. Few official
+reports of regimental and brigade officers have been published, while
+the reports of division and corps commanders are only general in their
+statements. The true history of battles cannot be given till the
+history of regiments is written.</p>
+
+<p>My stand-point as an observer is that of one whose instincts from
+early childhood have been on the side of Freedom. I have ever believed
+that Civil Liberty is the birthright of all men, and from the firing
+upon Sumter to the close of the contest had full faith that the
+people, under God, would subdue the Rebellion, and give freedom to the
+slave.</p>
+
+<p>The four years have been worth a century of ordinary life; for in the
+mighty contest Right has triumphed over Wrong, and the human race,
+with a clearer perception of Truth and Justice as the sure foundation
+of government, is moving on to a higher civilization.</p>
+
+<p class="right10">C. C. C.</p>
+
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="pagev" name="pagev"></a>(p. v)</span> CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+<p class="toctitle">INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER.<br>
+<span class="smaller">BEGINNING OF THE CONFLICT.</span></p>
+
+<div class="toc">
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="ralign10 small">PAGE</span><br>
+Ideas and Principles.&mdash; Battles witnessed. &mdash; The Leaders. &mdash; State of
+  Affairs. &mdash; Baltimore. &mdash; Dulness in the Streets. &mdash; Baltimore Women. &mdash; Raw
+  Troops. &mdash; Visit to Fort McHenry. &mdash; Washington. &mdash; Material of
+  the Army. &mdash; Generals in Command. &mdash; General Scott. &mdash; His Position. &mdash; Newspaper
+  Reports. &mdash; Troops organized. &mdash; The Gathering of the Rebels
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page001">1</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="toctitle">CHAPTER I.<br>
+<span class="smaller">AROUND WASHINGTON.</span></p>
+
+<p>Alexandria. &mdash; The Massachusetts Fifth. &mdash; A Song for Bunker Hill &mdash; The
+  Review. &mdash; The Distant Gun. &mdash; The Affair at Vienna. &mdash; A Dinner in
+  the Field. &mdash; Vallandigham and the Ohio Boys. &mdash; Patriotism of the
+  Soldiers. &mdash; The Rogues' March. &mdash; Mutiny of the Garibaldi Guard. &mdash; An
+  Adventure. &mdash; Broken English. &mdash; Unpleasant Position. &mdash; General
+  Mansfield's Wrath. &mdash; The Lager-Beer Business. &mdash; A Faded Aristocracy. &mdash; Living
+  on a Name. &mdash; The Sirens of Virginia. &mdash; A South Carolina
+  Chattel. &mdash; His Search for Chickens. &mdash; How he found Freedom.
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page008">8</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="toctitle">CHAPTER II.<br>
+<span class="smaller">BULL RUN.</span></p>
+
+<p>The March. &mdash; The Second Maine. &mdash; The Pageant. &mdash; The Bivouac. &mdash; The
+  Beehives. &mdash; Beauregard's Proclamation. &mdash; McDowell's Order. &mdash; The
+  Contrast. &mdash; Virginia Unionism. &mdash; The First Shot. &mdash; The Artillery. &mdash; Retreat
+  of the Rebels. &mdash; The Negro's Story &mdash; Centreville. &mdash; Snuff Dippers. &mdash; Affairs
+  at Blackburn's Ford. &mdash; The Morning &mdash; Progress of the
+  Battle. &mdash; The Rebel Prisoner. &mdash; The Turning of the Tide &mdash; At the
+  Spring &mdash; The Panic &mdash; The Teamsters. &mdash; The Rebels on the Point of
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagevi" name="pagevi"></a>(p. vi)</span> Retreating. &mdash; Richmond Dispatch. &mdash; Wonderful Stories of the Rebels. &mdash; Change
+  of Sentiment. &mdash; General Butler. &mdash; Union Men of Virginia. &mdash; Bitterness
+  of the Rebels. &mdash; Seductive Influences of Slavery.
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page017">17</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="toctitle">CHAPTER III.<br>
+<span class="smaller">THE FALL OF 1861.</span></p>
+
+<p>Position of Affairs. &mdash; Disaster at Ball's Bluff. &mdash; The News in Washington. &mdash; How
+  President Lincoln received it. &mdash; His tenderness of Heart. &mdash; Mr. Lincoln
+  in his Springfield Home. &mdash; His Temperance Principles. &mdash; Poolsville. &mdash; Colonel
+  Baker's Body. &mdash; Slavery in Western Maryland. &mdash; Visit to Eastern
+  Maryland. &mdash; The "White Horse." &mdash; Character of the Country. &mdash; Our
+  Host at Pamunkey. &mdash; His Family. &mdash; Visit to Annapolis. &mdash; Aristocratic
+  Pride. &mdash; Secession in Washington. &mdash; The Spirit of
+  Slavery in the Army. &mdash; The Hutchinson Family and General McClellan. &mdash; Whittier's
+  "Eine feste Burg ist unser Gott." &mdash; Major Gould and his Scout. &mdash; A
+  Rebel Minister. &mdash; Washington Jail and its Inmates. &mdash; Close of the Year.
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page030">30</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="toctitle">CHAPTER IV.<br>
+<span class="smaller">AFFAIRS IN THE WEST.</span></p>
+
+<p>Louisville. &mdash; Position of Kentucky. &mdash; The Opinions of a Loyal Tennesseean. &mdash; General
+  Buell and His Policy. &mdash; Events in Missouri. &mdash; General
+  Halleck. &mdash; Order No. 3. &mdash; General Schofield and the Guerillas. &mdash; Negro
+  Testimony. &mdash; Fremont's Army. &mdash; Visit to Rolla. &mdash; General Sigel. &mdash; Radical
+  Sentiments of the Army. &mdash; Cairo. &mdash; Union Generals. &mdash; Introduction
+  to General Grant. &mdash; Commodore Foote. &mdash; The Mississippi Flotilla. &mdash; Captain
+  Porter and the Essex. &mdash; His Challenge to Captain
+  Montgomery. &mdash; Major-General Bishop Polk. &mdash; Reconnoissance towards
+  Columbus. &mdash; A Kentucky Farm-house. &mdash; Return to Cairo.
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page047">47</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="toctitle">CHAPTER V.<br>
+<span class="smaller">CENTRAL KENTUCKY.</span></p>
+
+<p>Battle of Mill Springs. &mdash; A genuine Kentuckian. &mdash; Discussion of the Negro
+  Question. &mdash; Kentucky Farmers. &mdash; Lexington. &mdash; Scenes at the Phenix
+  Hotel. &mdash; Secession Ladies. &mdash; Anthony Trollope. &mdash; Tomb of Henry Clay. &mdash; Clay's
+  Opinion of Abolitionists. &mdash; How a Presbyterian Minister would
+  conduct the War. &mdash; Buell's Right Wing. &mdash; Trip down the Ohio. &mdash; Passengers
+  on Board the Grey Eagle. &mdash; The People of Owensborough. &mdash; Up Green
+  River. &mdash; Kentucky Unionists. &mdash; Visit to Calhoun. &mdash; A "first-class"
+  Hotel. &mdash; Scenes on the Steamer.
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page059">59</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="toctitle"><span class="pagenum"><a id="pagevii" name="pagevii"></a>(p. vii)</span> CHAPTER VI.<br>
+<span class="smaller">THE OPENING OF THE CAMPAIGN IN TENNESSEE.</span></p>
+
+<p>Capture of Fort Henry. &mdash; Commodore Foote's Account of the Fight. &mdash; His
+  Care for the Wounded. &mdash; His Preaching on Sunday. &mdash; Affairs in Mississippi. &mdash; Capture
+  of Fort Donelson. &mdash; Movement of the Troops. &mdash; The
+  Surrender. &mdash; The Appearance of the Rebels. &mdash; The Town of Dover. &mdash; Scenes
+  in the Rebel Lines. &mdash; The formal Surrender of the Fort. &mdash; Appearance
+  of Buckner and Grant. &mdash; Rebel Officers on the Rampage. &mdash; Commodore
+  Foote's Intentions. &mdash; His Plans frustrated by Halleck. &mdash; Nullification
+  of Order No. 3. &mdash; Occupation of Columbus. &mdash; The Southern
+  Muse. &mdash; Bombardment of Island No. 10. &mdash; Colonel Bissell's Canal. &mdash; Passage
+  of Transports to New Madrid. &mdash; Running past the Batteries. &mdash; General
+  Pope's Operations. &mdash; Capture of Rebels. &mdash; Surrender of Island
+  No. 10.
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page076">76</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="toctitle">CHAPTER VII.<br>
+<span class="smaller">PITTSBURG LANDING, FORT PILLOW, AND MEMPHIS.</span></p>
+
+<p>The Opposing Forces. &mdash; The Battle-Field. &mdash; The Poor Whites of the South. &mdash; General
+  Sherman. &mdash; Beauregard's Despatch. &mdash; Retreat of the Rebels. &mdash; Halleck's
+  Advance upon Corinth. &mdash; The Mississippi Fleet. &mdash; Admiral
+  Davis. &mdash; Captain Maynadier. &mdash; A Trap for the Rebels. &mdash; Movement of
+  the Rams. &mdash; Fire of the Rebel Batteries. &mdash; Evacuation of Fort Pillow. &mdash; Gunboat
+  Fight at Memphis. &mdash; Surrender of the City. &mdash; Commodore
+  Ellet.
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page093">93</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="toctitle">CHAPTER VIII.<br>
+<span class="smaller">INVASION OF MARYLAND.</span></p>
+
+<p>Battle of Manassas. &mdash; Colonel Broadhead. &mdash; Confidence of the Rebels. &mdash; Uprising
+  in Pennsylvania. &mdash; Surrender of Harper's Ferry. &mdash; Escape of
+  the Union Cavalry. &mdash; Negro Teamsters. &mdash; Excitement of the Citizens. &mdash; Hagerstown. &mdash; Antietam. &mdash; Visit
+  to the Right Wing. &mdash; Poffenberg's
+  House. &mdash; Sumner's Movement. &mdash; The Corn-Field. &mdash; Burnside's Attack. &mdash; The
+  Fight at the Bridge.
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page110">110</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="toctitle">CHAPTER IX.<br>
+<span class="smaller">INVASION OF KENTUCKY.</span></p>
+
+<p>The Opposing Forces. &mdash; Bragg's Advance. &mdash; Capture of Frankfort. &mdash; The
+  Rebels in Lexington. &mdash; Inauguration of Governor Harris. &mdash; Bragg's Retreat
+  from Frankfort. &mdash; Battle of Perryville. &mdash; President's Proclamation. &mdash; The
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="pageviii" name="pageviii"></a>(p. viii)</span> Kentucky Policy. &mdash; General Gillmore's Order No. 5. &mdash; Twenty-Second
+  Wisconsin and Colonel Utley. &mdash; Judge Robertson and his Boy
+  Jo. &mdash; The Kentucky Policy reversed. &mdash; An Evening in Louisville.
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page122">122</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="toctitle">CHAPTER X.<br>
+<span class="smaller">FROM HARPER'S FERRY TO FREDERICKSBURG.</span></p>
+
+<p>Soldiers' Pets. &mdash; Removal of McClellan. &mdash; Burnside's Plans. &mdash; Army Correspondence. &mdash; Gold
+  Speculators. &mdash; Expectations of the People.
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page137">137</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="toctitle">CHAPTER XI.<br>
+<span class="smaller">BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG.</span></p>
+
+<p>The Signal Guns. &mdash; Laying the Pontoons. &mdash; Bombardment of the City. &mdash; Hall's
+  Brigade. &mdash; Rebel Sharpshooters. &mdash; Crossing the River. &mdash; Seventh
+  Michigan. &mdash; Yankees in Fredericksburg. &mdash; Night Scene. &mdash; The Drummer-Boy. &mdash; Rev.
+  Arthur B. Fuller. &mdash; His Funeral Obsequies. &mdash; Lee's
+  Army. &mdash; Positions of the Troops. &mdash; Burnside's Orders to Franklin. &mdash; The
+  Morning. &mdash; Movement of the Army. &mdash; Attack on the Left. &mdash; Franklin's
+  Despatches. &mdash; Meade's Attack. &mdash; Jackson's Line broken. &mdash; Franklin's
+  Account. &mdash; Wounded Soldiers. &mdash; Attack on the Right. &mdash; Eleventh
+  New Hampshire. &mdash; Sturgis's Division. &mdash; The Last Attack. &mdash; Recrossing
+  the River.
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page142">142</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="toctitle">CHAPTER XII.<br>
+<span class="smaller">THE WINTER AT FALMOUTH.</span></p>
+
+<p>Employment of the Men. &mdash; American Tract Society. &mdash; General Howard
+  and the Secessionists. &mdash; Sanitary and Christian Commissions. &mdash; Religion
+  in the Army. &mdash; Chapels.
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page174">174</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="toctitle">CHAPTER XIII.<br>
+<span class="smaller">CHANCELLORSVILLE.</span></p>
+
+<p>General Hooker in Command. &mdash; Reorganization of the Army. &mdash; Hooker's
+  Plan. &mdash; Movement of the Troops. &mdash; First and Sixth Corps. &mdash; Lee
+  puzzled. &mdash; Hooker in Position. &mdash; Lee's Movement. &mdash; Jackson's March. &mdash; Howard's
+  Position. &mdash; Sickles's Advance. &mdash; Jackson's Attack. &mdash; The
+  Eleventh Corps. &mdash; Sickles's Return. &mdash; Death of Jackson. &mdash; The Battle
+  of Sunday. &mdash; Best's Artillery. &mdash; Stewart's Attack. &mdash; The Second Corps. &mdash; Hooker's
+  last Position. &mdash; Second Battle of Fredericksburg. &mdash; Sedgwick's
+  Attack. &mdash; Maryee's Hill. &mdash; Barksdale's Retreat. &mdash; Battle of Salem
+  Church. &mdash; Lost Opportunity.
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page179">179</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="toctitle"><span class="pagenum"><a id="pageix" name="pageix"></a>(p. ix)</span> CHAPTER XIV.<br>
+<span class="smaller">CAVALRY OPERATIONS.</span></p>
+
+<p>Stoneman's Preparations. &mdash; Crossing the Rapidan. &mdash; Raid through Virginia. &mdash; Kilpatrick's
+  Audacity. &mdash; Shelling Richmond. &mdash; His Escape. &mdash; Stoneman's
+  Return.
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page212">212</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="toctitle">CHAPTER XV.<br>
+<span class="smaller">THE ATLANTIC COAST.</span></p>
+
+<p>Port Royal. &mdash; Sunday Services. &mdash; Rev. Mr. Murchison. &mdash; Visit to the
+  Plantations. &mdash; Sancho's Address. &mdash; Negro Music. &mdash; Mitchelville. &mdash; Sojourner
+  Truth. &mdash; Enlistment of Negro Troops. &mdash; Colonel Higginson. &mdash; Antipathy
+  of White Soldiers. &mdash; First South Carolina Regiment. &mdash; Smith's
+  Plantation.
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page224">224</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="toctitle">CHAPTER XVI.<br>
+<span class="smaller">THE IRONCLADS IN ACTION.</span></p>
+
+<p>Destruction of the Nashville. &mdash; Captain Worden. &mdash; Attack on Fort McAllister. &mdash; First
+  Bombardment of Sumter. &mdash; Visit to the Fleet. &mdash; Captain
+  Rodgers. &mdash; Damage to the Fort.
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page248">248</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="toctitle">CHAPTER XVII.<br>
+<span class="smaller">THE INVASION OF PENNSYLVANIA.</span></p>
+
+<p>General Lee's Movements. &mdash; Hooker on the Watch. &mdash; Bedlam in Pennsylvania. &mdash; Harrisburg. &mdash; Baltimore. &mdash; Colored
+  Population. &mdash; Resignation
+  of General Hooker. &mdash; General Meade. &mdash; Feelings of the Soldiers. &mdash; Advance
+  to Gettysburg. &mdash; Organization of the Army. &mdash; Patriotism of
+  the People. &mdash; Bread for the Soldiers. &mdash; Ride to Gettysburg. &mdash; Geographical
+  Features of the Place.
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page258">258</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="toctitle">CHAPTER XVIII.<br>
+<span class="smaller">THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG.</span></p>
+
+<p>General Reynolds's Position. &mdash; Beginning of the Fight. &mdash; General Howard's
+  Account. &mdash; Weiderick's Battery. &mdash; General Slocum at Two Taverns. &mdash; Howard's
+  Messages. &mdash; General Hancock's Arrival. &mdash; Color-Bearers
+  of the Nineteenth Indiana. &mdash; Arrival of the Third Corps. &mdash; <span class="smcap">Second
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagex" name="pagex"></a>(p. x)</span> Day.</span> &mdash; General Meade on the Field. &mdash; The Cemetery. &mdash; Major
+  Howard. &mdash; Ride along the Lines. &mdash; Stannard's Brigade. &mdash; Meade's
+  Head-Quarters. &mdash; Position of the Second Corps. &mdash; The Third Corps. &mdash; Sickles's
+  Position at Noon. &mdash; Lee's Intentions. &mdash; Confidence of the
+  Rebels. &mdash; Longstreet's Command. &mdash; His Plan. &mdash; Half past Three. &mdash; The
+  Attack. &mdash; Resistance of the Third Corps. &mdash; McGilvery's Batteries. &mdash; The
+  Ninth Massachusetts Battery. &mdash; Barnes's Division. &mdash; The Regulars. &mdash; Resistance
+  of the Pennsylvania Reserves. &mdash; Hood's Advance. &mdash; Colonel
+  Chamberlain's Position. &mdash; Slocum's Movement. &mdash; Doubleday
+  and Williams. &mdash; Men of Vermont. &mdash; Fourteenth Maine. &mdash; Louisiana
+  Tigers. &mdash; <span class="smcap">Third Day.</span> &mdash; The Morning Cannonade. &mdash; Rebel
+  Prisoners. &mdash; Fight on Culp's Hill. &mdash; Cavalry Operations. &mdash; Lee's Preparations
+  for the last Attack. &mdash; Position of the Troops. &mdash; Scene at Meade's
+  Head-Quarters. &mdash; The Cannonade. &mdash; Howard's Batteries. &mdash; Hancock
+  wounded. &mdash; The Vermont Regiments. &mdash; Repulse of the Rebels. &mdash; Scenes
+  along the Lines. &mdash; In the Rebel Lines. &mdash; Midnight. &mdash; After the
+  Battle. &mdash; Lee's Retreat. &mdash; Meade's Movements. &mdash; Lee at Williamsport. &mdash; Crossing
+  the Potomac. &mdash; Battle at Falling Waters.
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page269">269</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="toctitle">CHAPTER XIX.<br>
+<span class="smaller">FROM THE RAPIDAN TO COLD HARBOR.</span></p>
+
+<p>Opening of the Campaign. &mdash; Organization of the Army. &mdash; Grant's Plan. &mdash; The
+  Ninth Corps. &mdash; President Lincoln reviewing the Colored Troops. &mdash; The
+  Army in Motion. &mdash; Across the Rapidan. &mdash; Grant and Meade in
+  Council. &mdash; The Wilderness. &mdash; Position of the Army. &mdash; First Day's
+  Fight. &mdash; Arrival of the Ninth Corps. &mdash; Second Day. &mdash; Movement to
+  Spottsylvania. &mdash; Sheridan's Fight. &mdash; Todd's Tavern. &mdash; Warren engaged. &mdash; Battle
+  of Spottsylvania. &mdash; Song of the Wounded. &mdash; The
+  Vermont Brigade. &mdash; Death of General Rice. &mdash; Attack of the Second
+  Corps. &mdash; A Day in Fredericksburg. &mdash; Sanitary and Christian Commissions. &mdash; Getting
+  Straw for the Hospitals. &mdash; Movement to the North Anna. &mdash; Battle
+  of Jericho Bridge. &mdash; A Night in a Cabin. &mdash; Movement to
+  Hanover. &mdash; Battle of Bethesda Church. &mdash; General Smith's Advance to
+  Cold Harbor. &mdash; Sheridan's Movement. &mdash; Position of the two Armies. &mdash; First
+  Battle of Cold Harbor. &mdash; Hospital Scene. &mdash; Second Battle. &mdash; McClellan
+  at Cold Harbor and the Campaign of '62. &mdash; Grant's Operations. &mdash; Caroline
+  County. &mdash; The Planters and their Property. &mdash; The
+  Day of Jubilee. &mdash; Breaking up of Society.
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page306">306</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="toctitle">CHAPTER XX.<br>
+<span class="smaller">TO PETERSBURG.</span></p>
+
+<p>Comments of the Rebel Newspapers. &mdash; Opinions of the Soldiers. &mdash; Discussion
+  of Plans. &mdash; General Hunter's Advance to Lynchburg. &mdash; Sheridan's
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexi" name="pagexi"></a>(p. xi)</span> Raid. &mdash; Butler and Gillmore. &mdash; Movement to James River. &mdash; Gillmore's
+  Failure. &mdash; Grant's Instructions to Smith. &mdash; Lee surprised. &mdash; General
+  Hinks's Division of Colored Troops. &mdash; Their First Engagement. &mdash; Smith's
+  Advance. &mdash; First Battle in Front of Petersburg. &mdash; Capture of
+  Rebel Intrenchments. &mdash; General Terry's Movement. &mdash; Lost Opportunities. &mdash; Sentiments
+  of the People. &mdash; President Lincoln. &mdash; Heroism of the
+  Colored Soldiers. &mdash; Arrival of the Ninth Corps. &mdash; Second Battle in
+  Front of Petersburg. &mdash; General Potter's Division. &mdash; Fifty-Seventh Massachusetts. &mdash; Edward
+  M. Schneider. &mdash; Third Battle in Front of Petersburg. &mdash; Barbarism
+  of Slavery. &mdash; Prejudice against Colored Troops. &mdash; The
+  Christian Commission. &mdash; Hardships of the Campaign. &mdash; Religion
+  in the Army.
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page351">351</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="toctitle">CHAPTER XXI.<br>
+<span class="smaller">SIEGE OPERATIONS.</span></p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant-Colonel Pleasants. &mdash; His Plan for a Mine to destroy the Works
+  before Petersburg. &mdash; Difficulties he encountered in constructing it. &mdash; Battle
+  at Deep Bottom. &mdash; Completion of the Mine. &mdash; Preparations for
+  springing it. &mdash; Fuse goes out. &mdash; Delay. &mdash; Relighted. &mdash; The Explosion. &mdash; Consternation
+  of the Rebels. &mdash; Confusion of Union Troops. &mdash; Rebels
+  return to their Guns. &mdash; Terrible Slaughter in the Crater. &mdash; Reasons for
+  the Failure. &mdash; The Rebel Press. &mdash; The Fortunes of the Confederacy.
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page376">376</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="toctitle">CHAPTER XXII.<br>
+<span class="smaller">THIRD INVASION OF MARYLAND.</span></p>
+
+<p>General Situation of Affairs. &mdash; Early's Movement down the Valley. &mdash; Breckenridge
+  sent to reinforce him. &mdash; The Sixth Corps. &mdash; Excitement
+  in Washington. &mdash; Early's Force. &mdash; Massachusetts Sixteenth Regiment. &mdash; Arrival
+  of Nineteenth Corps. &mdash; Enthusiastic Reception. &mdash; Confidence
+  restored. &mdash; Battle of Monocacy. &mdash; Alarming Reports. &mdash; Advance of Rebels
+  upon Washington. &mdash; Their hasty Retreat.
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page384">384</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="toctitle">CHAPTER XXIII.<br>
+<span class="smaller">SHERMAN'S ARMY.</span></p>
+
+<p>Review of Sherman's Campaign. &mdash; Jeff Davis's dislike of Johnston. &mdash; Appointment
+  of Hood. &mdash; Davis's Speech to Hood's Army. &mdash; Sherman
+  contemplates a Movement to Savannah. &mdash; Grant authorizes it. &mdash; Organization
+  of Sherman's Army. &mdash; Comments of Rebel Press on his
+  March to the Sea. &mdash; Complaints of Sherman's Inhumanity. &mdash; He is
+  compared to Attila. &mdash; His Vindication of Himself. &mdash; The Bummers. &mdash; Their
+  Humanity to Union Refugees.
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page391">391</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="toctitle"><span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexii" name="pagexii"></a>(p. xii)</span> CHAPTER XXIV.<br>
+<span class="smaller">CHRISTIANITY AND BARBARISM.</span></p>
+
+<p>Sherman in Savannah. &mdash; Destitution of the People. &mdash; Humanity of the
+  People of the North. &mdash; Steamer Greyhound. &mdash; Belle Boyd. &mdash; Voyage
+  of the Greyhound. &mdash; Thunderbolt Battery. &mdash; Fifty-Fifth Massachusetts. &mdash; Distribution
+  of Supplies. &mdash; Rebel Prisons. &mdash; Responsibility of Rebel
+  Officials. &mdash; Amiability of General Lee. &mdash; Andersonville.
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page402">402</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="toctitle">CHAPTER XXV.<br>
+<span class="smaller">SCENES IN SAVANNAH.</span></p>
+
+<p>Aunt Nellie and her Sister. &mdash; Inhumanity of Slavery. &mdash; Whittier's Lines. &mdash; Burning
+  of the Arsenal. &mdash; General Sherman's Order No. 15. &mdash; Abandoned
+  Lands. &mdash; General Saxton. &mdash; Meeting of Freedmen. &mdash; Address
+  of Rev. Mr. French. &mdash; Appearance of the Congregation. &mdash; Rev.
+  Mr. Houston. &mdash; The Slave Market. &mdash; Commencing a Colony. &mdash; Plans
+  of the Freedmen. &mdash; The Sexton. &mdash; The Dead from Manassas. &mdash; The
+  Gospel of Slavery. &mdash; Breaking up of Society. &mdash; Ladies of Savannah. &mdash; Poor
+  Whites of Georgia. &mdash; Negro Dialect. &mdash; Freedmen in Council in
+  the Slave Market. &mdash; Their Battle-Hymn. &mdash; Civilization. &mdash; Christianity
+  at Work.
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page414">414</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="toctitle">CHAPTER XXVI.<br>
+<span class="smaller">SHERMAN IN SOUTH CAROLINA.</span></p>
+
+<p>Instructions of General Grant. &mdash; Sherman's Plan. &mdash; Expectation of the
+  Rebels. &mdash; Grover's Division. &mdash; His Army in Motion. &mdash; Howard's Advance
+  to the Salkehatchie. &mdash; Crossing the River. &mdash; Hardee retires to
+  Branchville. &mdash; Kilpatrick's Movement towards Augusta. &mdash; Consternation
+  of the Rebels. &mdash; Sherman moves to Orangeburg. &mdash; General Potter's
+  Division. &mdash; Hampton's and Wheeler's Cavalry. &mdash; Hampton's
+  Home. &mdash; Columbia. &mdash; Burning of the City. &mdash; Sherman charges Hampton
+  with kindling the Fire. &mdash; Bitterness of South-Carolinians against
+  General Sherman. &mdash; Responsibility of the Rebel Government for Outrages.
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page436">436</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="toctitle">CHAPTER XXVII.<br>
+<span class="smaller">SOUTH CAROLINA BEFORE THE WAR.</span></p>
+
+<p>The Part taken by the State in the Political Affairs of the Nation. &mdash; Basis
+  of Representation. &mdash; Classes of People. &mdash; Lowlanders and Uplanders. &mdash; Climate. &mdash; Cotton. &mdash; Parish
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexiii" name="pagexiii"></a>(p. xiii)</span> System. &mdash; Assembling of the Legislature in
+  1860. &mdash; Remarks of W. D. Porter. &mdash; Secession Principles. &mdash; Adjournment
+  to Charleston. &mdash; Hibernia Hall. &mdash; Rev. Dr. Thornwell's Preaching. &mdash; The
+  Teachings of the Bible. &mdash; The Province of History. &mdash; Negroes
+  for Sale. &mdash; Women of South Carolina in Favor of Secession. &mdash; The
+  Charleston <i>Mercury</i>. &mdash; The "Patriarchal Institution".
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page444">444</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="toctitle">CHAPTER XXVIII.<br>
+<span class="smaller">SUMTER.</span></p>
+
+<p>Governor Pickens's Letter to President Buchanan. &mdash; Major Anderson In
+  Sumter. &mdash; Construction of Rebel Batteries. &mdash; Negotiations for the Surrender
+  of the Fort. &mdash; The Bombardment. &mdash; Scenes in Charleston after
+  the Surrender. &mdash; Visit to the Fort. &mdash; Captured Blockade-Runners. &mdash; Condition
+  of the Fort. &mdash; Scenes of the Morning.
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page454">454</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="toctitle">CHAPTER XXIX.<br>
+<span class="smaller">CHARLESTON.</span></p>
+
+<p>A City of Ruins. &mdash; Our Welcome. &mdash; Charleston before the War. &mdash; The
+  Seducer of States. &mdash; Siege of the City. &mdash; Removal of the People. &mdash; Assertion
+  of the Charleston <i>Courier</i>. &mdash; The Evacuation. &mdash; Blowing up of
+  the Ironclads. &mdash; Firing the City. &mdash; Bursting the Guns. &mdash; Twenty-First
+  Colored Regiment. &mdash; Colonel Bennett occupies the City. &mdash; Fifty-Fourth
+  Massachusetts extinguishing the Flames. &mdash; "Gillmore's Town." &mdash; The
+  "Swamp Angel." &mdash; The <i>Courier</i> Office. &mdash; The Banks. &mdash; South
+  Carolina Troops in Confederate Service. &mdash; The Mills House. &mdash; The
+  Churches. &mdash; The great Fire of 1861. &mdash; Devastation. &mdash; Slave Merchants. &mdash; The
+  Bell of St. Michael's. &mdash; The Guard-House. &mdash; The Slave-Mart. &mdash; Letters
+  of the Slave-Traders. &mdash; Colonel Woodford in the Office
+  of the <i>Courier</i>. &mdash; Sermon of Rev. Dr. Porter. &mdash; A Yankee in his Bed. &mdash; Joy
+  of the Colored People. &mdash; "Rosa's" Mother. &mdash; Washington's Birthday. &mdash; John
+  Brown in Charleston. &mdash; Humiliation of the Rebels. &mdash; Union
+  Men. &mdash; The Old Flag. &mdash; How the People were cheated.
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page462">462</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="toctitle">CHAPTER XXX.<br>
+<span class="smaller">THE LAST CAMPAIGN.</span></p>
+
+<p>Position of Affairs. &mdash; Grant's Letter to Sheridan. &mdash; Cavalry Raids. &mdash; Sheridan's
+  Movement to Waynesboro'. &mdash; Attack upon Early. &mdash; Advance to
+  James River. &mdash; Moves to White House. &mdash; Joins Grant. &mdash; Alarm in
+  Richmond. &mdash; Lee's last Offensive Movement. &mdash; Attack on Fort Steadman. &mdash; Repulse
+  of Gordon. &mdash; Grant's Order to "finish up" the Rebellion. &mdash; Sherman's
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexiv" name="pagexiv"></a>(p. xiv)</span> Visit to Grant. &mdash; Great Men in Council. &mdash; Grant's
+  Line. &mdash; Sheridan on the Move. &mdash; Lee's Diversion against the Ninth
+  Corps. &mdash; Night Attack. &mdash; A Rebel Prisoner. &mdash; A Look at the Opposing
+  Forces. &mdash; Hatcher's Run. &mdash; Lee's Line of Fortifications. &mdash; Grant
+  feels like ending the Matter. &mdash; Battle of Dinwiddie Court-House. &mdash; Advance
+  of the Fifth Corps. &mdash; Battle of Five Forks. &mdash; Charge of the
+  Fifth Corps. &mdash; Merritt's Attack. &mdash; Rout of the Rebels.
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page485">485</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="toctitle">CHAPTER XXXI.<br>
+<span class="smaller">RICHMOND.</span></p>
+
+<p>Jeff Davis a Fugitive. &mdash; Blowing up of the Rebel Ironclads. &mdash; Grant in
+  Petersburg. &mdash; President Lincoln and the Soldiers. &mdash; Ride to Richmond. &mdash; Lee's
+  Message to Davis. &mdash; Consternation in Richmond. &mdash; Rev.
+  Messrs. Hoge and Duncan. &mdash; The last Slave Coffle. &mdash; Confederate
+  Promises to Pay. &mdash; Scenes of Sunday Night. &mdash; Pillaging the City. &mdash; Flight
+  of the Legislature. &mdash; General Ewell and the Mayor in regard to
+  burning the City. &mdash; The Massacre at the Almshouse. &mdash; Firing the City. &mdash; Departure
+  of the Rebel Troops. &mdash; Breckenridge taking a last Look of
+  the City. &mdash; Sunrise. &mdash; Major Stevens and the Fourth Massachusetts
+  Cavalry. &mdash; Surrender of the City. &mdash; Raising Flags on the Capitol. &mdash; The
+  Yankees putting out the Flames. &mdash; Entrance of General Weitzel. &mdash; Taking
+  a room at the Spottswood Hotel. &mdash; Scenes in the City on Monday. &mdash; General
+  Devens's Orders. &mdash; Visit to the Capitol. &mdash; Admiral Farragut. &mdash; President
+  Lincoln's Arrival. &mdash; Joy of the Colored People. &mdash; Walk
+  to Jeff Davis's Mansion. &mdash; Judge Campbell. &mdash; Admiral Porter. &mdash; The
+  President's Visit to Libby Prison. &mdash; Opinions of the People. &mdash; Colored
+  Soldiers in the Service of the Rebels. &mdash; Lee's Opinions. &mdash; An
+  Abolitionist in Richmond. &mdash; A Newspaper Correspondent and a Rebel
+  Officer. &mdash; At the Capitol. &mdash; Scenes of the Past. &mdash; Christian Charity.
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page499">499</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="toctitle">CHAPTER XXXII.<br>
+<span class="smaller">THE CONFEDERATE LOAN.</span></p>
+
+<p>Attitude of Great Britain. &mdash; Sympathies of Palmerston and Russell. &mdash; The
+  English Press. &mdash; Operatives of Lancashire. &mdash; The London <i>Times</i>. &mdash; Opinions
+  of Mr. Spence. &mdash; His Appointment as Financial Agent. &mdash; Address
+  of the London Confederate Aid Association. &mdash; Whittier's Lines to
+  Englishmen. &mdash; Mr. Mason at St. James. &mdash; His Griefs. &mdash; Benjamin's
+  Letter to Mason. &mdash; Mr. De Leon appointed Agent to subsidize the Press
+  of Europe. &mdash; Englishmen engaged in Blockade-Running. &mdash; English
+  Ship-builders at work for the Slaveholders. &mdash; Funds needed. &mdash; Benjamin's
+  Letter to Spence. &mdash; Rebel Coin shipped in British Vessels of War. &mdash; Slidell's
+  Proposition for a Loan based on Cotton. &mdash; French intrigue
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexv" name="pagexv"></a>(p. xv)</span> to sever Texas from the Confederacy. &mdash; Mr. Slidell recommends D'Erlanger
+  as a suitable Agent to negotiate the Loan. &mdash; D'Erlanger offers it to
+  the Bankers of London. &mdash; Mr. De Leon secures the Support of the Press. &mdash; Opening
+  of the Correspondence. &mdash; D'Erlanger's Opinion of Mr. Spence. &mdash; Mr.
+  Spence's Proposal. &mdash; Rush for Subscriptions. &mdash; Mr. Spence's
+  Letter to D'Erlanger. &mdash; Compliments of the Emperor to D'Erlanger on
+  the Success of the Loan. &mdash; Jeff Davis a Repudiator. &mdash; Rancor of the
+  London <i>Times</i> in 1849. &mdash; Eats its Words in 1863. &mdash; Whitewashes Davis. &mdash; Opinions
+  of Mr. Sampson. &mdash; Opinions of Mr. Delaine. &mdash; The
+  <i>Times</i> in the Pay of Jeff Davis. &mdash; How the Support of the Newspapers
+  was secured. &mdash; Mr. Spence receives �6,500 as Correspondent of the
+  <i>Times</i>. &mdash; Meeting of Rebels in Paris. &mdash; How the Loan was sustained. &mdash; D'Erlanger's
+  good Game. &mdash; Wishes for a Second Loan. &mdash; D'Erlanger
+  takes the Part of Shylock. &mdash; Trouble with McRae. &mdash; D'Erlanger
+  helping Himself to Principal and Interest. &mdash; Schroeder &amp; Co. in the
+  "Ring." &mdash; Payments of Money. &mdash; Who was benefited. &mdash; The present
+  Bondholders.
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page523">523</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="toctitle">CHAPTER XXXIII.<br>
+<span class="smaller">SURRENDER OF LEE.</span></p>
+
+<p>The Retreat of Lee from Petersburg. &mdash; Dejection of Rebel Soldiers. &mdash; Grant's
+  Intentions. &mdash; Lee's Line of Retreat. &mdash; Grant ahead of him. &mdash; Panic
+  among the Rebel Troops. &mdash; Meade's Movements. &mdash; Battle at Sailor's
+  Creek. &mdash; Custar's Charge. &mdash; Skirmish at Farmville. &mdash; The Race
+  toward Lynchburg. &mdash; Sheridan's Movement. &mdash; Lee's last Council of
+  War. &mdash; Correspondence between Lee and Grant. &mdash; The Meeting. &mdash; The
+  Surrender. &mdash; Announcement to the Armies. &mdash; Pickett's Treason. &mdash; Rest
+  and Peace.
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page543">543</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="toctitle">CHAPTER XXXIV.<br>
+<span class="smaller">CONCLUSION.</span></p>
+
+<p>General Grant at City Point. &mdash; The End of the Rebellion.
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page556">556</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexvii" name="pagexvii"></a>(p. xvii)</span> ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
+
+<ul class="none">
+<li><span class="smcap">Charge through an Abatis</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img001"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">The First Subscription</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img002">1</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Capitol at Washington</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img003">4</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Pro Patria</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img004">7</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sixth Massachusetts Regiment in Baltimore</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img005">8</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Guarding Long Bridge</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img006">12</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Aid Society's Store-Room</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img007">16</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">The Ideal Freedman</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img008">16</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ladies working for the Army</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img009">22</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Forwarded Free</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img010">29</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ellsworth Zouave Drill</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img011">46</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">General Grant&mdash;General Sherman</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img012">54</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Hauling Cotton</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img014">62</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Baltimore in 1861</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img015">75</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">East Tennessee Refugees</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img016">92</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">A Mississippi School-house</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img017">96</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gunboats in Line</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img018">102</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">With Dispatch</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img019">109</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">General McClellan at Williamsburg</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img020">110</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">General McClellan at the Battle of Antietam</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img021">114</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">The Sunken Road</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img022">118</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Battle of Antietam</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img023">120</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">For the Boys in Blue</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img024">121</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Slaves fleeing to the Army for Protection</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img025">128</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">A Silent Spectator</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img026">136</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fredericksburg</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img027">140</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Franklin's Attack</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img029">155</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Tattoo</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img030">173</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">The Magic Lantern in the Hospital</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img031">174</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">The Christian Commission in the Field</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img032">176</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Busy Fingers</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img033">178</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Chancellorsville</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img034">188</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Battery at Chancellorsville</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img035">194</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sedgwick's Attack</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img036">201</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Leading a Charge</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img037">204</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Salem Church</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img038">208</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">"Keep out of the Draft"</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img039">211</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Night March of Cavalry</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img040">214</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Kearny Cross</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img041">223</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">The Nation's Ward</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img042">234</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">A Bird's-Nest Bank</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img043">247</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cavalry Charge</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img044">258</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Advance to Gettysburg</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img045">263</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">The Color-Bearer</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img046">272</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Gettysburg Battle-Field</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img047">280</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">With a "Hurrah" they rush on</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img048">296</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">A Regiment at Dinner</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img049">305</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Wilderness</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img050">317</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Spottsylvania</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img051">323</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">The Sanitary Commission in the Hospital</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img052">326</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">North Anna</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img053">331</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexviii" name="pagexviii"></a>(p. xviii)</span> <span class="smcap">Bayonet Charge</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img054">332</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cold Harbor</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img055">334</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Negroes coming into the Lines</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img056">344</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Foraging</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img057">348</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">One Day's Labor, One Day's Income</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img058">362</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Petersburg, July 17, 1864</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img059">365</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Petersburg, July 30, 1864</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img060">368</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Army Corps Chapel near Petersburg</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img061">368</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Ruins of Chambersburg</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img062">388</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">A Lay Delegate in the Hospital</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img063">390</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Edward Everett&mdash;Mt Vernon&mdash;Savannah&mdash;The Capitol</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img065">401</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sherman's Bummers</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img066">420</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fort Sumter</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img067">435</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Mississippi River Hospital Steamer</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img068">443</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Battle of Fort Sumter</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img069">444</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cooper Shop Volunteer Refreshment Saloon</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img070">453</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Defence of Fort Sumter</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img071">456</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">For our Flag</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img072">461</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">"John Brown" in Charleston</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img073">480</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Citizens' Volunteer Hospital</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img074">484</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Troops destroying a Railroad</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img075">486</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Fire Ambulance</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img076">498</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Humiliation of Richmond</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img077">506</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Farragut at Mobile</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img078">510</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">President Lincoln in Richmond</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img079">512</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Abraham Lincoln</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img080">514</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">U. S. Christian Commission</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img081">522</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Captain Winslow and the Kearsarge&mdash;Admiral Farragut</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img082">528</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Patriot Orphan Home, Flushing, L. I.</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img084">542</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Surrender of General Lee</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img085">544</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">General Lee's Farewell</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img086">554</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Study for a Statue of Lincoln</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img087">555</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Assassination of Lincoln</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img088">556</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">With a Lavish Hand</span>
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#img089">558</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+
+<a id="img002" name="img002"></a>
+<div class="p4 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img002.jpg" width="500" height="409" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">The first subscription.</p>
+</div>
+
+<a id="img003" name="img003"></a>
+<div class="p4 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img003.jpg" width="500" height="198" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Capitol at Washington.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h1><span class="pagenum"><a id="page001" name="page001"></a>(p. 001)</span> THE BOYS OF '61.</h1>
+
+<h2>INTRODUCTORY.<br>
+BEGINNING OF THE CONFLICT.</h2>
+
+<span class="sidedate">June, 1861.</span>
+
+<p>After four years of war our country rests in peace. The Great
+Rebellion has been subdued, and the power and authority of the United
+States government are recognized in all the States. It has been a
+conflict of ideas and principles. Millions of men have been in arms.
+Great battles have been fought. There have been deeds of sublimest
+heroism and exhibitions of Christian patriotism which shall stir the
+hearts of those who are to live in the coming ages. Men who at the
+beginning of the struggle were scarcely known beyond their village
+homes are numbered now among</p>
+
+<p class="poem10">
+<span class="add55em">"the immortal names</span><br>
+  That were not born to die";</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">while the names of others who once occupied places of honor and trust,
+who forswore their allegiance to their country and gave themselves to
+do wickedly, shall be held forever in abhorrence.</p>
+
+<p>It has been my privilege to accompany the armies of the Union through
+this mighty struggle. I was an eye-witness of the first battle at Bull
+Run, of Fort Donelson, Pittsburg Landing, Corinth, Island No. 10, Fort
+Pillow, Memphis, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, Fort Sumter,
+Wilderness, Spottsylvania, North Anna, Hanover Court-House, Cold
+Harbor, Petersburg, Weldon Railroad, and Five Forks. I was in Savannah
+soon after its occupation by Sherman on his great march to the sea,
+and watched his movement "northward with the sun." I walked the
+streets of Charleston in the hour of her deepest humiliation, and
+rode into Richmond on the day that the stars <span class="pagenum"><a id="page002" name="page002"></a>(p. 002)</span> of the Union
+were thrown in triumph to the breeze above the Confederate Capitol.</p>
+
+<p>It seems a dream, and yet when I turn to the numerous note-books lying
+before me, and read the pencilings made on the march, the
+battle-field, in the hospital, and by the flickering camp-fires, it is
+no longer a fancy or a picture of the imagination, but a reality. The
+scenes return. I behold once more the moving columns,&mdash;their waving
+banners,&mdash;the sunlight gleaming from gun-barrel and bayonet,&mdash;the
+musket's flash and cannon's flame. I hear the drum-beat and the wild
+hurrah! Grant, Sherman, Sheridan, Meade, Burnside, Howard, Hancock,
+and Logan are leading them; while Sedgwick, Wadsworth, McPherson,
+Mansfield, Richardson, Rice, Baker, Wallace, Shaw, Lowell, Winthrop,
+Putnam, and thousands of patriots, are laying down their lives for
+their country. Abraham Lincoln walks the streets of Richmond, and is
+hailed as the Great Deliverer,&mdash;the ally of the Messiah!</p>
+
+<p>It will be my aim in this volume to reproduce some of those
+scenes,&mdash;to give truthful narratives of events, descriptions of
+battles, incidents of life in camp, in the hospital, on the march, in
+the hour of battle on land and sea,&mdash;writing nothing in malice, not
+even towards those who have fought against the Union. I shall endeavor
+to give the truth of history rather than the romance; facts instead of
+philosophy; to make real the scenes of the mighty struggle through
+which we have passed.</p>
+
+<p>On the 11th of June, 1861, I left Boston to become an Army
+Correspondent. The patriotism of the North was at flood-tide. Her
+drum-beat was heard in every village. Men were leaving their own
+affairs to serve their country. The stars and stripes waved from
+house-top and steeple. New York was a sea of banners. Ladies wore
+Union rosettes in their hair, while gentlemen's neck-ties were of
+"red, white, and blue." That family was poor indeed who could neither
+by cloth or colored tissue-paper manifest its love for the Union. The
+music of the streets&mdash;vocal and instrumental&mdash;was "Hail Columbia" and
+"Yankee Doodle." Everywhere,&mdash;in city and town and village, in Boston,
+New York, and Philadelphia,&mdash;there was the same spirit manifested by
+old and young, of both <span class="pagenum"><a id="page003" name="page003"></a>(p. 003)</span> sexes, to put down the Rebellion, cost
+what it might of blood and treasure.</p>
+
+<p>Baltimore presented a striking contrast to the other great cities. It
+was dull and gloomy. The stars and stripes waved over the Eutaw House,
+from the American newspaper office, where the brothers Fulton
+maintained unswerving loyalty. A few other residents had thrown the
+flag to the breeze, but Secession was powerful, and darkly plotted
+treason. There was frequent communication with the Rebels, who were
+mustering at Manassas. Business was at a stand still. The pulses of
+trade had stopped. Merchants waited in vain for customers through the
+long summer day. Females, calling themselves ladies, daintily gathered
+up their skirts whenever they passed an officer or soldier wearing the
+army blue in the streets, and manifested in other ways their utmost
+contempt for all who supported the Union.</p>
+
+<p>General Butler, who had subdued the rampant Secessionists by his
+vigorous measures, had been ordered to Fortress Monroe, and General
+Banks had just assumed command. His head-quarters were in Fort
+McHenry. A regiment of raw Pennsylvanians was encamped on the hill, by
+the roadside leading to the fort. Officers and soldiers alike were
+ignorant of military tactics. Three weeks previous they were following
+the plough, or digging in the coal-mines, or smelting iron. It was
+amusing to watch their attempts at evolution. They were drilling by
+squads and companies. "Right face," shouted an officer to his squad. A
+few executed the order correctly, some faced to the left, while others
+faced first right, then left, and general confusion ensued.</p>
+
+<p>So, too, were the officers ignorant of proper military phrases. At one
+time a captain, whose last command had been a pair of draft-horses on
+his Pennsylvania farm, on coming to a pit in the road, electrified his
+company by the stentorian order to "Gee round that hole."</p>
+
+<p>It was a beautiful evening, and the moon was shining brightly, when I
+called upon General Banks. Outside the fort were the field batteries
+belonging to the Baltimore Artillery which had been delivered up to
+Governor Hicks in April. The Secessionists raved over the transaction
+at the time, and in their rage <span class="pagenum"><a id="page004" name="page004"></a>(p. 004)</span> cursed the Governor who turned
+them over to the United States authorities. Soldiers were building
+abattis, and training guns&mdash;sixty-four pounders&mdash;to bear upon the
+city, for even then there were signs of an upheaval of the Secession
+elements, and General Banks deemed it best to be prepared for whatever
+might happen. But the Rebels on that day were moving from Harper's
+Ferry, having destroyed all the property of the Baltimore and Ohio
+Railroad Company in the vicinity.</p>
+
+<p>Passing on to Washington I found it in a hubbub. Troops were pouring
+in, raw, undisciplined, yet of material to make the best soldiers in
+the world,&mdash;poets, painters, artists, artisans, mechanics, printers,
+men of letters, bankers, merchants, and ministers were in the ranks.
+There was a constant rumble of artillery in the streets,&mdash;the jarring
+of baggage-wagons, and the tramping of men. Soldiers were quartered in
+the Capitol. They spread their blankets in the corridors, and made
+themselves at home in the halls. Hostilities had commenced. Ellsworth
+had just been carried to his last resting-place. The bodies of
+Winthrop and Greble were then being borne to burial, wrapped in the
+flag of their country.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Stone, with a number of regiments, was marching out from
+Washington to picket the Potomac from Washington to Point of Rocks.
+General Patterson was on the upper Potomac, General McClellan and
+General Rosecrans, with Virginia and Ohio troops, were driving the
+Rebels from Rich Mountain, while General McDowell was preparing to
+move upon Manassas.</p>
+
+<p>These were all new names to the public. Patterson had served in the
+Mexican war, but the people had forgotten it. McClellan was known only
+as an engineer, who had made a report concerning the proposed railroad
+to the Pacific, and had visited Russia during the Crimean war. General
+Wool was in New York, old and feeble, too far advanced in life to take
+the field. The people were looking up to General Scott as the Hercules
+of the hour. Some one had called him the "Great Captain of the Age."
+He was of gigantic stature, and had fought gallantly on the Canadian
+frontier in 1812, and with his well-appointed army had marched in
+triumph into the City of Mexico. The events of the last war with
+England, and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page005" name="page005"></a>(p. 005)</span> that with Mexico, in which General Scott was
+always the central figure, had been rehearsed by the stump-orators of
+a great political party during an exciting campaign. His likeness was
+familiar to every American. It was to be found in parlors, saloons,
+beer-shops, and in all public places,&mdash;representing him as a hero in
+gold-embroidered coat, epaulets, chapeau, and nodding plume. His was
+the genius to direct the gathering hosts. So the people believed. He
+was a Virginian, but loyal. The newspapers lauded him.</p>
+
+<p>"General Scott is watching the Rebels with sleepless vigilance," was
+the not unfrequent telegraphic despatch sent from Washington.</p>
+
+<p>But he was seventy-five years of age. His powers were failing. His old
+wound troubled him at times. He could walk only with difficulty, and
+it tired him to ride the few rods between his house and the War
+Department. He was slow and sluggish in all his thoughts and actions.
+Yet the people had confidence in him, and he in himself.</p>
+
+<p>The newspapers were filled with absurd rumors and statements
+concerning the movements and intentions of the Rebels. It was said
+that Beauregard had sixty thousand men at Manassas. A New York paper,
+having a large circulation, pictured Manassas as an impregnable
+position; a plain commanded by heavy guns upon the surrounding hills!
+It is indeed a plain, but the "commanding" hills are wanting. Rumor
+reported that General Joseph E. Johnston, who was in the Shenandoah
+valley, destroying the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and burning the
+bridges across the Potomac, had thirty thousand men; but we now know
+that his whole force consisted of nine regiments, two battalions of
+infantry, three hundred cavalry, and sixteen pieces of artillery.</p>
+
+<p>It was for the interest of the Rebels to magnify their numbers and
+resources. These exaggerations had their effect at the War Department
+in Washington. General Butler proposed the early occupation of
+Manassas, to cut off communication by rail between Richmond and upper
+Virginia, but his proposition was rejected by General Scott. The
+troops in and around Washington were only partially organized into
+brigades. There was not much system. Everybody was full of zeal and
+energy, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page006" name="page006"></a>(p. 006)</span> and there was manifest impatience among the soldiers
+at the inactivity of the commander-in-chief.</p>
+
+<p>The same was true of the Rebels. They were mustering at Manassas.
+Regiments and battalions were pouring through Richmond. Southern women
+welcomed them with sweetest smiles, presented them with fairest
+flowers, and urged them on to drive the "usurper" from Washington.
+Southern newspapers, from the commencement, had been urging the
+capture of the Federal capital. Said the Richmond <i>Examiner</i>, of April
+23d:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>"The capture of Washington is perfectly within the power of
+     Virginia and Maryland, if Virginia will only make the effort by
+     her constituted authorities. Nor is there a single moment to
+     lose. The entire population pant for the onset....</p>
+
+<p>"From the mountain-tops and valleys to the shores of the sea,
+     there is one wild shout of fierce resolve to capture Washington
+     City, at all and every human hazard. That filthy cage of unclean
+     birds must and will assuredly be purified by fire.... It is not
+     to be endured that this flight of abolition harpies shall come
+     down from the black North for their roosts in the heart of the
+     South, to defile and brutalize the land.... Our people can take
+     it,&mdash;they <i>will</i> take it,&mdash;and Scott the arch-traitor, and
+     Lincoln the beast, combined, cannot prevent it. The just
+     indignation of an outraged and deeply injured people will teach
+     the Illinois Ape to repeat his race and retrace his journey
+     across the borders of the free negro States still more rapidly
+     than he came; and Scott the traitor will be given the opportunity
+     at the same time to try the difference between Scott's tactics
+     and the Shanghae drill for quick movements.</p>
+
+<p>"Great cleansing and purification are needed and will be given to
+     that festering sink of iniquity,&mdash;that wallow of Lincoln and
+     Scott,&mdash;the desecrated city of Washington; and many indeed will
+     be the carcasses of dogs and caitiffs that will blacken the air
+     upon the gallows before the work is accomplished. So let it be."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>General Beauregard was the most prominent of the Rebel commanders,
+having been brought before the public by the surrender of Fort Sumter.
+Next in prominence were the two Johnstons, Joseph E. and Albert
+Sydney, and General Bragg. Stonewall Jackson had not been heard from.
+Leo had just gone over to the Rebels. He had remained with General
+Scott,&mdash;his confidant and chief adviser,&mdash;till the 19th of April, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page007" name="page007"></a>(p. 007)</span> was made commander of the Rebel forces in Virginia on the
+22d. The Convention of Virginia, then in session at Richmond, passed
+the ordinance of secession on the 17th,&mdash;to be submitted to the people
+for ratification or rejection five weeks later. Lee had therefore
+committed an act of treason without the paltry justification of the
+plea that he was following the lead of his State.</p>
+
+<p>Such was the general aspect of affairs when, in June, I received
+permission from the War Department to become an army correspondent.</p>
+
+<a id="img004" name="img004"></a>
+<div class="p4 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img004.jpg" width="500" height="284" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Pro Patria.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page008" name="page008"></a>(p. 008)</span> CHAPTER I.<br>
+AROUND WASHINGTON.</h2>
+
+<span class="sidedate">June, 1861.</span>
+
+<p>In March, 1861, there was no town in Virginia more thriving than
+Alexandria; in June there was no place so desolate and gloomy. I
+visited it on the 17th. Grass was growing in the streets. Grains of
+corn had sprouted on the wharves, and were throwing up luxuriant
+stalks. The wholesale stores were all closed; the dwelling-houses were
+shut. Few of the inhabitants were to be seen. The stars and stripes
+waved over the Marshall House, the place where Ellsworth fell. A mile
+out from the city, on a beautiful plain, was the camp of the
+Massachusetts Fifth, in which were two companies from Charlestown.
+When at home they were accustomed to celebrate the anniversary of the
+battle of Bunker Hill. Although now in the enemy's country, they could
+not forget the day. They sat down to an ample collation. Eloquent
+speeches were made, and an ode was sung, written by one of their
+number.</p>
+
+<p class="poem25">
+<span class="min33em">"</span>Though many miles away<br>
+   From home and friends to-day,<br>
+<span class="add2em">We're cheerful still;</span><br>
+   For, brothers, side by side<br>
+   We stand in manly pride,<br>
+   Beneath the shadow wide<br>
+<span class="add2em">Of Bunker Hill."</span></p>
+
+<p>Boom&mdash;boom&mdash;boom was the quick report of far-distant cannon. What
+could it be? A reconnoitring party of Ohio troops had gone up the
+Loudon railroad. Had anything happened to them? There were eager
+inquiries. The men fall into line, prepared for any emergency. A few
+hours later the train returned, bringing back the mangled bodies of
+those who fell in the ambuscade at Vienna.</p>
+
+<a id="img005" name="img005"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img005.jpg" width="400" height="481" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Sixth Massachusetts regiment in Baltimore.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>I talked with the wounded. They were moving slowly up the road,&mdash;a
+regiment on platform cars, pushed by the engine. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page009" name="page009"></a>(p. 009)</span> Before
+reaching Vienna an old man stepped out from the bushes making signs
+and gestures for them to stop.</p>
+
+<p>"Don't go. The Rebels are at Vienna."</p>
+
+<p>"Only guerillas, I reckon," said one of the officers.</p>
+
+<p>General Schenck, who was in command, waved his hand to the engineer,
+and the train moved on. Suddenly there were quick discharges of
+artillery, a rattling fire of small arms, and unearthly yells from
+front and flank, within an hundred yards. The unsuspecting soldiers
+were riddled with solid shot, canister, and rifle-balls. Some tumbled
+headlong, never to rise again. Those who were uninjured leaped from
+the cars. There was great confusion.</p>
+
+<p>"Lie down!" cried some of the officers.</p>
+
+<p>"Fall in!" shouted others.</p>
+
+<p>Each did, for the moment, what seemed best. Some of the soldiers fired
+at random, in the direction of the unseen enemy. Some crouched behind
+the cars; others gained the shelter of the woods, where a line was
+formed.</p>
+
+<p>"Why don't you fall into line?" was the sharp command of an officer to
+a soldier standing beside a tree.</p>
+
+<p>"I would, sir, if I could," was the reply, and the soldier exhibited
+his arm, torn by a cannon shot.</p>
+
+<p>They gathered up the wounded, carried them to the rear in blankets,
+began their homeward march, while the Rebels, eleven hundred strong,
+up to this moment sheltered behind a woodpile, rushed out, destroyed
+the cars, and retreated to Fairfax.</p>
+
+<p>When the news reached Alexandria, a portion of the troops there were
+hastily sent forward; they had a weary march. Morning brought no
+breakfast, noon no dinner. A Secessionist had fled from his home,
+leaving his flocks and herds behind. The Connecticut boys appropriated
+one of the cows. They had no camp utensils, and were forced to broil
+their steaks upon the coals. It was my first dinner in the field. Salt
+was lacking, but hunger gave the meat an excellent seasoning. For
+table and furniture we had the head of a barrel, a jack-knife, and a
+chop-stick cut from a hazel-bush.</p>
+
+<p>Congress assembled on the 4th of July, and the members availed
+themselves of the opportunity to visit the troops. Vallandigham
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page010" name="page010"></a>(p. 010)</span> of Ohio, who by word and act had manifested his sympathy for
+the Rebels, visited the Second Ohio, commanded by Colonel McCook,
+afterwards Major-General. I witnessed the reception given him by the
+boys of the Buckeye State. The officers treated him courteously, but
+not cordially. Not so the men.</p>
+
+<p>"There is that d&mdash;d traitor in camp," said one, with flashing eyes.</p>
+
+<p>"He is no better than a Rebel," said another.</p>
+
+<p>"He helped slaughter our boys at Vienna the other day," said a third.</p>
+
+<p>"Let us hustle him out of camp," remarked a fourth.</p>
+
+<p>"Don't do anything rash. Let us inform him that his presence is not
+desired," said one.</p>
+
+<p>A committee was chosen to wait upon Vallandigham. They performed their
+duty respectfully. He heard them, and became red in the face.</p>
+
+<p>"Do you think that I am to be intimidated by a pack of blackguards
+from northern Ohio?" he said. "I shall come to this camp as often as I
+please,&mdash;every day if I choose,&mdash;and I give you notice that I will
+have you taken care of. I shall report your insolence. I will see if a
+pass from General Scott is not to be respected."</p>
+
+<p>Turning to the officers, he began to inquire the names of the
+soldiers. The news that Vallandigham was there had spread throughout
+the camp, and a crowd was gathering. The soldiers were sore over the
+slaughter at Vienna, and began to manifest their hatred and contempt
+by groans and hisses.</p>
+
+<p>"If you expect to frighten me, you have mistaken your man. I am
+ashamed of you. I am sorry for the honor of the State that you have
+seen fit to insult me," he said.</p>
+
+<p>"Who has the most reason to be ashamed, you of us, or we of you?" said
+one of the soldiers. "We are here fighting for our country, which you
+are trying to destroy. What is your shame worth? You fired at us the
+other day. You helped kill our comrades. There isn't a loyal man in
+the country whose cheek does not redden with shame whenever your name
+is mentioned," was the indignant reply.</p>
+
+<p>Vallandigham walked into the officers' quarters. The soldiers
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page011" name="page011"></a>(p. 011)</span> soon had an effigy, labelled "Vallandigham the traitor,"
+hanging by the neck from a tree. They riddled it with bullets, then
+took it down and rode it on a rail, the fifers playing the "Rogues'
+March." When Vallandigham left the camp, they gave him a farewell
+salute of groans and hisses. A few of the soldiers threw onions and
+old boots at him, but his person was uninjured. He did not repeat his
+visit. He was so cross-grained by nature, so thorough a traitor, that
+through the session of Congress and through the war he lost no
+opportunity to manifest his hatred of the soldiers.</p>
+
+<span class="sidedate">July, 1861.</span>
+
+<p class="p2">It was past sunset on the 9th of July, when, accompanied by a friend,
+I left Alexandria for Washington in an open carriage. Nearing the Long
+Bridge, an officer on horseback, in a red-flannel blouse, dashed down
+upon us, saying: "I am an officer of the Garibaldi Guard; my regiment
+has mutinied, and the men are on their way to Washington! I want you
+to hurry past them, give notice to the guard at the Long Bridge, and
+have the draw taken up." We promised to do so if possible, and soon
+came upon the mutineers, who were hastening towards the bridge. They
+were greatly excited. They were talking loud and boisterously in
+German. Their guns were loaded. There were seven nations represented
+in the regiment. Few of them could understand English. We knew that if
+we could get in advance of them, the two six-pounders looking down the
+Long Bridge, with grape and canister rammed home, would quell the
+mutiny. We passed those in the rear, had almost reached the head of
+the column, when out sprang a dozen in front of us and levelled their
+guns. Click&mdash;click&mdash;click went the locks.</p>
+
+<p>"You no goes to Vashington in ze advance!" said one.</p>
+
+<p>"You falls in ze rear!" said another.</p>
+
+<p>"What does this mean?" said my friend, who was an officer. "Where is
+your captain?" he asked.</p>
+
+<p>The captain came up.</p>
+
+<p>"What right have your men to stop us, sir? Who gave them authority? We
+have passes, sir; explain this matter."</p>
+
+<p>The captain, a stout, thick-set German, was evidently completely
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page012" name="page012"></a>(p. 012)</span> taken aback by these questions, but, after a moment's
+hesitation, replied,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"No, zur, they no stops you; it was von mistake, zur. They will do zo
+no more." Then approaching close to the carriage, he lowered his
+voice, and in a confidential tone, as if we were his best friends,
+asked, "Please, zur, vill you be zo kind as to tell me vat is the
+passvord?"</p>
+
+<p>"It's not nine o'clock yet. The sentinels are not posted. You need
+none."</p>
+
+<p>A tall, big-whiskered soldier had been listening. He could speak
+English quite well, and, evidently desiring to apologize for the
+rudeness of his comrades, approached and said, "You see we
+Garibaldians are having a time of it, and&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>Here the captain gave him a vigorous push, with a "Hush!" long drawn,
+which had a great deal of meaning in it.</p>
+
+<p>"I begs your pardons for ze interruption," said the captain, extending
+his hand and bowing politely.</p>
+
+<p>Once more we moved on, but again the excited leaders, more furious
+than before, thrust their bayonets in our faces, again saying, "You no
+goes to Vashington in ze advance." One of them took deliberate aim at
+my breast, his eyes glaring fiercely.</p>
+
+<p>It would have been the height of madness to disregard their
+demonstration. They had reached the guard at the Virginia end of the
+bridge, who, at a loss to know what it meant, allowed them to pass
+unchallenged.</p>
+
+<a id="img006" name="img006"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img006.jpg" width="500" height="334" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Guarding long bridge.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Now that we were compelled to follow, there was time to think of
+contingencies. What if our horses had started? or what if in the
+darkness a soldier, grieving over his imaginary wrong, and reckless of
+life, had misunderstood us? or what if the loyal officers of the
+regiment remaining at Alexandria had given notice by telegraph of what
+had happened, and those two cannon at the Washington end of the bridge
+had poured their iron hail and leaden rain along the causeway? It was
+not pleasant to think of these possibilities, but we were in for
+whatever might happen; and, remembering that God's providence is
+always good and never evil, we followed our escort over the bridge.
+They halted on the avenue, while we rode with all speed to General
+Mansfield's quarters.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page013" name="page013"></a>(p. 013)</span> "I'll have every one of the rascals shot!" said the
+gray-haired veteran commanding the forces in Washington. An hour later
+the Garibaldians found themselves surrounded by five thousand
+infantry. They laid down their arms when they saw it was no use to
+resist, were marched back to Alexandria, and put to the hard drudgery
+of camp life.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">The soldiers had an amusing story to tell of one of their number who
+went into the lager-beer business, the sale of beer being then
+allowed. A sutler put a barrel on tap, and soon had a crowd of thirsty
+customers. But the head of the barrel was exposed in the rear. A
+soldier spying it, soon had that end on tap, and was doing a thriving
+business, selling at five cents a glass from his end of the barrel. He
+had a constant run of custom. When the crowd had satisfied their
+thirst, one of the soldiers approached the sutler.</p>
+
+<p>"What do you charge for a glass?" he asked.</p>
+
+<p>"Ten cents."</p>
+
+<p>"Ten cents! Why, I can get just as much as I want for five."</p>
+
+<p>"Not in this camp."</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, sir, in this camp."</p>
+
+<p>"Where, I should like to know?"</p>
+
+<p>"Right round here."</p>
+
+<p>The sutler crawled out from his tent to see about it, and stood
+transfixed with astonishment when he beheld the operation at the other
+end of his barrel. He was received with a hearty laugh, while the
+ingenious Yankee who was drawing the lager had the impudence to ask
+him if he wouldn't take a drink!</p>
+
+<p>Virginia was pre-eminently the land of a feudal aristocracy, which
+prided itself on name and blood,&mdash;an aristocracy delighting to trace
+its lineage back to the cavaliers of Old England, and which looked
+down with haughty contempt upon the man who earned his bread by the
+sweat of his brow. The original "gentleman" of Virginia possessed
+great estates, which were not acquired by thrift and industry, but
+received as grants through kingly favor. But a thriftless system of
+agriculture, pursued unvaryingly through two centuries, had greatly
+reduced <span class="pagenum"><a id="page014" name="page014"></a>(p. 014)</span> the patrimony of many sons and daughters of the
+cavaliers, who looked out of broken windows and rickety dwellings upon
+exhausted lands, overgrown with small oaks and diminutive pines. Yet
+they clung with tenacity to their pride.</p>
+
+<p>"The Yankees are nothing but old scrubs," said a little Virginia girl
+of only ten years to me.</p>
+
+<p>A young lady was brought to General Tyler's head-quarters at Falls
+Church to answer a charge of having given information to the enemy.
+Her dress was worn and faded, her shoes were down at the heel and out
+at the toes. There was nothing left of the estate of her fathers
+except a mean old house and one aged negro slave. She was reduced to
+absolute poverty, yet was too proud to work, and was waited upon by
+the superannuated negro.</p>
+
+<p>"You are accused, madam, of having given information to the enemy,"
+said General Tyler.</p>
+
+<p>The lady bowed haughtily.</p>
+
+<p>"You live in this old house down here?"</p>
+
+<p>"I would have you understand, sir, that my name is Delaney. I did not
+expect to be insulted!" she exclaimed, indignantly. Words cannot
+describe her proud bearing. It was a manifestation of her regard for
+blood, gentility, name, and her hatred of labor. The history of the
+Rebellion was in that reply.</p>
+
+<p>Virginia was also the land of sirens. A captain in a Connecticut
+regiment, lured by the sweet voice of a young lady, went outside of
+the pickets to spend a pleasant hour; but suddenly the Philistines
+were upon him, and he was a captive. Delilah mocked him as he was led
+away. Walking along the picket line on the 12th of July, I found a
+half-dozen Connecticut boys under a fence, keeping close watch of
+Delilah's mansion.</p>
+
+<p>"There is a girl over there," said one of them, "who enticed our
+captain up to the house yesterday, when he was captured. Last night
+she came out and sung a song, and asked a lieutenant to go in and see
+her piano and take tea; but he smelt a rat, and was shy. To-night
+there are four of us going to creep up close to the house, and he is
+going in to see the piano."</p>
+
+<p>The trap was set, but the Rebels did not fall into it.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page015" name="page015"></a>(p. 015)</span> The pickets brought in a negro, one of the first contrabands
+who came into the lines of the army of the Potomac. He was
+middle-aged, tall, black, and wore a checked cotton shirt and slouched
+hat. His boots were as sorry specimens of old leather as ever were
+worn by human beings. He came up timidly to head-quarters, guarded by
+two soldiers. He made a low bow to the General, not only with his
+head, but with his whole body and legs, ending the <i>salaam</i> with a
+scrape of his left foot, rolling his eyes and grinning from ear to
+ear.</p>
+
+<p>"What is your name?" asked the General.</p>
+
+<p>"Sam Allston, sah."</p>
+
+<p>"Who do you belong to?"</p>
+
+<p>"I belongs to Massa Allston, sah, from Souf Carolina."</p>
+
+<p>"Where is your master?"</p>
+
+<p>"He be at Fairfax; he belong to Souf Carolina regiment, sah."</p>
+
+<p>"How came you here?"</p>
+
+<p>"Why, ye see, General, massa told me to go out and buy some chickens,
+and I come right straight down here, sah."</p>
+
+<p>"You didn't expect to buy them here, did you?"</p>
+
+<p>"No, sah; but I thought I would like to see de Yankees."</p>
+
+<p>"I reckon I shall have to send you back, Sam."</p>
+
+<p>This was said not seriously, but to test Sam's sincerity.</p>
+
+<p>"I don't want to go back, sah. Wouldn't go back no how if I could help
+it; rather go a thousand miles away up Norf than go down Souf, sah.
+They knock me about down there. Massa whipped me last week, for
+talking with de other niggers about de war. O massa, don't send me
+back again! I'll do anything for you, massa."</p>
+
+<p>He was the picture of anguish, and stood wringing his hands while the
+tears rolled down his cheeks. Freedom, with all its imagined
+blessings, was before him; slavery, with all its certain horrors,
+behind him.</p>
+
+<p>The General questioned him about the Rebels.</p>
+
+<p>"They say they will whip you Yankees. Dere's right smart chance of 'em
+at Fairfax, General Bonham in command. Souf Carolina is kinder mad at
+you Yankees. But now dey is kinder waiting for you to come, though
+they be packing up their trunks, as if getting ready to move."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page016" name="page016"></a>(p. 016)</span> All of his stories corroborated previous intelligence, and
+his information was of value.</p>
+
+<p>"Well, Sam, I won't send you back," said the General. "You may go
+where you please about the camp."</p>
+
+<p>"De Lord God Almighty bless you, sah!" was the joyful exclamation.
+There was no happier man in the world than Sam Allston that night. He
+had found that which his soul most longed for,&mdash;Freedom!</p>
+
+<a id="img007" name="img007"></a>
+<div class="p4 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img007.jpg" width="500" height="340" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Aid Society's store-room.</p>
+</div>
+
+<a id="img008" name="img008"></a>
+<div class="p4 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img008.jpg" width="350" height="486" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">The ideal freedman.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page017" name="page017"></a>(p. 017)</span> CHAPTER II.<br>
+BULL RUN.</h2>
+
+<span class="sidedate">July, 1861.</span>
+
+<p>At noon, on the 17th of July, the troops under General McDowell took
+up their line of march toward Fairfax, without baggage, carrying three
+days' rations in their haversacks. One division, under General Tyler,
+which had been encamped at Falls Church, marched to Vienna, while the
+other divisions, moving from Alexandria, advanced upon Fairfax
+Court-House.</p>
+
+<p>It was a grand pageant, the long column of bayonets and high-waving
+flags. Union men whose homes were at Fairfax accompanied the march.
+"It does my eyes good to see the troops in motion at last," said one.
+"I have been exiled seven weeks. I know nothing about my family,
+although I have been within a dozen miles of them all the time. I came
+from the North three years ago. The Secessionists hated me, they
+threatened to hang me, and I had to leave mighty sudden."</p>
+
+<p>The head of General Tyler's column reached Vienna at sunset. The
+infantry turned into the fields, while the artillery took positions on
+the hills. Near the railroad was a large woodpile, behind which the
+South Carolinians took shelter, when they fired upon the Ohio boys on
+the cars. It was convenient for bivouac fires, and the men helped
+themselves willingly. There I received instructions from Captain
+Alexander, of the engineers, an old campaigner in Mexico, which,
+during the four years of the war, I have never forgotten.</p>
+
+<p>"Always sleep on the lee side of your bivouac fire," he said. "The
+fire dries the ground, the heat envelopes you like a blanket; it will
+keep off fever and ague. Better endure the discomfort of the smoke,
+better look like a Cincinnati ham, than to feel an ache in every bone
+in the morning, which you will be likely to feel if you spread your
+blankets on the windward <span class="pagenum"><a id="page018" name="page018"></a>(p. 018)</span> side, for then you have little
+benefit of the heat, but receive the full rush of the air, which
+chills you on one side, while you are roasting on the other." It was
+wise counsel, and by heeding it I have saved my bones from many an
+ache.</p>
+
+<p>It was at this place that a very laughable incident occurred. One of
+the citizens of Vienna had a bee-house well stocked with hives. A
+soldier espied them. He seized a hive and ran. Out came the bees,
+buzzing about his ears. Another soldier, thinking to do better, upset
+his hive, and seized the comb, dripping with honey. Being also hotly
+besieged, he dropped it, ran his hands through his hair, slapped his
+face, swung his arms, and fought manfully. Other soldiers seeing what
+was going on, and anxious to secure a portion of the coveted sweets,
+came up, and over went the half-dozen hives. The air was full of
+enraged insects, which stung men and horses indiscriminately, and
+which finally put a whole regiment to flight.</p>
+
+<p>The Southern newspapers at this time were "firing the Southern heart,"
+as they phrased it, by picturing the vandalism of the North.
+Beauregard, on the 5th of June, at Manassas, issued a manifesto
+addressed "to the people of the counties of Loudon, Fairfax, and
+Prince William." Thus it read:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>"A reckless and unprincipled tyrant has invaded your soil.
+     Abraham Lincoln, regardless of all moral, legal, and
+     constitutional restraints, has thrown his abolition hosts among
+     you, who are murdering and imprisoning your citizens,
+     confiscating and destroying your property, and committing other
+     acts of violence and outrage too shocking and revolting to
+     humanity to be enumerated.</p>
+
+<p>"All rules of civilized warfare are abandoned, and they proclaim
+     by their acts, if not on their banners, that their war cry is
+     'Beauty and Booty.' All that is dear to man,&mdash;your honor, and
+     that of your wives and daughters,&mdash;your fortunes and your lives,
+     are involved in this momentous conflict."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In contrast to this fulmination of falsehoods, General McDowell had
+issued an order on the 2d of June, three days previous, directing
+officers to transmit statements on the following points:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"<i>First.</i> The quantity of land taken possession of for the
+     several field-works, and the kind and value of the crops growing
+     thereon, if any. <i>Second.</i> The quantity of land used for the
+     several encampments, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page019" name="page019"></a>(p. 019)</span> and the kind and value of the
+     growing crops, if any. <i>Third.</i> The number, size, and character
+     of the buildings appropriated to public purposes. <i>Fourth.</i> The
+     quantity and value of trees cut down. <i>Fifth.</i> The kind and
+     extent of fencing destroyed. These statements will, as far as
+     possible, give the value of the property taken, or of the damage
+     sustained, and the name or names of the owners."<a id="footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1" title="Go to footnote 1"><span class="smaller">[1]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>A portion of the troops bivouacked in an oat-field, where the grain
+was standing in shocks, and some of the artillerymen appropriated the
+convenient forage.</p>
+
+<p>The owner was complaining bitterly of the devastations. "They have
+taken my grain, and I want my pay for it," he said to me.</p>
+
+<p>"Are you a Union man?" I asked.</p>
+
+<p>"I was for the Union till Virginia seceded, and of course had to go
+with her; but whether I am a Union man or not, the government is bound
+to respect private property," he replied.</p>
+
+<p>At that moment General Tyler rode past.</p>
+
+<p>"Say, General, ain't you going to pay me for my property which your
+soldiers destroyed?"</p>
+
+<p>"There is my quartermaster; he will settle it with you."</p>
+
+<p>The man received a voucher for whatever had been taken. The column
+took up its line of march, passed through a narrow belt of woods, and
+reached a hill from which Fairfax Court-House was in full view. A
+Rebel flag was waving over the town. There were two pieces of Rebel
+artillery in a field, a dozen wagons in park, squads of soldiers in
+sight, horsemen galloping in all directions. Nearer, in a meadow was a
+squadron of cavalry on picket. I stood beside Captain (since General)
+Hawley of Connecticut, commanding the skirmishers.</p>
+
+<p>"Let me take your Sharpe's rifle," said he to a soldier. He rested it
+on the fence, ran his eye along the barrel, and fired. The nearest
+Rebel horseman, half a mile distant, slipped from his horse in an
+instant, and fell upon the ground. It was the first shot fired by the
+grand army on the march towards Manassas. The other troopers put spurs
+to their horses and fled towards Fairfax, where a sudden commotion was
+visible.</p>
+
+<p>"The Rebels are in force just ahead!" said an officer who had
+advanced a short distance into the woods.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page020" name="page020"></a>(p. 020)</span> "First and second pieces into position," said Captain Varian,
+commanding a New York battery. The horses leaped ahead, and in a
+moment the two pieces were pointing toward Fairfax. The future
+historian, or the traveller wandering over the battle-fields of the
+Rebellion, who may be curious to know where the first cannon-shots
+were fired, will find the locality at Flint Hill, at that time the
+site of a small school-house. The cannon were on either side of the
+building.</p>
+
+<p>"Load with shell," was the order, and the cartridges went home in an
+instant.</p>
+
+<p>Standing behind the pieces and looking directly along the road under
+the shadow of the overhanging trees, I could see the Rebels in a
+hollow beyond a farm-house. The shells went screaming towards them,
+and in an instant they disappeared, running into the woods, casting
+away blankets, haversacks, and other equipments.</p>
+
+<p>The column moved on. The occupants of the house met us with joyful
+countenances. The good woman, formerly from New Jersey, brought out a
+pan of milk, at which we took a long pull.</p>
+
+<p>"I can't take pay; it is pay enough to see your countenances," she
+said.</p>
+
+<p>Turning from Fairfax road the troops moved toward Germantown, north of
+Fairfax,&mdash;a place of six miserable huts, over one of which the
+Confederate flag was flying. Bonham's brigade of South Carolinians was
+there. Ayer's battery galloped into position. A shell was sent among
+them. They were about leaving, having been ordered to retreat by
+Beauregard. The shell accelerated their movements. Camp equipage,
+barrels of flour, clothing, entrenching tools, were left behind, and
+we made ourselves merry over their running.</p>
+
+<p>Those were the days of romance. War was a pastime, a picnic, an
+agreeable diversion.</p>
+
+<p>A gray-haired old negro came out from his cabin, rolling his eyes and
+gazing at the Yankees.</p>
+
+<p>"Have you seen any Rebels this morning?" we asked.</p>
+
+<p>"Gosh a'mighty, massa! Dey was here as thick as bees, ges 'fore you
+cum; but when dat ar bumshell cum screaming among 'em, dey ran as if
+de Ole Harry was after 'em."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page021" name="page021"></a>(p. 021)</span> All of this, the flight of the Rebels, the negro's story, was
+exhilarating to the troops, who more than ever felt that the march to
+Richmond was going to be a nice affair.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of the 18th the head of the column entered Centreville,
+once a thrifty place, where travellers from the western counties found
+convenient rest on their journeys to Washington and Alexandria. Its
+vitality was gone. The houses were old and poor. Although occupying
+one of the most picturesque situations in the world, it was in the
+last stages of decay.</p>
+
+<p>A German met us with a welcome. Negro women peeped at us through the
+chinks of the walls where the clay had fallen out. At a large
+two-story house, which in former days reflected the glory of the Old
+Dominion, sat a man far gone with consumption. He had a pitiful story
+to tell of his losses by the Rebels.</p>
+
+<p>Here we saw the women of Centreville, so accomplished in the practice
+of snuff-dipping, filling their teeth and gums with snuff, and passing
+round the cup with one swab for the company!</p>
+
+<p>Richardson's brigade turned towards Blackburn's ford. Suddenly there
+was a booming of artillery, followed by a sharp skirmish, which
+Beauregard in his Report calls the first battle of Manassas. This was
+in distinction from that fought on the 21st, which is generally known
+as the battle of Bull Run.</p>
+
+<p>It was a reconnoissance on the part of General Tyler to feel the
+position of the enemy. It might have been conducted more adroitly,
+without sacrifice. Under cover of skirmishers and artillery, their
+positions would have been ascertained; no doubt their batteries could
+have been carried if suitable arrangements had been made. But the long
+cannonading brought down hosts of reinforcements from Manassas. And
+when too late, three or four regiments were ordered down to the
+support of the Union troops.</p>
+
+<p>The First Massachusetts received the hottest of the fire. One soldier
+in the thickest of the fight was shot; he passed his musket to his
+comrade, saying, "It is all right, Bill," and immediately expired. The
+soldier standing next to Lieutenant-Colonel Wells, received two shots
+in his arm. He handed his <span class="pagenum"><a id="page022" name="page022"></a>(p. 022)</span> gun to the Colonel, saying, "Here,
+I can't use it; take it and use it." A great many of the soldiers had
+their clothes shot through. One had three balls in his coat, but came
+out unharmed.</p>
+
+<p>As it is not intended that this volume shall be a history of the war,
+but rather a panorama of it, we must pass briefly in review the first
+great battle of the war at Bull Run, and the flight to Washington.</p>
+
+<p>The day was calm and peaceful. Everywhere save upon the heights of
+Centreville and the plains of Manassas it was a day of rest.</p>
+
+<p class="poem25">
+<span class="min33em">"</span>I'll tell you what I heard that day,&mdash;<br>
+   I heard the great guns far away,<br>
+   Boom after boom!"</p>
+
+<p>Long before sunrise the troops of the attacking column rose from their
+bivouac and moved away towards the west. The sun had but just risen
+when Benjamin's batteries were thundering at Blackburn's ford, and
+Tyler was pressing upon the Stone Bridge. It was past eight o'clock
+before the first light ripple of musketry was heard at Sudley Springs,
+where Burnside was turning the left flank of the Rebels. Then came the
+opening of the cannonade and the increasing roar as regiment after
+regiment fell into line, and moved southward, through the thickets of
+pine. Sharp and clear above the musketry rose the cheers of the
+combatants.</p>
+
+<p>"If you whip us, you will lick ninety thousand men. We have Johnston's
+army with us. Johnston came yesterday, and a lot more from Richmond,"
+said a prisoner, boastfully.</p>
+
+<p>Onward pressed the Union troops, success attending their arms. The
+battle was going in our favor. It was a little past three o'clock,
+when, standing by the broken-down stone bridge which the Rebels had
+destroyed, I had a full view of the action going on near Mrs. Henry's
+house. The field beyond the Rebel line was full of stragglers.</p>
+
+<a id="img009" name="img009"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img009.jpg" width="500" height="405" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Ladies working for the Army.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A correspondent of the Charleston <i>Mercury</i> thus writes of the aspect
+of affairs in the Rebel lines at that moment:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"When I entered the field at two o'clock the fortunes of the day
+     were dark. The regiments so badly injured, or wounded and worn,
+     as they staggered out gave gloomy pictures of the scene. We could
+     not be <span class="pagenum"><a id="page023" name="page023"></a>(p. 023)</span> routed, perhaps, but it is doubtful whether we
+     were destined to a victory."</p>
+
+<p>"All seemed about to be lost," wrote the correspondent of the Richmond
+<i>Dispatch</i>. There was a dust-cloud in the west. I saw it rising over
+the distant woods, approaching nearer each moment. A few moments later
+the fatal mistake of Major Barry was made.<a id="footnotetag2" name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2" title="Go to footnote 2"><span class="smaller">[2]</span></a> Griffin and Ricketts
+could have overwhelmed the newly arrived troops, less than three
+regiments, with canister. But it was not so to be. One volley from the
+Rebels, and the tide of affairs was reversed; and the Union army,
+instead of being victor, was vanquished.</p>
+
+<p>A few moments before the disaster by Mrs. Henry's house, I walked past
+General Schenck's brigade, which was standing in the road a few rods
+east of the bridge. A Rebel battery beyond the run was throwing
+shells, one of which ploughed through the Second Ohio, mangling two
+soldiers, sprinkling their warm blood upon the greensward.</p>
+
+<p>While drinking at a spring, there was a sudden uproar, a rattling of
+musketry, and one or two discharges of artillery. Soldiers streamed
+past, throwing away their guns and equipments. Ayer's battery dashed
+down the turnpike. A baggage wagon was hurled into the ditch in a
+twinkling. A hack from Washington, which had brought out a party of
+Congressmen, was splintered to kindlings. Drivers cut their horses
+loose and fled in precipitate haste. Instinct is quick to act. There
+was no time to deliberate, or to obtain information. A swift pace for
+a half-mile placed me beyond Cub Run, where, standing on a knoll, I
+had a good opportunity to survey the sight, painful, yet ludicrous to
+behold. The soldiers, as they crossed the stream, regained their
+composure and fell into a walk. But the panic like a wave rolled over
+Centreville to Fairfax. The teamsters of the immense wagon train threw
+bags of coffee and corn, barrels of beef and pork, and boxes of bread,
+upon the ground, and fled in terror towards Alexandria. The fright was
+soon over. The lines at Centreville were in tolerable order when I
+left that place at five o'clock.</p>
+
+<p>Experience is an excellent teacher, though the tuition is sometimes
+expensive. There has been no repetition of the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page024" name="page024"></a>(p. 024)</span> scenes of that
+afternoon during the war. The lesson was salutary. The Rebels on
+several occasions had the same difficulty. At Fair Oaks, Glendale, and
+Malvern we now know how greatly demoralized they became. No troops are
+exempt from the liability of a panic. Old players are not secure from
+stage fright. The coolest surgeon cannot always control his nerves.
+The soldiers of the Union in the battle of Bull Run were not cowards.
+They fought resolutely. The contest was sustained from early in the
+morning till three in the afternoon. The troops had marched from
+Centreville. The heat had been intense. Their breakfast was eaten at
+one o'clock in the morning. They were hungry and parched with thirst,
+yet they pushed the Rebels back from Sudley Springs, past the turnpike
+to the hill by Mrs. Henry's.</p>
+
+<p>There is abundant evidence that the Rebels considered the day as lost,
+when Kirby Smith arrived.</p>
+
+<p>Says the writer in the Richmond <i>Dispatch</i>, alluded to above:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>"They pressed our left flank for several hours with terrible
+     effect, but our men flinched not till their numbers had been so
+     diminished by the well-aimed and steady volleys that they were
+     compelled to give way for new regiments. The Seventh and Eighth
+     Georgia Regiments are said to have suffered heavily.</p>
+
+<p>"Between two and three o'clock large numbers of men were leaving
+     the field, some of them wounded, others exhausted by the long
+     struggle, who gave us gloomy reports; but as the fire on both
+     sides continued steadily, we felt sure that our brave Southerners
+     had not been conquered by the overwhelming hordes of the North.
+     It is, however, due to truth to say that the result of this hour
+     hung trembling in the balance. We had lost numbers of our most
+     distinguished officers. Generals Bartow and Bee had been stricken
+     down; Lieutenant-Colonel Johnson of the Hampton Legion had been
+     killed; Colonel Hampton had been wounded.</p>
+
+<p>"Your correspondent heard General Johnson exclaim to General
+     Cocke just at the critical moment, 'O for four regiments!' His
+     wish was answered, for in the distance our reinforcements
+     appeared. The tide of battle was turned in our favor by the
+     arrival of General Kirby Smith from Winchester, with four
+     thousand men of General Johnson's division. General Smith heard
+     while on the Manassas Railroad cars the roar of battle. He
+     stopped the train, and hurried his troops across <span class="pagenum"><a id="page025" name="page025"></a>(p. 025)</span> the
+     field to the point just where he was most needed. They were at
+     first supposed to be the enemy, their arrival at that point of
+     the field being entirely unexpected. The enemy fell back and a
+     panic seized them."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Smith had about seventeen hundred men instead of four thousand, but he
+came upon the field in such a manner, that some of the Union officers
+supposed it was a portion of McDowell's troops. Smith was therefore
+permitted to take a flanking position within close musket-shot of
+Rickett's and Griffin's batteries unmolested. One volley, and the
+victory was changed to defeat. Through chance alone it seemed, but
+really through Providence, the Rebels won the field. The cavalry
+charge, of which so much was said at the time, was a feeble affair.
+The panic began the moment that Smith opened upon Ricketts and
+Griffin. The cavalry did not advance till the army was in full
+retreat.</p>
+
+<p>It is laughable to read the accounts of the battle published in the
+Southern papers. The Richmond <i>Dispatch</i> has a letter written from
+Manassas 23d July, which has throughout evidences of candor, and yet
+this writer says, "We have captured sixty-seven pieces of artillery,"
+while we had only thirty-eight guns on the field. Most necromancers
+have the ability to produce hens' eggs without number from a
+mysterious bag, but how they could capture sixty-seven pieces of
+cannon, when McDowell had but thirty-eight, is indeed remarkable. The
+same writer asserts that we carried into action the Palmetto State and
+the Confederate flags.</p>
+
+<p>Here is the story of a wonderful cannon-ball. Says the writer: "A
+whole regiment of the enemy appeared in sight, going at double-quick
+down the Centreville road. Major Walton immediately ordered another
+shot. With the aid of our glass we could see them about two miles off.
+There was no obstruction, and the whole front of the regiment was
+exposed. <i>One half were seen to fall</i>, and if General Johnston had not
+at that moment sent an order to cease firing, nearly the whole
+regiment would have been killed!" The half that did not fall ought to
+be grateful to Major Walton for not firing a second shot. The writer
+says in conclusion: "Thus did fifteen thousand men, with eighteen
+pieces of artillery, drive back ingloriously <span class="pagenum"><a id="page026" name="page026"></a>(p. 026)</span> a force
+exceeding thirty-five thousand, supported by nearly one hundred pieces
+of cannon. We have captured nine hundred prisoners, sixty-seven pieces
+of cannon, Armstrong guns and rifled cannon, hundreds of wagons, loads
+of provisions and ammunition."</p>
+
+<p>One writer asserted that thirty-two thousand pairs of handcuffs were
+taken, designed for Rebel prisoners! This absurd statement was
+believed throughout the South. In January, 1862, while in Kentucky, I
+met a Southern lady who declared that it must be true, for she had
+seen a pair of the handcuffs!</p>
+
+<p>The war on the part of the North was undertaken to uphold the
+Constitution and the Union, but the battle of Bull Run set men to
+thinking. Four days after the battle, in Washington I met one who all
+his lifetime had been a Democrat, standing stanchly by the South till
+the attack on Sumter. Said he: "I go for liberating the niggers. We
+are fighting on a false issue. The negro is at the bottom of the
+trouble. The South is fighting for the negro, and nothing else. They
+use him to defeat us, and we shall be compelled to use him to defeat
+them."</p>
+
+<p>These sentiments were gaining ground. General Butler had retained the
+negroes who came into his camp, calling them "contraband of war." Men
+were beginning to discuss the propriety of not only retaining, but of
+seizing, the slaves of those who were in arms against the government.
+The Rebels were using them in the construction of fortifications. Why
+not place them in the category with gunpowder, horses, and cattle? The
+reply was, "We must respect the Union people of the South." But where
+were the Union people?</p>
+
+<p>There were some in Western Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and
+Missouri; but very few in Eastern Virginia. At Centreville there was
+one man in the seedy village who said he was for the Union: he was a
+German. At a farm-house just out of the village, I found an old
+New-Yorker, who was for the Union; but the mass of the people, men,
+women, and children, had fled,&mdash;their minds poisoned with tales of the
+brutality of Northern soldiers. The mass of the people bore toward
+their few neighbors, who still stood for the Union, a most implacable
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page027" name="page027"></a>(p. 027)</span> hatred. I recall the woebegone look which overspread the
+countenance of a good woman at Vienna on Sunday night, when, as she
+gave me a draught of milk, I made a plain, candid statement of the
+disaster which had befallen our army. Her husband had been a friend to
+the Federal army, had given up his house for officers' quarters; had
+suffered at the hands of the Rebels; had once been obliged to flee,
+leaving his wife and family of six children, all of tender age, and
+the prospect was gloomy. He had gone to bed, to forget in sleep, if
+possible, the crushing blow. It was near midnight, but the wife and
+mother could not sleep. She was awake to every approaching footstep,
+heard every sound, knowing that within a stone's throw of the dwelling
+there were those, in former times fast friends, who now would be among
+the first to hound her and her little ones from the place; and why?
+because they loved the Union!</p>
+
+<p>What had produced this bitterness? There could be but one
+answer,&mdash;Slavery. It was clear that, sooner or later, the war would
+become one of emancipation,&mdash;freedom to the slave of every man found
+in arms against the government, or in any way aiding or abetting
+treason. How seductive, how tyrannical this same monster Slavery!</p>
+
+<p>Three years before the war, a young man, born and educated among the
+mountains of Berkshire County, Massachusetts, graduating at Williams
+College, visited Washington, and called upon Mr. Dawes, member of
+Congress from Massachusetts, to obtain his influence in securing a
+position at the South as a teacher. Mr. Dawes knew the young man, son
+of a citizen of high standing, respected not only as a citizen, but in
+the highest branch of the Legislature of the State in former times,
+and gladly gave his influence to obtain the situation. A few days
+after the battle Mr. Dawes visited the Old Capitol prison to see the
+prisoners which had been brought in. To his surprise he found among
+them the young man from Berkshire, wearing the uniform of a Rebel.</p>
+
+<p>"How could you find it in your heart to fight against the flag of your
+country, to turn your back upon your native State, and the
+institutions under which you have been trained?" he asked.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page028" name="page028"></a>(p. 028)</span> "I didn't want to fight against the flag, but I was compelled
+to."</p>
+
+<p>"How compelled?"</p>
+
+<p>"Why, you see, they knew I was from the North; and if I hadn't
+enlisted, the ladies would have presented me with a petticoat."</p>
+
+<p>He expressed himself averse to taking the oath of allegiance. It was
+only when allusion was made to his parents&mdash;the poignant grief which
+would all but break his mother's heart, were she to hear of him as a
+soldier in the traitors' lines,&mdash;that he gave way, and his eyes filled
+with tears. He could turn against his country, his State, the
+institutions of freedom, because his heart was in the South, because
+he had dreaded the finger of scorn which would have cowed him with a
+petticoat, but he could not blot out the influence of a mother's love,
+a mother's patriotism. He had not lived long enough under the hot
+breath of the simoom to have all the early associations withered and
+crisped. The mention of "mother" made him a child again.</p>
+
+<p>With him was another Massachusetts man, who had been South many years,
+and who was more intensely Southern than himself. Another young man, a
+South Carolinian, was a law student in Harvard College when his State
+seceded. He went home to enlist. "If it had not been for the war I
+should now be taking my degree," said he. He was rejoicing over the
+result of the battle.</p>
+
+<p>Slavery is not only tyrannical, but it is corrupting to morals. The
+Secessionists of St. Joseph, Missouri, in their eagerness to
+precipitate a Kansas regiment to destruction, burned a bridge on the
+Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, a few miles east of St. Joseph. The
+train left the city at three o'clock in the morning, and reached the
+bridge before daybreak. The regiment was not on board, and instead of
+destroying a thousand Union soldiers, a large number of the citizens
+of St. Joseph,&mdash;with women and children, friends and neighbors of the
+Secessionists,&mdash;were plunged into the abyss!</p>
+
+<p>The action of these Missouri barbarians was applauded by the
+Secessionists of Washington. A friend came into my room late one
+evening in great excitement.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page029" name="page029"></a>(p. 029)</span> "What is the matter?"</p>
+
+<p>"I am sick at heart," said he, "at what I have heard. I called upon
+some of my female acquaintances to-night. I knew that they were
+Secessionists, but did not think that they were so utterly corrupt as
+I find them to be. They are refined, intelligent, and have moved in
+the first society of Washington. They boldly declared that it was
+justifiable to destroy that railroad train in Missouri; that it is
+right to poison wells, or violate oaths of allegiance, to help on the
+cause of the South!"</p>
+
+<p>The bitterness of the women of the South during the Rebellion is a
+strange phenomenon, without a parallel in history. For the women of
+Ireland, who in the rebellion of '98 cut off the heads of English
+residents, and chopped up their victims by piecemeal, were from the
+bogs and fens,&mdash;one remove only from the beasts; but these women of
+the South lay claims to a superior culture. It is one thing to be
+devoted heart and soul to a cause, but it is quite another to advance
+it at the cost of civilization, Christianity, and the womanly virtues.</p>
+
+<p>The assertion that all women of the South thus gave themselves over to
+do wickedly, would be altogether too sweeping; a large portion may be
+included. Mrs. Greenhow and Belle Boyd have written out some of their
+exploits and machinations for the overthrow of the Union. With them, a
+false oath or any measure of deceit, was praiseworthy, if it would but
+aid the Secession cause. They are fair representatives of the females
+of the South.</p>
+
+<a id="img010" name="img010"></a>
+<div class="p4 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img010.jpg" width="300" height="209" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Forwarded free.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page030" name="page030"></a>(p. 030)</span> CHAPTER III.<br>
+THE FALL OF 1861.</h2>
+
+<span class="sidedate">Oct., 1861.</span>
+
+<p>The months of August and September passed away without any action on
+the part of General McClellan, who had been appointed commander of the
+Army of the Potomac.</p>
+
+<p>The disaster at Ball's Bluff occurred on the 21st of October, just
+three months after the battle of Bull Run. On the afternoon of the 22d
+the news was whispered in Washington. Riding at once with a
+fellow-correspondent, Mr. H. M. Smith of the Chicago <i>Tribune</i>, to
+General McClellan's head-quarters, and entering the anteroom, we found
+President Lincoln there. I had met him on several occasions, and he
+was well acquainted with my friend. He greeted us cordially, but sat
+down quickly, rested his head upon his hand, and seemed to be
+unusually agitated. His eyes were sunken, his countenance haggard, his
+whole demeanor that of one who was in trouble.</p>
+
+<p>"Will you please step in here, Mr. President," said an orderly from an
+adjoining room, from whence came the click of the telegraph. He soon
+came out, with his hands clasped upon his breast, his head bowed, his
+body bent as if he were carrying a great burden. He took no notice of
+any one, but with downcast eyes and faltering steps passed into the
+street and towards the Executive mansion.</p>
+
+<p>"We have met with a sad disaster. Fifteen hundred men lost, and
+Colonel Baker killed," said General Marcy.</p>
+
+<p>It was that which had overwhelmed the President. Colonel Baker was his
+personal friend. They had long been intimately acquainted. In speaking
+of that event afterwards, Mr. Lincoln said that it smote him like a
+whirlwind in a desert. Few men have been appointed of God to bear such
+burdens as were laid upon President Lincoln. A distracted country, a
+people at war, all the foundations of society broken up; the cares,
+trials, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page031" name="page031"></a>(p. 031)</span> and perplexities which came every day without
+cessation, disaster upon disaster, the loss of those he
+loved,&mdash;Ellsworth, Baker, and his own darling Willie. A visitor at the
+White House the day of Ellsworth's death found him in tears.</p>
+
+<p>"I will make no apology, gentlemen," said he, "for my weakness; but I
+knew poor Ellsworth well, and held him in great regard. Just as you
+entered the room, Captain Fox left me, after giving me the painful
+details of Ellsworth's unfortunate death. The event was so unexpected,
+and the recital so touching, that it quite unmanned me. Poor fellow,"
+he added, "it was undoubtedly a rash act, but it only shows the heroic
+spirit that animates our soldiers, from high to low, in this righteous
+cause of ours. Yet who can restrain grief to see them fall in such a
+way as this,&mdash;not by the fortunes of war, but by the hand of an
+assassin?"</p>
+
+<p>The first time I ever saw Mr. Lincoln was the day after his nomination
+by the Chicago Convention. I accompanied the committee appointed to
+inform him of the action of the Convention to Springfield. It was
+sunset when we reached the plain, unpretentious two-story
+dwelling,&mdash;his Springfield home. Turning to the left as we entered the
+hall, and passing into the library, we stood in the presence of a tall
+man, with large features, great, earnest eyes, a countenance which,
+once looked upon, forever remembered. He received the committee with
+dignity and yet with evident constraint of manner. The address of Mr.
+Ashmun, chairman of the committee, was brief, and so was Mr. Lincoln's
+reply. Then followed a general introduction of the party.</p>
+
+<p>There was a pitcher of ice-water and goblets on a stand, but there
+were no liquors. The next morning a citizen narrated the following
+incident.</p>
+
+<p>When the telegraph informed Mr. Lincoln's neighbors that the committee
+were on their way, a few of his friends called upon him to make
+arrangements for their reception.</p>
+
+<p>"You must have some refreshments prepared," said they.</p>
+
+<p>"O certainly, certainly. What shall I get?"</p>
+
+<p>"You will want some brandy, whiskey, wines, &amp;c."</p>
+
+<p>"I can't do that, gentlemen. I never have kept liquors, and I can't
+get them now."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page032" name="page032"></a>(p. 032)</span> "Well, we will supply them."</p>
+
+<p>"No, gentlemen, I can't permit you to do what I would not do myself. I
+will furnish good water and enough of it, but no liquors."</p>
+
+<p>He adhered to his decision; and thus at the beginning of the contest
+gave an exhibition of that resoluteness of character, that
+determination of will to adhere to what he felt was right, which was
+of such inestimable value to the nation, in carrying the cause of the
+Union triumphantly through all the dark days of the Rebellion.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">It was sunset when Mr. Smith and myself reached Poolsville, after a
+rapid horseback ride from Washington. The quartermasters were issuing
+clothing to those who had cast away their garments while swimming the
+river. The night was cold. There had been a heavy fall of rain, and
+the ground was miry. It was a sad spectacle, those half-naked,
+shivering soldiers, who had lost everything,&mdash;clothes, equipments, and
+arms. They were almost heart-broken at the disaster.</p>
+
+<p>"I enlisted to fight," said one, "but I don't want to be slaughtered.
+O my God! shall I ever forget that sight, when the boat went down?" He
+covered his face with his hands, as if to shut out the horrid
+spectacle.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Baker was sent across the river with the Fifteenth and
+Twentieth Massachusetts, a portion of the Tammany Regiment of New
+York, and the California regiment, Colonel Baker's own, in all about
+fifteen hundred men. His means of communication were only an old scow
+and two small boats. He was left to fight unassisted four thousand
+Rebels. Soon after he fell, there was a sudden rush to the boats,
+which, being overloaded, were instantly swamped. The Rebels had it all
+their own way, standing upon the bank and shooting the drowning men.
+Colonel Baker's body had been brought off, and was lying at
+Poolsville. The soldiers of his own regiment were inconsolable.</p>
+
+<p>Poolsville is an insignificant village, situated in one of the richest
+agricultural districts of Maryland, surrounded by gentle swells of
+land, wooded vales, verdant slopes, broad fields, with the far-off
+mountain ranges and sweeping Potomac,&mdash;that combination <span class="pagenum"><a id="page033" name="page033"></a>(p. 033)</span> which
+would be the delight of a painter who loves quiet rural scenery. The
+soil is fertile, and needs only good culture to yield an hundred-fold.
+Amid such native richness stands the village,&mdash;a small collection of
+nondescript houses, with overhanging roofs, wide porticos, or sheds
+which answer for piazzas, mammoth chimneys, built outside the edifice,
+as if they were afterthoughts when the houses were constructed. The
+streets are narrow, and the dwellings are huddled together as if there
+were but one corner lot, and all were trying to get as close to it as
+possible, reminding one of a crowd of boys round the old-fashioned
+fireplace of a country school-house on a winter's morning. There is
+not a new house in the place. The newest one was built many years ago.
+You look in vain for neat white cottages, with well-kept grounds. You
+are astonished at the immense number of old wagons and carriages, with
+rickety tops, torn canvas, broken wheels, shafts, and battered
+bodies,&mdash;of old lumber-carts and other weather-beaten vehicles under
+skeleton sheds. Look where you will, you come to the conclusion that
+time has sucked out the juice of everything. There is no freshness, no
+sign of a renewal of life or of present vitality. There are a small
+church, and two seedy, needy taverns,&mdash;mean-looking, uninviting
+places, each with its crowd of idle men, canvassing the state of
+public affairs.</p>
+
+<p>Such was the village in 1861. The streets were alive with "little
+images of God cut in ebony," as Mrs. Stowe calls a negro child. Many
+of the "images," however, by contact with the Anglo-Saxon race,
+through Slavery, had become almost white. There were three or four
+hundred inhabitants, a few wealthy, with many poor.</p>
+
+<p>We found accommodations at the best private residence in the place.
+The owner had a number of outlying farms, and was reported to be very
+wealthy. He was courteous, and professed to be a Union man. He was
+disposing of his hay and grain to the United States government,
+receiving the highest prices at his own door. Yet when conversing with
+him, he said, "your army," "your troops," as if he were a foreigner. A
+funeral procession passed the house,&mdash;a company of the Massachusetts
+Fifteenth, bearing to the village graveyard a comrade, who had laid
+down his life for his country at Ball's <span class="pagenum"><a id="page034" name="page034"></a>(p. 034)</span> Bluff. Said the wife
+of my host to a friend as they passed: "<i>Their</i> government has got
+money enough, and ought to take the bodies away; we don't want them
+buried here; it will make the place unhealthy." These expressions
+revealed one thing: that between them and the Federal Union and the
+Constitution there was no bond of unity. There was no nationality
+binding us together. Once they would not have spoken of the army of
+the United States as "your army." What had caused this alienation?
+Slavery. An ebony-hued chattel kindled my fire in the morning and
+blacked my boots. A yellow chattel stood behind my chair at breakfast.
+A stout chattel, worth twelve hundred dollars, groomed my horse. There
+were a dozen young chattels at play upon the piazza. My host was an
+owner of human flesh and blood. That made him at heart a Secessionist.
+The army had not interfered with Slavery. Slaves found their way into
+the camp daily, and were promptly returned to their professedly loyal
+masters. Yet the presence of the troops was odious to the
+slaveholders.</p>
+
+<p>In the quiet of affairs around Washington I visited Eastern Maryland,
+accompanied by two members of the press. The Rebels had closed the
+navigation of the Potomac by erecting batteries at Cockpit Point.
+General Hooker's division was at Budd's Ferry, Port Tobacco, and other
+places down the river. It was the last day of October,&mdash;one of the
+loveliest of the year,&mdash;when we started upon our excursion.</p>
+
+<p>No description can convey an idea of the incomparable loveliness of
+the scenery,&mdash;the broad river, with the slow-moving sail-boats, the
+glassy, unruffled surface, reflecting canvas, masts, and cordage, the
+many-colored hills, rich with autumnal tints, the marble piles of the
+city, the broad streets, the more distant Georgetown, the thousands of
+white tents near and far away, with all the nice shading and blending
+of varied hue in the mellow light. On every hilltop we lingered to
+enjoy the richness of nature, and to fix in memory the picture which,
+under the relentless hand of war, would soon be robbed of its peculiar
+charms.</p>
+
+<p>Ten miles out and all was changed. The neat, tasteful, comfortable
+residences were succeeded by the most dilapidated dwellings. The
+fields, green with verdure, gave place to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page035" name="page035"></a>(p. 035)</span> sandy barrens. To
+say that everybody and everything were out at the elbows and down at
+the heels is not sufficient. One must see the old buildings,&mdash;the
+crazy roofs, the unglazed windows, the hingeless doors, the rotting
+stoops, the reeling barns and sheds, leaning in every direction, as if
+all were in drunken carousal,&mdash;the broken fences, the surrounding
+lumber,&mdash;of carts, wagons, and used-up carriages, to obtain a correct
+idea of this picture, so strongly and painfully in contrast to that
+from the hill-tops overlooking the capital of the country.</p>
+
+<p>The first stopping-place for travellers is the "White Horse." We had
+heard much of the White Horse, and somehow had great expectations, or
+rather an undefined notion that Clark Mills or some other artist had
+sculptured from white marble a steed balanced on his hind legs and
+leaping toward the moon, like that in front of the Presidential
+mansion; but our great expectations dwindled like Pip's, when we
+descended a hill and came upon a whitewashed, one-story building,&mdash;a
+log-house, uninviting to man or beast. A poplar in front of the
+domicile supported a swinging sign, on which the country artist had
+displayed his marvellous skill in painting a white horse standing on
+two legs. It was time for dinner, and the landlady spread the table
+for her guests. There was no gold-tinted bill of fare, with
+unpronounceable French phrases, no long line of sable waiters in white
+aprons. My memory serves me as to the fare.</p>
+
+<p class="wspaced3em center">Pork,      Pone,       Potatoes.</p>
+
+<p>The pork was cold, pone ditto, potatoes also. Pone is unraised
+corn-cake baked in the ashes, and said to be good for indigestion. It
+is a favorite cake in the South.</p>
+
+<p>A saffron-hued young man, tall and lean, with a sharp nose and thin
+face, sat on the steps of the White Horse.</p>
+
+<p>"The <i>ager</i> got hold of me yesterday and shook me right smart," he
+said. "It is a bad place for the ager. The people that used to live
+here have all moved away. The land is run out. They have <i>terbakkered</i>
+it to death. We can't raise nothing, and it ain't no use to try." He
+pointed to a deserted farm-house standing on a hill, and said,
+"There's a place the owner has left to grow up to weeds. He can't get
+nobody to carry it on."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page036" name="page036"></a>(p. 036)</span> A stately brick mansion, standing back from the highway once
+the residence of a man of wealth and taste, with blinds, portico, and
+carriage-house, elaborate in design and finish, was in the last stages
+of ruin. The portico had settled away from the house. The roof was
+hollowed like a weak-backed horse, the chimneys were tumbling, blinds
+swinging by a hinge, windows smashed, outhouses tottering with age and
+neglect, all presenting a most repulsive appearance. How changed from
+former years, when the courteous, hospitable proprietor of the estate
+received his guests at the magnificent portico, ushered them to his
+spacious halls, opened the sideboard and drank to their health, while
+attendant slaves took the horses to the stables! It is easy to fill up
+the picture,&mdash;the grand dinner, the walk over the estate, the stroll
+by the river, the duck-shooting on the marshes, the gang of slaves in
+the tobacco-patch, the army of black and yellow servants in the
+kitchens, chambers, and parlors. When this old house was in its glory,
+this section of Maryland was in its prime; but how great the change!</p>
+
+<p>It was sad to think of the departed days. Our reflections were of what
+the place had been, what it was, and what it might have been, had
+Maryland in the beginning of her history accepted Freedom instead of
+Slavery.</p>
+
+<p>Taverns are not frequent in the vicinity of Pomunkey, and it was
+necessary that we should seek private hospitality for the night. A
+first attempt for accommodations brought us to a house, but the owner
+had no oats, hay, or corn; a second ride in from the highway, brought
+us to a whitewashed farm-house, with immense outside chimneys, piazza,
+adjoining mud-chinked negro-quarters, with chimneys of sticks and
+clay, and a dozen surrounding buildings,&mdash;as usual, all tumbling to
+pieces. Explanations as to who we were secured kind hospitality from
+the host, a gray-headed man, with a family consisting of his wife,
+three grown-up sons, and nine adult daughters.</p>
+
+<p>"Such as I have is at your service, gentlemen," said our host. But he
+had no hay, no oats, no corn, nothing but <i>shucks</i> for our horses. Our
+supper consisted of fried pork, fried salt shad, pone, wheat-cakes,
+pea-coffee, strawberry-leaf tea, sweetened with damp brown sugar!</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page037" name="page037"></a>(p. 037)</span> "We don't <i>raise</i> butter in this section of the State," said
+our host, in apology.</p>
+
+<p>The supper was relished after an afternoon ride of thirty miles. The
+evening being chilly, a roaring fire was kept up in the old-fashioned
+fireplace. The daughters put on their most attractive attire, and left
+nothing untried to entertain their three visitors. Could we dance?
+Unfortunately we could not. It was a serious disappointment. They
+evidently had anticipated having "a good time." One of the ladies
+could play a violin, and treated us to jigs, reels, and hornpipes.</p>
+
+<p>"You must sing the gentlemen a song, Jane," said one.</p>
+
+<p>Jane turned scarlet at the suggestion, but finally, after polite
+requests and a little urging, turned her back to the company, faced
+the corner of the room, and sang a love-song. She could sing "Dixie,"
+but knew nothing of the "Star-Spangled Banner" or "Hail Columbia." The
+young ladies were in sympathy with the Rebellion.</p>
+
+<p>"It must be expected that Southern people should sympathize with the
+South," said our host.</p>
+
+<p>"You own some slaves?" I said.</p>
+
+<p>"I have three <i>servants</i>, sir. I think," he added, "that the people of
+Eastern Maryland would be more favorable towards the Union if they
+could be assured that the war would not finally become one of
+emancipation. My neighbor over there had a servant who ran away into
+the camp of one of the New York regiments. He went after him. The
+Colonel told the master to take him, but the servant wouldn't leave
+till the Colonel drew his pistol and threatened to shoot him. But
+notwithstanding that, I reckon that the war will make them restless."
+It was spoken frankly and unreservedly.</p>
+
+<p>It was pitiable to walk round his farm in the morning, to see
+everywhere the last stages of decay,&mdash;poor, worn-out lands,
+broken-down fences, weedy fields, pastures without a blade of grass,
+leafless orchards, old buildings,&mdash;everything a wreck; and yet to know
+that he was wedded to the very institution which was reducing the
+country to a wilderness. He was not an owner of the estate, but a
+rentee. He paid one hundred and fifty dollars rental for three hundred
+acres of land, and yet confessed that he was growing poorer year by
+year. Tobacco, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page038" name="page038"></a>(p. 038)</span> corn, and oats were the only crops. He could
+get no manure. He could make no hay. He kept two cows, but made no
+butter. The land was being exhausted, and he did not know what he
+should come to. All energy and life were gone; we saw only a family
+struggling against fate, and yet clinging with a death-grapple to the
+system that was precipitating their ruin.</p>
+
+<p>"Why do you not go to Illinois?"</p>
+
+<p>"O, sir, I am too old to move. Besides, this is home."</p>
+
+<p>We pictured the boundless resources of the West, the fertile lands,
+the opportunities for bettering his condition, but our words fell upon
+an inert mind. As a last argument, we said: "You have a large family
+of daughters. In Illinois there are thousands of young men wanting
+wives, who will make good husbands. There are few young men here, but
+good homes await your daughters there."</p>
+
+<p>There were blushes, smiles, and sparkling eyes from the "sacred nine."
+My fellow-correspondent of the Chicago <i>Tribune</i> then drew a florid
+picture of the West,&mdash;of the need of the State for such good-looking,
+virtuous ladies. His eloquence was persuasive. One of the daughters
+wanted to know how far it was to Illinois; but when informed that it
+was a thousand miles, her countenance fell. Bliss so far away was
+unattainable.</p>
+
+<p>We passed a second night with our host, who, during our absence, sent
+one of the servants a dozen miles to obtain some butter, so courteous
+an entertainer was he. Yet he was struggling with poverty. He kept
+three slaves to wait upon his nine grown-up unmarried daughters, who
+were looking out upon a dark future. There was not a single gleam of
+light before them. They could not work, or, at the best, their work
+was of trifling account. What would become of them? That was the one
+question ever haunting the father.</p>
+
+<p>"Why do you keep your slaves? they are a bill of cost to you every
+year," we said.</p>
+
+<p>"I know it. They are lazy, shiftless, and they will steal,
+notwithstanding they have enough to eat and wear; but then I reckon I
+couldn't get along without them very well. Sam is an excellent groom,
+and Joe is a good ploughman. He can do anything if he has a mind to;
+but he is lazy, like all the rest. I reckon that I couldn't get along
+without him, though."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page039" name="page039"></a>(p. 039)</span> "Your sons can groom your horses and do your ploughing."</p>
+
+<p>"Yes; but then they like to fish and hunt, you know; and you can't
+expect them to do the work of the servants."</p>
+
+<p>The secret was out. Slavery made labor dishonorable.</p>
+
+<p>Conversing with another farmer about the negroes, he said: "They steal
+all they can lay their hands on; and since the Yankee troops have been
+in camp round here, they are ten times as bad as they used to be. My
+chickens are fast disappearing. The officers buy them, I reckon."</p>
+
+<p>We thought it quite likely; for having passed several days in General
+Hooker's division, we could bear testimony to the excellent fare of
+the officers' mess,&mdash;chickens served in all the various forms known to
+culinary art. It was convenient for officers thus to supply themselves
+with poultry. Of course the slave would say that he was the lawful
+owner of the poultry. Why should he have any compunctions of
+conscience about disposing of the chickens roosting on his master's
+apple-trees, when his labor, his life, his happiness, his
+children,&mdash;all his rights were stolen from him by his master? If the
+sword cut in one direction, why not in another?</p>
+
+<p>A few days later, in November, we visited Annapolis, a quaint old
+city. The streets all centre at the State-House and St. John's Church.
+There are antiquated houses with mossy roofs, brass knockers on the
+doors, which were built two hundred years ago. We were carried back to
+the time of the Revolution, when Annapolis was in its glory.</p>
+
+<p>One would suppose, in walking past the substantial stone mansions,
+that the owners were living at ease, in quiet and seclusion; that they
+had notes, mortgages, and bonds laid by for a rainy day: but a fair
+outside does not always indicate health within. In many of those old
+mansions, grand in proportion, elaborate with cornice, there was
+nothing but famine. How strong is aristocratic pride! Poverty cannot
+subdue it. Men and women lived there sorely pressed to keep up even a
+threadbare appearance, who, before the war, held soul and body
+together by raising negroes for the Southern market, and by waiting
+upon the Assembly when in session. They would have deemed it degrading
+to hold social intercourse with a mason or a blacksmith, or with any
+one compelled to earn his <span class="pagenum"><a id="page040" name="page040"></a>(p. 040)</span> bread by the sweat of his brow. In
+poverty they nursed their pride. The castes of Hindostan were hardly
+more distinct. It is easy to see how a community can become lifeless
+under such a state of society. The laboring men had gone away,&mdash;to the
+West, to Baltimore, or to localities where it is not a crime to work
+for a livelihood. In consequence, enterprise had died, property had
+depreciated, and the entire place had become poverty-stricken.</p>
+
+<span class="sidedate">Nov., 1861.</span>
+
+<p>On the succeeding Sunday I was in Washington, where a superintendent
+of one of the Sabbath schools was spending a portion of the hour in
+singing. Among other songs was Rev. S. F. Smith's national hymn,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem25">
+<span class="min33em">"</span>My country, 'tis of thee,<br>
+   Sweet land of liberty."</p>
+
+<p>Among the persons present were three ladies, members of a family
+sympathizing with secession. With unmistakable signs of disgust, they
+at once left the house!</p>
+
+<p>Not only at church, but in the army, the spirit of slavery was
+rampant. The Hutchinson family visited Washington. They solicited
+permission from the Secretary of War, Mr. Cameron, to visit the camps
+in Virginia and sing songs to the soldiers, to relieve the tedious
+monotony of camp life. Their request was granted, and their intentions
+cordially commended by the Secretary; and, being thus indorsed,
+received General McClellan's pass. Their songs have ever been of
+freedom. They were welcomed by the soldiers. But there were officers
+in the service who believed in slavery, who had been taught in
+Northern pulpits that it was a divinely appointed, beneficent
+institution of Almighty God. Information was given to General
+McClellan that the Hutchinsons were poisoning the minds of the troops
+by singing Abolition songs; and their career as free concert givers to
+the patriotic soldiers was suddenly ended by the following order from
+head-quarters:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"By direction of Major-General McClellan, the permit given to the
+     Hutchinson family to sing in the camps, and their pass to cross
+     the Potomac, are revoked, and they will not be allowed to sing to
+     the troops."</p>
+
+<p>Far from the noise and strife of war, on the banks of the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page041" name="page041"></a>(p. 041)</span>
+Merrimack, lived the poet of Peace and of Freedom, whose songs against
+oppression and wrong have sunk deep into the hearts of the people.
+Whittier heard of the expulsion of the Hutchinsons, and as if inspired
+by a spirit divine, wrote the</p>
+
+<div class="poem25">
+<p>"EIN FESTE BURG IST UNSER GOTT.<a id="footnotetag3" name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3" title="Go to footnote 3"><span class="smaller">[3]</span></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="min33em">"</span>We wait beneath the furnace-blast<br>
+<span class="add1em">The pangs of transformation;</span><br>
+   Not painlessly doth God recast<br>
+<span class="add1em">And mould anew the nation.</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">Hot burns the fire</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">Where wrongs expire;</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">Nor spares the hand</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">That from the land</span><br>
+<span class="add1em">Uproots the ancient evil.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="min33em">"</span>The hand-breadth cloud the sages feared<br>
+<span class="add1em">Its bloody rain is dropping;</span><br>
+   The poison plant the fathers spared<br>
+<span class="add1em">All else is overtopping.</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">East, West, South, North.</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">It curses the earth;</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">All justice dies,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">And fraud and lies</span><br>
+<span class="add1em">Live only in its shadow.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="min33em">"</span>What gives the wheat-field blades of steel?<br>
+<span class="add1em">What points the rebel cannon?</span><br>
+   What sets the roaring rabble's heel<br>
+<span class="add1em">On the old star-spangled pennon?</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">What breaks the oath</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">Of the men o' the South?</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">What whets the knife</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">For the Union's life?&mdash;</span><br>
+<span class="add1em">Hark to the answer: Slavery!</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="min33em">"</span>Then waste no blows on lesser foes<br>
+<span class="add1em">In strife unworthy freemen.</span><br>
+   God lifts to-day the veil, and shows<br>
+<span class="add1em">The features of the demon!</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">O North and South,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">Its victims both,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">Can ye not cry,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">'Let slavery die!'</span><br>
+<span class="add1em">And union find in freedom?</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page042" name="page042"></a>(p. 042)</span> <span class="min33em">"</span>What though the cast-out spirit tear<br>
+<span class="add1em">The nation in his going?</span><br>
+   We who have shared the guilt must share<br>
+<span class="add1em">The pang of his o'erthrowing!</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">Whate'er the loss,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">Whate'er the cross,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">Shall they complain</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">Of present pain</span><br>
+<span class="add1em">Who trust in God's hereafter?</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="min33em">"</span>For who that leans on His right arm<br>
+<span class="add1em">Was ever yet forsaken?</span><br>
+   What righteous cause can suffer harm<br>
+<span class="add1em">If He its part has taken?</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">Though wild and loud</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">And dark the cloud,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">Behind its folds</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">His hand upholds</span><br>
+<span class="add1em">The calm sky of to-morrow!</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="min33em">"</span>Above the maddening cry for blood,<br>
+<span class="add1em">Above the wild war-drumming,</span><br>
+   Let Freedom's voice be heard, with good<br>
+<span class="add1em">The evil overcoming.</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">Give prayer and purse</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">To stay the Curse</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">Whose wrong we share,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">Whose shame we bear,</span><br>
+<span class="add1em">Whose end shall gladden Heaven!</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="min33em">"</span>In vain the bells of war shall ring<br>
+<span class="add1em">Of triumphs and revenges,</span><br>
+   While still is spared the evil thing<br>
+<span class="add1em">That severs and estranges.</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">But blest the ear</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">That yet shall hear</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">The jubilant bell</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">That rings the knell</span><br>
+<span class="add1em">Of Slavery forever!</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="min33em">"</span>Then let the selfish lip be dumb,<br>
+<span class="add1em">And hushed the breath of sighing;</span><br>
+   Before the joy of peace must come<br>
+<span class="add1em">The pains of purifying.</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">God give us grace</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">Each in his place</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">To bear his lot,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">And, murmuring not,</span><br>
+<span class="add1em">Endure and wait and labor!</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page043" name="page043"></a>(p. 043)</span> The expulsion of the Hutchinsons, with Whittier's ringing
+words, stirred people's thoughts. A change was gradually taking place
+in men's opinions. The negroes were beginning to show themselves
+useful. A detachment of the Thirteenth Massachusetts, commanded by
+Major Gould, was stationed on the upper Potomac. A negro slave,
+belonging in Winchester, came into the lines. He was intelligent,
+cautious, shrewd, and loyal. Major Gould did not return him to his
+master, but asked him if he would go back and ascertain the
+whereabouts of Stonewall Jackson. The negro readily assented. He was
+supplied with packages of medicine, needles, thread, and other light
+articles greatly needed in the South. With these he easily passed the
+Rebel pickets: "Been out to get 'em for massa," was his answer when
+questioned by the Rebels. Thus he passed repeatedly into the Rebel
+lines, obtaining information which was transmitted to Washington.</p>
+
+<p>He had great influence with the slaves.</p>
+
+<p>"They are becoming restless," said he, "but I tells 'em that they must
+be quiet. I says to 'em, keep yer eyes wide open and pray for de good
+time comin'. I tells 'em if de Souf whip, it is all night wid yer; but
+if de Norf whip, it is all day wid yer."</p>
+
+<p>"Do they believe it?" Major Gould asked.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, massa, all believe it. The black men am all wid yer, only some
+of 'em isn't berry well informed; but dey is all wid yer. Massa tinks
+dey isn't wid yer, but dey is."</p>
+
+<p>How sublime the picture!&mdash;a slave counselling his fellow bondmen to
+keep quiet and wait till God should give them deliverance!</p>
+
+<p>Among the many Rebel ministers who had done what they could to
+precipitate the rebellion was a Presbyterian minister in the vicinity
+of Charlestown, Virginia. It was his custom, after closing his sermon,
+to invite the young men to enlist in the regiments then forming. On
+one of these occasions he made an address in which he gave utterance
+to the following sentiment: "If it is necessary to defend Southern
+institutions and Southern rights, I will wade up to my shoulders in
+blood!" This was brave; but the time came when the chivalry of the
+parson was put to the test. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page044" name="page044"></a>(p. 044)</span> When the Rebels were routed at
+Bolivar, he, not being mounted on so fleet a horse as those of his
+flock who had given heed to his counsels and joined the cavalry, found
+himself left behind. A bullet lodged in the body of his horse
+prevented escape. He then tried his own legs, but soon found himself
+in the hands of the soldiers, who brought him to head-quarters. He at
+once claimed protection of Major Gould on the most extraordinary
+grounds. He had read the poems of Hannah Gould, and presumed that
+Major Gould, hailing from Massachusetts, must be her kinsman. When
+confronted with the Major he promptly exclaimed, "Major, I have read
+the poems of Miss Hannah Gould, and admire them; presuming that she is
+a relative of yours, I claim your protection and consideration."</p>
+
+<p>The Major replied that he had not the honor to be a relative of that
+gifted lady, but that he should accord him all the consideration due
+to those who had rebelled against the peace and dignity of the United
+States, and had been taken with arms in their hands. He was marched
+off with the others and placed under guard.</p>
+
+<p>Slavery was strongly intrenched in the capital of the nation. Congress
+had abolished it in the District of Columbia, but it still remained.</p>
+
+<p>Said a friend to me one morning, "Are you aware that the Washington
+jail is full of slaves?" I could not believe that slaves were then
+confined there for no crime; but at once procured a pass from a
+senator to visit the jail, and was admitted through the iron gateway
+of one of the vilest prisons in the world. The air was stifled, fetid,
+and malarious.</p>
+
+<p>Ascending the stone stairway to the third story of the building,
+entering a dark corridor and passing along a few steps, I came to a
+room twelve or fifteen feet square, occupied by about twenty colored
+men. They were at their dinner of boiled beef and corn-cake. There was
+one old man sitting on the stone floor, silent and sorrowful. He had
+committed no crime. Around, standing, sitting, or lying, were the
+others, of all shades of color, from jet black to the Caucasian hue,
+the Anglo-Saxon hair and contour of features. They were from ten to
+fifty years of age; some were dressed decently, and others were in
+rags. One bright fellow of twenty had on a pair of trousers <span class="pagenum"><a id="page045" name="page045"></a>(p. 045)</span>
+only, and tried to keep himself warm by drawing around him a tattered
+blanket. A little fellow ten years old was all in rags. There was no
+chair or bed in the room. They must stand, or sit, or lie upon the
+brick and granite floor. There was no mattress or bedding; each had
+his little bundle of rags, and that was all. They looked up
+inquiringly as I entered, as if to make out the object of my visit.</p>
+
+<p>One bright, intelligent boy belonged to Captain Dunnington, captain of
+the Capitol police during Buchanan's administration, and then
+commanding a Rebel battery. When Dunnington went from Washington to
+join the Rebels he left the boy behind, and the police had arrested
+him under an old Maryland law, because he had no master, and kept him
+in jail five months.</p>
+
+<p>There was an old man from Fairfax Court-House. When the army advanced
+to Falls Church, his master sold his wife and child, for fear they
+might escape. "You see, sir, that broke me all up. O, sir, it was hard
+to part with them, to see 'em chained up and taken off away down South
+to Carolina. My mind is almost gone. I don't want to die here; I
+sha'n't live long. When your army fell back to Washington after the
+battle of Bull Run, I came to Washington, and the police took me up
+because I was a runaway."</p>
+
+<p>There was another, a free negro, imprisoned on the supposition that he
+was a fugitive, and kept because there was no one to pay his jail
+fees. Another had been a hand on a Massachusetts schooner plying on
+the Potomac, and had been arrested in the streets on the suspicion
+that he was a slave.</p>
+
+<p>Another had been employed on the fortifications, and government was
+his debtor. There was a little boy, ten years old, clothed in rags,
+arrested as a runaway. Women were there, sent in by their owners for
+safe keeping. There were about sixty chargeable with no crime
+whatever, incarcerated with felons, without hope of deliverance. They
+were imprisoned because negroes about town, without a master, always
+had been dealt with in that manner. The police, when the slaves had
+been reclaimed, had been sure of their pay, or if they were sold,
+their pay came from the auctioneer. When they saw me making notes,
+they imagined that I was doing something for their liberation, and
+with eagerness they crowded round, saying, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page046" name="page046"></a>(p. 046)</span> "Please put down
+my name, sir," "I do want to get out, sir," and similar expressions.
+They followed me into the passage, gazed through the grated door, and
+when I said "Good by, boys," there came a chorus of "Good byes" and
+"God bless yous."</p>
+
+<span class="sidedate">Dec., 1861.</span>
+
+<p>Seeking Senator Wilson's room, I informed him of what I had witnessed,
+and read the memoranda taken in the jail. The eyes of that
+true-hearted man flashed with righteous indignation. "We will see
+about this," said he, springing to his feet.</p>
+
+<p>He visited the jail, saw the loathsome spectacle, heard the stories of
+the poor creatures, and the next day introduced a resolution into the
+Senate, which upset forever this system of tyranny, which had been
+protected by the national authority.</p>
+
+<p>The year closed gloomily. There were more than six hundred thousand
+troops under arms ready to subdue the Rebellion, but General McClellan
+hesitated to move. But there were indications of an early advance in
+the West; therefore on the last days of December I left Washington to
+be an observer of whatever might happen in Kentucky.</p>
+
+<a id="img011" name="img011"></a>
+<div class="p4 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img011.jpg" width="500" height="327" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Ellsworth Zouave drill.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page047" name="page047"></a>(p. 047)</span> CHAPTER IV.<br>
+AFFAIRS IN THE WEST.</h2>
+
+<span class="sidedate">Jan., 1862.</span>
+
+<p>The church-bells of Louisville were ringing the new year in as with
+the early morning we entered that city. There was little activity in
+the streets. The breaking out of the war had stopped business. The
+city, with a better location than Cincinnati, has had a slow growth.
+Cassius M. Clay gave the reason, years ago.</p>
+
+<p>"Why," he asked, "does Louisville write on an hundred of her stores
+'To let,' while Cincinnati advertises 'Wanted'? There is but one
+answer,&mdash;Slavery." Many of the houses were tenantless. The people
+lounged in the streets. Few had anything to do. Thousands of former
+residents were away, many with the Southern army, more with the Union.
+There was division of feeling. Lines were sharply drawn. A dozen loyal
+Kentuckians had been killed in a skirmish on Green River; among them
+Captain Bacon, a prominent citizen of Frankfort. His body was at the
+Galt House. Loyal Kentuckians were feeling these blows. Their temper
+was rising; they were being educated by such adversity to make a true
+estimate of Secession. Everything serves a purpose in this world. Our
+vision is too limited to understand much of the governmental
+providence of Him who notices the fall of a sparrow, and alike
+controls the destiny of nations; but I could see in the emphatic
+utterances of men upon the street, that revenge might make men
+patriotic who otherwise might remain lukewarm in their loyalty.</p>
+
+<p>A friend introduced a loyal Tennesseean, who was forced to flee from
+Nashville when the State seceded. The vigilance committee informed him
+that he must leave or take the consequences; which meant, a suspension
+by the neck from the nearest tree. He was offensive because of his
+outspoken loyalty. He was severe in his denunciations of the
+government, on account of its slowness to put down the Rebellion.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page048" name="page048"></a>(p. 048)</span> "Sir," said he, "this government is not going to put down the
+Rebellion, because it isn't in earnest. You of the North are
+white-livered. Excuse me for saying it. No; I won't ask to be excused
+for speaking the truth. You are afraid to touch the negro. You are
+afraid of Kentucky. The little province of the United States gets down
+on its knees to the nation of Kentucky. You are afraid that the State
+will go over to the Rebels, if anything is done about the negro. Now,
+sir, I know what slavery is; I have lived among it all my days. I know
+what Secession is,&mdash;it means slavery. I know what Kentucky is,&mdash;a
+proud old State, which has a great deal that is good about her and a
+great deal of sham. Kentucky politicians are no better or wiser than
+any other politicians. The State is living on the capital of Henry
+Clay. You think that the State is great because he was great. O, you
+Northern men are a brave set! (It was spoken with bitter sarcasm.) You
+handle this Rebellion as gingerly as if it were a glass doll. Go on,
+go on; you will get whipped. Buell will get whipped at Bowling Green,
+Butler will get whipped at New Orleans. You got whipped at Big Bethel,
+Ball's Bluff, and Manassas. Why? Because the Rebels are in earnest,
+and you are not. Everything is at stake with them. They employ
+niggers, you don't. They seize, rob, burn, destroy; they do everything
+to strengthen their cause and weaken you, while you pick your way as
+daintily as a dandy crossing a mud-puddle, afraid of offending
+somebody. No, sir, you are not going to put down this Rebellion till
+you hit it in the tenderest spot,&mdash;the negro. You must take away its
+main support before it will fall."</p>
+
+<p>General Buell was in command of the department, with his head-quarters
+at the Galt House. He had a large army at Mumfordville and other
+points. He issued his orders by telegraph, but he had no plan of
+operations. There were no indications of a movement. The Rebel
+sympathizers kept General Johnston, in command at Bowling Green, well
+informed as to Buell's inaction. There was daily communication between
+Louisville and the Rebel camp. There was constant illicit trade in
+contraband goods. The policy of General McClellan was also the policy
+of General Buell,&mdash;to sit still.</p>
+
+<p>Events were more stirring in Missouri, and I proceeded to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page049" name="page049"></a>(p. 049)</span>
+St. Louis, where General Halleck was in command,&mdash;a thick-set,
+dark-featured, black-haired man, sluggish, opinionated, and
+self-willed, arbitrary and cautious.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after his appointment to this department he issued, on the 20th
+of November, his Order No. 3, which roused the indignation of earnest
+loyal men throughout the country. Thus read the document:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"It has been represented that information respecting the numbers
+     and condition of our forces is conveyed to the enemy by means of
+     fugitive slaves who are admitted within our lines. In order to
+     remedy this evil, it is directed that no such persons be
+     hereafter permitted to enter the lines of any camp, or of any
+     forces on the march, and that any within our lines be immediately
+     excluded therefrom."</p>
+
+<p>General Schofield was in command of Northern Missouri, under General
+Halleck. The guerillas had burned nearly all the railroad bridges, and
+it was necessary to bring them to justice. The negroes along the line
+gave him the desired intelligence, and six of the leaders were in this
+way caught, tried by court-martial, and summarily shot. Yet General
+Halleck adhered to his infamous order. Diligent inquiries were made of
+officers in regard to the loyalty of the negroes, and no instance was
+found of their having given information to the enemy. In all of the
+slaveholding States a negro's testimony was of no account against a
+white man under civil law; but General Schofield had, under military
+law, inaugurated a new order of things,&mdash;a drum-head court, a speedy
+sentence, a quick execution, on negro testimony. The Secessionists and
+Rebel sympathizers were indignant, and called loudly for his removal.</p>
+
+<p>The fine army which Fremont had commanded, and from which he had been
+summarily dismissed because of his anti-slavery order, was at Rolla,
+at the terminus of the southwest branch of the Pacific Railroad. This
+road, sixteen miles out from St. Louis, strikes the valley of the
+Maramec,&mdash;not the Merrimack, born of the White Hills, but a sluggish
+stream, tinged with blue and green, widening in graceful curves, with
+tall-trunked elms upon its banks, and acres of low lands, which are
+flooded in freshets. It is a pretty river, but not to be compared in
+beauty to the stream which the muse of Whittier has <span class="pagenum"><a id="page050" name="page050"></a>(p. 050)</span> made
+classic. Nearly all the residences in this section are Missourian in
+architectural proportions and features,&mdash;logs and clay, with the
+mammoth outside chimneys, cow-yard and piggery, an oven out of doors
+on stilts, an old wagon, half a dozen horses, hens, dogs, pigs, in
+front, and lean, cadaverous men and women peeping from the doorways,
+with arms akimbo, and pipes between the teeth. This is the prevailing
+feature,&mdash;this in a beautiful, fertile country, needing but the hand
+of industry, the energy of a free people, vitalized by the highest
+civilization, to make it one of the loveliest portions of the world.</p>
+
+<p>At Franklin the southwestern branch of the Pacific Railroad diverges
+from the main stem. It is a new place, brought into existence by the
+railroad, and consists of a lime-kiln, a steam saw-mill, and a dozen
+houses. Behind the town is a picturesque bluff, with the lime-kiln at
+its base, which might be taken for a ruined temple of some old Aztec
+city. Near at hand two Iowa regiments were encamped. A squad of
+soldiers was on the plain, and a crowd stood upon the depot platform,
+anxiously inquiring for the morning papers. It was a supply station,
+provisions being sent up both lines. Two heavy freight trains,
+destined for Rolla, were upon the southwestern branch. To one of them
+passenger cars were attached, to which we were transferred.</p>
+
+<p>When the branch was opened for travel in 1859, the directors run one
+train a day,&mdash;a mixed train of passenger and freight cars,&mdash;and during
+the first week their patronage in freight was immense,&mdash;it consisted
+of a bear and a pot of honey! On the passage the bear ate the honey,
+and the owner of the honey brought a bill against the company for
+damages.</p>
+
+<p>Beyond Franklin the road crosses the Maramec, enters a forest, winds
+among the hills, and finally by easy grades reaches a crest of land,
+from which, looking to the right or the left, you can see miles away
+over an unbroken forest of oak. Far to the east is the elevated ridge
+of land which ends in the Pilot Knob, toward the Mississippi, and
+becomes the Ozark Mountain range toward the Arkansas line. We looked
+over the broad panorama to see villages, church-spires, white
+cottages, or the blue curling smoke indicative of a town or human
+residence, but the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page051" name="page051"></a>(p. 051)</span> expanse was primitive and unbroken. Not a
+sign of life could be discovered for many miles as we slowly crept
+along the line. The country is undulating, with the limestone strata
+cropping out on the hillsides. In the railroad cuttings the rock,
+which at the surface is gray, takes a yellow and reddish tinge, from
+the admixture of ochre in the soil. In one cutting we recognized the
+lead-bearing rocks, which abound through the southwestern section of
+the State.</p>
+
+<p>We looked in vain to discover a school-house. A gentleman who was well
+acquainted with this portion of the State, said that he knew of only
+two school-houses,&mdash;one in Warsaw and the other in Springfield. In a
+ride of one hundred and thirteen miles we saw but two churches. As
+Aunt Ophelia found "Topsy" virgin soil, so will those who undertake to
+reconstruct the South find these wilds of Southwestern Missouri. And
+they are a fair specimen of the South.</p>
+
+<p>It was evening when we reached Rolla. When we stepped from the car in
+the darkness, there was a feeling that the place was a mortar-bed and
+the inhabitants were preparing to make bricks. Our boots became heavy,
+and, like a man who takes responsibility, when we once planted our
+feet the tendency was for them to stay there. Guided by an
+acquaintance who knew the way, the hotel was reached. In the distance
+the weird camp-fires illumined the low-hanging clouds. From right and
+left there came the roll of drums and the bugle-call. A group of men
+sat around the stove in the bar. The landlord escorted us to the
+wash-room,&mdash;a spacious, high-arched apartment, as wide as the east is
+from the west, as long as the north is from the south, as high-posted
+as the zenith, where we found a pail of water, a tin basin, and a
+towel, for all hands; and which all hands had used. After ablution
+came supper in the dining-hall, with bare beams overhead. Dinah waited
+upon us,&mdash;coal-black, tall, stately, worth a thousand dollars before
+the war broke out, but somewhat less just then, and Phillis, with a
+mob-cap on her head, bleached a little in complexion by Anglo-Saxon or
+Missourian blood.</p>
+
+<p>We soon discovered that nothing was to be done by the army in this
+direction. The same story was current here as on the Potomac and in
+Kentucky,&mdash;"Not ready." General Sigel had <span class="pagenum"><a id="page052" name="page052"></a>(p. 052)</span> sent in his
+resignation, disgusted with General Halleck. General Curtis had just
+arrived to take command. The troops were sore over the removal of
+Fremont: they idolized him. Among the forty thousand men in the
+vicinity were those who had fought at Wilson's Creek. The lines
+between Rebellion and Loyalty were more sharply drawn here than in any
+other section of the country. Men acted openly. The army was radical
+in its sentiments, believing in Fremont's order for the liberation of
+the slaves, which the President had set aside.</p>
+
+<p>There was one other point which gave better promise of active
+operations,&mdash;Cairo. Therefore bidding adieu to Rolla, we returned to
+St. Louis and took the cars for Cairo.</p>
+
+<p>It was an all-night ride, with a mixed company of soldiers and
+civilians. There were many ladies on their way to visit their husbands
+and brothers before the opening of the campaign. One woman had three
+children. "Their father wants to see them once more before he goes
+into battle," said the mother, sadly.</p>
+
+<p>At last we found a place where men seemed to be in earnest. Cairo was
+alive. At the levee were numerous steamboats. Soldiers were arriving.
+There was a constant hammering and pounding on the gunboats, which
+were moored along the shore.</p>
+
+<p>The mud cannot be put into the picture. There was thick mud, thin mud,
+sticky mud, slushy mud, slimy mud, deceptive mud, impassable mud,
+which appeared to the sight, to say nothing of the peculiarities that
+are understood by the nose; for within forty feet of our window were a
+horse-stable and pig-yard, where slops from the houses and washes from
+the sinks were trodden with the manure from the stables. Bunyan's
+Slough of Despond, into which all the filth and slime of this world
+settled, was nothing beside the slough of Cairo. There were sheds,
+shanties, stables, pig-stys, wood-piles, carts, barrels, boxes,&mdash;the
+<i>d�bris</i> of everything thrown over the area. Of animate things,
+water-carts,&mdash;two-horse teams, which were supplying the inhabitants
+with drinking water from the river. There were truckmen stuck in the
+mud. There were two pigs in irrepressible conflict; also two dogs.
+Twenty feet distant, soldiers in their blue coats, officers with
+swords, sash and belt, ladies, and citizens, were picking their way
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page053" name="page053"></a>(p. 053)</span> along the sticky sidewalks. This was Cairo. Delectable Cairo!</p>
+
+<p>The prominent names before the country at that period, as commanders
+who were to lead our armies to victory, were McClellan, Buell, T. W.
+Sherman, then at Port Royal, Fremont, Rosecrans, Burnside, Butler, and
+Banks. William Tecumseh Sherman was reputed to be flighty in the head.
+He had commanded the Department of the Ohio, but Buell had succeeded
+him. He was now a brigade commander at Paducah, under General C. F.
+Smith. There were several brigadiers at Cairo. General McClernand, who
+had been a member of Congress, a strong partisan of Senator Douglas,
+was most conspicuous. General Prentiss, who was ready to make a speech
+on any and every occasion, was also well known. The commander of the
+post was an obscure man. His name was Grant. At the beginning of the
+war he was in the leather business at Galena. He had been educated at
+West Point, where he stood well as a mathematician, but had left the
+service, and had become a hard-working citizen. He was Colonel of the
+Twenty-first Illinois, and had been made a brigadier by the President.
+He was in charge of the expedition to Belmont, which, though
+successful in the beginning, had ended almost in disaster. Having
+credentials from the Secretary of War, I entered the head-quarters of
+the commanding officer, and found a man of medium stature, thick set,
+with blue eyes, and brown beard closely cropped, sitting at a desk. He
+was smoking a meerschaum. He wore a plain blue blouse, without any
+insignia of rank. His appearance was clerkly. General McClellan, in
+Washington, commanded in state, surrounded by brilliant staffs, men in
+fine broadcloth, gold braid, plumed hats, and wearing clanking sabres.
+Orderlies and couriers were usually numerous at head-quarters.</p>
+
+<p>"Is General Grant in?" was the question directed to the clerk in the
+corner.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, sir," said the man, removing his meerschaum from his mouth, and
+spitting with unerring accuracy into a spittoon by his side.</p>
+
+<p>"Will you be kind enough to give this letter to him."</p>
+
+<p>But the clerk, instead of carrying it into an adjoining room,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page054" name="page054"></a>(p. 054)</span> to present it to the commander-in-chief, opened it, ran his
+eye rapidly over the contents, and said, "I am happy to make your
+acquaintance, sir. Colonel Webster will give you a pass."</p>
+
+<p>Such was my first interview with General Grant. I have seen him many
+times since,&mdash;in the hour of victory, at Donelson; in the shadow of
+the cloud, after Pittsburg Landing; during the fearful days of the
+Wilderness; in the last great hours of triumph, with Lee and his army
+paroled prisoners of war; and there has ever been the same quiet,
+gentlemanly deportment.</p>
+
+<p>The large hall of the St. Charles Hotel was the general resort of
+officers, soldiers, guests, and citizens. I was conversing with a
+friend the same afternoon when a short, muscular, quick-walking man,
+in the prime of life, wearing a navy uniform, entered. His countenance
+would attract attention even in a crowd, it was so mild, peaceful, and
+pleasant. My friend introduced him as Commander Foote.</p>
+
+<p>"I shall be pleased to see you at my office, which is on the
+wharf-boat. I usually take a little recreation after dinner," said he.</p>
+
+<p>Calling upon him the next day, I found him at leisure, having
+despatched the business of the forenoon. There was a Bible on his
+table and a hymn-book, and in one corner of the office a large package
+of books, just received from the Sunday-School Union, directed to
+"Captain A. H. Foote, U. S. N."</p>
+
+<p>Noticing my eyes turned in that direction, he said: "They are for the
+sailors; I want to do what I can for the poor fellows. They haven't
+any chaplain; I read the service on Sunday and visit the crews, and
+talk to them; but it is very little religious instruction which they
+receive. I don't allow any work, except what is absolutely necessary,
+on Sunday. I believe man and beast need rest one day in seven. I am
+trying to persuade the men to leave off their grog rations, with a
+fair chance of success."</p>
+
+<a id="img012" name="img012"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img012.jpg" width="500" height="359" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">General Grant.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>He was at leisure, and talked freely of matters relating to the
+organization of the fleet. He had to contend with great difficulties.
+The department had rendered him but little service. He had done his
+best to obtain mortars; had despatched officers to Pittsburg, where
+they were cast, but they were all sent East <span class="pagenum"><a id="page055" name="page055"></a>(p. 055)</span> for the New
+Orleans fleet. He regretted it exceedingly, for with good ordnance he
+thought it would not be a difficult matter to reach New Orleans,
+though, as he modestly remarked, quoting the Scriptural proverb, "It
+becomes not him who putteth on the harness to boast." He was lacking
+men. Recruiting officers had been sent to Chicago, Cleveland, Buffalo,
+and other lake ports, but they had signally failed, because the
+department did not pay any advance to those in the river service,
+while on the seaboard advances were made. He had not men enough to man
+his gunboats.</p>
+
+<a id="img013" name="img013"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img013.jpg" width="500" height="335" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">General Sherman.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The department had furnished him with but few new guns. He had been
+obliged to take those which were at Sackett's Harbor,&mdash;old guns far
+inferior to those with which Commodore Du Pont knocked Tybee and
+Hilton Head to pieces. He had to get gun-carriages manufactured in
+Cincinnati, other things at St. Louis, others at Pittsburg; but
+notwithstanding this, had organized a fleet which would throw a
+tremendous weight of metal. He was not ready to move, yet would move,
+whether ready or not, whenever the word was given. He believed in
+fighting at close quarters.</p>
+
+<p>He spoke freely of the faults of the gunboats. They were too low in
+the water and the engines of too limited capacity. They would not be
+able to make much headway against the stream. He considered them an
+experiment, and, like all experiments, they were of course defective.</p>
+
+<p>He was a close student, devoted to his profession, and bore the marks
+of severe thought in the wrinkles which were deepening on his brow.
+Time had begun to silver his hair and whiskers, but he walked with a
+firm step. He had rare conversational powers, and imparted information
+as if it were a pleasure. He was thoroughly conscientious, and had a
+deep sense of his responsibility. He was aware that his own reputation
+and standing as well as the interests of the public were at stake. He
+was greatly beloved by his men.</p>
+
+<p>Two of the gunboats&mdash;the Essex and Louisville&mdash;were lying six or eight
+miles below Cairo, guarding the river. The Essex! How often in boyhood
+had I thrilled at the story of her brave fight with the Cherub and
+Phebe in the harbor of Valparaiso! How often I wished that Captain
+Porter could <span class="pagenum"><a id="page056" name="page056"></a>(p. 056)</span> have had a fair chance in that terrible
+fight,&mdash;one of the fiercest ones fought on the sea. But there was
+another Essex commanded by another Captain Porter, son of him who
+refused to surrender his ship till he had lost all power to defend
+her.</p>
+
+<p>The new craft was wholly unlike the old. That was a fast sailer, trim,
+and taut, and graceful as a swan upon the waters; this a black box,
+once a St. Louis ferry-boat. The sailors who had breathed the salt air
+of the sea, who had swung in mid-heaven upon the swaying masts, who
+had rode in glee upon the storm-tost billows,</p>
+
+<p class="poem25">"Whose home was on the deep."</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">regarded the new Essex in disgust, and rechristened her the <i>Mud
+Turtle</i>. But her name, and the glorious record of her deeds, will not
+fade from remembrance. Coming generations shall read of her exploits
+with pride and pleasure. We were courteously received by her
+commander, Captain Wm. D. Porter, a solid man, but little more than
+five feet high, yet broad-chested, quick and energetic in his
+movements. He had a long, thick, black beard, and twinkling eyes full
+of fire. He had the rolling gait of a sailor, and was constantly
+pacing the deck. He was a rapid talker, and had a great store of
+adventure and anecdote. We alluded to the part taken by his father in
+the war of 1812, and the gallant fight against great odds in
+Valparaiso harbor. The eyes of the son kindled instantly.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, sir; that was a plucky fight. The old gentleman never would have
+given in if there had been the least ray of hope; but there was none.
+And he was too tender-hearted to needlessly slaughter his men."</p>
+
+<p>Three days previous to our visit to the Essex, two Rebel boats came up
+from Columbus to see what the Yankees were doing. In five minutes
+Porter had his anchor up and steam on, pushing down to meet them
+half-way; but they declined the courtesy, and steamed back to
+Columbus.</p>
+
+<p>"I followed them as fast as I could," said he, as we paced the deck.
+"I let them have my ten-inch Dahlgren and my two rifled forty-two
+pounders one after another, and drove them till their batteries on the
+bluff above the town opened on me. Then I wrote an invitation to
+Montgomery, who commands their fleet, to meet me any day and I would
+lick him <span class="pagenum"><a id="page057" name="page057"></a>(p. 057)</span> like thunder. I fastened it to a cork and set it
+adrift, and saw a boat go out and pick it up. Then I elevated my
+ten-inch and let them have a shell right into the town. I reckon it
+waked them up some."</p>
+
+<p>He laughed and chuckled, rubbed his hands, took a fresh quid of
+tobacco, and began to talk again of his father's exploits on the
+Pacific.</p>
+
+<p>The Rebels under Major-General Bishop Polk were in force at Columbus.
+There was also a detachment at Mayfield, east of Columbus. A sudden
+movement was made by General Grant in the direction of Mayfield, not
+with any design of an attack, but to deceive the Rebels in regard to
+the real intentions. The troops landed at old Fort Jefferson, six
+miles below Cairo, on the Kentucky side. It was a mild day in
+midwinter. The soldiers marched without baggage. Not one in ten had
+gloves or mittens; and on the second night of the reconnoissance the
+cold became intense, and there was great suffering.</p>
+
+<p>The soldiers kindled huge fires, and by running and walking, and
+constant thrashing of the hands, passed the long, weary night. There
+were numerous herds of swine in the woods, and fresh pork was
+abundant. There was roasting, frying, and broiling by every bivouac
+fire, and a savory fragrance of sparerib and steak.</p>
+
+<p>The dwellings of the farmers in this section of Kentucky are of the
+Southern style of architecture,&mdash;log-houses containing two rooms, with
+chimneys built against the ends. Entering one to obtain a drink of
+water we found two tall, cadaverous young men, both of them shaking
+with ague. There was a large old-fashioned fireplace, with a great
+roaring fire, before which they were sitting with the door wide open
+at their backs, and the cold air rushing upon them in torrents.
+Probably it did not occur to either of them that it would be better to
+shut the door.</p>
+
+<p>A Connecticut wooden clock ticked on a rude shelf, a bed stood in one
+corner. The walls were hung with old clothes and dried herbs,&mdash;catnip
+and tansy and thoroughwort. The clay had dropped out in many places,
+and we could look through the chinks and see the landscape without.
+The <span class="pagenum"><a id="page058" name="page058"></a>(p. 058)</span> foundations of the chimney had settled, and the structure
+was leaning away from the house. There were great cracks between the
+brickwork and the wood.</p>
+
+<p>They claimed to be good Union men, but said that all the rest of the
+people round them were disloyal.</p>
+
+<p>"We are having a hard time," said one. "The Secessionists were going
+to jump us,&mdash;to take our property because we were for the Union, and
+now your army has come and killed nigh about seventy-five hogs for us,
+I reckon. It is kinder hard, stranger, to be used so."</p>
+
+<p>"But, my friend, if it had not been for the Union troops wouldn't you
+have lost everything, if you are a Union man?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes,&mdash;perhaps so," was the long-drawn answer, given with hesitation.</p>
+
+<p>"There is a right smart heap of Southerners at Columbus, I reckon,"
+said he. "There is Sam Wickliff and Josh Turner, and almost all the
+boys from this yere place, and they'll fight, I reckon, stranger."</p>
+
+<p>We then learned that the officers of McClernand's division, having
+been deprived of the enjoyments of home-life, and finding themselves
+among the belles of Western Kentucky, had made the most of the
+opportunity by dancing all night.</p>
+
+<p>"The gals danced themselves clean out, that is the reason they ain't
+about," said one of the young men, apologizing for the absence of his
+sisters, and added, "They is rather afraid of the Lincolnites." The
+utterance of the last sentence contradicted all previous assertions of
+loyalty and hearty love for the Union.</p>
+
+<p>The troops made sad havoc among the stock, shooting pigs and sheep for
+fun. After scouring the country well towards Columbus, having
+accomplished the object of the expedition,&mdash;that of deceiving the
+Rebels in regard to the movement contemplated up the Tennessee,&mdash;the
+force returned to Cairo.</p>
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page059" name="page059"></a>(p. 059)</span> CHAPTER V.<br>
+CENTRAL KENTUCKY.</h2>
+
+<span class="sidedate">Feb., 1862.</span>
+
+<p>The tide of success during the year 1861 was almost wholly in favor of
+the Rebels; but at length there came a change, in the defeat of
+Zollicoffer by General Thomas at Mill Springs, on the 19th of January.
+I hastened to the centre of the State to watch operations which had
+suddenly become active in that quarter.</p>
+
+<p>It was on the last day of January that the zealous porter of the
+Spencer House, in Cincinnati, awoke me with a thundering rap at five
+o'clock, shouting, "Cars for Lexington." It was still dark when the
+omnibus whirled away from the house. There were six or eight
+passengers, all strangers, but conversation was at once started by a
+tall, stout, red-faced, broad-shouldered man, wearing a gray overcoat
+and a broad brimmed, slouched hat, speaking the Kentucky vernacular.</p>
+
+<p>It is very easy to become acquainted with a genuine Kentuckian. He
+launches at once into conversation. He loves to talk, and takes it for
+granted that you like to listen. The gentleman who now took the lead
+sat in the corner of the omnibus, talking not only to his next
+neighbor, but to everybody present. The words poured from his lips
+like water from a wide-mouthed gutter during a June shower. In five
+minutes we had his history,&mdash;born in "Old Kentuck," knew all the folks
+in Old Bourbon, had been a mule-driver, supplied Old Virginia with
+more mules than she could shake a stick at, had got tired of "Old
+Kentuck," moved up into Indiana, was going down to see the folks,&mdash;all
+of this before we had reached the ferry; and before arriving at the
+Covington shore we had his opinion of the war, of political economy,
+the Constitution, and the negroes.</p>
+
+<p>It was remarkable that, let any subject be introduced, even <span class="pagenum"><a id="page060" name="page060"></a>(p. 060)</span>
+though it might be most remotely related to the war, the talkers would
+quickly reach the negro question. Just as in theological discussions
+the tendency is toward original sin, so upon the war,&mdash;the discussion
+invariably went beyond the marshalling of armies to the negro as the
+cause of the war.</p>
+
+<p>The gentleman in gray had not learned the sounds of the letters as
+given by the lexicographers of the English language, but adhered to
+the Kentucky dialect, giving "har" for hair, "thar" for there, with
+peculiar terminations.</p>
+
+<p>"Yer see, I us-<i>ed</i> to live in Old Kaintuck, down thar beyond Paris.
+Wal, I mov<i>ed</i> up beyond India<i>nop</i>olis, bought a mighty nice farm. I
+know'd all the folks down round Paris. Thar's old Speers, who got shot
+down to Mill Springs,&mdash;he was a game un; a white-haired old cuss who
+jined the Confederates. I know'd him. I 'tended his nigger sale
+sev'ral years ago, when he busted. He war a good old man, blame me if
+he want. He war crazy that ar day of the sale, and war down on the
+nigger-traders. He lost thousands of dollars that ar day, cause he
+hated 'em and run down his niggers,&mdash;said they wan't good when they
+war, just ter keep 'em out of the hands of the cussed traders.</p>
+
+<p>"Wal, thar's Jim,&mdash;I remember him. He's in Confed'rate army, too. I
+lost a bet of tew hundred dollars with him on Letcher's
+'lection,&mdash;that old drunken cuss who's disgracing Old Virginia; blow
+me if I didn't. That was hard on me, cause on 'lection day arter I'd
+voted, I started with a drove of mu<i>els</i>, four hundred on 'em nigh
+about, for Virginia. I felt mighty sick, I tell you, 'cause I had
+employed a drunken cuss to buy 'em for me, and he paid more than they
+war wuth. Wal, I know'd I would lose, and I did,&mdash;ten hundred dollars.
+Cusses, yer know, allers comes in flocks. Wal, only ges think of it,
+that ar drunken cuss is a kurnel in the Federal army. Blow me ef I
+think it's right. Men that drink too much ar'n't fit to have control
+of soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>"Wal, I am a Kentuckian. I've got lots of good friends in the Southern
+army, and lots in the Union army. My idee is that government ought to
+confiscate the property of the Rebels, and when the war is over give
+it back to their wives and children. It's mighty hard to take away
+everything from 'em,&mdash;blow <span class="pagenum"><a id="page061" name="page061"></a>(p. 061)</span> me if it a'n't. The Abolitionists
+want to confiscate the niggers. Wal, I know all about the niggers.
+They are a lazy, stealing set of cusses, the hull lot of 'em. What can
+we do with 'em? That's what I want to know. Now my wife, she wants
+niggers, but I don't. If Kentucky wants 'em, let her have 'em. It's my
+opinion that Kentucky is better off with 'em, 'cause she has got used
+to 'em.</p>
+
+<p>"The people are talking about starving the Confederates, but I've been
+through the South, and it can't be done. They can raise everything
+that we can, and it's my candid opinion that government is gwine to
+get licked."</p>
+
+<p>The arrival of the omnibus at the depot put an end to the talk.</p>
+
+<p>The Licking Valley, through which the railroad to Lexington runs, is
+very beautiful. There are broad intervales fringed with hickory and
+elm, wood-crowned hills, warm, sunny vales and charming landscapes.
+Nature has done much to make it a paradise; art very little. The
+farm-houses are in the Kentucky style,&mdash;piazzas, great chimneys
+outside, negro cabins,&mdash;presenting at one view and in close contrast
+the extremes of wealth and poverty, power and weakness, civilization
+and barbarism, freedom and slavery.</p>
+
+<p>The city of Lexington is a place of the past. Before railroads were
+projected, when Henry Clay was in the prime of manhood there, it was a
+place of enterprise and activity. The streets were alive with men. It
+was the great political and social centre of Central Kentucky. The
+city flourished in those days, but its glory has passed away. The
+great commoner on whose lips thousands hung in breathless admiration,
+the circumstances of his time, the men of his generation, have
+departed never to return. Life has swept on to other centres. In the
+suburbs were beautiful residences. Riches were displayed in lavish
+expenditure, but the town itself was wearing a seedy look. There was
+old rubbish everywhere about the city; there were buildings with crazy
+blinds, cracked walls, and leaning earthward; while even a beautiful
+church edifice had broken panes in its windows. The troubles of the
+year, like care and anxiety to a strong man, ploughing deep furrows
+on his face, had closed many stores, and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page062" name="page062"></a>(p. 062)</span> written "To Rent" on
+many dwellings. A sudden paralysis had fallen, business had drooped,
+and society had lost its life.</p>
+
+<p>The Phenix was the ancient aristocratic hotel of the place. It was in
+appearance all of the old time,&mdash;a three-story, stone, brick, and
+plaster building, with small windows, and a great bar-room or office,
+which in former days was the resort of politicians, men of the turf,
+and attendants at court. A crowd of unwashed men were in the hall,
+spattered with mud, wearing slouched hats, unshaven and unshorn,&mdash;a
+motley crew; some tilted against the walls in chairs, fast asleep,
+some talking in low tones and filling the room with fumes of tobacco.
+A half-dozen were greasing their boots. The proprietor apologized for
+their presence, remarking that they were teamsters who had just
+arrived from Somerset, and were soon to go back with supplies for
+General Thomas's army. There were three hundred of them, rough,
+uncouth, dirty, but well behaved. There was no loud talking, no
+profanity, indecency, or rudeness, but a deportment through the day
+and night worthy of all commendation.</p>
+
+<p>While enjoying the fire in the reception-room two ladies entered,&mdash;one
+middle-aged, medium stature, having an oval face, dark hair, dark
+hazel eyes; the other a young lady of nineteen or twenty years, sharp
+features, black hair, and flashing black eyes. They were boarders at
+the hotel, were well dressed, though not with remarkable taste, but
+evidently were accustomed to move in the best circle of Lexington
+society. A regiment was passing the hotel.</p>
+
+<p>"There are some more Yankees going down to Mill Springs, I reckon,"
+said the elder.</p>
+
+<p>"O, isn't it too bad that Zollicoffer is killed? I could have cried my
+eyes out when I heard of it," said the youngest. "O he was so brave,
+and noble, and chivalrous!"</p>
+
+<p>"He was a noble man," the other replied.</p>
+
+<p>"O, I should so like to see a battle!" said the youngest.</p>
+
+<p>"It might not be a pleasant sight, although we are often willing to
+forego pleasure for the sake of gratifying curiosity," we replied.</p>
+
+<p>"I should want my side to whip," said the girl.</p>
+
+<a id="img014" name="img014"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img014.jpg" width="500" height="325" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Hauling cotton.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page063" name="page063"></a>(p. 063)</span> "Yes. We all expect our side to be victorious, though we are
+sometimes disappointed, as was the case at Bull Run."</p>
+
+<p>"Then you were at Bull Run? I take it that you belong to the army?"</p>
+
+<p>"I was there and saw the fight, although I was not connected with the
+army."</p>
+
+<p>"I am glad you were defeated. It was a good lesson to you. The
+Northerners have had some respect for the Southerners since then. The
+Southerners fought against great odds."</p>
+
+<p>"Indeed, I think it was the reverse."</p>
+
+<p>"No indeed, sir. The Federals numbered over sixty thousand, while
+Beauregard had less than thirty thousand. He did not have more than
+twelve thousand in the fight."</p>
+
+<p>"I can assure you it is a grave mistake. General McDowell had less
+than thirty thousand men, and not more than half were engaged."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, I wonder what he was thinking of when he carried out those
+forty thousand handcuffs?"</p>
+
+<p>"I did not suppose any one gave credence to that absurd story."</p>
+
+<p>"Absurd? Indeed, sir, it is not. I have seen some of the handcuffs.
+There are several pairs of them in this city. They were brought
+directly from the field by some of our citizens who went on as soon as
+they heard of the fight. I have several trophies of the fight which
+our men picked up."</p>
+
+<p>No doubt the young lady was sincere. It was universally believed
+throughout the South that McDowell had thousands of pairs of handcuffs
+in his train, which were to be clapped upon the wrists of the Southern
+soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>"We have some terrible uncompromising Union men in this State," said
+the eldest, "who would rather see every negro swept into the Gulf of
+Mexico, and the whole country sunk, than give up the Union. We have
+more Abolitionists here in this city than they have in Boston."</p>
+
+<p>It was spoken bitterly. She did not mean that the Union men of the
+State were committed to immediate emancipation, but that they would
+accept emancipation rather than have the Secessionists succeed.</p>
+
+<p>A gentleman came in, sat down by the fire, warmed his <span class="pagenum"><a id="page064" name="page064"></a>(p. 064)</span> hands,
+and joined in the conversation. Said he: "I am a Southerner. I have
+lived all my life among slaves. I own one slave, but I hate the
+system. There are counties in this State where there are but few
+slaves, and in all such counties you will find a great many
+Abolitionists. It is the brutalizing influence of slavery that makes
+me hate it,&mdash;brutalizing to whites and blacks alike. I hate this
+keeping niggers to raise human stock,&mdash;to sell, just as you do horses
+and sheep."</p>
+
+<p>In all places the theme of conversation was the war and the negroes.
+The ultra pro-slavery element was thoroughly secession, and the
+Unionists were beginning to understand that slavery was at the bottom
+of the rebellion. As in the dim light of the morning we already behold
+the approach of the full day, so they saw that these which seemed the
+events of an hour might broaden into that which would overthrow the
+entire slave system.</p>
+
+<p>Anthony Trollope, an English traveller and novelist, was stopping at
+the hotel at the time,&mdash;a pleasant gentleman, thoroughly English in
+his personal appearance, with a plump face, indicative of good living
+and good cheer. In his work entitled "North America" he mentions the
+teamsters in the hall, and draws a contrast between English and
+American society. He says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"While I was at supper the seventy-five teamsters were summoned
+     into the common eating-room by a loud gong, and sat down to their
+     meal at the public table. They were very dirty; I doubt whether I
+     ever saw dirtier men; but they were orderly and well-behaved, and
+     but for their extreme dirt might have passed as the ordinary
+     occupants of a well-filled hotel in the West. Such men in the
+     States are less clumsy with their knives and forks, less astray
+     in an unused position, more intelligent in adapting themselves to
+     a new life, than are Englishmen of the same rank. It is always
+     the same story. With us there is no level of society. Men stand
+     on a long staircase, but the crowd congregates near the bottom,
+     and the lower steps are very broad. In America, men stand on a
+     common platform, but the platform is raised above the ground,
+     though it does not approach in height the top of our staircase.
+     If we take the average altitude in the two countries, we shall
+     find that the American heads are the more elevated of the two. I
+     conceived rather an affection for those dirty teamsters; they
+     answered <span class="pagenum"><a id="page065" name="page065"></a>(p. 065)</span> me civilly when I spoke to them, and sat in
+     quietness smoking their pipes, with a dull and dirty but orderly
+     demeanor."<a id="footnotetag4" name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4" title="Go to footnote 4"><span class="smaller">[4]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>If Mr. Trollope, who has a very just appreciation of the character of
+those quiet and orderly teamsters, will but wait a century or two,
+perhaps he will find that democracy can build a staircase as high and
+complete as that reared by the aristocracy of England. We have had but
+two centuries for the construction of our elevated common platform,
+while England has had a thousand years. There the base of the
+staircase, where the multitude stand, is either stationary or sinking;
+but here the platform is always rising, and bearing the multitude to a
+higher plane.</p>
+
+<p>A short distance north of the city of the living is the city of the
+dead. It is a pleasant suburb,&mdash;one which is adding week by week to
+its population. It is laid out in beautiful avenues, grass bordered,
+and shaded by grand old forest-trees. It is the resting-place of the
+dust of Henry Clay. The monument to his memory is not yet finished. It
+is a tall, round column upon a broad base, with a capital, such as the
+Greeks never saw or dreamed of, surmounted by a figure intended to
+represent the great statesman as he stood when enchaining vast
+audiences by his matchless oratory. Within the chamber, exposed to
+view through the iron-latticed door, star-embellished and bronzed,
+lies the sarcophagus of purest marble. It is chaste in design,
+ornamented with gathered rods and bonds emblematic of union, and
+wreathed with cypress around its sides. The pure white marble drapery
+is thrown partly back, exposing above the breast of the sleeper a
+wreath, and</p>
+
+<p class="center">HENRY CLAY.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the slab beneath the sarcophagus is this simple inscription:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"I can, with unbroken confidence, appeal to the Divine Arbiter
+     for the truth of the declaration, that I have been influenced by
+     no impure purpose, no personal motive,&mdash;have sought no personal
+     aggrandizement, but that in all my public acts I have had a sole
+     and single eye, and a warm devoted heart, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page066" name="page066"></a>(p. 066)</span> directed and
+     dedicated to what in my best judgment I believed to be the true
+     interests of my country."</p>
+
+<p>It is not a declaration which goes home to the heart as that simple
+recognition of the Christian religion which his compeer, Daniel
+Webster, directed should be placed above his grave in the secluded
+churchyard at Marshfield, but Mr. Clay was a remarkable man. Of all
+Americans who have lived, he could hold completest sway of popular
+assemblies. Hating slavery in his early life, he at last became
+tolerant of its existence. He cast the whole trouble of the nation
+upon the Abolitionists. In some things he was far-sighted; in others,
+obtuse. In 1843 he addressed a letter to a friend who was about to
+write a pamphlet against the Abolitionists, giving him an outline of
+the argument to be used. Thus he wrote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>"The great aim and object of your tract should be to arouse the
+     laboring classes in the Free States against abolition. Depict the
+     consequences to them of immediate abolition. The slaves being
+     free, would be dispersed throughout the Union; they would enter
+     into competition with the free laborer, with the American, the
+     Irish, the German; reduce his wages; be confounded with him, and
+     affect his moral and social standing. And as the ultras go for
+     both abolition and amalgamation, show that their object is to
+     unite in marriage the laboring white man and the laboring black
+     man, and to reduce the white laboring man to the despised and
+     degraded condition of the black man.</p>
+
+<p>"I would show their opposition to colonization. Show its humane,
+     religious, and patriotic aims, that they are to separate those
+     whom God has separated. Why do the Abolitionists oppose
+     colonization? To keep and amalgamate together the two races in
+     violation of God's will, and to keep the blacks here, that they
+     may interfere with, degrade, and debase the laboring whites. Show
+     that the British nation is co-operating with the Abolitionists,
+     for the purpose of dissolving the Union."<a id="footnotetag5" name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5" title="Go to footnote 5"><span class="smaller">[5]</span></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This was written by a reputed statesman, who was supposed to
+understand the principles of political economy. The slaves being made
+free would enter in competition with the <i>free laborer</i>. But has not
+the free American laborer been forced to compete through all the years
+of the past with unrequited slave labor? Without inquiring into the
+aims and purposes of the Abolitionists,&mdash;what they intended to do,
+and how they <span class="pagenum"><a id="page067" name="page067"></a>(p. 067)</span> were to do it,&mdash;Mr. Clay accepted the current
+talk of the day, and shaped his course accordingly. That letter will
+read strangely fifty years hence. It reads strangely now, and goes far
+to lower our estimate of the real greatness of one who for half a
+century was the idol of a great political party,&mdash;whose words were
+taken as the utterances of an oracle. But ideas and principles have
+advanced since 1843. We stand upon a higher plane, and are moving on
+to one still higher.</p>
+
+<p>Returning to the hotel, I fell into conversation with a Presbyterian
+minister, who began to deplore the war.</p>
+
+<p>"We should conduct it," said he, "not as savages or barbarians, but as
+Christians, as civilized beings, on human principles."</p>
+
+<p>"In what way would you have our generals act to carry out what you
+conceive to be such principles?"</p>
+
+<p>"Well, sir, the blockade is terribly severe on our friends in the
+South, who are our brothers. The innocent are suffering with the
+guilty. We should let them have food, and raiment, and medicines, but
+we should not let them have cannon, guns, and powder."</p>
+
+<p>"When do you think the war would end if such a plan was adopted?"</p>
+
+<p>He took a new tack, not replying to the question, but said,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"The North began the trouble in an unchristian spirit."</p>
+
+<p>"Was not the first gun fired by the Rebels upon Fort Sumter?"</p>
+
+<p>"That was not the beginning of the war. It was the election of
+Lincoln."</p>
+
+<p>"Then you would not have a majority of the people elect their officers
+in the constituted way?"</p>
+
+<p>"Well, if Lincoln had been a wise man he would have resigned, and
+saved this terrible conflict."</p>
+
+<p>There is a point beyond which forbearance ceases to be a virtue, and I
+expressed the hope that the war would be waged with shot and shell,
+fire and sword, naval expeditions and blockades, and every possible
+means, upon the men who had conspired to subvert the government. There
+was no reply, and he soon left the room.</p>
+
+<p>Buell's right wing under General Crittenden, was at Calhoun, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page068" name="page068"></a>(p. 068)</span>
+on Green River. Intelligence arrived that it was to be put in motion.</p>
+
+<p>Leaving Lexington in the morning, and passing by cars through
+Frankfort,&mdash;an old town, the capital of the State, like Lexington,
+seedy and dilapidated,&mdash;we reached Louisville in season to take our
+choice of the two steamers, Gray Eagle and Eugene, to Henderson. They
+were both excellent boats, running in opposition, carrying passengers
+one hundred and eighty miles, providing for them two excellent meals
+and a night's lodging, all for fifty cents! People were patronizing
+both boats, because it was much cheaper than staying at home.</p>
+
+<p>Taking the Gray Eagle,&mdash;a large side-wheel steamer,&mdash;we swept along
+with the speed of a railroad train. The water was very high and
+rising. The passengers were almost all from Kentucky. Some of the
+ladies thronging the saloon were accustomed to move in the "best
+society," which had not literary culture and moral worth for its
+standards, but broad acres, wealth in lands and distilleries. They
+were "raised" in Lexington or Louisville or Frankfort. They spoke of
+the "right smart" crowd on board, nearly "<i>tew</i>" hundred, according to
+their <i>i</i>dea.</p>
+
+<p>But there is another class of Kentuckians as distinct from these
+excellent ladies as chalk from cheese. They are of that class to which
+David Crocket belonged in his early years,&mdash;born in a cane-brake and
+cradled in a trough. There were two in the saloon, seated upon an
+ottoman,&mdash;a brother and sister. The brother was more than six feet
+tall, had a sharp, thin, lank countenance, with a tuft of hair on his
+chin and on his upper lip. His face was of the color of milk and
+molasses. He wore a Kentucky homespun suit,&mdash;coat, vest and pants of
+the same material, and colored with butternut bark. He had on,
+although in the saloon, a broad-brimmed, slouched hat, with an
+ornament of blotched mud. He was evidently more at home with his hat
+on than to sit bareheaded,&mdash;and so consulted his own pleasure, without
+mistrusting that there was such a thing as politeness in the world. He
+had been plashing through the streets of Louisville. He had scraped
+off the thickest of the mud. There he sat, the right foot thrown
+across the left knee, with as much <span class="pagenum"><a id="page069" name="page069"></a>(p. 069)</span> complacency as it is
+possible for a mortal to manifest. In his own estimation he was all
+right, although there was a gap between his pants and vest of about
+six inches,&mdash;a yellowish tawny streak of shirt. He sat in unconcerned
+silence, or stalked through the saloon with his hands in his pockets,
+or stretched himself at full length upon the sofa and took a
+comfortable snooze.</p>
+
+<p>His sister,&mdash;a girl of eighteen,&mdash;had an oval face, arched eyebrows,
+and full cheeks, flowing, flaxen hair, and gray eyes. She wore a plain
+dress of gray homespun without hoops, and when standing, appeared as
+if she had encased herself in a meal-bag. There was no neat white
+collar or bit of ribbon, or cord, or tassel,&mdash;no attempt at feminine
+adornment. She was a "nut-brown maid,"&mdash;bronzed by exposure, with a
+countenance as inexpressive as a piece of putty. A dozen ladies and
+gentlemen who came on board at a little town twenty miles below
+Louisville were enjoying themselves, in a circle of their own, with
+the play of "Consequences." The cabin rang with their merry laughter,
+and we who looked on enjoyed their happiness; but there was no sign of
+animation in her countenance,&mdash;a block of wood could not have been
+more unsympathetic.</p>
+
+<p>Among the ladies on board was one a resident of Owensboro', who, upon
+her marriage eight years before, had moved from the town of Auburn,
+New York, the home of Mr. Seward.</p>
+
+<p>"I was an Abolitionist," she said, "before I left home, but now that I
+know what slavery is, I like it. The slaveholders are so independent
+and live so easy! They can get rich in a few years; and there is no
+class in the world who can enjoy so much of life as they."</p>
+
+<p>It was evidently a sincere expression of her sentiments.</p>
+
+<p>She was for the Union, but wanted slavery let alone. The strife in
+Owensboro' had been exceedingly bitter. Nearly all her old friends and
+neighbors were rampant Secessionists. Secession, like a sharp sword,
+had cut through society and left it in two parts, as irreconcilable as
+vice and virtue. There was uncompromising hostility ready to flame out
+into war at any moment in all the Kentucky towns. There was also on
+board <span class="pagenum"><a id="page070" name="page070"></a>(p. 070)</span> a loud-talking man who walked the saloon with his hands
+in his pockets, looking everybody square in the face; he was intensely
+loyal to the Union.</p>
+
+<p>"Why don't Buell move? Why don't Halleck move? It is my opinion that
+they are both of 'em old grannies. I want to see the Rebels licked. I
+have lived in Tophet for the last six months. I live in Henderson, and
+it has been a perfect hell ever since the Rebels fired on Fort Sumter.
+I have lost my property through the d&mdash;d scoundrels. I want a regiment
+of Union troops to go down there and clean out the devils."</p>
+
+<p>It was early morning when the scream of the Gray Eagle roused the
+usual crowd of loafers from their sleep and inanition at Owensboro'. A
+motley mob came down to the wharf eager to hear the news. I had been
+informed that the place was one where whiskey distilleries abound, and
+the information proved to be correct. The distillery buildings were
+distinctly recognized by their smoking chimneys, creaking pumps, and
+steaming vats. The crowd on the shore had whiskey in their looks and
+behavior. Among them was one enthusiastic admirer of Abraham Lincoln.
+He was bloated, blear-eyed, a tatterdemalion, with just enough whiskey
+in him to make him thick-spoken, reckless, and irresponsible in the
+eyes of his liquor-loving companions. While we were at a distance he
+swung his hat and gave a cheer for Old Abe; as we came nearer he
+repeated it; and as the plank was being thrown ashore he fairly danced
+with ecstasy, shouting, "Hurrah for Old Abe! He'll fix 'em. Hurrah for
+Old Abe! Hurrah for Old Abe!"</p>
+
+<p>"Shet up, you drunken cuss. Hurrah for Jeff Davis!" was the response
+of another blear-eyed, tipsy loafer.</p>
+
+<p>The steamer Storm was tolling its bell as the Gray Eagle came to the
+landing at Evansville, bound for Green River. Her decks were piled
+with bags of corn and coffee. A barge was tethered to her side, loaded
+with bundle hay and a half-dozen ambulances. We were just in time to
+reach the deck before the plank was drawn in. Then with hoarse puffs
+the heavily laden old craft swung into the stream and surged slowly
+against the swollen tide of the Ohio. Green River joins the Ohio ten
+miles above Evansville. It is a beautiful stream, with <span class="pagenum"><a id="page071" name="page071"></a>(p. 071)</span>
+forest-bordered banks. At that season of the year there was nothing
+particularly inspiring to the muse along this stream, unless one can
+kindle a poetic flame in swamps, lagoons, creeks, and log-cabins
+standing on stilts, with water beneath, around, and often within them.
+On the spit of land between the Ohio and Green rivers, on posts
+several feet under water, was a log-cabin; a row-boat was tied to the
+steps, a woman and a half-dozen children stared at us from the open
+door. All around was forest. A gentleman on board said it was a
+fishing family. If so, the family, little ones and all, might ply the
+piscatory art from doors and windows. A more dreary, watery place
+cannot be imagined.</p>
+
+<p>The Storm was not a floating palace with gilded saloons, velvet
+tapestry carpets, French mirrors, and a grand piano, but an old wheezy
+tow-boat, with great capacity below and little above. There was a room
+for the gentlemen, and a little box of a place for any ladies who
+might be under the necessity of patronizing the craft.</p>
+
+<p>There were no soldiers on board, but thirty or forty passengers. We
+were a hard-looking set. Our clothes were muddy, our beards shaggy,
+our countenances far from being Caucasian in color, with sundry other
+peculiarities of dress, feature, and demeanor.</p>
+
+<p>There was one stout man with an enormous quantity of brown hair, and a
+thick yellow beard, belonging to Hopkinsville, near the Tennessee
+line, who had been compelled to flee for his life.</p>
+
+<p>"We got up a cannon company, and I was captain. We had as neat a
+little six-pounder as you ever saw; but I was obliged to cut and run
+when the Rebels came in December; but I buried the pup and the
+Secessionists don't know where she is! If I ever get back there I'll
+make some of them cusses&mdash;my old neighbors&mdash;bite the dust. I have just
+heard that they have tied my brother up and almost whipped him to
+death. They gouged out his eyes, stamped in his face, and have taken
+all his property."</p>
+
+<p>Here he was obliged to stop his narrative and give vent to a long
+string of oaths, consigning the Rebels to all the tortures and pains
+of the bottomless pit forever. Having disgorged his wrath, he said,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page072" name="page072"></a>(p. 072)</span> "Now, sir, there is a grave judicial question on my mind, and
+I would like your opinion upon it. If you owned a darkey who should
+get over into Indiana, a bright, intelligent darkey, and he should
+take with him ten niggers from your secession neighbors, and you
+should happen to know it, would you send them back?"</p>
+
+<p>"No, sir; I should not."</p>
+
+<p>"That is my mind 'zactly. I knew you was a good Union man the moment I
+sot my eyes on ye." Then came an interesting explanation. He had one
+slave, a devoted fellow, who had become an active conductor on the
+underground railroad. The slave had been often to Evansville and knew
+the country, and had enticed away ten negroes belonging to the
+Secessionists in the vicinity of Hopkinsville. He had seen them all
+that morning, and more, had given each of them a hearty breakfast!
+"You see," said he, "if they belonged to Union men I would have sent
+'em back; but they belonged to the &mdash;--Secessionists who have driven
+me out, taken all my property, and do you think I'd be mean enough to
+send the niggers back?"</p>
+
+<p>On board the Storm were several other men who had been driven from
+their homes by the Secessionists. There was one gentleman, a
+slaveholder from the little town of Volney, between Hopkinsville and
+the Cumberland River. All of his property had been taken, his negroes,
+if they were not sold or seized, were roaming at will. He had two
+brothers in the Rebel army. He was a plain, sensible, well-informed
+farmer. He lived close upon the Tennessee line, and was acquainted
+with the Southern country.</p>
+
+<p>"Slavery is a doomed institution," said he; "from Kentucky, from
+Missouri, from Maryland and Virginia the slaves have been pouring
+southward. There has been a great condensation of slaves at the South
+where they are not wanted, and where they cannot be supported if the
+blockade continues. The South never has raised its own provisions. She
+could do it if she put forth her energies; but she never has and she
+will not now. The time will come, if the blockade continues, when the
+master will be compelled to say to the slaves, 'Get your living where
+you can,' and then the system, being rolled back <span class="pagenum"><a id="page073" name="page073"></a>(p. 073)</span> upon itself,
+will be broken up. As for myself, I would like to have kept my slaves,
+because I am getting along in years and I wanted them to take care of
+me; but as the Secessionists have taken them and driven me out, it
+won't make any difference to me whether the system is continued or
+not."</p>
+
+<p>It is utterly impossible to convey to a New-Englander who has never
+crossed the Hudson a correct idea of a Kentucky country village, like
+that of Calhoun, as seen from the deck of the steamer Storm, in the
+light of a beautiful morning, so mild and spring-like that the robins,
+bluebirds, jays, pewits, and sparrows were filling the air with their
+songs, having returned from their sojourn in a Southern clime. A
+sentinel was plashing through the mud along the bank, guarding the
+ferry to the town of Rumsey, on the opposite side of the river. The
+bank rises abruptly into the main street of the town. First we have
+the McLean House, the first-class hotel of the place,&mdash;a wooden
+building two stories high, containing six or eight rooms. There is
+beyond it one brick building, then a number of smaller buildings
+containing a couple of rooms each, and forty rods distant a church,
+respectable in style and proportions. The land is undulating, and on
+the hillsides there are dwellings, a half-dozen of which you might
+call comfortable. The original forest oaks are still standing. A creek
+or bayou runs through the town, the receptacle of all the filth
+generated by ten thousand men, and thousands of mules, horses, and
+hogs.</p>
+
+<p>Rumsey, on the opposite side of the river, is of smaller dimensions.
+Years ago it was a "right smart" town, but business has disappeared.
+The people have also gone, and now one sees a row of windowless,
+doorless, deserted houses, soaked in every flood of waters.</p>
+
+<p>Visiting the "first class" hotel of the place, we sat down in the
+parlor or reception-room, or whatever room it was, while the cook
+prepared breakfast. It was also the landlord's bed-room, occupied by
+himself and wife.</p>
+
+<p>Calling upon the landlord for a place for toilet operations, we were
+invited into the kitchen which was also the dining-room and pantry and
+Jim's bed-room,&mdash;Jim being a tall negro, who just now is washing
+dishes, with a tin pan of hot water, and without any soap. Dinah is
+rolling biscuit, and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page074" name="page074"></a>(p. 074)</span> tending the hoe-cake, which is cooking
+nicely on the stove. There is the flour-barrel close at hand. There is
+one dinner-pot, with two kettles, a pail of water, a lantern, the
+pepper-box, a dish of fat, a plate of butter, and a great heap of tin
+dishes on the table, where Dinah is moulding the biscuit, while Jim
+occupies the other end. The dining-table stands in the centre of the
+room. The plates are laid, and the whole is covered with a blue cloth,
+which at first sight seems to be a soldier's blanket, and which upon
+close inspection leaves us still in doubt whether it is a table-cloth
+or a bed-coverlet. There are some chairs, and an old desk which has
+lost its lid, in which are nails, a hammer, some old papers, and a
+deal of dust. It evidently "came down from a former generation."</p>
+
+<p>We have time to notice these things while the landlord is preparing
+for our washing exploit, which is to be performed near Jim, with a
+basin on a chair.</p>
+
+<p>Then we have breakfast,&mdash;beefsteak and porksteak, and buckwheat cakes,
+all fried in lard, sausages, potatoes, Dinah's hoe-cakes, hot flour
+biscuit, and a dish of hash, which will not go down at all, and coffee
+without milk, preferred to the water of Green River, which in its
+natural state is somewhat the color of yellow snuff, and which is
+drank by the inhabitants of Calhoun, notwithstanding thousands of
+horses are stabled on its banks.</p>
+
+<p>There was no movement of the troops, therefore nothing to detain us at
+Calhoun, and knowing that there was something of interest up the
+Cumberland and Tennessee rivers, we went on board the Mattie Cook, the
+downward-bound steamer. While waiting for her departure we gazed at
+the sights upon the shore. There was a great deal of life,&mdash;wagons,
+soldiers, citizens floundering through the mud to the landing,
+transporting goods. There were ludicrous scenes of men and teams stuck
+in the mortar-bed; but in the midst of life there was death. A squad
+of soldiers came down from camp to the hospital with a bier, and with
+the slow funeral dirge brought two of their comrades to the boat,&mdash;two
+who had just passed from the scenes of strife on earth to the eternal
+peace beyond. Those who bore them were by no means unaffected by the
+part they were called upon <span class="pagenum"><a id="page075" name="page075"></a>(p. 075)</span> to perform. There were sad
+countenances, too, on board the boat,&mdash;two ladies, both strangers to
+the dead, but not indifferent to the scene. They had woman's tender
+sensibilities, and could not keep back the tears from their eyes, for
+they thought of their own sons whom they had just left, and who now
+stood upon the bank to say perhaps a last good-by.</p>
+
+<p>But how transitory are all the most solemn impressions of death! Ten
+minutes later a company of soldiers appeared for a trip down the river
+to Stevensport to bag, if possible, the squad of Rebels which had been
+prowling about the town of Stevensport. They came on board with a
+hurrah, and made the welkin ring with the "Red, White, and Blue." It
+was a pleasure to them to leave the hateful place even for a night,
+and be in active service.</p>
+
+<a id="img015" name="img015"></a>
+<div class="p4 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img015.jpg" width="300" height="432" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Baltimore in 1861.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page076" name="page076"></a>(p. 076)</span> CHAPTER VI.<br>
+THE OPENING OF THE CAMPAIGN IN TENNESSEE.</h2>
+
+<span class="sidedate">Feb., 1862.</span>
+
+<p>At last the Rebel lines were broken. Commodore Foote had opened a
+gateway to the heart of the Confederacy by the capture of Fort Henry
+on the 6th of February. While up Green River I learned of the intended
+movement, and hastened to be present, but was delayed between
+Evansville and Paducah, and was not in season to see the engagement.</p>
+
+<p>Late on the Friday evening after I saw Commodore Foote in Cairo. He
+had just returned from Fort Henry.</p>
+
+<p>"Can you favor me with an account of the affair?" I asked.</p>
+
+<p>"It will give me great pleasure to do so after I have prepared my
+despatches for Washington," he replied.</p>
+
+<p>It was past midnight when he came to my room. He sat down, and leaned
+back wearily in his chair. But soon recovering his usual energy, gave
+the full details of the action. He had prepared his instructions to
+his crews several days before the battle, and upon mature thought, saw
+nothing to change.</p>
+
+<p>To the commanders and crews he said, that it was very necessary to
+success that they should keep cool. He desired them to fire with
+deliberate aim, and not to attempt rapid firing, for four reasons,
+viz. that with rapid firing there was always a waste of ammunition;
+that their range would be wild; that the enemy would be encouraged
+unless the fire was effectual; that it was desirable not to heat the
+guns.</p>
+
+<p>With these instructions he led his fleet up the narrow channel under
+cover of Pine Island, thus avoiding long-range shot from the rifled
+guns which it was known the enemy had in position to sweep the main
+channel. He steamed slow, to allow the troops time to gain their
+position.</p>
+
+<p>He visited each vessel and gave personal directions. He took his own
+position in the pilot-house of the Cincinnati. The St. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page077" name="page077"></a>(p. 077)</span> Louis
+was on his right hand and the Carondelet and Essex were on his left,
+with the Tyler, Connestoga, and Lexington in rear. There is an island
+a mile and a quarter below the fort. When the head of the island was
+reached the boats came into line and were within easy range.</p>
+
+<p>"Do just as I do," was his last order to the commanders.</p>
+
+<p>The Cincinnati opened, and the other vessels were quick to follow the
+Commodore's example.</p>
+
+<p>"I had a definite purpose in view," said he, "to take the fort at all
+hazards. It was necessary for the success of the cause. We have had
+disaster upon disaster, and I intended, God helping me, to win a
+victory. It made me feel bad when I saw the Essex drop out of the
+line, but I knew that the fort couldn't stand it much longer. I should
+have opened my broadsides in a minute or two, if Tilghman had not
+surrendered, and that I knew would settle the question. We were not
+more than four hundred yards distant."</p>
+
+<p>He said that when the Essex dropped behind the Rebels set up a
+tremendous cheer, and redoubled their fire; but being excited their
+aim was bad.</p>
+
+<p>"There is nothing like keeping perfectly cool in battle," said he.</p>
+
+<p>"When Tilghman came into my cabin," said the Commodore, "he asked for
+terms, but I informed him that his surrender must be final."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, sir, if I must surrender, it gives me pleasure to surrender to
+so brave an officer as you," said Tilghman.</p>
+
+<p>"You do perfectly right to surrender, sir; but I should not have
+surrendered on any condition."</p>
+
+<p>"Why so? I do not understand you."</p>
+
+<p>"Because I was fully determined to capture the fort or go to the
+bottom."</p>
+
+<p>The Rebel general opened his eyes at this remark, but replied, "I
+thought I had you, Commodore, but you were too much for me."</p>
+
+<p>"But how could you fight against the old flag?"</p>
+
+<p>"Well, it did come hard at first; but if the North had only let us
+alone there would have been no trouble. But they would not abide by
+the Constitution."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page078" name="page078"></a>(p. 078)</span> "You are mistaken, sir. The North has maintained all of her
+Constitutional obligations. You of the South have perjured yourselves.
+I talked to him faithfully," said the zealous officer.</p>
+
+<p>The Commodore was now nervously restless, but said: "I never slept
+better in my life than I did the night before going into the battle,
+and I never prayed more fervently than I did yesterday morning, that
+God would bless the undertaking, and he has signally answered my
+prayer. I don't deserve it, but I trust that I shall be grateful for
+it. But I couldn't sleep last night for thinking of those poor fellows
+on board the Essex, who were wounded and scalded. I told the surgeons
+to do everything possible for them. Poor fellows! I must go and see
+that they are well cared for."</p>
+
+<p>It was one o'clock in the morning, yet exhausted as he was, he went to
+see that the sufferers were having every possible attention.</p>
+
+<p>This was on Saturday morning; the next day he went to church as usual.
+The minister was not there, and after waiting awhile the audience one
+by one began to drop off, whereupon Commodore Foote entered the
+pulpit, and conducted the exercises, reading the fourteenth chapter of
+John's Gospel, and addressed the congregation, urging sinners to
+repentance, picturing the unspeakable love of Christ, and the rewards
+which await the righteous, and closing the services by a fervent
+prayer. It was as unostentatious as all his other acts, undertaken
+with a dutiful desire to benefit those about him, and to glorify God.
+That was his aim in life.</p>
+
+<p>The Rebel troops which were in and around Fort Henry fled in dismay
+soon after the opening of the bombardment, leaving all their camp
+equipage. In the barracks the camp-fires were still blazing, and
+dinners cooking, when our troops entered. Books, letters half written,
+trunks, carpet-bags, knives, pistols, were left behind, and were
+eagerly seized by the soldiers, who rent the air with shouts of
+laughter, mingled with the cheers of victory.</p>
+
+<p>Although not present, a letter fell into my hands written by a father
+in Mississippi to his sons, which gives an insight into the condition
+of affairs in the Confederacy at that time:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p class="right10"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page079" name="page079"></a>(p. 079)</span> "<span class="smcap">Bear Creek</span>, Miss., Dec. 16, 1861.</p>
+<p>"<span class="smcap">To my dear Boys Sammie and Thomas</span>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"After a long silence I will tell you some little news. I told C.
+     D. Moore to tell you that paper was very scarce in this wooden
+     world. I went to Vaidere to get this, and was glad to get it at
+     50 cents per quire.</p>
+
+<p>"The health of our country is pretty good. Crops are very short;
+     corn and cotton&mdash;especially cotton&mdash;not quite half a crop, though
+     it doesn't matter, as we can't get any money for it. For my part
+     I know not what we are to do. I haven't a red cent. My intention
+     now is to plant only about eight acres in cotton; that will make
+     enough to buy or barter my groceries. I fear, my children, we
+     will not live to see as prosperous a time after this revolution
+     as there was before it. I often think of the language of our
+     Saviour: 'Eloi, Eloi, lama sabacthani,'&mdash;My God, my God, why hast
+     thou forsaken me? I verily believe all this calamity has come
+     upon us for our wickedness. Religion is down like cotton,&mdash;not
+     worth much; and by the actions of good brethren it might be
+     bought for a mere trifle, though if we were to judge from its
+     sparseness, like salt, it would be worth $40 per sack.</p>
+
+<p>"O my God, what will become of us? Go, if you please, to the
+     churchyard, and you will hear nothing but secular affairs and
+     <i>war, war</i>! Dull times everywhere. Money scarce; pork high,&mdash;10
+     to 12-1/2 cents per pound; salt the same; coffee $1.50 per pound,
+     and none to be had at that; calico 30 to 50 cents per yard;
+     domestics 20 to 25 cents per yard; sugar 6 to 12-1/2 cents;
+     molasses 30 to 40 cents, and everything in the same ratio."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The capture of Fort Donelson and the troops defending it, was the
+first <i>great</i> achievement of the Union armies. The affair at Mill
+Spring, and the taking of Roanoke Island by Burnside, were important,
+but minor engagements when compared with the breaking in of the Rebel
+line of defence on the Cumberland and Tennessee. The fighting on
+Saturday, the last day of the series of battles, was desperate and
+bloody. The ground on the right in the morning, when the Rebels moved
+out and overwhelmed McClernand, was hotly contested. Grant's lines
+were so extended and necessarily thin that the Rebels were enabled to
+push McClernand back nearly two miles. This was done by Pillow and
+Bushrod Johnson, who gained McClernand's flank. Buckner, however, who
+was to strike McClernand's left, was slow in advancing. Had he
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page080" name="page080"></a>(p. 080)</span> moved as rapidly as the other divisions, McClernand would
+have been utterly routed. It was then that W. H. L. Wallace, of
+Illinois, showed his great military ability. He had been in the
+Mexican war, was courageous, and had that power of <i>presence</i> which
+made every man feel that he was under the eye of his commander. Then,
+too, General Logan animated his men, and held them in close contact
+with the Rebels till wounded.</p>
+
+<p>The charge of General C. P. Smith's division on the left, in the
+afternoon of Saturday, was sublime. General Smith was an old soldier,
+who had served in Mexico. His hair was long and white, and as he rode
+along his lines, making arrangements for the advance, he was the most
+conspicuous of all men on the field. He paid no heed to the rifle and
+musket balls which were singing about his ears; he sat firmly on his
+horse. When his lines were ready, he led them, with his cap on the
+point of his sword.</p>
+
+<p>It was sunset or nearly that hour, when his division moved to the
+attack of the outer works, at the southwest angle of the fort. There
+was a steady advance through an open field,&mdash;a rush up the hill,&mdash;a
+cheer,&mdash;the rout of Hanson's brigade of Rebels, the Second Kentucky,
+Twentieth Mississippi, and Thirtieth Tennessee,&mdash;a long, loud shout of
+triumph, mingled with the roar of cannon, and the rolls of musketry
+from the fort, pouring upon them a concentrated fire!</p>
+
+<p>The scene at Donelson on Sunday morning, the day of surrender, was
+exceedingly exhilarating,&mdash;the marching in of the victorious
+divisions,&mdash;the bands playing, their flags waving, the cheers of the
+troops,&mdash;the gunboats firing a salute,&mdash;the immense flotilla of river
+steamboats gayly decorated! The New Uncle Sam was the boat on which
+General Grant had established his head-quarters. The Uncle Sam, at a
+signal from Commodore Foote, ranged ahead, came alongside one of the
+gunboats, and, followed by all the fleet, steamed up river past Fort
+Donelson, thick with Confederate soldiers,&mdash;past the intrenched camp
+of log-huts, past a school-house on a hill, above which waved the
+hospital flag,&mdash;and on to Dover, the gunboats thundering a national
+salute the while.</p>
+
+<p>A warp was thrown ashore, the plank run out. I sprang up the bank,
+and mingled among the disconsolate creatures,&mdash;a <span class="pagenum"><a id="page081" name="page081"></a>(p. 081)</span> care-worn,
+haggard, melancholy crowd which stood upon the heights above. They all
+told one story, claiming that they had fought well; that we
+outnumbered them; that there was a disagreement among their officers;
+that we had got General Buckner; that Floyd and Pillow had escaped;
+that Floyd had taken four regiments of his brigade; that there were
+four steamers; that they went off crowded with soldiers, the guards
+sunk to the water's edge.</p>
+
+<p>The town of Dover is the county seat of Stewart, and a point where the
+farmers ship their produce. It is a straggling village on uneven
+ground, and contains perhaps five hundred inhabitants. There are a few
+buildings formerly used for stores, a doctor's office, a dilapidated
+church, a two-story square brick court-house, and a half-dozen decent
+dwellings. But the place had suffered greatly while occupied by the
+Secession forces. Nearly every building was a hospital. Trees had been
+cut down, fences burned, windows broken, and old buildings demolished
+for fuel.</p>
+
+<p>We came upon a squad of soldiers hovering around a fire. Some were
+wrapped in old patched bedquilts which had covered them at home. Some
+had white blankets, made mostly of cotton. Others wore bright bocking,
+which had evidently been furnished from a merchant's stock. One had a
+faded piece of threadbare carpet. Their guns were stacked, their
+equipments thrown aside, cartridge-boxes, belts, and ammunition
+trampled in the mud. There were shot-guns, single and double-barreled,
+old heavy rifles, flint-lock muskets of 1828, some of them altered
+into percussion locks, with here and there an Enfield rifle.</p>
+
+<p>A few steps brought me to the main landing, where the Confederate
+stores were piled, and from which Floyd made his escape. The gunboats
+were lying off the landing, and a portion of McClernand's division was
+on the hills beyond, the stars and stripes and the regimental banners
+waving, and the bands playing. Away up on the hill Taylor's battery
+was firing a national salute.</p>
+
+<p>There were sacks of corn, tierces of rice, sides of bacon, barrels of
+flour, hogsheads of sugar, sufficient for several days' rations. Then
+there was a dense crowd of Secessionists, evidently <span class="pagenum"><a id="page082" name="page082"></a>(p. 082)</span> the
+rabble, or the <i>d�bris</i> of the army, belonging to all regiments. Some
+were sullen, some indifferent, some evidently felt a sense of relief,
+mingled with their apprehensions for the future. Among them were
+squads of our own soldiers, with smiling faces, feeling very much at
+home, but manifesting no disposition to add to the unhappiness of the
+captured.</p>
+
+<p>General McClernand's division had marched down to the outskirts of the
+village, and was keeping guard. A private ran into the court-house and
+threw the flag of the Union to the breeze from the belfry. Soldiers of
+our army were inspecting the shops of the place. In the basement of a
+store was the Confederate arsenal. There were piles of rifles, old
+shot-guns, many of them ticketed with the owner's name. There were
+many hunter's rifles, which had done good service in other days among
+the mountains and forests of Tennessee, but, for use in battle, of but
+little account.</p>
+
+<p>In another building was the Commissary department. There were
+hogsheads of sugar, barrels of rice, boxes of abominable soap, and a
+few barrels of flour. Later in the day we saw soldiers luxuriating
+like children in the hogsheads of sugar. Many a one filled his canteen
+with New Orleans molasses and his pockets with damp brown sugar.
+Looking into a store we found a squad of soldiers taking things of no
+earthly use. One had a looking-glass under his arm, one a paper of
+files, another several brass candlesticks, one a package of bonnets.</p>
+
+<p>The Mississippians and Texans were boiling over with rage against
+Floyd and Pillow for having deserted them.</p>
+
+<p>"Floyd always was a d&mdash;d thief and sneak," said one.</p>
+
+<p>Just before sunset we took a ramble through the grounds and
+encampments of the Rebels, who were falling into line preparatory to
+embarking upon the steamers. Standing on a hill beyond the village, we
+had at one view almost all their force. Hogarth never saw such a
+sight; Shakespeare, in his conceptions of Falstaff's tatterdemalions,
+could not have imagined the like,&mdash;not that they were deficient in
+intellect, or wanting in courage, for among them were noble men, brave
+fellows, who shed tears when they found they were prisoners of war,
+and who swore with round oaths that they would shoot Floyd as they
+would a dog, if they could get a chance, but that <span class="pagenum"><a id="page083" name="page083"></a>(p. 083)</span> for
+grotesque appearance they were never equalled, except by the London
+bagmen and chiffoniers of Paris.</p>
+
+<p>There were all sorts of uniforms, brown-colored predominating, as if
+they were in the snuff business and had been rolled in tobacco-dust.
+There was sheep gray, iron gray, blue gray, dirty gray, with bed
+blankets, quilts, buffalo-robes, pieces of carpeting of all colors and
+figures, for blankets. Each had his pack on his shoulder. Judging by
+their garments, one would have thought that the last scrapings, the
+odds and ends of humanity and of dry goods, had been brought together.</p>
+
+<p>The formal surrender of the fort took place in the cabin of the New
+Uncle Sam in the evening. Buckner sat on one side of the table and
+General Grant on the other. Buckner was attended by two of his staff.
+The Rebel commander was in the prime of life, although his hair had
+turned iron gray. He was of medium stature, having a low forehead and
+thin cheeks, wore a moustache and meagre whiskers. He had on a
+light-blue kersey overcoat and a checked neckcloth. He was smoking a
+cigar, and talking in a low, quiet tone. He evidently felt that he was
+in a humiliating position, but his deportment was such as to command
+respect when contrasted with the course of Floyd and Pillow. His chief
+of staff sat by his side.</p>
+
+<p>Buckner freely gave information relative to his positions, his forces,
+their disposition, and his intentions. He expected to escape, and
+claimed that the engagements on Saturday were all in favor of the
+Confederates. No opprobrious words were used by any one. No
+discussions entered into. He asked for subsistence for his men, and
+said that he had only two days' provisions on hand. He had favors to
+ask for some of his wounded officers, all of which were readily
+acceded to by General Grant, who was very much at ease, smoking a
+cigar, and conducting the business with dignity, yet with despatch.</p>
+
+<p>The prisoners were taken on board of the transports, the men on the
+lower deck, and the officers having the freedom of the boat. The
+saloons and cabins, berths and state-rooms were filled with the
+wounded of both armies.</p>
+
+<p>"The conditions of the surrender have been most shamefully violated,"
+said a tall, dark-haired, black-eyed Mississippi colonel, on board
+the Belle of Memphis.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page084" name="page084"></a>(p. 084)</span> "How so?" I asked.</p>
+
+<p>"It was agreed that we should be treated like gentlemen, but the
+steward of the boat won't let us have seats at the table. He charges
+us a half-dollar a meal, and refuses Confederate money."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, sir, you fare no worse than the rest of us. I paid for a
+state-room, but the surgeon turned me out and put in a wounded man,
+which was all right and proper, and at which I have no complaint to
+make, and I shall think myself well off if I can get hard-tack."</p>
+
+<p>While conversing with him, a Mississippi captain came up,&mdash;a tall,
+red-whiskered, tobacco-chewing, ungainly fellow, with a swaggering
+air. "This is d&mdash;d pretty business. They talk of reconstructing the
+Union, and begin by rejecting our money. I don't get anything to eat,"
+he said.</p>
+
+<p>I directed his attention to a barrel of bacon and several boxes of
+bread which had been opened for the prisoners, and from which they
+were helping themselves. He turned away in disgust, saying,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Officers are to be treated according to their rank,&mdash;like
+gentlemen,&mdash;and I'll be d&mdash;d if I don't pitch in and give somebody a
+licking!"</p>
+
+<p>Some of the officers on board conducted themselves with perfect
+decorum. One young physician gave his services to our wounded.</p>
+
+<p>Although Commodore Foote had been wounded in the gunboat attack upon
+the fort, he intended to push up the river to Nashville, and intercept
+General Albert Sidney Johnston, who he knew must be falling back from
+Bowling Green, but he was stopped by a despatch from General Halleck
+to General Grant. "Don't let Foote go up the river."</p>
+
+<p>The gunboats could have reached Nashville in eight hours. Floyd and
+Pillow, who made their escape from Donelson at sunrise, reached the
+city before noon, while the congregations were in the churches. Had
+Commodore Foote followed he would have been in the city by three
+o'clock, holding the bridges, patrolling the rivers, and cutting off
+Johnston's retreat. Buell had between thirty and forty thousand men,
+Johnston less than twenty. On the heel of the demoralization incident
+to the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page085" name="page085"></a>(p. 085)</span> rout at Mill Springs, Fort Henry, and the loss at
+Donelson, the entire Rebel army in the West could have been destroyed,
+but for the dictation of General Halleck, sitting in the planter's
+house five hundred miles distant.</p>
+
+<p>"Had I been permitted to carry out my intention we should have put an
+end to the rebellion in the West," said Commodore Foote.</p>
+
+<p>General Halleck had endeavored to enforce his order No. 3, excluding
+negroes from his lines, but before daybreak on Sunday morning at
+Donelson a negro entered the lines, having made his way out from
+Dover, past the Rebel pickets. He reported that the Rebels were
+fleeing. Some of the officers suggested that he was sent out to lure
+Grant into a trap, and proposed to tie him up and give him a whipping.</p>
+
+<p>"You may hang me, shoot me, do anything to me, if it a'n't as I tell
+you," was his earnest reply.</p>
+
+<p>One hour later came the Rebel flag of truce from Buckner, asking for
+the appointment of Commissioners; but the information already obtained
+enabled Grant to reply: "I propose to move immediately upon your
+works."</p>
+
+<p>The negro was a slave, who entered the Union lines in search of
+freedom,&mdash;that which his soul most longed for. General Grant did not
+exclude him. Like a sensible man, he took no action in the matter,
+gave no directions as to what should be done with him. The slave being
+at liberty to decide for himself, took passage on a transport for
+Cairo. The steamer stopped at a landing for wood, when the slave was
+recognized by some of the citizens, who said that he belonged to a
+Union man, and demanded that he should be put off the boat. The
+captain of the steamer was inclined to accede to their demands; but
+the officers on board, knowing what service he had rendered, informed
+the captain that he need not be under any apprehensions of arrest by
+civil process, as martial law was in force. They kept the negro under
+their protection, and gave him his liberty, thus setting at defiance
+General Halleck and his pro-slavery order.</p>
+
+<span class="sidedate">March, 1862.</span>
+
+<p>A great many negroes came into the lines, and were welcomed by the
+soldiers. Among them was a boy, black as anthracite, with large,
+lustrous eyes, and teeth as white as purest ivory. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page086" name="page086"></a>(p. 086)</span> He was
+thirteen years old, born in Kentucky, but for several years had lived
+near Dover. His master, he said, was a gentleman, owned twenty-four
+slaves. He had on a greasy shirt of snuff-colored jean, the genuine
+negro cloth, such as one half the Southern army was compelled to wear.
+His slouched hat was tipped back upon his head, showing a countenance
+indicative of intelligence.</p>
+
+<p>"Well, my boy, what is your name?" I asked.</p>
+
+<p>"Dick, massa."</p>
+
+<p>"Where do you live?"</p>
+
+<p>"About fourteen miles from Dover, massa, up near de rollin' mill."</p>
+
+<p>"Is your master a Secessionist?"</p>
+
+<p>"He was Secesh, massa, but he be Union now."</p>
+
+<p>This was correct testimony, the master appearing with great boldness
+at General Grant's head-quarters to let it be known he was for the
+Union.</p>
+
+<p>"Are you a slave, Dick?"</p>
+
+<p>"I was a slave, but I's free now; I's 'fiscated."</p>
+
+<p>"Where were you when the fight was going on at Fort Donelson?"</p>
+
+<p>"At home; but when massa found de fort was took he started us all off
+for de Souf, but we got away and come down to Dover, and was
+'fiscated."</p>
+
+<p>The master was a Secessionist till his twenty-four chattels, which he
+was trying to run South, became perverse and veered to the North with
+much fleetness. Not only were these twenty-four started South, but ten
+times twenty-four, from the vicinity of Dover, and an hundred times
+twenty-four from Clarkesville, Nashville, and all along the
+Cumberland. When Donelson fell, the edifice of the Secessionists
+became very shaky in one corner.</p>
+
+<p>Columbus was occupied on the 5th of March, the Rebels retiring to
+Island No. 10. Visiting the post-office, I secured several bushels of
+Southern newspapers, which revealed a state of general gloom and
+despondency throughout the Confederacy. Inspired by the events of
+1861,&mdash;the battles of Bull Run, Belmont, and other engagements,&mdash;the
+Southern muse had struck its lyre.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page087" name="page087"></a>(p. 087)</span> The battle of Belmont had kindled a poetic flame in the
+breast of Jo. Augustine Signaigo, in the Memphis <i>Appeal</i>. The opening
+stanza is as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem10">
+  <span class="min33em">"</span>Now glory to our Southern cause, and praises be to God,<br>
+   That He hath met the Southron's foe, and scourged him with his rod;<br>
+   On the tented plains of Belmont, there in their might the Vandals came.<br>
+   And gave unto Destruction all they found, with sword and flame;<br>
+   But they met a stout resistance from a little band that day,<br>
+   Who swore that they would conquer, or return to mother clay."</p>
+
+<p>After a description of the fight, we have the following warning in the
+tenth stanza:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem10">
+  <span class="min33em">"</span>Let the horrors of this day to the foe a warning be,<br>
+   That the Lord is with the South, that His arm is with the free;<br>
+   That her soil is pure and spotless as her clear and sunny sky,<br>
+   And he who dare pollute it on her soil shall basely die;<br>
+   For His fiat hath gone forth, e'en among the Hessian horde,<br>
+   That the South has got His blessing, for the South is of the Lord."</p>
+
+<p>The New Orleans <i>Picayune</i> had an "Ode on the Meeting of the Southern
+Congress, by Henry Timrod," which opened in the following lofty
+lines:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem15">
+  <span class="min33em">"</span>Hath not the morning dawned with added light!<br>
+   And will not evening call another star<br>
+   Out of the infinite regions of the night<br>
+   To mark this day in Heaven? At last, we are<br>
+   A nation among nations; and the world<br>
+   Shall soon behold, in many a distant port,<br>
+<span class="add3em">Another flag unfurled!"</span></p>
+
+<p>This poet gave the following contrast between the North and South:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem15">
+  <span class="min33em">"</span>Look where we will, we cannot find a ground<br>
+<span class="add3em">For any mournful song!</span><br>
+   Call up the clashing elements around,<br>
+<span class="add3em">And test the right and wrong!</span><br>
+   On one side,&mdash;pledges broken, creeds that lie,<br>
+   Religion sunk in vague philosophy;<br>
+   Empty professions; Pharisaic leaven;<br>
+   Souls that would sell their birth-right in the sky;<br>
+   Philanthropists who pass the beggar by,<br>
+   And laws which controvert the laws of Heaven!<br>
+   And, on the other, first, a righteous cause!<br>
+<span class="add3em">Then, honor without flaws,</span><br>
+   Truth, Bible reverence, charitable wealth,<br>
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page088" name="page088"></a>(p. 088)</span> And for the poor and humble, laws which give<br>
+   Not the mean right to buy the right to live,<br>
+<span class="add3em">But life, home and health.</span><br>
+   To doubt the issue were distrust in God!<br>
+   If in his providence He had decreed<br>
+   That, to the peace for which we pray,<br>
+   Through the Red Sea of War must lie our way,<br>
+   Doubt not, O-brothers, we shall find at need<br>
+<span class="add3em">A Moses with his rod!"</span></p>
+
+<p>The Vicksburg <i>Citizen</i> had thirty stanzas rehearsing the events of
+the year 1861. Two or three selections will be sufficient to show that
+the muse halted a little now and then:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem15">
+<p><span class="min33em">"</span>Last year's holidays had scarcely passed,<br>
+   Before momentous events came thick and fast;<br>
+   Mississippi on the 9th of January went out,<br>
+   Determined to stand strong, firm and stout.</p>
+
+<p class="wspaced3em">* * * * *</p>
+
+<p><span class="min33em">"</span>Major Anderson would not evacuate Sumter,<br>
+   When Gen. Beauregard made him surrender,&mdash;<br>
+   And sent him home to his abolition master,<br>
+   Upon a trot, if not a little faster.</p>
+
+<p><span class="min33em">"</span>Then Old Abe Lincoln got awful mad,<br>
+   Because his luck had turned out so bad;<br>
+   And he grasped his old-fashioned steel pen,<br>
+   And ordered out seventy-five thousand men.</p>
+
+<p><span class="min33em">"</span>May the Almighty smile on our Southern race,<br>
+   May Liberty and Independence grow apace,<br>
+   May our Liberties this year be achieved,<br>
+   And our distress and sorrow graciously relieved."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The bombardment of Island No. 10 commenced on the 9th of March, and
+continued nearly a month. General Pope moving overland, captured New
+Madrid, planted his guns, and had the Rebel steamboats in a trap. The
+naval action of March 17th was grand beyond description. The mortars
+were in full play. The Cincinnati, Benton, and St. Louis were lashed
+together, and anchored with their bows down stream. The Carondelet and
+Mound City were placed in position to give a cross-fire with the other
+three, while the Pittsburg was held in reserve.</p>
+
+<p>It was past one o'clock in the afternoon of as beautiful a <span class="pagenum"><a id="page089" name="page089"></a>(p. 089)</span>
+day as ever dawned upon the earth, when a ball of bunting went up to
+the top of the Benton's flagstaff, and fluttered out into the battle
+signal. Then came a flash, a belching of smoke from her bows, a roar
+and reverberation rolling far away,&mdash;a screaming in the air, a tossing
+up of earth and an explosion in the Rebel works.</p>
+
+<p>The highest artistic skill cannot portray the scene of that
+afternoon,&mdash;the flashes and flames,&mdash;the great white clouds, mounting
+above the boats, and floating majestically away over the dark gray
+forests,&mdash;the mortars throwing up vast columns of sulphurous cloud,
+which widen, expand, and roll forward in fantastic folds,&mdash;the shells
+one after another in swift succession rising, rotating, rushing upward
+and onward, sailing a thousand feet high, their course tracking a
+light gossamer trail, which becomes a beautiful parabola, and then the
+terrific explosion,&mdash;a flash, a handful of cloud, a strange whirring
+of the ragged fragments of iron hurled upwards, outwards, and
+downwards, crashing through the forests!</p>
+
+<p>I was favored with a position on the Silver Wave steamer, lying just
+above the Benton, her wheels slowly turning to keep her in position to
+run down and help the gunboats if by chance they were disabled. The
+Rebel batteries on the mainland and on the Island, the Rebel steamers
+wandering up and down like rats in a cage, were in full view. With my
+glass I could see all that took place in and around the nearest
+battery. Columns of water were thrown up by the shot from the
+gunboats, like the first gush from the hose of a steam fire-engine,
+which falls in rainbow-colored spray. There were little splashes in
+the stream when the fragments of shell dropped from the sky. Round
+shot skipped along the surface of the river, tearing through the Rebel
+works, filling the air with sticks, timbers, earth, and branches of
+trees, as if a thunderbolt had fallen. There were explosions followed
+by volumes of smoke rising from the ground like the mists of a summer
+morning. There was a hissing, crackling, and thundering explosion in
+front and rear and overhead. But there were plucky men in the fort,
+who at intervals came out from their bomb-proof, and sent back a
+defiant answer. There was a flash, a volume of smoke, a hissing as if
+a flying fiery serpent were sailing through the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page090" name="page090"></a>(p. 090)</span> air, growing
+louder, clearer, nearer, more fearful and terrific, crashing into the
+Benton, tearing up the iron plating, cutting off beams, splintering
+planks, smashing the crockery in the pantry, and breaking up the
+Admiral's writing-desk.</p>
+
+<p class="poem25">
+  <span class="min33em">"</span>Howling and screeching and whizzing,<br>
+<span class="add1em">The bomb-shells arched on high,</span><br>
+   And then, like fiery meteors,<br>
+<span class="add1em">Dropped swiftly from the sky."</span></p>
+
+<p>All through the sunny hours, till evening, the gunboats maintained
+their position. While around the bright flashes, clouds of smoke, and
+heavy thunderings brought to mind the gorgeous imagery of Revelation,
+descriptive of the last judgment.</p>
+
+<p>While the bombardment was at its height, I received a package of
+letters, intrusted to my care. There was one postmarked from a town in
+Maine, directed to a sailor on the St. Louis. Jumping on board a tug,
+which was conveying ammunition to the gunboats, I visited the vessel
+to distribute the letters. A gun had burst during the action, killing
+and wounding several of the crew. It was a sad scene. There were the
+dead,&mdash;two of them killed instantly, and one of them the brave fellow
+from Maine. Captain Paulding opened the letter, and found it to be
+from one who had confided to the noble sailor her heart's
+affections,&mdash;who was looking forward to the time when the war would be
+over, and they would be happy together as husband and wife.</p>
+
+<p>"Poor girl! I shall have to write her sad news," said the captain.</p>
+
+<p>Day after day and night after night the siege was kept up, till it
+grew exceedingly monotonous. I became so accustomed to the pounding
+that, though the thirteen-inch mortars were not thirty rods distant
+from my quarters, I was not wakened by the tremendous explosions.
+Commodore Foote found it very difficult to fight down stream, as the
+water was very high, flooding all the country. Colonel Bissell, of
+General Pope's army, proposed the cutting of a canal through the
+woods, to enable the gunboats to reach New Madrid. It was an Herculean
+undertaking. A light-draft transport was rigged for <span class="pagenum"><a id="page091" name="page091"></a>(p. 091)</span> the
+enterprise. Machinery was attached to the donkey-engine of the steamer
+by which immense cotton-wood trees were sawed off four feet under
+water.</p>
+
+<p>There was something very enchanting in the operation,&mdash;to steam out
+from the main river, over corn-fields and pasture lands, into the dark
+forests, threading a narrow and intricate channel, across the
+country,&mdash;past the Rebel batteries. A transport was taken through, and
+a tugboat, but the channel was not deep enough for the gunboats.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Stembel, commanding the Benton,&mdash;a brave and competent
+officer, Commodore Foote's right-hand man,&mdash;proposed to run the
+batteries by night to New Madrid, capture the Rebel steamer which Pope
+had caught in a trap, then turning head up stream take the Rebel
+batteries in reverse. The Commodore hesitated. He was cautious as well
+as brave. At length he accepted the plan, and sent the Pittsburg and
+Carondelet past the batteries at night. It was a bold undertaking, but
+accomplished without damage to the gunboats. The current was swift and
+strong, and they went with the speed of a race-horse.</p>
+
+<p>Their presence at New Madrid was hailed with joy by the troops. Four
+steamboats had worked their way through the canal. A regiment was
+taken on board each boat. The Rebels had a battery on the other side
+of the river at Watson's Landing, which was speedily silenced by the
+two gunboats. The troops landed, and under General Paine drove the
+Rebels from their camp, who fled in confusion, throwing away their
+guns, knapsacks, and clothing.</p>
+
+<p>General Pope sent over the balance of his troops, and with his whole
+force moved upon General Mackall, the Rebel commander, who surrendered
+his entire command, consisting of nearly seven thousand prisoners, one
+hundred and twenty three guns, and an immense amount of supplies.</p>
+
+<p>The troops of General Paine's brigade came across a farm yard which
+was well stocked with poultry, and helped themselves. The farmer's
+wife visited the General's head-quarters to enter a complaint.</p>
+
+<p>"They are stealing all my chickens, General! I sha'n't have one
+left," she exclaimed, excitedly.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page092" name="page092"></a>(p. 092)</span> "I am exceedingly sorry, ma'am," said the General, with great
+courtesy; "but we are going to put down the rebellion if it takes
+every chicken in the State of Tennessee!"</p>
+
+<p>The woman retired, evidently regarding the Yankees as a race of
+vandals.</p>
+
+<a id="img016" name="img016"></a>
+<div class="p4 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img016.jpg" width="500" height="343" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">East Tennessee refugees.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page093" name="page093"></a>(p. 093)</span> CHAPTER VII.<br>
+PITTSBURG LANDING, FORT PILLOW, AND MEMPHIS.</h2>
+
+
+<span class="sidedate">April, 1862.</span>
+
+<p>The battle of Pittsburg Landing, or Shiloh as it is sometimes called,
+was fought on the 6th and 7th of April. It was a contest which has
+scarcely been surpassed for manhood, pluck, endurance, and heroism. In
+proportion to the numbers engaged the loss in killed and wounded was
+as great as that of any battle of the war. The disasters to the Rebel
+cause in Tennessee moved Davis to hurry reinforcements to Corinth,
+which was the new base of Johnston's operations. Beauregard was sent
+into the department. He had the reputation of being a great commander,
+because he commanded the Rebel batteries in the attack on Sumter, and
+had received the glory of winning the victory at Bull Run. Time is the
+test of honor. Men, like the stars, have their hours of rising and
+setting. He was in the zenith of his fame.</p>
+
+<p>Albert Sydney Johnston was still in command, but he was induced to
+move from Corinth to Pittsburg Landing and attack Grant before Buell,
+who was slowly moving across the country from Nashville, could join
+him.</p>
+
+<p>Buell marched with great deliberation. He even gave express orders
+that there should be six miles' space between the divisions of his
+army. The position at Pittsburg Landing was chosen by General Smith,
+as being a convenient base for a movement upon Corinth. It had some
+natural advantages for defence,&mdash;Lick Creek and a ravine above the
+Landing,&mdash;but nothing was done towards erecting barricades or
+breastworks. There are writers who maintain that the attack of the
+Rebels was expected; but if expected, would not prudence have dictated
+the slashing of trees, the erection of breastworks, and a regular
+disposition of the forces? On Friday and Saturday the Rebel cavalry
+appeared in our front, but were easily driven back towards Corinth.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page094" name="page094"></a>(p. 094)</span> Nothing was done towards strengthening the line; no orders
+were issued in anticipation of a battle till the pickets were attacked
+on Sunday morning, while the troops were cooking their coffee, and
+while many of the officers were in bed.</p>
+
+<p>Pittsburg is the nearest point to Corinth on the river. The road winds
+up the bank, passes along the edge of a deep ravine, leading
+southwest. It forks a half-mile from the Landing, the left-hand path
+leading to Hamburg up the river, and the main road leading to Shiloh
+Church, four miles from the Landing. The accompanying sketch of the
+church was taken the week after the battle, with the head-quarter
+tents of General Sherman around it. Its architecture is exceedingly
+primitive. It is a fair type of the inertness of the people of that
+region at the time. It is about twenty-five or thirty feet square,
+built of logs, without pulpit or pews, with rude benches for seats.
+Once it was chinked with clay, but the rains have washed out the
+mortar, and the wind comes in through all the crevices. It is
+thoroughly ventilated. It would make a good corn-crib for an Illinois
+farmer.</p>
+
+<p>A brook meanders through the forest, furnishing water for the
+worshipping assemblies. South of the church, and across the brook, is
+a clearing,&mdash;an old farm-house where Beauregard wrote his despatch to
+Jeff Davis on Sunday night, announcing a great victory. There are
+other little clearings, which have been long under cultivation. The
+people were too indolent to make new openings in the forest, where
+centuries of mould had accumulated. The country was but little further
+advanced than when Daniel Boone passed through the Cumberland Gap.
+Civilization came and made a beginning; but the blight of slavery was
+there. How the tillage and culture of New England or Ohio would crown
+those swells of land with sheaves of grain! What corn and clover
+fields, pastures of honeysuckle, gardens of roses! Within four miles
+of one of the most beautiful rivers in the world,&mdash;in a country
+needing only industry to make it a paradise,&mdash;the mourning dove filled
+the air with its plaintive notes in the depths of an almost unbroken
+forest, while the few people, shiftless and destitute of the comforts
+of civilization, knew no better than to fight against their own best
+interests.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page095" name="page095"></a>(p. 095)</span> The majority of the poor whites of the South are very
+ignorant. Few of them have ever attended school. In Tennessee, by the
+census of 1850, there were more than seventy thousand native-born
+American adults who could not read. Not one half of the prisoners
+captured at Donelson could read or write. While the army was lying
+before Corinth, I visited a Mississippi school-house,&mdash;a log building
+chinked with mud, covered with long split oak shingles. It had a huge
+fireplace, built of stones, and a chimney laid up with sticks and mud.
+There were openings for two windows, but frames, sash, and glass all
+were wanting. There was no floor but the beaten earth,&mdash;no desks.
+Stakes were driven into the ground, upon which slabs of oak were laid
+for seats. The teacher's desk was a large dry-goods box.</p>
+
+<p>The State of North Carolina, with a white population of five hundred
+and fifty-three thousand, had eighty thousand native whites, over
+twenty years of age, who had never attended school. In the State of
+Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama, five
+States having a population of two million six hundred and seventy
+thousand, there were two hundred and sixty-two thousand native-born
+Americans, over twenty years of age, unable to read or write!</p>
+
+<p>It will be no easy matter to awaken aspirations in the minds of this
+class. They have been so long inert, so long taught to believe that
+labor is degrading, that rapid progress of Southern society cannot be
+expected immediately, unless emigration infuses a new vitality into
+the community.</p>
+
+<p>Ignorance was on the increase throughout the South. Public schools
+were of little value where they existed, and the county was so
+sparsely settled in many places there were not scholars enough to form
+one. The school fund arising from the sale of public lands was often
+appropriated to other uses. In Arkansas it had been squandered by
+worthless officials. The planters and wealthy farmers employed
+teachers in their families. Before the war, thousands of young ladies
+from the North were thus engaged. They sat at the planter's table and
+associated with his daughters; but, however intelligent, refined, or
+agreeable they might be, they were not admitted as their equals in
+society. Such teaching as they received, although the teacher
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page096" name="page096"></a>(p. 096)</span> might be faithful, was of little account. The children, proud
+and haughty, daily hearing of the inferiority of the people of the
+North, were not always disposed to receive instruction, much less to
+submit to correction, at the hands of a "Yankee schoolma'am." To be
+chivalrous, courteous, high-minded, and generous toward woman has ever
+been the boast of the men of the South; but, during the months
+immediately preceding the outbreak of the Rebellion, insulting and
+abusive language was freely uttered in the presence of Northern
+ladies. There was rudeness not only of language, but in some instances
+of action. The young bloods of the aristocracy, learning to crow as
+they heard the old cocks, not unfrequently rose in rebellion against
+the authority of the teacher. Especially was this the case with
+teachers employed in the public schools. A Yankee schoolmaster or
+schoolmistress was one who could be insulted with impunity; and so
+bitter was the hatred, that, weeks before the first gun was fired at
+Sumter, Northern teachers were forced to leave their schools and
+retire from the Confederacy.</p>
+
+<a id="img017" name="img017"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img017.jpg" width="500" height="364" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">A Mississippi school-house.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>To General Sherman more than to any division commander is credit due
+for the victory at Pittsburg Landing. When the first volley of
+musketry reverberated through the forest on Sunday morning he leaped
+into his saddle. He was conspicuous everywhere, riding along the lines
+regardless of the bullets which riddled his clothes. Early in the
+battle he was wounded in the wrist, but wrapping a bandage round his
+arm, continued in the field. Three horses were shot under him. He was
+a conspicuous mark for the Rebel riflemen. His fearless example was
+inspiring to the men. And so through the long hours of the day he was
+able to hold his position by the church, till the giving way of
+Prentiss and Hurlburt, nearer the river, made it necessary to fall
+back. Here Grant first exhibited those qualities of character which
+have made him the great military commander of the age. "We will beat
+them yet. They can't pass this ravine," were his words of
+encouragement as he selected the final line, leading to the landing.
+The contest was virtually decided at five o'clock on Sunday afternoon,
+when Breckenridge attempted to cross the gorge near the river and was
+hurled back with great loss. Johnston and Beauregard made <span class="pagenum"><a id="page097" name="page097"></a>(p. 097)</span>
+a great mistake in attacking at a point within reach of the gunboats.
+Had they come in on the Purdy road, between Shiloh Church and Crump's
+Landing, in all human probability there would have been a far
+different record for the historians of the future. Had they attacked
+northwest of the church instead of south of it, they would have taken
+Grant in reverse, and forced him to change the whole front of his
+army; they would have had no ravine to cross, would have been beyond
+reach of the gunboats, and would have stood a fair chance of cutting
+off Lewis Wallace, who was at Crump's Landing, from all connection
+with the main army.</p>
+
+<p>The defeat of the Rebels was decisive, and yet Beauregard sent the
+following despatch to Richmond:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p class="right10">
+  "<span class="smcap">Corinth</span>, April 8th, 1862.</p>
+<p>"<span class="smcap">To the Secretary of War at Richmond</span>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"We have gained a great and glorious victory. Eight to ten
+     thousand prisoners, and thirty-six pieces of cannon. Buell
+     reinforced Grant, and we retired to our entrenchments at Corinth,
+     which we can hold. Loss heavy on both sides.</p>
+
+<p class="right10">"BEAUREGARD."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the same day he sent a flag of truce to General Grant with the
+following message, also asking leave to bury the Confederate dead:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"Sir, at the close of the conflict yesterday, my forces being
+     exhausted by the extraordinary length of the time during which
+     they were engaged with yours on that and the preceding day, and
+     it being apparent that you had received and were still receiving
+     reinforcement, I felt it my duty to withdraw my troops from the
+     immediate scene of the conflict."</p>
+
+<p>From Shiloh to the close of the war, Beauregard's popularity was on
+the wane, and the Southern people lost confidence in him. I was at
+Island No. 10 when the battle was fought, but joined the army the week
+after.</p>
+
+<p>As the army moved towards Corinth, there was abundant evidence that
+the defeat of the Rebels was most disastrous,&mdash;that their retreat was
+hasty. Blankets, knapsacks, haversacks, here and there muskets,
+wagons, one overturned in a slough, one with its tongue broken, tents,
+harnesses, oats, corn, flour, tent-poles, were confusedly scattered
+along the way. The carcasses <span class="pagenum"><a id="page098" name="page098"></a>(p. 098)</span> of dead horses tainted the air.
+There were piles of earth newly heaped above those who died from their
+wounds. They fled in a fright on Monday night. I came unexpectedly
+upon a little log-hut, on a by-path leading toward Monterey. Two of
+McCook's cavalry rode up in advance of me. A widow woman, middle aged,
+with a little girl and two little boys occupied it. She kindly gave me
+a drink of water, and informed me that there were three Confederate
+wounded in the other room. I looked in upon them for a moment.
+Suffering had wasted them, and they had no disposition to talk of the
+past or the future. The good woman had been kind to them, but she had
+seen a great deal of sorrow. On Monday night one hundred wounded were
+brought to her house. Her two horses had been seized by the Rebels,
+her corn eaten, and no equivalent returned. She conversed
+unreservedly; deplored the war, and wished it over. There were seven
+new-made graves in her garden, and in her door-yard a heap of cinders
+and ashes, and charred brands,&mdash;fragments of wagons and tent-poles. On
+the upper Corinth road fifty wounded were lying, cared for by our
+surgeons.</p>
+
+<p>I recall some of the scenes of the movement upon Corinth. Here is an
+open forest, undulating land with little or no underbrush; thousands
+of wagons, all plodding on, not in slow, easy motion, but by fits and
+starts, with cutting, slashing, shouting, swearing, a chorus of
+profanity resounding through the forests. A mule sticks fast; he
+tumbles; his mate falls upon him. The drivers become enraged; then
+follows a general <i>mel�e</i>, a long halt, frantic attempts to start
+again, an unloading and reloading. Other trains in the rear, tired of
+waiting, turn to the right or left, perhaps to pass the little slough
+safely, only to meet with a similar mishap ten rods farther along. A
+battery struggles along, with twelve horses attached to a single piece
+of artillery. The entire forest is cut up by passing teams. Mingled
+with the thousands of wagons are regiments. They, too, are in
+confusion. Buell's and Grant's forces have become mixed. The divisions
+have been ordered to move, but evidently with no prearranged system.
+As far as the eye can see it is one grand hurly-burly,&mdash;one frantic
+struggle to make headway,&mdash;and this for a half-dozen miles. What a
+waste of horse-flesh! <span class="pagenum"><a id="page099" name="page099"></a>(p. 099)</span> Here are six mules attempting to draw
+six boxes of bread,&mdash;weight perhaps six hundred pounds. The cavalry
+bring out their supplies on horses, each cavalryman bringing a bag of
+oats. There is cursing, swearing, pounding. The army in Flanders could
+not have been more profane. The brutality of the drivers is terrible.
+A miserable fellow, destitute of sense and humanity, strikes a mule
+over the head, felling the animal to the ground. Noble horses are
+remorselessly cut up by these fiendish beings in human form. There is
+no check upon their cruelty. You see dead horses everywhere. All the
+finer sensibilities become callous. One must see, but not feel. There
+would be pleasure in snatching a whip from the hands of these savages
+and giving them a dose of their own medicine.</p>
+
+<p>General Halleck advanced with extreme caution. He built four lines of
+breastworks, each line nearly ten miles long, so that if driven from
+one he could fall back to another. He sunk deep wells for water, he
+was preparing to be besieged instead of opening a siege.</p>
+
+<p>He doubted all the reports of his scouts,&mdash;disbelieved the stories of
+negroes who came to him,&mdash;issued Order No. 57, that all "unauthorized
+persons" in his lines should be sent out, especially fugitive
+slaves,&mdash;threw up redoubts, dragged his heavy siege-guns through the
+mud from the Landing,&mdash;planted them behind sodded earthworks, erected
+bomb-proof magazines,&mdash;issued his final orders to his army of an
+hundred thousand men,&mdash;opened fire from his heavy guns,&mdash;threw forward
+his skirmishers, and found&mdash;a deserted town!</p>
+
+<p>Joining the fleet upon the Mississippi once more on the 3d of June, I
+found Commodore (now Admiral) Davis in command, Admiral Foote having
+been relieved at his own request. His wound was painful, and he was so
+debilitated that he was unable to discharge his duties. The idea was
+generally entertained that the Rebels had evacuated Fort Pillow. The
+evacuation of Corinth was the basis for expectation of such an event.
+Fires were seen over the point on the bluffs and beyond, toward
+Randolph. Of course no one could say what was burning, but from the
+past conduct of Rebels, it was reasonable to suppose that the
+evacuation had taken place, inasmuch as there was an <span class="pagenum"><a id="page100" name="page100"></a>(p. 100)</span> ominous
+silence of Rebel batteries. But they suddenly waked up. Ascending to
+the pilot-house of the steamer, I could see handfuls of white cloud
+above and beyond the dense foliage of the forest. Then there came a
+dull, heavy roar,&mdash;boom&mdash;boom&mdash;boom,&mdash;and the nearer explosion of the
+shells which burst in the air above our gunboats. Not evacuated! They
+were there lively as ever.</p>
+
+<p>This sudden and unexpected demonstration aroused Captain Maynadier,
+and right merrily answered the mortars till noon. Then there was a
+respite, while the mortar crews sat down beneath the dark green
+foliage of the forest, sheltered from the burning sun, and ate their
+rations, and rested the while.</p>
+
+<p>Seven or eight miles below Craighead Point is Lanier's plantation. The
+proprietor being a Secessionist, burned his cotton, but for some cause
+he had lost faith, or pretended to lose faith, in the Confederacy, and
+desired to be permitted to return to his comfortable home, there to
+remain unmolested. He sent a note to Colonel Fitch, commanding the
+land forces, soliciting an interview. His request was granted, and he
+so ingratiated himself into Colonel Fitch's good feeling that he
+became again an occupant of his homestead.</p>
+
+<p>Subsequently it was ascertained that he was supplying the Rebel fleet
+with ice, spring chickens, garden vegetables, &amp;c. It was decided to
+spring a trap upon the gentlemen of the Southern navy. A small party
+was sent out by Colonel Fitch, which reached the locality
+undiscovered. After a few minutes' reconnoissance, eight men were
+discovered helping themselves to ice in Mr. Lanier's ice-cellar. They
+were surprised. One resisted, but was shot, and the rest, after a
+short parleying, surrendered. They were brought to the Benton, but
+were very uncommunicative and sour.</p>
+
+<p>The loss of a lieutenant and seven men was not well relished at Fort
+Pillow. Soon after noon the guns on the bluff commenced a vigorous but
+random fire, as if ammunition cost nothing, and it were mere pastime
+to burn powder and hurl shell over the point at our fleet. It was very
+pleasant to see the round shot plump into the water all around our
+gunboats, with an occasional shell puffing into cloud overhead, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page101" name="page101"></a>(p. 101)</span> raining fragments of iron into the river,&mdash;for with such
+random firing, there was but little danger of being hit.</p>
+
+<p>The day had been hot and sultry, but just before nightfall a huge bank
+of clouds rolled up in the western horizon, and burst with the fury of
+a tornado upon the fleet. Some of the transports dragged their anchors
+before the gale, but all kept up steam; they were not long in making
+head against the breeze. There was but little rain, but a dense cloud
+of dust was whirled up from the sandbars.</p>
+
+<p>I was surprised to see, when the storm was at its height, two of our
+rams steam rapidly down to the point and turn their prows towards the
+Rebel batteries. They disappeared in the whirling dust-cloud,
+vanishing from sight like ships at sea when night comes on. They
+steamed swiftly down the stream and turned Craighead Point.</p>
+
+<p>Their mission, at such a moment, was to take advantage of the
+storm,&mdash;of the enveloping dust-cloud,&mdash;to ascertain what the Rebels
+were doing. We could hear the sudden waking up of heavy guns,&mdash;those
+that had spoken to us in the past,&mdash;just as, in high party times,
+great orators hold forth the night before election. The rams were
+discovered, and at once the batteries were in a blaze. Then they
+quietly steamed across the bend, in face of the batteries, turned
+their prows up stream, and appeared in sight once more. Onward rolled
+the cloud, and the Rebel cannon belched and thundered, firing shot at
+random into the river. Bang&mdash;bang&mdash;bang,&mdash;two or three at a
+time,&mdash;roared the guns. It was amusing, laughable, to see the rams
+returning, and hear the uproar below.</p>
+
+<p>The dust-cloud, with its fine, misty rain, rolled away. The sun shone
+once more, and bridged the Mississippi with a gorgeous rainbow. While
+admiring it, a Rebel gunboat poked her nose around the point. Then,
+after a little hesitancy, her entire body, to see what we were up to.
+She was a black craft, bearing the flag of the Confederacy. Seeing how
+far off we were, she steamed boldly past the point, up stream far
+enough to get a sight of the entire Federal fleet; turned slowly,
+placed her head downward, to be ready for a quick run home, if need
+be; then turned her paddles against the current, and surveyed us
+leisurely. The Mound City and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page102" name="page102"></a>(p. 102)</span> Cairo being nearest, opened
+fire upon the craft. A signal was run up from the Benton, and
+immediately from the chimneys of the entire fleet rose heavy columns
+of blackest smoke, which mingled with the white puffs of steam, and
+rolled away into the blackness of the receding storm. The sun had gone
+down.</p>
+
+<p>Unheeding the shot falling close at her bows, or whistling over her
+decks, the steamer took her own time and slowly descended the stream
+and disappeared beyond the jutting headland.</p>
+
+<p>At sunset on the 4th of June, the Rebel batteries opened a fierce and
+sudden fire upon the gunboats. Then there came heavy explosions,
+rising columns of smoke, faint and white at first, but increasing in
+volume and blackness. Another,&mdash;a third, a fourth,&mdash;expanding into one
+broad column, all along the height occupied by the Rebel batteries.
+Daylight was fading away, the lurid flames filled the southern sky,
+and a heaving, surging bank of smoke and flame laid along the
+tree-tops of the intervening forest. Occasionally there were flashes
+and faint explosions, and sudden puffs of smoke, spreading out like
+flakes of cotton or fleeces of whitest wool. This was all we could
+see. We were ignorant of what was feeding the flames, whether steamers
+or bales of cotton, or barracks or tents or houses, but were sure that
+it was a burning of that which had cost a pile of Confederate notes.
+After taking possession of the works in the morning, the fleet pursued
+the retreating Rebels down the river.</p>
+
+<p>It was dark when we came to anchor four miles above the city of
+Memphis on the 5th of June.</p>
+
+<a id="img018" name="img018"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img018.jpg" width="500" height="322" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Gunboats in line.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>"I think that we shall have a lively time in the morning," said the
+Admiral. My own quarters were on board of the J. H. Dickey, which lay
+a mile up stream. I was astir before daylight on the 6th. The air was
+clear,&mdash;the sky without a cloud. The stars were fading in the west,
+and the columns of light were rising in the east. The gunboats&mdash;five
+of them&mdash;were in a line across the stream, with the steam escaping
+from their pipes. The city was in full view. People were gathering
+upon the banks gazing upon the fleet. A dark column of smoke rose
+from above the green foliage of the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page103" name="page103"></a>(p. 103)</span> forest opposite the
+city, but whether produced by burning buildings or by the Rebel fleet,
+was wholly a matter of conjecture.</p>
+
+<p>The tugboat Jessie Benton, tender to the Admiral, came up to the
+advance boat, which was lying by our side.</p>
+
+<p>"The Admiral thinks that the Rebel fleet is below the city, and that
+we are to have a fight. You can go down if you want to," said the
+captain.</p>
+
+<p>I was on board in an instant, leaving the other gentlemen of the press
+asleep in their state-room. The soldiers were heaving the anchors as
+we approached the fleet, shouting in chorus, "Yeave ho! yeave ho!" The
+drummer-boys were beating to quarters, the marines were mustering,
+officers and sailors all were busy.</p>
+
+<p>The Admiral was standing on the upper deck with Captain Phelps,
+commanding the Benton, by his side. The Admiral is a tall,
+well-proportioned man, about fifty years old, with gray hair and blue
+eyes. He is a perfect gentleman,&mdash;kind, courteous, and affable, not
+only to his officers, but to the crews. Captain Phelps is shorter, and
+smaller in stature. His features are sharply cut. He stands erect,
+looks upon the preparations with keen eyes, giving orders with
+precision and promptness. The Benton in a few moments is ready for
+action, so quickly are his orders executed.</p>
+
+<p>"Drop down toward the city, sir, and see if you can discover the Rebel
+fleet," is the word of the Admiral to our captain.</p>
+
+<p>We pass through the fleet, and move slowly down stream, followed by
+the Benton and Carondelet, which drift with the current.</p>
+
+<span class="sidedate">June, 1862.</span>
+
+<p>The sun was beginning to gild the spires of the city, and its slant
+rays came streaming over the waters into our faces. Men, women, and
+children were gathering upon the levee, on foot, on horseback, and in
+carriages. The crowd became more dense. Were they assembling to
+welcome us? Should we steam down to them, and ask them what they
+thought of the Rebellion? The Rebel flag was flying from the cupola of
+the court-house, and from a tall flagstaff on the levee. I remembered
+that on the 6th of May, thirteen months before, on the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page104" name="page104"></a>(p. 104)</span>
+evening after the secession of the State, the people had torn down the
+stars and stripes, borne them out to the suburbs of the city, dug a
+grave, and buried the flag, trampling it in the mire!</p>
+
+<p>Suddenly a Rebel gunboat steamed out into the stream, from the shelter
+of the Arkansas woods;&mdash;another,&mdash;another,&mdash;till eight had ranged
+themselves in two lines of battle. "Helm aport!" shouted our captain
+to the pilot, and we were rushing up stream again. The Admiral was not
+quite ready for action, and the Benton and Carondelet returned to
+their original position.</p>
+
+<p>The appearance of the Rebel fleet,&mdash;the orderly formation of the
+battle line,&mdash;looked like work. The affair of the 10th of May, when
+the Rebel gunboats stole round Craighead Point above Fort Pillow, and
+sunk the Cincinnati, was sufficiently spirited to warrant the
+supposition that an engagement would be desperate. Several of the
+Rebel boats were fitted out at Memphis, and were manned by the old
+rivermen of that city, who would fight with great bravery under the
+eyes of their fellow-citizens, their wives and sweethearts.</p>
+
+<p>"Let the sailors have breakfast," said the Admiral, who believed in
+fighting on a full stomach. I took mine on deck,&mdash;a cup of coffee,
+hard-tack, and a slice of salt junk,&mdash;for the movements in front of
+the city were too interesting to be lost sight of. The Little Rebel,
+the flag-ship of Commodore Montgomery, was passing from boat to boat.
+With my glass I could see the officers of the vessels. Montgomery was
+issuing his final orders.</p>
+
+<p>Suddenly the Rebel fleet began to move up stream. A flag went up to
+the head of the Benton's flagstaff. It was the signal to be ready for
+action. Sailors dropped their plates, knives and forks, and sprang to
+their guns. The Benton was nearest the Tennessee shore, then the
+Carondelet, the St. Louis, Louisville, and Cairo. Our own little tug
+was close by the flag-ship, keeping its place in the stream by the
+slow working of its engine.</p>
+
+<p>The Rebel fleet was composed of the Van Dorn, General Price, General
+Bragg, Jeff Thompson, General Lovell, General Beauregard, Sumter, and
+Little Rebel,&mdash;all gunboats <span class="pagenum"><a id="page105" name="page105"></a>(p. 105)</span> and all rams, built expressly
+with a view of butting our fleet out of existence. The Beauregard was
+nearest the shore, next the Little Rebel, then the General Price, next
+the General Bragg and the General Beauregard, which composed the front
+line. Immediately in rear was the General Lovell, near the Memphis
+shore, her position being directly in front of the city wharf boat;
+next the Van Dorn, then the Jeff Thompson, and lastly the Sumter.</p>
+
+<p>How strange, peculiar, and indescribable are one's feelings when going
+into battle! There is a light-heartedness,&mdash;a quickening of all the
+springs of life. There is thrill in every nerve,&mdash;an exhilaration of
+spirit,&mdash;a tension of every fibre. You see every movement, hear every
+sound, and think not only of what is before you, but of home, of the
+loved ones there,&mdash;of the possibility that you may never behold them
+again. Some men review their lives, and ask themselves if they have
+left anything undone which ought to have been done,&mdash;if their lives
+have been complete.</p>
+
+<p>The Little Rebel was opposite the Benton. There was a flash,&mdash;a puff
+of smoke from her side,&mdash;a screaming of something unseen in the air
+over my head,&mdash;a frightful sound. The shot fell far in our rear.
+Another puff from the Beauregard, and the shot fell near the Benton. A
+third came from the General Price, aimed at the Carondelet, passed
+very near her larboard ports, and almost took our own boat in the bow.
+My fear was all gone. I was in the fight. There was no possibility of
+escaping from it. Wherever the boat went I must go. I should be just
+as safe to keep cool as to be excited. Besides, it was a new
+experience,&mdash;a new sight,&mdash;a grand exhibition. Interest, curiosity,
+and reason mastered fear. I sat down in an arm-chair on the deck
+beside the pilot-house, and made rapid notes of all that I saw. I
+transcribe them:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>5.40 <span class="smcap">A. M.</span> Cairo opens with a stern gun,&mdash;shot strikes close under
+hull of Little Rebel. Our boats' bows up stream. Rebels advancing
+slowly. Bang&mdash;bang&mdash;bang&mdash;bang from each of the vessels. A whole
+broadside from Cairo. Another from Louisville. Air full of strange
+noises. Shells burst overhead. Pieces raining all round us. Columns of
+water tossed up. Both fleets enveloped in smoke. Very little wind.
+Splinters <span class="pagenum"><a id="page106" name="page106"></a>(p. 106)</span> thrown out from General Price. Can see a shot-hole
+with my glass. Rebel fleet half-mile distant. Comes to a stand still.
+6.00. Queen of the West cutting loose from shore. Monarch also. Great
+black clouds of smoke rolling up from their stacks. Steam hissing from
+their pipes. Commodore Ellet on the Queen. Stands beside the
+pilot-house. Sharpshooters looking from loop-holes. Queen wheels out
+into stream. Passes between Benton and Carondelet. Are near enough to
+say good morning to Commodore Ellet and wish him success. Monarch
+following Queen, passing between Cairo and St. Louis. 6.25. Rebels
+moving down stream. 6.35. Signal from Benton to round to and come to
+close quarters. Queen surging ahead under full speed. Ploughs a wide
+furrow. Aiming for Beauregard. Rebel fleet all opening on her. Shot
+crash through her. Exciting scene. Sharpshooters at work. Beauregard
+puts her helm down. Sheers off. Queen rushes by. Has missed her aim.
+Coming round in a curve. Strikes the General Price. Tremendous crash.
+Men jumping into water. Beauregard falling upon Queen of the West.
+Another crash. Monarch close at hand. Smashes into Beauregard.
+Cracking of rifles and muskets. Queen of the West sinking. Monarch
+throwing out a warp. Towing her ashore. Benton close upon the General
+Lovell. Shot strikes Lovell in bow. Rips from stem to stern. Water
+full of timber and fragments. Lovell sinking. Man on deck. Left arm
+shattered, crying help! help! help! Commotion on shore. Lovell goes
+down with a lurch. River full of poor wretches struggling for life.
+Throwing up their arms. Stream sweeps them away. Little Rebel fleeing
+to Arkansas shore. The Jeff Thompson on fire. 7.05. Rebel fleet
+broken. Their guns all silent. Beauregard sinking. We run alongside.
+Rebel officers lay shattered. Sides of vessel spotted with blood. Pool
+of blood on deck. Crew fled. Taken off by Little Rebel. Help lift
+wounded Rebel officer on our boat. Thanked us, and said, "You are
+kinder than my own comrades, for one of them was mean enough to steal
+my watch and pick my pocket." Little Rebel run ashore. Crew fleeing
+into woods. Cairo gives them parting broadside. Rebels crawling up the
+bank dripping with water. 7.10. Boats of Benton and Carondelet
+picking up the wretches. Van <span class="pagenum"><a id="page107" name="page107"></a>(p. 107)</span> Dorn escaping down stream. 7.25.
+Fight over. Van Dorn out of sight. Last gun fired. Jeff Thompson on
+fire in every part. Grand explosion. Whole interior of boat lifted
+five hundred feet high. Flames. Volumes of smoke. Bursting shells.
+Timbers, planks, fragments, raining all around us.</p>
+
+<p>It was a complete annihilation of the Rebel fleet. Not a man was lost
+on our gunboats, and Commodore Ellet was the only one wounded.</p>
+
+<p>The Rebel fleet began the action in good style, but maintained the
+line of battle a few minutes only. The appearance of the rams threw
+them into disorder. On the other hand, the line of battle taken by
+Commodore Davis was preserved to the end. Everything was as systematic
+and orderly as in a well-regulated household. The thought occurred, as
+I saw the steady onward movement of the fleet, which, after once
+starting to close in with the Rebels, did not for an instant slacken
+speed, that he was clearing the river of all Rebel obstructions with
+the same ease that a housewife sweeps dirt through a doorway. His
+orders were few. The main thing was to get to close quarters.</p>
+
+<p>Embracing an early opportunity to reach the shore, I mingled freely
+with the crowd, to see how the thing was relished and to study the
+feelings of the people. Some looked exceedingly sour; some
+disconsolate; a few were defiant; many of the people were evidently
+good-natured, but deeply humiliated. A gentleman, resident of the
+city, informed me that he did not think the people cared anything
+about the Union, or had any desire to return to it, but they had an
+intense hatred of the tyranny to which they had been subjected, and
+were ready to welcome anything which would relieve them.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Avalanche</i> of that morning, hardly issued when the conflict
+began, said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>"There was not a little excitement about the levee last night,
+     occasioned by an officer coming down in a skiff announcing that
+     three of the Federal gunboats were in the 'shute' above the
+     Island. The signals and movements of the boats seemed to confirm
+     the report, but we have no idea that it was true.</p>
+
+<p>"Yesterday was quite lively. All reports about Fort Pillow were
+     <span class="pagenum"><a id="page108" name="page108"></a>(p. 108)</span> listened to with interest, and they were not a few. By
+     noon it was known that the fort was evacuated, and there was not
+     a little excitement in consequence. Nearly all the stores were
+     closed, and those that were open, with few exceptions, were
+     rather indisposed to sell. Even a spool of cotton could not be
+     had yesterday in stores which the day before had plenty and to
+     spare. Besides the soldiers from Fort Pillow a fleet made us a
+     visit which attracted much attention and formed the subject of
+     general conversation. All seemed to regret what had been done and
+     wished it were otherwise. So prevailing was the excitement that
+     the common mode of salutation on Main Street was, 'When do you
+     think the Federals will be here?' Each one made arrangements
+     according to the tenor of the reply. Many persons were packing up
+     to leave.</p>
+
+<p>"In a word, all who could began to consider anxiously the
+     question whether to go or stay. There was much running about on
+     the streets, and evidently more or less excitement on every
+     countenance. Some took matters coolly, and still believe that the
+     Federals will never go to Memphis by river. All obstructions to
+     their progress have not been removed and probably will not be. In
+     fact, the prospect is very good for a grand naval engagement,
+     which shall eclipse anything ever seen before. There are many who
+     would like the engagement to occur, who do not much relish the
+     prospect of its occurring very near the city. They think deeper
+     water and scope and verge enough for such an encounter may be
+     found farther up the river. All, however, are rejoiced that
+     Memphis will not fall till conclusions are first tried on water
+     and at the cannon's mouth."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The "conclusions" had been tried and the people had seen their fleet
+unceremoniously knocked to pieces.</p>
+
+<p>There were thousands of negroes on the levee, interested spectators of
+the scene. I asked one athletic man what he thought of it? "O massa, I
+tinks a good deal of it. Uncle Abe's boats mighty powerful. Dey go
+through our boats jus like dey was eggshells." Another one standing by
+at once became interested in the conversation. Said he, "Captain Jeff
+Thompson, he cotch it dis time! He; hi! O how de balls did whiz!"
+There was an unmistakable sign of pleasure on the countenances of the
+colored population.</p>
+
+<p>In fifteen minutes after the occupation of the city, enterprising
+news-boys accompanying the fleet were crying, "Here's the New York
+Herald! Times and Tribune! Chicago and St. Louis papers!"</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page109" name="page109"></a>(p. 109)</span> How wonderfully had the upper Mississippi been repossessed!
+One by one the Rebel obstructions had been removed. How often had we
+been told that they were impregnable! How often that the gunboats
+would be destroyed! How often that never would the river be opened
+till the Confederacy was a recognized independent power! One short
+year and their labors,&mdash;the ditch-digging, the cannon-casting,
+boat-building, their braggadocio, had come to naught.</p>
+
+<p>The part taken by Commodore Ellet was glorious. He was a brave,
+gallant, dashing officer, the son of a noble mother, who lived in
+Philadelphia. Mr. Stuart, President of the Christian Commission,
+relates that later in the war he called to see her, at her request, to
+receive a large donation. He found a lady eighty-four years of age. A
+grandson had been killed in battle, the body had been brought home,
+and was lying in the house. Said Mrs. Ellet: "I have given my two
+sons, Commodore Ellet and General Ellet, and four grandchildren to my
+country. I don't regret this gift. If I had twenty sons I would give
+them all, for the country must be preserved. And if I was twenty years
+younger, I would go and fight myself to the last!"</p>
+
+<a id="img019" name="img019"></a>
+<div class="p4 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img019.jpg" width="400" height="304" alt="" title="">
+</div>
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page110" name="page110"></a>(p. 110)</span> CHAPTER VIII.<br>
+INVASION OF MARYLAND.</h2>
+
+<span class="sidedate">August, 1862.</span>
+
+<p>Great events were transpiring in Virginia. The magnificent army which
+passed down the Potomac in March, which had thrown up the tremendous
+fortifications at Yorktown, which had fought at Williamsburg, Fair
+Oaks, Gaines's Mills, Savage Station, Glendale, and Malvern, was once
+more at Washington. Manassas was a bloody plain. Pope had been
+defeated, sacrificed by Fitz John Porter. Day after day the booming of
+cannon had been heard in Washington, borne by the breezes along the
+wooded valley of the Potomac; far away at first, then nearer at
+Chantilly and Fairfax Court-House. Then came the stream of fugitives,
+and broken, disheartened ranks back to Arlington. The streets of
+Washington were thick with hungry, war-worn men. Long lines of
+ambulances wended into the city, with wounded for the hospitals,
+already overcrowded. The soldiers had pitiful tales to tell of the
+scenes of the Peninsula, and of the gory field of Manassas,&mdash;how near
+they came to victory,&mdash;how Hooker and Heintzelman rolled back the
+lines of Stonewall Jackson,&mdash;how Fitz John Porter lingered within an
+hour's march of the conflict, tardily coming into line, and moving
+away when lightly pressed by the enemy. There were curses loud and
+deep breathed against Porter, Pope, and McClellan. The partisans of
+Porter and McClellan called Pope a braggadocio, while the soldiers who
+had fought with obstinacy, who had doubled up Jackson in the first
+day's battle, retorted that McClellan was a coward, who, through all
+the engagements on the Peninsula took good care to be out of the reach
+of hostile bullets or cannon shot. The cause of the Union was gloomy.
+Burnside had been hurried up from North Carolina to aid in repelling
+the invader. The sun shone peacefully through the August days,&mdash;summer
+passed into autumn,</p>
+
+<p class="poem25">
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page111" name="page111"></a>(p. 111)</span>
+<span class="min33em">"</span>And calm and patient Nature kept<br>
+<span class="add1em">Her ancient promise well,</span><br>
+   Though o'er her bloom and greenness swept<br>
+<span class="add1em">The battle's breath of hell."</span></p>
+
+<a id="img020" name="img020"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img020.jpg" width="350" height="415" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">General McClellan at Williamsburg.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Adversity is a test of faith. In those darkest hours there was no
+faltering of hope. The heart of the nation was serene. The people
+believed that God would give them the victory. The soldiers believed
+it. Those who were passing away from earth, who with quickened sight
+beheld the events of the hour in the light of eternity, trusted that
+Providence would give the victory to their companions in arms.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Broadhead, of Michigan, lying upon the battle-field of
+Manassas, with the shadow of death stealing over him, wrote a most
+touching farewell letter to his wife, in which he expressed his
+convictions as to who was responsible for the defeat.</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>"<span class="smcap">My dear Wife</span>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I write to you mortally wounded, from the battle-field. We have
+     again been defeated, and ere this reaches you your children will
+     be fatherless. Before I die let me implore that in some way it
+     may be stated that General &mdash;-- has been outwitted, and that &mdash;--
+     is a traitor. Had they done their duty as I did mine, and had led
+     as I did, the dear old flag had waved in triumph. I wrote to you
+     yesterday morning. To-day is Sunday, and to-day I sink to the
+     green couch of our final rest. I have fought well, my darling;
+     and I was shot in the endeavor to rally our broken battalions. I
+     could have escaped, but would not until all our hope was gone,
+     and was shot,&mdash;about the only one of our forces left on the
+     field. Our cause is just, and our generals,&mdash;not the
+     enemy's,&mdash;have defeated us. In God's good time he will give us
+     the victory.</p>
+
+<p>"And now, good by, wife and children. Bring them up&mdash;I know you
+     will&mdash;in the fear of God and love for the Saviour. But for you
+     and the dear ones dependent, I should die happy. I know the blow
+     will fall with crushing weight on you. Trust in Him who gave
+     manna in the wilderness.</p>
+
+<p>"Dr. North is with me. It is now after midnight, and I have spent
+     most of the night in sending messages to you. Two bullets have
+     gone through my chest, and directly through my lungs. I suffer
+     little now, but at first the pain was acute. I have won the
+     soldier's name, and am ready to meet now, as I must, the
+     soldier's fate. I hope that from heaven I may see the glorious
+     old flag wave again over the undivided country I have loved so
+     well.</p>
+
+<p>"Farewell, wife and friends, we shall meet again."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page112" name="page112"></a>(p. 112)</span> The military authorities were often indebted to newspaper
+correspondents for intelligence concerning the movements of the
+Rebels. One of the most indefatigable of the corps was Mr. U. H.
+Painter, of the Philadelphia <i>Inquirer</i>. He was at Bristow Station
+when Stuart made his first appearance in Pope's rear, capturing the
+baggage of that officer. Mr. Painter was taken prisoner, but, true to
+his profession, kept his eyes and ears open, listening to all that was
+said by Stuart and his subordinate officers. Being in citizen's dress,
+he managed to slip through the guard, but not till after he had
+obtained important information relative to the movements of the enemy.
+Reaching Washington, he at once sent an attach� of the paper up the
+Potomac to Point of Rocks, also informed the government that the
+Rebels were intending to invade Maryland. No credence was given to his
+assertion; the government believed that Washington was the point aimed
+at. The Rebels made their appearance at Point of Rocks, the messenger
+on watch gave Mr. Painter information by telegraph that Stuart was
+crossing. That gentleman informed the government of the fact, and
+forwarded a despatch to his paper. The Washington papers in the
+afternoon contained semi-official denials of the despatch to the
+<i>Inquirer</i>. But information from the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
+Company that the Rebels had possession of the road at Point of Rocks
+could not be disputed. Even then the government was slow to believe
+that the Rebels seriously intended a movement upon Maryland.</p>
+
+<p>General Lee was flushed with success. He had reason to think well of
+himself and of his troops. He had raised the siege of Richmond,
+transferred the war to the vicinity of Washington, had defeated Pope
+on the old battle-ground of Manassas, and driven the Union forces into
+the defences of the capital. The troops believed that they could
+accomplish anything,&mdash;overcome all obstacles,&mdash;sweep away the Union
+army, and march to Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York; and yet Lee
+had made a miscalculation of the power of endurance on the part of his
+troops, and the first invasion of the North failed, not only because
+of the courage and tenacity of the Union soldiers at Antietam, but
+also because the Rebel army had lost much of its aggressive power
+through hard marching, constant <span class="pagenum"><a id="page113" name="page113"></a>(p. 113)</span> fighting, and want of food.
+Jackson had so worn down his troops that in the first day's fight at
+Manassas he was defeated by Hooker and Heintzelman, and had it not
+been for the timely arrival of Longstreet, would have been driven from
+the field. In the second day's fight he could only hold his own, while
+Longstreet, meeting with little opposition, was able to turn Pope's
+left flank, and win the victory.</p>
+
+<p>Lee entered Maryland as a liberator, believing that the people would
+rise <i>en masse</i> to welcome him; but he was greatly mistaken.</p>
+
+<p>Taking the train from Philadelphia, I went to Harrisburg, Lancaster,
+and York in Pennsylvania, and thence into western Maryland. Everywhere
+the people were arming. All the able-bodied men were drilling. All
+labor was at a stand-still. The fires of the founderies went out; the
+farmers left their uncut grain in the field. Men worth millions of
+dollars were in the ranks as privates. Members of Congress, professors
+of colleges with their classes, iron-masters with their workmen,
+ministers and the able-bodied men of their congregations, were
+hastening to the rendezvous. The State Capitol grounds were swarming
+with men, receiving arms and ammunition. It was a glorious exhibition
+of patriotism; yet I could but think that they would offer a feeble
+resistance in the open field to well-drilled troops. At Bunker Hill
+raw militia stood the fire of British veterans; but such instances of
+pluck are rare in history.</p>
+
+<p>Going up the Cumberland Valley I reached Greencastle on the 14th of
+September, ten miles from Hagerstown. I could hear a dull and heavy
+booming of cannon to the south, in the direction of South Mountain;
+but the Rebels were at Hagerstown, and had made a dash almost up to
+Greencastle. The only troops in the place were a few companies
+watching the border, and momentarily expecting the Rebels to appear.
+Citizens of Maryland, some from Virginia, Union men, were there, ready
+to run farther North on the slightest alarm.</p>
+
+<span class="sidedate">Sept., 1862.</span>
+
+<p>The little village was suddenly excited by the cry, "They are coming!"
+"They are coming!" It was not a body of Rebels, however, but the Union
+cavalry, which had cut their way out from Harper's Ferry in the night
+before the pusillanimous <span class="pagenum"><a id="page114" name="page114"></a>(p. 114)</span> surrender of Colonel Miles. They
+crossed the pontoon bridge, moved up the Potomac, through wood-paths
+and by-ways, twice coming in contact with the Rebel pickets, and
+falling in with Longstreet's ammunition trains between Hagerstown and
+Williamsport, consisting of one hundred wagons, which were captured.
+Many of the teamsters were slaves, who were very glad to see the
+Yankees. They were contented under their capture.</p>
+
+<p>"Were you not frightened when you saw the Yankees?" I asked of one.</p>
+
+<p>"Not de leastest bit, massa. I was glad to see 'em. Ye see, we all
+wanted to get Norf. De captain of de guard, he tell me to whip up my
+horses and get away, but I done cut for de woods right towards de
+Norf."</p>
+
+<p>He chuckled merrily over it, and said, "I's in de service of de Union
+now."</p>
+
+<p>He was driving the horses with evident satisfaction at the sudden
+change in his fortunes.</p>
+
+<p>When John Brown woke the world from its dreaming at Harper's Ferry, he
+had an accomplice named Cook, who escaped and concealed himself in the
+mountains of Pennsylvania, but who was hunted down by Fitz Hugh Miller
+of Chambersburg. Among the Rebel prisoners was this same Fitz Hugh,
+dressed in a suit of rusty gray, with a black ostrich plume in his
+hat, sun-burned, dusty, having a hang-dog look. He was a captain in
+the Rebel service. The Dutch blood of the citizens, usually as calm
+and steady in its flow as the rivers of their Fatherland, came up with
+a rush.</p>
+
+<p>"Hang him! Down with the traitor! Kill him!" they shouted. They rushed
+to seize him, but the guards kept the populace at bay. The excitement
+increased. Miller appealed to the guards to protect him. He was
+quickly hurried into the jail, which was strongly guarded. A great
+change had taken place in the opinions of the people. They had been
+indifferent to the questions of the hour, but the Rebel raid, by which
+they had lost their horses, had taught them an excellent lesson.
+Self-interest is sometimes a stimulant to patriotism. They even began
+to look with complacency upon what John Brown had done.</p>
+
+<a id="img021" name="img021"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img021.jpg" width="500" height="357" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">General McClellan at the battle of Antietam.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page115" name="page115"></a>(p. 115)</span> The Rebels evacuated Hagerstown on the morning of the 16th of
+September, and an hour later I entered it on the first train, which
+was greeted by the people with shouts and hurrahs and demonstrations
+of joy, as if it brought emancipation from long bondage. Some of the
+citizens had manifested sympathy with the Rebels. Still there were
+groups of excited men in the streets, shouting, "We'll hang the
+cusses. We've spotted them, and if they ever come back we'll be the
+death of them, as sure as there is a God."</p>
+
+<p>The battle of South Mountain had been fought, and the hostile armies
+were concentrating for a trial of strength along the peaceful banks of
+the Antietam.</p>
+
+<p>I was awakened at daylight on the morning of the 17th of September by
+the booming of cannon. It was a dull, leaden morning. The clouds hung
+low upon the mountains, and swept in drifts along the hillsides. The
+citizens of Hagerstown were astir,&mdash;some standing on the house-tops,
+listening to the increasing thunder of the cannonade, some in the
+church-steeples, others making haste to visit the field of battle. I
+had no horse, but finding a stable-keeper, was soon the owner of one.
+The horse-dealer was quite willing to dispose of his animals.
+"Horse-flesh is mighty onsartin these days," said he. "The Rebels took
+my best ones, and if they should come here again, I reckon they would
+clean me out."</p>
+
+<p>My first impulse was to push directly down the Sharpsburg turnpike and
+gain the rear of the Rebels, enter their lines as a citizen, and see
+the battle from their side.</p>
+
+<p>"Don't do it, sir," said a citizen.</p>
+
+<p>Upon reflection, it appeared to be good advice, and so turning about
+(for I had already gone a mile or more in that direction) I took the
+Boonsboro pike and rode rapidly towards the battle-field. Two or three
+miles out I came across a Rebel soldier,&mdash;barefoot and bareheaded,
+pale, sallow, worn out by hard marching, lying under an oak-tree by
+the roadside. His gun was by his side. He raised his head and held up
+his hand, as if to implore me not to harm him. He belonged to a
+Georgia regiment, and had dropped by the way, too feeble to keep his
+place in the ranks. He was taken care of by two citizens.</p>
+
+<p>Striking off from the turnpike in a by-path, then across <span class="pagenum"><a id="page116" name="page116"></a>(p. 116)</span>
+fields, through oak groves, directed by the roar of battle, descending
+a steep hill, and fording the Antietam, I gained the battle-field in
+rear of the right wing, where Hooker was in command. Passing beyond
+the field hospitals, I reached the hill, on Poffenberg's farm.</p>
+
+<p>The fire was raging fearfully in front of Sumner; but Hooker's and
+Mansfield's cannon were silent, cooling their brazen lips after the
+morning's fever. In the hollow behind the ridge, east of Poffenberg's
+house, the Pennsylvania Reserve Corps&mdash;what was left of them&mdash;were
+lying, sad, yet not disheartened. How changed from what they were a
+year before, then fifteen thousand strong!</p>
+
+<p>"We cannot lose many more," said one, as I talked of the morning's
+action. Gibbons's brigade, of Hooker's corps, had crossed the
+turnpike, and was holding the ground in the woods between it and the
+Potomac.</p>
+
+<p>Ascending the ridge, I came upon Battery B, Fourth Artillery, also
+Cooper's and Easton's Pennsylvania batteries, the New Hampshire Ninth
+and Rhode Island Fifth,&mdash;thirty pieces bearing on the cornfield and
+the wood-crowned hill, where, alas! a thousand of as brave men as ever
+breathed were lying, who just before had moved to meet the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>The firing was hot and heavy a few rods south.</p>
+
+<p>The fight began with the pickets in the night, and was taken up by the
+artillery at daylight. The Rebels had concentrated a heavy force on
+their left, we on our right, because the lay of the land required it,
+the right being our strongest ground, and their left their weakest.
+The ridge behind Poffenberg's house was the door-post on which our
+fortunes hinged. Not so with them,&mdash;theirs was a double door, its
+hinge being in the woods bordering the turnpike south of the
+toll-house.</p>
+
+<p>Hooker gave Meade, with the Pennsylvania Reserves, the right, Ricketts
+the left, and placed Doubleday in support in rear. Mansfield joined
+Hooker's left, but was an hour behind time. Sumner was slow to come
+into action. Hooker advanced, drove in the Rebel pickets, found a
+Rebel battery on his extreme right, which, as soon as he came within
+its range began to plough him with a flanking fire. Meade obliqued to
+the right, poured in a few volleys, and drove the enemy across
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page117" name="page117"></a>(p. 117)</span> the turnpike. This was the extreme left of the enemy's line.
+Hooker crossed the turnpike a few rods north of Poffenberg's, marched
+through the fields to the ridge by the cornfield. Having obtained
+possession of the ridge east of Poffenberg's, he planted his batteries
+and opened a fierce cannonade upon the Rebels.</p>
+
+<p>The ground in front of Hooker was the scene of repeated struggles. In
+the afternoon the Rebels made a desperate attempt to regain what they
+had lost. They came down through the cornfield, west of the turnpike,
+under cover of their batteries. Hooker, Dana, Sedgwick, Hartsuff,
+Richardson, and Mansfield, all general officers, had been carried from
+the field wounded. General Howard was in command of the right wing. I
+was talking with him, when an officer dashed up and said, "General,
+the Rebels are coming down on us."</p>
+
+<p>We were in the open field, a few rods southeast of Poffenberg's barn.
+General Howard rode forward a few steps, looked through the leafy
+branches of the oaks along the turnpike. We could see the dark lines
+of the enemy moving through the cornfield. "Tell the batteries to give
+them the heaviest fire possible," he said. It was spoken as
+deliberately as if he had said to his servant, "Bring me a glass of
+water." How those thirty pieces of artillery opened! Crack! crack!
+crack! and then a volley by artillery! How those gray lines wavered,
+swayed to and fro, and melted away!</p>
+
+<p>In Poffenberg's door-yard, along the turnpike, were two noble horses,
+both killed by the same cannon-shot, smashing the head of one and
+tearing the neck of the other. The dead of the Pennsylvania Reserves
+laid under the palings of the garden fence. The gable of the house was
+torn to pieces by a shell. In the field in front dead men in blue and
+dead men in gray were thickly strown; and still farther out, along the
+narrow lane which runs southwest from the house, they were as thick as
+the withered leaves in autumn. How the battle-storm howled through
+those woods, fiercer than the blasts of November! It was a tornado
+which wrenched off the trunks of oaks large enough for a ship's
+keelson,&mdash;riving them, splintering them with the force of a
+thunderbolt.</p>
+
+<p>If the blow which Hooker gave had been a little more powerful,&mdash;if
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page118" name="page118"></a>(p. 118)</span> Mansfield had been ordered in at the same instant with
+Hooker,&mdash;if Sumner had fallen upon the Rebel centre at the same
+time,&mdash;there can be but little doubt as to what would have been the
+result. But the battle of Antietam was fought by piecemeal. Hooker
+exhausted his strength before Mansfield came up; Mansfield was
+repulsed before Sumner came in; while Burnside, who had the most
+difficult task of all, was censured by McClellan for not carrying the
+bridge early in the morning. Yet Franklin, who arrived at noon, was
+only partially engaged, while Porter was ordered to stand a silent
+spectator through the day. The several corps of the Union army were
+like untrained teams of horses,&mdash;each pulled with all its strength,
+but no two succeeded in pulling together.</p>
+
+<p>It was not far from twelve o'clock when the arrangements were
+completed for Sumner's movement. The artillery prepared the way for
+advance, by pouring in a heavy fire from all directions. The
+configuration of the ground admitted of this. The cornfield sloped
+toward the Antietam, and by careful scrutiny the Rebels could be seen
+lying down to avoid the shot and shells. It was a moment of anxious
+expectation to us who beheld the movement.</p>
+
+<p>The divisions moved past the cemetery, past Roulet's house, the left
+of French's and the right of Richardson's, joining in the ravine. A
+few rods beyond the house the Rebel skirmishers opened a galling fire.
+Our own advanced rapidly, drove them in through the nearest cornfield.
+They fled to the road, and the field beyond.</p>
+
+<p>The road is narrow, and by long usage and heavy rains, has become a
+trench, a natural rifle-pit about two and a half feet deep. The Rebels
+had thrown off the top rails of the fence in front, and strengthened
+the position by making them into <i>abatti</i>,&mdash;imitating the example set
+by General Stark on the northeastern slope of Bunker Hill, in 1775.</p>
+
+<p>The roadway was their first line; their second was in the corn, five
+or six rods farther west.</p>
+
+<a id="img022" name="img022"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img022.jpg" width="500" height="366" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">The sunken road.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Union troops advanced in front of the road, when up rose the first
+Rebel line. The fence became a line of flame and smoke. The cornfield
+beyond, on higher ground, was a sheet of fire. With a rush and
+cheer, the men in blue moved up <span class="pagenum"><a id="page119" name="page119"></a>(p. 119)</span> to the fence, ploughed
+through and through by the batteries above, cut and gashed by the
+leaden hail, thrust the muzzles of their guns into the faces of the
+Rebels and fired.</p>
+
+<p>The first Rebel line was nearly annihilated, and the dead lying
+beneath the tasselled corn were almost as many as the golden ears upon
+the stalks. Visiting the spot when the contest was over, I judged from
+a little counting that a thousand of the enemy's dead were in the road
+and the adjoining field. A shell had thrown seven into one heap,&mdash;some
+on their faces, some on their backs,&mdash;fallen as a handful of straws
+would fall when dropped upon the ground. But not they alone suffered.
+The bloody tide which had surged through all the morning between the
+ridges above, along the right, had flowed over the hill at this
+noontide hour. The yellow soil became crimson; the russet corn-leaves
+turned to red, as if autumn had put on in a moment her richest glory.
+How costly! Five thousand men,&mdash;I think I do not exaggerate,&mdash;wounded
+and dead, lay along that pathway and in the adjoining field!<a id="footnotetag6" name="footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6" title="Go to footnote 6"><span class="smaller">[6]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>To Burnside was assigned the duty of carrying the stone bridge, two
+miles below the turnpike, and taking the batteries which were in
+position south of Sharpsburg. It was a difficult task. A high-banked
+stream, bordered by willows; a narrow bridge; a steep hill; cleared
+lands, with no shelter from the batteries in front and on both his
+flanks, after he should have succeeded in crossing the stream.</p>
+
+<p>Burnside planted his cannon on the high hills or ridges east of the
+river, and kept them in play a long time before any attempt was made
+on the bridge by infantry. The Rebel batteries replied, and there was
+an incessant storm of shot and shell.</p>
+
+<p>The road on the eastern side winds down a ravine to the river, which
+is an hundred feet below the summit of the hills where his artillery
+was posted. It is a narrow path, with a natural embankment on the
+right hand, covered with oaks. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page120" name="page120"></a>(p. 120)</span> There is a piece of bottom
+land eight or ten rods wide on the eastern side of the river. The
+bridge is narrow and about seventy-five feet long. After crossing the
+stream the road runs diagonally up the bank toward the north. On the
+western side are willows fringing the stream, their graceful branches
+bending down to the water, and covering the opposite shore. The bank
+is very abrupt. A small force on either side can hold the bridge
+against a large body of men.</p>
+
+<p>The bridge was carried in the afternoon by a desperate charge. I was
+watching operations in the centre at the time, and saw only the smoke
+of the contest on the left, and heard its deafening roar. Riding down
+there later in the day, I witnessed the last attack. Both parties had
+put on new vigor at the sunset hour. The fire kindled along the line.
+Far upon the right was the smoke of thirty cannon, rising in a white
+sulphurous cloud. The woods opposite, where the Rebel batteries were,
+flamed like a furnace. A little nearer Sumner's artillery was
+thundering and hurling its bolts into the Rebels by the Dunker church.
+Ayers's battery was pouring a deadly fire into the cornfield, west of
+Roulet's, where the Rebel line was lying under cover. Above, on the
+highest hillock, a half-mile from Sharpsburg, a heavy Rebel battery
+boomed defiance. Richardson's artillery, immediately in front, was
+sending shells upon the hill and into Sharpsburg, where hay-stacks,
+houses and barns were burning, rolling up tall pillars of cloud and
+flame to heaven. At our left Burnside's heavy guns worked mightily,
+answered by the opposing batteries. The musketry had ceased, save a
+few volleys rolling from beyond the willows in the valley, and a
+little dripping, like rain-drops after a shower. It was a continuous
+roll of thunder. The sun went down, reddened in the smoky haze.</p>
+
+<a id="img023" name="img023"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img023.jpg" width="500" height="310" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Battle of Antietam.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>After the retreat of Lee, I rode over the ground occupied by the
+Rebels, and surveyed the field from every point. The dead were thickly
+strewn. A Rebel battery had occupied the ground around the Dunker
+church, a small brick building on the turnpike, a mile south of
+Poffenberg's. At its door-step lay a major, a captain, and eleven men,
+all dead. A wounded horse, unable to lie down, was standing near a
+dismantled caisson. Almost human was the beseeching look of the dumb
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page121" name="page121"></a>(p. 121)</span> beast! Near by was a soldier lying with his eyes fixed on
+heaven. He had died calmly. His pocket Bible was open upon his breast.
+Taking it up my eye fell upon the words: "Though I walk through the
+valley of the shadow of death I will fear no evil, for thou art with
+me; thy rod and thy staff, they comfort me." All the turmoil of life
+was over. He had done his duty, and had passed on to his reward.<a id="footnotetag7" name="footnotetag7"></a><a href="#footnote7" title="Go to footnote 7"><span class="smaller">[7]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>Lee recrossed the Potomac without molestation from McClellan, and the
+two armies went into camp, as if mutually agreed upon having a season
+of rest after the hardships of the campaign.</p>
+
+<a id="img024" name="img024"></a>
+<div class="p4 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img024.jpg" width="500" height="322" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">For the boys in blue.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page122" name="page122"></a>(p. 122)</span> CHAPTER IX.<br>
+INVASION OF KENTUCKY.</h2>
+
+<span class="sidedate">October, 1862.</span>
+
+<p>Simultaneous with Lee's advance into Maryland was that of General
+Bragg into Kentucky. As there were no indications that McClellan would
+follow Lee into Virginia, I hastened to Kentucky to observe the events
+transpiring in that department. General Buell was still in command of
+the Union forces. He had been lying quiet through the summer,
+occupying Chattanooga on the east, Florence on the west, and spreading
+his troops over a large territory. There were detachments at
+Nashville, McMinnville, Murfreesboro, and Mumfordville. This force in
+Tennessee was piled in the form of a pyramid, Florence and Chattanooga
+being the base and Nashville the apex. In addition there was a force
+under General Morgan holding Cumberland Gap, a passage in the
+mountains at the extreme southwestern part of Virginia, where the Old
+Dominion rests like the point of a ploughshare against the mountains
+which separate it from Kentucky. Since Daniel Boone passed through it,
+the Gap has been the great thoroughfare between the West and East. The
+distance from the Gap, where Morgan was keeping watch and ward, to
+Chattanooga, is about one hundred and forty miles. Through this
+gateway the Rebels resolved to enter Kentucky, replenish their stores,
+make a demonstration upon Cincinnati, capture Louisville, cut off
+Buell's supplies and communications, outflank him, destroy his army,
+transfer the war to the Ohio River, and redeem Kentucky. Buell was in
+repose, unconscious of General Bragg's intentions.</p>
+
+<p>Bragg formed his army in three columns near Knoxville,&mdash;one to move
+upon the Gap, approaching it from the west, the second, under Kirby
+Smith, to move directly upon Lexington, Danville, and Frankfort, the
+third to capture the six thousand at Mumfordville, and then joining
+the second division at Lexington, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page123" name="page123"></a>(p. 123)</span> push on in conjunction with
+it to Louisville. John Morgan, the commander of the Rebel cavalry,
+moved in advance and captured Morgan's supply trains on the 17th of
+August. It was the first intimation General Morgan or Buell had of the
+intentions of the Rebels. Morgan knew not what was going on in his
+rear. The Rebels prudently refrained from attacking him. The pass
+would fall into their hands when all their plans were ripe. Morgan
+held his position till the 17th of September, when, having exhausted
+his provisions, he spiked his guns, destroyed the fortifications, and
+all his tent equipage, and marched north to the Ohio River, through
+the mountains, reaching it without loss.</p>
+
+<p>The centre column of the Rebels moved upon Frankfort, gathering up
+cattle, horses, goods of all kinds, cloth, clothes, boots, shoes,
+grain, and everything which could minister to their comfort. They
+visited the wealthy farmers of the bluegrass region, selected the best
+Kentucky stock, purchased all the new wheat, set the flour-mills a
+humming, keeping the millers at it day and night. Never were millers
+so busy, each miller tending his grinding with a Rebel bayonet at his
+door, the glittering of which reminded him that he had a duty to
+perform to the Confederacy.</p>
+
+<p>At Frankfort, the capital of the State, they took possession of the
+state-house, inaugurated a governor, had a grand procession, with
+speeches, and a banquet, and a general gala-day. They invited the
+merchants to open their stores, made princely purchases of goods,
+paying liberally in the legal currency of the Confederacy. They sent
+off long lines of wagons toward the South laden with supplies. The
+Kentucky farmers were relieved of their negroes as well as of their
+horses. They <i>took</i> the negroes, saying to their masters, "Swear
+allegiance to the Confederacy and you shall be paid, but otherwise
+they shall be confiscated."</p>
+
+<p>Thousands of slaves fled across the Ohio, for fear of being captured.
+Thus the war was a double reverse acting mill, grinding slavery to
+powder in the State. For six weeks the Rebels had it all their own
+way.</p>
+
+<p>The third column moved upon Mumfordville, surprised the six thousand
+men in that place, and pushed on towards Louisville. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page124" name="page124"></a>(p. 124)</span> The
+Rebel forces were far on their way before Buell awoke from his
+dreaming. He gathered in his divisions, and keeping west of Bragg,
+made haste to reach Louisville. If after taking Mumfordville Bragg had
+pushed on rapidly, he doubtless could have taken Louisville, but
+waiting a day, the golden opportunity was lost. He was evidently well
+pleased with his reception at Lexington and Frankfort. A Rebel writer
+thus describes the former:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"The entrance of our troops into Lexington was the occasion of
+     the most inspiriting and touching scenes. Streets, windows, and
+     gardens were filled with ladies and little girls with streamers
+     of red and blue ribbons and flags with stars. Beautiful women
+     seized the hard brown hands of our rough and ragged soldiers, and
+     with tears and smiles thanked them again and again for coming
+     into Kentucky and freeing them from the presence and insults of
+     the hated and insolent Yankees. For hours the enthusiasm of the
+     people was unbounded. At every corner of the streets baskets of
+     provisions and buckets of water were placed for the refreshment
+     of our weary soldiers, and hundreds of our men were presented
+     with shoes and hats and coats and tobacco by the grateful people.
+     Private residences were turned for the time into public houses of
+     entertainment, free to all who could be persuaded to go and eat.
+     But if the reception of the infantry was enthusiastic, the tears,
+     the smiles, and shouts and cheers of wild delight which greeted
+     General John Morgan's cavalry, as they came dashing through the
+     streets amidst clouds of dust, was without a parallel. The
+     wildest joy ruled the hours. The bells of the city pealed forth
+     their joyous welcome, whilst the waving of thousands of white
+     handkerchiefs and tiny confederate flags attested the gladness
+     and delight of every heart."<a id="footnotetag8" name="footnotetag8"></a><a href="#footnote8" title="Go to footnote 8"><span class="smaller">[8]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>There were also gay times in Frankfort. Mr. Harris was inaugurated
+Provisional Governor of the State by special order of General Bragg,
+which read as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p class="right10">"<span class="smcap">Head-quarters Army of Kentucky</span>, Lexington, October 2, 1862.</p>
+
+<p>"Installation of the Provisional Governor at Frankfort on
+     Saturday, October 4th, at 12 M. Major-General Smith is charged
+     with the management of the military escort, guard, and salute.</p>
+
+<p>"The Governor will be escorted from his quarters by a squadron of
+     cavalry, and accompanied by the Commander of the Confederate
+     State forces, Major-General Buckner, Brigadier-General Preston,
+     and their <span class="pagenum"><a id="page125" name="page125"></a>(p. 125)</span> respective staffs. The Commanding General
+     will present the Governor to the people, and transfer in behalf
+     of the Confederate States the civil orders of the State, and
+     public records and property.</p>
+
+<p>"By order.</p>
+<p class="right10">"<span class="smcap">Braxton Bragg</span>, <i>General Commanding</i>."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A host of generals graced the occasion,&mdash;Bragg, Kirby Smith, Buckner,
+Stevenson, Claiborne, Heath, Churchill, Preston Smith, and William
+Preston. The Capital Hotel, where the politics of the country were
+wont to be discussed by Henry Clay, Crittenden, and other great lights
+of former days, was crowded by the chivalry of the South. The landlord
+found his larder depleting, his liquors disappearing, but he had
+baskets full of Confederate notes, in exchange for food, fire, and
+lodging, liquors and cigars. The ladies kept open house, and invited
+the Rebel officers to tea on the auspicious occasion.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile General Dumont's division of Union troops, and General
+Sill's division were approaching Frankfort from the north. General
+Bragg was dining with the accomplished Mrs. Preston, when a messenger
+dashed into town with the intelligence of the advance of the Union
+troops. Governor Harris,&mdash;six hours a Governor,&mdash;packed his carpet-bag
+in great haste. The brilliant throng of Rebel officers mounted their
+horses, the ladies took down their miniature flags, while the citizens
+of the place prepared to change their politics. The Rebel force in the
+town consisted of two regiments of infantry and one of cavalry,
+guarding the turnpike bridge across the Kentucky river.</p>
+
+<p>The Union cavalry came thundering down the hill. It was in the
+evening; and without halting to ascertain who or what they were to
+encounter, dashed across the bridge. The Rebels gave one irresolute
+volley and fled precipitately from the town, which was once more and
+for a finality in the hands of the Union men. Four days later the
+battle of Perryville was fought, and then the Rebels retired from the
+State with their booty.</p>
+
+<p>Their visit was at once a curse and a blessing,&mdash;a curse, because of
+the havoc, the desolation, and pillage; a blessing, because it brought
+Kentuckians to a sharp corner. The President had just issued his
+Proclamation of freedom, and Kentucky <span class="pagenum"><a id="page126" name="page126"></a>(p. 126)</span> slaveholders were
+grumbling, and were ready to shake hands with the Rebels. They had
+welcomed their Southern friends, who had robbed and plundered them
+without stint.</p>
+
+<p>There was a marked change visible in the opinions of most men. The
+high-handed outrages, the authorized thieving, the forcing of
+Confederate notes upon the people, making it treason to refuse them in
+exchange for horses, cattle, clothes, and provisions, the confiscation
+of negroes, the grotesque appearance of the Rebel soldiers,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem25">
+  <span class="min33em">"</span>Some in rags, some in tags,<br>
+   But none in velvet gowns,"&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">as reads the old nursery rhyme, dissipated the illusion in which many
+men had indulged. Bunyan's two pilgrims, Christian and Faithful, met a
+black man clothed in white garments, as they journeyed over the
+enchanted ground, who, with many fair speeches, would have turned them
+from the glittering gates of the golden city; but when the robe
+dropped from his limbs they saw that he was hideous, and that to
+follow him was to go back again to the city of Destruction. So
+Kentucky had seen the flatterer. The white robe had fallen; he was
+repulsive. Ladies who wished to welcome the Rebels as soldiers of the
+chivalrous South shrank with horror from the filthy crowd. The
+enchantment was ended. Loyalty was taking root.</p>
+
+<p>Yet there were many old planters, partisans of an effete party,&mdash;once
+Democratic in principle,&mdash;who clung to slavery with a tenacity like
+that of barnacles to a worm-eaten hulk. The Louisville <i>Journal</i>
+condemned the Proclamation, giving utterance to the voice of the
+slaveholders, declaring that the Proclamation would have no binding
+force in that State; but the soldiers hailed it with joy. They felt
+that slavery was the cause of the war, and were longing to see it
+overthrown. Bragg having left the State, many masters began to look up
+their slaves, some of whom had fled to the Union lines for protection.</p>
+
+<p>One wing of the army was resting at Williamstown, about twenty-five
+miles south of Cincinnati, in which was a division commanded by
+General Q. A. Gillmore; then a brigadier who, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page127" name="page127"></a>(p. 127)</span> in common with
+many other officers, believed in what was called the "Kentucky
+policy." When the army began a forward movement in pursuit of Bragg,
+General Gillmore issued an order, known as General Order No. 5, which
+reads as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>"All contrabands, except officers' servants, will be left behind
+     when the army moves to-morrow morning. Public transportation will
+     in no case be furnished to officers' servants.</p>
+
+<p>"Commanders of regiments and detachments will see this order
+     promptly enforced."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Among the regiments of the division was the Twenty-Second Wisconsin,
+Colonel Utley, an officer who had no sympathy with slavery. He had a
+cool head and a good deal of nerve. He had read the Proclamation of
+President Lincoln, and made up his mind to do what was right,
+recognizing the President as his Commander-in-Chief, and not the State
+of Kentucky. There were negroes accompanying his regiment, and he did
+not see fit to turn them out. Three days later he received the
+following note:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p class="right10">"October 18, 1862.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Colonel</span>: You will at once send to my head-quarters the four
+     contrabands, John, Abe, George, and Dick, known to belong to good
+     and loyal citizens. They are in your regiment, or were this
+     morning.</p>
+
+<p>"Your obedient servant,</p>
+<p class="right10">"<span class="smcap">Q. A. Gillmore</span>, <i>Brigadier-General</i>."</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Colonel Utley, instead of sending the men, replied:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>"Permit me to say, that I recognize your authority to command me
+     in all military matters pertaining to the military movements of
+     the army. I do not look upon this as belonging to that
+     department. I recognize no authority on the subject of delivering
+     up contrabands save that of the President of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>"You are, no doubt, conversant with that Proclamation, dated
+     Sept. 22, 1862, and the law of Congress on the subject. In
+     conclusion, I will say, that I had nothing to do with their
+     coming into camp, and shall have nothing to do with sending them
+     out."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The note was despatched to division head-quarters. Soon after an
+officer called upon Colonel Utley.</p>
+
+<p>"You are wanted, sir, at General Gillmore's quarters."</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Utley made his appearance before General Gillmore.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page128" name="page128"></a>(p. 128)</span> "I sent you an order this evening."</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, sir, and I refused to obey it."</p>
+
+<p>"I intend to be obeyed, sir. I shall settle this matter at once. I
+shall repeat the order in the morning."</p>
+
+<p>"General, to save you the trouble and folly of such a course, let me
+say that I shall not obey it."</p>
+
+<p>The Colonel departed. Morning came, but brought no order for the
+delivery of the contrabands to their former owner.</p>
+
+<p>As the regiment passed through Georgetown, a large number of slaves
+belonging to citizens of that place fled from their masters, and found
+shelter in the army. Some of the officers who had less nerve than
+Colonel Utley gave them up, or permitted the owners to come and take
+them. A Michigan regiment marching through the town had its lines
+entered by armed citizens, who forcibly took away their slaves.
+Colonel Utley informed the inhabitants that any attempt to take
+contrabands from his lines would be resisted.</p>
+
+<p>"Let me say to you, gentlemen," he said to a delegation of the
+citizens, "that my men will march with loaded muskets, and if any
+attempt is made upon my regiment, I shall sweep your streets with
+fire, and close the history of Georgetown. If you seriously intend any
+such business, I advise you to remove the women and children."</p>
+
+<p>The regiment marched the next morning with loaded muskets. The
+citizens beheld their negroes sheltered and protected by a forest of
+gleaming bayonets, and wisely concluded not to attempt the recovery of
+the uncertain property.</p>
+
+<p>The day after its arrival in Nicholasville, a large, portly gentleman,
+lying back in an elegant carriage, rode up to the camp, and making his
+appearance before the Colonel, introduced himself as Judge Robertson,
+Chief Justice of the State of Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p>"I am in pursuit of one of my boys, who I understand is in this
+regiment," he said.</p>
+
+<p>"You mean one of your slaves, I presume?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, sir. Here is an order from the General, which you will see
+directs that I may be permitted to enter the lines and get the boy,"
+said the Judge, with great dignity.</p>
+
+<p>"I do not permit any civilian to enter my lines for any such
+purpose," said the Colonel.</p>
+
+<a id="img025" name="img025"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img025.jpg" width="500" height="292" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Slaves fleeing to the Army for protection.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page129" name="page129"></a>(p. 129)</span> The Judge sat down, not greatly astonished, for the
+reputation of the Twenty-Second Wisconsin, as an abolition regiment,
+was well established. He began to argue the matter. He talked of the
+compromises of the Constitution, and proceeded to say:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I was in Congress, sir, when the Missouri Compromise was adopted, and
+voted for it; but I am opposed to slavery, and I once wrote an essay
+on the subject, favoring emancipation."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, sir, all that may be. If you did it from principle, it was
+commendable; but your mission here to-day gives the lie to your
+professions. I don't permit negro-hunters to go through my regiment;
+but I will see if I can find the boy, and if he is willing to go I
+will not hinder him."</p>
+
+<p>The Colonel went out and found the negro Joe, a poor, half-starved,
+undersized boy, nineteen years old. He told his story. He belonged to
+the Judge, who had let him to a brutal Irish man for $50 a year. He
+had been kicked and cuffed, starved and whipped, till he could stand
+it no longer. He went to the Judge and complained, but had been sent
+back only to receive a worse thrashing for daring to complain. At last
+he took to the woods, lived on walnuts, green corn, and apples,
+sleeping among the corn-shucks and wheat-stacks till the army came.
+There were tears in Joe's eyes as he rehearsed his sufferings.</p>
+
+<p>The Colonel went back to the Judge.</p>
+
+<p>"Have you found him?"</p>
+
+<p>"I have found a little yellow boy, who says that he belongs to a man
+in Lexington. Come and see him."</p>
+
+<p>"This man claims you as his property, Joe; he says that you ran away
+and left him," said the Colonel.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, sah, I belongs to him," said Joe, who told his story again in a
+plain, straightforward manner, showing a neck scarred and cut by the
+whip.</p>
+
+<p>"You can talk with Joe, sir, if you wish," said the Colonel.</p>
+
+<p>"Have not I always treated you well?" the Judge asked.</p>
+
+<p>"No, massa, you hasn't," was the square, plump reply.</p>
+
+<p>"How so?"</p>
+
+<p>"When I came to you and told you I couldn't stand it any longer, you
+said, 'Go back, you dog!'"</p>
+
+<p>"Did not I tell you that I would take you away?"</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page130" name="page130"></a>(p. 130)</span> "Yes, massa, but you never did it."</p>
+
+<p>The soldiers came round and listened. Joe saw that they were friends.
+The Judge stood speechless a moment.</p>
+
+<p>"Joe," said the Colonel, "are you willing to go home with your
+master?"</p>
+
+<p>"No, sah, I isn't."</p>
+
+<p>"Judge Robertson, I don't think you can get that boy. If you think you
+can, there he is, try it. I shall have nothing to do with it," said
+the Colonel, casting a significant glance around to the soldiers who
+had gathered about them.</p>
+
+<p>The Judge saw that he could not lay hands upon Joe. "I'll see whether
+there is any virtue in the laws of Kentucky," he said, with great
+emphasis.</p>
+
+<p>"Perhaps, Judge, it will be as well for you to leave the camp. Some of
+my men are a little excitable on the subject of slavery."</p>
+
+<p>"You are a set of nigger-stealers," said the Judge, losing his temper.</p>
+
+<p>"Allow me to say, Judge, that it does not become you to call us
+nigger-stealers. You talk about nigger-stealing,&mdash;you who live on the
+sweat and blood of such creatures as Joe! Your dwellings, your
+churches, are built from the earnings of slaves, beaten out of them by
+brutal overseers. You hire little children out to brutes,&mdash;you clothe
+them in rags,&mdash;you hunt them with hounds,&mdash;you chain them down to toil
+and suffering! You call us thieves because we have given your Joe food
+and protection! Sir, I would rather be in the place of Joe than in
+that of his oppressor!" was the indignant outburst of the Colonel.</p>
+
+<p>"Well, sir, if that is the way you men of the North feel, the Union
+never can be saved,&mdash;never! You must give up our property."</p>
+
+<p>"Judge, allow me to tell you what sort of Unionism I have found in
+Kentucky. I have not seen a half-dozen who did not damn the President.
+You may put all the pure Unionism in Kentucky in one scale, and a
+ten-pound nigger baby in the other, and the Unionism will kick the
+beam. Allow me to say, further, that if the perpetuity or restoration
+of the Union depends upon my delivering to you with my own hands that
+little <span class="pagenum"><a id="page131" name="page131"></a>(p. 131)</span> half-starved dwarf of a slave, the Union may be cast
+into hell with all the nations that forget God!"</p>
+
+<p>"The President's Proclamation is unconstitutional. It has no bearing
+on Kentucky. I see that it is your deliberate intention to set at
+naught the laws," said the Judge, turning away, and walking to General
+Gillmore's head-quarters.</p>
+
+<p>"You are wanted at the General's head-quarters," said an aid, soon
+after, to Colonel Utley.</p>
+
+<p>The Colonel obeyed the summons, and found there not only Judge
+Robertson, but several fine old Kentucky gentlemen; also Colonel
+Coburn, the commander of the brigade, who agreed with General Gillmore
+in the policy then current. Colonel Coburn said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"The policy of the commanding generals, as I understand it, is simply
+this: that persons who have lost slaves have a right to hunt for them
+anywhere in the State. If a slave gets inside of the lines of a
+regiment, the owner has a right to enter those lines, just as if no
+regiment was there, and take away the fugitive at his own pleasure."</p>
+
+<p>"Precisely so. The Proclamation has no force in this State," said the
+Judge.</p>
+
+<p>"I regret that I am under the necessity of differing in opinion from
+my commanding officers, to whom I am ready at all times to render
+strict <i>military</i> obedience, but (the Colonel raised his voice) <i>I
+reverse the Kentucky policy!</i> I hold that the regiment stands
+precisely as though there were no slavery in Kentucky. We came here as
+free men, from a free State, at the call of the President to uphold a
+free government. We have nothing to do with slavery. The Twenty-Second
+Wisconsin, while I have the honor to command it, will never be a
+regiment of nigger-catchers. I will not allow civilians to enter my
+lines at pleasure; it is unmilitary. Were I to permit it, I should be
+justly amenable to a court-martial. Were I to do it, spies might enter
+my lines at all times and depart at pleasure."</p>
+
+<p>There was silence. But Judge Robertson was loath to go away without
+his flesh and blood. He made one more effort. "Colonel, I did not come
+to your lines as a spy, but with an order from your General. Are you
+willing that I should go and get my boy?"</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page132" name="page132"></a>(p. 132)</span> The Colonel reflected a moment.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, sir, and I will remain here. I told you before that I should
+have nothing to do with it."</p>
+
+<p>"Do you think that the men will permit me to take him?"</p>
+
+<p>"I have no orders to issue to them in the matter; they will do just as
+they please."</p>
+
+<p>"Will you send the boy into some other regiment?"</p>
+
+<p>This was too much for the Colonel. He could no longer restrain his
+indignation. Looking the Judge squarely in the face, he vented his
+anger in scathing words.</p>
+
+<p>The Judge departed, and at the next session of the Court Colonel Utley
+was indicted for man-stealing; but he has not yet been brought to
+trial. The case is postponed till the day of Judgment, when a
+righteous verdict will be rendered.</p>
+
+<p>The Judge returned to Lexington, called a public meeting, at which he
+made a speech, denouncing the Twenty-Second Wisconsin as an abolition
+regiment, and introducing resolutions declaring that the Union never
+could be restored if the laws of the State of Kentucky were thus set
+at defiance. This from the Judge, while his son was in the Rebel
+service, fighting against the Union.</p>
+
+<p>But the matter was not yet over. A few days later, the division
+containing the Twenty-Second Wisconsin, commanded by General Baird,
+<i>vice</i> Gillmore, was ordered down the river. It went to Louisville,
+followed by the slave-hunters, who were determined to have their
+negroes.</p>
+
+<p>Orders were issued to the colonels not to take any contrabands on
+board the boats, and most of them obeyed. Colonel Utley issued no
+orders.</p>
+
+<p>A citizen called upon him and said,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Colonel, you will have trouble in going through the city unless you
+give up the negroes in your lines."</p>
+
+<p>The regiment was then on its march to the wharf.</p>
+
+<p>"They have taken all the negroes from the ranks of the other
+regiments, and they intend to take yours."</p>
+
+<p>The Colonel turned to his men and said, quietly, "Fix bayonets."</p>
+
+<p>The regiment moved on through the streets, and reached the Gault
+House, where the slaveholders had congregated. A half-dozen <span class="pagenum"><a id="page133" name="page133"></a>(p. 133)</span>
+approached the regiment rather cautiously, but one bolder than the
+rest sprang into the ranks and seized a negro by the collar.</p>
+
+<p>A dozen bayonets came down around him, some not very gently. He let go
+his hold and sprang back again quite as quickly as he entered the
+lines.</p>
+
+<p>There was a shaking of fists and muttered curses, but the regiment
+passed on to the landing, just as if nothing had happened.</p>
+
+<p>General Granger, who had charge of the transportation, had issued
+orders that no negro should be allowed on the boats without free
+papers.</p>
+
+<p>General Baird saw the negroes on the steamer, and approaching Colonel
+Utley, said,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Why, Colonel, how is this? Have all of these negroes free papers?"</p>
+
+<p>"Perhaps not all, but those who haven't, <i>have declared their
+intentions!</i>" said the Colonel.</p>
+
+<p>The Twenty-Second took transportation on the steamer Commercial. The
+captain of the boat was a Kentuckian, who came to Colonel Utley in
+great trepidation, saying: "Colonel, I can't start till those negroes
+are put on shore. I shall be held responsible. My boat will be seized
+and libelled under the laws of the State."</p>
+
+<p>"I can't help that, sir; the boat is under the control and in the
+employ of the government. I am commander on board, and you have
+nothing to do but to steam up and go where you are directed. Otherwise
+I shall be under the necessity of arresting you."</p>
+
+<p>The captain departed and began his preparations. But now came the
+sheriff of Jefferson County with a writ. He wanted the bodies of
+George, Abraham, John, and Dick, who were still with the
+Twenty-Second. They were the runaway property of a fellow named Hogan,
+who a few days before had figured in a convention held at Frankfort,
+in which he introduced a series of Secession resolutions.</p>
+
+<p>"I have a writ for your arrest, but I am willing to waive all action
+on condition of your giving up the fugitives which you are harboring
+contrary to the peace and dignity of the State," said the sheriff.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page134" name="page134"></a>(p. 134)</span> "I have other business to attend to just now. I am under
+orders from my superiors in command to proceed down the river without
+any delay, and must get the boat under way," said the Colonel, bowing,
+politely.</p>
+
+<p>"But, Colonel, you are aware of the consequences of deliberately
+setting at defiance the laws of a sovereign State," said the sheriff.</p>
+
+<p>"Are you all ready there?" said the Colonel, not to the sheriff, but
+to the officer of the day who had charge of affairs.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, sir."</p>
+
+<p>"Then cast off."</p>
+
+<p>The game of bluff had been played between the Twenty-Second Wisconsin
+and the State of Kentucky, and Wisconsin had won.</p>
+
+<p>The sheriff jumped ashore. There were hoarse puffs from the
+steam-pipes, the great wheels turned in the stream, the Commercial
+swung from her moorings, and the soldiers of Wisconsin floated down
+the broad Ohio with the stars and stripes waving above them.</p>
+
+<p>By their devotion to principle, by the firmness of their commander,
+they had given the cause of Freedom a mighty uplift in the old State
+of Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p>I recall an evening in the Louisville Hotel. Officers of the
+army,&mdash;majors, captains, lieutenants,&mdash;were there from camp, chatting
+with the ladies. It was a pleasant company,&mdash;an hour of comfort and
+pleasure. The evening was chilly, and a coal-fire in the grate sent
+out its genial warmth. The cut glass of the chandeliers sparkled with
+ruby, purple, and amethyst in the changing light. In the anterooms
+there were chess-players absorbed in the intellectual game, with a
+knot of silent spectators.</p>
+
+<p>At the dinner-table Mr. Brown was my servant. His complexion was a
+shade darker than mine. He served me faithfully, wearing a white
+cotton jacket and apron. He entered the parlor in the evening, not
+wearing his hotel uniform, but faultlessly dressed as a gentleman. He
+brought not a lady, but a double-bass viol. He was followed by two
+fellow-servants, one with a violin, the other with a banjo. The one
+with the violin was a short, thick-set, curly-headed African,&mdash;black
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page135" name="page135"></a>(p. 135)</span> as the King of Dahomey. The other was whiter than most of the
+officers in the room.</p>
+
+<p>They were the hotel table-waiters and also a quadrille band. The
+violinist did not know B flat from F sharp. Musical notation was Greek
+to him; but he had rhythm, a quick, tuneful ear, and an appreciation
+of the beautiful in music rarely found among the many thousands who
+take lessons by the quarter. He did not give us Old Tar River, Uncle
+Ned, and O Susannah, but themes from Labitsky and Donizetti,&mdash;melodies
+which once heard are long remembered. His two comrades accompanied him
+in time and tune. For the young ladies and officers it was a
+delightful hour. Mr. Brown was the factotum, calling the changes with
+as much steadiness and precision, while handling the double-bass, as
+Hall or Dodworth at the grand ball to the Prince of Wales. So we were
+served by four thousand dollars' worth of body and soul!</p>
+
+<p>The doorway leading into the hall was a portrait-gallery of dusky
+faces,&mdash;Dinah, Julia, Sam, and James; old aunt Rebecca, with a yellow
+turban on her head; young Sarah, three feet high, bare-legged,
+bare-armed, in a torn, greasy calico dress,&mdash;her only garment; young
+Toney, who had so much India-rubber in his heels that he capered
+irrepressibly through the hall and executed a double-shuffle. While
+the grand stairway, leading to the halls above was piled with dark,
+eager faces, reminding one of the crowded auditory looking upon
+Belshazzar's feast in the great picture of Allston,&mdash;fifteen, twenty,
+thirty thousand dollars' worth of bones, blood, and brains!</p>
+
+<p>The violinist was in trouble. The screws would not stick, and in spite
+of his spitting in the holes, his twisting and turning, he was obliged
+to stop in the middle of the dance. He made strenuous efforts to keep
+his instrument in tune. A man in shoulder-straps, leading a
+fair-haired, graceful maiden, his partner in the dance, with a
+clenched fist and an oath informed the musician that if he didn't fix
+that quick he would knock his head off! It was a little glimpse of the
+divine, beneficent missionary institution ordained of God for the
+elevation of the sons of Ham!</p>
+
+<p>It was not difficult to make a transition in thought to a South
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page136" name="page136"></a>(p. 136)</span> Carolina rice-swamp or Louisiana sugar-plantation or Arkansas
+cotton-field, where a master's passion was law, and where knocking off
+men's heads was not so rare a performance.</p>
+
+<p>Among the dusky crowd gazing in upon the waltzers was a girl, sixteen
+or seventeen years old,&mdash;a brunette, with cherry lips, sparkling black
+eyes, and cheeks as fresh and fair as apricots. She was a picture of
+health. She gazed with evident delight, and yet there was always upon
+her countenance a shade of sadness. In form and feature she was almost
+wholly Anglo-Saxon, and more than Anglo-Saxon in beauty.</p>
+
+<p>I met her in the hall during the day having charge of a young child,
+and had marked her beauty, ease, grace, and intelligence, and supposed
+that she was a boarder at the hotel,&mdash;the daughter or young wife of
+some officer, till seeing her the central figure of the dusky group.
+Then the thought came flashing, "She is a slave!"</p>
+
+<p>She could have joined in the cotillon with as much grace as any of the
+fair dancers.</p>
+
+<p>Her father, I learned, was a high-born Kentuckian, and her grandfather
+was from one of the first families of Virginia; but her
+great-great-great-grandmother was born in Africa, and that was the
+reason why she stood a silent spectator in the hall, instead of
+whirling with the gay colonel in the dance.</p>
+
+<a id="img026" name="img026"></a>
+<div class="p4 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img026.jpg" width="250" height="299" alt="" title="">
+</div>
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page137" name="page137"></a>(p. 137)</span> CHAPTER X.<br>
+FROM HARPER'S FERRY TO FREDERICKSBURG.</h2>
+
+<span class="sidedate">Nov., 1862.</span>
+
+<p>Returning to Virginia I accompanied the army of the Potomac in the
+march from Berlin and Harper's Ferry to the Rappahannock. The roads
+were excellent, the days mild, the air clear. Beautiful beyond
+description the landscape, viewed from the passes of the Blue Ridge.
+Westward in the valley of the Shenandoah was Longstreet's corps,
+traced by rising clouds of dust and the smoke of innumerable
+camp-fires. Eastward was the great army of the Union, winding along
+the numerous roads, towards the south. Many of the soldiers had their
+pets,&mdash;one had two yellow dogs in leading-strings. A gray-bearded old
+soldier carried a young puppy with its eyes not yet open, in his arms
+as tenderly as if it were a child. A Connecticut boy had a little
+kitten on his shoulders, which kept its place contentedly.
+Occasionally the lad caressed it, while kitty laid its face against
+that of the beardless boy and purred with pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>The march was tediously slow. General McClellan was averse to making
+it at all. He had delayed from day to day, and from week to week, till
+ordered by the President to advance. He had no well-considered plan of
+operations.</p>
+
+<p>The President's patience was exhausted, and at Warrenton he was
+deprived of the command of the army.</p>
+
+<p>General Burnside, his successor, took the command reluctantly; but he
+was quick in deciding upon a plan. General McClellan's line of march
+was towards Gordonsville. Burnside decided to move upon
+Fredericksburg. The movement was made with great rapidity, and
+Burnside only failed of seizing the place because the pontoons were
+not there at the time appointed. Lee came and occupied the town, threw
+up his earthworks, and planted his batteries. Burnside planned to
+have Franklin cross the Rappahannock below Port Royal, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page138" name="page138"></a>(p. 138)</span> Hooker
+above it, while Sumner was to cross opposite the town; but a heavy
+storm frustrated the movement.</p>
+
+<p>It was generally supposed that the army would go into winter quarters,
+and many of the correspondents accordingly returned to their homes. My
+friend and companion in the West, Mr. Richardson, left the army of the
+Potomac in disgust, and proceeded West again in search of adventure.
+His wishes were more than gratified soon after at Vicksburg, where he
+fell into the hands of the Rebels, who boarded him awhile at the Libby
+in Richmond, and afterward at the Salisbury prison in North Carolina.
+He ungraciously turned his back upon his Rebel friends one night, took
+all his baggage, and left without paying his bills.</p>
+
+<p>He gained the Union lines in Tennessee after months of imprisonment,
+with his desires for adventure in that direction fully satisfied.</p>
+
+<p>Nearly one half of the correspondents with the various armies either
+fell into the hands of the Rebels or were wounded. Several died of
+diseases contracted in the malarious swamps. As a class they were
+daring, courageous, venturesome, always on the alert, making hard
+rides, day and night, on the battle-field often where the fire was
+hottest,&mdash;writing their accounts seated on a stump, spreading their
+blankets where night overtook them, or frequently making all-night
+rides after a day of excitement, hardship, and exposure, that the
+public might have early information of what had transpired. Their
+statements were often contradictory. Those first received by the
+public were not unfrequently full of errors, and sometimes were wholly
+false, for the reason that many papers had a correspondent a few miles
+in rear of the army, at the base of supplies, who caught up every wild
+rumor and sent it flying over the land.</p>
+
+<p>Gold speculators improved every occasion to gull the public by false
+news. There is reason to believe that men in high official positions
+were in collusion with operators in bullion, to the mutual advantage
+of all concerned.</p>
+
+<p>The press of the country, reflecting the feelings of the people,
+pronounced the campaign at an end. The friends of General McClellan
+were clamorous for his return. Congress and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page139" name="page139"></a>(p. 139)</span> political
+advisers in Washington demanded that Burnside should move somewhere.
+They knew nothing of the obstacles in his path.</p>
+
+<p>In a letter written on the 9th of December, 1862, the following view
+of the situation was presented by the correspondent of the Boston
+<i>Journal</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>"It is a clear, cold morning. The sky is without a cloud.
+     Standing near General Sumner's quarters, I have a wide sweep of
+     vision. The quarters of the veteran general commanding the right
+     grand division are in a spacious mansion, newly constructed, the
+     property of a wealthy planter, whose estate is somewhat shorn of
+     its beauty by the ravages of war. The fences are all gone, the
+     forests are fast disappearing, the fine range of cedars which
+     lined the Belleplain road are no longer to be seen. All around
+     are the white tents of the command, the innumerable camp-fires
+     sending up blue columns of smoke. The air is calm. You hear the
+     rumbling of distant baggage-trains, the clatter of hundreds of
+     axes felling the forests for fuel,&mdash;the bugle-call of the
+     cavalrymen, and the rat-a-plan of the drummers, and mingling with
+     all, the steady, constant flow of the falling waters of the
+     winding stream.</p>
+
+<p>"Looking far off to the southeast, across the intervale of the
+     river, you see a white cloud of steam moving beneath the fringe
+     of a forest. It is a locomotive from Richmond, dragging its train
+     of cars with supplies for the Rebel camps. The forests and hills
+     beyond are alive with men. Resting my glass against the side of
+     the building to keep it steady, I can count the men grouped
+     around the camp-fires, turning at times to keep themselves warm.
+     Others are bringing in wood. An officer rides along. A train of
+     wagons is winding down the hill toward the town. All along the
+     range of hills are earthworks with sandbag embrasures, and
+     artillery behind,&mdash;not quaker guns, I think, but field artillery,
+     so ranged that a movement directly across the river would be
+     marching into the jaws of death,&mdash;as hazardous and destructive as
+     the charge of the Light Brigade at Balaklava.</p>
+
+<p>"I know that there is a clamor for an onward movement, a desire
+     and expectation for an advance; but I think there are few men in
+     the country who, after taking a look at the Rebel positions,
+     would like to lead in a movement across the stream.</p>
+
+<p>"Looking into the town of Fredericksburg we see but few smokes
+     ascending from the chimneys, but few people in the streets. It is
+     almost wholly deserted. The women and children have gone to
+     Richmond, or else are shivering in camp. Close upon the
+     river-bank on <span class="pagenum"><a id="page140" name="page140"></a>(p. 140)</span> either side face the pickets, within easy
+     talking distance of each other. There has been no shooting of
+     late. There is constant badinage. The Rebel picket asks the
+     Yankee when he is going to Richmond. The Yankee asks the Rebel if
+     he don't want a pair of boots. I am sorry to say that such
+     conversation is mixed with profane words. Each party seems to
+     think that hard words hit hard."</p>
+
+<p>"Last night the southern sky was red with the blaze of Rebel
+     camp-fires. Far off to the southeast I see a hazy cloud, and
+     columns of smoke, indicating the presence of a large army. I do
+     not doubt that if we attempt to cross we shall meet with terrible
+     opposition from a force nearly if not quite as large as our own.</p>
+
+<p>"If the President or General Halleck insist upon Burnside's
+     making the movement, it will be made with whatever power, energy,
+     determination, and bravery the army can exhibit. I am as anxious
+     as any one can be to see a great blow given to the Rebellion; but
+     I am not at all anxious to see the attempt made against such
+     disadvantages as are apparent to the most casual observer from
+     this position."<a id="footnotetag9" name="footnotetag9"></a><a href="#footnote9" title="Go to footnote 9"><span class="smaller">[9]</span></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="sidedate">Dec., 1862.</span>
+
+<p>It was an unreasonable demand which the public made upon Burnside. He
+had been just one month in command of the army. His first plan had
+failed through the remissness of others; his second effort to move had
+been made abortive by the storm. He could not attempt again the
+movement with any hope of success, for Lee had taken precautions
+against an attack upon his flank. Neither the public, the politician,
+nor the War Department would consent to his going into winter
+quarters. He had no alternative other than to devise a new plan. These
+considerations are to be kept in remembrance in reviewing the battle
+of Fredericksburg.</p>
+
+<p>General Burnside obtained correct information of the position held by
+General Lee. Jackson's corps was separated from Longstreet's by a
+ravine, but General Lee had constructed a road through the woods and
+across a ravine, by which troops could be readily marched to the right
+or left, as they might be needed. He was satisfied that Lee did not
+expect him to cross at the town, but lower down the river. He decided,
+therefore, to cross the Rappahannock, and make a desperate push to
+obtain possession of the road, which would divide Lee's army.</p>
+
+<a id="img027" name="img027"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img027.jpg" width="500" height="368" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Fredericksburg.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page141" name="page141"></a>(p. 141)</span> The plan was accepted by a council of officers on the 10th of
+December. Preparations wore made that night for the passage of the
+river in three places. The artillery was drawn in position along the
+bank,&mdash;about one hundred and fifty pieces, some of which were
+thirty-pounders. Orders were issued to the troops to be ready at a
+moment's warning. General Woodbury, with a brigade of engineers, was
+ordered down to the river.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after dark on the night of the 10th, the brigade, with its long
+train of boats on wheels, came down from the Stafford hills. Boats
+sufficient for the construction of two bridges halted near the
+railroad; enough for two more went a third of a mile down stream,
+opposite the lower end of the town, while the remainder went a mile
+and a half farther down, almost to Mr. Bernard's house. Sumner and
+Hooker were to use those opposite the town, and Franklin those at
+Bernard's. A brigade of troops was ordered to protect the engineers in
+their work. The gunners stood beside their guns, ready to open fire if
+the Rebels opposed them. The engineers took the boats from the wagons,
+pushed them out over the thin ice, anchored them in the stream, and
+commenced laying the timbers and planks. A dense fog hung over the
+river, which concealed their operations, and before daybreak the
+bridges were nearly completed. The Seventeenth and Eighteenth
+Mississippi regiments of Barksdale's brigade, and the Eighth Florida,
+of Perry's brigade, were on picket along the river, while the
+Thirteenth and Twenty-First Mississippi and Third Georgia were in
+reserve in the town.</p>
+
+<p>Lee was wary. He expected an advance of the Union army. His scouts
+were alert. All the commanders were ordered to be vigilant. So keeping
+a sharp lookout, the sentinels walked the bank through the long winter
+night, peering into the darkness, and listening to catch the meaning
+of the confused hum which floated to them across the stream.</p>
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page142" name="page142"></a>(p. 142)</span> CHAPTER XI.<br>
+BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG.</h2>
+
+<span class="sidedate">Dec., 1862.</span>
+
+<p>At five o'clock on the morning of the 11th of December two signal-guns
+were fired on the heights of Fredericksburg. Deep and heavy their
+roar, rolling along the valley, echoing from hill to hill, and rousing
+the sleepers of both armies. We who listened upon the Falmouth hills
+knew that the crossing was not a surprise, but that the Rebels were
+ready for battle. And now as the day dawned there came a rattling of
+musketry along the river. The Rebel pickets opened the fire. The
+gunners at the batteries were quick to respond, and sent grape and
+canister across the stream. The Rebel pickets at the lower bridges
+soon retired, and the engineers completed their work. But in the town
+the Mississippians took shelter in the buildings, and poured a deadly
+fire upon the bridge-builders. Almost every soldier who attempted to
+carry out a plank fell. For a while the attempt was relinquished.</p>
+
+<p>"The bridge must be completed," said General Burnside.</p>
+
+<p>Once more the brave engineers attempted it. The fog still hung over
+the river. Those who stood on the northern bank could only see the
+flashes of the rifles on the other shore. The gunners were obliged to
+fire at random, but so energetic their fire the engineers were able to
+carry the bridge within eighty or ninety feet of the shore, and then
+so deadly in turn was the fire of the Rebels that it was murder to
+send men out with a plank.</p>
+
+<p>General Burnside stood on the piazza of the Phillips House, a mile
+from the pontoons. General Sumner and General Hooker were there. Aids
+and couriers came and went with messages and orders.</p>
+
+<p>"My bridge is completed, and I am ready to cross," was Franklin's
+message at half past nine.</p>
+
+<p>"You must wait till the upper bridge is completed," was the reply to
+Franklin.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page143" name="page143"></a>(p. 143)</span> Two hours passed. A half-dozen attempts were made to complete
+the upper bridge without success. Brave men not belonging to the
+engineers came down to the bank, surveyed the scene, and then
+volunteering their services, seized planks and boards, ran out upon
+the bridge, but only to fall before the sharpshooters concealed in the
+cellars of the houses not ten rods distant. Captain Brainard of the
+Fiftieth New York, with eleven men, volunteered to finish the nearly
+completed work. They went out upon the run. Five fell at one volley,
+and the rest returned. Captain Perkins of the same regiment led
+another party. He fell with a ghastly wound in his neck. Half of his
+men are killed or wounded. These were sacrifices of life with nothing
+gained. It was soul-inspiring to witness such heroic devotion, but
+heart-sickening to stand on the bank and see them slaughtered,&mdash;their
+blood turning to crimson the turbid waters of the Rappahannock.</p>
+
+<p>General Burnside had no desire to injure the town, but under the
+usages of war he had a right to bombard it; for the Rebels had
+concealed themselves in the houses, making use of them to slaughter
+his men.</p>
+
+<p>"Bring all your guns to bear upon the city and batter it down," was
+the order issued to General Hunt, chief of artillery. Colonel Hays had
+eight batteries on the right; Colonel Tompkins had eleven batteries on
+the right centre, opposite the upper pontoons,&mdash;some of them in the
+yard of Mr. Lacey's house, near the river; Colonel Tyler had seven
+batteries a little farther down on the left centre; while Captain De
+Russey had seven batteries opposite the lower pontoons. There were in
+all thirty-five batteries, with a total of one hundred and
+seventy-nine guns, all bearing upon the town. The artillerymen
+received the orders to prepare for action with a hurrah. They had
+chafed all the morning, and longed for an opportunity to avenge the
+death of their gallant comrades.</p>
+
+<p>The hour had come. They sprang to their pieces. The fire ran from the
+right to the left,&mdash;from the heavy twenty-four-pounders on the heights
+of Falmouth to the smaller pieces on the hills where Washington passed
+his boyhood. The air became thick with the murky clouds. The earth
+shook beneath the terrific explosions of the shells, which went
+howling over the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page144" name="page144"></a>(p. 144)</span> river, crashing into the houses, battering
+down walls, splintering doors, ripping up floors. Sixty solid shot and
+shells a minute were thrown, and the bombardment was kept up till nine
+thousand were fired. No hot shot were used, but the explosions set
+fire to a block of buildings, which added terrible grandeur to the
+scene.</p>
+
+<p>The Rebel army stood upon the heights beyond the town and watched the
+operations. Lee's Rebel artillery was silent, and the Mississippians
+concealed in the houses were alone participants in the contest.</p>
+
+<p>The fog lifted at last and revealed the town. The streets were
+deserted, but the houses, the church-steeples, the stores were riddled
+with shot; yet no impression had been made on the Mississippians.</p>
+
+<p>Burnside's artillerymen could not depress their guns sufficiently to
+shell them out. A working party went out upon the bridge, but one
+after another was killed or wounded.</p>
+
+<p>The time had come for a bold movement. It was plain that the
+Mississippians must be driven out before the bridge could be
+completed, and that a party must go over in boats, charge up the hill,
+and rout them from their hiding-places. Who would go? Who attempt the
+hazardous enterprise? There were brave men standing on the bank by the
+Lacey House, who had watched the proceedings during the long hours.
+They were accustomed to hard fighting: Hall's brigade, composed of the
+Seventh Michigan, Nineteenth and Twentieth Massachusetts, and
+Forty-Second New York. They had fought at Fair Oaks, Savage Station,
+Glendale, Malvern, and Antietam. The Twentieth had been in all these
+battles, and also at Ball's Bluff.</p>
+
+<p>"We will go over and clean out the Rebels," was the cry of this
+brigade.</p>
+
+<p>"You shall have the privilege of doing so," said General Burnside.</p>
+
+<p>There were not boats enough for all,&mdash;not enough for one regiment
+even. A portion of the Seventh Michigan was selected to go first,
+while the other regiments stood as a supporting force.</p>
+
+<p>The men run down the winding path to the water's edge, jump into the
+boats, and push out into the stream. It is a <span class="pagenum"><a id="page145" name="page145"></a>(p. 145)</span> moment of
+intense anxiety. No one knows how large the force opposing them. The
+Rebel sharpshooters are watching the movement from their
+hiding-places. They have a fair view and can pick their men. The men
+in the boats know it, yet they move steadily onward, steering straight
+across the stream, without a thought of turning back, though their
+comrades are falling,&mdash;some headlong into the river, others dropping
+into the boats. The oarsmen pull with rapid strokes. When one falls
+another takes his place. Two thirds the distance over,&mdash;the boats
+ground in shoal water. The soldiers wait for no word of command, but
+with a common impulse, with an ardor which stops not to count the
+cost, they leap into the water, wade to the shore, and charge up the
+bank. Some fall to rise no more, but their surviving comrades rush up
+the slippery slope. A loud hurrah rings out from the soldiers who
+watch them from the Falmouth shore. Up, up they go, facing death,
+firing not, intent only to get at the foe and win victory with the
+bayonet! They smash the windows, batter down doors, driving or
+capturing the foe.</p>
+
+<p>Loud and hearty the cheers of the regiments upon the other shore. The
+men of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Massachusetts would give anything
+to be there. All the while the cannon are roaring, hurling solid shot
+and shell into the doomed city.</p>
+
+<div class="poem15">
+<p><span class="min33em">"</span>They leaped in the rocking shallops.<br>
+<span class="add1em">Ten offered where one could go;</span><br>
+   And the breeze was alive with laughter<br>
+<span class="add1em">Till the boatmen began to row.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="min33em">"</span>Then the shore, where the Rebels harbored,<br>
+<span class="add1em">Was fringed with a gush of flame,</span><br>
+   And buzzing, like bees, o'er the water<br>
+<span class="add1em">The swarms of their bullets came.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="min33em">"</span>Not a whisper! Each man was conscious<br>
+<span class="add1em">He stood in the sight of death;</span><br>
+   So he bowed to the awful presence,<br>
+<span class="add1em">And treasured his living breath.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="min33em">"</span>And many a brave, stout fellow,<br>
+<span class="add1em">Who sprang in the boats with mirth,</span><br>
+   Ere they made that fatal crossing,<br>
+<span class="add1em">Was a load of lifeless earth.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page147" name="page147"></a>(p. 147)</span> <span class="min33em">"</span>But yet the boats moved onward;<br>
+<span class="add1em">Through fire and lead they drove,</span><br>
+   With the dark, still mass within them,<br>
+<span class="add1em">And the floating stars above.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="min33em">"</span>Cheer after cheer we sent them,<br>
+<span class="add1em">As only armies can,&mdash;</span><br>
+   Cheers for old Massachusetts,<br>
+<span class="add1em">Cheers for young Michigan!</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="min33em">"</span>They formed in line of battle;<br>
+<span class="add1em">Not a man was out of place.</span><br>
+   Then with levelled steel they hurled them<br>
+<span class="add1em">Straight in the Rebels' face.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="min33em">"</span>'O help me, help me, comrade!<br>
+<span class="add1em">For tears my eyelids drown,</span><br>
+   As I see their starry banners<br>
+<span class="add1em">Stream up the smoking town.'"</span><a id="footnotetag10" name="footnotetag10"></a><a href="#footnote10" title="Go to footnote 10"><span class="smaller">[10]</span></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<a id="img028" name="img028"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<a href="images/img028.jpg">
+<img src="images/img028tb.jpg" width="500" height="304" alt="" title=""></a>
+<p class="caption">Fredericksburg.</p>
+
+<table style="font-size: 80%; margin-left: 5%;" border="0" cellpadding="0" summary="Fredericksburg.">
+<colgroup>
+    <col width="2%">
+    <col width="14%">
+    <col width="5%">
+    <col width="2%">
+    <col width="15%">
+    <col width="3%">
+    <col width="2%">
+    <col width="14%">
+    <col width="5%">
+    <col width="2%">
+    <col width="15%">
+</colgroup>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="5" class="center"><span class="smcap">Union Positions.</span></td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td colspan="5" class="center"><span class="smcap">Rebel Positions.</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>1.</td>
+<td colspan="2">French's Division</td>
+<td class="center">}</td>
+<td rowspan="3">2d Corps.</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>A.</td>
+<td colspan="2">Anderson's Division</td>
+<td class="center">}</td>
+<td rowspan="5">Longstreet, 1st Corps.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>2.</td>
+<td>Hancock's</td>
+<td>"</td>
+<td class="center">}</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>B.</td>
+<td>Ransom's</td>
+<td>"</td>
+<td class="center">}</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>3.</td>
+<td>Howard's</td>
+<td>"</td>
+<td class="center">}</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>C.</td>
+<td>McLaw's</td>
+<td>"</td>
+<td class="center">}</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td>
+<td>D.</td>
+<td>Pickett's</td>
+<td>"</td>
+<td class="center">}</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>4.</td>
+<td>Sturgis's</td>
+<td>"</td>
+<td class="center">}</td>
+<td rowspan="3">9th Corps.</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>E.</td>
+<td>Hood's</td>
+<td>"</td>
+<td class="center">}</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>5.</td>
+<td>Getty's</td>
+<td>"</td>
+<td class="center">}</td>
+<td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>6.</td>
+<td>Burns's</td>
+<td>"</td>
+<td class="center">}</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>F.</td>
+<td colspan="2">A. P. Hill's Division</td>
+<td class="center">}</td>
+<td rowspan="5">Jackson, 2d Corps.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td>
+<td>G.</td>
+<td>Ewell's</td>
+<td>"</td>
+<td class="center">}</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>7.</td>
+<td>Brooks's</td>
+<td>"</td>
+<td class="center">}</td>
+<td rowspan="3">6th Corps.</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>H.</td>
+<td>Taliferro's</td>
+<td>"</td>
+<td class="center">}</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>8.</td>
+<td>Howe's</td>
+<td>"</td>
+<td class="center">}</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>I.</td>
+<td>D. H. Hill's</td>
+<td>"</td>
+<td class="center">}</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>9.</td>
+<td>Newton's</td>
+<td>"</td>
+<td class="center">}</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>J.</td>
+<td colspan="2">Stuart's Cavalry</td>
+<td class="center">}</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="11">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>10.</td>
+<td colspan="2">Gibbon's Division</td>
+<td class="center">}</td>
+<td rowspan="3">1st Corps.</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>K.</td>
+<td colspan="4">Lee's Head-Quarters.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>11.</td>
+<td>Meade's</td>
+<td>"</td>
+<td class="center">}</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>L.</td>
+<td colspan="4">Longstreet Head-Quarters.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>12.</td>
+<td>Doubleday's</td>
+<td>"</td>
+<td class="center">}</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>M.</td>
+<td colspan="4">Jackson's<span class="add2em">"</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="11">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>13.</td>
+<td>Sickles's</td>
+<td>"</td>
+<td class="center">}</td>
+<td rowspan="3">3d Corps.</td>
+<td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>14.</td>
+<td>Birney's</td>
+<td>"</td>
+<td class="center">}</td>
+<td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="11">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>15.</td>
+<td colspan="4">Cavalry.</td>
+<td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>16.</td>
+<td colspan="4">Union Batteries.</td>
+<td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>17.</td>
+<td colspan="4">Bernard's House.</td>
+<td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>18.</td>
+<td colspan="4">Pontoon Bridge.</td>
+<td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>19.</td>
+<td colspan="4">Hamilton's House.</td>
+<td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>20.</td>
+<td colspan="4">Maryee's House.</td>
+<td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<p>When the bridge-builders saw the soldiers charge up the hill, they too
+caught the enthusiasm of the moment, and finished their work. The
+other regiments of the brigade, before the last planks were laid,
+rushed down the bank, ran out upon the bridge, dashed up the bank,
+joined their comrades, and drove the Rebels from the streets nearest
+the river.</p>
+
+<p>History furnishes but few records of more daring exploits than this
+action of the Seventh Michigan. Their work was thorough and complete.
+In fifteen minutes they cleared the houses in front of them, and took
+more prisoners than their own party numbered.</p>
+
+<p>It was now half past four in the afternoon, one of the shortest days
+of winter. The sun was going down. The Rebels had delayed the crossing
+through the entire day. General Burnside was severely censured by some
+Northern as well as Southern papers for bombarding the town; he had no
+desire to do injury to the citizens in person or property, but the
+stubborn resistance of the Rebels made it necessary thus to use his
+artillery. When General Sumner arrived at Falmouth, three weeks
+before, he demanded the surrender of the place; but the citizens and
+the women begged the officer in command not to give it up.</p>
+
+<p>"We would rather have the town burned than given up to the
+Yankees,"<a id="footnotetag11" name="footnotetag11"></a><a href="#footnote11" title="Go to footnote 11"><span class="smaller">[11]</span></a> said they.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page148" name="page148"></a>(p. 148)</span> But now the Yankees were there, marching through the streets.
+The houses were battered, torn, and rent. Some were in flames, and a
+battle was raging through the town.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as the bridge was completed, the other brigades of General
+Howard's division moved across the river. The Rebel batteries, which
+till now had kept silence, opened furiously with solid shot and shell,
+but the troops moved steadily over, and took shelter along the river
+bank. The Rebels were falling back from street to street, and the men
+from Michigan and Massachusetts were pressing on.</p>
+
+<p>I stood upon the bank of the river and watched the scene in the
+deepening twilight. Far up the streets there were bright flashes from
+the muskets of the Rebels, who fired from cellars, chamber windows,
+and from sheltered places. Nearer were dark masses of men in blue, who
+gave quick volleys as they moved steadily on, demolishing doors,
+crushing in windows, and searching every hiding-place. Cannon were
+flaming on all the hills, and the whole country was aglow with the
+camp fires of the two great armies. The Stafford hills were alive with
+men,&mdash;regiments, brigades, and divisions moving in column from their
+encampments to cross the river. The sky was without a cloud. The town
+was lighted by lurid flames. The air was full of hissings,&mdash;the sharp
+cutting sounds of the leaden rain. The great twenty-pounder guns on
+the heights of Falmouth were roaring the while. There were shouts,
+hurrahs, yells, and groans from the streets. So the fight went on till
+the Rebels were driven wholly from the town to their intrenchments
+beyond.</p>
+
+<p>The Seventeenth Mississippi was the most actively engaged of the Rebel
+regiments. Its commander, Lieutenant-Colonel Fizer, in his report,
+says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"The Yankees made nine desperate attempts to finish their
+     bridges, but were repulsed at every attempt. They used their
+     artillery incessantly, with a heavy detachment of sharpshooters,
+     for twelve hours, we holding our position firmly the whole time,
+     until about half past four, P. M., when they increased their
+     artillery and infantry, and their batteries becoming so numerous
+     and concentrated, we could not use our rifles. Being deprived of
+     all protection, we were compelled to fall back to Caroline
+     Street, and from there were ordered from town. The casualties
+     <span class="pagenum"><a id="page149" name="page149"></a>(p. 149)</span> of the regiment during the engagement were one hundred
+     and sixteen wounded, killed, and missing."<a id="footnotetag12" name="footnotetag12"></a><a href="#footnote12" title="Go to footnote 12"><span class="smaller">[12]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>When the soldiers of the Seventh Michigan leaped into the boats, a
+drummer-boy joined them,&mdash;Robert Henry Hendershot. He was only twelve
+years old, but his dark eyes flashed brightly under the excitement of
+the moment. His drum was upon his neck.</p>
+
+<p>"Get out, you can't go," said an officer.</p>
+
+<p>"I want to go," said Robert.</p>
+
+<p>"No, you will get shot. Out with you."</p>
+
+<p>Robert jumped into the water, but instead of going ashore, remained to
+push off the boat; and then, instead of letting go his hold, clung to
+the gunwale, and was taken across.</p>
+
+<p>As the boat grounded upon the other shore, a piece of shell tore
+through his drum. He threw it away, seized the gun of a fallen
+soldier, rushed up the hill, and came upon a Rebel soldier, slightly
+wounded. "Surrender!" said Robert, pointing his gun at him. The Rebel
+gave up his gun, and Robert marched him to the rear. When he returned
+to the other side of the river, General Burnside saw him, and said,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Boy, I glory in your spunk! If you keep on in this way a few more
+years, you will be in my place."</p>
+
+<p>His regiment, after the battle, was sent West, and Robert was in the
+battles of Lebanon, Murfreesboro, Chattanooga, and McMinnville, where
+he fought gallantly.</p>
+
+<p>As the Rebels had used the houses for a defence, the soldiers, now
+that they were in possession of the town, appropriated to their own
+use whatever suited their fancy. Their great desire was to obtain
+tobacco, and the tobacco shops were first broken open. A large
+quantity had been thrown into the river by the Rebel authorities to
+prevent its falling into the hands of the Yankees; but the soldiers
+soon fished it up, dried it by their bivouac fires, and through the
+long night, while keeping watch, enjoyed their pipes at the expense of
+the enemy. Soldiers who did not care for tobacco helped themselves to
+flour, meat, potatoes, sugar, and molasses. They had a merry night
+cooking <span class="pagenum"><a id="page150" name="page150"></a>(p. 150)</span> bacon and eggs, frying pork, making hot cakes in the
+kitchens. The houses were ransacked; beds, blankets, carpets, sofas,
+rocking-chairs, settees, and lounges were carried into the streets.
+Some dressed themselves in old-fashioned and antiquated clothes which
+they found in the chambers.</p>
+
+<p>It was a carnival night. One fellow appropriated a heavy volume of
+Congressional documents, which he carried about several days. Another
+found a stuffed monkey in one of the houses, which he shouldered and
+bore away. One soldier had a dozen custard-cups on a string around his
+neck. Another, finding a nice beaver hat, threw aside his old cap and
+took his place again in the ranks, the sport of all his comrades, for
+being so nice a gentleman. It was not, however, an indiscriminate
+pillage of the whole town. A great many dwellings were not entered at
+all, and the owners, after the evacuation of the city, found their
+premises but little injured. In the houses nearest the river the
+soldiers felt that they were entitled to whatever they could lay their
+hands on. But those who had taken mattresses and bedding were obliged
+to give them up. The surgeons in charge of the hospitals seized the
+articles for the benefit of the wounded.</p>
+
+<p>"Rev. Arthur B. Fuller is killed," said an acquaintance, as I stood
+upon the bank of the river. "His body is lying in the street."</p>
+
+<p>He had been chaplain of the Massachusetts Sixteenth through all the
+Peninsula campaign, working hard day and night in the hospital, till
+his health had given out, and he had been honorably discharged. He had
+preached his last sermon on the Sunday before; but although no longer
+in the service, knowing that there was to be a great battle, so
+intense was his patriotism that he could not go away, but remained to
+do what he could. He took a musket, became a volunteer, and went over
+with the regiments.</p>
+
+<p>"I must do something for my country. What shall I do?" he asked of
+Captain Dunn in the streets of Fredericksburg on that fatal evening.</p>
+
+<p>"Now is a good time for you,&mdash;fall in on the left," said the captain,
+who saw that he was cool and collected, although the bullets were
+falling thick and fast around them. He stood in <span class="pagenum"><a id="page151" name="page151"></a>(p. 151)</span> front of a
+grocery store, loaded his musket and fired, and then coolly loaded
+again. He was taking aim once more when he was shot by a sharpshooter.
+The Rebels advanced, and Captain Dunn was obliged to fall back. He lay
+where he fell till the enemy were driven from the town, when his body
+was recovered. The Rebels had picked his pockets. They stabbed a
+wounded man who was lying by his side. The soldiers of his regiment
+who had listened to his teachings in life came in groups to gaze with
+silent sorrow upon the marble brow of him who had been a faithful
+teacher, and who gave his life freely for his country.</p>
+
+<p>At his funeral obsequies in Boston, Rev. E. O. Haven said of him:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"Could he whose mangled body now lies before you, from which the
+     deadly bullet has expelled the noble Christian's soul, rise again
+     and speak out as he was wont to do in ringing words, they would
+     not be apologetic, but words of exultation. Were it possible for
+     him to be at once fallen in battle and yet alive with us, I know
+     that he would fill our souls with his own holy enthusiasm. I know
+     that he would make us understand and feel the magnitude of his
+     thought and the love of his heart, when he offered to his
+     country, in what he thought her bitterest trial, the sight of his
+     eye and the strength of his arm, and above all the moral example
+     of his character, won by many years' devotion to the good of his
+     fellow-men. He offered all this to his country, and he did right.
+     It was an overflowing love. He gave his life for liberty to all
+     men, instead of slavery for negroes, vassalage for the great
+     majority of the whites, and a despotism,&mdash;greatest curse of
+     all,&mdash;for a few. He offered his life to inspire the army with
+     noble purpose, and if need be, to inspire the nation. He knew
+     that his life might be taken, and is not now surprised; but there
+     comes a voice from his spirit to us saying, Waste not your
+     sympathies in inactive sorrow, but connect the strong tide of
+     your emotion into vigorous thought and powerful action. Weep not
+     for me, but weep for yourselves and your children,&mdash;or see to it
+     that they are so protected as not to need your tears."</p>
+
+<p>Rev. James Freeman Clarke was his playmate in boyhood, and his friend
+through life, and standing by his coffin, looking for the last time
+upon his face, said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>"Arthur Fuller was like the most of us, a lover of peace; but he
+     saw, as we have had to see, that sometimes true peace can only
+     come <span class="pagenum"><a id="page152" name="page152"></a>(p. 152)</span> through war. In this last struggle at
+     Fredericksburg he took a soldier's weapon, and went on with the
+     little forlorn hope, who were leading the advance through the
+     streets. He had not been in battle much before, but more among
+     the sick in hospitals. Perhaps he thought it right to show the
+     soldiers that in an hour of emergency he was ready to stand by
+     their side. So he went with a courage and devotion which all must
+     admire, and fell, adding his blood also to the precious blood
+     which has been shed as an atonement for the sins of the nation.
+     May that blood not be shed in vain. May it be accepted by God as
+     a costly sacrifice, and may we as a people, when our necessary
+     trials and punishments are sufficiently endured, become that
+     righteous and happy nation God meant us to be; setting an example
+     to mankind of a Christian republic in which there is no master
+     and no slave, no tyrant and no victim,&mdash;not a mere rabble
+     scrambling for gain, but brothers, co-operating in building up a
+     grand commonwealth of true liberty, justice, and humanity. Let
+     our friends go or stay, let us live or die,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem15">
+<span class="add6em">'So wake we to higher aims,</span><br>
+  Of a land that has lost for a little her love of gold,<br>
+  And love of peace; that was full of wrongs, shames,<br>
+  Horrible, hateful, monstrous, not to be told,<br>
+  And hail once more the banner of battle unrolled!<br>
+  Though many an eye shall darken, and many shall weep,<br>
+  Yet many a darkness into light shall leap.'</p>
+
+<p>" ... To die thus, full of devotion to a noble cause, is not to
+     die,&mdash;it is to live. It is rising into a higher life. It is
+     passing up into the company of the true and noble, of the brave
+     and generous,&mdash;it is going to join heroes and martyrs of all
+     ages, who have not counted life dear when given to a good cause.
+     Such devoted offerings by the young and brave surrendering up
+     their lives raise us all above the fear of death. What matters it
+     when we die, so that we live holy?&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem25">
+  'They are the dead, the buried,<br>
+<span class="add1em">They who do still survive,</span><br>
+  In sin and sense interred;&mdash;<br>
+<span class="add1em">The dead!&mdash;they are alive!'"</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Foothold having been secured on the southern bank of the Rappahannock,
+the army began to cross. A third pontoon bridge was constructed at the
+lower end of the town. A thick fog hung over the river on the morning
+of the 12th. The air was calm, and I could distinctly hear the
+confused hum of preparation for the great battle. Burnside's troops
+were moving <span class="pagenum"><a id="page153" name="page153"></a>(p. 153)</span> into position, and so were Lee's; but all the
+movements of both armies were concealed by the fog.</p>
+
+<p>The Rebel pickets still clung to the outskirts of the town. At noon
+the fog disappeared, drifting up the Rappahannock. Suddenly the Rebel
+batteries on the hills above the town began to throw shells upon the
+Second Corps, which had crossed the upper bridge and was forming in
+the streets. Colonel Tyler, who commanded the heavy guns on the
+Falmouth hills, was quick to reply. The batteries in the centre
+opened, also those on the left. The distance from the most remote
+battery on the right to the farthest on the left was five miles. The
+Second and Ninth Corps were in the town, the front line was in the
+streets and the rear line along the bank of the river. Artillery
+trains and wagons loaded with ammunition were going over. Solid shot
+from the Rebel batteries tossed up the water in the river. Shells were
+bursting in the town.</p>
+
+<p>The First and Sixth Corps, under Franklin, had crossed at the lower
+bridge by the house of Mr. Bernard, and were moving over the wide
+plain. The Bernard House, where Franklin had established his
+head-quarters, was a fine old mansion surrounded by trees. Beyond the
+house there was a smooth intervale, with here and there a hollow,
+where the troops could find shelter from the artillery-fire of the
+enemy.</p>
+
+<p>General Stoneman was moving down from the Falmouth hills with Birney's
+and Sickles's divisions. Opposite Falmouth, on the Rebel left, was
+Longstreet's corps, with Anderson's division on Stanisbury Hill,&mdash;his
+pickets stationed along the canal, which winds around its base. Next
+to Anderson was Ransom's division, on Maryee's Hill, directly in rear
+of the town. Two roads run up the hill, leading west,&mdash;the
+Gordonsville plank-road and the Orange turnpike. Mr. Maryee's house
+stands between them. It is a fine brick dwelling, with a stately
+portico before it, with a beautiful lawn sloping towards the city,
+shaded by oaks and adorned with flowering shrubs. From the roof of the
+mansion General Longstreet can obtain a fair view of what is going on
+in the Union lines. He can see the troops gathering in the streets and
+behold the dark masses under Franklin moving out past the Bernard
+House.</p>
+
+<p>At the base of the hill he can see some of his own soldiers, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page154" name="page154"></a>(p. 154)</span>
+sheltered behind a stone-wall along the Old Telegraph road, which is
+dug like a canal into the side of the hill. It is a sheltered
+position, and their rifles and muskets will sweep the level field in
+front towards the town. His heaviest cannon and his largest howitzers
+are in position around Maryee's house, behind earthworks. The
+Washington Artillery, which was in the first battle of Manassas, and
+which fought through all battles of the Peninsula, at Groveton and
+Antietam, is there.</p>
+
+<p>Ransom's division extends to Hazel Run,&mdash;a stream which comes down
+through a deep ravine from the west, gurgling over a rocky bed, and
+turning the great wheel of a grist-mill, just hid from sight as you
+look up the river from the town. An unfinished railroad embankment is
+thrown up in the run,&mdash;the Gordonsville road,&mdash;which was in
+construction when the war broke out. There is a hollow in the smooth
+field in front of the telegraph road,&mdash;a place to be kept in
+remembrance. There is a higher elevation beyond Maryee's house, which
+overlooks the town, and all the plain below, called Lee's Hill, where
+Lee has placed his guns of longest range.</p>
+
+<p>Across the ravine is McLaw's division, behind an embankment which
+extends up the hill and into the woods along the Telegraph road.
+Beyond McLaw's is Pickett's division; then Hood's division, which
+forms the right of Longstreet's command, and reaches to Deep Run.
+Longstreet's head-quarters are in rear of Hood.</p>
+
+<p>Across Deep Run are the head-quarters of Lee, who can stand by his
+tent and look down upon the battle-field. He can see what Couch and
+Wilcox are doing in the town. He is directly in front of Bernard's
+mansion, and can also behold all the movements of the Union troops on
+the plain. A. P. Hill's division of Jackson's corps is in front of
+him,&mdash;Hill's left resting on Deep Run, and his right reaching to
+Captain Hamilton's house, where the railroad crosses the old Richmond
+road. Hill's troops are partially concealed in the woods. Behind Hill
+are the divisions of Early and Taliferro,&mdash;Taliferro being on the
+right, near Hamilton's house. Farther in the rear, on the hill, is D.
+H. Hill's division, which is held in reserve. There are fourteen
+guns&mdash;from Pegram's, McIntosh's, Crenshaw's, Latham's, and Johnson's
+batteries&mdash;on the hill near Hamilton's.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page155" name="page155"></a>(p. 155)</span>
+<a id="img029" name="img029"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<a href="images/img029.jpg">
+<img src="images/img029tb.jpg" width="500" height="300" alt="" title=""></a>
+<p class="caption">Franklin's attack.</p>
+
+<p>The diagram represents the position of the troops as witness from
+Franklin's Head-quarters, looking south.</p>
+
+<table style="font-size: 80%; margin-left: 5%;" border="0" cellpadding="0" summary="Franklin's Head-quarters.">
+<tr>
+<td colspan="4" class="center"><span class="smcap">Union Positions.</span></td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td colspan="4" class="center"><span class="smcap">Rebel Positions.</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>1.</td>
+<td>Doubleday.</td>
+<td>7.</td>
+<td>Newton.</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>A.</td>
+<td>Hood.</td>
+<td>I.</td>
+<td>Batteries.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>2.</td>
+<td>Meade's First Position.</td>
+<td>8.</td>
+<td>Howe.</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>B.</td>
+<td>Lane, Pender.</td>
+<td>J.</td>
+<td>Ewell's Division.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>3.</td>
+<td>Meade's Second Position.</td>
+<td>9.</td>
+<td>Brooks.</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>C.</td>
+<td>Thomas's Brigade.</td>
+<td>K.</td>
+<td>D. H. Hill's Division.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>4.</td>
+<td>Gibbon.</td>
+<td>10.</td>
+<td>Burns.</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>D.</td>
+<td>Gregg's <span class="add1em">"</span></td>
+<td>L.</td>
+<td>Stuart.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>5.</td>
+<td>Sickles.</td>
+<td>11.</td>
+<td>Franklin's Head-quarters.</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>E.</td>
+<td>Archer's <span class="add1em">"</span></td>
+<td>M.</td>
+<td>Batteries.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>6.</td>
+<td>Birney.</td>
+<td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+<td>F., G., H. </td>
+<td>Taliferro's Division.</td>
+<td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page156" name="page156"></a>(p. 156)</span> Mr. Bernard has been a large slaveholder. His estate is known
+in the county round by the name of Mansfield. His negroes live in
+humble homes,&mdash;in cabins near the railroad, out towards Hamilton's.
+There, around the cabins, Jackson has placed twenty-one guns from
+Davidson's, Raines's, Caskie's, and Braxton's batteries. To the right
+of these, and between Bernard's and the railroad, are twelve
+guns,&mdash;Wooding's and Carpenter's batteries.</p>
+
+<p>The road from Fredericksburg to Port Royal runs parallel to the river,
+about half a mile distant from the stream.</p>
+
+<p>General Stuart, with two brigades of cavalry and his batteries of
+light artillery, hold the road. The Louisiana Guards are sent down to
+aid him. His line runs nearly at right angles with Jackson's infantry
+line, and extends from the railroad to the river. His batteries will
+have a cross-fire upon the First and Sixth Corps, whenever they
+attempt to move out from Bernard's to gain possession of the railroad
+at Hamilton's.</p>
+
+<p>Such is the field,&mdash;a smooth plain, a mile wide and two miles long,
+around Bernard's, reaching up to the town. Bernard's farm is cut
+across by the Port Royal road, the old road to Richmond, and by the
+railroad. The Port Royal road is bordered by cedars, thick-set hedges,
+and a deep ditch. There are fences dividing the intervale into fields.
+Deep Run is fringed with alders. Maryee's Hill is quite steep. The
+Rebel cannon sweep all the plain, the field at the base of Maryee's,
+and the town itself. The Rebel troops have the protection of the
+sunken road, of the rifle-pits along the crests of the hills. They are
+sheltered by woods, by ravines, by the hedges and fences, but Burnside
+has no cover for his troops. They must march out upon the plain,
+charge up the hillsides, and receive the fire of a sheltered foe.</p>
+
+<p>To win a victory, even with a superior force, under such
+circumstances, there must be not only great courage and
+self-possession, but a well-laid plan and harmonious action of all
+subordinate commanders.</p>
+
+<p>Burnside's plan was to make a vigorous movement with a large portion
+of his army to gain the railroad at Hamilton's house, and at the same
+time rout Longstreet from his position on Maryee's Hill. If he
+succeeded at Hamilton's, even if he <span class="pagenum"><a id="page157" name="page157"></a>(p. 157)</span> failed at Maryee's, Lee
+would be compelled to evacuate the town, because Burnside would hold
+the railroad over which Lee received his supplies.</p>
+
+<p>In the council of officers, held on the night of the 11th, General
+Franklin, who had about sixty thousand men, urged such a movement on
+the left. There was delay in issuing the orders, which gave Lee ample
+time to strengthen his position. The plan adopted was substantially
+that which Franklin had urged. These were Burnside's directions to
+Franklin:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"General Hardee will carry this despatch to you, and remain with
+     you through the day. The general commanding directs that you keep
+     your whole command in 'position' for a rapid movement down the
+     old Richmond road; and you will send out at once a division at
+     least, to pass below Smithfield, to seize, if possible, the
+     heights near Captain Hamilton's, on this side of the Massaponax,
+     taking care to keep it well supported and its line of retreat
+     open. He has ordered another column of a division or more to be
+     moved from General Sumner's command, up the Plank-road to its
+     intersection with the Telegraph road, where they will divide,
+     with a view of seizing the heights on both those roads. Holding
+     these heights, with the heights near Captain Hamilton's, will, he
+     hopes, compel the enemy to evacuate the whole ridge between these
+     points."</p>
+
+<p>In a letter to General Halleck, written on the 10th, a week after the
+battle, General Burnside explains his plan more fully.</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"The enemy," he says, "had cut a road in rear of the line of
+     heights where we made our attack, by means of which they
+     connected the two wings of their army and avoided a long detour
+     around through a bad country. I obtained from a colored man
+     information in regard to this road, which proved to be correct. I
+     wanted to obtain possession of this road, and that was my reason
+     for making my attack on the extreme left. I did not intend to
+     make an attack on the right till that position was taken, which I
+     supposed would stagger the enemy, cutting their line in two; and
+     then I proposed to make a direct attack in front and drive them
+     out of their works."</p>
+
+<p>The day (the 12th) passed, and night came on before the army was in
+position to make the attack. At sunset the batteries along the lines
+opened fire, but the shells for the most part burst harmlessly, and
+the soldiers, accustomed to danger, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page158" name="page158"></a>(p. 158)</span> cooked their coffee by
+the glimmering bivouac fires, spread their blankets on the ground, and
+lay down to sleep, giving no heed to the cannon's roar or the constant
+firing along the picket lines.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE MORNING.</h3>
+
+<p>The morning of the 13th dawned. A thick fog hung over the river, so
+dense that it was hardly possible to distinguish objects a hundred
+yards distant. General Sumner's head-quarters were by the house of Mr.
+Phillips, north of the river. General Burnside rode down from his own
+head-quarters, and met General Sumner and General Hooker, and other
+officers. He wore an anxious look, and justly, for it was the most
+responsible hour of his life. Up to that time all of his well-laid
+plans had failed. He had hoped to cross the river and surprise the
+Rebels, but two days had passed since the beginning of the movement,
+giving Lee time to strengthen his defences. Now the fog hung over the
+river, and he was afraid of collision between different divisions of
+his troops. But a password was whispered along the lines, and orders
+were issued to go forward.</p>
+
+<p>While the troops were waiting for the advance the mails arrived. How
+eagerly were the letters and papers grasped by the soldiers! It was
+affecting to see them, as they read the words of love from home, dash
+the tears from their eyes. Home was dear to them just then.</p>
+
+<p>The fog began to drift along the valley. It was like the drawing aside
+of a curtain. The entire battle-field was in view. Two signal-guns
+were fired in quick succession by the Rebels far down on the left in
+front of Franklin. There was a quick mounting of horses at Burnside's
+head-quarters. The officers had received their final orders, and
+dashed away to carry them into execution.</p>
+
+<p>The main attack was to be led by Franklin. He had his own two corps,
+numbering forty thousand; Stoneman was moving to his support with
+twenty thousand, and Butterfield, with the Fifth Corps, could be
+called to aid him if needed.</p>
+
+<p>Standing where General Tyler had planted his guns, I had a fair view
+of the entire battle-field. The position was below the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page159" name="page159"></a>(p. 159)</span> town,
+near the lower bridge, on the Washington farm. Rebel officers were
+riding to and fro around Maryee's house. The gunners of the Washington
+Artillery were leaning upon their pieces, watching the movements in
+the town. The Second Corps had moved out from the streets past the old
+burying-ground, and was near the gas-works. The right of the line
+extended north of the Plank-road to the monument erected to the memory
+of Washington's mother.</p>
+
+<p>General French's division of the Second Corps was on the right;
+General Hancock's was next in the line, with Howard's division, as
+reserve, in the rear. The Second Corps batteries were standing in the
+streets of the town, the officers vainly seeking positions where they
+could fire upon the Rebel batteries which looked down upon them from
+Maryee's Hill.</p>
+
+<p>The Ninth Corps under Wilcox was joined to the Second Corps, and
+occupied the lower end of the town. General Sturgis's division was in
+front, with Whipple's, forming the second line. Burns's division was
+in reserve, near Deep Run. The Rebel ammunition trains were in sight
+far up Hazel Run, and on the distant hill there was a group of Rebel
+officers around Longstreet's head-quarters. Troops and teams were
+passing to and fro between Hood's and Pickett's divisions. Wilcox's
+troops were taking position, marching and countermarching, closing in
+solid mass under the shelter of the banks of Hazel Run. The right of
+the Sixth Corps, under General Smith, rested on Deep Run, Brooks's
+division joining Burns's west of the run, almost up to the railroad.
+Howe's division was next in line, where the Rebel batteries had full
+sweep of the broad intervale. The ground is a dead level east of the
+run, extending from the river to the wooded hill, where Lee had
+established his head-quarters. Howe's troops were lying along the old
+Richmond road, where, beneath the cedars and sodded fences, the
+soldiers found shelter from the shells of the enemy. General Newton's
+division was on the left of Howe's, also lying under cover.</p>
+
+<p>General Gibbon's division of Reynolds's corps, the First, was next in
+line. Meade stood next, directly in front of the railroad-crossing at
+Hamilton's,&mdash;the vital point, which, if seized and held, would force
+Lee out of his intrenchments. Meade <span class="pagenum"><a id="page160" name="page160"></a>(p. 160)</span> had crossed the old
+Richmond road, and was facing south; Doubleday's division was on the
+extreme left, extending from Meade's left to the river, facing east,
+and standing nearly at right angles with Meade's division.</p>
+
+<p>The battle was begun by General Meade, his divisions having been
+selected to lead the advance towards the railroad-crossing. The
+Bucktails, who had been in nearly all the engagements on the
+Peninsula, who first exhibited their valor at Drainsville, who were
+under Hooker at Antietam, were first engaged. They moved over the open
+field beyond Bernard's, and drove the enemy's skirmishers. The Rebel
+batteries&mdash;Latham's, Johnson's, McIntosh's, Pegram's, and
+Crenshaw's&mdash;opened a heavy fire. Jackson knew the importance of
+holding the position at Hamilton's, and had massed these batteries,
+which gave a concentrated fire upon the advancing force. Reynolds's
+batteries galloped into position and replied; and so for an hour the
+pounding of the batteries went on along the left.</p>
+
+<p>Meade's division was composed of three brigades. The First was
+commanded by Colonel Sinclair, and was composed of the First Rifles
+(Bucktails), the First, Second, and Sixth regiments of the
+Pennsylvania Reserves. The Second Brigade was commanded by Colonel
+Magilton, and consisted of the Third, Fourth, Seventh, and Eighth
+regiments of the Pennsylvania Reserves, and the One Hundred and
+Forty-Second Pennsylvania Volunteers. The Third Brigade was commanded
+by General C. F. Jackson, and was composed of the Fifth, Ninth, Tenth,
+Eleventh, and Twelfth regiments of the Reserves. Attached to this
+division were four batteries of four guns each, Captain Ransom's Third
+United States artillery, Lieutenant Simpson's, Captain Amsden's, and
+Captain Cooper's of the First Pennsylvania regiment of artillery.
+Captain Ransom and Lieutenant Simpson had twelve-pounders, the others
+were three-inch rifled guns.</p>
+
+<p>Sinclair's brigade was in the front line, and Magilton's three hundred
+paces in rear of it. Jackson's was in rear of the left of the two
+lines, with his men in column of regiments, about one hundred paces in
+rear of Magilton's line. These three brigades numbered about six
+thousand men.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page161" name="page161"></a>(p. 161)</span> THE ATTACK ON THE LEFT.</h3>
+
+<p>It was just nine o'clock when Meade moved from his position near the
+Bernard House.</p>
+
+<p>A ravine comes down from the hills and forms the dividing line between
+the Bernard and Smithfield estates. As soon as Meade crossed the
+ravine, he turned the head of his column to the south, and moved to
+the Bowling Green or old Richmond road, where he was obliged to stop
+while the pioneers could cut away the hedges, level the sod fences,
+and bridge the ditches, in order that his artillery could pass. While
+he was doing this, Stuart's batteries opened fire. They were on
+Meade's left flank and enfiladed his lines, throwing shells directly
+up the road. Meade apprehended an immediate attack on his left flank,
+and swung his second brigade towards Stuart, facing east, while his
+first brigade was still facing south towards Hamilton's crossing. His
+line thus made two sides of a square. There was a little knoll on the
+left of the first brigade.</p>
+
+<p>"That is the place for you," said Meade to Cooper and Ransom. The
+batteries were quickly wheeled into the position indicated. The
+gunners had a fair view of the Rebel batteries over the level plain.
+Simpson brought his battery up and placed it in front of the Third
+Brigade, and replied to Pegram. Such was the opening of the battle.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, Doubleday was pushing down by the river. When the Rebel
+batteries opened fire, he brought his own into position and gave a
+cross-fire, which was so severe that Stuart's Rockbridge battery was
+quickly silenced and the guns withdrawn. While this was going on, a
+body of Rebel sharpshooters crept up by the hedges and commenced
+firing; but two companies of marksmen were sent out by General
+Jackson's brigade, which drove them back.</p>
+
+<p>An hour passed before Meade was ready to move again. Doubleday had
+advanced towards Stuart, but Gibbon was not yet upon Meade's right.</p>
+
+<p>Stonewall Jackson, seeing that Doubleday was moving down the river,
+thought that it was Franklin's intention to turn his right flank. D.
+H. Hill's division, which was close by Hamilton's house, was sent
+upon the double-quick to help Stuart hold <span class="pagenum"><a id="page162" name="page162"></a>(p. 162)</span> his line.<a id="footnotetag13" name="footnotetag13"></a><a href="#footnote13" title="Go to footnote 13"><span class="smaller">[13]</span></a> This
+weakened his centre. It was at this auspicious moment that Meade's
+division advanced alone to pierce the Rebel line.</p>
+
+<p>It was twelve o'clock, and Franklin's force was in the following
+position: Doubleday on the left, well down towards Stuart, his
+batteries in full play; Meade thirty or forty rods beyond the Bowling
+Green road, in the open field; Gibbon and Newton just over the road;
+Howe up to it; Birney and Sickles filing out from the bridges, a mile
+in rear of Meade.</p>
+
+<p>All of Franklin's batteries which were in position, one hundred and
+sixteen guns, commenced a rapid fire upon the woods beyond the
+railroad, to protect Meade in his advance. De Russey opened with his
+sixty pieces from the hills north of the Rappahannock, throwing shells
+over the heads of the advancing troops.</p>
+
+<p>Jackson's batteries were equally active. There were twenty-one guns by
+the negro cabins in front of Howe, twelve in front of Newton, fourteen
+in front of Meade, while other single batteries under Stuart were
+playing on the left. More than two hundred and fifty pieces were
+roaring as Meade advanced.</p>
+
+<p>It was a magnificent spectacle; but it was a moment of anxiety to
+Burnside, who could only judge of the progress of the battle by the
+following despatches, received from time to time.</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p class="right10">"<span class="smcap">Head-Quarters, Franklin's Grand Division</span>,<br>
+  December 13, 7.40 A. M.</p>
+
+<p class="smcap">General Burnside:</p>
+
+<p>"General Meade's division is to make the movement from our left;
+     but it is just reported that the enemy's skirmishers are
+     advancing, indicating an attack upon our position on the left."</p>
+
+<p class="right10">"9 o'clock A. M.</p>
+
+<p>"General Meade just moved out. Doubleday supports him. Meade's
+     skirmishers engaged, however, at once with enemy's skirmishers.
+     Battery opening, on Meade probably, from position on old Richmond
+     road."</p>
+
+<p class="right10">"11 o'clock A. M.</p>
+
+<p>"Meade advanced half a mile, and holds on. Infantry of enemy in
+     woods in front of extreme left, also in front of Howe. No loss,
+     so far of great importance. General Vinton badly, but not
+     dangerously wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page163" name="page163"></a>(p. 163)</span> "Later.&mdash;<i>Reynolds has been forced to develop his whole
+     line.</i></p>
+
+<p>"An attack of some force of enemy's troops on our left seems
+     probable, as far as can now be judged. <i>Stoneman has been
+     directed to cross one division to support our left.</i> Report of
+     cavalry pickets from the other side of the river, that enemy's
+     troops were moving down the river on this side during the latter
+     part of the night. Howe's pickets reported movements in their
+     front, same direction. Still they have a strong force well
+     posted, with batteries, there."</p>
+
+<p class="right10">"12 o'clock M.</p>
+
+<p>"Birney's division is now getting into position. That done,
+     Reynolds will order Meade to advance. Batteries over the river
+     are to shell the enemy's position in the woods in front of
+     Reynolds's left. He thinks the effect will be to protect Meade's
+     advance. A column of the enemy's infantry is passing along the
+     crest of the hills from right to left, as we look at it."</p>
+
+<p class="right10">"12.5 P. M.</p>
+
+<p>"General Meade's line is advancing in the direction you
+     prescribed this morning."</p>
+
+<p class="right10">"1 o'clock P. M.</p>
+
+<p>"Enemy opened a battery on Reynolds, enfilading Meade. Reynolds
+     has opened all his batteries on it; no report yet. Reynolds hotly
+     engaged at this moment. Will report in a few moments again."</p>
+
+<p class="right10">"1.15 o'clock P. M.</p>
+
+<p>"Heavy engagements of infantry. Enemy in force where battery is.
+     Meade is assaulting the hill. Will report in a few minutes
+     again."</p>
+
+<p class="right10">"1.25 o'clock P. M.</p>
+
+<p>"Meade is in the woods in his front; seems to be able to hold on.
+     Reynolds will push Gibbon in, if necessary. The battery and woods
+     referred to must be near Hamilton's house. The infantry firing is
+     prolonged and quite heavy. Things look well enough. Men in fine
+     spirits."</p>
+
+<p class="right10">"1.40 o'clock P. M.</p>
+
+<p>"Meade having carried a portion of the enemy's position in the
+     woods, we have three hundred prisoners. Enemy's battery on
+     extreme left retired. Tough work; men fight well. Gibbon has
+     advanced to Meade's right; men fight well, driving the enemy.
+     Meade has suffered severely. Doubleday to Meade's left,&mdash;not
+     engaged."</p>
+
+<p class="right10">"2-1/4 o'clock P. M.</p>
+
+<p>"Gibbon and Meade driven back from the woods. Newton gone
+     forward. Jackson's corps of the enemy attacks on the left.
+     General <span class="pagenum"><a id="page164" name="page164"></a>(p. 164)</span> Gibbon slightly wounded. General Bayard
+     mortally wounded by a shell. Things do not look as well on
+     Reynolds's front; still, we'll have new troops in soon."</p>
+
+<p class="right10">"2.25 P. M.</p>
+
+<p>"Despatch received. Franklin will do his best. New troops gone
+     in. Will report soon again."</p>
+
+<p class="right10">"3 o'clock P. M.</p>
+
+<p>"Reynolds seems to be holding his own. Things look better,
+     somewhat."</p>
+
+<p class="right10">"3.40 o'clock P. M.</p>
+
+<p>"Gibbon's and Meade's divisions are badly used up, and I fear
+     another advance on the enemy on our left cannot be made this
+     afternoon. Doubleday's division will replace Meade's, as soon as
+     it can be collected, and, if it be done in time, of course
+     another attack will be made.</p>
+
+<p>"The enemy are in force in the woods on our left, towards
+     Hamilton's, and are threatening the safety of that portion of our
+     line. They seem to have detached a portion of their force to our
+     front, where Howe and Brooks are now engaged. Brooks has some
+     prisoners, and is down to the railroad. Just as soon as the left
+     is safe, our forces here will be prepared for a front attack, but
+     it may be too late this afternoon. Indeed, we are engaged in
+     front anyhow. Notwithstanding the unpleasant items I relate, the
+     <i>morale</i> generally of the troops is good."</p>
+
+<p class="right10">"4-1/2 o'clock P. M.</p>
+
+<p>"The enemy is still in force on our left and front. An attack on
+     our batteries in front has been repulsed. A new attack has just
+     opened on our left, but the left is safe, though it is too late
+     to advance either to the left or front."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Such was the intelligence which reached General Burnside of the
+operations on the left. It was not very encouraging. He expected that
+Franklin, with sixty thousand men at his disposal, would sweep Jackson
+from his position by Hamilton's, and thus gain the rear of Lee's left
+flank, which would make it easy for Sumner with the right wing to
+break through the line in rear of the town. Instead of throwing forty
+thousand men upon Jackson, as he could have done, dealing a blow which
+might have broken the Rebel lines, Meade's division alone was sent
+forward. The fire of the batteries was terrific as he advanced, and so
+severe was the cannonade that the Rebel batteries which had been
+advanced from the main line were <span class="pagenum"><a id="page165" name="page165"></a>(p. 165)</span> forced to retire, with two
+caissons blown up and several guns disabled.<a id="footnotetag14" name="footnotetag14"></a><a href="#footnote14" title="Go to footnote 14"><span class="smaller">[14]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>As the troops moved on they came to a hollow before reaching the
+railroad. They halted a moment on the edge of the depression and
+corrected their lines. It was a clear field to the railroad
+embankment, behind which they could see the gleaming of the sunlight
+on the bayonets of A. P. Hill's division.</p>
+
+<p>Meade's three brigades were now in line, the first on the right, with
+the Sixth regiment of the Reserves thrown out as skirmishers; the
+Second in the centre, and the Third on the left.</p>
+
+<p>The direction of Meade's advance brought him against Lane's and
+Archer's brigades. Lane's brigade was composed of five North Carolina
+regiments,&mdash;the Seventh, Eighteenth, Twenty-Eighth, Thirty-Third, and
+Thirty-Seventh. Archer's was composed of the First, Seventh, and
+Fourteenth Tennessee, and Nineteenth Georgia regiments, and Fifth
+Alabama battalion. They were on the railroad and in the woods. There
+was a gap between the brigades, and there Meade drove the entering
+wedge. It was a fierce and bloody contest along the railroad, in the
+woods, upon the hillside, in the ravine, on the open plain, and on the
+crest of the ridge. The fourteen guns on the hill poured a murderous
+fire into Meade's left flank. The guns by Deep Run, in front of
+Pender's brigade, enfiladed the line from the right, while in reserve
+were two full brigades,&mdash;Thomas's and Gregg's,&mdash;to fill the gap. But
+notwithstanding this, Meade, unsupported, charged down the slope,
+through the hollow, up to the railroad, and over it, routing the
+Fourteenth Tennessee and Nineteenth Georgia, of Archer's, and the
+whole of Lane's brigade. With a cheer the Pennsylvanians went up the
+hill, crawling through the thick underbrush, to the crest, doubling up
+Archer and knocking Lane completely out of the line. It was as if a
+Herculean destroyer had crumbled, with a sledge-hammer stroke, the
+key-stone of an arch, leaving the whole structure in danger of
+immediate and irretrievable ruin.</p>
+
+<p>Archer shifted the Fifth Alabama from his right to his left, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page166" name="page166"></a>(p. 166)</span>
+but was not able to stop the advancing Yankees. He had already sent to
+Gregg for help, and that officer was putting his troops in motion. He
+had sent to Ewell, who was by Hamilton's, and Trimble and Lawton were
+getting ready to move, Lane was still running, and the gap was
+widening between Archer and Pender.</p>
+
+<p>Gibbon ought to have been following Meade, driving up the hill through
+the gap, but he halted at the railroad; his men were loath to move,
+for Pender's batteries were cutting across his flank. Howe and Newton
+and Brooks were by the Bowling Green road, showing no signs of
+advancing. Sickles and Birney were almost back to Bernard's mansion.
+Doubleday was holding the flank against Stuart, and Meade was
+struggling alone.</p>
+
+<p>The latter officer thus speaks of his position at this moment:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"The first brigade to the right advanced several hundred yards
+     over cleared ground, driving the enemy's skirmishers before them
+     till they reached the woods in front of the railroad, which they
+     entered, driving the enemy out of them to the railroad, where
+     they were found strongly posted in ditches and behind temporary
+     defences. The brigade (First) drove them from there and up the
+     heights in their front. Owing to a heavy fire being received on
+     their right flank, they obliqued over to that side, but continued
+     forcing the enemy back till they had crowned the crest of the
+     hill, crossed a main road which runs along the crest, and reached
+     open ground on the other side, where they were assailed by a very
+     severe fire from a larger force in their front, and at the same
+     time the enemy opened a battery which completely enfiladed them
+     from the right flank. After holding their ground for some time,
+     no support arriving, they were compelled to fall back to the
+     railroad."<a id="footnotetag15" name="footnotetag15"></a><a href="#footnote15" title="Go to footnote 15"><span class="smaller">[15]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>Gibbon, the nearest support to Meade, was nearly half a mile
+distant.<a id="footnotetag16" name="footnotetag16"></a><a href="#footnote16" title="Go to footnote 16"><span class="smaller">[16]</span></a> That officer was wounded while the fight was hottest, but
+of the part which he was performing he says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"As soon as the enemy's guns slackened fire, I saw General
+     Meade's troops moving forward into action, and I at once sent
+     orders to my leading brigade to advance and engage the enemy.
+     Shortly afterwards I ordered up another brigade to support the
+     first. The fire was very <span class="pagenum"><a id="page167" name="page167"></a>(p. 167)</span> heavy from the enemy's
+     infantry, and I ordered up the Third Brigade and formed it in
+     column on the right of my line, and directed them to take the
+     position with the bayonet, having previously given that order to
+     the leading brigade. But the general commanding that brigade told
+     me that the noise and confusion was such that it was impossible
+     to get the men to charge, or to get them to hear any order to
+     charge. The Third Brigade&mdash;my last brigade&mdash;went in and took the
+     position with the bayonet, and captured a considerable number of
+     prisoners. During the fighting of the infantry I was establishing
+     the batteries which belonged to my division in position to assist
+     in the assault. I had just received the report of the success of
+     this Third Brigade, when shortly after I saw a regiment of Rebel
+     infantry come out on the left of my line between myself and
+     General Meade. I rode up towards a battery that was on their
+     left, and directed them to open fire upon that regiment. I was
+     riding back towards the right of my line, when I was wounded, and
+     left the field about half past two o'clock in the afternoon, I
+     think."<a id="footnotetag17" name="footnotetag17"></a><a href="#footnote17" title="Go to footnote 17"><span class="smaller">[17]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>It will be seen by Franklin's despatches that Meade had broken the
+line before Gibbon was engaged. At 1.15 P. M. he telegraphed to
+Burnside, "Meade is assaulting the hill." Ten minutes later, at 1.25
+P. M., "<i>Reynolds will push Gibbon in if necessary.</i>" At 1.40 P. M.,
+"Meade has carried a portion of the enemy's position in the woods. We
+have three hundred prisoners. Gibbon has advanced to Meade's right."</p>
+
+<p>It was in this advance to the railroad, when Gibbon came in collision
+with Pender's and Thomas's brigades, that Gibbon was wounded.</p>
+
+<p>While this was going on in front, the Second and Third Brigades of
+Meade were enveloping Gregg's brigade of South Carolinians, which had
+been hurried up to retrieve the disaster to the line. There was a
+short but bloody contest. Three hundred South Carolinians fell in that
+struggle, including their commander, General Gregg, who was mortally
+wounded.</p>
+
+<p>It was a critical moment with Stonewall Jackson. The whole of Ewell's
+division, under the command of General Early, was brought up to regain
+the ground. Lawton's brigade came first upon the Pennsylvanians,
+followed by Hayes's, Trimble's, and Field's brigades, with Early's
+own, commanded by Colonel Walker.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page168" name="page168"></a>(p. 168)</span> Had Newton, Howe, Brooks, Sickles, and Birney been near at
+hand, or had Gibbon been pushed promptly and effectively to Meade's
+support, the record of that bloody day would have been far different
+from what it is. But they were not there. They had not even been
+ordered to advance!</p>
+
+<p>Unable to withstand the onset of the whole of Jackson's force (with
+the exception of a portion of Taliferro's reserves), Meade was obliged
+to fall back, and give up the position won by such heroic valor. As
+his troops went to the rear, they met Ward's brigade of Birney's
+division advancing. The Rebels were in full pursuit. Birney wheeled
+his batteries into position, and opened with canister, and the Rebels
+fled to the shelter of the woods.</p>
+
+<p>The divisions of Howe and Newton and Sickles were slightly engaged
+later in the day, but only in repulsing a second advance of the
+Rebels. The attack which Meade had opened so gallantly, and which was
+attended with such good success, had failed. Less than ten thousand
+men had broken the enemy's line, and opened the way to victory. Of the
+sixty thousand men at Franklin's disposal not more than sixteen or
+eighteen thousand were engaged during the day,<a id="footnotetag18" name="footnotetag18"></a><a href="#footnote18" title="Go to footnote 18"><span class="smaller">[18]</span></a> and of those not
+more than eight thousand at any one time.</p>
+
+<p>General Franklin, in vindicating himself from censure for not
+attacking with a larger force and more vigorously, falls back on the
+clause in Burnside's order, "to attack with one division at least, and
+to keep it well supported." It would have been better if Burnside had
+given explicit instructions. There must be some latitude allowed to
+subordinates, but there are very few men who, without particular
+instructions, can enter fully into the plans and intentions of the
+commander-in-chief. Franklin was constitutionally sluggish in his
+movements. The attack on the left required boldness, energy, and
+perseverance. Sumner was the man for the place. Burnside was
+peculiarly unfortunate in the selection of commanders to carry out the
+particular features of his plan; but Sumner having been first to
+arrive at Falmouth, and having taken position, it was not easy to make
+the change.</p>
+
+<p>While the battle was raging on the left I rode over the plain.
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page169" name="page169"></a>(p. 169)</span> The cavalry under General Bayard was drawn up in rear of the
+grove surrounding the fine old Bernard mansion. General Bayard was
+sitting at the foot of a tree, waiting for orders, and watching the
+advancing columns of Meade and Gibbon. There was a group of officers
+around General Franklin. Howe's and Newton's divisions were lying down
+to avoid the Rebel shells, hurled from the heights beyond the
+railroad. All of Franklin's guns were in play. The earth shook with
+the deep concussion. Suddenly the Rebel batteries opened with
+redoubled fury. A shot went over my head, a second fell in front of my
+horse, and ploughed a furrow in the ground; a third exploded at my
+right, a fourth went singing along the line of a regiment lying
+prostrate on the earth. McCartney's, Williston's, Hexamer's, Amsden's,
+Cooper's, Ransom's, and a dozen other batteries were replying. Meade
+was driving up the hill. Wounded men were creeping, crawling, and
+hobbling towards the hospital. Some, slightly wounded, were uttering
+fearful groans, while others, made of sterner stuff, though torn and
+mangled, bore their pains without a murmur.</p>
+
+<p>A soldier, with his arms around the necks of two of his comrades, was
+being brought in. "O dear! O Lord! my foot is torn all to pieces!" he
+cried.</p>
+
+<p>There was a hole in the toe of his boot where the ball had entered.</p>
+
+<p>"It has gone clear through to the heel, and smashed all the bones. O
+dear! O dear! I shall have to have it cut off!" he cried, moaning
+piteously as his comrades laid him upon the ground to rest.</p>
+
+<p>"Better cut off your boot before your foot swells."</p>
+
+<p>"Yes,&mdash;do so."</p>
+
+<p>I slipped my knife through the leather, and took the boot from his
+foot. The ball had passed through his stocking. There was but a drop
+or two of blood visible. I cut off the stocking, and the bullet was
+lying between his toes, having barely broken the skin.</p>
+
+<p>"I reckon I sha'n't help lug you any farther," said one of the men who
+had borne him.</p>
+
+<p>"Wal, if I had known that it wasn't any worse than that I wouldn't
+have had my boot cut off," said the soldier.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page170" name="page170"></a>(p. 170)</span> Returning to the Bernard mansion, I saw a commotion among the
+cavalry, and learned that their commander was mortally wounded. He had
+been struck by a solid shot while sitting by the tree; and they were
+bearing him to the hospital. He was a brave and gallant officer.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE ATTACK ON THE RIGHT.</h3>
+
+<p>But while this was transpiring on the left there was a terrible
+sacrifice of life at the foot of Maryee's Hill. Soon after noon
+French's and Hancock's divisions of the Second Corps, with Sturgis's
+division of the Ninth, advanced over the open field in rear of the
+town to attack the heights. Officers walked along the lines giving the
+last words. "Advance and drive them out with the bayonet!" were the
+orders.</p>
+
+<p>The fifteen thousand in a compact body move to the edge of the
+plateau. The hills are aflame. All of Longstreet's guns are
+thundering. Shells burst in the ranks. The Rebel skirmishers,
+concealed in the houses and behind fences, fire a volley and fall back
+to the main line.</p>
+
+<p>Onward move the divisions. We who behold them from the rear, although
+we know that death stands ready to reap an abundant harvest, feel the
+blood rushing with quickened flow through our veins, when we see how
+gallantly they move forward, firing no shot in return.</p>
+
+<p>Now a sheet of flame bursts from the sunken road, and another from
+half-way up the slope, and yet another from the top of the hill.
+Hundreds fall; but still on, nearer to the hill rolls the wave. Still,
+still it flows on; but we can see that it is losing its power, and,
+though advancing, it will be broken. It begins to break. It is no
+longer a wave, but scattered remnants, thrown back like rifts of foam.
+A portion of Sturgis's division reaches the hollow in front of the
+hill and settles into it.</p>
+
+<p>The Eleventh New Hampshire, commanded by Colonel Harriman, is in the
+front line. They are new troops, and this is their first battle; but
+they fight so gallantly that they win the admiration of their general.</p>
+
+<p>"See!" said Sturgis to an old regiment which quailed before the fire.
+"See the Eleventh New Hampshire! a new regiment, standing like posts
+driven into the ground."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page171" name="page171"></a>(p. 171)</span> Hancock and French, unable to find any shelter, are driven
+back upon the town. The attack and repulse have not occupied fifteen
+minutes.</p>
+
+<p>It is a sad sight, that field thickly strewn with dying and dead men.
+But in battle there is no time for the wringing of hands over
+disaster. The bloody work must go on.</p>
+
+<p>Sturgis is in the hollow, so near the hill that the Rebel batteries on
+the crest cannot be depressed sufficiently to drive him out. He is
+within close musket-shot of Cobb's brigade, lying behind the
+stone-wall at the base of the hill. Sturgis's men lie down, load and
+fire deliberately, watching their opportunity to pick off the gunners
+on the hill. In vain are all the efforts of Longstreet to dislodge
+them. Solid shot, shells, canister, and shrapnel are thrown towards
+the hollow, but without avail. A solitary oak-tree near is torn and
+broken by the artillery fire, and pitted with musket-balls, and the
+ground is furrowed with the deadly missiles; but the men keep their
+position through the weary hours. The division is composed of two
+brigades,&mdash;Nagles's, containing the Sixth and Ninth New Hampshire,
+Seventh Rhode Island, Forty-Eighth Pennsylvania, and Second Maryland;
+and Ferrero's, containing the Twenty-First and Thirty-Fifth
+Massachusetts, Eleventh New Hampshire. Fifty-First Pennsylvania, and
+Fifty-First New York.</p>
+
+<p>A second attempt is made upon the hill. Humphrey's division, composed
+of Tyler's and Briggs's brigade of Pennsylvanians, nearly all new
+troops, leads the advance, followed closely by Morrell's division of
+veterans. The lines move steadily over the field, under cover of the
+batteries which have been brought up and planted in the streets.
+Sturgis pours a constant stream of fire upon the sunken road. Thus
+aided, they reach the base of the hill in front of Maryee's, deliver a
+few volleys, and then with thinned ranks retire once more to the
+shelter of the ridge.</p>
+
+<p>The day is waning. Franklin has failed. He telegraphs that it is too
+late to make another attack on the left. Not so does Sumner think on
+the right. He is a brave old man, fearless in battle, counting human
+life of little value if victory can be won by its sacrifice. He walks
+to and fro by the Lacey House like a chained lion. Burnside will not
+let him cross <span class="pagenum"><a id="page172" name="page172"></a>(p. 172)</span> the river. Time has ploughed deep furrows on
+his face. His hair is white as the driven snow. He is grim and gruff;
+his voice is deep, and he has rough words for those who falter in
+duty; but he has a tender heart. He dotes upon his son, and calls him
+"Sammy" familiarly. He cannot bear to have him gone long from his
+side, but yet is ready to send him into the thickest of the fight. He
+cannot see the day lost without another struggle, and orders a third
+attack.</p>
+
+<p>Humphrey, Morrell, Getty, Sykes, and Howard, or portions of their
+divisions, are brought up. The troops have been under arms from early
+daylight. They have had no food. All day they have been exposed to the
+fire of the Rebel batteries, and have lost heavily. Brooks's division
+of the Sixth Corps moves up Deep Run to engage in the last attack. All
+the batteries on both sides of the river are once more brought into
+action. Getty moves up Hazel Run to take the Rebels in flank, who are
+protected by the sunken road at the base of the hill.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE LAST ATTACK.</h3>
+
+<p>It is sunset. The troops move out once more upon the open plain, and
+cross the field with a cheer. The ground beneath them is already
+crimson with the blood of their fallen comrades. They reach the base
+of the hill. Longstreet brings down all his reserves. The hillside,
+the plain, the crest of the ridge, the groves and thickets, the second
+range of hills beyond Maryee's, the hollow, the sunken road, are
+bright flashes. Two hundred cannon strike out fierce defiance,&mdash;forty
+thousand muskets and rifles flame!</p>
+
+<p>The Rebels are driven from the stone-walls, and the sunken road, and
+the rifle-pit midway the hill. The blue wave mounts all but to the top
+of the crest. It threatens to overwhelm the Rebel batteries. But we
+who watch it behold its power decreasing. Men begin to come down the
+hill singly and in squads, and at length in masses. The third and last
+attempt has failed. The divisions return, leaving the plain and the
+hillside strown with thousands of brave men who have fallen in the
+ineffectual struggle.</p>
+
+<p>There was no fighting on Sunday, the 14th, but General Burnside was
+preparing to make another attack. He had eighteen <span class="pagenum"><a id="page173" name="page173"></a>(p. 173)</span> of his old
+regiments in the Ninth Corps, who would go wherever he sent them. He
+thought that they would carry the heights.</p>
+
+<p>"I hope," said General Sumner, "that you will desist from an attack. I
+do not know of any general officer who approves it, and I think it
+will prove disastrous to the army."</p>
+
+<p>The advice was followed, and it was then decided to withdraw the army.</p>
+
+<p>The wind on Tuesday night blew a gale from the southwest. Hay and
+straw were laid upon the bridges to deaden the sound of the artillery
+wheels. It began to rain before morning; and the Rebels, little
+dreaming of what was taking place, remained in their quarters.</p>
+
+<p>Before daylight the whole army had recrossed the river, and the
+bridges were taken up. Great were their amazement and wonder when the
+Rebels looked down from the heights and saw the Union army once more
+on the northern bank, beyond the reach of their guns.</p>
+
+<p>General Burnside lost about ten thousand men, while the loss of the
+Rebels was about five thousand. The defeat was disheartening to the
+army. But though repulsed, the soldiers felt that they were not
+beaten; they had failed because General Burnside's plans had not been
+heartily entered into by some of the officers. But the patriotic flame
+burned as brightly as ever, and they had no thought of giving up the
+contest.</p>
+
+<a id="img030" name="img030"></a>
+<div class="p4 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img030.jpg" width="500" height="242" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Tattoo.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page174" name="page174"></a>(p. 174)</span> CHAPTER XII.<br>
+THE WINTER AT FALMOUTH.</h2>
+
+<span class="sidedate">Dec., 1862.</span>
+
+<p>After the battle of Fredericksburg, both armies prepared for the
+winter. Two great cities of log-huts sprang up in the dense forests on
+both sides of the Rappahannock, peopled by more than two hundred
+thousand men. It was surprising to see how quickly the soldiers made
+themselves comfortable in huts chinked with mud and roofed with split
+shingles. These rude dwellings had a fireplace at one end, doors hung
+on leathern hinges, and bunks one above another, like berths in a
+steamboat.</p>
+
+<p>There the men told stories, played checkers and cards, read the
+newspapers, wrote letters to their friends far away, and kept close
+watch all the while upon the Rebels.</p>
+
+<p>But there were dark days and dreary nights. It tried their endurance
+and patriotism to stand all night upon picket, with the north-wind
+howling around them and the snow whirling into drifts. There were
+rainy days, and weeks of mud, when there was no drilling, and when
+there was nothing to do. Then chaplains, with books and papers under
+their arms, were welcomed everywhere. General Howard thus bore
+testimony to the labors of one who was not a chaplain, but an agent of
+the American Tract Society from Boston,&mdash;Rev. Mr. Alvord:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"There is a great and good man,&mdash;great because he is good and
+     because he is practical,&mdash;who has followed the Army of the
+     Potomac from the beginning. He takes his papers, and goes himself
+     and circulates them as far as he is able, and, by the agency of
+     others, gets them into nearly every regiment in the army. And you
+     should see the soldiers cluster around him! When his wagon drives
+     up in front of a regiment, the soldiers pour out with life,
+     circle round him, and beg for books and tracts,&mdash;for anything he
+     has. Some of them want papers to read for themselves, and others
+     to select pieces out of them to send home. I could hardly believe
+     it, that there was such eagerness on the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page175" name="page175"></a>(p. 175)</span> part of
+     soldiers for such reading until I saw it with my own eyes. 'Give
+     me a paper,' 'Give me a paper,' 'Give me a tract,' 'Give me a
+     book,' is the impatient cry. Very frequently ladies have sent
+     tracts and books to my tent, and on the Sabbath-day I have taken
+     them myself to distribute, and I have scarcely ever had to ask a
+     soldier to receive one of them. Indeed, if you give to one or
+     two, the others will feel jealous if neglected."<a id="footnotetag19" name="footnotetag19"></a><a href="#footnote19" title="Go to footnote 19"><span class="smaller">[19]</span></a></p>
+
+<a id="img031" name="img031"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img031.jpg" width="500" height="360" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">The magic lantern in the hospital.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Said a chaplain:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"I am besieged by those who want something good to read. In my
+     rounds I am followed at my elbow. 'Please, sir, can you spare me
+     one?' They hail me from a distance: 'Are you coming down this
+     way, chaplain?' It is a pleasant thing to pause in these travels
+     through the parish and look back upon the white waves that rise
+     in the wake of one's course. Sports are hushed, swearing is
+     charmed away, all are reading,&mdash;Sabbath has come."</p>
+
+<p>In some regiments, where the officers co-operated with chaplains to
+elevate the morals of men, few oaths were heard.</p>
+
+<p>One day General Howard started out with a handful of leaflets on
+swearing, with the intention of giving one to every man whom he heard
+using profane language. He went from regiment to regiment and from
+brigade to brigade of his division, and returned to his tent without
+hearing an oath.</p>
+
+<p>"I have been all through my division to-day," he said, "visiting the
+hospitals, and I haven't heard a single man swear. Isn't it strange?"</p>
+
+<p>One of the citizens of Falmouth came to General Howard for a guard.</p>
+
+<p>"You favored secession, I suppose," said the General.</p>
+
+<p>"I stuck for the Union till Virginia went out of the Union. I had to
+go with her."</p>
+
+<p>"You have a son in the Rebel army."</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, sir; but he enlisted of his own accord."</p>
+
+<p>"The soldiers steal your chickens, you say?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, they take everything they can lay their hands upon, and I want a
+guard to protect my property."</p>
+
+<p>"If you and all your neighbors had voted against secession, you would
+not need a guard. No, sir, you can't have <span class="pagenum"><a id="page176" name="page176"></a>(p. 176)</span> one. When you have
+given as much to your country as I have I will give you one, but not
+till then," said the General, pointing to his empty sleeve. He lost
+his right arm at Fair Oaks.</p>
+
+<p>It was a gloomy winter, but the Sanitary and Christian Commissions
+gave their powerful aid towards maintaining the health and morals and
+spirits of the army. The Christian Commission opened six stations,
+from which they dispensed supplies of books and papers and food for
+the sick, not regularly furnished by the medical department. Religious
+meetings were held nightly, conducted by the soldiers, marked by deep
+solemnity. Veterans who had passed through all the trials and
+temptations of a soldier's life gave testimony of the peace and joy
+they had in believing in Jesus. Others asked what they should do to
+obtain the same comfort. Many who had faced death unflinchingly at
+Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, Malvern, and Antietam, who had been ever
+indifferent to the claim of religion, became like little children as
+they listened to their comrades singing,</p>
+
+<p class="poem25">
+<span class="min33em">"</span>Rock of Ages, cleft for me,<br>
+   Let me hide myself in thee."</p>
+
+<p>It was not sentimentalism. A soldier who has been through a half-dozen
+battles is the last person in the world to indulge in sentiment. He
+above all men understands reality. Thus led by the sweet music and the
+fervent prayers of their comrades, they rejoiced in the hope that they
+had found forgiveness of sins through the blood of the Son of God.</p>
+
+<p>At Falmouth, an old tobacco-warehouse on the bank of the river, within
+hail of the Rebel pickets, was cleared of rubbish, the broken ceiling
+and windows covered with canvas, a rude pulpit erected, where on
+Sabbath afternoons and every evening meetings were held, a Sabbath
+school was organized, also a day school. One of the soldiers
+established a school for the instruction of the children of the
+village. Often in the calm twilight of the mild winter days the Rebel
+picket pacing his beat upon the opposite bank stopped, and leaning
+upon his gun, listened to the hymns of devotion wafted on the evening
+air.</p>
+
+<a id="img032" name="img032"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img032.jpg" width="400" height="342" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">The Christian commission in the field.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>He could have sent a bullet whistling through the building,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page177" name="page177"></a>(p. 177)</span> but there was a mutual understanding among the pickets not
+to fire, and so the meetings were undisturbed.</p>
+
+<p>In the Forty-Fourth Now York Regiment, known as the Ellsworth
+Avengers, were two young soldiers whose hearts were woven together
+with Christian zeal. They had no chaplain; but they established a
+prayer-meeting, holding it beside a stump, in a retired place. They
+obtained permission of the colonel to build a log chapel. They had to
+draw the logs a mile, but they had faith and energy, and laid out a
+building sixteen by thirty-two feet square. Rev. Mr. Alvord, the agent
+of a Tract Society, gives the following account of their labors.</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>"The first logs were heavy, and hardly any one to help. Their
+     plan at first was not very definite. They would lay down a log
+     and then look and plan by the eye. Another log was wearily drawn
+     and put on. The crowd came round to quiz and joke. 'Are you to
+     have it finished before the world ends?' 'Fixing up to leave?'
+     'How does your saloon get on?' The more serious, in pity, tried
+     to discourage. There was 'already an order out to move; what's
+     the use?' 'Who wants meetings?' But these two Christian boys (S.
+     and L.) toiled on like Noah, amidst the scoffs of the multitude.
+     The edifice slowly rose; volunteers lent a hand. The Christian
+     men of the regiment became interested. (There were forty or fifty
+     in all, eighteen or twenty of whom at length aided in the work.)
+     A sufficient height was reached, and first a roof of brush, and
+     afterwards of patched ponchos, was put on, and meetings
+     began,&mdash;or rather they <i>began</i> when it was only an open pen. In a
+     few days Burnside's advance came, and the regiment left for the
+     field. In their absence, plunderers stripped the cabin, and
+     carried off a portion of its material; but on the return of our
+     troops the same busy hands and hearts of faith were again at
+     work. A sutler gave them the old canvas cover of his large tent,
+     which he was about to cut up to shelter his horses with, and lo,
+     it <i>precisely filled</i> the roof of the meeting-house,&mdash;not an inch
+     to spare!</p>
+
+<p>"Well, there it stands, to his glory and the credit of their
+     perseverance. (It took about one hundred logs to build it.) You
+     should have seen their eyes shine, as, here in my tent for
+     tracts, they were one day giving me its history, and you should
+     have been with us last evening. The little pulpit made of empty
+     box boards, two chandeliers suspended from the ridge-pole of
+     cross-sticks, wreathed with ivy, and in the socketed ends four
+     adamant candles, each burning brilliantly. Festoons of ivy and
+     'dead men's fingers' (a species of woodbine called by this name),
+     looped gracefully along the sides of the room, and in the centre
+     <span class="pagenum"><a id="page178" name="page178"></a>(p. 178)</span> from chandelier to chandelier,&mdash;their deep green, with
+     the fine brown bark of the pine logs, and white canvas above,
+     striped with its rafters, sweetly contrasting. Below, a perfect
+     pack of soldiers, in the 'Avengers'' uniform, squatted low upon
+     the pole seats, beneath which was a carpet of evergreen
+     sprays,&mdash;all silent, uncovered, respectful; as the service
+     opened, you could have heard a pin fall. There was nothing here
+     to make a noise. Pew-doors, psalm-books, rustling silks, or
+     groined arches reverberating the slightest sound of hand or
+     footfall, there were none. Only the click of that wooden latch,
+     and a gliding figure, like a stealthy vidette, squeezing in among
+     the common mass, indicated the late comer. The song went up from
+     the deep voices of men,&mdash;do you know the effect?&mdash;and before our
+     service closed, tears rolled down from the <i>faces of men</i>. To be
+     short, every evening of the week this house is now filled with
+     some service, four of which are religious. When they can have no
+     preaching, these soldiers meet for prayer.</p>
+
+<p>"I stole in one evening, lately, when they were at these
+     devotions; prayer after prayer successively was offered, in
+     earnest, humblest tones, before rising from their knees; the
+     impenitent looking on solemnly. Officers were present and took
+     part, and seldom have I seen such manifest tokens that God is
+     about to appear in power. Opposition there is none. The whole
+     regiment looks upon the house now as a matter of
+     pride,&mdash;encourage all the meetings. It is attractive to visitors,
+     and, when not used for religious purposes, is occupied by lyceum
+     debates, singing clubs, &amp;c., &amp;c. How those two Christian boys do
+     enjoy it! Said one of them to me, 'We have been paid for all our
+     labor a thousand times over.'"</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Thus, fighting, marching, singing, praying, teaching the ignorant,
+trusting in God, never wavering in their faith of the ultimate triumph
+of right, they passed the weary winter.</p>
+
+<a id="img033" name="img033"></a>
+<div class="p4 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img033.jpg" width="500" height="204" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Busy fingers.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page179" name="page179"></a>(p. 179)</span> CHAPTER XIII.<br>
+
+CHANCELLORSVILLE.</h2>
+
+<span class="sidedate">April, 1863.</span>
+
+<p>General Burnside having accepted the command of the army with
+reluctance, was relieved at his own request, and General Hooker was
+appointed his successor. He made a thorough reorganization. The system
+of grand divisions was abolished, and the corps organization adopted.
+The First Corps was commanded by General Sickles, the Fifth by General
+Meade, the Sixth by General Sedgwick, the Eleventh by General Howard,
+and the Twelfth by General Slocum. The cavalry was consolidated into a
+single corps, under General Stoneman. General Hooker intended to use
+the cavalry as it had not been used up to that time.</p>
+
+<p>The vigor manifested by General Hooker in the reorganization, and the
+confidence of the soldiers in him as a commander, gave new hope to the
+army. He reduced the number of wagons in the trains, and informed the
+officers that they would be allowed only a limited amount of baggage.
+He issued orders that the troops should have rations of fresh bread,
+cabbages, and onions, in abundance. Merit was commended. Officers and
+men who had proved themselves efficient were allowed leave of absence,
+before the opening of the spring campaign. Regiments which had shown
+incapacity and loose discipline were allowed no favors. Only eleven
+regiments in the whole army were highly commended. Some were severely
+censured as wanting those qualities which make a good regiment. This
+administration of affairs soon produced a perceptible change in the
+spirits of the men.</p>
+
+<p>There were frequent rains, which prevented any movement during the
+winter; but General Hooker was not idle. He was obtaining information,
+from scouts and spies, of Lee's position and the number of his troops.
+He kept his designs so well to himself that even his most trusted
+officers were not aware of <span class="pagenum"><a id="page180" name="page180"></a>(p. 180)</span> them. But his plan embraced three
+features: a cavalry movement under Stoneman towards Richmond, from the
+Upper Rappahannock, to destroy Lee's communications, burning bridges
+and supplies; the deploy of a portion of the army down the river to
+attract Lee's attention; and, lastly, a sudden march of the main body
+up the river, to gain a position near Chancellorsville, southwest of
+Fredericksburg, which would compel Lee to come out and fight, or
+evacuate the place. If he gained the position, he could stand on the
+defensive and wait Lee's movements. He decided that Lee should be the
+attacking party.</p>
+
+<p>Lee had sent two divisions of Longstreet's corps under that officer to
+North Carolina, and Hampton's cavalry was recruiting south of the
+James River. It was a favorable opportunity to strike a heavy blow.</p>
+
+<p>On the 27th of April the Eleventh Corps, under Howard, and the
+Twelfth, under Slocum, at half past five in the morning started for
+Kelley's Ford by the Hartwood Church road.</p>
+
+<p>The Third, under Sickles, and the Fifth, under Meade, moved at the
+same time, by a road nearer the river, in the same direction. The
+Second, under Couch, went towards United States Ford, which is only
+three miles from Chancellorsville. A dense fog hung over the river,
+concealing the movement. The Eleventh, Twelfth, and Fifth Corps
+marched fourteen miles during the day, and bivouacked at four o'clock
+in the afternoon a mile west of Hartwood Church. To Lee, who looked
+across the river from Fredericksburg, there was no change in the
+appearance of things on the Stafford hills. The camps of the Yankees
+were still there, dotting the landscape, teams were moving to and fro,
+soldiers were at drill, and the smoke of camp-fires was curling
+through the air.</p>
+
+<p>During the evening of the 27th the pontoons belonging to the Sixth
+Corps were taken from the wagons, carried by the soldiers down to the
+river, and put into the water so noiselessly that the Rebel pickets
+stationed on the bank near Bernard's house had no suspicion of what
+was going on. The boats were manned by Russell's brigade. At a given
+signal they were pushed rapidly across the stream, and, before the
+Rebel pickets were aware of the movement, they found themselves
+prisoners. The First Corps went a mile farther down, to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page181" name="page181"></a>(p. 181)</span>
+Southfield. It was daylight before the engineers of this corps could
+get their boats into the water. The Rebel sharpshooters who were lying
+in rifle-pits along the bank commenced a deadly fire. To silence them,
+Colonel Warner placed forty pieces of artillery on the high bank
+overlooking the river, under cover of which the boats crossed, and the
+soldiers, leaping ashore, charged up the bank and captured one hundred
+and fifty Rebels. The engineers in a short time had both bridges
+completed. General Wadsworth's division of the First Corps was the
+first to cross the lower bridge. General Wadsworth had become
+impatient, and, instead of waiting for the completion of the
+structure, swam his horse across the stream. General Brooks, of the
+Sixth Corps, was the first to cross the bridge at Bernard's.</p>
+
+<p>It was now five o'clock in the morning. There was great commotion in
+Fredericksburg. A courier dashed into town on horseback, shouting,
+"The Yankees are crossing down the river."<a id="footnotetag20" name="footnotetag20"></a><a href="#footnote20" title="Go to footnote 20"><span class="smaller">[20]</span></a> The church-bells were
+rung. The people who had returned to the town after the battle of the
+13th of December sprang from their beds. They went out and stood upon
+Maryee's Hill, looked across the river, and saw the country alive with
+troops.</p>
+
+<p>"All through the day," wrote the correspondent of the Richmond
+<i>Examiner</i>, "the Yankee balloons were in the air at a great height,
+and the opposite side of the river, as far as the eye could reach, was
+blue with their crowded columns."<a id="footnotetag21" name="footnotetag21"></a><a href="#footnote21" title="Go to footnote 21"><span class="smaller">[21]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>The drummers beat the long-roll. "Fall in! Fall in!" was the cry, and
+the whole army was quickly under arms. The movement was a surprise to
+General Lee.</p>
+
+<p>The crossing of the First and Sixth Corps was slow and deliberate.
+"They continued to cross," says the same writer, "until two o'clock P.
+M.,&mdash;infantry, artillery, and wagons. They swarmed irregularly over
+the fields and bluffs, of which they had taken possession, seeming not
+to have fallen into ranks. About five P. M. a light rain commenced,
+when they pitched their tents, and seemed to make themselves at home."</p>
+
+<p>In order to deceive General Lee, only Wadsworth's and Brooks's
+divisions were sent over in the forenoon; but portions <span class="pagenum"><a id="page182" name="page182"></a>(p. 182)</span> of the
+other divisions, which had been concealed behind a belt of woods, were
+put in motion, and marched along the crest of the ridge, through an
+open field, in sight of the Rebels, as though on their way down the
+river; but, instead of crossing, were marched up through a gully
+around the hill to their starting-point, and were again moved over the
+same ground,&mdash;a circus-march, calculated to deceive the Rebels into
+thinking that the whole army was moving in that direction. A part of
+Jackson's corps had been lying at Shinker's Neck, several miles below
+Fredericksburg, which Lee ordered to Hamilton's crossing, occupying
+the same position that it held in the first battle.</p>
+
+<p>It was night before the remainder of the Sixth Corps crossed the
+stream, while the other two divisions of the First Corps still
+remained on the northern bank. Lee could not comprehend this new state
+of affairs. The night of the 28th passed, and no advance was made by
+the Sixth Corps. The morning of the 29th saw them in the same
+position, evidently in no haste to make an attack.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile the main body of the army was making a rapid march up the
+river. The Eleventh Corps reached Kelley's Ford, twenty-eight miles
+above Falmouth, at half past four in the afternoon. The pontoons
+arrived at six o'clock. Four hundred men went over in the boats, and
+seized the Rebel rifle-pits, capturing a few prisoners, who were
+stationed there to guard the Ford. As soon as the bridge was
+completed, the troops began to cross. The Seventeenth Pennsylvania
+cavalry preceded the infantry, pushed out on the road leading to
+Culpepper, and encountered a detachment of Stuart's cavalry.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of the 29th, the Twelfth Corps, followed by the
+Eleventh, made a rapid march to Germanna Ford, on the Rapidan, while
+the Fifth Corps took the road leading to Ely's Ford. When the Twelfth
+Corps arrived at Germanna Ford at three o'clock in the afternoon, the
+Rebels were discovered building a bridge. About one hundred of them
+were taken prisoners. Instead of waiting for the pontoons to be laid,
+the Twelfth forded the stream, which was deep and swift; but the men
+held their cartridge-boxes over their heads, and thus kept their
+powder dry.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page183" name="page183"></a>(p. 183)</span> It was not till the afternoon of the 29th that Lee understood
+Hooker's movement. At sunset Stuart reported that a heavy column of
+Yankees was crossing the Germanna Ford, that there was another at
+Ely's, and still another at United States Ford. Lee saw that the
+routes, after crossing the Rapidan, converged near Chancellorsville,
+from whence several roads led to the rear of his position at
+Fredericksburg.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of the 30th, Hooker's army was in the following
+position: The Eleventh and Twelfth Corps at Germanna Ford, moving
+southeast; the Fifth Corps at Ely's Ford, moving south; the Second
+Corps, followed by the Third, at United States Ford, marching
+southwest; the First Corps passing up the river from its position
+below Fredericksburg, making a rapid march to join the Second Corps at
+United States Ford; the Sixth Corps, meanwhile, lying inactive on the
+plain by Bernard's house.</p>
+
+<p>The movement was admirably made, each corps coming into position at
+the appointed place and time, showing that the plan had been well
+matured in the mind of the commander-in-chief.</p>
+
+<p>Early on the morning of the 30th the Eleventh Corps, followed by the
+Twelfth, moved from Germanna Ford down the Stevensburg plank-road to
+the Old Wilderness Tavern, which is about a mile and a half west of
+Chancellorsville. The latter place, at the time of the battle,
+consisted of one brick house. The country around Chancellorsville is
+called "the Wilderness." Years ago a considerable portion of the land
+was cleared, but the system of cultivation carried on by the
+Virginians quickly exhausted the soil, and the fields were left to
+grow up again to bushes. A short distance beyond the old tavern is
+Dowdal's Tavern, near the junction of the Stevensburg plank-road, and
+the Orange turnpike, leading to Gordonsville. Hunting Run has its
+head-waters near the Stevensburg plank-road, and flows north to the
+Rapidan. There is an old saw-mill on the creek, which was used as a
+hospital by the Twelfth Corps during the battle. Near Dowdal's tavern
+is an old church, and on the right-hand side of the road, as we go
+toward Chancellorsville from Dowdal's, there is a cleared field on
+elevated land, which was the centre of Hooker's line at the beginning
+of the battle. Several roads diverge from Chancellorsville,&mdash;the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page184" name="page184"></a>(p. 184)</span> Orange and Fredericksburg plank-road and the Gordonsville
+turnpike, both leading to Fredericksburg; also roads to United States
+and Ely's Fords; also one leading south across Scott's Run.</p>
+
+<p>At noon of the 30th the Eleventh Corps reached its assigned position,
+between the Germanna road and Dowdal's tavern, forming the right flank
+of Hooker's line. The Third Corps, which had crossed at Ely's Ford,
+came down through the woods across Hunting Run, and formed on the left
+of the Eleventh, by the tavern. The Twelfth Corps filed past the
+Eleventh, along the Stevensburg road, and the Third Corps passed
+Chancellorsville, and moved almost to Tabernacle Church, on the Orange
+and Fredericksburg plank-road. The Second Corps, having crossed at
+United States Ford, came into position a mile or more in rear of the
+Eleventh and Third, while the Fifth moved up and formed a line facing
+southeast, reaching from Chancellorsville to Scott's Dam on the
+Rappahannock, a mile and a half north of Chancellorsville.</p>
+
+<p>Stuart, commanding the Rebel cavalry, had skirmished with the Eleventh
+Corps on its march, but when the Third, which crossed at Ely's,
+reached Chancellorsville, Stuart found that he was cut off from direct
+communication with Lee, and was obliged to move to Todd's Tavern and
+Spottsylvania Court-House, to put himself in connection with the
+infantry of the Rebel army. Lee was still undecided what to do, but
+finally determined to leave Early's division of Jackson's corps, and
+Barksdale's brigade of McLaw's division, and a part of the reserve
+artillery under Pendleton, to hold Fredericksburg, and move with the
+rest of the army to Chancellorsville and fight Hooker. He had already
+sent Anderson's division to watch the movement. Slocum's skirmishers
+met Anderson's at Chancellorsville and drove them back to Tabernacle
+Church. Anderson, finding that Slocum was advancing, formed across the
+roads, and was in this position at dark on the night of the 30th.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of the 1st of May the whole Rebel army, except what was
+left to watch Sedgwick, was put in motion, with the intention of
+making a direct attack. Anderson advanced upon Slocum, who fell back
+under instructions to Chancellorsville, and filled the gap between
+the Third and Fifth. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page185" name="page185"></a>(p. 185)</span> Lee followed, intending to give battle,
+but he found Hooker in a position of such strength that he hesitated.
+Lee says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>"The enemy had assumed a position of great natural strength,
+     surrounded on all sides by a dense forest, filled with tangled
+     undergrowth, in the midst of which breastworks of logs had been
+     constructed, with trees felled in front so as to form an
+     impenetrable abatis. His artillery swept the few narrow roads by
+     which his position could be approached from the front, and
+     commanded the adjacent woods. The left of his line extended from
+     Chancellorsville towards the Rappahannock, covering the Bark-Mill
+     Ford, where he communicated with the north bank of the river by a
+     pontoon bridge. His right stretched westward along the Germanna
+     road more than two miles.</p>
+
+<p>"Darkness was approaching before the extent and strength of his
+     lines could be ascertained, and, as the nature of the country
+     rendered it hazardous to attack by night, our troops were halted,
+     and formed in line of battle in front of Chancellorsville, at
+     right angles to the plank-road.... It was evident that a direct
+     attack upon the enemy would be attended with great difficulty and
+     loss, in view of the strength of his position and his superiority
+     in numbers. It was therefore resolved to endeavor to turn his
+     right flank, and gain his rear, leaving a force in front to hold
+     him in check, and conceal the movement. The execution of this
+     plan was intrusted to Lieutenant-General Jackson, with his three
+     divisions."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This movement of Lee's was very bold and hazardous. It divided his
+army into three parts,&mdash;one part watching the Sixth Corps at
+Fredericksburg, another between Chancellorsville and Fredericksburg,
+and the force under Jackson, accompanied by Stuart's cavalry, moving
+to get in the rear of Hooker. Jackson was obliged to make a long
+circuit by Todd's Tavern and the Furnace Road, moving first southwest
+toward Spottsylvania, then west toward Orange Court-House, then north
+toward the Rapidan, then east toward the old saw-mill on Hunting Run.
+Rodes's division reached the Old Wilderness Tavern about four o'clock
+in the afternoon. As the different divisions arrived they were formed
+across the Stevensburg plank-road, Rodes in front, Trimble's division
+under General Colston in the second, and A. P. Hill in the third line.</p>
+
+<span class="sidedate">May, 1863.</span>
+
+<p>General Hooker, having decided to fight a defensive battle, ordered
+the construction of rifle-pits, and while Jackson was making this
+detour the position was strongly fortified against <span class="pagenum"><a id="page186" name="page186"></a>(p. 186)</span> an attack
+from the direction of Fredericksburg. Early in the day it was reported
+that Lee was retreating rapidly toward Culpepper Court-House. From the
+cleared field occupied by Sickles the Rebel column could be seen
+moving southwest,&mdash;artillery, baggage-train, and infantry. It was
+generally believed in Hooker's army that Lee, finding the position too
+impregnable, was retiring. Sickles and Howard thought differently.</p>
+
+<p>"Lee has divided his army, and now is the time to strike," said
+General Sickles to Hooker.</p>
+
+<p>General Hooker hesitated. His plan was to stand wholly on the
+defensive. Still the column filed by.</p>
+
+<p>"The enemy is on my flank," was the message from Howard. "We can hear
+the sound of their axes in the woods."<a id="footnotetag22" name="footnotetag22"></a><a href="#footnote22" title="Go to footnote 22"><span class="smaller">[22]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>"Now is the time to double up Lee," said Sickles, again urging an
+attack.<a id="footnotetag23" name="footnotetag23"></a><a href="#footnote23" title="Go to footnote 23"><span class="smaller">[23]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>"You may go out and feel the enemy, but don't go too fast, nor too
+far," said Hooker, at last yielding.</p>
+
+<p>It is nearly two miles southwest from Chancellorsville to Wellford's
+iron furnace, which is situated on the Ny River, the north branch of
+the Mattapony. The road which passes the furnace, and along which
+Jackson was hastening, is a byroad from the plank-road east of
+Chancellorsville, to the Brock Road, which runs from Todd's Tavern
+northwest to the Old Wilderness Tavern. Archer's and Thomas's brigades
+of A. P. Hill's division were at the furnace when Sickles received
+permission to move out. They were the rear brigades of Jackson's
+column. Sickles lost no time in putting his divisions in motion.
+Berdan's sharpshooters were thrown out in advance as skirmishers, and
+the infantry with artillery followed; but the artillery was compelled
+to halt till a bridge could be constructed across a small creek. It
+was about four o'clock when the head of the column reached the road
+over which Jackson had marched. Archer was nearly a mile west of the
+furnace when the sharpshooters reached the road, where they suddenly
+fell upon the Twenty-Third Georgia. This regiment had been detached
+from Colquitt's brigade of D. H. Hill's division, and was posted on
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page187" name="page187"></a>(p. 187)</span> the north side of the road, as a flanking party, to cover the
+march of the troops.</p>
+
+<p>There was a sudden commotion in Archer's and Thomas's brigades.
+Brown's battery was wheeled into position, and, with the Twenty-Third
+Georgia and Fourteenth Tennessee, opened fire upon Sickles. The
+teamsters of the Rebel baggage-trains fled into the woods.</p>
+
+<p>A courier dashed up the road to inform Archer what had happened, but
+before the news reached him the Twenty-Third Georgia was in the hands
+of Sickles. Archer faced about, and formed his lines.</p>
+
+<p>Anderson all the while was skirmishing with Slocum, to attract
+Hooker's attention, while Jackson was getting into position, but he
+was now obliged to send Wright, Posey, and Mahan to the assistance of
+Archer and Thomas. They attacked Sickles's left flank, while Archer
+and Thomas attacked his right. The contest waxed warm.</p>
+
+<p>"Don't go too fast," was Hooker's injunction again to Sickles.</p>
+
+<p>"I want a brigade to fill the gap between myself and Howard," was
+Sickles's reply, and Barlow's brigade was sent. It was the best of the
+Eleventh Corps. Howard had placed it in reserve just where he could
+use it to advantage, on either flank, in front, or centre.</p>
+
+<p>The Eleventh Corps was formed in the following order: General Devens's
+division on the right, between the Stevensburg road and the old
+saw-mill, facing northwest; General Schurz's division south of the
+plank-road, facing southwest; General Schimmelfennig's brigade of
+Steinwehr's division also south of the road, reaching to Dowdal's
+Tavern; Barlow's brigade north of the road, in rear of the centre.</p>
+
+<p>There was no want of precaution on the part of General Howard. General
+Hooker rode along the line with Howard on Saturday forenoon. Howard
+says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"At one point a regiment was not deployed and at another a gap in
+     the woods was not filled. The corrections were made and the
+     position strengthened. The front was covered by a good line of
+     skirmishers. I should have stated that just at evening of the 1st
+     the enemy made a reconnoissance on our front with a small force
+     of artillery and infantry. General Schimmelfennig moved out with a
+     battalion and drove him <span class="pagenum"><a id="page189" name="page189"></a>(p. 189)</span> back. During Saturday, the 2d,
+     the same general made frequent reconnoissances. Infantry scouts
+     and cavalry patrols were constantly pushed out on every road. The
+     unvarying report was, 'The enemy is crossing the plank-road and
+     moving towards Culpepper.' At 4 P. M. I was directed to send a
+     brigade to the support of General Sickles. I immediately took
+     Barlow's brigade by a short route to General Sickles's right,
+     some two and a half miles from the plank-road to the front."<a id="footnotetag24" name="footnotetag24"></a><a href="#footnote24" title="Go to footnote 24"><span class="smaller">[24]</span></a></p>
+
+<a id="img034" name="img034"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<a href="images/img034.jpg">
+<img src="images/img034tb.jpg" width="500" height="302" alt="" title=""></a>
+<p class="caption">Chancellorsville.</p>
+
+<table style="font-size: 80%; margin-left: 5%;" border="0" cellpadding="2" summary="Chancellorsville.">
+<colgroup>
+    <col width="2%">
+    <col width="20%">
+    <col width="2%">
+    <col width="20%">
+    <col width="1%">
+    <col width="2%">
+    <col width="20%">
+    <col width="2%">
+    <col width="20%">
+</colgroup>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="4" class="center"><span class="smcap">Union Positions.</span></td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td colspan="4" class="center"><span class="smcap">Rebel Positions.</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>1.</td>
+<td>Devens's Division.</td>
+<td>5.</td>
+<td>Sickles's (3) Corps.</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>A.</td>
+<td>Stonewall Jackson's Corps.</td>
+<td>C.</td>
+<td>Anderson's Division.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>2.</td>
+<td>Schurz's   <span class="add1em">"</span></td>
+<td>6.</td>
+<td>Slocum's (12)   <span class="add1em">"</span></td>
+<td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Front line Rodes's Division.</td>
+<td>D.</td>
+<td>McLaw's        <span class="add1em">"</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>3.</td>
+<td>Steinwehr's Division.</td>
+<td>7.</td>
+<td>Meade's (5)     <span class="add1em">"</span></td>
+<td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Middle line Colston's Division.</td>
+<td>T.</td>
+<td>Tavern.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>4.</td>
+<td>Barlow's Brigade before<br> moving
+  to reinforce Sickles.</td>
+<td>8.</td>
+<td>Couch's (2)     <span class="add1em">"</span></td>
+<td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Third line A. P. Hill's   <span class="add1em">"</span></td>
+<td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+<td>9.</td>
+<td>Cavalry.</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>B.</td>
+<td>Archer's and Wright's Brigades.</td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<p>It was six o'clock. There was a gap from Dowdal's Tavern almost to
+Chancellorsville, from which Sickles had moved. Slocum had advanced
+beyond Chancellorsville southeast. The sending out of Sickles and
+Barlow, the advance of Slocum, and the position of the Second Corps,
+so far away to the rear, left Howard without any supports.</p>
+
+<p>Jackson came through the woods upon Howard's skirmishers, who fired
+and fell back. The firing attracted the attention of the men along the
+lines, who were cooking their suppers. Occasional shots had been fired
+during the afternoon, and there was no alarm till the skirmishers came
+out of the woods upon the run, followed by the Rebels. The men seized
+their arms; but, before Devens could get his regiments into position,
+the Rebels were approaching his right flank, firing quick volleys and
+yelling like savages. Some of Devens's command fled, throwing away
+their guns and equipments. Others fought bravely. Devens, while
+endeavoring to rally his men, was wounded; several of his officers
+fell; yet he held his ground till the Rebels gained his rear and began
+firing into the backs of the men who stood behind the breastwork. Then
+the line gave way, abandoning five guns.</p>
+
+<p>Howard was at his head-quarters, by Dowdal's. Schurz also was there
+when the attack commenced. He says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"I sent my chief of staff to the front when firing was heard.
+     General Schurz, who was with me, left at once to take command of
+     his line. It was not three minutes before I followed. When I
+     reached General Schurz's command, I saw that the enemy had
+     enveloped my right, and that the first division [Devens's] was
+     giving way. I first tried to change front with the deployed
+     regiments. I next directed the artillery where to go; then formed
+     a line, by deploying some of the reserve regiments, near the
+     church. By this time the whole front, on the north of <span class="pagenum"><a id="page190" name="page190"></a>(p. 190)</span>
+     the plank-road, had given way. Colonel Burshbeck's brigade was
+     faced about, and, lying on the other side of the rifle-pit
+     embankment, held on with praiseworthy firmness. A part of General
+     Schimmelfennig's and a part of Colonel Krzyzanouski's brigades
+     moved gradually back to the north of the plank-road, and kept up
+     their fire. At the centre, and near the plank-road, there was a
+     blind panic and great confusion. By the assistance of my staff
+     and some other officers, one of whom was Colonel Dickinson, of
+     General Hooker's staff, the rout was considerably checked, and
+     all the artillery except eight pieces withdrawn. Some of the
+     artillery was well served, and told effectively on the advancing
+     enemy. Captain Dilger kept up a continuous fire, till we reached
+     General Birney's position."<a id="footnotetag25" name="footnotetag25"></a><a href="#footnote25" title="Go to footnote 25"><span class="smaller">[25]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>The Rebel troops which first made their appearance, and which
+enveloped Howard's right, were commanded by General Doles, who says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"At five o'clock P. M. the order was given to advance against the
+     enemy. The brigade moved as rapidly as possible through a very
+     thick wood, and skirmishers were immediately engaged by those of
+     the enemy. Our forces marching rapidly forward assisted in
+     driving in the enemy's sharpshooters, when we were subjected to a
+     heavy musket fire, and grape, canister, and shell. The command
+     was ordered to attack the enemy in his intrenched position, drive
+     him from it, and take his batteries. The order was promptly
+     obeyed; the Fourth and Forty-Fourth Georgia assaulted his
+     position in front; the Twenty-First Georgia was ordered to flank
+     him so as to enfilade his intrenchments; the Twelfth Georgia was
+     ordered forward, and to the right, to attack a force of the enemy
+     on the right. After a resistance of about ten minutes we drove
+     him from his position on the left, and carried his battery of two
+     guns, caissons, and horses. The movement of the Twelfth Georgia
+     on the right was successful. The order to forward was given, when
+     the command moved forward at the 'double-quick' to assault the
+     enemy who had taken up a strong position on the crest of a hill
+     in the open field. He was soon driven from this position, the
+     command pursuing him. He made <i>a stubborn resistance from behind
+     a wattling fence</i>, on a hill thickly covered with pine. The whole
+     command moved gallantly against this position, the Fourth and
+     Forty-Fourth Georgia in front, and the Twenty-First and Twelfth
+     on his left flank and rear. Here we captured one gun,&mdash;a rifled
+     piece. We pursued his retreating forces about three hundred yards
+     over an open field, receiving a severe fire from <span class="pagenum"><a id="page191" name="page191"></a>(p. 191)</span>
+     musketry and a battery of four pieces on the crest of the hill
+     that commanded the field below; his infantry was in large force,
+     and well protected by rifle-pits and intrenchments. The command
+     was ordered to take the intrenchments and the battery, <i>which was
+     done after a resistance of about twenty minutes</i>. The enemy fled
+     in utter confusion, leaving his battery of four pieces, his
+     wounded, and many prisoners. The Twelfth Georgia and the larger
+     portion of the other regiments was formed in good order, and
+     pursued him through the pine forest, moving some five hundred
+     yards to the front, and holding that position until after dark.
+     Fresh troops having been placed in that position after dark, I
+     ordered the command to retire for the purpose of replenishing
+     ammunitions, the men being entirely out. During this engagement,
+     which lasted from about 5-1/2 to 9 P. M., the command captured
+     eight pieces of artillery and many prisoners."<a id="footnotetag26" name="footnotetag26"></a><a href="#footnote26" title="Go to footnote 26"><span class="smaller">[26]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>It is manifest, that while a portion of the Eleventh Corps became
+panic-stricken, a large number of Howard's troops fought with great
+bravery. The corps numbered about thirteen thousand five hundred on
+the morning of May 1st.</p>
+
+<p>The force under Howard at the time of the attack did not exceed eleven
+thousand, mainly raw German troops. Howard's total loss in killed,
+wounded, and prisoners was two thousand five hundred and twenty-eight.
+Twenty-five officers and one hundred and fifty-three men were killed,
+seventy-eight officers and eight hundred and forty-two wounded,&mdash;a
+total loss of one thousand and ninety-eight killed and wounded, which
+shows the severity of this brief conflict.</p>
+
+<p>The Eleventh Corps has been severely censured for pusillanimous
+conduct in this battle; but when all of the facts are taken into
+consideration,&mdash;that Howard had no supports to call upon; that the
+Third Corps was two miles and a half from its position in the line;
+that Barlow's brigade had been sent away; that the attack was a
+surprise; that Jackson's force exceeded thirty thousand; that,
+notwithstanding these disadvantages, a "stubborn resistance" was
+offered,&mdash;praise instead of censure is due to those of the Eleventh
+who thus held their ground, till one fourth of their number were
+killed, wounded, or taken prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>Almost at the beginning of the attack Devens was wounded. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page192" name="page192"></a>(p. 192)</span> In
+the confusion and panic, there was no one to take his place till
+Howard arrived. Hooker was at once in his saddle.</p>
+
+<p>"The enemy have attacked Howard and driven him in," was his word to
+Sickles.</p>
+
+<p>"That can't be," said Sickles, incredulous.</p>
+
+<p>"Return at once," was the order from Hooker, by a second messenger.</p>
+
+<p>The heavy firing, constantly growing nearer, gave force to the
+instruction.</p>
+
+<p>It was now quite dark. Sickles set out to return with all possible
+haste, but soon found that he had got to fight his way back. Jackson's
+left wing had swept round, till it rested upon the road, over which he
+had marched on his way out to the Furnace. Berry's division came first
+upon the enemy. A severe contest ensued, lasting till nine o'clock,
+when he succeeded in re-establishing his connection with Howard, who
+had thus far fought the battle almost alone. Lee, with Anderson's
+command, all the while was making a demonstration against the Twelfth
+and Fifth Corps east of Chancellorsville, and the Second was too far
+in rear to be of any service to Howard before the return of Sickles
+and Barlow.</p>
+
+<p>Jackson gained no advantage after his first attack, but on the other
+hand came near experiencing a panic in his own lines. General Colston
+says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"We continued to drive the enemy until darkness prevented our
+     farther advance. The firing now ceased, owing to the difficult
+     and tangled nature of the ground over which the troops had
+     advanced, and the mingling of my first and second lines of
+     battle. The formation of the troops became very much confused,
+     and different regiments, brigades, and divisions were mixed up
+     together.... The troops were hardly reformed and placed in
+     position when the enemy opened, about ten o'clock, a furious fire
+     of shot, shell, and canister, sweeping down the plank-road and
+     the woods on each side. A number of artillery horses, some of
+     them without drivers, and a great many infantry soldiers,
+     belonging to other commands, rushed down the road in wild
+     disorder; but, although many casualties occurred at this time in
+     my division, the troops occupied their position with the utmost
+     steadiness. It was at this time that General Nichols, of the
+     Louisiana Brigade (Fourth), a gallant and accomplished officer,
+     had his leg torn off by a shell, and was carried off the field.
+     It was also about the same time that our great, and good
+     <span class="pagenum"><a id="page193" name="page193"></a>(p. 193)</span> and ever to be lamented corps commander fell under the
+     fire of some of the men of General Lane's brigade."<a id="footnotetag27" name="footnotetag27"></a><a href="#footnote27" title="Go to footnote 27"><span class="smaller">[27]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>Under cover of the fire of the artillery, Berry's division of the
+Third Corps attacked Jackson. The Rebel commander had just placed A.
+P. Hill's division in the front line, and was contemplating an attack
+upon Sickles, when Berry advanced. His biographer says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>"Such was his ardor at this critical moment, and his anxiety to
+     penetrate the movements of the enemy, doubly screened as they
+     were by the dense forest and gathering darkness, that he rode
+     ahead of the skirmishers, and exposed himself to a close and
+     dangerous fire from the enemy's sharpshooters, posted in the
+     timber. So great was the danger which he ran, that one of his
+     staff said, 'General, don't you think this is the wrong place for
+     you?' He replied, quickly, 'The danger is all over; the enemy is
+     routed. Go back and tell A. P. Hill to press right on!' Soon
+     after giving this order, General Jackson turned, and, accompanied
+     by his staff and escort, rode back at a trot on his well-known
+     'Old Sorrel' toward his own men. Unhappily, in the darkness,&mdash;it
+     was now nine or ten o'clock at night,&mdash;the little body of
+     horsemen was mistaken for Federal cavalry charging, and the
+     regiments on the right and left of the road fired a sudden volley
+     into them with the most lamentable results. Captain Boswell, of
+     Jackson's staff, was killed, and borne into our lines by his
+     horse. Colonel Crutchfield, chief of artillery, was wounded, and
+     two couriers killed. General Jackson received one ball in his
+     left arm, two inches below the shoulder-joint, shattering the
+     bone and severing the chief artery; a second passed through the
+     same arm, between the elbow and wrist, making its exit through
+     the palm of the hand; a third entered the palm of his right hand,
+     about the middle, and, passing through, broke two of the bones.</p>
+
+<p>"He fell from his horse, and was caught by Captain Wormly, to
+     whom he said, 'All my wounds are by my own men.'</p>
+
+<p>"The firing was responded to by the enemy, who made a sudden
+     advance, <i>and, the Confederates falling back, their foes actually
+     charged over Jackson's body</i>. He was not discovered, however, and
+     the Federals being driven in turn, he was rescued. Ready hands
+     placed him upon a litter, and he was borne to the rear under a
+     heavy fire from the enemy. One of the litter-bearers was shot
+     down; the General fell from the shoulders of the men, receiving a
+     severe contusion, adding to the injury of the arm and injuring
+     the side severely. The enemy's fire of artillery <span class="pagenum"><a id="page194" name="page194"></a>(p. 194)</span> at
+     this point was terrible. General Jackson was left for five
+     minutes until the fire slackened, then placed in an ambulance and
+     carried to the field hospital at Wilderness Run."<a id="footnotetag28" name="footnotetag28"></a><a href="#footnote28" title="Go to footnote 28"><span class="smaller">[28]</span></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Thus fell a commander endowed with qualities calculated to stir the
+warmest enthusiasm of the people of the South. He was brave, daring,
+energetic, impulsive,&mdash;the most competent of all the Rebel generals to
+lead a charge,&mdash;but not esteemed so able as Lee to conduct a campaign.
+He was deeply religious, but espoused Treason with all his heart. He
+was educated at the expense of the United States, and had sworn to
+bear faithful allegiance to his country; yet he joined the Rebels at
+the outset, and did what he could to inaugurate and carry to a
+successful issue a civil war for the overthrow of the national
+government and the establishing of another with slavery for its
+corner-stone! He prayed and fought for a system of servitude which was
+the sum of all villanies, and which has received the condemnation of
+every civilized nation of modern times.</p>
+
+<p>Not according to the measure of his military prowess, nor by his
+sincerity of heart or religious convictions and exercises, will
+History judge him, but, connecting the man with the cause which he
+espoused, will hold him accountable for blood shed in a war waged to
+sustain human slavery, under the specious doctrine of the Rights of
+States.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">When the assault was made on Howard, the first move on the part of
+Hooker was to arrange for a new line.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Best, commanding the artillery of the Twelfth Corps, brought
+thirty-six guns into position between Chancellorsville and Dowdal's,
+sweeping the fields to the south and southwest, the Orangeburg
+plank-road, and the breastworks which Buschbeck had abandoned, and
+behind which the Rebels were forming for a second attack. Under cover
+of this fire, Birney and Whipple came back from Scott's Creek;
+Williams's division, which had been pushed out southeast of
+Chancellorsville, on the road to Fredericksburg, was drawn in.</p>
+
+<a id="img035" name="img035"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img035.jpg" width="500" height="336" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Battery at Chancellorsville.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>When the Twelfth Corps got back to its place in the line, most of
+Howard's works were in possession of the enemy. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page195" name="page195"></a>(p. 195)</span> Williams now
+crossed his own intrenchments, and formed in the field, facing
+westward.</p>
+
+<p>"Stand steady, old Third Brigade. Stand steady, old Second
+Massachusetts," was the address of the Brigadier.</p>
+
+<p>So stood the line, while Best poured in his tremendous artillery fire,
+and while Berry pushed the Rebels back into the woods.</p>
+
+<p>Jackson and A. P. Hill having been wounded, the command devolved on
+General Stuart, who arrived at midnight and made a reconnoissance of
+the lines.</p>
+
+<p>East of Chancellorsville Slocum and Meade were having a severe fight
+with the Rebels under Lee, who says in his report:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"As soon as the sound of cannon gave notice of Jackson's attack
+     on the enemy's right, our troops in front of Chancellorsville
+     were ordered to press him strongly on the left, to prevent
+     reinforcements being sent to the point assailed. They were
+     directed not to attack in force, unless a favorable opportunity
+     should present itself, and while continuing to cover the roads
+     leading from their respective positions, toward Chancellorsville,
+     to incline to the left so as to connect with Jackson's right as
+     he closed in upon the centre. These orders were well executed,
+     our troops advancing up to the enemy's intrenchments, while
+     several batteries played with good effect upon his lines, until
+     prevented by increasing darkness."<a id="footnotetag29" name="footnotetag29"></a><a href="#footnote29" title="Go to footnote 29"><span class="smaller">[29]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>Anderson's division advanced rapidly up the Fredericksburg road,
+charging upon Kane's brigade of Geary's division, composed of new
+troops, which, after a short resistance, retreated in confusion. An
+aid from Slocum came down to Hooker for reinforcements. "No," said
+Hooker, "he must hold his own. Let Geary's division, however, be
+thrown to the right of the road, that the artillery may be able to
+sweep the enemy on the left." This was done, and the heavy fire that
+was given by Knapp's and other batteries checked Anderson's advance. A
+constant demonstration was kept up by Anderson to deceive Hooker as to
+Lee's intentions. Thus the night passed.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE BATTLE OF SUNDAY.</h3>
+
+<p>Both armies were busy through the night, preparing for the great
+struggle,&mdash;Lee to attack and Hooker to defend. The <span class="pagenum"><a id="page196" name="page196"></a>(p. 196)</span> wounded
+were sent to the rear, also the baggage trains, and the cavalry, and
+everything which could impede operations. Hooker's line was in the
+form of the letter V. The Second Corps, which had followed Berry up
+the night before, occupied the right of the line, reaching nearly down
+to the river, joining the left flank upon Berry's division of the
+Third Corps, which extended to the plank-road, west of
+Chancellorsville. Whipple's and Birney's divisions of the Third, and
+Geary's division of the Twelfth, formed the point of the letter V,
+which enclosed Chancellorsville. The other divisions of the Twelfth
+Corps and the Fifth Corps forming the other side of the letter,
+extended from Chancellorsville to the Rappahannock. The Eleventh Corps
+was placed in position to support the Fifth on the extreme left of the
+line. During the day the First Corps under Reynolds came up the river,
+crossed at United States Ford, and wheeled into position on the right
+of the Second Corps, thus forming the extreme right of the line. The
+troops had been busy through the night erecting breastworks, while a
+large number of guns were placed in position to sweep all the roads.
+Stuart renewed the fight at daylight, with Hill in the front line,
+Colston in the second, and Rodes in the third. He advanced with the
+intention of breaking the line near Chancellorsville. His troops were
+exasperated by the loss of their leader, and were animated by revenge.
+They came through the woods almost in solid mass. Colston's and
+Rodes's men, pressing eagerly forward, and closing up the spaces
+between the lines. They received, without flinching, the terrible fire
+which flamed from Berry's and Birney's and Whipple's lines. They
+charged upon Sickles's outer works, and carried them.</p>
+
+<p>They advanced upon the second line, but were cut up by Best's
+artillery. Companies and regiments melted away. Berry and Birney
+advance to meet them. The living waves rolled against each other like
+the billows of a stormy sea. The Rebels, as if maddened by the
+obstinacy of those who held the position, rushed up to the muzzles of
+the cannon. Sickles sent for reinforcements. Hooker ordered French and
+Hancock of the Second Corps to advance and attack Stuart in flank.</p>
+
+<p>It was seven o'clock in the morning. The battle had been <span class="pagenum"><a id="page197" name="page197"></a>(p. 197)</span>
+raging since daylight. The two divisions of the Second Corps swung out
+from the main line, faced southwest, and moved upon Stuart.</p>
+
+<p>South of Chancellorsville there is an elevation higher than that
+occupied by Best's artillery. When the fog which had hung over the
+battle-field all the morning lifted, Stuart sent his artillery to
+occupy the position. Thirty pieces were planted there, which enfiladed
+both of Hooker's lines. A heavy artillery duel was kept up, but,
+notwithstanding the severity of the fire, the Union troops held the
+position. Stuart, instead of breaking through Sickles, found the
+Second Corps turning his own left flank. He says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"The enemy was pressing our left with infantry, and all the
+     reinforcements I could obtain were sent there. Colquitt's brigade
+     of Trimble's division, ordered first to the right, was directed
+     to the left to support Pender. Iverson's brigade of the second
+     line was also engaged there, and the three lines were more or
+     less merged into one line of battle, and reported hard pressed.
+     Urgent requests were sent for reinforcements, and notices that
+     the troops were out of ammunition. I ordered that the ground must
+     be held at all hazards, if necessary with the bayonet."<a id="footnotetag30" name="footnotetag30"></a><a href="#footnote30" title="Go to footnote 30"><span class="smaller">[30]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>All of the efforts of Stuart to break the line by a direct infantry
+attack failed. But his batteries massed on the hill were doing great
+damage. The shells swept down Birney's and Whipple's and Berry's ranks
+on the one hand, and Geary's and Williams's on the other. Hooker saw
+that the position could not be held without great loss of life.
+Preparations were accordingly made to fall back to a stronger
+position, where his army would be more concentrated, the lines shorter
+and thicker, in the form of a semicircle. Meanwhile Lee swung Anderson
+round and joined Stuart, making a simultaneous advance of both wings
+of his army, under cover of a heavy fire from all his available
+artillery,&mdash;pouring a storm of shells upon Chancellorsville, firing
+the buildings. Hooker had begun to retire before Lee advanced,
+withdrawing his artillery, removing his wounded, losing no prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>Every attack of Anderson upon Slocum had been repulsed with great
+loss. A South Carolina regiment came against the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page198" name="page198"></a>(p. 198)</span> Second
+Massachusetts. Three times the men from the Palmetto state charged
+upon the men of Massachusetts. Three times the flag from the Old Bay
+State changed hands. But, before the Rebels could carry it from the
+field, it was rescued, and at the close of the fight was still in the
+hands of the regiment. When Slocum's troops had exhausted their
+ammunition they emptied the cartridge-boxes of the fallen. When that
+was gone they held the ground by the bayonet till ordered to
+retire.<a id="footnotetag31" name="footnotetag31"></a><a href="#footnote31" title="Go to footnote 31"><span class="smaller">[31]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>General Lee says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"By ten A. M. we were in full possession of the field. The
+     troops, having become somewhat scattered, by the difficulties of
+     the ground, and the ardor of the contest, were immediately
+     reformed, preparatory to renewing the attack. The enemy had
+     retired to a strong position near the Rappahannock, which he had
+     previously fortified. His superiority of numbers, the unfavorable
+     nature of the ground, which was densely wooded, and the condition
+     of our troops, after the arduous and sanguinary conflict in which
+     they had been engaged, rendered great caution necessary. Our
+     preparations were just completed, when further operations were
+     suspended by intelligence received from Fredericksburg."<a id="footnotetag32" name="footnotetag32"></a><a href="#footnote32" title="Go to footnote 32"><span class="smaller">[32]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>The new line taken by Hooker was one of great strength. No assault,
+with the intention of carrying it, was made by Lee. News of disaster
+from Fredericksburg, where Sedgwick was driving all before him, made
+it necessary for him to send reinforcements in that direction.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SECOND BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG.</h3>
+
+<p>An important part of General Hooker's plan was Sedgwick's movement on
+Fredericksburg, but the battle fought there on Sunday, the 3d of May,
+was wholly distinct from Chancellorsville. Early on the morning of the
+2d, Professor Lowe went up in his balloon from the Falmouth hills, and
+looked down upon the city.</p>
+
+<p>He reported the Rebels moving towards Chancellorsville. Looking
+closely into the intrenchments behind Fredericksburg he discovered
+that the Rebels intended to hold them. The <span class="pagenum"><a id="page199" name="page199"></a>(p. 199)</span> Washington
+Artillery was behind the breastworks by Maryee's house.</p>
+
+<p>"Ten thousand of the enemy, I should judge, still there," was his
+report to General Butterfield, Hooker's chief of staff, who remained
+with Sedgwick.</p>
+
+<p>During the day Reynolds withdrew and moved up the Falmouth side to
+United States Ford. The Rebels saw the movement, and thought that the
+Yankees did not dare to make a second attempt to drive them from their
+intrenchments.</p>
+
+<p>"Now is the time for Sedgwick to attack them," was Hooker's despatch
+from Chancellorsville, Saturday afternoon, to General Butterfield.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as night came on, Sedgwick began his preparations. The
+engineers were directed to take up the lower pontoons and lay a new
+bridge opposite the Lacy House, at the point where the Seventh
+Michigan and Nineteenth and Twentieth Massachusetts won for themselves
+great honor on the 11th of December.</p>
+
+<p>"Kindle no fires; let there be no loud talking," were Sedgwick's
+orders to his troops on the plain by Bernard's house, below Deep Run.
+The men ate their suppers of hard-tack and cold meat in silence, threw
+themselves upon the ground, and slept soundly in the calm moonlight.
+At midnight an aide rode along the lines, saying to each officer, "Get
+your men in readiness at once." The men sprang to their feet, folded
+their blankets, and were ready.</p>
+
+<p>It was half past twelve Sunday morning before the forward movement
+began. The United States Chasseurs were in advance as skirmishers,
+deployed on both sides of the Bowling Green road. Shaler's brigade
+followed, then Wheaton's and Brown's brigades. They crossed Deep Run,
+where the skirmishers had a few shots with the Rebel pickets, and
+moved into the town.</p>
+
+<p>The engineers soon had the bridge completed, and Gibbon's division of
+the Second Corps, which had been waiting by the Lacy House, crossed
+the stream.</p>
+
+<p>Early stationed Barksdale, with seven companies of the Twenty-First
+Mississippi, between Maryee's house and the plank-road, with the
+Seventeenth and Thirteenth Mississippi <span class="pagenum"><a id="page200" name="page200"></a>(p. 200)</span> on the hills by the
+Howison house, and the Eighteenth and the remainder of the
+Twenty-First behind the stone-wall at the base of the hill. Hayes's
+brigade, consisting of the Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth
+Louisianians, was on the hill near the monument, with Wilcox's brigade
+in its rear, guarding Banks's Ford. Early himself was by Hazel Run,
+with Gordon's, Hoke's, and Smith's brigades.</p>
+
+<p>Sedgwick's divisions were formed in the following order: Gibbon above
+the town in front of the monument, Newton in front of Maryee's Hill,
+Howe at the lower end of the town, and Brooks on the plain below.</p>
+
+<p>The morning dawned. The fog prevented the Rebels from seeing the
+movements of Sedgwick, though Barksdale's pickets reported the town
+full of Yankees. From Chancellorsville came the roar of battle, the
+constant thunder of the cannonade. It was half past five when Shaler's
+brigade of Newton's division moved over the field where so many
+thousands fell on the 13th of December. It was a reconnoissance to
+ascertain the position and number of the force holding the place. The
+men marched on gallantly, but were forced to retire before the
+Mississippians and the artillery on the hill.</p>
+
+<p>Sedgwick brought Hearn's, Martin's, Adams's, and Hazard's batteries,
+and Battery D of the Second United States regiment of artillery, into
+position in the town and above it, while Hexamer's, the First
+Maryland, and McCartney's First Massachusetts occupied the ground
+below Hazel Run. McCartney was on the same spot which he occupied in
+the first battle.</p>
+
+<p>It was a day of peace everywhere except at Fredericksburg and
+Chancellorsville. The air was laden with the fragrance of flowers
+blooming in the gardens of the town. Thousands of spectators stood
+upon the Falmouth hills watching the contest. All the batteries were
+at work,&mdash;the heavy guns at Falmouth, at the Lacy House, and farther
+down, throwing shells and solid shot over the town into the Rebel
+lines.</p>
+
+<p>Gibbon, instead of advancing directly up the hill towards the
+monument, where Hayes was lying behind the intrenchments, moved up the
+river road, intending to turn Hayes's right flank. Hayes moved his
+men farther up, and sent a courier to Wilcox <span class="pagenum"><a id="page202" name="page202"></a>(p. 202)</span> with the
+message, "The Yankees are coming up the river road."<a id="footnotetag33" name="footnotetag33"></a><a href="#footnote33" title="Go to footnote 33"><span class="smaller">[33]</span></a></p>
+
+<a id="img036" name="img036"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<a href="images/img036.jpg">
+<img src="images/img036tb.jpg" width="300" height="382" alt="" title=""></a>
+<p class="caption">Sedgwick's attack.</p>
+
+<table style="font-size: 80%; margin-left: 5%;" border="0" cellpadding="0" summary="Sedgwick's attack.">
+<colgroup>
+    <col width="2%">
+    <col width="20%">
+    <col width="5%">
+    <col width="2%">
+    <col width="20%">
+</colgroup>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td class="smcap">Union Positions.</td>
+<td colspan="2" >&nbsp;</td>
+<td class="smcap">Rebel Positions.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>1.</td>
+<td>Gibbon's Division.</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>A.</td>
+<td>Hayes's Brigade.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>2.</td>
+<td>Newton's    <span class="add2em">"</span></td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>B.</td>
+<td>Barksdale's Brigade.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>3.</td>
+<td>Howe's     <span class="add2em">"</span></td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>C.</td>
+<td>Early's Division.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>4.</td>
+<td>Brooks's   <span class="add2em">"</span></td>
+<td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Gordon's, Hoke's, and Smith's Brigades.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+<td>D.</td>
+<td>Wilcox's Brigade.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<p>Wilcox left fifty men to guard the ford, and went upon the run towards
+the town. It was an anxious moment to the Rebels. Barksdale and Hayes
+and Wilcox all met at Stanisberry's house, and consulted as to what
+should be done. Early their commander, was down on the Telegraph road,
+looking after matters in that direction.</p>
+
+<p>"The Yankees are in full force below the town," said Barksdale.<a id="footnotetag34" name="footnotetag34"></a><a href="#footnote34" title="Go to footnote 34"><span class="smaller">[34]</span></a>
+That was the first information Wilcox had received of the startling
+fact. They had been outgeneralled. They supposed that the movement
+below the town was a feint. They had seen Reynolds withdraw and march
+up stream towards Chancellorsville, but had not seen Gibbon cross the
+stream. Yet he was there, moving to the attack.</p>
+
+<p>"Put your batteries into position and play upon them," said
+Barksdale.<a id="footnotetag35" name="footnotetag35"></a><a href="#footnote35" title="Go to footnote 35"><span class="smaller">[35]</span></a> Huger's battery galloped up, chose a fine position on
+the hill near Dr. Taylor's house, and began to fire upon the
+Massachusetts Twentieth, which was in the road, compelling it to seek
+shelter under the hill. So effectual was the fire that Gibbon's
+advance was checked.</p>
+
+<p>Brooks and Howe moved against the Rebels below the town, but found
+them strongly posted.</p>
+
+<p>Twice Newton advanced upon Maryee's Hill, and was driven back. The
+forenoon was waning. But though baffled, Sedgwick was not disposed to
+give up the attempt. He watched the contest closely, reconnoitring all
+the positions of the Rebels, and determined to make an attack with his
+whole force at once.</p>
+
+<p>But while Sedgwick was making preparations, Early endeavored to drive
+Brooks and Howe into the river. He advanced from the position occupied
+by Pender and Hood in the first battle, emerged from the woods and
+crossed the open field.</p>
+
+<p>It is about ten o'clock. McCartney's battery, the First Massachusetts,
+is on a hillock, where it has full sweep of all the plain, right and
+left, and in front. There are five batteries of the Rebel reserve
+artillery, under Pendleton, in front, which have <span class="pagenum"><a id="page203" name="page203"></a>(p. 203)</span> tried in
+vain to drive McCartney from the spot. A solid shot kills two horses
+and a man; McCartney is struck by a fragment of shell; yet the battery
+maintains its position north of the Bowling Green road, in Bernard's
+field. A regiment which never before has been under fire is lying in
+front of the battery, sheltered by the hedges along the
+road,&mdash;soldiers that have enlisted for nine months. They are wanting
+in pluck, and as the Rebels advance, run straight up the hill towards
+the battery.</p>
+
+<p>"Get out of the way, or I'll fire through you," shouts Lieutenant
+Green, who impatiently holds his artillerists in check till the
+fugitives are past him.</p>
+
+<p>He cuts at them right and left with his sword, indignant at their
+cowardly conduct, anxious to have the coast clear, that he may pour a
+torrent of canister into the advancing foe, now close at hand.</p>
+
+<p>The whole battery&mdash;six pieces&mdash;opens by a volley, sending streams of
+canister down the slope! But the Rebels are in earnest. Still they
+advance.</p>
+
+<p>"Give them double-shotted canister," shouts Green to his gunners, and
+they ram home the charges with a will. The guns leap from the ground
+with the recoil!</p>
+
+<p>Nearer,&mdash;across the road,&mdash;up the hill,&mdash;they come.</p>
+
+<p>"Give it to them! Give it to them! Quick!" are the energetic shouts of
+Green, and the canister tears through the ranks. No troops can face
+such a destructive fire. The Rebels flee down the hill, across the
+road, over the field, to the shelter of the woods.</p>
+
+<p>"The repulse of the enemy on the extreme left was effected almost
+entirely by McCartney's battery," said General Brooks.<a id="footnotetag36" name="footnotetag36"></a><a href="#footnote36" title="Go to footnote 36"><span class="smaller">[36]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>General Sedgwick determined to carry Maryee's Hill at the point of the
+bayonet. Some of the officers thought it an impossibility. It had been
+tried three times in the first battle and twice during that morning,
+and all attempts had failed. But Sedgwick converged his forces upon
+one point. He formed his columns in three lines, with the intention of
+moving his whole force at once,&mdash;thus preventing Early from sending
+any reinforcements from other parts of the lines.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page204" name="page204"></a>(p. 204)</span> The troops selected for the attack upon Maryee's Hill were
+the Sixty-First Pennsylvania and Forty-Third New York in the front
+line, north of the plank-road, and the First Long Island and
+Eighty-Second Pennsylvania in the second line, under General Shaler.
+South of the plank-road were the Sixth Maine and Thirty-First New York
+in the front line, with the Fifth Wisconsin acting as skirmishers.
+Next in line were the Seventh Massachusetts and Thirty-Sixth New York,
+Second New York and Twenty-Sixth New Jersey, of Neil's brigade. Still
+farther down, by Hazel Run, was the Vermont brigade.</p>
+
+<p>Gibbon moved against Hayes and Wilcox, while Brooks still held the
+ground, and made a demonstration against Early.</p>
+
+<p>It is past eleven o'clock before all the dispositions are made.</p>
+
+<p>"Go upon the double-quick. Don't fire a shot. Give them the bayonet.
+Carry the rifle-pits, charge up the hill, and capture the guns," are
+the instructions.</p>
+
+<p>The men throw aside everything which will hinder them, fix their
+bayonets, and prepare for the work. Their blood is up. They know that
+it is to be a desperate struggle. But it is not death that they are
+thinking of, but victory!</p>
+
+<p>The Sixty-First Pennsylvania and Forty-Third New York move over the
+bridge across the canal. Their advance is the signal for all the
+lines. The men rise from the ground where they have been lying
+sheltered from the Rebel shells. The Rebel batteries above them are in
+a blaze. The stone-wall at the base of the hill is aflame. Barksdale
+sees the threatening aspect. "I am hard pressed," is his message to
+Wilcox. "Send me reinforcements." But Gibbon is moving on Wilcox, and
+the latter cannot respond.</p>
+
+<p>Cool and steady the advance. The hills rain canister. The sunken road
+is a sheet of flame. But onward into the storm, with a cheer, heard
+above the roar of battle upon the distant Falmouth hills, they leap
+into the sunken road and capture the Rebels defending it. They climb
+the hill. Steep the ascent. They feel the hot breath of the cannon in
+their faces. Some roll to the bottom of the hill, the lamp of life
+extinguished forever; but their surviving comrades do not falter. They
+reach the crest, leap over the breastworks, and seize the guns! Maine,
+Massachusetts, Vermont, New York, and Wisconsin meet in the
+intrenchments and rend the air with victorious cheers!</p>
+
+<a id="img037" name="img037"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img037.jpg" width="350" height="512" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Leading a charge.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page205" name="page205"></a>(p. 205)</span> Barksdale puts spurs to his horse and rides to the rear,
+leaving half of his brigade and eight guns in the hands of the
+victors.</p>
+
+<p>Barksdale says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"The distance from town to the points assailed was so short, the
+     attack so suddenly made, and the difficulty of removing troops
+     from one part of the line to another was so great, that it was
+     utterly impossible for either General Wilcox or General Hayes to
+     reach the scene of action in time to afford any assistance
+     whatever."<a id="footnotetag37" name="footnotetag37"></a><a href="#footnote37" title="Go to footnote 37"><span class="smaller">[37]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>There was consternation in the Rebel lines. Early fled down the
+Telegraph road. Hayes also ran. Wilcox, who was not aware of the
+disaster, remained in position on Taylor's Hill, wondering what had
+happened. Had Sedgwick known his position, the whole of Wilcox's
+brigade might have been captured; but it required time to reform the
+lines, and Wilcox made his escape.</p>
+
+<p>Long and loud and joyous were the shouts of the victors. The
+stronghold had been wrested from the Rebels at last.</p>
+
+<p>It was Sunday noon. Hooker had just fallen back from Chancellorsville,
+and the Rebels were rejoicing over their success, when a messenger
+reached Lee with the tidings of disaster. Fredericksburg was lost,
+after all. It must be recovered, or the victory at Chancellorsville
+would be only a disastrous defeat.</p>
+
+<p>Sedgwick telegraphed his success to Hooker.</p>
+
+<p>"Move and attack Lee in rear," was Hooker's order.</p>
+
+<p>Lee sent McLaws to hold Sedgwick in check. The time had come when
+Hooker should have assumed the offensive. The First Corps had arrived,
+but had taken no part in the battle. The Third Corps, Meade's, was in
+good condition; so was the Second, Hancock's, although it had fought
+during the forenoon. Barlow's brigade of the Eleventh was fresh; the
+Twelfth had fought bravely, had lost heavily, but was not demoralized.
+The Third Corps had suffered most of all, yet it could be relied upon
+for another contest. The withdrawal of McLaws left Lee's line thin
+towards Fredericksburg, the place to break through, and open
+communication with Sedgwick. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page206" name="page206"></a>(p. 206)</span> The hour had come when he ought
+not to stand longer on the defensive, but gathering his forces in mass
+overwhelm Lee by a sudden and mighty onset. It was an auspicious
+moment,&mdash;a golden opportunity, such as does not often come to military
+commanders. But having formed his plan of fighting a defensive battle,
+he did not depart from it, and lost the victory which lay within his
+grasp.</p>
+
+<p>Sedgwick having carried the heights of Fredericksburg, instead of
+following Early down the Telegraph road, made preparations to move
+towards Chancellorsville, and join Hooker.</p>
+
+<p>Wilcox, meanwhile, brought two of Huger's rifle-guns into position
+near Dr. Taylor's house, and opened fire. He also threw out his
+skirmishers, made a display of his force, and looked round to see what
+could be done to escape from his perilous position. Sedgwick brought
+up a battery, and moved forward his lines. Wilcox fled, and succeeded,
+by rapid marching under the shelter of a pine thicket, in gaining the
+plank-road, near Salem Church, where he was joined by General McLaws,
+and where also Barksdale rallied his troops.</p>
+
+<p>The church is a brick building, without any steeple, standing on the
+south side of the road, about four miles out from Fredericksburg, and
+about a mile and a half south of the Rappahannock at Banks's Ford.
+There was an oak grove near the church, and in front of it an open
+field, but west of it there were thick woods, which effectually
+concealed the Rebels. It was about five o'clock in the afternoon when
+Sedgwick advanced up the plank-road, with Brooks's division in the
+road, Newton north of it, and Howe on the south side. Sedgwick's
+skirmishers sent back word that the Rebels were in strong force in the
+woods. At the same moment the Rebel batteries opened fire. One of
+their first shells killed a mounted orderly and his horse, and wounded
+Captain Reed, of General Brooks's staff.</p>
+
+<p>Sedgwick brought up his artillery and commenced a fire upon the
+church, and the woods beyond it. Wilcox had formed his line across the
+plank-road. His sharpshooters were in the church. He had four pieces
+of artillery in the road and on each side of it. He also threw a
+company of sharpshooters into a school-house near the church.
+Kershaw's and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page207" name="page207"></a>(p. 207)</span> Wofford's brigades were on the right of the
+road; Semmes's and Mahone's on the other side. Sedgwick's batteries
+were in position near the toll-gate, and so accurate and destructive
+was the fire of his guns that the Rebel batteries by the church were
+driven from their position. Russell's and Bartlett's brigades moved
+forward to rout the enemy from the woods, Sedgwick supposing there was
+but a small force to oppose him. The advance was over ground slightly
+ascending, through an open field, towards the woods, where the Rebel
+skirmishers were lying. It is a narrow belt of woods. Behind it were
+the church and school-house, and beyond the church the woods where the
+main body of the Rebels were lying. They drove the skirmishers from
+the belt of woods, halted a moment to reform their lines, gave three
+cheers, charged through the grove, routing the Rebels there concealed.
+They surrounded the school-house, captured the entire company of the
+Ninth Alabama stationed in it, put to flight a regiment lying behind
+the house.<a id="footnotetag38" name="footnotetag38"></a><a href="#footnote38" title="Go to footnote 38"><span class="smaller">[38]</span></a> But the remainder of the Ninth Alabama, with other
+regiments, came to the rescue, succeeded in recapturing a portion of
+their comrades, and forced Russell and Bartlett to retire.</p>
+
+<p>It was now nearly six o'clock in the afternoon, and till night set in
+there was heavy fighting along the whole line. Wilcox and Semmes
+several times advanced upon Sedgwick, but were repulsed. So far as
+numbers were concerned the contest was about equal. But the Rebels
+were on commanding ground, and protected by the woods, while Sedgwick
+was in the open field. In this contest Wilcox lost four hundred and
+ninety-five men. He had six officers killed and twenty-three wounded.
+Semmes lost six hundred and eighty-three killed and wounded, Wafford
+five hundred and sixty-two. The whole loss of the Rebels in the fight
+at Salem Church was nearly two thousand. Sedgwick, instead of
+advancing again, waited for the Rebels to attack him, but they did not
+choose to come out from their strong position in the woods, and try it
+a second time in the field. Thus the day closed.</p>
+
+<a id="img038" name="img038"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<a href="images/img038.jpg">
+<img src="images/img038tb.jpg" width="400" height="352" alt="" title=""></a>
+<p class="caption">Salem church.</p>
+
+<table style="font-size: 80%; margin-left: 5%;" border="0" cellpadding="0" summary="Salem church.">
+<colgroup>
+    <col width="2%">
+    <col width="20%">
+    <col width="5%">
+    <col width="2%">
+    <col width="20%">
+</colgroup>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td class="smcap">Union Positions.</td>
+<td colspan="2" >&nbsp;</td>
+<td class="smcap">Rebel Positions.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>1.</td>
+<td>Newton's Division.</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>A.</td>
+<td>Semmes and Mahone.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>2.</td>
+<td>Brooks's  <span class="add2em">"</span></td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>B.</td>
+<td>Wilcox.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>3.</td>
+<td>Howe's    <span class="add2em">"</span></td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>C.</td>
+<td>Kershaw and Wofford.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3" >&nbsp;</td>
+<td>D.</td>
+<td>Barksdale.</td>
+</tr><tr>
+<td colspan="3" >&nbsp;</td>
+<td>E.</td>
+<td>Reinforcements.</td>
+</tr><tr>
+<td colspan="3" >&nbsp;</td>
+<td>F.</td>
+<td>Dr. Taylor's.</td>
+</tr><tr>
+<td colspan="3" >&nbsp;</td>
+<td>G.</td>
+<td>Route of Wilcox's Retreat</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<p>Sedgwick's success endangered Lee, and, unless Fredericksburg were
+regained, the battle was lost to the Rebels. Lee says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page209" name="page209"></a>(p. 209)</span> "The enemy had so strengthened his position near
+     Chancellorsville that it was deemed inexpedient to assail it with
+     less than our whole force, which could not be concentrated until
+     we were relieved from the danger that menaced our rear. It was
+     accordingly resolved still further to reinforce the troops in
+     front of General Sedgwick, in order, if possible, to drive him
+     across the Rappahannock. Accordingly, on the 4th, General
+     Anderson was directed to proceed with his remaining brigades to
+     join General McLaws, the three divisions of Jackson's corps
+     holding our position at Chancellorsville. Anderson reached Salem
+     Church about noon, and was directed to gain the left flank of the
+     enemy and form a junction with Early."<a id="footnotetag39" name="footnotetag39"></a><a href="#footnote39" title="Go to footnote 39"><span class="smaller">[39]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>Half of the Rebel army was arrayed against Sedgwick, who held his
+ground through the 4th till night. Early, during the day, retraced his
+steps up the Telegraph road, and, finding that Sedgwick had moved out
+to Salem Church, and that the fortifications were unoccupied, took
+possession, and thus cut Sedgwick's communications with Falmouth. When
+Anderson arrived he had no alternative but to retreat by Banks's Ford,
+where he crossed the river without loss during the night. Hooker also
+recrossed, took up his bridges, and the army returned again to its
+camp.</p>
+
+<p>In reviewing this battle, it is apparent that Hooker's movement to
+Chancellorsville was a surprise to Lee. It was excellently planned and
+efficiently executed,&mdash;each corps reaching its assigned position at
+the time appointed by the Commander-in-chief. It is plain that
+Hooker's departure from his original intention&mdash;to await an attack
+from Lee&mdash;was the cause of the disaster at the beginning of the
+engagement. Sickles's corps and Barlow's brigade being absent, the
+balance of the Eleventh Corps had no supports; and yet by Bushbeck's
+brigade and Dilger's battery, with such assistance as was given by a
+few brave men of the other brigades, Jackson's right was not only held
+in check, but thrown into confusion. Howard's statement of the case
+presents the matter in its true light.</p>
+
+<p>Thus reads his report:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>"Now, as to the cause of this disaster to my corps.</p>
+
+<p>"1st. Though constantly threatened, and apprised of the moving of
+     the enemy, yet the woods were so dense that he was able to mass a
+     large <span class="pagenum"><a id="page210" name="page210"></a>(p. 210)</span> force, whose exact whereabouts neither patrols,
+     reconnoissancers, nor scouts ascertained. He succeeded in forming
+     a column to and outflanking my right.</p>
+
+<p>"2d. By the panic produced by the enemy's reverse fire, regiments
+     and artillery were thrown suddenly upon those in position.</p>
+
+<p>"3d. The absence of General Barlow's brigade, which I had
+     previously located in reserve and <i>en echelon</i>, with Colonel Von
+     Gilsa's, so as to cover his right flank.</p>
+
+<p>"My corps was very soon reorganized, near Chancellorsville, and
+     relieved General Meade's corps on the left of the line, where it
+     remained till Thursday morning."<a id="footnotetag40" name="footnotetag40"></a><a href="#footnote40" title="Go to footnote 40"><span class="smaller">[40]</span></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Had Sickles's corps and Barlow's brigade been in the line, there would
+have been not only no disaster, but Jackson would have been defeated
+at the outset; for, upon the return of those troops from Scott's Run,
+he was driven with great loss.</p>
+
+<p>Jackson was driven by Sickles when the Third Corps returned to the
+line; and had Sickles and Barlow been in their proper positions when
+the attack was made, they could have repulsed him with greater ease.</p>
+
+<p>Though Jackson's attack was successful, it is not therefore
+conclusively evident that Lee's plan was wise. His army was divided
+into three parts,&mdash;Early at Fredericksburg, Lee east of
+Chancellorsville, and Jackson northwest of it. Being thoroughly
+acquainted with the country, he was able to take his position
+unobserved.</p>
+
+<p>There were several opportunities during the battle when Hooker could
+have broken Lee's lines. The battle virtually was lost to Lee on
+Sunday noon. Hooker had fallen back from Chancellorsville, but
+Sedgwick had taken Fredericksburg. Had Hooker, when he ordered
+Sedgwick to attack Lee in the rear, on Sunday afternoon, himself
+advanced, Lee would have been forced to abandon the contest; but,
+having resolved at the outset to stand on the defensive, the Union
+commander adhered to the idea, and thus Lee was able to retrieve the
+disaster at Fredericksburg,&mdash;far more serious than that which had
+happened to the Eleventh Corps.</p>
+
+<p>Could we but comprehend the ways of God, we might perhaps discover
+that the failure of the Union army at Chancellorsville <span class="pagenum"><a id="page211" name="page211"></a>(p. 211)</span> was
+not owing to the prowess of the Rebels, the valor of Stonewall
+Jackson, nor the strategy of Lee, but to another cause. When the army
+came into position at Chancellorsville, the commanding general is
+reported to have said that the Almighty could not prevent him from
+winning a victory. God is not mocked with impunity. There is one
+anthem resounding through all the ages,&mdash;"<i>Te Deum Laudamus!</i>"</p>
+
+<a id="img039" name="img039"></a>
+<div class="p4 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img039.jpg" width="350" height="416" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">"Keep out of the draft."</p>
+</div>
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page212" name="page212"></a>(p. 212)</span> CHAPTER XIV.<br>
+
+CAVALRY OPERATIONS.</h2>
+
+<span class="sidedate">May, 1863.</span>
+
+<p>"The Yankees can't ride horses; they were made to go on foot and dig
+in the dirt; but the men of the South are true-born cavaliers,
+accustomed from their childhood to the sports of the field," said a
+Richmond newspaper at the beginning of the war; but Zagoni's charge at
+Springfield, Pleasanton's at Barber's Cross-Roads, and Dahlgren's at
+Fredericksburg showed that the men of the North could ride to some
+purpose. Up to this time the cavalry of the Army of the Potomac had
+taken little part in the great battles which had been fought. It had
+been divided by McClellan into squadrons, and attached to brigades of
+infantry; but Burnside, before his resignation, had begun a
+reorganization of the cavalry. Hooker completed the work by forming a
+cavalry corps, consisting of three divisions, commanded by
+Major-General Stoneman. The division commanders were Generals
+Pleasanton, Gregg, and Averill. In the month of March, Stoneman,
+wishing to ascertain the position of the Rebel cavalry, sent Averill's
+division across the Rappahannock, at Kelley's Ford. The Rebels
+guarding the crossing were nearly all captured. Averill pushed out
+towards Culpepper, but met Stuart, and after a sharp engagement
+retired across the river.</p>
+
+<p>March and April were muddy; but Stoneman's squadrons were busy
+foraging the country north of the Rappahannock, while his scouts were
+finding their way through Stuart's lines, reaching James River,
+entering Richmond, ascertaining where supplies for the Rebel army were
+accumulated, and what troops guarded the bridges in rear of Lee's
+army. They discovered that the main body of the Rebel cavalry was in
+the vicinity of Culpepper and Orange Court-House, under Fitz-Hugh and
+Custis Lee.</p>
+
+<p>One feature of General Hooker's plan, in the movement to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page213" name="page213"></a>(p. 213)</span>
+Chancellorsville, was the destruction of Lee's supplies and his
+communications with Richmond. This part was assigned to the cavalry.
+Averill was sent to Bealton, on the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, as
+if intending a movement upon Gordonsville. Stuart sent the two Lees up
+the river to keep watch, which left a door open at Germanna Ford.</p>
+
+<p>Stoneman sent all his unserviceable horses and men to Falmouth. Men
+who could not endure hardship and exposure were detailed to remain and
+guard the camp. The cavalrymen only knew that there was to be a
+movement somewhere, so well kept were Hooker's intentions.</p>
+
+<p>Pleasanton was ordered to accompany Hooker to Chancellorsville,
+Averill was directed to cross the river at Rappahannock Station, and
+move towards Gordonsville, while Gregg's division was selected to
+strike the blow which would cripple Lee.</p>
+
+<p>On the 29th of April, when the Eleventh and Twelfth Corps reached
+Kelley's Ford, on the Rappahannock, Gregg, who was lying there,
+crossed in advance, and moved west towards Culpepper. Averill at the
+same time forded the river at Rappahannock Station, four miles above,
+and moved also towards Culpepper. There was a small force of Rebel
+cavalry in that town, but Averill charged through the streets. The
+Rebels made a hasty retreat towards Gordonsville, crossing the Rapidan
+at the railroad and burning the bridge behind them. Averill followed,
+and the Lees thought that Gordonsville was the point aimed at. Gregg,
+instead of going to Culpepper, turned south through Stevensburg; and,
+while the Eleventh and Twelfth Corps were crossing the Rapidan at
+Germanna Ford, his troops were fording the same stream eight miles
+higher up.</p>
+
+<p>When Gregg arrived at Raccoon Ford, he found it guarded by a strong
+force on the opposite side, intrenched around the house of Colonel
+Porter, which overlooks the ford. Gregg halted his column in the field
+and woods, near the house of Mr. Stringfellow, on the northern bank,
+and made demonstrations as if to cross. He opened with his artillery,
+which was replied to by the Rebels. While the enemy was thus diverted,
+a small force was sent to Morton's Ford, two miles below, which
+crossed without opposition, dashed up the road, and came upon the
+Rebels in rear of Colonel Porter's house. They fled towards <span class="pagenum"><a id="page214" name="page214"></a>(p. 214)</span>
+Orange Court-House. Lieutenant Gaskell, with a portion of the Fifth
+United States Cavalry, followed them five miles, capturing an officer
+and several men. The division crossed, and bivouacked on the hills
+around Colonel Porter's house for the night. This movement of Gregg's
+compelled the Lees, who intended to fight Averill at Rapidan Station,
+to make a hasty retreat towards Gordonsville, for Gregg was on their
+flank. Averill crossed the stream, driving back the Rebels, and by his
+movement deceiving the enemy. He followed them nearly to Gordonsville,
+remained till Gregg's division was well on its way, then recrossed the
+stream, and rejoined Hooker.</p>
+
+<p>The night of the 30th of April was cold and the ground damp, but no
+fires were allowed. At two o'clock in the morning the men were roused
+from sleep, not by the bugle-call, but by low-spoken words. They were
+soon ready to move, but were obliged to wait till daylight for a
+guide. Four hours of valuable time were lost by this delay.</p>
+
+<p>The column moved along the road which runs south from Raccoon Ford to
+Louisa Court-House, at Greenwood. It crossed Mountain Run soon after
+daylight, reached the Fredericksburg plank-road, and moved on the
+north fork of the North Anna. A small body dashed into Orange Spring
+early in the morning, and captured a lieutenant of Jackson's staff,
+and a wagon loaded with intrenching tools. Squadrons were sent out in
+all directions,&mdash;on the side-roads and by-paths, through the fields
+and forests,&mdash;telling the people everywhere that Hooker's whole army
+was on the march, creating the impression among the people that Hooker
+was making a swift descent upon Richmond. The soldiers helped
+themselves to chickens, turkeys, lambs, and obtained breakfasts in the
+houses of the farmers, who were astonished at their sudden appearance,
+and their unceremonious way of sitting down to breakfast without being
+asked. They visited stables, seized or exchanged horses without paying
+any boot. Great was the excitement among the negroes, who poured out
+from the cabins with wild expressions of joy. Hundreds of them joined
+the column, without saying good by to their masters. The citizens were
+sullen, but the women gave free utterance to their feelings.</p>
+
+<a id="img040" name="img040"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img040.jpg" width="350" height="518" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">A night march of cavalry.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Gregg reached Louisa Court-House, twenty miles from Raccoon
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page215" name="page215"></a>(p. 215)</span> Ford, at two o'clock in the afternoon. The Virginia Central
+Railroad, from Richmond to Gordonsville, passes through the town. A
+large quantity of supplies was in store there, guarded by several
+hundred Rebel cavalry, who, when they heard that the "Yankees" were
+coming, sent off what they could on a train of cars, and then fled to
+Gordonsville. Gregg sent out a regiment in pursuit, while the main
+body of his command bivouacked in the field west of the Court-House.
+Small bodies were detailed east and west along the railroad, tearing
+up the track, burning the ties, and destroying all the culverts and
+bridges in the vicinity.</p>
+
+<p>It was the first time that the people of Louisa Court-House had been
+visited by the Yankees. They had lived in security, never entertaining
+the thought that the "Yankees" could penetrate so far into the
+interior. They wanted high pay for all they had to sell, but were
+ready to make a great discount between Confederate currency and
+greenbacks. Gregg was now east of Gordonsville and Averill north of
+it. Gregg sent a portion of the First Maine Cavalry towards the place,
+as if intending to proceed in that direction. Three or four miles west
+of the Court-House the Maine men encountered a large force, which had
+been sent by Fitz-Hugh Lee. The officer commanding the party sent word
+to Gregg, and fell back slowly; but the Rebels charged upon him,
+killed two, and captured twenty-eight. Gregg formed his division for
+battle, and the Rebels retreated towards Gordonsville.</p>
+
+<p>At five o'clock in the afternoon, the railroad and depot buildings
+having been destroyed, the column turned southeast, crossed the South
+Anna, passing through Yancyville, a little village on that stream,
+moved down the river, and reached Thompson's Cross-Roads at eleven
+o'clock.</p>
+
+<p>Up to this time General Stoneman had not informed his officers of his
+intentions. He called them together at midnight and gave them their
+instructions.</p>
+
+<p>"You are to destroy the bridges over the North Anna, and break up
+Lee's communications in that direction," were his instructions to
+Gregg.</p>
+
+<p>"Colonel Davis will destroy the bridges over the South Anna, south of
+the Fredericksburg Railroad."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page216" name="page216"></a>(p. 216)</span> "Colonel Wyndham, with details of regiments from his brigade,
+will reach the James River at Columbia, and destroy the bridge there
+and break up the canal."</p>
+
+<p>"Colonel Kilpatrick, with the Harris Light Cavalry, will move to the
+Chickahominy, and burn the bridges across that stream."</p>
+
+<p>Stoneman himself, with the main force, was to remain there, and cover
+the movement. When the object each commander had in view was
+accomplished, they were allowed the widest latitude for other
+operations.</p>
+
+<p>At half past two o'clock Sunday morning, May 3d, the various columns
+are in motion. It is a bright moonlight night. Gregg moves northeast,
+Davis east, Kilpatrick southeast, and Wyndham south.</p>
+
+<p>At this moment, Lee at Chancellorsville is arranging for his second
+attack on Hooker; Sedgwick preparing to storm the heights of
+Fredericksburg; Stonewall Jackson is mortally wounded, and lying in a
+house at Guinea's Station. Averill is hastening to withdraw from the
+vicinity of Orange Court-House, when he should be moving on towards
+Gordonsville. Couriers are flying through the country, along the roads
+leading to Richmond, with the astounding intelligence that "the
+Yankees are coming!"</p>
+
+<p>General Gregg has the First Maine and Tenth New York, with two pieces
+of artillery. He moves rapidly up the Central Railroad. There are no
+troops to oppose him. He burns the station at Beaver Dam, and
+Anderson's bridge across the North Anna, about three miles north of
+the station. He sends out detachments along the railroad, burning all
+the bridges in the vicinity. Another detachment moves to the South
+Anna, along the Richmond and Gordonsville turnpike, and destroys the
+bridge called the Ground-Squirrel bridge, over that stream. Having
+accomplished the object of the expedition, without any loss, Gregg
+returns and rejoins Stoneman at Thompson's Cross-Roads the 5th of May
+having made a forced march of seventy miles, and doing great damage.</p>
+
+<p>Kilpatrick and Davis are near together in their movements, going east
+and southeast. Kilpatrick makes his first halt thirteen miles from
+Richmond. There are bodies of Rebel troops <span class="pagenum"><a id="page217" name="page217"></a>(p. 217)</span> around him,&mdash;a
+large force at Hanover Junction, other troops in the vicinity of
+Ashland, and others moving out from the city to intercept him. His
+only safety is in a rapid, audacious movement. At daylight on Monday
+morning, May 4th, after a short rest for his men and horses, he is
+again in motion, directly toward Richmond. He strikes the
+Fredericksburg railroad at Hungary Station, five miles from the city,
+burns the depot, tears up the track, pushes directly down the Brooke
+pike, till he can see the spires of the city, only two miles distant.</p>
+
+<p>There is great excitement in the city,&mdash;riding to and fro of officers
+and couriers, mustering of militia, turning out of clerks from the
+departments, shouldering of muskets and hasty buckling on of
+cartridge-boxes, forming lines and hastening out to the intrenchments.
+Frightened farmers ride in from all directions with the intelligence
+that the country is swarming with Yankees. A company of artillery and
+a considerable force of infantry, with cavalry pickets and scouts,
+which are moving out on the Brooke pike, are seized with a panic and
+rush back to the city. The bells are rung. The confusion and
+consternation increase. Men hide their valuables. Women and children
+cross the river to Manchester. The Union prisoners, who have been
+suffering the horrors of Libby Prison for many months, looking through
+their iron-grated windows, behold the commotion. They can hear the
+booming of Kilpatrick's guns. Their hearts bound with indescribable
+joy. They are thrilled with the thought that deliverance is at hand.</p>
+
+<p>Kilpatrick captures Lieutenant Brown, an aide-de-camp of General
+Winder, and an escort accompanying him, within the fortifications. He
+paroles him, dating the parole at the city of Richmond.</p>
+
+<p>"You are a mighty daring sort of fellows, but you'll certainly be
+captured before sundown," said the aide.</p>
+
+<p>"That may all be, but we intend to do a mighty deal of mischief
+first," replied Kilpatrick.<a id="footnotetag41" name="footnotetag41"></a><a href="#footnote41" title="Go to footnote 41"><span class="smaller">[41]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>He leaves a portion of the troops with his artillery, which engages
+the Rebel batteries, while, guided by a negro, with a small
+detachment he moves through the fields to the railroad, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page218" name="page218"></a>(p. 218)</span> burns
+Meadow bridge, running a train of cars into the stream. With one
+regiment of cavalry he reaches the Rebel fortifications, captures
+Rebels inside them, plants his batteries, and throws shells almost
+into the city of Richmond, in face of their own batteries, destroys
+communication with Lee, burning bridges, tearing up railroad tracks,
+pulling down telegraph wire, running a train of cars into the river,
+with rebel troops all around him.</p>
+
+<p>Having accomplished this he moves northeast, for he can see Rebel
+columns moving up the Brooke pike and Mechanicsville road, to cut off
+his retreat. He dismisses all hope of returning to Stoneman. It is a
+critical moment. He must move in some direction at once. He consults
+his map.</p>
+
+<p>"To horse, men! We are all right! We are safe yet."<a id="footnotetag42" name="footnotetag42"></a><a href="#footnote42" title="Go to footnote 42"><span class="smaller">[42]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>With a faithful negro to guide him, he moves through woods and fields,
+along by-paths and cross roads, going east and northeast, to Hanover
+Town, on the Pamunkey. His horses are jaded, but he makes a hard ride,
+reaches the place in safety, crosses the stream, sets fire to the
+bridge, halts his men upon the northern bank. The Rebels, in hot
+pursuit, come down to the other bank, mortified and chagrined and
+enraged at his escape. The Yankees throw up their caps, and greet them
+with a hearty cheer. Scouts come in and report a train of thirty
+wagons loaded with corn for the Rebel army near by. Kilpatrick
+captures them, feeds his horses with what corn he needs, destroys the
+rest, moves five miles up the river, bivouacks for the night, remains
+till one o'clock in the morning of the 5th, then moving rapidly north
+to Aylett's, near Mattapony River, surprises three hundred Rebel
+cavalry, capturing two officers, thirty-three men, burning fifty-six
+wagons and a building containing twenty thousand barrels of corn and
+wheat, quantities of clothing and commissary stores, safely crossing
+the Mattapony in season to escape the advance of the Rebel cavalry in
+pursuit. Pushing on, later in the evening, he destroys a third wagon
+train, burns buildings containing a large amount of corn, near
+Tappahannock, then turning southeast, making a forced march of twenty
+miles, reaches King and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page219" name="page219"></a>(p. 219)</span> Queen Court-House, where he finds a
+body of cavalry drawn up to dispute his passage. He prepares to
+charge, but suddenly discovers that it is a portion of the Twelfth
+Illinois of Colonel Davis's command. The meeting is a joyful one. The
+two commands move on together, marching southeast, reaching Gloucester
+Point at ten o'clock on the morning of the 7th, where they find rest
+and safety under the guns of the Union fortifications, making a march
+of nearly two hundred miles in less than five days, with a loss of
+only one officer and thirty-seven men, having captured and paroled
+upward of three hundred of the enemy.<a id="footnotetag43" name="footnotetag43"></a><a href="#footnote43" title="Go to footnote 43"><span class="smaller">[43]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>"Who will convey news to Hooker of our success?" was the question put
+by Kilpatrick when at Aylett's, after routing the Rebels there.</p>
+
+<p>"I am ready to go," was the quick response of Lieutenant Estes of the
+First Maine, who was acting as aide to Kilpatrick. Ten men were
+detailed to accompany him. They struck across the country north, and
+reached the Rappahannock at Tappahannock Court-House, dashing into
+that place, and capturing a lieutenant and fifteen men! whom they
+paroled. The river was swollen, and they could not cross. The whole
+country was alarmed. The militia were assembling. There were three
+hundred on the north side of the river. The officer in command sent
+over a flag of truce demanding the Lieutenant to surrender; but
+Lieutenant Estes had no intention of giving up just then. Finding that
+he could not go north, he turned south. In his flight he came upon a
+Rebel major, two captains, and three privates, who were captured and
+paroled. But the militia were close upon the brave Lieutenant, who
+found himself and party caught in a trap between the river and the
+Great Dragon Swamp. Seeing that they could not escape on horseback,
+they abandoned their horses and took to the swamp. The militia
+surrounded it, and set bloodhounds on the track of the fugitives, who
+were finally captured, and sent off towards Richmond, under a strong
+guard; but before they reached the Mattapony, Kilpatrick set them at
+liberty and took the Rebel guard along with him to Gloucester,
+accompanied <span class="pagenum"><a id="page220" name="page220"></a>(p. 220)</span> by thousands of negroes, on foot, in carts,
+wagons, and old family carriages, drawn by mules, oxen, and sometimes
+by cows,&mdash;packed full, and loaded down on top, by the dark-hued but
+light-hearted creatures, who had heard of the proclamation of
+President Lincoln, and were ready to accept freedom at the hands of
+the Yankees. After resting a few days, Kilpatrick crossed the river on
+transports, marched up the tongue of land between the Rappahannock and
+Potomac, and joined Hooker at Falmouth, having made a complete circuit
+of the Rebel army.</p>
+
+<p>When Colonel Wyndham left Thompson's Cross-Roads on the morning of the
+3d, he moved rapidly southwest towards the James, striking it at
+Columbia. The distance was about twenty miles. There were many small
+creeks to cross, but Wyndham reached Columbia at eight o'clock. The
+people had just finished breakfast when a man, riding furiously, his
+hair wet with foam, came dashing down the street, shouting "The
+Yankees are coming! the Yankees are coming!"</p>
+
+<p>The people laughed; some thought him crazy. The Yankees coming?
+Impossible! But a column of men in blue, with gleaming sabres, dashed
+down the road into the village. There were no Rebel soldiers in the
+vicinity to oppose Wyndham. Some of the citizens fled in consternation
+across the James, giving the alarm. But the people over the river
+would not believe their stories.</p>
+
+<p>"I'll go and see for myself," said an old farmer, who mounted his
+horse and took one of his best servants with him. He went on till he
+was in sight of the Yankees, then stopped and looked at them in
+amazement. Suddenly his servant dashed away straight towards the
+Yankees.</p>
+
+<p>"Stop! come back!" he shouted, but the negro galloped boldly into
+Wyndham's lines, bringing an excellent horse, while his late master
+turned the other way, more amazed than ever.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the soldiers told the inhabitants that they belonged to
+Stuart's command; and the word spread that they were not Yankees after
+all. A young fellow, the son of a rich farmer, rode boldly into the
+lines to see Stuart's cavalry.</p>
+
+<p>"Has Lee licked the Yankees?" he asked.</p>
+
+<p>"I reckon," said a cavalryman.</p>
+
+<p>"Good!" said the boy.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page221" name="page221"></a>(p. 221)</span> "See here, my friend, my horse has gi'n out. I am on
+important business; I should like to exchange horses with you. General
+Stuart will make it all right with you when he comes this way," said
+the soldier, who, without further ceremony, put his saddle upon the
+noble-blooded animal, while the young man looked on in amazement.</p>
+
+<p>Many of the Rebel cavalrymen were dressed in blue clothing, which had
+been stripped from prisoners, and that was the reason why the
+inhabitants were at a loss to know whether they were Yankees or
+Rebels.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Wyndham burned the bridge across the James, destroyed several
+canal-boats loaded with supplies, burned a warehouse filled with corn
+and medical stores, dug sluices in the banks of the canal, and
+attempted to destroy the locks, but did not succeed. He remained till
+four o'clock in the afternoon, then pushed down the river five miles,
+moved north, then northwest, and reached Stoneman at ten o'clock in
+the evening, accompanied by hundreds of negroes. When the alarm was
+given on a plantation that the Yankees were coming, the farmers made
+all haste to secrete their horses.</p>
+
+<p>"Here! Jim, Sam, Cuffee, take the horses into the woods. Quick!" There
+was a grand commotion in all the stables, the negroes mounting the
+horses and riding into the thick bushes; but as soon as they were out
+of their masters' sight, they made for the Yankees by the shortest
+route! They were ready to do anything for their deliverers. They kept
+close watch while the soldiers rested; visited plantations, bringing
+in chickens, turkeys, calves, and lambs, and cooked delicious suppers
+for the whole command. They kept Stoneman informed of what was going
+on. He learned that in two hours after Wyndham left Columbia, a large
+body of cavalry entered the place in pursuit, but Wyndham moved so
+rapidly they could not overtake him.</p>
+
+<p>A portion of Buford's brigade, the First Regulars, dashed along the
+Virginia Central Railroad, and tore up the track. A company went to
+the North Anna, drove off a guard of infantry from a bridge, captured
+five prisoners, burned the bridge, and returned to Stoneman without
+losing a man.</p>
+
+<p>The Fifth Regulars went down the James to Cartersville <span class="pagenum"><a id="page222" name="page222"></a>(p. 222)</span>
+twelve miles below Columbia, to destroy a bridge. They met a portion
+of Lee's brigade. There was skirmishing; but while one portion of the
+Regulars was holding the Rebels in check, another party reached the
+bridge, set it on fire, and then the whole force returned to Stoneman.</p>
+
+<p>The Rebels all the while were hovering round Stoneman on the
+southwest, but did not dare to attack him. They did not know what to
+make of the conflicting stories. "The Yankees are at Frederickshall,
+at Ashland, at Columbia, at Thompson's Cross-Roads, at Louisa, at
+Richmond," were the reports. The country swarmed with Yankees; every
+farmer had his story of woe, of stolen horses and runaway negroes; the
+farmers' wives and daughters mourned over lost chickens, of
+meat-houses broken open, jars of jelly and preserves carried away. Few
+of the Virginia farmers had ever seen a regiment of cavalry, and when
+the lines filed down the narrow roads, a squadron was magnified to a
+regiment, and a hundred men became a thousand.</p>
+
+<p>On Tuesday afternoon, all of the detachments except Kilpatrick's and a
+portion of Davis's having returned, Stoneman commenced his homeward
+march, and recrossed the Rapidan at Raccoon Ford, in safety, though he
+was obliged to swim his horses through the swollen stream. There was
+no enemy to molest him, none to hang upon his rear. He recrossed the
+Rappahannock at Kelley's Ford, and rejoined Hooker at Falmouth, having
+successfully accomplished what he had undertaken.</p>
+
+<p>The Rebels were mortified, chagrined, and exasperated. The success
+which they had achieved in compelling Hooker to retire from
+Chancellorsville was in a measure counterbalanced by Stoneman's
+operations, especially by Kilpatrick's audacious exploits.</p>
+
+<p>This cavalry movement was the first great raid of the war. It was not
+only a success, but it toughened the soldiers and prepared them for
+the hardships and battles which followed on the Upper Rappahannock, at
+Aldie, Middleburg, and Gettysburg. It gave confidence. The men felt
+that they were no longer the laughing-stock of the army. They had
+other employment now than guarding teams or keeping watch on the
+picket line. There was pleasurable excitement in riding <span class="pagenum"><a id="page223" name="page223"></a>(p. 223)</span>
+through the enemy's country, making dashes into villages, charging
+upon the enemy, riding through the dense forests, and finding good
+living at every farm-house. There were plenty of volunteers for any
+enterprise.</p>
+
+<p>A few days later Stuart attempted a counter raid in rear of the army,
+but was driven across the Rappahannock with ease. Then came the severe
+struggle at Brandy Station. Lee had started on his Gettysburg
+campaign, and Stuart was kept on the flank to conceal the movement,
+but Kilpatrick and Gregg unmasked it. Then as Stuart swung along the
+base of the Blue Ridge, while Lee went down the Shenandoah with the
+infantry, the contest was renewed in a running fight from Aldie to
+Snicker's Gap. In all of these engagements the superiority of the
+Union cavalry was fully established. The Union soldiers had learned to
+ride horses; and from Stoneman's raid to the capture of Jeff Davis
+they rode to some purpose.</p>
+
+<a id="img041" name="img041"></a>
+<div class="p4 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img041.jpg" width="250" height="443" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Kearny Cross.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page224" name="page224"></a>(p. 224)</span> CHAPTER XV.<br>
+
+THE ATLANTIC COAST</h2>
+
+<span class="sidedate">March, 1863.</span>
+
+<p>The encounter between the Merrimack and the Monitor had set the world
+agog on the matter of armored vessels. A fleet of ironclads had been
+prepared, with the special object in view of recapturing Fort Sumter.
+It was an event looked forward to with intense interest, not only in
+the North, but throughout the civilized world. Having a desire to
+witness that attack, I proceeded South, leaving New York on the 7th of
+February, 1863, on board the steamer Augusta Dinsmore, belonging to
+Adams's Express. Captain Crowell, her commander, was a sharp-eyed
+Connecticut Yankee, who kept the lead constantly going as we ran down
+the coast, and who was as well acquainted with all the soundings as
+the skipper of Nantucket immortalized by Mr. Fields, who detected the
+soil of Marm Hackett's garden by smell and taste, although Nantucket
+had sunk.</p>
+
+<p>The harbor of Port Royal was crowded with shipping. General Foster's
+force from North Carolina had just arrived, to participate in a land
+movement. General Hunter was in command of the department, and there
+arose at once a question of jurisdiction, which paralyzed the
+operations of the army. The officers and soldiers at Port Royal, weary
+with doing nothing, had fitted up a theatre. The building was used for
+church services on Sunday. Attending the morning service the day after
+our arrival, I found an audience of about one hundred persons, among
+them General Hunter and staff. The clergyman, an Episcopalian, in a
+rusty black gown, stood upon the stage. A soldier played a melodeon
+and conducted the singing. In the afternoon there was a business
+meeting in the African Baptist church, which I also attended. Rev.
+Abraham Murchison, a tall copper-hued negro, was pastor, and presided
+over the deliberations. He had been a slave in Savannah, but made his
+way to our lines, was a storekeeper or huckster on <span class="pagenum"><a id="page225" name="page225"></a>(p. 225)</span> week-days,
+and preached on Sunday. The church was a plain wooden building,
+erected by order of General Mitchell for an African church. There were
+two rows of benches, a plain pine pulpit, a ventilated ceiling, from
+which three or four glass lamps were suspended,&mdash;all being very much
+like the rude churches to be found in the thinly-settled prairies of
+Illinois. The congregation were singing when we entered,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem25">
+<span class="min33em">"</span>Sweet fields beyond the swelling flood<br>
+<span class="add1em">Stand dressed in living green,</span><br>
+   So to the Jews fair Canaan stood,<br>
+<span class="add1em">While Jordan rolled between."</span></p>
+
+<p>The leader was a round-headed, compact, energetic negro, twenty-five
+years of age, whose zeal was bounded only by the capacity of his
+lungs. It was the well-known tune "Jordan," sung by millions in times
+past and present. The women occupied one side of the house, the men
+sitting opposite. It was a dusky view, looking down the aisle from my
+seat at the right of the pulpit. They were countenances not types of
+beauty, not attractive intellectually. But there was perfect decorum
+and solemnity. All heads were bowed when the preacher addressed the
+Throne of Grace. It was a prayer full of supplications and
+thanksgiving, expressed in fitting words.</p>
+
+<p>The church had a case of discipline. Their sexton had been remiss in
+lighting the lamps, and was arraigned for trial. The pastor called the
+sexton to the front, and thus indicted him:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"John, my son, you are arraigned for not doing as you have agreed, and
+covenanted to do. We pay you one hundred and twenty dollars a year for
+lighting these yere beautiful lamps which the church have so
+generously provided, and, sir, you have been remiss in your duty. On
+Thursday night, when we were assembled for holy prayer, we were in
+darkness. You did wrong. You broke your obligations. You must be
+punished. What say you? Brethren, we will hear what he has to say."</p>
+
+<p>"I lighted the lamps, sah, but they went out; de oil was bad, I
+reckon," said the sexton.</p>
+
+<p>The pastor called upon one of the deacons to take the chair. He was
+of middle age, black as anthracite coal, bald-headed, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page226" name="page226"></a>(p. 226)</span> and was
+dressed in pants and coat made of old sailcloth. By his side sat his
+colleague, wearing a United States soldiers' blue overcoat. The
+preacher, taking his stand in the aisle, laid aside his clerical
+authority, and became one of the brethren. "Brother cheerman, our
+brother am presump<i>tus</i>. He say he light de lamps and dey go out. How
+does he know dey go out? He ought to stay and see dey don't go out. He
+am presumptus and should be punished. I move, sir, dat our brother be
+set aside from commin to de Lord's table till he make satisfaction."</p>
+
+<p>A brother seconded the motion, and the question was put by the deacon.
+Two or three voted affirmatively, but nearly all negatively. The
+question was not understood. The preacher explained: "You is
+discomposed in your minds. You do not understand de question. Can any
+of you tell me how you voted?"</p>
+
+<p>The question was put a second time, and the offending member was
+unanimously debarred the privileges of the church.</p>
+
+<p>After the discipline a candidate for admission was presented, a stout
+young man, named Jonas.</p>
+
+<p>"Well, my son, where are you from?" said the pastor.</p>
+
+<p>"From Charleston, sir."</p>
+
+<p>"Was you a member of the church there, my son?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, sir, I was a member of the church."</p>
+
+<p>"Does any one here know anything about Jonas?"</p>
+
+<p>A half-dozen responded "Yes," all agreeing that his deportment was
+correct.</p>
+
+<p>"Did you bring your 'stificate with you?"</p>
+
+<p>"No, sir; I came away in a hurry, and hadn't any time to get one."</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, my son; we understand that you were obliged to leave in a hurry
+or not at all. But what made you become a Christian?"</p>
+
+<p>"Because I felt I was a sinner."</p>
+
+<p>"Did you pray, my son?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, sir; and I feel that through the mercy of Jesus Christ my sins
+are pardoned."</p>
+
+<p>It was a simple narrative, and expressed with evident consciousness
+of the solemnity of the declaration. It was plain <span class="pagenum"><a id="page227" name="page227"></a>(p. 227)</span> that in
+spiritual things these people were further advanced than in business
+matters. The evidence was satisfactory, and the member received by an
+extension of right hand of fellowship on the part of the pastor. In
+the evening Rev. Mr. Murchison preached from the text, "And they shall
+call upon the rocks and mountains to fall upon them," &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>It was a crude, disjointed discourse, having very little logic, a
+great many large words, some of them ludicrously misapplied, yet
+contained striking thoughts, and appropriate similes. This was a
+congregation standing on the lowest step of civilization. Minister and
+people were but a twelvemonth out of bondage. All behind them was
+barbarism. Before them was a future, unrevealed, but infinitely better
+than what their past had been. Their meeting was orderly, and I have
+seen grave legislative bodies in quite as much of a muddle over a
+simple question as that congregation of black men emerging from their
+long night of darkness.</p>
+
+<p>On the following Sunday I was present at a service on Ladies' Island.
+The owner of the plantation where the meeting was held erected his
+house in full view of Beaufort, and near the bank of the stream where
+the tide ebbs and flows upon the sandy beach. It was a mean mansion,
+standing on posts, to give free circulation to the air underneath. In
+hot summer days the shade beneath the house was the resort of all the
+poultry of the premises. Thousands of hard-working New England
+mechanics live in better houses, yet from Beaufort the place made an
+imposing show, surrounded by orange and magnolia trees. The sandy
+acres of the plantation stretched towards St. Helena. A short distance
+from the planter's house were the weather-beaten cabins of the
+negroes, mere hovels, without window-panes, with mud chimneys,&mdash;the
+homes of generations who had gone from the darkness and hopelessness
+of a wearying life to the rest and quiet of the grave.</p>
+
+<p>On that morning when Admiral Dupont shelled the Rebels out of the
+forts at Hilton Head and Bay Point, the owner of these acres made a
+hasty exit from his house. He sent his overseer to the cabins to hurry
+up the negroes, but to his surprise not a negro was to be found. The
+colored people had heard the thundering down the bay. They knew its
+meaning. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page228" name="page228"></a>(p. 228)</span> It set their hearts beating as they never had
+throbbed before. It was the sweetest music they ever had heard. A
+horseman came riding furiously up to the house, with terror in his
+countenance. The master hastened out to know how the battle was going.</p>
+
+<p>"The Yankees have taken the forts!" said the messenger. The master
+became pale.</p>
+
+<p>"You had better get your negroes together, and be ready for a move,"
+said the messenger.</p>
+
+<p>Sharp ears had heard all this,&mdash;the ears of Sam, a colored man, who,
+seeing the herald arrive in hot haste, had the curiosity to hear what
+he had to say, then bounded like a deer to the cabins, running from
+door to door, whispering to the inmates, "To the woods! to the woods!
+De Yankees hab taken de forts,&mdash;massa is going to de mainland, and is
+going to take us wid him."</p>
+
+<p>The cabins were deserted in an instant; and five minutes later, when
+the overseer came round to gather his drove of human cattle, he found
+empty hovels. The planter and his overseer were obliged to do their
+own hasty packing up.</p>
+
+<p>The plantation was in the hands of a warm-hearted Christian gentleman
+from Massachusetts, Mr. Norton. The people of the estate gathered for
+worship in the large parlor of the house.</p>
+
+<p>The room was eighteen or twenty feet square, and had a wide-mouthed
+fireplace, in which a cheerful fire of pitch knots was blazing. There
+was a settee, a mahogany sideboard, where the former owner was
+accustomed to quaff his wines and liquors. Seats and chairs were
+brought in. The big dinner-bell was rung, and the people, thirty or
+forty in number, came in, men, women, and children. Some of the women
+brought their infants. Uncle Jim, the patriarch of the plantation, was
+too feeble to attend. The superintendent, Mr. Norton, comforted his
+heart by reading to him a chapter in the Bible and offering prayers in
+the miserable cabin, where the old man was lying on a pile of rags.
+Uncle Jim was a sincere Christian. The word of God was sweet to him.
+His heart overflowed with thanks and praise, for the display of God's
+great goodness to him and his people.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page229" name="page229"></a>(p. 229)</span> A hymn was lined off by Mr. Norton, after the fashion of our
+fathers. William, a stout, middle-aged man, struck into St. Martin's,
+and the congregation joined, not reading the music exactly as good old
+Tansur composed it, for there were crooks, turns, slurs, and
+appoggiaturas, not to be found in any printed copy. It was sung
+harshly, nasally, and dragged out in long, slow notes.</p>
+
+<p>A pure-blooded negro, Sancho, offered prayer. He had seen great
+hardship in life and had suffered more than his namesake, the squire,
+who was once unceremoniously tossed in a blanket. His prayer was the
+free utterance of a warm heart. It was a familiar talk with Jesus, his
+best friend. He improved the opportunity to mingle an exhortation with
+his supplication. He thus addressed the unconverted:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"O, my poor, impenitent fellow-sinner, what you think you are doing?
+Where you think you are going? Death will ride up soon in a big black
+carriage and take you wid him down to de regions of deep darkness. Why
+don't you repent now, and den he will carry you up into de light of
+paradise!"</p>
+
+<p>Looking forward to the hour of the Christian's release from the
+bondage of this life, he said, in conclusion, "And now, good Lord,
+when we have done chaw all de hard bones and swallowed all de bitter
+pills, we trust de good Lord will take us to himself."</p>
+
+<p>After an address from the superintendent, Sancho rose.</p>
+
+<p>"My belobed friends," said he, "I neber 'spected to see such a day as
+dis yere. For twenty years, I hired my time of old massa, I was
+'bleeged to pay him twelve dollars a month in advance, and if I didn't
+hab de money ready, he wollopped me. But I's a free man now. De good
+Lord hab done it all. I can't read. It is de great desire ob my heart
+to learn to read, so dat I can read de Bible all my own self; but I's
+too old to learn. But I rejoice dat my chillen can hab de opportunity
+to study de precious word. De Lord is doin great tings for us in dese
+yere days. Ole massa, was a purty good massa, and I prays de Lord to
+make him lay down his weapons ob rebellion and become a good Union man
+and a disciple ob de Lord Jesus, for Jesus tells us dat we must lub
+our enemies."</p>
+
+<p>After the exercises of the religious meeting were concluded, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page230" name="page230"></a>(p. 230)</span>
+the chairs were set aside, and they began a "praise meeting," or
+singing meeting. Most of their music is plaintive. The piece
+frequently commences with a recitative by one voice, and at the end of
+the first line the chorus joins. The words are often improvised to
+suit the occasion.</p>
+
+<p>A favorite song is "Roll, Jordan, roll," in which the progression of
+the melody is very descriptive of the rolling of waves upon the beach.
+There are many variations of the melody, but that here given is as I
+heard it sung by the negroes of Bythewood.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><a href="music/291.mid">Listen</a>
+| <a href="images/mus291.png">See musical notation</a></p>
+
+<p class="center">ROLL JORDAN.</p>
+
+<p class="poem10">
+  Little children sitting on the tree of life. To hear the Jordan roll; O<br>
+  roll, Jordan roll, Jordan roll, Jordan roll. We march the angel march, O<br>
+  march the angel march, O my soul is rising heavenward To hear the Jordan roll.</p>
+
+<p>The verses vary only in recitation. If Mr. Jones is present he will
+hear, "Mr. Jones is sitting on the tree of life." There is no pause,
+and before the last roll is ended the one giving the recitative places
+another personage on the tree, and thus Jordan rolls along.</p>
+
+<p>As the song goes on the enthusiasm rises. They sing louder <span class="pagenum"><a id="page231" name="page231"></a>(p. 231)</span>
+and stronger. The recitative is given with increased vigor, and the
+chorus swells with increasing volume. They beat time, at first, with
+their hands, then their feet. They rise from their seats. William
+begins to shuffle his feet. Anna, a short, thick-set woman, wearing a
+checkered dress, and an apron, which once was a window-curtain, claps
+her hands, makes a short, quick jerk of her body, stamps her feet on
+the unaccented part of the measure, keeping exact syncopation.
+Catherine and Sancho catch the inspiration. They go round in a circle,
+shuffling, jerking, shouting louder and louder, while those outside of
+the circle respond with increasing vigor, all stamping, clapping their
+hands, and rolling out the chorus. William seems to be in a trance,
+his eyes are fixed, yet he goes on with a double-shuffle, till the
+perspiration stands in beads upon his face. Every joint seems hung on
+wires. Feet, legs, arms, head, body, and hands swing and jump like a
+child's dancing Dandy Jim. Sancho enters into it with all his heart,
+soul, mind, and might, clapping his hands, rolling his eyes, looking
+upward in ecstasy and outward upon the crowd, as if he were their
+spiritual father and guardian.</p>
+
+<p>Thus it went on till nature was exhausted. When the meeting broke up,
+they all came round in procession, shaking hands with the
+superintendent and the strangers present, and singing a parting song,</p>
+
+<p class="poem25">"There's a meeting here to-night!"</p>
+
+<p>The superintendent informed me that the children who attended school
+could not be coaxed to take part in those praise meetings. They had
+learned to sing Sunday-school songs, and evidently looked upon the
+plantation songs of their fathers and mothers as belonging to their
+bondage and not worthy to be sung now that they were free.</p>
+
+<p>A short distance from Hilton Head is the town of Mitchelville, laid
+out by the lamented astronomer, General Mitchell, who fell a victim to
+the yellow-fever in the summer of 1862. The town is on a broad sandy
+plain, bordered by groves and thickets of live-oak, palmetto, and the
+coast pine.</p>
+
+<p>At that time there were about seventy houses,&mdash;or cabins rather,&mdash;of
+the rudest description, built of logs, chinked with clay brought up
+from the beach, roofs of long split shingles, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page232" name="page232"></a>(p. 232)</span> board floors,
+windows with shutters,&mdash;plain board blinds, without sash or glass.
+Each house had a quarter of an acre of land attached. There was no
+paint or lime, not even whitewash, about them. It was just such a
+place as might be expected in a new country, where there were no
+saw-mills or brick-kilns,&mdash;a step in advance of a hole in the ground
+or a bark wigwam. It was the beginning of the experiment of
+civilization on the part of a semi-barbarous people just released from
+abject bondage, and far from being free men.</p>
+
+<p>I looked into the first cabin, and seeing an old man sitting before
+the fire, greeted him with "How do you do, Uncle?" the sobriquet of
+all middle-aged negro men.</p>
+
+<p>"'Pears how I'm rather poorly,&mdash;I's got de chills, boss."</p>
+
+<p>He was a slave in Florida, made his escape from his master's
+plantation fifty miles inland, reached Fernandina, and entered the
+lines of the Union army. He was dressed in pants made of old
+sailcloth, and the tattered cast-off blouse of a Union soldier. The
+room was twelve feet square. I could see through the chinking in a
+hundred places. At the coping of the roof, where it should have joined
+the wall, there was a wide opening all around, which allowed all the
+warmth to escape. The furniture consisted of three tables, four
+chairs, a mahogany wash-stand, all of which once stood in the mansion
+of some island planter. There was a Dutch-oven on the hearth, the
+sight of which made my mouth water for the delicious tea-cakes of
+childhood. There were pots, kettles, baskets, and bags, and a pile of
+rags, old blankets which the soldiers had thrown aside. It required
+but a few words to thaw out Uncle Jacob, who at once commenced
+fumbling in his pockets, producing, after a studious search, a brown
+paper, carefully folded, enclosing the name of a gentleman in New York
+who had taken home Uncle Jacob's nephew. He wanted me to read it to
+him,&mdash;the name, the street, the number,&mdash;that he might learn it by
+heart.</p>
+
+<p>"He is learning to write, boss, and I shall have a letter from him by
+and by," said the old man, in glee. He handed me three letters, all
+from men who once were slaves, not written by them individually, but
+by amanuenses. One was a sailor on the gunboat Ottawa, off Charleston;
+one was in New York city, and the third in Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page233" name="page233"></a>(p. 233)</span> "Please, boss, I should like to hab you read 'em," he said.</p>
+
+<p>It was a pleasure to gratify the kind-hearted man, who listened with
+satisfaction beaming from every line of his countenance.</p>
+
+<p>Uncle Jacob had been five months in the employ of the United States,
+unloading vessels at Hilton Head, and had received only his rations
+and a little clothing.</p>
+
+<p>"Well, Uncle Jacob, which would you rather be, a freeman or a slave?"
+I asked.</p>
+
+<p>"O, Lor' bless you, boss, I wouldn't like to be a slave again."</p>
+
+<p>"Do you think you can take care of yourself?"</p>
+
+<p>"Jes let gubberment pay me, boss, and see if I can't."</p>
+
+<p>It was spoken with great earnestness.</p>
+
+<p>In the next cabin I found Peter, who had taken the name of Brown, that
+of his former master. Slavery gave its victims but one name. General
+Mitchell said that they were entitled to another name, and he ordered
+that they should take that of their former masters; hence there are
+Peter Beauregards, James Trenholms, Susan Rhetts, Julia Barnwells, on
+the plantations of the Sea Islands.</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Brown, did you ever hear about the Abolitionists?" I asked.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, sir, tank you, I's he'd of 'em."</p>
+
+<p>"What did you hear about them?"</p>
+
+<p>"O, dey is a werry bad sort of people, sir. Old massa said dat if dey
+could get a chance dey would take all our pickaninnies and smash der
+brains out agin de trees!"</p>
+
+<p>"Did you ever see an Abolitionist?"</p>
+
+<p>"No, sir, tank you, nebber saw one."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, Mr. Brown, I am one."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Brown started involuntarily. He looked me all over from head to
+feet, giving a keen search. "'Pears how I shouldn't tink you could hab
+de heart to do it, sir."</p>
+
+<p>"Do I look as though I should like to kill your little ones?"</p>
+
+<p>"No, sir, I don't tink you would."</p>
+
+<p>I told him who the Abolitionists were, and what they wished <span class="pagenum"><a id="page234" name="page234"></a>(p. 234)</span>
+to do,&mdash;that they were friends of the slaves, and always had been. He
+grasped my hand, and said, "God bless you, sir." And then burst into
+hearty laughter.</p>
+
+<p>Having been informed that it would be impossible to obtain a fowl of
+the negroes at that season of the year, I made the attempt; but though
+I offered treble the value, not one would part with a hen. They were
+looking forward to broods of chickens which would bring them in
+"heaps" of money in the fall of the year. The negro race understands
+the value of money quite as well as we who boast of Anglo-Saxon blood.</p>
+
+<p>Entering the head-quarters of the commanding officer one day, I saw a
+thin, spare colored woman sitting before the fire. She nodded and
+smiled, ran her eyes over me, as if to take in every feature or
+peculiarity of my person and dress, then gazed into the fire and
+seemed absorbed in her own thoughts. A friend said, "That is our
+Sojourner Truth."</p>
+
+<p>She had brought off several companies of negroes from the mainland,
+and had given a great deal of information concerning the movements of
+the Rebels. She had penetrated swamps, endured hardships, eluded Rebel
+pickets, visiting the plantations at midnight, and conversing with the
+slaves.</p>
+
+<p>"I can travel all through the South, I reckon," she said.</p>
+
+<p>"Are you not afraid that the Rebels will catch you?"</p>
+
+<p>"Well, honey, I reckon they couldn't keep me," she said, with a smile.</p>
+
+<p>She had exhibited such remarkable shrewdness and finesse in her
+exploits, and had rendered such valuable services to the department,
+that she was held in high esteem.</p>
+
+<p>At that time, Mrs. Frances D. Gage, favorably known as a writer for
+the press, was residing on Paris Island. Seated one evening by the
+bright fire blazing on her hearth, I listened to her narrative of
+Sojourner Truth, who had been a slave, who had penetrated the far
+South in search of her lost children, who had run off many slaves to
+Canada, and who went round the country, impelled by the conviction
+that she had been called of God to testify against the sins of the
+people; hence her name, "Sojourner Truth."</p>
+
+<a id="img042" name="img042"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img042.jpg" width="350" height="436" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">The Nation's Ward.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The narration revealed traits of character, not unfrequently
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page235" name="page235"></a>(p. 235)</span> seen in the negro race, and it will not be out of place in
+this chapter, which is intended to give the position of a race at its
+lowest plane of life.</p>
+
+<p>This wonderful woman lives in modern art. She is the original Libyan
+Sibyl, a statue by Mr. Story, which was more impressive than all
+others in the gallery of the World's Exhibition in London in 1862.
+Sojourner once called upon Mrs. Stowe, who has given us this account
+of the interview:<a id="footnotetag44" name="footnotetag44"></a><a href="#footnote44" title="Go to footnote 44"><span class="smaller">[44]</span></a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>On her head she wore a bright Madras handkerchief, arranged as a
+     turban, after the manner of her race. She seemed perfectly
+     self-possessed and at her ease,&mdash;in fact, there was almost an
+     unconscious superiority, not unmixed with a solemn twinkle of
+     humor, in the odd, composed manner in which she looked down on
+     me. Her whole air had at times a gloomy sort of drollery which
+     impressed one strangely.</p>
+
+<p>"So, this is <i>you</i>," she said.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes," I answered.</p>
+
+<p>"Well, honey, de Lord bless ye! I jes' thought I'd like to come
+     an' have a look at ye. You's heerd o' me, I reckon?" she added.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, I think I have. You go about lecturing, do you not?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, honey, that's what I do. The Lord has made me a sign unto
+     this nation, an' I go round a-testifyin', an' showin' on 'em
+     their sins agin my people."</p>
+
+<p>So saying, she took a seat, and, stooping over and crossing her
+     arms on her knees, she looked down on the floor, and appeared to
+     fall into a sort of revery. Her great gloomy eyes and her dark
+     face seemed to work with some undercurrent of feeling; she sighed
+     deeply, and occasionally broke out,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"O Lord! O Lord! Oh, the tears, an' the groans, an' the moans! O
+     Lord!"</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>By this time I thought her manner so original that it might be
+     worth while to call down my friends; and she seemed perfectly
+     well pleased with the idea. An audience was what she wanted,&mdash;it
+     mattered not whether high or low, learned or ignorant. She had
+     things to say, and was ready to say them at all times, and to any
+     one.</p>
+
+<p>I called down Dr. Beecher, Professor Allen, and two or three
+     other clergymen, who, together with my husband and family, made a
+     roomful. No princess could have received a drawing-room with more
+     composed <span class="pagenum"><a id="page236" name="page236"></a>(p. 236)</span> dignity than Sojourner her audience. She stood
+     among them calm and erect as one of her own native palm-trees
+     waving alone in the desert. I presented one after another to her,
+     and at last said,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Sojourner, this is Dr. Beecher. He is a very celebrated
+     preacher."</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Is</i> he?" she said, offering her hand in a condescending manner,
+     and looking down on his white head. "Ye dear lamb, I'm glad to
+     see ye! De Lord bless ye! I loves preachers. I'm a kind o'
+     preacher myself."</p>
+
+<p>"You are?" said Dr. Beecher. "Do you preach from the Bible?"</p>
+
+<p>"No, honey, can't preach from de Bible,&mdash;can't read a letter."</p>
+
+<p>"Why, Sojourner, what do you preach from, then?"</p>
+
+<p>Her answer was given with a solemn power of voice, peculiar to
+     herself, that hushed every one in the room.</p>
+
+<p>"When I preaches, I has jest one text to preach from, an' I
+     always preaches from this one. <i>My</i> text is, '<span class="smcap">When I found
+     Jesus.</span>'"</p>
+
+<p>"Well, you couldn't have a better one," said one of the
+     ministers.</p>
+
+<p>She paid no attention to him, but stood and seemed swelling with
+     her own thoughts, and then began this narration:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Well, now, I'll jest have to go back, an' tell ye all about it.
+     Ye see, we was all brought over from Africa, father an' mother
+     an' I, an' a lot more of us; an' we was sold up an' down, an'
+     hither an' yon; an' I can 'member, when I was a little thing, not
+     bigger than this 'ere," pointing to her grandson, "how my ole
+     mammy would sit out o' doors in the evenin', an' look up at the
+     stars an' groan. She'd groan an' groan, an' says I to her,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"'Mammy, what makes you groan so?'</p>
+
+<p>"An' she'd say,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"'Matter enough, chile! I'm groanin' to think o' my poor
+     children: they don't know where I be, an' I don't know where they
+     be: they looks up at the stars, an' I looks up at the stars, but
+     I can't tell where they be.</p>
+
+<p>"'Now,' she said, 'chile, when you're grown up, you may be sold
+     way from your mother an' all your ole friends, an' have great
+     troubles come on ye; an' when you has these troubles come on ye,
+     ye jes' go to God, an' He'll help ye.'</p>
+
+<p>"An' says I to her,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"'Who is God, anyhow, mammy?'</p>
+
+<p>"An' says she,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"'Why, chile, you jes' look up <i>dar</i>! It's Him that made all
+     <i>dem</i>!'</p>
+
+<p>"Well, I didn't mind much 'bout God in them days. I grew up
+     pretty lively an' strong, an' could row a boat, or ride a horse,
+     or work round, an' do 'most anything.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page237" name="page237"></a>(p. 237)</span> "At last I got sold away to a real hard massa an'
+     missis. Oh, I tell you, they <i>was</i> hard! 'Peared like I couldn't
+     please 'em nohow. An' then I thought o' what my old mammy told me
+     about God; an' I thought I'd got into trouble, sure enough, an' I
+     wanted to find God, an' I heerd some one tell a story about a man
+     that met God on a threshin'-floor, an' I thought, 'Well an' good,
+     I'll have a threshin'-floor, too.' So I went down in the lot, an'
+     I threshed down a place real hard, an' I used to go down there
+     every day, an' pray an' cry with all my might, a-prayin' to the
+     Lord to make my massa an' missis better, but it didn't seem to do
+     no good; an' so says I, one day,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"'O God, I been a-askin' ye, an' askin' ye, an askin' ye, for all
+     this long time, to make my massa an' missis better, an' you don't
+     do it, an' what <i>can</i> be the reason? Why, maybe you <i>can't</i>.
+     Well, I shouldn't wonder ef you couldn't. Well, now, I tell you,
+     I'll make a bargain with you. Ef you'll help me git away from my
+     massa an' missis, I'll agree to be good; but ef you don't help
+     me, I really don't think I can be. Now,' says I,'I want to git
+     away; but the trouble's jest here: ef I try to git away in the
+     night, I can't see; an' ef I try to git away in the daytime,
+     they'll see me, an' be after me.'</p>
+
+<p>"Then the Lord said to me, 'Get up two or three hours afore
+     daylight, an' start off.'</p>
+
+<p>"An' says I, 'Thank'ee, Lord! that's a good thought.'</p>
+
+<p>"So up I got, about three o'clock in the mornin', an' I started
+     an' travelled pretty fast, till, when the sun rose, I was clear
+     away from our place an' our folks, an' out o' sight. An' then I
+     begun to think I didn't know nothin' where to go. So I kneeled
+     down, an' says I,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"'Well, Lord, you've started me out, an' now please to show me
+     where to go.'</p>
+
+<p>"Then the Lord made a house appear to me, an' He said to me that
+     I was to walk on till I saw that house, an' then go in an' ask
+     the people to take me. An' I travelled all day, an' didn't come
+     to the house till late at night; but when I saw it, sure enough,
+     I went in, an' I told the folks the Lord sent me; an' they was
+     Quakers, an' real kind they was to me. They jes' took me in, an'
+     did for me as kind as ef I'd been one of 'em; an' after they'd
+     giv me supper, they took me into a room where there was a great,
+     tall, white bed; an' they told me to sleep there. Well, honey, I
+     was kind o' skeered when they left me alone with that great white
+     bed; 'cause I never had been in a bed in my life. It never came
+     into my mind they could mean me to sleep in it An' so I jes'
+     camped down under it, on the floor, an' then I slep' pretty well.
+     In the mornin', when they came in, they asked me ef I hadn't been
+     asleep; an' I said, 'Yes I never slep' better.' An' they said,
+     <span class="pagenum"><a id="page238" name="page238"></a>(p. 238)</span> 'Why, you haven't been in the bed!' An' says I, 'Laws,
+     you didn't think o' sech a thing as my sleepin' in dat 'ar'
+     <i>bed</i>, did you? I never heerd o' sech a thing in my life.'</p>
+
+<p>"Well, ye see, honey, I stayed an' lived with 'em. An' now jes'
+     look here: instead o' keepin' my promise an' bein' good, as I
+     told the Lord I would, jest as soon as everything got a-goin'
+     easy, <i>I forgot all about God</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"Pretty well don't need no help; an' I gin' up prayin'. I lived
+     there two or three years, an' then the slaves in New York were
+     all set free, an' ole massa came to our house to make a visit,
+     an' he asked me ef I didn't want to go back an' see the folks on
+     the ole place. An' I told him I did. So he said, ef I'd jes' git
+     into the wagon with him, he'd carry me over. Well, jest as I was
+     goin' out to git into the wagon, <i>I met God!</i> an' says I, 'O God,
+     I didn't know as you was so great!' An' I turned right round an'
+     come into the house, an' set down in my room; for 't was God all
+     around me. I could feel it burnin', burnin', burnin' all around
+     me, an' goin' through me; an' I saw I was so wicked, it seemed as
+     ef it would burn me up. An' I said, 'O somebody, somebody, stand
+     between God an' me! for it burns me!' Then, honey, when I said
+     so, I felt as it were somethin' like an <i>amberill</i> [umbrella]
+     that came between me an' the light, an' I felt it was
+     <i>somebody</i>,&mdash;somebody that stood between me an' God; an' it felt
+     cool, like a shade; an' says I, 'Who's this that stands between
+     me an' God? Is it old Cato?' He was a pious old preacher; but
+     then I seemed to see Cato in the light, an' he was all polluted
+     an' vile, like me; an' I said, 'Is it old Sally?' an' then I saw
+     her, an' she seemed jes' so. An' then says I, '<i>Who</i> is this?'
+     An' then, honey, for a while it was like the sun shinin' in a
+     pail o' water, when it moves up an' down; for I begun to feel 't
+     was somebody that loved me; an' I tried to know him. An' I said,
+     'I know you! I know you! I know you!'&mdash;an' then I said, 'I don't
+     know you! I don't know you! I don't know you!' An' when I said,
+     'I know you, I know you,' the light came; an' when I said, 'I
+     don't know you, I don't know you,' it went, jes' like the sun in
+     a pail o' water. An' finally somethin' spoke out in me an' said,
+     '<i>This is Jesus!</i>' An' I spoke out with all my might, an' says I,
+     '<i>This is Jesus!</i> Glory be to God!' An' then the whole world grew
+     bright, an' the trees they waved an' waved in glory, an' every
+     little bit o' stone on the ground shone like glass; an' I shouted
+     an' said, 'Praise, praise, praise to the Lord!' An' I begun to
+     feel sech a love in my soul as I never felt before,&mdash;love to all
+     creatures. An' then, all of a sudden, it stopped, an' I said,
+     'Dar's de white folks, that have abused you an' beat you an'
+     abused your people,&mdash;think o' them!' But then there came another
+     <span class="pagenum"><a id="page239" name="page239"></a>(p. 239)</span> rush of love through my soul, an' I cried out
+     loud,-'Lord, Lord, I can love <i>even de white folks</i>!'</p>
+
+<p>"Honey, I jes' walked round an' round in a dream. Jesus loved me!
+     I knowed it,&mdash;I felt it. Jesus was my Jesus. Jesus would love me
+     always. I didn't dare tell nobody; 'twas a great secret.
+     Everything had been got away from me that I ever had; an' I
+     thought that ef I let white folks know about this, maybe they'd
+     get <i>Him</i> away,&mdash;so I said, 'I'll keep this close. I won't let
+     any one know.'"</p>
+
+<p>"But, Sojourner, had you never been told about Jesus Christ?"</p>
+
+<p>"No, honey. I hadn't heerd no preachin',&mdash;been to no meetin'.
+     Nobody hadn't told me. I'd kind o' heerd of Jesus, but thought he
+     was like Gineral Lafayette, or some o' them. But one night there
+     was a Methodist meetin' somewhere in our parts, an' I went; an'
+     they got up an' begun for to tell der 'speriences; an' de fust
+     one begun to speak. I started, 'cause he told about Jesus. 'Why,'
+     says I to myself, 'dat man's found him too!' An' another got up
+     an' spoke, an' I said, 'He's found him, too!' An' finally I said,
+     'Why, they all know him!' I was so happy! An' then they sung this
+     hymn": (Here Sojourner sang, in a strange, cracked voice, but
+     evidently with all her soul and might, mispronouncing the
+     English, but seeming to derive as much elevation and comfort from
+     bad English as from good):&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem25">
+<span class="min33em">"</span>There is a holy city,<br>
+<span class="add1em">A world of light above,</span><br>
+   Above the stairs and regions,<a id="footnotetag45" name="footnotetag45"></a><a href="#footnote45" title="Go to footnote 45"><span class="smaller">[45]</span></a><br>
+<span class="add1em">Built by the God of love."</span></p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p>"Well, den ye see, after a while I thought I'd go back an' see de
+     folks on de ole place. Well, you know, de law had passed dat de
+     culled folks was all free; an' my old missis, she had a daughter
+     married about dis time who went to live in Alabama,&mdash;an' what did
+     she do but give her my son, a boy about de age of dis yer, for
+     her to take down to Alabama? When I got back to de ole place,
+     they told me about it, an' I went right up to see ole missis, an'
+     says I,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"'Missis, have you been an' sent my son away down to Alabama?'</p>
+
+<p>"'Yes, I have,' says she; 'he's gone to live with your young
+     missis.'</p>
+
+<p>"'O Missis,' says I, 'how could you do it?'</p>
+
+<p>"'Poh!' says she, 'what a fuss you make about a little nigger.
+     Got more of 'em now than you know what to do with.'</p>
+
+<p>"I tell you, I stretched up. I felt as tall as the world!</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page240" name="page240"></a>(p. 240)</span> "'Missis, says I, '<i>I'll have my son back agin!</i>'</p>
+
+<p>"She laughed.</p>
+
+<p>"'<i>You</i> will, you nigger? How you goin' to do it? You ha'n't got
+     no money.'</p>
+
+<p>"'No, Missis,&mdash;but <i>God</i> has,&mdash;an' you'll see He'll help
+     me!'&mdash;an' I turned round an' went out.</p>
+
+<p>"O, but I <i>was</i> angry to have her speak to me so haughty an' so
+     scornful, as ef my chile wasn't worth anything. I said to God, 'O
+     Lord, render unto her double! It was a dreadful prayer, an' I
+     didn't know how true it would come.</p>
+
+<p>"Well, I didn't rightly know which way to turn; but I went to the
+     Lord, an' I said to Him, 'O Lord, ef I was as rich as you be, an'
+     you was as poor as I be, I'd help you,&mdash;you <i>know</i> I would; and,
+     oh, do help me!' An' I felt sure then that He would.</p>
+
+<p>"Well, I talked with people, an' they said I must git the case
+     before a grand jury. So I went into the town when they was
+     holdin' a court, to see ef I could find any grand jury. An' I
+     stood round the court-house, an' when they was a-comin' out, I
+     walked right up to the grandest-lookin' one I could see, an' says
+     I to him,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"'Sir, be you a grand jury?'</p>
+
+<p>"An' then he wanted to know why I asked, an' I told him all about
+     it; an' he asked me all sorts of questions, an' finally he says
+     to me,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"'I think, ef you pay me ten dollars, that I'd agree to get your
+     son for you.' An' says he, pointin' to a house over the way, 'You
+     go 'long an' tell your story to the folks in that house, an' I
+     guess they'll give you the money.'</p>
+
+<p>"Well, I went, an' I told them, an' they gave me twenty dollars;
+     an' then I thought to myself, 'Ef ten dollars will git him,
+     twenty dollars will git him <i>sartin</i>.' So I carried it to the man
+     all out, an' said,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"'Take it all,&mdash;only be sure an' git him.'</p>
+
+<p>"Well, finally they got the boy brought back; an' then they tried
+     to frighten him, an' to make him say that I wasn't his mammy, an'
+     that he didn't know me; but they couldn't make it out. They gave
+     him to me, an' I took him an' carried him home; an' when I came
+     to take off his clothes, there was his poor little back all
+     covered with scars an' hard lumps, where they flogged him.</p>
+
+<p>"Well, you see, honey, I told you how I prayed the Lord to render
+     unto her double. Well, it came true; for I was up at ole missis'
+     house not long after, an' I heerd 'em readin' a letter to her how
+     her daughter's husband had murdered her,&mdash;how he'd thrown her
+     down an' stamped the life out of her, when he was in liquor; an'
+     my ole missis, she giv a <span class="pagenum"><a id="page241" name="page241"></a>(p. 241)</span> screech, an' fell flat on the
+     floor. Then says I, 'O Lord, I didn't mean all that! You took me
+     up too quick.'</p>
+
+<p>"Well, I went in an' tended that poor critter all night. She was
+     out of her mind,&mdash;a-cryin', an' callin' for her daughter; an' I
+     held her poor ole head on my arm, an' watched for her as ef she'd
+     been my babby. An' I watched by her, an' took care on her all
+     through her sickness after that, an' she died in my arms, poor
+     thing!"</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1851, a Woman's Rights Convention was held in Akron,
+Ohio. The newspapers had ridiculed such conventions, and they were
+looked upon as legitimate subjects for ridicule. They had been
+vilified and caricatured, but there was a desire through that section
+of the country to hear what the women would have to say for
+themselves, and the church in which the meeting was held was
+consequently crowded. Sojourner Truth was there. Mrs. Gage was
+president of the meeting. She said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>"The leaders of the movement, tremblingly alive to every
+     appearance of evil that might spring up in their midst, were many
+     of them almost thrown into panics on the first day of the
+     meeting, by seeing a tall, gaunt black woman, in a gray dress and
+     uncouth sun-bonnet, march deliberately into the church and up the
+     aisle with an air of a queen, and take her seat on the pulpit
+     steps. A buzz of disapprobation was heard all over the house, and
+     such words as these fell upon listening ears: 'An Abolition
+     affair! Woman's Rights and Niggers!' 'We told you so!' 'Go it,
+     old darkey!'</p>
+
+<p>"The second day the work waxed warm. Methodist, Baptist,
+     Episcopal, and Presbyterian, and Universalist ministers came in
+     to hear and discuss the resolutions brought forth. One claimed
+     superior rights and privileges for man because of superior
+     intellect; another, because of the manhood of Christ. If God had
+     desired the equality of woman, he would have given some token of
+     his will through the birth, life, and death of the Saviour.
+     Another gave a theological view of the sin of our first mother.
+     There were few women in those days who dared to speak in
+     meeting'; and the august teachers of the people, with long-winded
+     bombast, were seeming to get the better of us, while the boys in
+     the galleries and sneerers among the pews were enjoying hugely
+     the discomfiture, as they supposed, of the strong-minded. Some of
+     the tender-skinned friends were growing indignant and on the
+     point of losing dignity, and the atmosphere of the Convention
+     betokened a storm.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page242" name="page242"></a>(p. 242)</span> "Slowly from her seat in the corner rose Sojourner
+     Truth, who till now had hardly lifted her head.</p>
+
+<p>"'Don't let her speak!' gasped a half-dozen in my ear. She moved
+     slowly and solemnly to the front, laid her old bonnet at her
+     feet, and turned her great piercing eyes upon me. There was a
+     hissing sound of disapprobation above and below. I rose and
+     announced 'Sojourner Truth,' and begged the audience to keep
+     silence a few moments. The tumult subsided at once, and every eye
+     was fixed on this almost Amazon form, which stood nearly six feet
+     high, head erect, and eye piercing the upper air like one in a
+     dream. At her first word there was a profound hush. She spoke in
+     deep tones, which, though not loud, reached every ear in the
+     house, and away through the throng at the doors and windows.</p>
+
+<p>"'Well, chillen, whar dar's so much racket dar must be som'ing
+     out o' kilter. I tink dat 'twixt de niggas of de Souf and de
+     women of de Norf, all a talking about de rights, de white men
+     will be in a fix pretty soon.</p>
+
+<p>"'But what's all dis here talking 'bout? Dat man ober dar say dat
+     woman needs to be helped into carriages, and lifted ober ditches,
+     and to hab de best place eberywhar. Nobody eber helps me into
+     carriages, or ober ditches or ober mud-puddles, or gives me any
+     best place.' Raising herself to her full height, and her voice to
+     a pitch like rolling thunder, she asked, 'And arn't I a woman?
+     Look at me. Look at my arm,' and she laid bare her right arm to
+     her shoulder, showing its tremendous muscular power. 'I have
+     ploughed, and planted, and gathered into barns, and no man could
+     head me; and arn't I a woman? I have borne thirteen chillen, and
+     seen most of 'em sold off into slavery, and when I cried out with
+     a mother's grief, none but Jesus heard; and arn't I a woman? Den
+     dey talks about dis ting in de head. What dis dey call it?'
+     'Intellect,' whispered some one near her. 'Dat's it, honey.
+     What's dat got to do wid woman's rights or niggers' rights? If my
+     cup won't hold but a pint, and yours holds a quart, wouldn't you
+     be mean not to let me have my little half measure full?'</p>
+
+<p>"She pointed her significant finger and sent a keen glance at the
+     minister who had made the argument. The cheering was long and
+     loud.</p>
+
+<p>"'Den dat little man in black, dar, he say woman can't have as
+     much right as man, 'cause Christ wasn't a woman. <i>Whar did your
+     Christ come from?</i>'</p>
+
+<p>"Rolling thunder could not have stilled that crowd as did those
+     deep and wonderful tones, as she stood there with outstretched
+     arm and eye of fire. Raising her voice she repeated, 'Whar did
+     your Christ come <span class="pagenum"><a id="page243" name="page243"></a>(p. 243)</span> from? From God and a woman. Man had
+     nothing to do with him.'</p>
+
+<p>"O what a rebuke she gave the little man! Turning again to
+     another objector, she took up the defence of Mother Eve. It was
+     pointed, and witty, and solemn, and eliciting at almost every
+     sentence deafening applause; and she ended by asserting that 'if
+     de fust woman God ever made was strong enough to turn the world
+     upside down, all herself alone, all dese togeder,' and she
+     glanced her eye over us, 'ought to be able to turn it back again
+     and git it right side up again; and now dey is asking to, the men
+     better let 'em. Bleeged to you for hearin' me, and now old
+     Sojourner ha'n't got notin' more to say.'</p>
+
+<p>"Amid roars of applause she turned to her corner, leaving more
+     than one of us with streaming eyes and hearts beating with
+     gratitude. She had taken us up in her great strong arms and
+     carried us over the slough of difficulty, turning the whole tide
+     in our favor. I have never in my life seen anything like the
+     magical influence that subdued the mobbish spirit of the day and
+     turned the jibes and sneers of an excited crowd into notes of
+     respect and admiration. Hundreds rushed up to shake hands with
+     the glorious old mother and bid her God speed."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The enlistment of negro troops began at Port Royal in the fall of
+1862, and by midwinter the First South Carolina, commanded by Colonel
+Higginson, had its ranks nearly full. There was strong prejudice in
+the army against employing negroes. The New Jersey troops in the
+department of the South were bitterly hostile. Colonel Stevenson, of
+Massachusetts, a gallant officer, having imprudently given utterance
+to his feelings upon the subject, was arrested by General Hunter,
+which caused a great deal of excitement in the army, and which
+attracted the attention of the country to the whole subject.</p>
+
+<p>The day after the arrest of Colonel Stevenson, a scene occurred in the
+cabin of the steamer Wyoming, plying between Beaufort and Hilton Head,
+which is given as a historical note. The party consisted of several
+ladies, one or two chaplains, fifteen or twenty officers, four
+newspaper correspondents, and several civilians.</p>
+
+<p>A young captain in the Tenth New Jersey opened the conversation.</p>
+
+<p>"I wish," said he, "that every negro was compelled to take off his
+hat to a white man. I consider him an inferior being."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page244" name="page244"></a>(p. 244)</span> "You differ from General Washington, who took off his hat and
+saluted a negro," said one of the correspondents.</p>
+
+<p>"General Washington could afford to do it," said the captain, a little
+staggered.</p>
+
+<p>"Are we to understand that in this age a captain cannot afford to
+equal a negro in politeness?" was the provoking question of the
+correspondent.</p>
+
+<p>"Do you want to be buried with a nigger, and have your bones touch his
+in the grave?"</p>
+
+<p>"As to that I have no feeling whatever. I do not suppose that it will
+make much difference to the bones of either party."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, when I die I want twenty niggers packed all around me," shouted
+the captain, excitedly, turning to the crowd to see the effect of his
+sarcasm.</p>
+
+<p>"I presume, sir, you can be accommodated if you can get the consent of
+the twenty negroes."</p>
+
+<p>The captain saw that he was losing his argument by losing his temper,
+and in calmer tones said: "I want to see the negro kept in his proper
+place. I am perfectly willing he should use the shovel, but it is an
+outrage upon the white man,&mdash;an insult to have him carry a musket."</p>
+
+<p>"I would just as soon see a negro shot as to get shot myself. I am
+perfectly willing that all the negroes should help put down the
+Rebellion," said the correspondent.</p>
+
+<p>"I am not willing to have them act as soldiers. Put them in the
+ditches, where they belong. They are an inferior race."</p>
+
+<p>A second correspondent broke in. "Who are you, sir?" said he; "you who
+condemn the government? You forget that you as a soldier have nothing
+to say about the orders of the President or the laws of Congress. You
+say that the negro is an inferior being; what do you say of Frederick
+Douglass, who has raised himself from slavery to a high position? Your
+straps were placed on your shoulders, not because you had done
+anything to merit them, but because you had friends to intercede for
+you,&mdash;using their political influence,&mdash;or because you had money, and
+could purchase your commission. You hate the negro, and you want to
+keep him in slavery, and you allow your prejudice to carry you to the
+verge of disloyalty to the government which pays you for unworthily
+wearing your shoulder-straps."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page245" name="page245"></a>(p. 245)</span> The captain and the entire company listened in silence while
+another correspondent took up the question.</p>
+
+<p>"Gentleman, you denounce the negro; you say that he is an inferior
+being. You forget that we white men claim to stand on the highest
+plane of civilization,&mdash;that we are of a race which for a thousand
+years has been in the front rank,&mdash;that the negro has been bruised,
+crushed, trodden down,&mdash;denied all knowledge, all right, everything;
+that we have compelled him to labor for us, and we have eaten the
+fruit of his labors. Can we expect him to be our equal in acquisition
+of knowledge? Where is your sense of fair play? Are you afraid that
+the negro will push you from your position? Are you afraid that if you
+allow him to aid in putting down the Rebellion, that he too will
+become a free man, and have aspirations like your own, and in time
+express toward you the same <i>chivalric</i> sentiments which you express
+toward him? How much do you love your country if you thus make
+conditions of loyalty?"</p>
+
+<p>The captain made no reply. The whole company was silent. There were
+smiles from the ladies. The captain went out upon the deck, evidently
+regretting that the conversation had fallen upon so exciting a topic.</p>
+
+<p>The First South Carolina Regiment of loyal blacks was in camp on
+Smith's plantation, four miles out from Beaufort. We rode over a sandy
+plain, through old cotton-fields, pine-barrens, and jungles, past a
+dozen negro-huts, where the long tresses of moss waved mournfully in
+the breeze. The men had gathered a boat-load of oysters, and were
+having a feast,&mdash;old and young, gray-headed men, and curly-haired
+children, were huddled round the pans, steaming and smoking over the
+pitch-knot fires.</p>
+
+<p>Smith's plantation is historic ground,&mdash;the place where the Huguenots
+built a fort long before the Mayflower cast anchor in Cape Cod harbor.
+The plantation was well known to the colored people before the war as
+a place to be dreaded,&mdash;a place for hard work, unmerciful whippings,
+with very little to eat. The house and the negro quarters were in a
+delightful grove of live-oaks, whose evergreen leaves, wide-spreading
+branches, thick foliage, and gnarled trunks, gave cooling <span class="pagenum"><a id="page246" name="page246"></a>(p. 246)</span>
+shade. In front of the house, leading down to the fort, is a magnolia
+walk. Behind the house, in a circular basin,&mdash;a depression often found
+on sandy plains,&mdash;was the garden, surrounded by a thick-set, fantastic
+palmetto hedge. The great oak between the house and the garden, was
+the whipping-post. One of the branches was smooth, as if a swing had
+been slung there, and the bark had been worn by the rope swaying to
+the merry chattering and light-hearted laughter of children. Not that,
+however. There the offender of plantation law,&mdash;of a master's
+caprice,&mdash;had paid the penalty of disobedience; there men, women, and
+children, suspended by the thumbs, stripped of their clothing,
+received the lash. Their moans, groans, cries, and prayers fell
+unheeding on overseer, master, and mistress,&mdash;but heard and heeded
+they were in heaven, and kept in remembrance. And the hour of
+retribution had come, the time of deliverance was near.</p>
+
+<p>What a choice spot for the punishment of the criminal! close to the
+house,&mdash;where the master, the mistress, their sons and daughters, the
+infant at the nurse's breast, could see the blood fly.</p>
+
+<p>The plantation jail was in the loft of the granary, beneath a
+pitch-pine roof, which, under the heat of a midsummer sun, was like an
+oven. There was one little window in the gable for the admission of
+air. There were iron rings and bolts in the beams and rafters, where
+the slaves were chained.</p>
+
+<p>The owner of the plantation was not unmindful of the religious wants
+of his fellow-Christians. West of the house was the plantation chapel,
+a whitewashed building of rough boards, twenty feet by thirty, with a
+rude belfry, where hung the plantation bell, which on week-days was
+rung at daybreak. Charmingly its music floated over the blue waters of
+Beaufort Bay, mingling with the morning winds, swaying the magnolia
+branches, calling the hands&mdash;men, women, and children&mdash;to their
+unrequited tasks in the cotton-field. On Sunday it called them, with
+silvery lips and melting sounds, to come and worship: not to study
+God's Word, not to bow down with him who&mdash;by the "divine missionary
+institution," as the Southern doctors of divinity called it, was their
+master, ordained of God&mdash;could separate husband and wife, or toss in
+a baby <span class="pagenum"><a id="page247" name="page247"></a>(p. 247)</span> to boot, in a bargain; not to bow down with him, for
+he worshipped in Beaufort, in the ancient church;&mdash;he was a chivalric
+son of South Carolina, riding up in his coach, and leaving his four
+hundred fellow-disciples to grope their way to heaven, directed by a
+pious bondman, as best they might.</p>
+
+<p>If one wish for a flood of reflections, he will be overwhelmed on such
+a spot.</p>
+
+<p>The First South Carolina was at drill beneath the oak, drilling as
+skirmishers, advancing, retiring, rallying, deploying, loading and
+firing, with precision. They had already been under fire in an
+expedition up one of the Georgia rivers.</p>
+
+<p>I had breakfasted with the captain of the steamer Darlington, which
+was used as a transport on the occasion, who showed me the numerous
+bullet-marks on the steamer.</p>
+
+<p>"How did the negroes stand fire?" I asked. "They fought splendidly,
+sir."</p>
+
+<p>It was no longer an experiment whether they would make good soldiers.
+They had demonstrated it by their courage and patriotism. The
+antipathy which at the beginning was rampant quickly toned down. The
+deportment of the colored soldiers under insult, their bravery in
+battle, compelled respect from all who had doubted their heroism or
+fidelity.</p>
+
+<p>In the attack upon Jacksonville, which occurred on the 12th of March,
+an old patriarch&mdash;too old to do any fighting&mdash;harangued the troops,
+and told them that every one who should be killed in a cause so holy
+would be pretty sure of stepping directly into heaven; but that if
+they hung back and showed that they were cowards, there wasn't much
+hope of eternal life for such! He was greatly venerated by the
+soldiers, for he had been a preacher.</p>
+
+<a id="img043" name="img043"></a>
+<div class="p4 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img043.jpg" width="200" height="191" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">A bird's-nest Bank.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page248" name="page248"></a>(p. 248)</span> CHAPTER XVI.<br>
+
+THE IRONCLADS IN ACTION.</h2>
+
+<span class="sidedate">April, 1863.</span>
+
+<p>After vexatious delays, the ironclad fleet was ready for action. It
+was deemed desirable to test their armor, before attacking Sumter, by
+making a reconnoissance of Fort McAllister, on the Ogeechee.</p>
+
+<p>It was late on the afternoon of March 1st, when the steamer George
+Washington left Hilton Head for a trip to Ossabow Sound. The Passaic,
+Montauk, Nahant, and Patapsco, ironclads of the Monitor pattern, were
+already there. The Washington took the "inside" route up Wilmington
+River and through the Rumley marshes. The gunboat Marblehead was
+guarding the entrance to the river. It was past sunset, and the tide
+was ebbing.</p>
+
+<p>"You had better lie here till morning; there are indications that we
+shall hear from those fellows up there," said the commander of the
+Marblehead. Looking westward into the golden light of the departing
+day, we could see the spires of Savannah, also nearer the Rebel
+gunboats moving up and down the river.</p>
+
+<p>The anchor dropped, the chain rattled through the hawsehole, the
+lights were extinguished, the guns put in trim; the lookout took his
+position; the sentinels passed to and fro, peering into the darkness;
+a buoy was attached to the cable, that it might be slipped in an
+instant; all ears listened to catch the sound of muffled oars or
+plashing paddle-wheels, but there was no sound save the piping of the
+curlew in the marshes and the surging of the tide along the reedy
+shores. At three o'clock in the morning we were away from our
+anchorage, steaming up Wilmington River. The moonlight lay in a golden
+flood along the waters, revealing the distant outline of the Rebel
+earthworks. How charming the trip! exhilarating, and sufficiently
+exciting, under the expectation of falling in with a hostile gunboat,
+to bring every nerve into action. It was sunrise when the Washington
+emerged from the marshes and came to anchor <span class="pagenum"><a id="page249" name="page249"></a>(p. 249)</span> among the
+ironclads. The Montauk had just completed a glorious work,&mdash;the
+destruction of the Nashville. We had heard the roar of her guns, and
+the quick, ineffectual firing from Fort McAllister.</p>
+
+<p>The Nashville, which began her piratical depredations by burning the
+ship Harvey Birch, ran into Savannah, where she had been cooped up
+several months. She had been waiting many weeks for an opportunity to
+run out to sea again. On Saturday morning, the last day of February, a
+dense fog hung over the marshes, the islands, and inlets of Ossabow.
+The Montauk lay at the junction of the Great and Little Ogeechee
+Rivers, when the fog lifted and the Nashville was discovered aground
+above the fort.</p>
+
+<p>The eyes of Captain Worden sparkled as he gave the command to prepare
+for action. He had not forgotten his encounter with the Merrimack. The
+Montauk moved up stream, came within range of the fort, which opened
+from all its guns, but to which Captain Worden gave no heed. Taking a
+position about three quarters of a mile from the Nashville and half a
+mile from the fort, he opened with both guns upon the grounded
+steamer, to which the Nashville replied with her hundred-pounder. The
+third shell from the Montauk exploded inside the steamer, setting her
+cotton on fire. The flames spread with great rapidity. Her crew fled
+to the marshes, the magazine soon exploded, and the career of the
+Nashville was ended.</p>
+
+<p>At high tide on the morning of the 3d of March the Passaic, Patapsco,
+and Nahant moved up the Ogeechee, and opened fire on the fort, to test
+the working of their machinery. The fire was furious from the fort,
+but slow and deliberate from the ironclads. Several mortar-schooners
+threw shells in the direction of the fort. The monitors were obliged
+to retire with the tide. They were struck repeatedly, but the balls
+fell harmlessly against the iron plating. It was evident that at the
+distance of three fourths of a mile, or a half-mile even, the
+ironclads could withstand the heaviest guns, while on the other hand
+the fire of the monitors must necessarily be very slow. The attack was
+made, not with the expectation of reducing the fort, but to test the
+monitors before the grand attack upon Fort Sumter.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page250" name="page250"></a>(p. 250)</span> The first attack on Sumter occurred on the 7th of April. The
+fort stood out in bold relief, the bright noon-sun shining full upon
+its southern face, fronting the shallow water towards Morris Island,
+leaving in shadow its eastern wall toward Moultrie. The air was clear,
+and we who were on shipboard just beyond the reach of the Rebel guns,
+looking inland with our glasses, could see the city, the spires, the
+roofs of the houses thronged with people. A three-masted ship lay at
+the wharves, the Rebel rams were fired up, sail-boats were scudding
+across the harbor, running down toward Sumter, looking seaward, then
+hastening back again like little children, expectant and restless on
+great occasions, eager for something to be done.</p>
+
+<p>The attacking fleet was in the main ship-channel,&mdash;eight little black
+specks but little larger than the buoys which tossed beside them, and
+one black, oblong block, the New Ironsides, the flag-ship of the
+fleet. It was difficult to comprehend that beneath the surface of the
+sea there were men as secure from the waves as bugs in a bottle. It
+was as strange and romantic as the stories which charmed the Arabian
+chieftains in the days of Haroun Al Raschid.</p>
+
+<p>The ironclads were about one third of a mile apart, in the following
+order:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table border="0" style="margin-left: 10%;" cellpadding="3" summary="Ironclads.">
+<tr>
+<td>Weehawken,</td>
+<td>Patapsco,</td>
+<td>Nantucket,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Passaic,</td>
+<td>Ironsides,</td>
+<td>Nahant,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Montauk,</td>
+<td>Catskill,</td>
+<td>Keokuk.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The Keokuk was built by a gentleman who had full faith in her
+invulnerability. She was to be tested under fire from the Rebel
+batteries before accepted by the government. She had sloping sides,
+two turrets, and was built for a ram. The opinions generally
+entertained were that she would prove a failure.</p>
+
+<p>General Hunter courteously assigned the steamer Nantucket to the
+gentlemen connected with the press, giving them complete control of
+the steamer, to go where they pleased, knowing that there was an
+intense desire not only in the North, but throughout the world, to
+know the result of the first contest between ironclads and
+fortifications. The Nantucket was a small side-wheel steamer of light
+draft, and we were able to run in and out over the bar at will. Just
+before the signal was given for the advance we ran alongside the
+flag-ship. The <span class="pagenum"><a id="page251" name="page251"></a>(p. 251)</span> crew were hard at work hoisting shot and
+shells from the hold to the deck. The upper deck was bedded with
+sand-bags, the pilot-house wrapped with cable. All the light hamper
+was taken down and stowed away. The iron plating was slushed with
+grease. Rebel soldiers were marching across Morris Island, within easy
+range. A shell would have sent them in haste behind the sand-hills;
+but heavier work was at hand, and they were harmless just then.</p>
+
+<p>It was past one o'clock when the signal for sailing was displayed from
+the flag-ship, and the Weehawken, with a raft at her prow, intended to
+remove torpedoes, answered the signal, raised her anchor, and went
+steadily in with the tide, followed by the others, which maintained
+their respective positions, distant from each other about one third or
+a half-mile. In this battle of ironclads there are no clouds of
+canvas, no beautiful models of marine architecture, none of the
+stateliness and majesty which have marked hundreds of great naval
+engagements. There are no human beings in sight,&mdash;no propelling power
+is visible. There are simply eight black specks and one oblong block
+gliding along the water, like so many bugs.</p>
+
+<p>But Sumter has discovered them, and discharges in quick succession
+nine signal guns, to announce to all Rebeldom that the attack is to be
+made. Morris Island is mysteriously silent as the Weehawken advances,
+although she is within range. Past Fort Wagner, straight on toward
+Moultrie the Weehawken moves. The silence is prolonged. It is almost
+painful,&mdash;the calm before the storm, the hushed stillness before the
+burst of the tornado!</p>
+
+<p>There comes a single puff of smoke from Moultrie,&mdash;one deep
+reverberation. The silence is broken,&mdash;the long months of waiting are
+over. The shot flies across the water, skipping from wave to wave,
+tossing up fountains, hopping over the deck of the Weehawken, and
+rolling along the surface with a diminishing ricochet, sinking at last
+close upon the Morris Island beach. Fort Wagner continues the story,
+sending a shot at the Weehawken, which also trips lightly over the
+deck, and tosses up a water-spout far toward Moultrie. The Weehawken,
+unmindful of this play, opens its ports, and sends <span class="pagenum"><a id="page252" name="page252"></a>(p. 252)</span> a
+fifteen-inch solid shot toward Sumter, which, like those that have
+been hurled toward her, takes a half-dozen steps, making for a moment
+its footprints on the water, and crashes against the southwest face of
+the fort, followed a moment later by its eleven-inch companion. The
+vessel is for a moment enveloped in the smoke of its guns. Bravely
+done! There comes an answer. Moultrie, with the tremendous batteries
+on either side by the hotel and east of it, and toward the inner
+harbor, bursts in an instant into sheets of flame and clouds of
+sulphurous smoke. There is one long roll of thunder, peal on peal;
+deep, heavy reverberations and sharp concussions, rattling the windows
+of our steamers, and striking us at the heart like hammer strokes.</p>
+
+<p>The ocean boils! Columns of spray are tossed high in air, as if a
+hundred submarine fountains were let instantly on, or a school of
+whales were trying which could spout highest. There is a screaming in
+the air, a buzzing and humming never before so loud.</p>
+
+<p>At five minutes before three Moultrie began the fire. Ten minutes have
+passed. The thunder has rolled incessantly from Sullivan's Island.
+Thus far Sumter has been silent, but now it is enveloped with a cloud.
+A moment it is hid from view&mdash;first a line of light along its parapet,
+and thick folds of smoke unrolling like fleeces of wool. Other flashes
+burst from the casemates, and the clouds creep down the wall to the
+water, then slowly float away to mingle with that rising from the
+furnaces in the sand along the shore of Sullivan's Island. Then comes
+a calm,&mdash;a momentary cessation. The Rebel gunners wait for the breeze
+to clear away the cloud, that they may obtain a view of the monitor,
+to see if it have not been punched into a sieve, and if it be not
+already disappearing beneath the waves. But the Weehawken is there,
+moving straight on up the channel, turning now toward Moultrie. To her
+it has been only a handful of peas or pebbles. Some have rattled
+against her turret, some upon her deck, some against her sides.
+Instead of going to the bottom, she revolves her turret, and fire two
+shots at Moultrie, moving on the while to gain the south eastern wall
+of Sumter.</p>
+
+<p>Again the forts and batteries begin, joined now by Cummings Point and
+long ranges from Fort Johnson. All around <span class="pagenum"><a id="page253" name="page253"></a>(p. 253)</span> the Weehawken the
+shot flash, plunge, hop, skip, falling like the rain-drops of a summer
+shower. Unharmed, undaunted, she moves straight on, feeling her way,
+moving slowly, with grappling-irons dragging from the raft in front to
+catch up torpedoes. It is for the Weehawken to clear the channel, and
+make smooth sailing for the remainder of the fleet.</p>
+
+<p>To get the position of the Weehawken at this moment, draw a line from
+Cummings Point to Moultrie, and stick a pin on the line a little
+nearer to Moultrie than to Morris Island. It is about one half a mile
+from Moultrie, about one third of a mile from Sumter.</p>
+
+<p>There she is,&mdash;the target of probably two hundred and fifty or three
+hundred guns, of the heaviest calibre, at close range, rifled cannon
+throwing forged bolts and steel-pointed shot, turned and polished to a
+hair in the lathes of English workshops,&mdash;advancing still, undergoing
+her first ordeal, a trial unparalleled in history!</p>
+
+<p>For fifteen minutes she meets the ordeal alone, but the channel found
+to be clear, the Passaic, the Montauk, and Patapsco follow, closing up
+the line, each coming in range and delivering their fire upon Sumter.
+At twenty minutes past three the four monitors composing the right
+wing of the fleet are all engaged, each pressing on to reach the
+northeastern face of the fort, where the wall is weakest, each
+receiving as they arrive at particular points a terrible fire,
+seemingly from all points of the compass,&mdash;points selected by trial
+and practice indicated by buoys. They pass the destructive latitudes
+unharmed. Seventy guns a minute are counted, followed by moments of
+calm and scattering shots, but only to break out again in a prolonged
+roar of thunder. They press on, making nearer and nearer to Sumter,
+narrowing the distance to one thousand yards, eight hundred, six,
+five, four hundred yards, and send their fifteen-inch shot crashing
+against the fort, with deliberate, effective fire.</p>
+
+<p>At first the fort and the batteries and Moultrie seem to redouble
+their efforts in increasing the fire, but after an hour there is a
+perceptible diminution of the discharges from the fort. After each
+shot from the ironclads, clouds of dust can be discerned rising above
+the fort and mingling with the smoke. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page254" name="page254"></a>(p. 254)</span> Steadying my glass in
+the lulls of the strife, watching where the southwest breeze whiffs
+away the smoke, I can see increasing pock-marks and discolorations
+upon the walls, as if there had been a sudden breaking out of
+cutaneous disease.</p>
+
+<p>The flag-ship, drawing seventeen feet of water, was obliged to move
+cautiously, feeling her way up the channel. Just as she came within
+range of Moultrie her keel touched bottom on the east side of the
+channel; fearing that she would run aground the anchor was let go.
+Finding the vessel was clear, the Admiral again moved on, signalling
+the left wing to press forward to the aid of the four already engaged.
+The Ironsides kept the main channel, which brought her within about
+one thousand yards of Moultrie and Sumter. She fired four guns at
+Moultrie, and received in return a heavy fire. Again she touched
+bottom, and then turned her bow across the channel toward Sumter,
+firing two guns at Cummings Point. After this weak and ineffectual
+effort, the tide rapidly ebbing the while, she again got clear, but
+gave up the attempt to advance. The Catskill, Nantucket, Nahant, and
+Keokuk pressed up with all possible speed to aid the four which were
+receiving a tremendous hammering.</p>
+
+<p>See them sweep past the convergent points and radial lines! See the
+bubbling of the water,&mdash;the straight columns thrown up in the
+sunlight,&mdash;the flashes, the furrows along the waves, as if a plough
+driven with lightning speed were turning up the water! They are all
+close up to Sumter, within four or five hundred yards. Behind them are
+Moultrie and Fort Ripley, and Fort Beauregard, flashing, smoking,
+bellowing; in front is Sumter, and in the background are Fort Wagner
+and Cummings Point. Across the shallow waters is Fort Johnson; still
+farther off to the right is Castle Pinckney, too far away to do
+damage. From all sides the balls fall around the fleet. Calmly and
+deliberately the fire is returned,&mdash;with a deliberation which must
+have commanded the admiration of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>The Keokuk presented a fair mark with her sloping sides and double
+turrets. Her commander, Captain Rhind, although not having entire
+confidence in her invulnerability, was determined to come to close
+quarters. She was not to be outdone by the ironclads who had led the
+advance. Swifter than they, drawing less <span class="pagenum"><a id="page255" name="page255"></a>(p. 255)</span> water, she made
+haste to get up with the Weehawken. The guns which had been trained
+upon the others were brought to bear upon her. Where she sailed the
+fire was fiercest. Her plating was but pine wood to the steel
+projectiles, flying with almost the swiftness of a minnie bullet. Shot
+which glanced harmlessly from the others penetrated her angled sides.
+Her after turret was pierced in a twinkling, and a two-hundred pound
+projectile dropped inside. A heavy shot crashed into the surgeon's
+dispensary, and mixed emetics, cathartics, pills and powders not
+according to prescriptions. The enemy noticed the effect of his shot
+and increased his fire. Captain Rhind was not easily daunted. He
+opened his forward turret and gave three shots in return for the three
+or four hundred rained around him. The sea with every passing wave
+swept through the shot-holes, and he was forced to retire or go to the
+bottom with all on board.</p>
+
+<p>The tide was ebbing fast, and the signal for retiring was displayed by
+the flag-ship. It was raised, seemingly, at an inopportune moment, for
+the fire of the fort had sensibly diminished, while that from the
+ironclads was steady and true. It was past five o'clock, almost
+sunset, when the fleet came back. Never had there been such a
+hammering of iron and smashing of masonry as during two and a half
+hours of that afternoon. The gunboat Bibb, the Ben Deford, and the
+Nantasket had taken position in the North Channel at a respectful
+distance off Sullivan's Island. A mile or two east of Moultrie is
+Beach Inlet, where a powerful battery had been erected. While intently
+gazing on the contest, the correspondents and all hands on the other
+steamers were startled by hearing the whiff and whiz of a rifle
+projectile, which came diagonally across the Nantasket, across the bow
+of the Ben Deford, falling into the sea about one hundred yards ahead.
+There was a laughable cuddling down and scampering for the
+coal-bunkers, the engine-room, and between decks. There was an
+immediate hauling in of cables and motion of paddle-wheels. A second
+shot in admirable line fell short. We being at anchor and within
+range, the Rebel gunner had made nice calculations. He had already
+fired a half-dozen shots, which had fallen far ahead unnoticed.
+Cummings Point also tried to reach us with <span class="pagenum"><a id="page256" name="page256"></a>(p. 256)</span> shells, but
+failed. One of the correspondents claimed that the press completely
+silenced a battery&mdash;by getting out of the way!</p>
+
+<p>Steaming into the retiring fleet we ran alongside the Keokuk. A glance
+at her sides showed how terrible the fire had been. Her smoke-stack,
+turrets, sides,&mdash;all were scarred, gashed, pierced through and
+through. An inspection revealed ninety-four short-marks. There were
+none below the water-line, but each wave swept through the holes on
+the sides. Her pumps were going and she was kept free. Only three of
+her officers and crew were wounded, although she had been so badly
+perforated.</p>
+
+<p>"All right, nobody hurt, ready for them again," was the hearty
+response of Captain George Rodgers, of the Catskill, as I stepped upon
+the slushed deck of that vessel and grasped the hand of her wide-awake
+commander. The Catskill had received about thirty shots. One
+two-hundred-pounder, thrown evidently from a barbette gun, had fallen
+with tremendous force upon the deck, bending, but not breaking or
+penetrating the iron. On the sides, on the turret, and on the
+pilot-house were indentations like saucers, but there was no sign of
+serious damage.</p>
+
+<p>The Nahant came down to her anchorage with a gashed smoke-stack. Going
+on board, we found that eleven of her officers and crew had received
+contusions from the flying of bolt-heads in the turret. One shot had
+jammed the lower ridge of her turret, interfering with its revolution.
+She had been struck forty times, but&mdash;aside from the loss of a few
+bolt-heads, a diminished draft to her chimney, and the slight jam upon
+the turret&mdash;her armor was intact.</p>
+
+<p>The other monitors had each a few bolts started. Four gun-carriages
+needed repairs,&mdash;injured not by the enemy's shot, but by their own
+recoil. One shot had ripped up the plating of the Patapsco and pierced
+the wood-work beneath. This was the only shot, out of the twenty-five
+hundred or three thousand supposed to have been fired from the forts
+which penetrated the monitors!</p>
+
+<p>The Weehawken had received three heavy shot upon her side, the
+indentations close together. The plates were badly bent, but the shot
+had fallen as harmlessly as pebbles upon the side of a barn.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page257" name="page257"></a>(p. 257)</span> The Ironsides had received thirty balls, all of which had
+been turned by her armor.</p>
+
+<p>One hundred and fifty-three shots were fired by the fleet, against
+twenty-five hundred or three thousand by the Rebels. The monitors were
+struck in the aggregate about three hundred and fifty times.</p>
+
+<p>About six thousand pounds of iron were hurled at Fort Sumter during
+the short time the fleet was engaged, and probably five or six times
+that amount of metal, or thirty thousand pounds, was thrown at the
+fleet. The casualties on board the fleet were,&mdash;none killed; one
+mortally, one seriously, and thirteen slightly wounded.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Ammen, commanding the Patapsco, was confident that the last
+shots which he fired passed through the wall of the fort. He and other
+commanders obeyed the signal for retiring with great reluctance. They
+saw that the fire of the fort was growing weaker,&mdash;that the wall was
+crumbling. It is now known that the Rebel commander, General Ripley,
+was on the point of evacuating the fort when the signal was made for
+the fleet to withdraw. The wall was badly shattered, and a few more
+shots would have made it a complete ruin.</p>
+
+<p>The lower casemates were soon after filled with sand-bags, the guns
+having been removed. The walls were buttressed with palmetto logs, and
+the fort lost nearly all of its original features, but was made
+stronger than ever.</p>
+
+<p>The Keokuk sunk in the morning on the bar. The sea was rough, and the
+water poured through the shot-holes with every wave, so that it was
+found impossible to keep her afloat.</p>
+
+<p>Admiral Dupont decided not to renew the attack, which caused a good
+deal of murmuring among the soldiers in the fleet. The ironclads
+returned to Hilton Head for repairs, the expedition was abandoned, and
+Sumter was left to float its flag in defiance of Federal authority.</p>
+
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page258" name="page258"></a>(p. 258)</span> CHAPTER XVII.<br>
+
+THE INVASION OF PENNSYLVANIA.</h2>
+
+<span class="sidedate">June, 1863.</span>
+
+<p>The second invasion of the North was planned immediately after the
+battle of Chancellorsville. The movement of General Lee was upon a
+great circle,&mdash;down the valley of the Shenandoah, crossing the Potomac
+at Williamsport with his infantry and artillery, while General Stuart,
+with the main body of Rebel cavalry, kept east of the Blue Ridge to
+conceal the advance of the infantry.</p>
+
+<p>General Hooker, at Fredericksburg, the first week in June, received
+positive information that Lee was breaking up his camp, and that some
+of his divisions were moving towards Culpepper. The dust-clouds which
+rose above the tree-tops indicated that the Rebel army was in motion.
+The Army of the Potomac immediately broke up its camp and moved to
+Catlett's Station, on the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, where
+intelligence was received that Stuart had massed the Rebel cavalry at
+Brandy Station for a raid in Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p>General Pleasanton, commanding the cavalry, was sent with his entire
+force to look into the matter. He fell upon Stuart on the 9th of June,
+on the broad, open plains along the Rappahannock. A desperate battle
+ensued,&mdash;probably it was the greatest cavalry battle of the war,&mdash;in
+which Stuart was driven back upon the Rebel infantry, which was
+hurried up from Culpepper to his support. The object of the attack was
+accomplished,&mdash;Stuart's raid was postponed and Lee's movement
+unmasked. On the same day, Lee's advanced divisions reached
+Winchester, attacked General Milroy, captured the town, the cannon in
+the fortifications, and moved on to the Potomac.</p>
+
+<a id="img044" name="img044"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img044.jpg" width="500" height="315" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Cavalry charge.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Hastening to Pennsylvania, I became an observer of the great events
+which followed. The people of the Keystone State in 1862 rushed to
+arms when Lee crossed the Potomac, but in 1863 they were strangely
+apathetic,&mdash;intent upon conveying their property to a place of
+security, instead of defending their <span class="pagenum"><a id="page259" name="page259"></a>(p. 259)</span> homes. In '62 the cry
+was, "Drive the enemy from our soil!" in '63, "Where shall we hide our
+goods?"</p>
+
+<p>Harrisburg was a Bedlam when I entered it on the 15th of June.</p>
+
+<p>The railroad stations were crowded with an excited people,&mdash;men,
+women, and children,&mdash;with trunks, boxes, bundles; packages tied up in
+bed-blankets and quilts; mountains of baggage,&mdash;tumbling it into the
+cars, rushing here and there in a frantic manner; shouting, screaming,
+as if the Rebels were about to dash into the town and lay it in ashes.
+The railroad authorities were removing their cars and engines. The
+merchants were packing up their goods; housewives were secreting their
+silver; everywhere there was a hurly-burly. The excitement was
+increased when a train of army wagons came rumbling over the long
+bridge across the Susquehannah, accompanied by a squadron of cavalry.
+It was Milroy's train, which had been ordered to make its way into
+Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p>"The Rebels will be here to-morrow or next day," said the teamsters.</p>
+
+<p>At the State-House, men in their shirt-sleeves were packing papers
+into boxes. Every team, every horse and mule and handcart in the town
+were employed. There was a steady stream of teams thundering across
+the bridge; farmers from the Cumberland valley, with their household
+furniture piled upon the great wagons peculiar to the locality;
+bedding, tables, chairs, their wives and children perched on the top;
+kettles and pails dangling beneath; boys driving cattle and horses,
+excited, worried, fearing they knew not what. The scene was painful,
+yet ludicrous.</p>
+
+<p>General Couch was in command at Harrisburg. He had but a few troops.
+He erected fortifications across the river, planted what few cannon he
+had, and made preparations to defend the place.</p>
+
+<p>General Lee was greatly in need of horses, and his cavalrymen, under
+General Jenkins, ravaged the Cumberland Valley. A portion visited
+Chambersburg; another party, Mercersburg; another, Gettysburg, before
+any infantry entered the State.</p>
+
+<p>Ewell's corps of Lee's army crossed the Potomac, a division at
+Williamsport, and another at Shepherdstown, on the 22d of <span class="pagenum"><a id="page260" name="page260"></a>(p. 260)</span>
+June, and came together at Hagerstown. The main body of Lee's army was
+at Winchester. Stuart had moved along the eastern base of the Blue
+Ridge, and had come in contact with a portion of Pleasanton's cavalry
+at Aldie and Middleburg. Hooker had swung the army up to Fairfax and
+Centreville, moving on an inner circle, with Washington for a pivot.</p>
+
+<p>Visiting Baltimore, where General Schenck was in command, I found the
+Marylanders much more alive to the exigencies of the hour than the
+Pennsylvanians. Instead of hurrying northward with their household
+furniture, they were hard at work building fortifications and
+barricading the streets. Hogsheads of tobacco, barrels of pork, old
+carts, wagons, and lumber were piled across the streets, and patriotic
+citizens stood, musket in hand, prepared to pick off any Rebel troops.</p>
+
+<p>Colored men were impressed to construct fortifications. They were shy
+at first, fearing it was a trap to get them into slavery, but when
+they found they were to defend the city, they gave enthusiastic
+demonstrations of joy. They went to their work singing <i>their
+Marseillaise</i>,</p>
+
+<p class="center">"John Brown's body," &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>While writing in the Eutaw House, I heard the song sung by a thousand
+voices, accompanied by the steady tramp, tramp, tramp of the men
+marching down the street, cheering General Schenck as they passed his
+quarters.</p>
+
+<p>How rapid the revolution! Twenty-six months before, Massachusetts
+troops had fought their way through the city, now the colored men were
+singing of John Brown amid the cheers of the people!</p>
+
+<p>General Hooker waited in front of Washington till he was certain of
+Lee's intentions, and then by a rapid march pushed on to Frederick.
+Lee's entire army was across the Potomac. Ewell was at York, enriching
+himself by reprisals, stealings, and confiscations. General Hooker
+asked that the troops at Harper's Ferry might be placed under his
+command, that he might wield the entire available force and crush Lee;
+this was refused, whereupon he informed the War Department that,
+unless this condition were complied with, he wished to be relieved of
+the command of the army. The matter was laid before <span class="pagenum"><a id="page261" name="page261"></a>(p. 261)</span> the
+President and his request was granted. General Meade was placed in
+command; and what was denied to General Hooker was substantially
+granted to General Meade,&mdash;that he was to use his best judgment in
+holding or evacuating Harper's Ferry! General Halleck was military
+adviser to the President, and the question between him and Hooker was
+whether Halleck, sitting in his chair at Washington, or Hooker at the
+head of the army, should fight General Lee. The march of Hooker from
+Fairfax to Frederick was one of the most rapid of the war. The
+Eleventh Corps marched fifty-four miles in two days,&mdash;a striking
+contrast to the movement in September, 1862, when the army made but
+five miles a day.</p>
+
+<p>It was a dismal day at Frederick when the news was promulgated that
+General Hooker was relieved of the command. Notwithstanding the result
+at Chancellorsville, the soldiers had a good degree of confidence in
+him. General Meade was unknown except to his own corps. He entered the
+war as brigadier in the Pennsylvania Reserves. He commanded a division
+at Antietam and at Fredericksburg, and the Fifth Corps at
+Chancellorsville.</p>
+
+<p>General Meade cared but little for the pomp and parade of war. His own
+soldiers respected him because he was always prepared to endure
+hardships. They saw a tall, slim, gray-bearded man, wearing a slouch
+hat, a plain blue blouse, with his pantaloons tucked into his boots.
+He was plain of speech, and familiar in conversation. He enjoyed in a
+high degree, especially after the battle of Fredericksburg, the
+confidence of the President.</p>
+
+<p>I saw him soon after he was informed that the army was under his
+command. There was no elation, but on the contrary he seemed weighed
+down with a sense of the responsibility resting on him. It was in the
+hotel at Frederick. He stood silent and thoughtful by himself. Few of
+all the noisy crowd around knew of the change that had taken place.
+The correspondents of the press knew it long before the corps
+commanders were informed of the fact. No change was made in the
+machinery of the army, and there was but a few hours' delay in its
+movement.</p>
+
+<p>General Hooker bade farewell to the principal officers of the army on
+the afternoon of the 28th. They were drawn up in <span class="pagenum"><a id="page262" name="page262"></a>(p. 262)</span> line. He
+shook hands with each officer, laboring in vain to stifle his emotion.
+The tears rolled down his cheeks. The officers were deeply affected.
+He said that he had hoped to lead them to victory, but the power above
+him had ordered otherwise. He spoke in high terms of General Meade. He
+believed that they would defeat the enemy under his leadership.</p>
+
+<p>While writing out the events of the day in the parlor of a private
+house during the evening, I heard the comments of several officers
+upon the change which had taken place.</p>
+
+<p>"Well, I think it is too bad to have him removed just now," said a
+captain.</p>
+
+<p>"I wonder if we shall have McClellan back?" queried a lieutenant.</p>
+
+<p>"Well, gentlemen, I don't know about Hooker as a commander in the
+field, but I do know the Army of the Potomac was never so well fed and
+clothed as it has been since Joe Hooker took command."</p>
+
+<p>"That is so," said several.</p>
+
+<p>After a short silence, another officer took up the conversation and
+said,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, the army was in bad condition when he took command of it, and
+bad off every way; but it never was in better condition than it is
+to-day, and the men begin to like him."</p>
+
+<p>The army was too patriotic to express any dissatisfaction, and in a
+few days the event was wholly forgotten.</p>
+
+<p>It was evident that a collision of the two armies must take place
+before many days, and their positions, and the lines of movement
+indicated that it must be near Gettysburg, which is the county seat of
+Adams, Pennsylvania, nearly forty miles a little north of east from
+Frederick, on the head-waters of the Monocacy. Rock Creek, which in
+spring-time leaps over huge granite boulders, runs south, a mile east
+of the town, and is the main stem of the Monocacy. Being a county
+seat, it is also a grand centre for that section of the State,
+contains three thousand inhabitants, and has a pleasant location,
+surrounded with scenery of quiet beauty, hills, valleys, the dark
+outline and verdure-clad sides of the Blue Ridge in the west, and the
+billowy Catoctin range on the south. Roads radiate in all directions.
+It was a central point, admitting of a quick concentration of forces.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page263" name="page263"></a>(p. 263)</span> The army commanded by General Meade consisted of seven corps.</p>
+
+<p>1. Major-General Reynolds; 2. Major-General Hancock; 3. Major-General
+Sickles; 5. Major-General Sykes; 6. Major-General Sedgwick; 11.
+Major-General Howard; 12. Major-General Slocum.</p>
+
+<p>As Ewell was at York, and as Lee was advancing in that direction, it
+was necessary to take a wide sweep of country in the march. All Sunday
+the army was passing through Frederick. It was a strange sight. The
+churches were open, and some of the officers and soldiers attended
+service,&mdash;a precious privilege to those who before entering the army
+were engaged in Sabbath schools. The stores also were open, and the
+town was cleaned of goods,&mdash;boots, shoes, needles, pins, tobacco,
+pipes, paper, pencils, and other trifles which add to a soldier's
+comfort.</p>
+
+<a id="img045" name="img045"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<a href="images/img045.jpg">
+<img src="images/img045tb.jpg" width="300" height="344" alt="" title=""></a>
+<p class="caption">Advance to Gettysburg.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Cavalry, infantry, and artillery were pouring through the town, the
+bands playing, and the soldiers singing their liveliest <span class="pagenum"><a id="page264" name="page264"></a>(p. 264)</span>
+songs. The First Corps moved up the Emmettsburg road, and formed the
+left of the line; the Eleventh Corps marched up a parallel road a
+little farther east, through Griegerstown. The Third and Twelfth Corps
+moved on parallel roads leading to Taneytown. The Second and Fifth
+moved still farther east, through Liberty and Uniontown, while the
+Sixth, with Gregg's division of cavalry, went to Westminster, forming
+the right of the line.</p>
+
+<p>The lines of march were like the sticks of a fan, Frederick being the
+point of divergence.</p>
+
+<p>On this same Sunday afternoon Lee was at Chambersburg, directing
+Ewell, who was at York, to move to Gettysburg. A. P. Hill was moving
+east from Chambersburg towards the same point, while Longstreet's, the
+last corps to cross the Potomac, was moving through Waynesboro' and
+Fairfield, marching northeast towards the same point.</p>
+
+<p>It was a glorious spectacle, that movement of the army north from
+Frederick. I left the town accompanying the Second and Fifth Corps.
+Long lines of men and innumerable wagons were visible in every
+direction. The people of Maryland welcomed the soldiers hospitably.</p>
+
+<p>When the Fifth Corps passed through the town of Liberty, a farmer rode
+into the village, mounted on his farm-wagon. His load was covered by
+white table-cloths.</p>
+
+<p>"What have ye got to sell, old fellow? Bread, eh?" said a soldier,
+raising a corner of the cloth, and revealing loaves of sweet soft
+plain bread, of the finest wheat, with several bushels of
+ginger-cakes.</p>
+
+<p>"What do you ask for a loaf?"</p>
+
+<p>"I haven't any to sell," said the farmer.</p>
+
+<p>"Haven't any to sell? What are ye here for?"</p>
+
+<p>The farmer made no reply.</p>
+
+<p>"See here, old fellow, won't ye sell me a hunk of your gingerbread?"
+said the soldier, producing an old wallet.</p>
+
+<p>"No."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, you are a mean old cuss. It would be serving you right to tip
+you out of your old bread-cart. Here we are marching all night and all
+day to protect your property, and fight the Rebs. We haven't had any
+breakfast, and may not have any <span class="pagenum"><a id="page265" name="page265"></a>(p. 265)</span> dinner. You are a set of mean
+cusses round here, I reckon," said the soldier.</p>
+
+<p>A crowd of soldiers had gathered, and others expressed their
+indignation. The old farmer stood up on his wagon-seat, took off the
+table-cloths, and replied,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I didn't bring my bread here to sell. My wife and daughters set up
+all night to bake it for you, and you are welcome to all I've got, and
+wish I had ten times as much. Help your selves, boys."</p>
+
+<p>"Hurrah! hurrah! hurrah!" "Bully for you!" "You're a brick!" "Three
+cheers for the old man!" "Three more for the old woman!" "Three more
+for the girls!"</p>
+
+<p>They threw up their caps, and fairly danced with joy. The bread and
+cakes were gone in a twinkling.</p>
+
+<p>"See here, my friend, I take back all the hard words I said about
+you," said the soldier, shaking hands with the farmer, who sat on his
+wagon overcome with emotion.</p>
+
+<p>On Tuesday evening, General Reynolds, who was at Emmettsburg, sent
+word to General Meade that the Rebels were evidently approaching
+Gettysburg. At the same time, the Rebel General Stuart, with his
+cavalry, appeared at Westminster. He had tarried east of the Blue
+Ridge till Lee was across the Potomac,&mdash;till Meade had started from
+Frederick,&mdash;then crossing the Potomac at Edwards's Ferry, he pushed
+directly northeast of the Monocacy, east of Meade's army, through
+Westminster, where he had a slight skirmish with some of the Union
+cavalry, moved up the pike to Littlestown and Hanover and joined Lee.</p>
+
+<p>Riding to Westminster I overtook General Gregg's division of cavalry,
+and on Wednesday moved forward with it to Hanover Junction, which is
+thirty miles east of Gettysburg. There, while our horses were eating
+their corn at noon, I heard the distant cannonade, the opening of the
+great battle.</p>
+
+<p>Striking directly across the country, I rejoined the Fifth Corps at
+Hanover. There were dead horses and dead soldiers in the streets lying
+where they fell. The wounded had been gathered into a school-house,
+and the warm-hearted women of the place were ministering to their
+comfort. It was evening. The bivouac fires of the Fifth Corps were
+gleaming in the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page266" name="page266"></a>(p. 266)</span> meadows west of the town, and the worn and
+weary soldiers were asleep, catching a few hours of repose before
+moving on to the place where they were to lay down their lives for
+their country.</p>
+
+<p>It was past eight o'clock on Thursday morning, July 2d, before we
+reached the field. The Fifth Corps, turning off from the Hanover road,
+east of Rock Creek, passed over to the Baltimore pike, crossed Rock
+Creek, filed through the field on the left hand and moved towards
+Little Round-top, or Weed's Hill as it is now called.</p>
+
+<p>Riding directly up the pike towards the cemetery, I saw the Twelfth
+Corps on my right, in the thick woods crowning Culp's Hill. Beyond,
+north of the pike, was the First Corps. Ammunition wagons were going
+up, and the artillerymen were filling their limber chests. Pioneers
+were cutting down the trees.</p>
+
+<p>Reaching the top of the hill in front of the cemetery gate the
+battle-field was in view. To understand a battle, the movements of the
+opposing forces, and what they attempt to accomplish, it is necessary
+first to comprehend the ground, its features, the hills, hollows,
+woods, ravines, ledges, roads,&mdash;how they are related. A rocky hill is
+frequently a fortress of itself. Rail fences and stone walls are of
+value, and a ravine may be equivalent to ten thousand men.</p>
+
+<p>Tying my horse and ascending the stairs to the top of the gateway
+building, I could look directly down upon the town. The houses were
+not forty rods distant. Northeast, three fourths of a mile, was Culp's
+Hill.</p>
+
+<p>On the northern side of the Baltimore pike were newly mown fields, the
+grass springing fresh and green since the mower had swept over it. In
+those fields were batteries with breastworks thrown up by Howard on
+Wednesday night,&mdash;light affairs, not intended to resist cannon-shot,
+but to protect the cannoneers from sharpshooters. Howard's lines of
+infantry were behind stone-walls. The cannoneers were lying beside
+their pieces,&mdash;sleeping perhaps, but at any rate keeping close, for,
+occasionally, a bullet came singing past them. Looking north over the
+fields, a mile or two, we saw a beautiful farming country,&mdash;fields of
+ripened grain,&mdash;russet mingled with the green in the landscape.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page267" name="page267"></a>(p. 267)</span> Conspicuous among the buildings is the almshouse, with its
+brick walls, great barn, and numerous out-buildings, on the Harrisburg
+road. Beyond are the houses of David and John Blocher,&mdash;John Blocher's
+being at the junction of the Carlisle and Newville roads. Looking over
+the town, the buildings of Pennsylvania College are in full view,
+between the road leading northwest to Mummasburg, and the unfinished
+track of a railroad running west through a deep excavation a half-mile
+from the college. The Chambersburg turnpike runs parallel to the
+railroad. South of this is the Lutheran Theological Seminary,
+beautifully situated, in front of a shady grove of oaks. West and
+southwest we look upon wheat, clover, and corn fields, on both sides
+of the road leading to Emmettsburg. A half-mile west of this road is
+an elevated ridge of land, crowned with apple-orchards and groves of
+oaks. Turning to the southeast, two miles distant, is Round-top,
+shaped like a sugar-loaf, rocky, steep, hard to climb, on its western
+face, easy to be held by those who have possession, clad with oaks and
+pines. Nearer, a little east of the meridian, is Weed's Hill, with
+Plum Run at its western base, flowing through a rocky ravine. From the
+sides of the hill, and on its top, great boulders bulge, like plums in
+a pudding. It is very stony west of the hill, as if Nature in making
+up the mould had dumped the <i>d�bris</i> there.</p>
+
+<p>Between Round-top and Weed's there is a gap, where men bent on a
+desperate enterprise might find a passway. Between Weed's and the
+cemetery the ridge is broken down and smoothed out into fields and
+pastures. The road to Taneytown runs east of this low ridge, the road
+to Emmettsburg west of it. A small house stands on the west side of
+the Taneytown road, with the American flag flying in front of it.
+There are horses hitched to the fences, while others are nibbling the
+grass in the fields. Officers with stars on their shoulders are
+examining maps, writing, and sending off cavalrymen. It is General
+Meade's head-quarters. When the Rebel batteries open it will be a warm
+place.</p>
+
+<p>Having taken a general look at the field, I rode forward towards the
+town, between Stewart's and Taft's batteries, in position on either
+side of the road. Soldiers in blue were lying behind the garden
+fences.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page268" name="page268"></a>(p. 268)</span> "Where are you going?" said one.</p>
+
+<p>"Into the town."</p>
+
+<p>"I reckon not. The Rebs hold it, and I advise you to turn about. It is
+rather dangerous where you are. The Rebels are right over there in
+that brick house."</p>
+
+<p>Right over there was not thirty rods distant.</p>
+
+<p>"Ping!"&mdash;and there was the sharp ring of a bullet over our heads.</p>
+
+<p>General Howard was in the cemetery with his maps and plans spread upon
+the ground.</p>
+
+<p>"We are just taking a lunch, and there is room for one more," was his
+kind and courteous welcome. Then removing his hat, he asked God to
+bless the repast. The bullets were occasionally singing over us.
+Soldiers were taking up the headstones and removing the monuments from
+their pedestals.</p>
+
+<p>"I want to preserve them, besides, if a shot should strike a stone,
+the pieces of marble would be likely to do injury," said the General.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers were blooming around us. I gathered a handful as a memento
+of the hour. Preparations were rapidly going on for the approaching
+struggle. North, west, and southwest the whole country was alive with
+Rebels,&mdash;long lines of men deploying in various directions, tents
+going up, with yellow flags above them on the distant hills, thousands
+of canvas-covered wagons, slowly winding along the roads, reaching as
+far as the eye could see towards Chambersburg, Carlisle, and
+Fairfield,&mdash;turning into the fields and taking positions in park.
+There were batteries of artillery, the cannon gleaming in the noonday
+sun, and hundreds of horsemen riding in hot haste on many a desperate
+errand.</p>
+
+<p>While partaking of our refreshment, General Howard narrated the
+operations of the preceding day.</p>
+
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page269" name="page269"></a>(p. 269)</span> CHAPTER XVIII.<br>
+
+THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG.</h2>
+
+<span class="sidedate">July, 1863.</span>
+
+<p>On Tuesday evening, the 30th of June, General Reynolds was in camp on
+Marsh Run, a short distance from Emmettsburg, while General Howard,
+with the Eleventh Corps, was in that town. Instructions were received
+from General Meade assigning General Reynolds to the command of the
+First, Eleventh, and Third Corps. General Reynolds moved early in the
+morning to Gettysburg, and sent orders to General Howard to follow.
+General Howard received the orders at 8 o'clock in the morning.
+General Barlow's division of the Eleventh followed the First Corps by
+the most direct road while General Schurz's and General Steinwehr's
+divisions went by Horner's Mills, the distance being thirteen miles.
+General Howard, with his staff, pushed on in advance of his troops.</p>
+
+<p>Buford's division of cavalry passed through Gettysburg on Tuesday and
+went into camp a mile and a half west of the town on the Chambersburg
+pike. At 9.30 A. M. on Wednesday, the Rebels of A. P. Hill's division
+appeared in front of him, and skirmishing commenced on the farm of
+Hon. Edward McPherson. General Reynolds rode into Gettysburg about 10
+o'clock in advance of his troops, turned up the Chambersburg road,
+reconnoitred the position, rode back again, met the head of his column
+a mile down the Emmettsburg road, turned it directly across the
+fields, towards the seminary, and deployed his divisions across the
+Chambersburg road. General Archer's brigade of Heth's division of A.
+P. Hill's corps was advancing eastward, unaware of Reynolds's
+movement. He had passed Herr's tavern, two miles beyond the town, when
+he found himself face to face with General Meredith's brigade of
+Reynolds's command. The fight opened at once. Archer and several
+hundred of his men were captured. General Cutler, pushing out from
+the town between the half-finished railroad and the Chambersburg
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page270" name="page270"></a>(p. 270)</span> road, came in contact with Davis's brigade of Mississippians.
+The contest increased. General Reynolds, while riding along the line,
+was killed in the field beyond the Seminary, and the command devolved
+on General Doubleday.</p>
+
+<p>General Howard heard the cannonade, and riding rapidly up the
+Emmettsburg road entered the town, sent messengers in search of
+General Reynolds, asking for instructions, not knowing that he had
+been killed.</p>
+
+<p>While waiting the return of his aids, he went to the top of the
+college to reconnoitre the surrounding country. His aid, Major Biddle,
+soon came back, with the sad intelligence that General Reynolds had
+fallen, and that the command devolved on himself.</p>
+
+<p>It was half past eleven. The Rebels were appearing in increased force.
+The prisoners taken said that the whole of A. P. Hill's corps was near
+by.</p>
+
+<p>"You will have your hands full before night. Longstreet is near, and
+Ewell is coming," said one, boastingly.</p>
+
+<p>"After an examination of the general features of the country," said
+General Howard, "I came to the conclusion that the only tenable
+position for my limited force was on this ridge. I saw that this was
+the highest point. You will notice that it commands all the other
+eminences. My artillery can sweep the fields completely."</p>
+
+<p>He pointed towards the north, where across the pike, just beyond the
+gateway, were Colonel Wainwright's batteries of the First Corps, and
+around us were Colonel Osborn's of the Eleventh. Behind us, east of
+the cemetery, was some of the reserve artillery.</p>
+
+<p>The head of the Eleventh Corps reached Gettysburg about twelve
+o'clock. The first and third division passed through the town, moved
+out beyond the college, and joined the right of the First Corps.
+Howard sent three batteries and his second division, Steinwehr's, to
+take possession of the cemetery and the hill north of the Baltimore
+pike.</p>
+
+<p>Thus far success had attended the Union arms. A large number of
+prisoners had been taken with but little loss, and the troops were
+holding their own against a superior force. About half past twelve
+cavalry scouts reported that Ewell was <span class="pagenum"><a id="page271" name="page271"></a>(p. 271)</span> coming down the York
+road, and was not more than four miles distant. General Howard sent an
+aid to General Sickles, who was at Emmettsburg, requesting him to come
+on with all haste. Another was sent down the Baltimore pike to the Two
+Taverns, three miles distant, with a similar message to General
+Slocum. The Second Corps was there,&mdash;resting in the fields. They had
+heard the roar of the battle, and could see the clouds of smoke rising
+over the intervening hills. General Slocum was the senior officer. He
+received the message, but did not, for reasons best known to himself,
+see fit to accede to the request. He could have put the Twelfth Corps
+upon the ground in season to meet Ewell, but remained where he was
+till after the contest for the day was over.</p>
+
+<p>It was a quarter before three when Ewell's lines began to deploy by
+John Blocher's house on the York road. The Rebel batteries were
+wheeled into position, and opened on Wadsworth. Weiderick's battery in
+the cemetery replied. Again a messenger went in haste to the
+delinquent officer.</p>
+
+<p>"I sent again to General Slocum, stating that my right flank was
+attacked; that it was in danger of being turned, and asking him if he
+was coming up," said General Howard.</p>
+
+<p>The message was delivered to Slocum, who was still at the Two Taverns,
+where he had been through the day. Weiderick's battery was in plain
+view from that position, but General Slocum did not move.</p>
+
+<p>This officer on Thursday and Friday did hard service. He afterward
+commanded acceptably one of Sherman's wings in the march from Atlanta
+to the sea, but on the first day at Gettysburg his inaction, unless
+satisfactorily explained, will compel the impartial historian to
+assign him a lower place on the scroll of fame than would otherwise
+have been accorded him.</p>
+
+<p>Sickles was too far off to render assistance. Meanwhile Ewell was
+pressing on towards the college. Another division of Rebels under
+General Pender came in from the southwest, and began to enfold the
+left of Howard's line.</p>
+
+<p>"I want a brigade to help me!" was the word from Schurz, commanding
+the two divisions in front of Ewell, beyond the college.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page272" name="page272"></a>(p. 272)</span> "Send out Costa's brigade," said Howard to his chief of staff.
+The brigade went down through the town accompanied by a battery, and
+joined the line, upon the double-quick. An hour passed, of close,
+desperate fighting. It wanted a quarter to four. Howard confronted by
+four times his own force, was still holding his ground, waiting for
+Slocum. Another messenger rode to the Two Taverns, urging Slocum to
+advance.</p>
+
+<p>"I must have reinforcements!" was the message from Doubleday on the
+left. "You must reinforce me!" was the word from Wadsworth in the
+centre.</p>
+
+<p>"Hold out a little longer, if possible; I am expecting General Slocum
+every moment," was Howard's reply. Still another despatch was sent to
+the Two Taverns, but General Slocum had not moved. The Rebel cannon
+were cutting Wadsworth's line. Pender was sweeping round Doubleday;
+Ewell was enclosing Schurz. Sickles was five miles distant, advancing
+as fast as he could. Slocum was where he had been from early morning,
+three miles distant. The tide was turning. The only alternative was a
+retreat. It was past four o'clock. For six hours the ground had been
+held against a greatly superior force.</p>
+
+<p>Major Howard, the General's brother, a member of his staff, dashed
+down the pike in search of Slocum, with a request that he would move
+at once, and send one division to the right and the other to the left
+of Gettysburg. Slocum declined to go up to the front and take any
+responsibility, as he understood that General Meade did not wish to
+bring on a general engagement. He was willing, however, to send
+forward his troops as General Howard desired, and issued his orders
+accordingly. Under military law the question might be raised whether a
+senior officer had a right to throw off the responsibility which
+circumstances had forced upon him; also whether he could turn over his
+troops to a subordinate.</p>
+
+<a id="img046" name="img046"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img046.jpg" width="300" height="449" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">The color-bearer.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>But before the divisions of the Twelfth Corps could get in motion, the
+Rebels had completely enfolded both flanks of Howard's line. The order
+to retreat was given. The two corps came crowding through the town.
+The Rebels pressed on with cheers. Most of the First Corps reached the
+cemetery ridge, and were rallied by Howard, Steinwehr, and Hancock.
+This officer <span class="pagenum"><a id="page273" name="page273"></a>(p. 273)</span> had just arrived. The troops were streaming
+over the hill, when he reined up his steed in the cemetery. He came,
+under direction of General Meade, to take charge of all the troops in
+front. The Eleventh Corps was hard pressed, and lost between two and
+three thousand prisoners in the town.</p>
+
+<p>The Rebels of Ewell's command pushed up the northern slope, through
+the hay-fields, flushed with victory; but Weiderick's battery poured
+canister in quick discharges into the advancing ranks, breaking the
+line.</p>
+
+<p>The retreat was so orderly and the resistance so steady that the
+Rebels gave utterance to their admiration. Said General Hill,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"A Yankee color-bearer floated his standard in the field and the
+regiment fought around it; and when at last it was obliged to retreat,
+the color-bearer retired last of all, turning round now and then to
+shake his fist in the face of the advancing Rebels. He was sorry when
+he saw him meet his doom."<a id="footnotetag46" name="footnotetag46"></a><a href="#footnote46" title="Go to footnote 46"><span class="smaller">[46]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>Three color-bearers of the Nineteenth Indiana were shot. The
+Sergeant-Major, Asa Blanchard, ran and took the flag when the third
+man fell, waved it, and cried "Rally, boys!" The next moment he fell.
+His comrades stopped to carry him off. The Rebels were close at hand.</p>
+
+<p>"Don't stop for me," he cried. "Don't let them have the flag. Tell
+mother I never faltered." They were his parting words to his comrades,
+who saved the flag.</p>
+
+<p>General Hancock met General Howard and informed him of his
+instructions, saying, "General Meade undoubtedly supposed that I was
+your senior, but you outrank me."</p>
+
+<p>"It is no time to talk about rank. I shall most cheerfully obey your
+instructions and do all in my power to co-operate with you," was
+Howard's reply, thus waiving the command which was his by right. They
+perfectly agreed in what was to be done. General Howard took charge of
+the troops and batteries on the right of the line, while General
+Hancock brought order out of confusion on the left.</p>
+
+<p>The Rebels having been repulsed by the batteries, and satisfied
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page274" name="page274"></a>(p. 274)</span> with the work of the day, made no further attack, although
+they greatly outnumbered the Union force.</p>
+
+<p>General Sickles arrived at seven o'clock, and General Slocum also came
+up, he being the senior officer, General Howard turned over the
+command to him, while General Hancock went back to see General Meade
+at Taneytown, to inform him of the state of affairs. The Third Corps
+filed into position on the left of the First, south of the cemetery,
+while the Twelfth took possession of Culp's Hill.</p>
+
+<p>So closed the first day at Gettysburg.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SECOND DAY.</h3>
+
+<p class="right10"><span class="smcap">Thursday</span>, July 2.</p>
+
+<p>General Meade arrived on the battle-field at three o'clock on the
+morning of the 2d, and had an interview with General Howard soon after
+by the cemetery gate. They rode along the lines together.</p>
+
+<p>"I am confident that we can hold this position," said General Howard.</p>
+
+<p>"I am glad to hear you say so, for it is too late to leave it," said
+Meade.</p>
+
+<p>The cannonade began at daybreak, the guns in the cemetery and those of
+the Rebels near Blocher's house keeping up a steady fire for an hour,
+when both parties, as if by mutual consent, became silent; but the
+pickets were at it all along the lines.</p>
+
+<p>While I was conversing with General Howard, his brother, Major Howard,
+who was keeping a sharp look upon the Rebels, came running up. "There
+is a splendid chance to cut them up, General; just see them!"</p>
+
+<p>A column of Rebels was moving along the Chambersburg road, and stood
+out in bold relief.</p>
+
+<p>"Let Osborn pitch in the shells from his rifled pieces," said the
+Major.</p>
+
+<p>General Howard surveyed them a moment and replied: "We might do them
+some damage, but we are not quite ready to bring on a general
+engagement. It isn't best to hurry. We shall have enough fighting
+before night."</p>
+
+<p>The battle had not commenced in earnest. Lee was moving <span class="pagenum"><a id="page275" name="page275"></a>(p. 275)</span> his
+troops towards the left. The Union pickets were posted along the
+Emmettsburg road; some were lying down in the wheat-fields beyond it,
+keeping up a steady interchange of shots with the Rebels. It was a
+favorable time to ride over the ground where the great contest was to
+take place.</p>
+
+<p>The first division, General Ames's, of the Eleventh Corps, was north
+of the Baltimore pike, the third division, Schurz's, was on both sides
+of it, and the second division, Steinwehr's, in the cemetery, lying
+behind the stone wall, which forms its western boundary. Colonel
+Osborn's batteries were on the crest of the ridge, in position to fire
+over the heads of the infantry. Robinson's division of the First Corps
+was posted at the left of Steinwehr's, crossing the Taneytown road.
+Wadsworth's and Doubleday's divisions of the First were north of the
+Baltimore pike, to the right of General Ames, reaching to Culp's Hill,
+where they joined the Twelfth Corps.</p>
+
+<p>Riding down the road towards Taneytown, I came upon General Stannard's
+brigade of nine months' Vermont boys, lying in the open field in rear
+of the cemetery. Occasionally a shell came over them from the Rebel
+batteries, by Blocher's. It was their first experience under fire.
+They were in reserve, knowing nothing of what was going on the other
+side of the hill, yet tantalized by a flank fire from the distant
+batteries. A short distance farther I came to General Meade's
+head-quarters, in the house of Mrs. Leister. General Meade was there
+surrounded by his staff, consulting maps and issuing orders. General
+Hancock's head-quarters' flag,&mdash;the tree-foil of the Second
+Corps,&mdash;was waving on the ridge southwest of the house. General
+Slocum's,&mdash;the star-flag,&mdash;was in sight, on a conical hill a half-mile
+eastward. The crescent flag of the Eleventh was proudly planted on the
+highest elevation of the cemetery. The Maltese cross of the Fifth
+Corps was a half-mile south, toward Round-top.</p>
+
+<p>Turning into the field and riding to the top of the ridge, I came upon
+Hayes's division of the Second Corps, joining Robinson's of the First;
+then Gibbons's and Caldwell's of the Second, reaching to a narrow
+roadway running west from the Taneytown road to the house of Abraham
+Trostle, where, a half-mile in advance of the main line, was planted
+the diamond <span class="pagenum"><a id="page276" name="page276"></a>(p. 276)</span> flag of the Third Corps, General Sickles. Pushing
+directly west, through a field where the grass was ripening for the
+scythe, I approached the house of Mr. Codori, on the Emmettsburg road.
+But it was a dangerous place just then to a man on horseback, for the
+pickets of both armies were lying in the wheat-field west of the road.
+General Carr's brigade of the Third Corps was lying behind the ridge
+near the house of Peter Rogers. Soldiers were filling their canteens
+from the brook in the hollow. Further down by the house of Mr. Wentz,
+at the corner of the narrow road leading east from the Emmettsburg
+road, and in the peach-orchards on both sides of it, were troops and
+batteries. The Second New Hampshire, the First Maine, and the Third
+Michigan were there, holding the angle of the line, which here turned
+east from the Emmettsburg road. Thompson's battery was behind Wentz's
+house. General Sickles had his other batteries in position along the
+narrow road, the muzzles of the guns pointing southwest. Ames's New
+York battery was in the orchard, and the gunners were lying beneath
+the peach-trees, enjoying the leafy shade. Clark's New Jersey battery,
+Phillips's Fifth Massachusetts, and Bigelow's Ninth Massachusetts were
+on the left of Ames. Bigelow's was in front of Trostle's house, having
+complete command and the full sweep of a beautiful slope beyond the
+road for sixty rods.</p>
+
+<p>The slope descends to a wooded ravine through which winds a brook,
+gurgling over a rocky bed. Beyond the brook are the stone farm-house
+and capacious barn of John Rose, in whose door-yard were the Union
+pickets, exchanging a shot now and then with the Rebels of
+Longstreet's corps, south of Rose's, who were lying along the
+Emmettsburg road.</p>
+
+<p>General Barnes's division of the Third Corps was in the woods south of
+the narrow road, and among the rocks in front of Weed's Hill.</p>
+
+<p>Sickles had advanced to the position upon his own judgment of the
+fitness of the movement. He believed that it was necessary to hold the
+ravine, down to Round-top, to prevent the enemy from passing through
+the gap between that eminence and Weed's Hill.</p>
+
+<p>General Meade had called his corps commanders to his head-quarters
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page277" name="page277"></a>(p. 277)</span> for consultation. Sickles did not attend, deeming it of vital
+importance to prepare for the advance of the enemy, and his soldiers
+were levelling fences and removing obstructions.</p>
+
+<p>A peremptory order reached Sickles requiring his presence. He rode to
+the head-quarters of the army, but the conference was over, and he
+went back to his command followed by General Meade.</p>
+
+<p>"Are you not too much extended? Can you hold your front?" asked the
+Commander-in-Chief.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, only I shall want more troops."</p>
+
+<p>"I will send you the Fifth Corps, and you may call on Hancock for
+support."</p>
+
+<p>"I shall need more artillery."</p>
+
+<p>"Send for all you want. Call on General Hunt of the Artillery Reserve.
+I will direct him to send you all you want."</p>
+
+<p>The pickets were keeping up a lively fire.</p>
+
+<p>"I think that the Rebels will soon make their appearance," said
+Sickles.</p>
+
+<p>A moment later and the scattering fire became a volley. General Meade
+took another look at the troops in position, and galloped back to his
+head-quarters.</p>
+
+<p>General Lee, in his report, has given an outline of his intentions, he
+says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>"It had not been intended to fight a general battle at such a
+     distance from our base, unless attacked by the enemy; but,
+     finding ourselves unexpectedly confronted by the Federal army, it
+     became a matter of difficulty to withdraw through the mountains
+     with our large trains. At the same time the country was
+     unfavorable for collecting supplies while in the presence of the
+     enemy's main body, as he was enabled to restrain our foraging
+     parties by occupying the passes of the mountains with regular and
+     local troops. A battle thus became, in a measure, unavoidable.
+     Encouraged by the successful issue of the engagement of the first
+     day, and in view of the valuable results that would ensue from
+     the defeat of the army of General Meade, it was thought advisable
+     to renew the attack.</p>
+
+<p>"The remainder of Ewell's and Hill's corps having arrived, and
+     two divisions of Longstreet's, our preparations were made
+     accordingly. During the afternoon intelligence was received of
+     the arrival of General Stuart at Carlisle, and he was ordered to
+     march to Gettysburg <span class="pagenum"><a id="page278" name="page278"></a>(p. 278)</span> and take position on the left. A
+     full account of these engagements cannot be given until the
+     reports of the several commanding officers shall have been
+     received, and I shall only offer a general description.</p>
+
+<p>"The preparations for attack were not completed until the
+     afternoon of the 2d.</p>
+
+<p>"The enemy held a high and commanding ridge, along which he had
+     massed a large amount of artillery. General Ewell occupied the
+     left of our line, General Hill the centre, and General Longstreet
+     the right. In front of General Longstreet the enemy held a
+     position from which, if he could be driven, it was thought that
+     our army could be used to advantage in assailing the more
+     elevated ground beyond, and thus enable us to reach the crest of
+     the ridge. That officer was directed to endeavor to carry this
+     position, while General Ewell attacked directly the high ground
+     on the enemy's right, which had already been partially fortified.
+     General Hill was instructed to threaten the centre of the Federal
+     line, in order to prevent reinforcements being sent to either
+     wing, and to avail himself of any opportunity that might present
+     itself to attack."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Lee had been all day perfecting his plans. He was riding along his
+lines at sunrise, reconnoitring Meade's position. His head-quarters
+were near the Theological Seminary, where, at five o'clock in the
+morning, Lee, Hill, Longstreet, Hood, and Heth were engaged in
+conversation. The conference lasted till seven o'clock, when
+Longstreet rode down to his corps to make arrangements for the attack.
+Hood had the extreme right, and McLaws stood next in line. Pickett,
+commanding his other division, had not arrived. It was to be held in
+reserve.<a id="footnotetag47" name="footnotetag47"></a><a href="#footnote47" title="Go to footnote 47"><span class="smaller">[47]</span></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page279" name="page279"></a>(p. 279)</span> Lee chose, as his first point of attack, the position
+occupied by Sickles. The ground by Wentz's house is higher than the
+ridge, where Hancock had established his head-quarters. If he could
+drive Sickles from the peach-orchard by turning his left flank, and
+gain Weed's Hill, Meade would be compelled to retreat, and the nature
+of the ground was such in rear of the cemetery that a retreat might be
+turned into a complete rout. Meade's position was a very fair one for
+defence, but one from which an army could not well retire before a
+victorious enemy. The trains in park along Rock Creek would have been
+in the way. Baggage trains are exceedingly useful, but there are times
+when commanders do not know what to do with them. A battery in the
+hands of the enemy, planted on the ridge, or in the cemetery, if those
+places had fallen into the hands of the Rebels, would have produced
+confusion in Meade's rear among the teamsters, who are not always cool
+under fire, especially if they have refractory mules to manage.
+General Meade would have chosen a position fifteen or twenty miles in
+rear, nearer to his base of supplies, and had he been at Gettysburg on
+Wednesday evening, doubtless would have ordered a retreat. The
+question, whether to fall back or to hold the position, was seriously
+debated. But Howard had made the stand. He believed that the position
+could be held, and Lee defeated there. He did not calculate for a
+defeat, but for victory. Had Meade fallen back, Lee would have been
+wary of moving on. It was not his intention, he says, to fight a
+general battle so far from his base. He would have followed
+cautiously, if at all. Through <span class="pagenum"><a id="page280" name="page280"></a>(p. 280)</span> the foresight, faith, and
+courage of Howard, therefore, Gettysburg has become a turning-point in
+history. And yet, not that alone, for the warp and woof of history are
+made up of innumerable threads. The Rebels, on that afternoon of
+Thursday, as they moved out from the woods into the fields south of
+the house of John Rose, had a thorough contempt for the troops in
+blue, standing beneath the peach-trees in Sherfy's orchard, and along
+the road towards Trostle's. Big Bethel, Bull Run, Richmond, Manassas,
+Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Cedar Mountain, Harper's Ferry they
+remembered as victories; and even Antietam and South Mountain were
+called drawn battles by the Rebel commander-in-chief. They had already
+achieved one victory on the soil of Pennsylvania. Five thousand
+Yankees had been captured. The troops of the Confederacy were
+invincible, not only while fighting at their own doors, but as
+invaders of the North. Such was the feeling of the soldiers. But the
+Rebel officers were not quite so sanguine of success as the men. An
+Englishman, who saw the fight from the Rebel side, says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>"At 4.30 P. M. (Wednesday) we came in sight of Gettysburg, and
+     joined General Lee and General Hill, who were on the top of one
+     of the ridges which form the peculiar feature of the country
+     round Gettysburg. We could see the enemy retreating up one of the
+     opposite ridges, pursued by the Confederates with loud yells.</p>
+
+<p>"The position into which the enemy had been driven was evidently
+     a strong one. General Hill now came up, and told me he had been
+     very unwell all day, and in fact he looks very delicate. He said
+     he had two of his divisions engaged, and had driven the enemy
+     four miles into his present position, capturing a great many
+     prisoners, some cannon, and some colors; he said, however, that
+     the Yankees had fought with a determination unusual to them. He
+     pointed out a railway cutting in which they had made a good
+     stand; also a field, in the centre of which he had seen a man
+     plant the regimental colors, round which the regiment had fought
+     for some time with much obstinacy; and when at last it was
+     obliged to retreat, the color-bearer retired last of all, turning
+     round every now and then to shake his fist at the advancing
+     Rebels. General Hill said he felt quite sorry when he saw this
+     gallant Yankee meet his doom.</p>
+
+<p>"General Ewell had come up at 3.30 on the enemy's right and
+     completed his discomfiture.</p>
+
+<p>     <span class="pagenum"><a id="page281" name="page281"></a>(p. 281)</span> "General Reynolds, one of the best Yankee generals, was
+     reported killed. Whilst we were talking, a message arrived from
+     General Ewell, requesting Hill to press the enemy in front,
+     whilst he performed the same operation on his right. The pressure
+     was accordingly applied in a mild degree, but the enemy were too
+     strongly posted, and it was too late in the evening for a regular
+     attack."<a id="footnotetag48" name="footnotetag48"></a><a href="#footnote48" title="Go to footnote 48"><span class="smaller">[48]</span></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<a id="img047" name="img047"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<a href="images/img047.jpg">
+<img src="images/img047tb.jpg" width="500" height="285" alt="" title=""></a>
+<p class="caption">Gettysburg battlefield.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>General Hill and General Lee had been observant of the "determination
+unusual to the Yankees." The "pressure" brought upon Howard in the
+cemetery, at nightfall, was resisted by men who had suffered defeat,
+who had left a third of their comrades dead or wounded on the field,
+or as prisoners in the hands of the enemy. But the Rebel
+rank-and-file, remembering only the victories they had already won,
+did not for a moment doubt their ability to win another. They were
+flushed with the enthusiasm of repeated successes.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, the soldiers of the Union believed, with Howard,
+Hancock, Sickles, and other officers, that they could hold the
+position against the assaults of Lee. It was not a calculation of
+advantages,&mdash;of the value of hills, ravines, fields, and meadows,&mdash;or
+of numbers, but a determination to win the day or to die on the spot.</p>
+
+<p>Such were the feelings of the opposing parties on that sunny
+afternoon, as they appeared in line of battle.</p>
+
+<p>The Rebel forces moving to the attack south of Wentz's were wholly
+under Longstreet's command. Anderson's division of Hill's corps was
+joined to McLaw's and Hood's, to form the attacking column. The
+Washington Artillery of New Orleans was in the woods southwest of
+Wentz's house. Barksdale's Mississippians were behind artillery. A few
+rods west of the same house, on a narrow road leading towards
+Hagerstown, is the residence of Mr. Warfield. A third of a mile north
+of Wentz's, on the Emmettsburg road, is the house of Philip Snyder.
+Between Warfield's and Snyder's, Longstreet planted fifty or sixty
+guns to bear on the peach-orchard and the batteries which Sickles had
+stationed along the road leading past Trostle's, and upon the woods
+east of the house of Mr. Rose.</p>
+
+<p>Longstreet's plan was to attack with all the vigor possible,&mdash;to
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page282" name="page282"></a>(p. 282)</span> bear down all opposition in the outset. Commanders frequently
+begin an engagement by feeling of the enemy's position,&mdash;advancing a
+few skirmishers, a regiment, or a brigade; but in this instance
+Longstreet advanced all but his reserve.</p>
+
+<p>It was half past three. Riding rapidly to the right to see if there
+were signs of activity in that direction, dismounting in rear of the
+line, and tying my horse to a tree, I took a look northward. A mile to
+the north Rebel officers were in view, galloping furiously over the
+fields, disappearing in groves, dashing down the road to the town, and
+again returning. There was a battery in position beyond the railroad,
+and as I looked narrowly at an opening between two groves, I saw the
+glistening of bayonets, and a line as if a column of men were marching
+east toward the thick forest on Rock Creek. It was surmised that they
+were to attack our right upon Culp's Hill by advancing directly down
+Rock Creek through the woods. Prisoners captured said that Ewell had
+sworn a terrible oath to turn our flank, if it took his last man. To
+guard against such a movement, Slocum was throwing up breastworks from
+the crest of the hill down to Rock Creek. Two batteries were placed in
+position on hillocks south of the turnpike, to throw shells up the
+creek, should such an attempt be made. The Union Cavalry in long lines
+was east of the creek, and the Reserve Artillery, in parks, with
+horses harnessed, was in the open field south of Slocum's
+head-quarters.</p>
+
+<p>'As near as I can make out, the Rebels have got a line of batteries in
+that piece of woods,' said an officer who had been looking steadily
+across the ravine to Blocher's Hill. Laying my glass upon the
+breastwork, I could see the guns and the artillerymen beside their
+pieces, as if ready to begin the action.</p>
+
+<p>Suddenly there came the roar of a gun from the south. It was
+Longstreet's signal. Another, another, and the fire ran from Snyder's
+to the Seminary, then round to Blocher's Hill.</p>
+
+<p>I was at the moment near the cemetery. There came a storm of shot and
+shell. Marble slabs were broken, iron fences shattered, horses
+disembowelled. The air was full of wild, hideous noises,&mdash;the low buzz
+of round shot, the whizzing of elongated bolts, and the stunning
+explosions of shells, overhead and all around.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page283" name="page283"></a>(p. 283)</span> There was a quick response from the Union batteries. In three
+minutes the earth shook with the tremendous concussion of two hundred
+pieces of artillery.</p>
+
+<p>The missiles of the Rebels came from the northeast, north, northwest,
+west, and southwest. The position occupied by the Vermont nine months'
+men was one of great exposure, as the ground in rear of the cemetery
+was the centre of a converging fire.</p>
+
+<p>"Lie close," said General Stannard to the men. They obeyed him, but he
+walked to the top of the ridge and watched the coming on of the storm
+in the southwest.</p>
+
+<p>The Fifth Corps had not moved into position, but was resting after the
+sixteen miles' march from Hanover.</p>
+
+<p>The Rebels of Longstreet's command first in sight come out from the
+woods behind Warfield's house, a long line in the form of a crescent,
+reaching almost to Round-top. Ames's battery was the first to open
+upon them. Thompson, Clark, and Phillips began to thunder almost
+simultaneously. Bigelow, from his position, could not get a sight at
+them till two or three minutes later. The Third Michigan, Second New
+Hampshire, and Third Maine were the first regiments engaged. The fire
+ran down the line towards Rose's house. The regiments in the woods
+along the ravine south of the house,&mdash;the Seventeenth Maine, Third
+Michigan, and others,&mdash;were soon in the fight. A portion of the
+Seventeenth Maine had been skirmishing all the morning.</p>
+
+<p>Ward's brigade on the rocky ridge in front of Weed's Hill was assailed
+by Hood. How fearful the fight! Sickles's front line, after an
+obstinate struggle, was forced back. He was obliged to withdraw his
+batteries by Wentz's house. Bigelow retired firing by prolonge, over
+the rocky ground. The contest in the peach-orchard and around Rose's
+house was exceedingly bloody. Sickles sent his aide for
+reinforcements: "I want batteries and men!" said he.</p>
+
+<p>"I want you to hold on where you are until I can get a line of
+batteries in rear of you," said Colonel McGilvery, commanding the
+artillery of the Third Corps, to Bigelow. "Give them canister!" he
+added as he rode away. Bigelow's men never had been under fire, but
+they held on till every charge <span class="pagenum"><a id="page284" name="page284"></a>(p. 284)</span> of canister was spent, and
+then commenced on spherical case. Bigelow was just west of Trostle's
+barn. A Rebel battery hastened up and unlimbered in the field. He
+opened with all his guns, and they limbered up again. McGilvery's
+batteries were not in position, and the gallant captain and his brave
+men would not leave. The Rebels rushed upon the guns, and were blown
+from the muzzles. Others came with demoniac yells, climbing upon the
+limbers and shooting horses. Sergeant Dodge went down, killed
+instantly; also Sergeant Gilson. Lipman, Ferris, and Nutting, three of
+the cannoneers, were gone, twenty-two of the men wounded, and Bigelow
+shot through the side; also four men missing, yet they held on till
+McGilvery had his batteries in position!</p>
+
+<p>It was a heroic resistance. Gun after gun was abandoned to the
+advancing Rebels. But the cannoneers were thoughtful to retain the
+rammers, and though the Rebels seized the pieces they could not turn
+them upon the slowly-retreating handful of men, who with two pieces
+still growled defiance. Back to Trostle's door-yard, into the garden,
+halting by the barn, delivering a steady fire, they held the enemy at
+bay till the batteries of the Fifth Corps, a little east of Trostle's,
+and the arrival of reinforcements of infantry, permitted their
+withdrawal. More than sixty horses belonging to this one battery were
+killed in this brief struggle at the commencement of the battle. With
+the seizure of each piece the Rebels cheered, and advanced with
+confident expectation of driving Sickles over the ridge.</p>
+
+<p>But new actors came. Barnes's division of the Fifth went down through
+Trostle's garden and through the grove south of the house, crossed the
+road, and entered the woods. The Rebels were in the ravine by Rose's
+house. Winslow's New York battery was in a wheat-field south of
+Trostle's, holding them in check, while Hazlitt's battery on Weed's
+Hill rained a torrent of shells from its rocky fortress.</p>
+
+<p>Ayer's division of Regulars, which had been lying east of Weed's Hill,
+moved upon the double-quick through the woods, up to the summit. The
+whole scene was before them: the turmoil and commotion in the woods
+below,&mdash;Barnes going in and the shattered regiments of the Third Corps
+coming out. Some batteries were in retreat and others were taking new
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page285" name="page285"></a>(p. 285)</span> positions. They dashed down the hillside, became a little
+disorganized in crossing Plum Run, but formed again and went up the
+ridge among the boulders, disappeared in the woods, stayed a few
+minutes, and then, like a shattered wreck upon the foaming sea, came
+drifting to the rear.</p>
+
+<p>After the battle, an officer of the Seventeenth Regulars pointed out
+to me the line of advance.</p>
+
+<p>"We went down the hill upon the run," said he. "It was like going down
+into hell! The Rebels were yelling like devils. Our men were falling
+back. It was terrible confusion: smoke, dust, the rattle of musketry,
+the roaring of cannon, the bursting of shells."</p>
+
+<p>The Pennsylvania Reserves, under Crawford, went in. They were fighting
+on their own soil. Among them were soldiers whose homes were in
+Gettysburg.</p>
+
+<p>Sickles called upon Hancock for help. Caldwell's division went down,
+sweeping past Trostle's into the wheat-field, dashing through Barnes's
+men, who were falling back. Regiments from three corps and from eight
+or ten brigades were fighting promiscuously. The Rebel lines were also
+in confusion,&mdash;advancing, retreating, gaining, and losing.</p>
+
+<p>It was like the writhing of two wrestlers. Seventy thousand men were
+contending for the mastery on a territory scarcely a mile square! It
+has been called the battle of Little Round-top, but most of the
+fighting at this point took place between Little Round-top on Weed's
+Hill and the house of Mr. Rose. But there was also a contest around
+and upon the hill.</p>
+
+<p>The advance of Hood enveloped the Union force below. The men on Hood's
+extreme right skirted the base of the hill, clambered over the rocks
+by the "Devil's Den,"&mdash;a rocky gorge,&mdash;and began to pour into the gap
+between Weed's and Round-top. Vincent's and Weed's brigades were
+holding the hill. The Twentieth Maine, Colonel Chamberlain, was on the
+extreme left. The Eighty-Third Pennsylvania, Forty-Fourth New York,
+and Sixteenth Michigan were farther north. The Twentieth Maine stood
+almost alone. There began to be a dropping of bullets along the line
+from the Rebel skirmishers creeping into the gap, and Colonel
+Chamberlain saw the enemy moving past his flank. He immediately
+extended his own left flank <span class="pagenum"><a id="page286" name="page286"></a>(p. 286)</span> by forming his men in single
+rank. The fight was fierce. The Rebels greatly outnumbered
+Chamberlain, but he had the advantage of position. He was on the crest
+of the hill, and at every lull in the strife his men piled the loose
+stones into a rude breastwork. He sent for assistance, but before the
+arrival of reinforcements Hood's troops had gained the eastern side of
+the hill, and the Twentieth Maine stood in the form of the letter U,
+with Rebels in front, on their flank, and in rear.</p>
+
+<p>It was nearly six o'clock. I was at Meade's head-quarters. The roar of
+battle was louder and grew nearer. Hill was threatening the centre. A
+cloud of dust could be seen down the Baltimore pike. Had Stuart
+suddenly gained our rear? There were anxious countenances around the
+cottage where the flag of the Commander-in-Chief was flying. Officers
+gazed with their field-glasses. "It is not cavalry, but infantry,"
+said one. "There is the flag. It is the Sixth Corps."</p>
+
+<p>We could see the advancing bayonets gleaming in the setting sun. Faces
+which a moment before were grave became cheerful. It was an inspiring
+sight. The troops of that corps had marched thirty-two miles during
+the day. They crossed Rock Creek, filed into the field, past the
+ammunition train, threw themselves upon the ground, tossed aside their
+knapsacks, and wiped the sweat from their sun-burnt cheeks.</p>
+
+<p>"We want reinforcements. They are flanking us," said an officer,
+riding up to Meade. Word was sent to Slocum, and Williams's division
+of the Twelfth left their breastwork on Culp's Hill, came down upon
+the double-quick, leaping the stone walls between Slocum's
+head-quarters and the cemetery, and moved into the field west of the
+Taneytown road.</p>
+
+<p>Stannard's brigade was attached to the First Corps, commanded by
+Doubleday. The Vermont boys had been lying on their faces through the
+long, tormenting hours. They were ready for desperate work. Doubleday
+dashed down to General Stannard. There is a strong contrast between
+these two officers. Doubleday is tall, broad-shouldered, a little
+stooping. He was in Sumter with Anderson when the Rebels fired the
+first gun at the old flag. He is cool and courageous. Stannard is
+short, straight, compactly built. He was a private citizen at St.
+Albans, Vermont, when the war began. He is a thorough
+citizen-soldier, as undaunted as his superior.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page287" name="page287"></a>(p. 287)</span> "You are wanted over there. Report to Hancock," said
+Doubleday.</p>
+
+<p>The men of Vermont sprang to their feet, and went up the ridge toward
+the southwest upon the run. At the same time an officer rode down to
+the Sixth Corps. I saw the tired and weary men rise from the ground
+and fall into line. They also moved off upon the run toward Weed's
+Hill, which was all aflame. Hazlitt was firing canister from the top.
+Nearly all the Third, Fifth, and Second Corps batteries were at work.
+The sun was just setting. Sickles had been forced back from the
+peach-orchard, and from Rose's house, but he was still holding
+Trostle's. The dark lines of the Sixth Corps became lost to sight, as
+they moved into the woods crowning the hill. There were quicker
+volleys, a lighting up of the sky by sudden flashes, followed by a
+cheer,&mdash;not the wild yell peculiar to the Rebels, but a sharp, clear
+hurrah, from the men who had held the hill. Longstreet was giving up
+the struggle, and his men were falling back. Colonel Randall, with
+five companies of the Thirteenth Vermont, led the advance of General
+Stannard's column. Hancock had been forced to leave the guns of one of
+his batteries on the field near Codori's house.</p>
+
+<p>The Rebel sharpshooters were lying along the Emmettsburg road, pouring
+in a deadly fire, under cover of which a large body of Rebels was
+advancing to take possession of the pieces.</p>
+
+<p>"Can you retake that battery?" was Hancock's question to Randall.</p>
+
+<p>"We'll do it or die, sir!"</p>
+
+<p>"Then go in."</p>
+
+<p>"Forward!" said Randall, turning in his saddle and waving his sword.
+His men gave a cheer, and broke into a run. The Colonel's horse fell,
+shot through the shoulder, but the Colonel dashed ahead on foot. They
+reached the guns, drew them to the rear. The Rebels came on with a
+rush. But help was at hand,&mdash;the Fourteenth Maine joined the
+Vermonters. Leaving the guns the soldiers faced about, charged upon
+the Rebels, captured eighty-three prisoners, and two Rebel cannon, and
+then returned! Long and loud were the cheers that greeted them.</p>
+
+<p>"You must be green, or you wouldn't have gone down <span class="pagenum"><a id="page288" name="page288"></a>(p. 288)</span> there,"
+said a Pennsylvanian, who had been in a dozen battles. The blood of
+the Vermont boys was up, and they had not calculated the consequences
+of such a movement.</p>
+
+<p>So closed the day on the left. But just as the contest was coming to
+an end around Weed's Hill, it suddenly commenced on the north side of
+the cemetery. Hayes's brigade of Louisiana Tigers, and Hoke's North
+Carolinians, belonging to Early's division of Ewell's corps, had been
+creeping across Spangler's farm, up the northern slope of the cemetery
+hill. Suddenly, with a shout they sprang upon Barlow's division,
+commanded by Amos. It was a short, fierce, but decisive contest. The
+attack was sudden, but the men of Ames's command were fully prepared.
+There was a struggle over the guns of two Pennsylvania batteries. The
+Fifth Maine battery was in an exceedingly favorable position, at an
+angle of the earthworks, east of the hill, and cut down the Rebels
+with a destructive enfilading fire. The struggle lasted scarcely five
+minutes,&mdash;the Rebels retreating in confusion to the town.</p>
+
+<p>When Slocum went with Williams to the left there were no indications
+of an attack on Culp's Hill, but unexpectedly Ewell made his
+appearance in the woods along Rock Creek. General Green, who had been
+left in command, extended his line east and made a gallant fight, but
+not having men enough to occupy all the ground, Ewell was able to take
+possession of the hollow along the Creek. When Williams returned, he
+found his entrenchments in possession of the enemy. The men of the
+Twelfth threw themselves on the ground in the fields on both sides of
+the Baltimore pike, for rest till daybreak.</p>
+
+<p>"We are doing well," was Longstreet's report to Lee at seven o'clock
+in the evening, from the left.<a id="footnotetag49" name="footnotetag49"></a><a href="#footnote49" title="Go to footnote 49"><span class="smaller">[49]</span></a> Ewell himself rode down through the
+town, to report his success on the right.</p>
+
+<p>At a later hour Longstreet reported that he had carried everything
+before him for some time, capturing several batteries, and driving the
+Yankees; but when Hill's Florida brigade and some other troops gave
+way, he was forced to abandon a small portion of the ground he had
+won, together with all the captured guns except three.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page289" name="page289"></a>(p. 289)</span> It was late in the evening when I threw myself upon a pile of
+straw in an old farm-house, near the Baltimore pike, for a few hours'
+rest, expecting that with the early morning there would be a renewal
+of the battle.</p>
+
+<p>There was the constant rumble of artillery moving into position, of
+ammunition and supply wagons going up to the troops. Lights were
+gleaming in the hollows, beneath the shade of oaks and pines, where
+the surgeons were at work, and where, through the dreary hours
+wailings and moanings rent the air; yet though within musket-shot of
+the enemy, and surrounded with dying and dead, I found refreshing
+sleep.</p>
+
+<h3>THIRD DAY.</h3>
+
+<p class="right10"><span class="smcap">Friday</span>, July 3.</p>
+
+<p>Boom! boom! Two guns, deep and heavy, at four o'clock. It was a sultry
+morning. The clouds hung low upon the hills. Two more! and then more
+rapidly than the tick of a pendulum came the concussions. There were
+flashes from all the hills,&mdash;flashes in the woods along Rock Creek.
+The cemetery was aflame. The door which had been opened against Slocum
+was to be closed, and this was the beginning of the effort.</p>
+
+<p>The cannonade broke the stillness of the morning, and drowned all
+other sounds. Riding up the turnpike to the batteries, I had a good
+view of the battle-ground. General Sickles was being carried to the
+rear on a stretcher. He had suffered amputation. Following him was a
+large number of prisoners, taken in the fight upon the left. Some were
+haggard and care-worn,&mdash;others indifferent, or sulky, and some very
+jolly. "I have got into the Union after hard fighting," said one, "and
+I intend to stay there."</p>
+
+<p>There were a few musket-shots in the woods upon the hill, from the
+pickets in advance. Slocum was preparing to regain what had been lost.
+It was seven o'clock before he was ready to move. The men moved
+slowly, but determinedly. The Rebels were in the rifle-pits, and
+opened a furious fire. A thin veil of smoke rose above the trees, and
+floated away before the morning breeze. Rapid the fire of
+musketry,&mdash;terrific the cannonade. Ewell was determined not to be
+driven back. He held on with dogged pertinacity. He had sworn
+profanely to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page290" name="page290"></a>(p. 290)</span> hold the position, but in vain his effort. The
+rifle-pits were regained, and he was driven, inch by inch, up Rock
+Creek.</p>
+
+<p>It took four hours to do it, however. Ewell, well knowing the
+importance of holding the position, brought in all of his available
+force. Johnson's, Rhodes's, and Early's divisions, all were engaged.
+To meet these General Shaler's brigade of the Sixth Corps was brought
+up to Culp's Hill, while Neil's brigade of the same corps was thrown
+in upon Early's flank east of Rock Creek, and the work was
+accomplished. The men fought from behind trees and rocks, with great
+tenacity. It was the last attempt of Lee upon Meade's right.</p>
+
+<p>Gregg's and Kilpatrick's divisions of cavalry were east of Rock Creek.
+An orderly came dashing down the Hanover road.</p>
+
+<p>"Stuart is coming round on our right!" said he. "General Pleasanton
+sends his compliments to General Gregg, desiring him to go out
+immediately and hold Stuart in check. His compliments also to General
+Kilpatrick, desiring him to go down beyond Round-top, and pitch in
+with all his might on Longstreet's left."</p>
+
+<p>I was conversing with the two officers at the time.</p>
+
+<p>"Good! come on, boys!" shouted Kilpatrick, rubbing his hands with
+pleasure. The notes of the bugle rang loud and clear above the rumble
+of the passing army wagons, and Kilpatrick's column swept down the
+hill, crossed the creek, and disappeared beyond Round-top. A half-hour
+later I saw the smoke of his artillery, and heard the wild shout of
+his men as they dashed recklessly upon the Rebel lines. It was the
+charge in which General Farnsworth and a score of gallant officers
+gave up their lives.</p>
+
+<p>General Gregg's division formed in the fields east of Wolf Hill.
+Stuart had already extended his line along the Bonnoughtown road.
+There was a brisk cannonade between the light batteries, and Stuart
+retired, without attempting to cut out the ammunition trains parked
+along the pike.</p>
+
+<p>Through the forenoon it was evident that Lee was preparing for another
+attack. He had reconnoitred the ground with Longstreet in the morning,
+and decided to assault Meade's line between the cemetery and Weed's
+Hill with a strong force. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page291" name="page291"></a>(p. 291)</span> He could form the attacking column
+out of sight, in the woods west of Codori's house. In advancing the
+troops would be sheltered till they reached the Emmettsburg road.
+Howard's guns in the cemetery would trouble them most by enfilading
+the lines. Howard must be silenced by a concentrated artillery fire.
+The cemetery could be seen from every part of the line occupied by the
+Rebels, and all the available batteries were brought into position to
+play upon it, and upon the position occupied by the Second Corps.</p>
+
+<p>The arrangements were intrusted to Longstreet. He selected Pickett's,
+Pender's, Heth's, and Anderson's divisions. Pickett's were fresh
+troops. Heth had been wounded, and Pettigrew was in command of the
+division. Wilcox's and Perry's brigades of Anderson's division had the
+right of the first Rebel line. Pickett's division occupied the centre
+of the first line, followed by Pender's. Heth's division, followed by
+Wright's brigade of Anderson's, had the left of the line.</p>
+
+<p>Wilcox and Perry's line of advance was past Klingel's house. Pickett's
+right swept across the Emmettsburg road by the house of Peter Rogers;
+his left reached to Codori's, where it joined Pettigrew's. Rhodes's
+division of Ewell's corps was brought down from the woods by Smucker's
+house, and put in position south of the town, to support Pettigrew's
+left. The attacking column numbered from twenty to twenty-five
+thousand men, but the force in support gave nearly thirty-five
+thousand men which Longstreet had in hand.</p>
+
+<p>The movements of the Rebels, as seen from the Union lines, indicated
+an attack upon our extreme left. The Fifth, Third, and Sixth Corps
+therefore were placed well down toward Round-top.</p>
+
+<p>Commencing at the Taneytown road and walking south, we have the
+following disposition of the troops resisting this attack. Robinson's
+division of the First Corps, reaching from the road along an oak
+grove, past a small house occupied by a colored man. Hays's division
+lay behind a stone wall, and a small grove of shrub-oaks. Gibbon had
+no protection except a few rails gathered from the fences. There are
+three oak-trees which mark the spot occupied by Hall's brigade.
+Harrow's was just beyond it, south. In front of Harrow's, six or
+eight <span class="pagenum"><a id="page292" name="page292"></a>(p. 292)</span> rods, were three regiments of Stannard's Vermont
+brigade,&mdash;the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Sixteenth,&mdash;lying in a
+shallow trench. Caldwell's division extended from Gibbon's to the
+narrow road leading past Trostle's house. The ridge in rear of the
+troops bristled with artillery. The infantry line was thin, but the
+artillery was compact and powerful.</p>
+
+<p>Longstreet having made his disposition for the attack, and the Rebel
+artillery not being ready, threw himself on the ground and went to
+sleep.<a id="footnotetag50" name="footnotetag50"></a><a href="#footnote50" title="Go to footnote 50"><span class="smaller">[50]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>Lee reconnoitred the position from the cupola of the college, over
+which the Confederate hospital-flag was flying,&mdash;thus violating what
+has been deemed even by half-civilized races a principle of honor.</p>
+
+<p>Visiting General Meade's head-quarters in the house of Mrs. Leister,
+in the forenoon, I saw the Commander-in-chief seated at a table with a
+map of Gettysburg spread out before him. General Warren, chief
+engineer, was by his side. General Williams, his Adjutant-General, who
+knew the strength of every regiment, was sitting on the bed, ready to
+answer any question. General Hunt, chief of artillery, was lying on
+the grass beneath a peach-tree in the yard. General Pleasanton, chief
+of the cavalry, neat and trim in dress and person, with a riding-whip
+tucked into his cavalry boots, was walking uneasily about. Aids were
+coming and going; a signal-officer in the yard was waving his flags in
+response to one on Round-top.</p>
+
+<p>"Signal-officer on Round-top reports Rebels moving towards our left,"
+said the officer to General Meade.</p>
+
+<p>It was five minutes past one when the signal-gun for the opening of
+the battle was given by the Rebels on Seminary Hill. Instantly the
+whole line of Rebel batteries, an hundred and fifty guns, joined in
+the cannonade. All of the guns northeast, north, and northwest of the
+town concentrated their fire upon the cemetery. Those west and
+southwest opened on Hancock's position. Solid shot and shells poured
+incessantly upon the cemetery and along the ridge. The intention of
+Lee was soon understood,&mdash;to silence Howard's batteries because they
+enfiladed the attacking force ready to move over <span class="pagenum"><a id="page293" name="page293"></a>(p. 293)</span> the fields
+toward the centre, our weakest point. If they could give to the living
+who held the burial-place a quiet as profound as that of the sleepers
+beneath the ground, then they might hope to break through the thin
+line of men composing the Second Corps.</p>
+
+<p>But Howard was not a man to be kept quiet at such a time without
+especial cause. His horses were knocked to pieces, the tombstones
+shivered, iron railings torn, shrubs and trees cut down, here and
+there men killed, but his batteries were not silenced.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Wilkenson of the New York <i>Tribune</i>, who was at General Meade's
+head-quarters when the fire was severest, thus describes the scene:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"In the shadow cast by the tiny farm-house, sixteen by twenty,
+     which General Meade had made his head-quarters, lay wearied staff
+     officers and tired correspondents. There was not wanting to the
+     peacefulness of the scene the singing of a bird, which had a nest
+     in a peach-tree within the tiny yard of the whitewashed cottage.
+     In the midst of its warbling a shell screamed over the house,
+     instantly followed by another, and another, and in a moment the
+     air was full of the most complete artillery-prelude to an
+     infantry battle that was ever exhibited. Every size and form of
+     shell known to British and to American gunnery shrieked, whirled,
+     moaned, and whistled, and wrathfully fluttered over our ground.
+     As many as six in a second, constantly two in a second, bursting
+     and screaming over and around the head-quarters, made a very hell
+     of fire that amazed the oldest officers. They burst in the
+     yard,&mdash;burst next to the fence on both sides, garnished as usual
+     with the hitched horses of aides and orderlies. The fastened
+     animals reared and plunged with terror. Then one fell, then
+     another,&mdash;sixteen lay dead and mangled before the fire ceased,
+     still fastened by their halters, which gave the expression of
+     being wickedly tied up to die painfully. These brute victims of a
+     cruel war touched all hearts. Through the midst of the storm of
+     screaming and exploding shells an ambulance, driven by its
+     frenzied conductor at full speed, presented to all of us the
+     marvellous spectacle of a horse going rapidly on three legs. A
+     hinder one had been shot off at the hock. A shell tore up the
+     little step at the head-quarters cottage, and ripped bags of oats
+     as with a knife. Another soon carried off one of its two pillars.
+     Soon a spherical case burst opposite the open door,&mdash;another
+     ripped through the low garret. The remaining pillar went almost
+     immediately to the howl of a fixed shot that Whitworth must have
+     made. During this fire, the horses at <span class="pagenum"><a id="page294" name="page294"></a>(p. 294)</span> twenty and thirty
+     feet distant were receiving their death, and soldiers in Federal
+     blue were torn to pieces in the road, and died with the peculiar
+     yells that blend the extorted cry of pain with horror and
+     despair. Not an orderly, not an ambulance, not a straggler was to
+     be seen upon the plain swept by this tempest of orchestral death,
+     thirty minutes after it commenced. Were not one hundred and
+     twenty pieces of artillery trying to cut from the field every
+     battery we had in position to resist their purposed infantry
+     attack, and to sweep away the slight defences behind which our
+     infantry were waiting? Forty minutes,&mdash;fifty minutes,&mdash;counted
+     watches that ran, O so languidly! Shells through the two lower
+     rooms. A shell into the chimney, that daringly did not explode.
+     Shells in the yard. The air thicker, and fuller, and more
+     deafening with the howling and whirring of these infernal
+     missiles. The Chief of Staff struck,&mdash;Seth Williams,&mdash;loved and
+     respected through the army, separated from instant death by two
+     inches of space vertically measured. An aide bored with a
+     fragment of iron through the bone of the arm. And the time
+     measured on the sluggish watches was one hour and forty minutes."</p>
+
+<p>A soldier was lying on the ground a few rods distant from where I was
+sitting. There was a shriek, such as I hope never again to hear, and
+his body was whirling in the air, a mangled mass of flesh, blood, and
+bones!</p>
+
+<p>A shell exploding in the cemetery, killed and wounded twenty-seven men
+in one regiment!<a id="footnotetag51" name="footnotetag51"></a><a href="#footnote51" title="Go to footnote 51"><span class="smaller">[51]</span></a> and yet the troops, lying under the
+fences,&mdash;stimulated and encouraged by General Howard, who walked
+coolly along the line,&mdash;kept their places and awaited the attack.</p>
+
+<p>It was half past two o'clock.</p>
+
+<p>"We will let them think that they have silenced us," said General
+Howard to Major Osborne. The artillerists threw themselves upon the
+ground beside their pieces.</p>
+
+<p>Suddenly there was a shout,&mdash;"Here they come!"</p>
+
+<p>Every man was on the alert. The cannoneers sprang to their feet. The
+long lines emerged from the woods, and moved rapidly but steadily over
+the fields, towards the Emmettsburg road.</p>
+
+<p>Howard's batteries burst into flame, throwing shells with the utmost
+rapidity. There are gaps in the Rebel ranks, but onward <span class="pagenum"><a id="page295" name="page295"></a>(p. 295)</span> still
+they come. They reach the Emmettsburg road. Pickett's division appears
+by Klingel's house. All of Howard's guns are at work now. Pickett
+turns to the right, moving north, driven in part by the fire rolling
+in upon his flank from Weed's Hill, and from the Third, Fifth, and
+Sixth Corps batteries. Suddenly he faces east, descends the gentle
+slope from the road behind Codori's, crosses the meadow, comes in
+reach of the muskets of the Vermonters. The three regiments rise from
+their shallow trench. The men beneath the oak-trees leap from their
+low breastwork of rails. There is a ripple, a roll, a deafening roar.
+Yet the momentum of the Rebel column carries it on. It is becoming
+thinner and weaker, but they still advance.</p>
+
+<p>The Second Corps is like a thin blue ribbon. Will it withstand the
+shock? "Give them canister! Pour it into them!" shouts Major Charles
+Howard, running from battery to battery. The Rebel line is almost up
+to the grove in front of Robinson's. It has reached the clump of
+shrub-oaks. It has drifted past the Vermont boys. Onward still. "Break
+their third line! Smash their supports!" cries General Howard, and
+Osborne and Wainwright send the fire of fifty guns into the column,
+each piece fired three times a minute! The cemetery is lost to
+view,&mdash;covered with sulphurous clouds, flaming and smoking and
+thundering like Sinai on the great day of the Lord! The front line of
+Rebels is melting away,&mdash;the second is advancing to take its place;
+but beyond the first and second is the third, which reels, breaks, and
+flies to the woods from whence it came, unable to withstand the storm.</p>
+
+<p>Hancock is wounded, and Gibbon is in command of the Second Corps.
+"Hold your fire, boys; they are not near enough yet," says Gibbon, as
+Pickett comes on. The first volley staggers, but does not stop them.
+They move upon the run,&mdash;up to the breastwork of rails,&mdash;bearing
+Hancock's line to the top of the ridge,&mdash;so powerful their momentum.</p>
+
+<p>Men fire into each other's faces, not five feet apart. There are
+bayonet-thrusts, sabre-strokes, pistol-shots; cool, deliberate
+movements on the part of some,&mdash;hot, passionate, desperate efforts
+with others; hand-to-hand contests; recklessness of life; tenacity of
+purpose; fiery determination; oaths, yells, curses, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page296" name="page296"></a>(p. 296)</span> hurrahs,
+shoutings; men going down on their hands and knees, spinning round
+like tops, throwing out their arms, gulping up blood, falling;
+legless, armless, headless. There are ghastly heaps of dead men.
+Seconds are centuries; minutes, ages; but the thin line does not
+break!</p>
+
+<p>The Rebels have swept past the Vermont regiments. "Take them in
+flank," says General Stannard.</p>
+
+<p>The Thirteenth and Sixteenth swing out from the trench, turn a right
+angle to the main line, and face the north. They move forward a few
+steps, pour a deadly volley into the backs of Kemper's troops. With a
+hurrah they rush on, to drive home the bayonet. The Fifteenth,
+Nineteenth, Twentieth Massachusetts, and Seventh Michigan, Twentieth
+New York, Nineteenth Maine, One Hundred Fifty-First Pennsylvania, and
+other regiments catch the enthusiasm of the moment, and close upon the
+foe.</p>
+
+<p>The Rebel column has lost its power. The lines waver. The soldiers of
+the front rank look round for their supports. They are gone,&mdash;fleeing
+over the field, broken, shattered, thrown into confusion by the
+remorseless fire from the cemetery and from the cannon on the ridge.
+The lines have disappeared like a straw in a candle's flame. The
+ground is thick with dead, and the wounded are like the withered
+leaves of autumn. Thousands of Rebels throw down their arms and give
+themselves up as prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>How inspiring the moment! How thrilling the hour! It is the high-water
+mark of the Rebellion,&mdash;a turning-point of history and of human
+destiny!</p>
+
+<p>Treason had wielded its mightiest blow. From that time the Rebellion
+began to wane. An account of the battle, written on the following day,
+and published on the 6th of July in the Boston <i>Journal</i>, contains the
+following passage:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>"The invasion of the North was over,&mdash;the power of the Southern
+     Confederacy broken. There at that sunset hour I could discern the
+     future; no longer an overcast sky, but the clear, unclouded
+     starlight,&mdash;a country redeemed, saved, baptized, consecrated anew
+     to the coming ages.</p>
+
+<p>"All honor to the heroic living, all glory to the gallant dead!
+     They have not fought in vain, they have not died for naught. No
+     man liveth to himself alone. Not for themselves, but for their
+     children; for those <span class="pagenum"><a id="page297" name="page297"></a>(p. 297)</span> who may never hear of them in
+     their nameless graves, how they yielded life; for the future; for
+     all that is good, pure, holy, just, true; for humanity,
+     righteousness, peace; for Paradise on earth; for Christ and for
+     God, they have given themselves a willing sacrifice. Blessed be
+     their memory forevermore!"</p>
+</div>
+
+<a id="img048" name="img048"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img048.jpg" width="500" height="348" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">"With a hurrah they rush on!"</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>I rode along the lines, and beheld the field by the light of the
+gleaming stars. The dead were everywhere thickly strown. How changed
+the cemetery! Three days before, its gravelled walks were smooth and
+clean; flowers were in bloom; birds carolled their songs amid the
+trees; the monuments were undefaced; the marble slabs pure and white.
+Now there were broken wheels and splintered caissons; dead horses,
+shot in the neck, in the head, through the body, disembowelled by
+exploding shells, legs broken, flesh mangled and torn; pools of blood,
+scarlet stains on the headstones, green grass changed to crimson;
+marble slabs shivered; the ground ploughed by solid shot, holes blown
+out by bursting shells; dead men lying where they had fallen, wounded
+men creeping to the rear; cries and groans all around me! Fifty shells
+a minute had fallen upon that small enclosure. Not for a moment was
+there thought of abandoning the position. How those batteries of
+Osborne and Wainwright, of the Eleventh and First Corps, had lightened
+and thundered! There were scores of dead by the small house where the
+left of the Rebel line advanced, lying just as they were smitten down,
+as if a thunderbolt had fallen upon the once living mass!</p>
+
+<p>An English officer, who saw the battle from the Rebel lines, thus says
+of the repulse:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>"I soon began to meet many wounded men returning from the front;
+     many of them asked in piteous tones the way to a doctor, or an
+     ambulance. The further I got the greater became the number of the
+     wounded. At last I came to a perfect stream of them flocking
+     through the woods in numbers as great as the crowd in Oxford
+     Street in the middle of the day.... They were still under a heavy
+     fire; the shells were continually bringing down great limbs of
+     trees, and carrying further destruction amongst their melancholy
+     procession. I saw all this in much less time than it takes to
+     write it, and although astonished to meet such a vast number of
+     wounded, I had not seen enough to give me an idea of the real
+     extent of the mischief.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page298" name="page298"></a>(p. 298)</span> "When I got close up to General Longstreet, I saw one of
+     his regiments advancing through the woods in good order; so,
+     thinking I was just in time to see the attack, I remarked to the
+     General that 'I wouldn't have missed this for anything.'
+     Longstreet was seated on the top of a snake-fence, in the edge of
+     the wood, and looking perfectly calm and unperturbed. He replied,
+     'The devil you wouldn't! I would like to have missed it very
+     much; we've attacked and been repulsed. Look there!'</p>
+
+<p>"For the first time I then had a view of the open space between
+     the two positions, and saw it covered with Confederates slowly
+     and sulkily returning towards us in small broken parties....</p>
+
+<p>"I remember seeing a general (Pettigrew I think it was) come up
+     to him and report that he was unable to bring his men up again.
+     Longstreet turned upon him and replied with some sarcasm: 'Very
+     well,&mdash;never mind, then, General; just let them remain where they
+     are. The enemy is going to advance, and will spare you the
+     trouble.' ...</p>
+
+<p>"Soon afterward I joined General Lee, who had in the mean while
+     come to the front, on becoming aware of the disaster. He was
+     engaged in rallying and in encouraging the troops, and was riding
+     about a little in front of the woods quite alone, the whole of
+     his staff being engaged in a similar manner further to the rear.
+     His face, which is always placid and cheerful, did not show signs
+     of the slightest disappointment, care, or annoyance; and he was
+     addressing to every soldier he met a few words of encouragement,
+     such as, 'All this will come right in the end; we will talk it
+     over afterwards,&mdash;but in the mean time all good men must rally.
+     We want all good men and true men just now,' &amp;c.... He said to
+     me,'This has been a sad day for us, Colonel,&mdash;a sad day; but we
+     can't expect always to gain victories.' ... I saw General Wilcox
+     (an officer who wears a short round jacket and a battered straw
+     hat) come up to him, and explain, almost crying, the state of his
+     brigade. General Lee immediately shook hands with him, and said,
+     cheerfully, 'Never mind, General. All this has been my fault,&mdash;it
+     is I that have lost this fight, and you must help me out of it in
+     the best way you can.'"<a id="footnotetag52" name="footnotetag52"></a><a href="#footnote52" title="Go to footnote 52"><span class="smaller">[52]</span></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It was past eleven o'clock in the evening when I rode up from the gory
+field, over the ridge, where the Second Corps had stood like a wall of
+adamant. Meade's head-quarters were in a grove, east of the small
+house where he established himself at the beginning of the battle. The
+fire had been too hot at Mrs. Leister's. Meade was sitting on a great
+flat boulder, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page299" name="page299"></a>(p. 299)</span> listening to the reports of his officers,
+brought in by couriers. It was a scene which lives in memory: a dark
+forest,&mdash;the evening breeze gently rustling the green leaves over our
+heads,&mdash;the katydids and locusts singing cheerily,&mdash;the bivouac fires
+glimmering on the ground, revealing the surrounding objects,&mdash;the
+gnarled trees, torn by cannon-shot,&mdash;the mossy stones,&mdash;the group of
+officers,&mdash;Williams, Warren, Howard (his right sleeve wanting an arm),
+Pleasanton, as trim as in the morning; Meade stooping, weary, his
+slouched hat laid aside, so that the breeze might fan his brow.</p>
+
+<p>"Bully! bully! bully all round!" said he; and then turning to his
+chief of staff, Humphrey, said, "Order up rations and ammunition."</p>
+
+<p>To General Hunt, chief of artillery, "Have your limbers filled. Lee
+may be up to something in the morning, and we must be ready for him."</p>
+
+<p>A band came up and played "Hail to the Chief!" the "Star-spangled
+Banner," and "Yankee Doodle." Soul-stirring the strains. The soldiers,
+lying on their arms, where they had fought, heard it, and responded
+with a cheer. Not all: for thousands were deaf and inanimate evermore.</p>
+
+<p>No accurate statement of the number engaged in this great, decisive
+battle of the war can ever be given. Meade's march to Gettysburg was
+made with great rapidity. The Provost Marshal of the army, General
+Patrick, committed the great error of having no rear guard to bring up
+the stragglers, which were left behind in thousands, and who found it
+much more convenient to live on the excellent fare furnished by the
+farmers than to face the enemy. Meade's entire force on the field
+numbered probably from sixty to seventy thousand. The Rebel army had
+made slower marches, and the soldiers could not straggle; they were in
+an enemy's country. Lee, therefore, had fuller ranks than Meade. His
+force may be estimated at ninety thousand men.</p>
+
+<p>The people of the North expressed their gratitude to the heroes who
+had won this battle, by pouring out their contributions for the relief
+of the wounded. The agents of the Christian and Sanitary Commissions
+were quickly on the ground, and hundreds of warm-hearted men and
+women hastened to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page300" name="page300"></a>(p. 300)</span> the spot to render aid. The morning after
+the battle I saw a stout Pennsylvania farmer driving his two-horse
+farm wagon up the Baltimore pike, loaded down with loaves of soft
+bread which his wife and daughters had baked.</p>
+
+<p>Tender and affecting are some of the incidents of the battle-field. A
+delegate of the Christian Commission passing among the wounded, came
+to an officer from South Carolina.</p>
+
+<p>"Can I do anything for you?" he asked.</p>
+
+<p>"No!" was the surly reply.</p>
+
+<p>He passed on, but upon his return repeated the question, and received
+the same answer. The day was hot, the air offensive, from putrefying
+wounds, and the delegate was putting cologne on the handkerchiefs of
+the patients.</p>
+
+<p>"Colonel, let me put some of this on your handkerchief."</p>
+
+<p>The wounded man burst into tears. "I have no handkerchief."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, you shall have one"; and wetting his own gave it to him.</p>
+
+<p>"I can't understand you Yankees," said the Colonel. "You fight us like
+devils, and then you treat us like angels. I am sorry I entered this
+war."<a id="footnotetag53" name="footnotetag53"></a><a href="#footnote53" title="Go to footnote 53"><span class="smaller">[53]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>Said another Rebel,&mdash;an Irishman,&mdash;to a chaplain who took care of him,
+"May every hair of your head be a wax-taper to light you on your way
+to glory!"<a id="footnotetag54" name="footnotetag54"></a><a href="#footnote54" title="Go to footnote 54"><span class="smaller">[54]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>A chaplain passing through the hospital, came to a cot where lay a
+young wounded soldier who had fought for the Union.</p>
+
+<p>"Poor fellow!" said the chaplain.</p>
+
+<p>"Don't call me 'poor fellow!'" was the indignant reply.</p>
+
+<p>"Dear fellow, then. Have you written to your mother since the battle?"</p>
+
+<p>"No, sir!"</p>
+
+<p>"You ought to. Here it is the tenth,&mdash;a whole week since the battle.
+She will be anxious to hear from you."</p>
+
+<p>The lad with his left hand threw aside the sheet which covered him,
+and the chaplain saw that his right arm was off near the shoulder.</p>
+
+<p>"That is the reason, sir, that I have not written. I have <span class="pagenum"><a id="page301" name="page301"></a>(p. 301)</span>
+not forgotten her, sir. I have prayed for her, and I thank God for
+giving me so dear a mother."</p>
+
+<p>Then turning aside the sheet farther, the chaplain saw that his left
+leg was gone. Sitting down beside the young hero the chaplain wrote as
+he dictated.</p>
+
+<p>"Tell mother that I have given my right arm and my left leg to my
+country, and that I am ready to give both of my other limbs!" said
+he.<a id="footnotetag55" name="footnotetag55"></a><a href="#footnote55" title="Go to footnote 55"><span class="smaller">[55]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>The courage and patriotism of Spartan mothers is immortalized in story
+and song. "Return with your shield, or upon it," has been held up for
+admiration through three thousand years. The Greek fire is not
+extinguished; it burns to-day as bright and pure as ever at Salamis or
+Marathon.</p>
+
+<p>Riding in the cars through the State of New York after the battle of
+Gettysburg, I fell in conversation with a middle-aged woman who had
+two sons in the army.</p>
+
+<p>"Have they been in battle?" I asked.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, sir; one has been in fifteen battles. He was taken prisoner at
+Chancellorsville and was wounded at Gettysburg. The other is in the
+Medical Department."</p>
+
+<p>"The one who was wounded at Gettysburg must have seen some hard
+fighting."</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, sir; and I hear a good account of him from his captain. He says
+my son behaves well. <i>I told him, when he went away, that I would
+rather hear he was dead than that he had disgraced himself.</i>"</p>
+
+<p>"His time must be nearly out."</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, sir, it is; but he is going to see it through, and has
+re-enlisted. I should like to have him at home, but I know he would be
+uneasy. His comrades have re-enlisted, and he is not the boy to back
+out. I rather want him to help give the crushing blow."</p>
+
+<p>There were thousands of such mothers in the land.</p>
+
+<p>Lee retreated the morning after the battle. His reasons for a
+retrograde movement are thus stated by himself:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"Owing to the strength of the enemy's position and the reduction
+     of our ammunition, a renewal of the engagement could not be
+     hazarded. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page302" name="page302"></a>(p. 302)</span> and the difficulty of procuring supplies
+     rendered it impossible to continue longer where we were. Such of
+     the wounded as were in condition to be removed, and part of the
+     arms collected on the field, were ordered to Williamsport. The
+     army remained at Gettysburg during the 4th, and at night began to
+     retire by the road to Fairfield, carrying with it about four
+     thousand prisoners. Nearly two thousand had previously been
+     paroled, but the enemy's numerous wounded, that had fallen into
+     our hands after the first and second day's engagements, were left
+     behind."<a id="footnotetag56" name="footnotetag56"></a><a href="#footnote56" title="Go to footnote 56"><span class="smaller">[56]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>Meade made no attempt to follow him with his main army, but marched
+directly down the Emmettsburg road, once more to Frederick, then west
+over South Mountain to intercept him on the Potomac. Meade had the
+inside of the chess-board. He was a victor. The men who had made a
+forced march to Gettysburg were awake to the exigency of the hour, and
+made a quick march back to Frederick, and over the mountains to
+Boonsboro'. A severe storm set in, and the roads were almost
+impassable, but the men toiled on through the mire, lifting the
+cannon-wheels from the deep ruts, when the horses were unable to drag
+the ordnance, singing songs as they marched foot-sore and weary, but
+buoyant over the great victory.</p>
+
+<p>And now, as the intelligence came that Grant had taken Vicksburg, that
+Banks was in possession of Port Hudson, and that the Mississippi was
+flowing "unvexed to the sea," they forgot all their toils, hardships,
+and sufferings, and made the air ring with their lusty cheers. They
+could see the dawn of peace,&mdash;peace won by the sword. The women of
+Maryland hailed them as their deliverers, brought out the best stores
+from their pantries and gave freely, refusing compensation.</p>
+
+<p>Meade left all his superfluous baggage behind, and moved in light
+marching order. Lee was encumbered by his wounded, and by his trains,
+and when he reached Hagerstown found that Meade was descending the
+mountain side, and that Gregg was already in Boonsboro'.</p>
+
+<p>Reinforcements were sent to Meade from Washington, with the
+expectation that by concentration of all available forces, Lee's army
+might be wholly destroyed. The elements, which had often retarded
+operations of the Union troops,&mdash;which had <span class="pagenum"><a id="page303" name="page303"></a>(p. 303)</span> rendered
+Burnside's and Hooker's movements abortive in several instances, now
+were propitious. The Potomac was rising, and the rain was still
+falling. On the morning of the 13th I rode to General Meade's
+head-quarters. General Seth Williams, the ever-courteous
+Adjutant-General of the army, was in General Meade's tent. He said
+that Meade was taking a look at the Rebels.</p>
+
+<p>"Do you think that Lee can get across the Potomac?" I asked.</p>
+
+<p>"Impossible! The people resident here say that it cannot be forded at
+this stage of the water. He has no pontoons. We have got him in a
+tight place. We shall have reinforcements to-morrow, and a great
+battle will be fought. Lee is encumbered with his teams, and he is
+short of ammunition."</p>
+
+<p>General Meade came in dripping with rain, from a reconnoissance. His
+countenance was unusually animated. He had ever been courteous to me,
+and while usually very reticent of all his intentions or of what was
+going on, as an officer should be, yet in this instance he broke over
+his habitual silence, and said, "We shall have a great battle
+to-morrow. The reinforcements are coming up, and as soon as they come
+we shall pitch in."</p>
+
+<p>I rode along the lines with Howard in the afternoon. The Rebels were
+in sight. The pickets were firing at each other. There was some
+movement of columns.</p>
+
+<p>"I fear that Lee is getting away," said Howard.</p>
+
+<p>He sent an aide to Meade, with a request that he might attack.</p>
+
+<p>"I can double them up," he said, meaning that, as he was on Lee's
+flank, he could strike an effective blow.</p>
+
+<p>Kilpatrick was beyond Howard, well up towards Williamsport. "Lee is
+getting across the river, I think," said through a messenger.</p>
+
+<p>It was nearly night. The attack was to be made early in the morning.</p>
+
+<p>The morning dawned and Lee was south of the Potomac. That officer
+says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>"The army, after an arduous march, rendered more difficult by the
+     rains, reached Hagerstown on the afternoon of the 6th and morning
+     of the 7th July.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page304" name="page304"></a>(p. 304)</span> "The Potomac was found to be so much swollen by the
+     rains that had fallen almost incessantly since our entrance into
+     Maryland, as to be unfordable. Our communications with the south
+     side were thus interrupted, and it was difficult to procure
+     either ammunition or subsistence, the latter difficulty being
+     enhanced by the high waters impeding the working of the
+     neighboring mills. The trains with the wounded and prisoners were
+     compelled to await at Williamsport the subsiding of the river and
+     the construction of boats, as the pontoon bridge, left at Falling
+     Waters, had been partially destroyed. The enemy had not yet made
+     his appearance; but, as he was in condition to obtain large
+     reinforcements, and our situation, for the reasons above
+     mentioned, was becoming daily more embarrassing, it was deemed
+     advisable to recross the river. Part of the pontoon bridge was
+     recovered, and new boats built, so that by the 13th a good bridge
+     was thrown over the river at Falling Waters.</p>
+
+<p>"The enemy in force reached our front on the 12th. A position had
+     been previously selected to cover the Potomac from Williamsport
+     to Falling Waters, and an attack was awaited during that and the
+     succeeding day. This did not take place, though the two armies
+     were in close proximity, the enemy being occupied in fortifying
+     his own lines. Our preparations being completed, and the river,
+     though still deep, being pronounced fordable, the army commenced
+     to withdraw to the south side on the night of the 13th.</p>
+
+<p>"Ewell's corps forded the river at Williamsport, those of
+     Longstreet and Hill crossed upon the bridge. Owing to the
+     condition of the roads, the troops did not reach the bridge until
+     after daylight of the 14th, and the crossing was not completed
+     until 1 P. M., when the bridge was removed. The enemy offered no
+     serious interruption, and the movement was attended with no loss
+     of material except a few disabled wagons and two pieces of
+     artillery, which the horses were unable to move through the deep
+     mud. Before fresh horses could be sent back for them, the rear of
+     the column had passed."<a id="footnotetag57" name="footnotetag57"></a><a href="#footnote57" title="Go to footnote 57"><span class="smaller">[57]</span></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Kilpatrick was astir at daybreak; he moved into Williamsport. I
+accompanied his column. The Rebels were on the Virginia hills,
+jubilant at their escape. There were wagons in the river, floating
+down with the current, which had been capsized in the crossing.
+Kilpatrick pushed on to Falling Waters, fell upon Pettigrew's brigade,
+guarding the pontoons, captured two cannon and eight hundred men, in
+one of the most daring <span class="pagenum"><a id="page305" name="page305"></a>(p. 305)</span> dashes of the war. It was poor
+satisfaction, however, when contrasted with what might have been done.
+The army was chagrined. Loud were the denunciations of Meade.</p>
+
+<p>"Another campaign on the Rappahannock, boys," said one officer in my
+hearing.</p>
+
+<p>"We shall be in our old quarters in a few days," said another.</p>
+
+<p>General Meade has been severely censured for not attacking on the
+13th. Lee had lost thirty thousand men. He had suffered a crushing
+defeat at Gettysburg. Enthusiasm had died out. His soldiers were less
+confident than they had been. His ammunition was nearly exhausted. He
+was in a critical situation.</p>
+
+<p>Those were reasons why he should be attacked; but there were also
+reasons, which to Meade were conclusive, that the attack should not be
+made till the 14th: the swollen river,&mdash;the belief that Lee had no
+means of crossing the Potomac,&mdash;and the expected reinforcements. The
+delay was not from lack of spirit or over caution; but with the
+expectation of striking a blow which would destroy the Rebel army.</p>
+
+<p>Lee went up the valley, while Meade pushed rapidly down the base of
+the Blue Ridge to Culpepper. But he was not in condition to take the
+offensive, so far from his base; and the two armies sat down upon the
+banks of the Rapidan, to rest after the bloody campaign.</p>
+
+<a id="img049" name="img049"></a>
+<div class="p4 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img049.jpg" width="400" height="221" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Regiment at dinner.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page306" name="page306"></a>(p. 306)</span> CHAPTER XIX.<br>
+
+FROM THE RAPIDAN TO COLD HARBOR.</h2>
+
+<span class="sidedate">May, 1864.</span>
+
+<p>There are few months in the calendar of centuries that will have a
+more conspicuous place in history than the month of May, 1864. It will
+be remembered on account of the momentous events which took place in
+one of the greatest military campaigns of history. We are amazed, not
+by its magnitude merely, for there have been larger armies, heavier
+trains of artillery, greater preparations, in European warfare,&mdash;but
+by a succession of events unparalleled for rapidity. We cannot fully
+comprehend the amount of endurance, the persistency, the hard
+marching, the harder fighting, the unwearied, cheerful energy and
+effort which carried the Army of the Potomac from the Rappahannock to
+the James in forty days, against the stubborn opposition of an army of
+almost equal numbers. There was not a day of rest,&mdash;scarcely an hour
+of quiet. Morning, noon, and midnight, the booming of cannon and the
+rattling of musketry echoed unceasingly through the Wilderness, around
+the hillocks of Spottsylvania, along the banks of the North Anna, and
+among the groves of Bethesda Church and Cold Harbor.</p>
+
+<p>There were individual acts of valor, as heroic and soul-stirring as
+those of the old Cavaliers renowned in story and song, where all the
+energies of life were centred in one moment. There was the spirited
+advance of regiments, the onset of brigades, and the resistless
+charges of divisions,&mdash;scenes which stir the blood and fire the soul;
+the hardihood, the endurance, the cool, collected, reserved force,
+abiding the time, the calm facing of death; the swift advance, the
+rush, the plunge into the thickest of the fight, where hundreds of
+cannon, where fifty thousand muskets, filled the air with iron hail
+and leaden rain.</p>
+
+<p>The army wintered between the Rappahannock and the Rapidan. There had
+been a reduction and reconstruction of its corps,&mdash;an incorporation
+of the First and Third with the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page307" name="page307"></a>(p. 307)</span> Fifth and Sixth, with
+reinforcements added to the Second. The Second was commanded by
+Major-General Hancock, the Fifth by Major-General Warren, the Sixth by
+Major-General Sedgwick.</p>
+
+<p>These three corps, with three divisions of cavalry commanded by
+General Sheridan, composed the Army of the Potomac, commanded by
+Major-General Meade. The Ninth Corps, commanded by Major-General
+Burnside, was added when the army took up its line of march.</p>
+
+<p>Lee was behind Mine Run, with his head-quarters at Orange Court-House,
+covering the advance to Richmond from that direction.</p>
+
+<p>There was concentration everywhere. General Gillmore, with what troops
+could be spared from the Department of the South, joined his forces to
+those on the Peninsula and at Suffolk under General Butler; Sigel
+commanded several thousand in the Shenandoah; Crook and Averell had a
+small army in Western Virginia; at Chattanooga, under Sherman and
+Thomas, was gathered a large army of Western troops; while Banks was
+up the Red River, moving towards Shreveport.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>dramatis person�</i> were known to the public, but the part assigned
+to each was kept profoundly secret. There was discussion and
+speculation whether Burnside, from his encampment at Annapolis, would
+suddenly take transports and go to Wilmington, or up the Rappahannock,
+or the James, or the York. Would Meade move directly across the
+Rapidan and attack Lee in front, with every passage, every hill and
+ravine enfiladed by Rebel cannon? Or would he move his right flank
+along the Blue Ridge, crowding Lee to the seaboard? Would he not make,
+rather, a sudden change of base to Fredericksburg? None of the wise
+men, military or civil, in their speculations, indicated the line
+which General Grant adopted. The public accepted the disaster at
+Chancellorsville and the failure at Mine Run as conclusive evidence
+that a successful advance across the Rapidan by the middle fords was
+impossible, or at least improbable. So well was the secret kept, that,
+aside from the corps commanders, none in or out of the army, except
+the President and Secretary of War, had information of the line of
+march intended.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page308" name="page308"></a>(p. 308)</span> General Grant had a grand plan,&mdash;not merely for the Army of
+the Potomac, but for all of the armies in the Union service.</p>
+
+<p>Banks was to take Shreveport, then sail rapidly down the Mississippi
+and move upon Mobile, accompanied by the naval force under Farragut.
+Sherman was to push Johnston from his position near Chattanooga. If
+Banks succeeded at Mobile, he was to move up to Montgomery and
+co-operate with Sherman. Such a movement would compel the Rebel
+General Johnston to retire from Atlanta. It would sever Alabama and
+Mississippi from the other States of the Confederacy.</p>
+
+<p>Butler was to move up the James and seize Richmond, or cut the
+railroads south of the Appomattox. Sigel was to pass up the
+Shenandoah, while the troops in Western Virginia were to sever the
+railroad leading to East Tennessee.</p>
+
+<p>The Army of the Potomac was to move upon Richmond,&mdash;or rather upon
+Lee's army. The policy of General Grant&mdash;the idea upon which he opened
+and conducted the campaign&mdash;must be fully comprehended before the
+events can be clearly understood.</p>
+
+<p>That idea is thus expressed in General Grant's official report:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>"From an early period in the Rebellion I had been impressed with
+     the idea that active and continuous operations of all the troops
+     that could be brought into the field, regardless of season and
+     weather, were necessary to a speedy termination of the war. The
+     resources of the enemy, and his numerical strength, were far
+     inferior to ours; but as an offset to this, we had a vast
+     territory, with a population hostile to the government, to
+     garrison, and long lines of river and railroad communications to
+     protect, to enable us to supply the operating armies.</p>
+
+<p>"The armies in the East and West acted independently and without
+     concert, like a balky team, no two ever pulling together,
+     enabling the enemy to use to great advantage his interior lines
+     of communication for transporting troops from east to west,
+     reinforcing the army most vigorously pressed, and to furlough
+     large numbers during seasons of inactivity on our part, to go to
+     their homes, and do the work of producing for the support of
+     their armies. It was a question whether our numerical strength
+     and resources were not more than balanced by these disadvantages
+     and the enemy's superior position.</p>
+
+<p>"From the first, I was firm in the conviction that no peace could
+     be had that would be stable and conducive to the happiness of the
+     people, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page309" name="page309"></a>(p. 309)</span> both North and South, until the military power
+     of the rebellion was entirely broken.</p>
+
+<p>"I therefore determined, first, to use the greatest number of
+     troops practicable against the armed force of the enemy;
+     preventing him from using the same force at different seasons
+     against first one and then another of our armies, and the
+     possibility of repose for refitting and producing necessary
+     supplies for carrying on resistance. Second, to hammer
+     continuously against the armed force of the enemy and his
+     resources, until, by mere attrition, if in no other way, there
+     should be nothing left to him but an equal submission with the
+     loyal section of our common country, to the Constitution and laws
+     of the land."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Army of the Potomac had no easy task to perform. Lee had the
+advantage of position. The Rapidan was his line. He had improved his
+old earthworks and thrown up new ones. His cannon covered the fords.
+His army was as large as when he invaded Pennsylvania. Grant must
+cross the Rapidan at some point. To attempt and fail would be
+disastrous. It was easy to say, Push on! but it was far different to
+meet the storm of leaden hail,&mdash;far different to see a line waver,
+break, and scatter to the rear, with utter loss of heart. Those were
+contingencies and possibilities to be taken into account.</p>
+
+<p>It was no light affair to supply an army of one hundred and fifty
+thousand men, over a single line of railway,&mdash;to accumulate supplies
+in advance of the movement,&mdash;to cut loose from his base of operations,
+and open a new base as occasion should call. Every mile of advance
+increased Grant's difficulty, while every mile of retrograde movement
+carried Lee nearer to his base of operations.</p>
+
+<p>All the speculations in regard to Burnside's destination fell to the
+ground when, on the 25th of April, the Ninth Corps passed through
+Washington, and moved into Virginia. It was a sublime spectacle. The
+Ninth Corps achieved almost the first successes of the war in North
+Carolina. It had hastened to the Potomac in time to aid in rescuing
+the capital when Lee made his first Northern invasion. It won glory at
+South Mountain, and made the narrow bridge of Antietam forever
+historic. It had readied Kentucky in season to aid in driving the
+Rebels from that State, and now, with recruited ranks,&mdash;with new
+regiments of as good blood as ever was poured out in the cause
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page310" name="page310"></a>(p. 310)</span> of right, with a new element which was to make for itself a
+name never again to be despised, the corps was marching through the
+capital of the nation, passing in review before Abraham Lincoln. The
+corps marched down Fourteenth Street past Willard's Hotel, where upon
+the balcony stood the President and General Burnside. Behold the
+scene! Platoons, companies, battalions, regiments, brigades, and
+divisions. The men are bronzed by the rays of a Southern sun, and by
+the March winds. The bright sunshine gleams from their bayonets; above
+them wave their standards, tattered by the winds, torn by cannon-ball
+and rifle-shot,&mdash;stained with the blood of dying heroes. They are
+priceless treasures, more beloved than houses, land, riches, honor,
+ease, comfort, wife or children. Ask them what is most dear of all
+earthly things, there will be but one answer,&mdash;"The flag! the dear old
+flag!" It is their pillar of fire by night, of cloud by day,&mdash;the
+symbol of everything worth living for, worth dying for!</p>
+
+<p>Their banners bear the names of Bull Run, Ball's Bluff, Roanoke,
+Newburn, Gains's Mills, Mechanicsville, Seven Pines, Savage Station,
+Glendale, Malvern, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Antietam, South
+Mountain, Knoxville, Vicksburg, Port Hudson, Gettysburg, inscribed in
+golden characters.</p>
+
+<p>The people of Washington have turned out to see them. Senators have
+left their Chamber, and the House of Representatives has taken a
+recess to gaze upon the defenders of their country, as they pass
+through the city,&mdash;many of them, alas! never to return.</p>
+
+<p>There is the steady tramping of the thousands,&mdash;the deep, heavy jar of
+the gun-carriages,&mdash;the clattering of hoofs, the clanking of sabres,
+the drum-beat, the bugle-call, and the music of the bands. Pavement,
+sidewalk, windows, and roofs are occupied by the people. A division of
+veterans pass, saluting the President and their commander with cheers.
+And now with full ranks, platoons extending from sidewalk to sidewalk,
+are brigades which never have been in battle, for the first time
+shouldering arms for their country; who till a year ago never had a
+country, who even now are not American citizens, who are
+disfranchised,&mdash;yet they are going out to fight for the flag! Their
+country was given them by the tall, pale, benevolent-hearted <span class="pagenum"><a id="page311" name="page311"></a>(p. 311)</span>
+man standing upon the balcony. For the first time they behold their
+benefactor. They are darker hued than their veteran comrades; but they
+can cheer as lustily, "Hurrah! Hurrah!" "Hurrah for Massa Linkum!"
+"Three cheers for the President!" They swing their caps, clap their
+hands, and shout their joy. Long, loud, and jubilant are the
+rejoicings of those redeemed sons of Africa. Regiment after regiment
+of stalwart men,&mdash;slaves once, but freemen now,&mdash;with steady step and
+even rank, pass down the street, moving on to the Old Dominion.</p>
+
+<p>It was the first review of colored troops by the President. He gave
+them freedom, he recognized them as soldiers. Their brethren in arms
+of the same complexion had been murdered in cold blood, after
+surrender, at Port Pillow and at Plymouth. And such would be their
+fate should they by chance become prisoners of war.</p>
+
+<p>The time had come for the great movement.</p>
+
+<p>On Tuesday afternoon, May 3d, the cavalry broke camp on the Orange and
+Alexandria Railroad, and moved eastward,&mdash;General Gregg's division
+towards Ely's Ford, and General Wilson's division towards Germanna
+Ford, each having pontoons. At midnight the Second Corps, which had
+been encamped east of Culpepper, followed General Gregg. At daylight
+on the morning of the 4th of May, the Fifth and Sixth Corps and the
+reserve artillery were moving towards Germanna Ford. The
+supply-train&mdash;four thousand wagons&mdash;followed the Second Corps. There
+were but these two available roads.</p>
+
+<p>The enemy was at Orange Court-House, watching, from his elevated
+lookout on Clark's Mountain, for the first sign of change in the Union
+camp. In the light of the early dawn he saw that the encampments at
+Culpepper were broken up, while the dust-cloud hanging over the forest
+toward the east was the sure indication of the movement.</p>
+
+<p>General Lee put his army in instant motion to strike the advancing
+columns as they crossed the Rapidan. The movement of Grant was
+southeast, that of Lee northeast,&mdash;lines of advance which must produce
+collision, unless Grant was far enough forward to slip by the angle.
+There is reason to believe that General Grant did not intend to fight
+Lee at Wilderness, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page312" name="page312"></a>(p. 312)</span> but that it was his design to slip past
+that point and swing round by Spottsylvania, and, if possible, get
+between Lee and Richmond. He boldly cut loose his connection with
+Washington, and plunged into the Wilderness, relying upon the ability
+of his soldiers to open a new base for supplies whenever needed.</p>
+
+<p>In this first day's movement he did not uncover Washington. Burnside
+was still lying on the north bank of the Rappahannock. It was
+understood in the army that the Ninth Corps was to be a reserve to
+protect the capital. So, perhaps, Lee understood it. But at nightfall,
+on the 4th, the shelter-tents were folded, and the men of the Ninth,
+with six days' rations in their haversacks, were on the march along
+the forest-road, lighted only by the stars, joining the main army at
+Germanna Ford on the morning of the 5th.</p>
+
+<p>The movement from the Rapidan to Cold Harbor was made in thirty days.
+It was a series of movements by the left flank, in part to get between
+Lee and his southern communications, and in part to force him to
+abandon strong positions.</p>
+
+<p>
+  The movements were:&mdash;<br>
+  From Culpepper to Wilderness.<br>
+  From Wilderness to Spottsylvania.<br>
+  From Spottsylvania to the North Anna.<br>
+  From the North Anna to Cold Harbor.<br>
+  From Cold Harbor to Petersburg.</p>
+
+<p>It was thirty days of continuous marching, or fighting, building
+defences and bridges, opening roads, establishing new bases of
+supplies, through a country densely wooded, and crossing four large
+rivers, besides numerous smaller streams, to find always the enemy
+upon the other side, prepared to give desperate battle.</p>
+
+<p>It was early in the morning on the 4th of May when the reveille
+sounded for the last time over the hills and dales of Culpepper. The
+last cups of coffee were drunk, the blankets folded, and then the
+army, which through the winter had lain in camp, moved away from the
+log huts, where many a jest had been spoken, many a story
+told,&mdash;where, through rain and mud, and heat and cold, the faithful
+and true-hearted men had kept watch and ward through the long, weary
+months,&mdash;where songs of praise and prayer to God had been raised by
+thousands who looked beyond the present into the future life.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page313" name="page313"></a>(p. 313)</span> So rapid was the march that the Second Corps reached
+Chancellorsville before night, having crossed the Rapidan at Ely's
+Ford. The Sixth and Fifth Corps crossed at Germanna Ford, without
+opposition, and before night the Army of the Potomac was upon the
+southern side of that stream, where it was joined by the Ninth Corps
+the next morning.</p>
+
+<p>General Grant's quarters for the night were in an old house near the
+ford. Lights were to be put out at nine o'clock. There were the usual
+scenes of a bivouac, and one unusual to an army. The last beams of
+daylight were fading in the west. The drummers were beating the
+tattoo. Mingled with the constant rumbling of the wagons across the
+pontoons, and the unceasing flow of the river, was a chorus of
+voices,&mdash;a brigade singing a hymn of devotion. It was the grand old
+choral of Luther, Old Hundred.</p>
+
+<p class="poem15">
+<span class="min33em">"</span>Eternal are thy mercies, Lord,<br>
+   Eternal truth attends thy word;<br>
+   Thy praise shall sound from shore to shore,<br>
+   Till suns shall rise and set no more."</p>
+
+<p>Many soldiers in that army were thinking of home,&mdash;not only of loved
+ones, and of associations full of sweet and tender memories, but of a
+better abiding-place, eternal in the heavens. To thousands it was a
+last night on earth.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the morning of the 5th Generals Meade and Grant, with their
+staffs, after riding five miles from Germanna Ford, halted near an old
+mill in the Wilderness. General Sheridan's cavalry had been pushing
+out south and west. Aides came back with despatches.</p>
+
+<p>"They say that Lee intends to fight us here," said General Meade, as
+he read them.</p>
+
+<p>"Very well," was the quiet reply of General Grant.</p>
+
+<p>The two commanders retire a little from the crowd, and stand by the
+roadside in earnest conversation. Grant is of medium stature, yet has
+a well-developed <i>physique</i>, sandy whiskers and moustache, blue eyes,
+earnest, thoughtful, and far-seeing, a cigar in his mouth, a knife in
+one hand, and a stick in the other, which he is whittling to a point.
+He whittles slowly towards him. His thoughts are not yet crystallized.
+His words are few. Suddenly he commences upon the other end <span class="pagenum"><a id="page314" name="page314"></a>(p. 314)</span>
+of the stick, and whittles energetically from him. And now he is less
+reticent,&mdash;talks freely. He is dressed in plain blue; and were it not
+for the three stars upon his shoulder, few would select him as the
+Lieutenant-General commanding all the armies of the Union in the
+field.</p>
+
+<p>Meade is tall, thin, a little stooping in the shoulders, quick,
+comprehending the situation of affairs in an instant, energetic,&mdash;an
+officer of excellent executive ability.</p>
+
+<p>Years ago, a turnpike was built from Fredericksburg to Orange
+Court-House; but in the days when there was a mania for plank roads,
+another corporation constructed a plank road between the same places.
+A branch plank road, commencing two miles west of Chancellorsville,
+crosses the Rapidan at Germanna Ford, running to Stevensburg, north of
+that stream. The turnpike runs nearly east and west, while the
+Stevensburg plank road runs northwest. General Grant has established
+his head-quarters at the crossing of the turnpike and the Stevensburg
+road, his flag waving from a knoll west of the road. A mile and a half
+out on the turnpike, on a ridge, is Parker's store, where, early in
+the morning, I saw long lines of Rebel infantry, the sunlight gleaming
+from bayonet and gun-barrel.</p>
+
+<p>Before the contest begins, let us go up to the old Wilderness tavern,
+which stands on the Stevensburg plank road, and take a view of a
+portion of the battle-field. It will be a limited view, for there are
+few open spaces in the Wilderness.</p>
+
+<p>From the tavern you look west. At your feet is a brook, flowing from
+the southwest, and another small stream from the northwest, joining
+their waters at the crossing of the turnpike and the plank road. The
+turnpike rises over a ridge between the two streams. On the south
+slope is the house of Major Lacy, owner of a house at Falmouth, used
+by our soldiers after the battle of Fredericksburg. It is a beautiful
+view,&mdash;a smooth lawn in front of the house, meadows green with the
+verdure of spring; beyond the meadows are hills thickly wooded,&mdash;tall
+oaks, and pine and cedar thickets. On the right hand side of the
+turnpike the ridge is more broken, and also thickly set with small
+trees and bushes. A mile and a half out from the crossing of the two
+roads the ridge breaks down into a ravine. General Lee has possession
+of the western bank, Grant the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page315" name="page315"></a>(p. 315)</span> eastern. It is such a mixture
+of woods, underbrush, thickets, ravines, hills, hollows, and knolls,
+that one is bewildered in passing through it, and to attempt to
+describe would be a complete bewilderment to writer and reader.</p>
+
+<p>But General Grant has been compelled to make this ridge his right line
+of battle. He must protect his trains, which are still coming in on
+the Germanna road.</p>
+
+<p>The Sixth Corps, commanded by General Sedgwick, holds the right,
+covering the road to Germanna Ford. The left of the Third Division
+reaches the turnpike, where it connects with the Fifth Corps,
+Warren's. Before the arrival of Burnside's force, one division of the
+Fifth is placed in position south of the turnpike. Now leaving a wide
+gap, you walk through the woods towards the southeast, and two miles
+from head-quarters you find the Second Corps, under Hancock, a long
+line of men in the thick forest, on both sides of the Orange plank
+road.</p>
+
+<p>The forenoon of the 5th instant was devoted to taking positions.
+Engineers rode over the ground and examined the character of the
+country. A small party pushed out to Parker's store, but encountered a
+Rebel column advancing; but the knowledge thus obtained of the ground
+in that direction was of great value.</p>
+
+<p>Word was sent to General Hancock, who had orders to move in direction
+of Spottsylvania; that Lee was taking positions. He hastened to make
+connection with the other corps. Had he not moved rapidly, Lee would
+have obtained possession of the fork of the two plank roads, the
+Stevensburg and the Orange road, which would have been a serious
+mishap. The Rebel advance was not more than a mile distant when
+Hancock secured it. No sooner had the pickets been thrown out, than
+the rattling of musketry commenced all along the line. About four in
+the afternoon, each commander began to feel the position of the other
+by advancing brigades on the right, left, and centre. An exchange of a
+few volleys would seemingly satisfy the parties.</p>
+
+<p>It had been the practice of General Lee to begin and close a day with
+a grand fusilade. In this battle he adhered to his former tactics, by
+advancing a heavy force upon our right, and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page316" name="page316"></a>(p. 316)</span> then, when the
+contest was at its height in that direction, attacked on the left. The
+rolls of musketry were very heavy and continuous for an hour. There
+was but little opportunity to charge bayonet. It was a close contest
+in a thick wood, on land which years ago was turned by the plough, but
+which, having by thriftless culture incident to the existence of
+servile labor, been worn out, now bears the smallest oaks, hazels,
+sassafras, and briers.</p>
+
+<p>Hostilities ceased at night. Each commander learned enough of the
+other's operations to make dispositions for the following day. Grant
+had no alterations to make. Lee had forced him to accept battle there,
+and he must do the best he could. Longstreet arrived in the night, and
+was placed against Hancock, on the Rebel right, or rather on the right
+centre, overlapping the Second and coming against a portion of the
+Ninth Corps, which was assigned to the left centre. Thus these two
+corps and their two commanders met again in deadly conflict, having
+fought at the first and second Bull Run, South Mountain, Antietam, and
+Knoxville.</p>
+
+<p>General Alexis Hays, in the front line, finding that he was
+outnumbered, sent word to Hancock that he must have reinforcements.</p>
+
+<p>"Tell him," said Hancock to the aide, "that he shall have a fresh
+brigade in twenty minutes."</p>
+
+<p>Twenty minutes! An age to those who see their comrades falling,&mdash;their
+lines growing thinner. Before the time had expired, General Hays was
+carried back a corpse; but though the brave man had fallen, the troops
+held their ground.</p>
+
+<p>Night closed over the scene. Everybody knew that the contest would be
+renewed in the morning. Lee began the attack on the 5th, falling like
+a thunderbolt on the flank of Grant, but made no impression on the
+Union lines,&mdash;not moving them an inch from their chosen positions.</p>
+
+<p>Grant resolved to take the initiative on the morning of the 6th, and
+orders were accordingly issued for a general attack at daybreak.</p>
+
+<p>Sedgwick was to commence on the right at five o'clock, but Lee saved
+him the trouble. A. P. Hill forestalled the movement by advancing at
+half past four. The Rebel batteries by <span class="pagenum"><a id="page317" name="page317"></a>(p. 317)</span> Parker's store sent a
+half-dozen shots into the Union lines as a signal for the beginning of
+the contest. Then came a slight ripple of musketry, then a
+roll,&mdash;long, deep, heavy,&mdash;and the crash,&mdash;indescribable, fearful to
+hear, terrible to think of. Fifty thousand muskets were flashing, with
+occasional cannon-shots, mingled with shouts, cheers, and hurrahs from
+the Union lines, and yells like the war-whoop of Indians,&mdash;wild,
+savage howls from the depths of the tangled jungle. The sun rises upon
+a cloudless sky. The air becomes sultry. The blood of the combatants
+is at fever heat. There are bayonet-charges, surgings to and fro of
+the opposing lines, a meeting and commingling, like waves of the
+ocean, sudden upspringings from the underbrush of divisions stealthily
+advanced. There is a continuous rattle, with intervening rolls
+deepening into long, heavy swells, the crescendo and the diminuendo of
+a terrible symphony, rising to thunder-tones, to crash and roar
+indescribable.</p>
+
+<p>The Ninth Corps during the day was brought between the Fifth and
+Second. Divisions were moved to the right, to the left, and to the
+centre, during the two days' fight, but the positions of the corps
+remained unchanged, and stood as represented in the diagram.</p>
+
+<a id="img050" name="img050"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<a href="images/img050.jpg">
+<img src="images/img050tb.jpg" width="400" height="256" alt="" title=""></a>
+<p class="caption">Wilderness.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Through all those long hours of conflict there was patient endurance
+in front of the enemy. There were temporary successes <span class="pagenum"><a id="page318" name="page318"></a>(p. 318)</span> and
+reverses on both sides. In only a single instance was there permanent
+advantage to Lee, and that he had not the power to improve. It was at
+the close of the contest on the 6th. The sun had gone down, and
+twilight was deepening into night. The wearied men of Rickett's
+division of the Sixth Corps, in the front line of battle on the right,
+had thrown themselves upon the ground. Suddenly there was a rush upon
+their flank. There was musketry, blinding flashes from cannon, and
+explosions of shells. The line which had stood firmly through the day
+gave way, not because it was overpowered, but because it was
+surprised. General Seymour and a portion of his brigade were taken
+prisoners. There was a partial panic, which soon subsided. The second
+line remained firm, the enemy was driven back, and the disaster
+repaired by swinging the Sixth Corps round to a new position, covered
+by the reserve artillery.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of the 7th the pickets reported that Lee had fallen
+back. Reconnoitring parties said that he was throwing up
+entrenchments. Grant was thoughtful through the day. He said but
+little. He had a cigar in his mouth from morning till night. I saw him
+many times during the day, deeply absorbed in thought. He rode along
+the centre, and examined the Rebel lines towards Parker's store. At
+times a shell or solid shot came from the Rebel batteries through the
+thick forest growth, but other than this there was but little
+fighting. Grant determined to make a push for Spottsylvania, and put
+his army between Lee and Richmond. By noon the trains were in motion,
+having been preceded by Sheridan with the cavalry, followed by the
+Ninth Corps, and then the Fifth on a parallel road. But Lee had the
+shortest line. He was on the alert, and there was a simultaneous
+movement of the Rebel army on a shorter line.</p>
+
+<p>The Second, Fifth, and Sixth Corps took the Block road, while the
+Ninth, with the trains, moved by Chancellorsville, over the
+battle-ground of the preceding summer, where the bones of those who
+fell in that struggle were bleaching unburied in the summer air.</p>
+
+<p>It was eleven P. M. on Saturday evening, May 7th, when Generals Grant
+and Meade, accompanied by their cavalry escorts, left the Wilderness
+head-quarters of General Hancock <span class="pagenum"><a id="page319" name="page319"></a>(p. 319)</span> for a ride to Todd's Tavern,
+a place of two or three houses, exhibiting the usual degree of
+thriftlessness which characterized the Old Dominion. Twice during the
+ride we ran into the Rebel pickets, and were compelled to take
+by-paths through fields and thickets. General Grant rode at a
+break-neck speed. How exciting! The sudden flashing of Rebel muskets
+in front, the whiz of the minnie projectile over our heads, the quick
+halt and right about face,&mdash;our horses stumbling over fallen timber
+and stumps, the clanking of sabres, the clattering of hoofs, the
+plunge into brambles, the tension of every nerve, the strain upon all
+the senses, the feeling of relief when we are once more in the road,
+and then the gallop along the narrow way, beneath the dark pines of
+the forest, till brought to a halt by the sudden challenge from our
+own sentinel! It is a fast life that one leads at such a time. When
+the reaction sets in the system is as limp as a wilted cabbage-leaf.</p>
+
+<p>"Where are you going?" was the question of a cavalryman as we halted a
+moment.</p>
+
+<p>"To Spottsylvania."</p>
+
+<p>"I reckon you will have a scrimmage before you get there," said he.</p>
+
+<p>"Why?"</p>
+
+<p>"Well, nothing in particular, except there are forty or fifty thousand
+Rebs in front of you. Sheridan has had a tough time of it, and I
+reckon there is more work to be done."</p>
+
+<p>We pushed on and reached Todd's at one o'clock on Sunday morning. The
+roads were full of cavalry, also the fields and woods. Sheridan had
+been fighting several hours, with Fitz Lee. The wounded were being
+brought in. Surgeons were at work. In the field, a short distance from
+the spot, the pickets were still firing shots. The Rebels were
+retiring, and Sheridan's men, having won the field, were throwing
+themselves upon the ground and dropping off to sleep as unconcernedly
+as when seeking rest in the calm repose and silence of their
+far-distant homes.</p>
+
+<p>Fastening our horses to the front-yard fence of Todd's, making a
+pillow of our saddles, wrenching off the palings for a bed to keep our
+bones from the ground, wrapping our blankets around us, we were sound
+asleep in three minutes, undisturbed <span class="pagenum"><a id="page320" name="page320"></a>(p. 320)</span> by the tramping of the
+passing troops, the jar of the artillery, the rumble of the ammunition
+wagons, the shouts of the soldiers, the shrieks of the wounded, and
+groans of the dying.</p>
+
+<p>At sunrise the head-quarters of the army were removed to Piney Grove
+Church. No bell called the worshippers of the parish to its portal on
+that Sabbath morning, but other tones were vibrating the air. The
+Fifth Corps had come in collision with the Rebels, and while the
+rear-guard of the army were firing their last shots in the Wilderness,
+the cannonade was reopening at Spottsylvania.</p>
+
+<p>The day was intensely hot. I was wearied by the events of the
+week,&mdash;the hard riding, the want of sleep, the series of battles,&mdash;and
+instead of riding out to the field, enjoyed luxurious repose beneath
+the apple-trees, fragrant with blossoms, and listened to the strange
+Sabbath symphony, the humming of bees, the songs of the birds, the
+roll of musketry, and the cannonade.</p>
+
+<p>The second division, Robinson's, and the fourth, Cutler's (after the
+loss of Wadsworth, killed at the Wilderness), were engaged. Baxter's
+brigade of Robinson's division was thrown forward to ascertain the
+position of the enemy. Their advance brought on the battle. The Sixth
+Corps was moved to the left of Warren's on the Piney Church road, and
+was placed in supporting distance. In this first engagement Robinson
+was badly wounded in the leg.</p>
+
+<p>The Second Corps having filed through the woods, after a hot and dusty
+march, came up behind the Fifth and Sixth. I took a ride along the
+lines late in the afternoon. The Fifth was moving slowly forward over
+undulations and through pine thickets,&mdash;a long line of men in blue,
+picking their way, now through dense underbrush, in a forest of
+moaning pines, now stepping over a sluggish stream, with briers,
+hazel, thorn-bushes, and alders impeding every step, and now emerging
+into an old field where the thriftless farmers had turned the shallow
+soil for spring planting.</p>
+
+<p>There had been a lull in the cannonade, but it commenced again. It was
+as before, a spirited contest, which lasted half an hour. Warren
+pressed steadily on and drove the Rebels <span class="pagenum"><a id="page321" name="page321"></a>(p. 321)</span> from their advanced
+position, forcing them to retire across the creek, but losing several
+hundred men before he dislodged them.</p>
+
+<p>Reaching an opening in the forest, I came upon Hart's plantation, a
+collection of negro huts and farm buildings,&mdash;a lovely spot, where the
+spring wheat was already rolling in green waves in the passing breeze.
+Looking south over Po Creek, I could see the Catharpen road lined with
+horse and footmen, and could hear in the intervals of silence the
+rumble of wagons. A cloud of dust rose above the forest. Were the
+Rebels retreating, or were they receiving reinforcements? General
+Grant came down and looked at them. The Rebel artillerists near the
+court-house must have discovered us, for a half-dozen cannon-shot came
+ringing through the air, plunging into the newly ploughed cornfield
+and the clover-land, knee deep with luxuriant grass.</p>
+
+<p>On Monday morning it was found that Lee's whole army was at
+Spottsylvania; and as our skirmishers were deployed to ascertain the
+position of the enemy, it was discovered that Rebels occupied all the
+ground in front. General Grant did not at first think Lee would make a
+detour of his whole force from a direct line to Richmond; he thought
+it must be only detachments of men which had been thrown in his way;
+but when he discovered what Lee's intentions were, he prepared to
+accept battle. Word was sent to General Burnside to take position on
+the extreme left. The Second Corps, which had been in rear of the
+Fifth, was swung to the right, while the Sixth was deflected toward
+the Ninth. While these dispositions were being made, the skirmishing
+and cannonade were never intermitted for an instant. A pontoon train
+was sent around to the right, to be used by Hancock. A battery was
+placed in position at Hart's plantation, and its rifle shot and shells
+interrupted the tide of travel on the Catharpen road. Riding down to
+the front of Hancock's corps, I found Birney, who with the Third
+Division held the extreme right, and had already pushed far over
+toward the Catharpen road.</p>
+
+<p>Gibbon's division was in the centre, and Barlow's was on the left,
+occupying, in part, ground which the Fifth had held the night
+previous. It was nearly night, and the conflict was <span class="pagenum"><a id="page322" name="page322"></a>(p. 322)</span>
+deepening. The day had been intensely hot, but, as the coolness of
+evening came on, both parties addressed themselves to the encounter.
+Barlow marched over undulating pasture-lands, through fringes of
+forest, into a meadow, across it, and into the dark pines beyond.
+Taking a favorable stand near a deserted farm-house, by the Piney
+Church road, I could see the dark lines move steadily on. Below me, on
+a hillock, were Hancock and staff directing movements. A half-dozen
+batteries were in position close by. One&mdash;the Third Massachusetts&mdash;was
+sending its shells over the heads of our men into the woods beyond the
+meadow. Mounting the breastworks which had been thrown up at this
+spot, I could see the orchard where the Rebel riflemen were lying.
+There was the sharp, shrill ringing of the minnie bullets whistling
+through the air, and at times a lurid sheet of flame from a brigade
+pouring in its volleys. There was the flash, the cloud of dust
+wherever the ragged iron tore its way, and the deafening report. I
+gladly availed myself of whatever protection the breastwork afforded,
+although a solid shot would have passed through the slight embankment
+as readily as a stone could be hurled through chaff. The chances were
+as one to several thousand of my being hit, but it is the one chance
+which makes a person wish he were somewhere else. The Second Corps was
+smartly assailed, but stood their ground and became assailants in
+turn,&mdash;not because they obeyed orders, but from the impulse of the
+men, who needed no urging. It was a remarkable feature. The men in
+that contest fought because they wanted to. Gibbons and Birney swung
+like a double-hinged door upon Longstreet's left flank and obtained
+possession of the ground which the Rebels occupied at the beginning of
+the engagement.</p>
+
+<p>It became evident on Tuesday morning that General Lee had chosen
+Spottsylvania as a place for a trial of strength. Preparations were
+accordingly made for the work. General Grant's wounded impeded his
+movements. He decided to send them to Fredericksburg. All who could
+walk were started on foot. Those who could not, but who did not need
+ambulances, were placed in empty wagons. The long procession took its
+winding way, and other thousands of mangled forms were brought in to
+fill the empty places. It was a sad sight. It made <span class="pagenum"><a id="page323" name="page323"></a>(p. 323)</span> me sick at
+heart, and weary of war, and how much more sick and weary when I
+thought of the great iniquity which had caused it.</p>
+
+<p>At daybreak the cannonade recommenced, Grant's guns coming first into
+play. The Rebels for a while remained in silent indifference; but as
+continued teasing rouses a wild beast's anger, so at length they
+replied.</p>
+
+<p>The air was calm, and the reverberation rolled far over the forest.
+There was constant skirmishing through the forenoon. General Grant
+rode along the lines, inspected the position, and issued orders for a
+general advance at five o'clock; but Lee took the initiative, and
+through the afternoon the battle raged with exceeding fierceness.</p>
+
+<p>There was nothing at Spottsylvania worthy of contention,&mdash;no
+mountain-pass or deep-running river; but General Grant being on his
+way to Richmond, his adversary, like Apollyon assaulting Christian,
+had come out to meet him on that spot. Lee had the advantage of
+position and was able to concentrate his forces. It was about one
+o'clock when Longstreet began to press Hancock. There was a hot
+engagement for an hour, principally by Birney's division; but failing
+to move Birney, an attempt was made to pry open still wider the joint
+between the Second and Fifth Corps.</p>
+
+<p>The relative positions of the two armies will be seen from the
+following diagram.</p>
+
+<a id="img051" name="img051"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<a href="images/img051.jpg">
+<img src="images/img051tb.jpg" width="400" height="320" alt="" title=""></a>
+<p class="caption">Spottsylvania.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The battle was fought in the forest,&mdash;in the marshes along <span class="pagenum"><a id="page324" name="page324"></a>(p. 324)</span>
+the Ny,&mdash;in ravines,&mdash;in pine-thickets densely shaded with the dark
+evergreens that shut out the rays of the noonday sun,&mdash;in open fields,
+where Rebel batteries had full sweep and play&mdash;with shell, and grape,
+and canister&mdash;from intrenched positions on the hills.</p>
+
+<p>During a lull in the strife I visited the hospitals. Suddenly the
+battle recommenced in greater fury. The wounded began to come in at a
+fearful rate. The battle was drawing nearer. Shells were streaming
+past the hospitals. There were signs of disaster.</p>
+
+<p>"Are they driving us?" was the eager inquiry of the wounded.</p>
+
+<p>While the storm was at its height, a stalwart soldier who had just
+risen from the amputating-table, where his left arm, torn to shreds by
+a cannon-shot, had been severed above the elbow, leaning against the
+tent-pole, sang the song he often had sung in camp,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem15">
+<span class="min33em">"</span>The Union forever! Hurrah, boys! hurrah!<br>
+   Down with the traitor, up with the star;<br>
+   While we rally round the flag, boys, rally once again,<br>
+   Shouting the battle-cry of Freedom!"</p>
+
+<p>His wounded comrades heard it, and joined in the chorus, raising their
+arms, swinging their caps, and cheering the flag they loved. It is one
+of memory's fadeless pictures. Is it a wonder that the recollection of
+that scene sometimes fills my eyes with tears?</p>
+
+<p>The contest all along the line was terrific. Even now, over all the
+intervening time and distance, I seem to hear the unceasing rattle and
+roll of musketry and cannon, the cheer of the combatants, the tramping
+of horses, the explosion of shells, the shriek of the rifled
+projectile, the crash through the trees. It goes on hour after hour.
+The ranks are thinning. The men with stretchers bring in their
+bleeding burdens, and lay them gently upon the ground.</p>
+
+<p>It is past seven o'clock. The shades of evening are falling. The
+hillside in front of the Sixth Corps is aflame. While the uproar is
+wildest there is a cheer, sharper and louder than the din of the
+conflict. It is not the savage war-cry of the enemy, but a buoyant
+shout. Into the storm sweeps the Vermont <span class="pagenum"><a id="page325" name="page325"></a>(p. 325)</span> brigade, with
+bayonets firmly set, leaping over the Rebel works, and gathering
+hundreds of prisoners from Dale's brigade of Rebels. Ewell poured in
+reinforcements to strengthen his line and regain his lost work, which
+was stubbornly held by the Second Vermont. Far in advance of the main
+line lay that regiment, pouring a deadly fire upon the enemy. General
+Wright (in command after Sedgwick's death) sent to have the regiment
+withdrawn.</p>
+
+<p>"We don't want to go back! Give us rations and ammunition, and we'll
+hold it for six months if you want us to," was the reply.</p>
+
+<p>General Wright rode to General Grant. "What shall I do?" he asked.</p>
+
+<p>"Pile in the men and hold it!" was the answer.</p>
+
+<p>General Wright returned, but meanwhile a subordinate officer had
+ordered them to retire. They were loath to give up what they had won
+so gloriously.</p>
+
+<p>General Rice, commanding a brigade in the Fifth Corps, was wounded,
+and borne to the rear. The surgeon laid down his knife after removing
+the shattered limb, and stood beside him to soothe with tender words
+in the last dread hour which was coming on apace. The sufferer could
+hear the swelling tide of battle, the deepening rolls like waves upon
+the ocean shore. His eyes were closing. He was approaching that ocean
+which has no shore. His pain was intense.</p>
+
+<p>"Turn me over," said he, faintly.</p>
+
+<p>"Which way?"</p>
+
+<p>"Let me die with my face to the enemy!"</p>
+
+<p>They were his last words. A short struggle and all was ended. A
+Christian patriot had finished his work on earth, and was numbered
+with the heroic dead.</p>
+
+<p>The early dawn of Thursday, the 12th, beheld the Second Corps in
+motion,&mdash;not to flank the enemy, but moving, with fixed bayonets,
+straight on towards his intrenchments. Barlow's and Birney's divisions
+in columns of battalions, doubled on the centre, to give strength and
+firmness, led the assault. They move silently through the
+forest,&mdash;through the ravine in front of them, up to their own
+skirmish-line,&mdash;past it,&mdash;no longer marching, but running
+now,&mdash;dashing on with enthusiasm <span class="pagenum"><a id="page326" name="page326"></a>(p. 326)</span> thrilling every nerve. They
+sweep away the Rebel picket-line as if it were a cobweb. On! into the
+intrenchments with a hurrah which startles the soldiers of both armies
+from their morning slumbers. Major-General Johnson and
+Brigadier-General Stewart, and three thousand men of Ewell's division
+are taken prisoners, eighteen cannon, and twenty-two standards
+captured.</p>
+
+<p>It was the work of five minutes,&mdash;as sudden as the swoop of an eagle.
+Then the uproar of the day began. The second line of the enemy's works
+was assaulted; but, exasperated by their losses, the Rebels fought
+fiercely. The Ninth Corps was moved up from the left to support the
+Second. Longstreet, on the other hand, was brought over to help Ewell.
+The Fifth and Sixth became partially engaged. There were charges and
+counter-charges. Positions were gained and lost. From morning till
+night the contest raged on the right, in the centre, and on the left,
+swaying to and fro over the undulations and through the ravines. It
+was a battle of fourteen hours' duration,&mdash;in severity, in unflinching
+determination, in obstinacy, not exceeded by any during the war.
+Between forty and fifty pieces of artillery were at one time in the
+hands of General Hancock; but owing to the difficulties of removal,
+and the efforts of the enemy, he could secure only eighteen. During
+the day Grant advanced his lines a mile towards the court-house, and
+repulsed Lee in all his counter-attacks.</p>
+
+<p>During the lull in the strife at Spottsylvania I spent a day in
+Fredericksburg, visiting the hospitals.</p>
+
+<p>The city is a vast hospital; churches, public buildings, private
+dwellings, stores, chambers, attics, basements, all full. There are
+thousands upon the sidewalk. All day long the ambulances have been
+arriving from the field. There are but few wounded left at the front,
+those only whom to remove would be certain death.</p>
+
+<a id="img052" name="img052"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img052.jpg" width="400" height="403" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">The sanitary commission in the hospital.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A red flag has been flung out at the Sanitary Commission rooms,&mdash;a
+white one at the rooms of the Christian Commission. There are three
+hundred volunteer nurses in attendance. The Sanitary Commission have
+fourteen wagons bringing supplies from Belle Plain. The Christian
+Commission has less transportation facilities, but in devotion, in
+hard work, in <span class="pagenum"><a id="page327" name="page327"></a>(p. 327)</span> patient effort, it is the compeer of its more
+bountifully supplied neighbor. The nurses are divided into details,
+some for day service, some for night work. Each State has its Relief
+Committee.</p>
+
+<p>How patient the brave fellows are! Not a word of complaint, but thanks
+for the slightest favor. There was a lack of crutches. I saw an old
+soldier of the California regiment, who fought with the lamented Baker
+at Ball's Bluff, and who had been in more than twenty battles,
+hobbling about with the arms of a settee nailed to strips of board.
+His regiment was on its way home, its three years of service having
+expired. It was reduced to a score or two of weather-beaten,
+battle-scarred veterans. The disabled comrade could hardly keep back
+the tears as he saw them pass down the street. "Few of us left. The
+bones of the boys are on every battle-field where the Army of the
+Potomac has fought," said he.</p>
+
+<p>There was the sound of the pick and spade in the churchyard, a
+heaving-up of new earth,&mdash;a digging of trenches, not for defence
+against the enemy, but for the last resting-place of departed heroes.
+There they lie, each wrapped in his blanket, the last bivouac! For
+them there is no more war,&mdash;no charges into the thick, leaden
+rain-drops,&mdash;no more hurrahs, no more cheering for the dear old flag!
+They have fallen, but the victory is theirs,&mdash;theirs the roll of
+eternal honor. Side by side,&mdash;men from Massachusetts, from
+Pennsylvania, and from Wisconsin,&mdash;from all the States, resting in one
+common grave. Peace to them! blessings on the dear ones,&mdash;wives,
+mothers, children whom they have left behind.</p>
+
+<p>Go into the hospitals;&mdash;armless, legless men, wounds of every
+description. Men on the floor, on the hard seats of church-pews, lying
+in one position all day, unable to move till the nurse, going the
+rounds, gives them aid. They must wait till their food comes. Some
+must be fed with a spoon, for they are as helpless as little children.</p>
+
+<p>"O that we could get some straw for the brave fellows," said the Rev.
+Mr. Kimball, of the Christian Commission. He had wandered about town,
+searching for the article.</p>
+
+<p>"There is none to be had. We shall have to send to Washington for
+it," said the surgeon in charge.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page328" name="page328"></a>(p. 328)</span> "Straw! I remember two stacks, four miles out on the
+Spottsylvania road. I saw them last night as I galloped in from the
+front."</p>
+
+<p>Armed with a requisition from the Provost Marshal to seize two stacks
+of straw, with two wagons driven by freedmen, accompanied by four
+Christian Commission delegates, away we went across the battle-field
+of December, fording Hazel Run, gaining the heights, and reaching the
+straw stacks owned by Rev. Mr. Owen, a bitter Rebel.</p>
+
+<p>"By whose authority do you take my property?"</p>
+
+<p>"The Provost Marshal, sir."</p>
+
+<p>"Are you going to pay me for it?"</p>
+
+<p>"You must see the Provost Marshal, sir. If you are a loyal man, and
+will take the oath of allegiance, doubtless you will get your pay when
+we have put down the Rebellion."</p>
+
+<p>"It is pretty hard. My children are just ready to starve. I have
+nothing for them to eat, and you come to take my property without
+paying for it."</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, sir, war is hard. You must remember, sir, that there are
+thousands of wounded men,&mdash;your Rebel wounded as well as ours. If your
+children are on the point of starving, those men are on the point of
+dying. We must have the straw for them. What we don't take to-night we
+will get in the morning. Meanwhile, sir, if anybody attempts to take
+it, please say to them that it is for the hospital, and they can't
+have it."</p>
+
+<p>Thus with wagons stuffed, we leave Rev. Mr. Owen and return to make
+glad the hearts of several thousand men. O how they thank us!</p>
+
+<p>"Did you get it for me? God bless you, sir."</p>
+
+<p>It is evening. Thousands of soldiers just arrived from Washington have
+passed through the town to take their places in the front. The hills
+around are white with innumerable tents.</p>
+
+<p>A band is playing lively airs to cheer the wounded in the hospitals. I
+have been looking in to see the sufferers. Two or three have gone to
+their long home. They will need no more attention. A surgeon is at
+work upon a ghastly wound, taking up the arteries. An attendant is
+pouring cold water upon a swollen limb. In the Episcopal church a
+nurse is bolstering up a wounded officer in the area behind the
+altar. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page329" name="page329"></a>(p. 329)</span> Men are lying in the pews, on the seats, on the floor,
+on boards on top of the pews.</p>
+
+<p>Two candles in the spacious building throw their feeble rays into the
+dark recesses, faintly disclosing the recumbent forms. There is heavy,
+stifled breathing, as of constant effort to suppress cries extorted by
+acutest pain.</p>
+
+<p>Passing into the street you see a group of women, talking about <i>our</i>
+wounded,&mdash;Rebel wounded, who are receiving their especial devotion.
+The Provost Marshal's patrol is going its rounds to preserve order.</p>
+
+<p>Starting down the street, you reach the rooms of the Christian
+Commission. Some of the men are writing letters for the soldiers, some
+eating their night-rations, some dispensing supplies. Passing through
+the rooms, you gain the grounds in the rear,&mdash;a beautiful garden
+once,&mdash;not unattractive now. The air is redolent with honeysuckle and
+locust blossoms. The prunifolia is unfolding its delicate milk-white
+petals; roses are opening their tinted leaves.</p>
+
+<p>Fifty men are gathered round a summer-house,&mdash;warm-hearted men, who
+have been all day in the hospitals. Their hearts have been wrung by
+the scenes of suffering, in the exercise of Christian charity,
+imitating the example of the Redeemer of men. They have dispensed food
+for the body and nourishment for the soul. They have given cups of
+cold water in the name of Jesus, and prayed with those departing to
+the Silent Land. The moonlight shimmers through the leaves of the
+locusts, as they meet at that evening hour to worship God</p>
+
+<p>The little congregation breaks into singing,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem25">"Come, thou fount of every blessing."</p>
+
+<p>After the hymn, a chaplain says, "Brethren, I had service this
+afternoon in the First Division hospital of the Second Corps. The
+surgeon in charge, before prayer, asked all who desired to be prayed
+for to raise their hands, and nearly every man who had a hand raised
+it. Let us remember them in our prayers to-night."</p>
+
+<p>A man in the summer-house, so far off that I cannot distinguish him,
+says,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Every man in the Second Division of the Sixth Corps hospital raised
+his hand for prayers to-night."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page330" name="page330"></a>(p. 330)</span> There are earnest supplications that God will bless them;
+that they may have patience; that Jesus will pillow their heads upon
+his breast, relieve their sufferings, soothe their sorrows, wipe away
+all their tears, heal their wounds; that he will remember the widow
+and the fatherless, far away, moaning for the loved and lost.</p>
+
+<p>Another hymn,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem25">
+<span class="min33em">"</span>Jesus, lover of my soul,<br>
+   Let me to thy bosom fly,"</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">and the delegates return to their work of mercy.</p>
+
+<p>At Spottsylvania there were constant skirmishing and artillery-firing
+through the 13th, and a moving of the army from the north to the east
+of the Court-House. A rain-storm set in. The roads became heavy, and a
+contemplated movement&mdash;a sudden flank attack&mdash;was necessarily
+abandoned.</p>
+
+<p>There was a severe skirmish on the 14th, incessant picket-firing on
+the 15th, and on the 16th another engagement all along the line,&mdash;not
+fought with the fierceness of that of the 12th, but lasting through
+the forenoon, and resulting in the taking of a line of rifle-pits from
+the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>On Wednesday, the 18th, there was an assault upon Lee's outer line of
+works. Two lines of rifle-pits were carried; but an impassable abatis
+prevented farther advance, and after a six hours' struggle the troops
+were withdrawn.</p>
+
+<p>On the afternoon of the 19th Ewell gained the rear of Grant's right
+flank, and came suddenly upon Tyler's division of heavy artillery,
+armed as infantry, just arrived upon the field. Though surprised, they
+held the enemy in check, forced him back, and with aid from the Second
+Corps compelled him to retreat with great loss. This attack was made
+to cover Lee's withdrawal to the North Anna. His troops were already
+on the march.</p>
+
+<p>Grant was swift to follow.</p>
+
+<p>It is a two days' march from Spottsylvania to the North Anna. The
+crossings of the Mattapony were held by Rebel cavalry, which was
+quickly driven. Then came the gallant crossing of the Fifth Corps at
+Jericho Ford, the irresistible charge of Birney and Barlow of the
+Second Corps at Taylor's Bridge, the sweeping-in of five hundred
+prisoners, the severe engagements lasting three days,&mdash;all memorable
+events, worthy of prominence in a full history of the campaign.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page331" name="page331"></a>(p. 331)</span>
+
+<a id="img053" name="img053"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<a href="images/img053.jpg">
+<img src="images/img053tb.jpg" width="400" height="274" alt="" title=""></a>
+<p class="caption">North Anna.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The North Anna is a rapid stream, with high banks. East of Taylor's
+bridge, towards Sexton's Junction, there is an extensive swamp, but
+westward the country is rolling. It was supposed that Lee would make a
+stubborn resistance at the crossings, but at Jericho Warren found only
+a few pickets upon the southern bank. A pontoon was laid and two
+divisions sent over; but moving towards the railroad a mile, they
+encountered Hood's and Pickett's divisions of Ewell's corps. The
+cannonade was heavy and the musketry sharp, mainly between Cutler's
+command and Ewell's, lasting till dark.</p>
+
+<p>It is about two miles from Jericho crossing to the railroad, the point
+for which the right wing was aiming.</p>
+
+<p>"I reckon that our troops didn't expect you to come this way," said
+Mr. Quarles, a citizen residing on the north bank, with whom I found
+accommodation for the night.</p>
+
+<p>"I suppose you didn't expect Grant to get this side of the
+Wilderness?"</p>
+
+<p>"We heard that he was retreating towards Fredericksburg," was the
+response.</p>
+
+<p>He was the owner of a saw-mill. Timber was wanted for the construction
+of a bridge. His mill was out of repair, but there were men in the
+Union army accustomed to run saw-mills, and an hour was sufficient to
+put the machinery in order for the manufacture of lumber. It was
+amusing to see the soldiers lay down their guns, take up the crowbar,
+roll the logs into the mill, adjust the saw, hoist the gate, and sit
+upon the log while <span class="pagenum"><a id="page332" name="page332"></a>(p. 332)</span> the saw was cutting its way. The owner of
+the mill looked on in disgust, as his lumber was thus freely handled.</p>
+
+<p>In the first advance from Jericho bridge, the force was repulsed. The
+Rebels of Ewell's command came on with confidence, to drive the
+retreating troops into the river; but Warren had taken the precaution
+to place his smooth-bore guns on a hillock, south of the stream, while
+his rifled pieces were on the north side, in position, to give a
+cross-fire with the smooth-bores. When the Rebels came within reach of
+this concentrated fire they were almost instantly checked. It was no
+time to rush on, or to stand still and deliberate; they fled,
+uncovering the railroad, to which the Sixth advanced, tearing up the
+track and burning the depot. In the centre, the Ninth Corps had a
+severe fight, resulting in considerable loss.</p>
+
+<p>It is two miles from Jericho bridge to Carmel Church, which stands in
+a beautiful grove of oaks. While the troops were resting beneath the
+trees, waiting for the order to move, a chaplain entered the church
+and proposed to hold religious service.</p>
+
+<p>The soldiers manifested their pleasure, kneeled reverently during the
+prayer, and listened with tearful eyes to the exhortations which
+followed.</p>
+
+<p>It was inspiring to hear them sing,</p>
+
+<p class="poem25">
+<span class="min33em">"</span>Come, sing to me of heaven,<br>
+   When I'm about to die;<br>
+   Sing songs of holy ecstasy,<br>
+   To waft my soul on high."</p>
+
+<p>At dark on the evening of the 25th of May, I rode along the lines of
+the Second Corps to take a look at the Rebels. There was a steady fire
+of artillery. One battery of the Rebels had full sweep of the plain,
+and the shells were flying merrily. A thunder-storm was rising. The
+lightning was vivid and incessant. My head-quarters for the night were
+to be with a surgeon attached to the First Division of the Ninth
+Corps, several miles distant. The dense black clouds rising in the
+west made the night intensely dark, except when the lightning-flashes
+gleamed along the sky. It was a scene of sublime grandeur: heaven's
+artillery in play,&mdash;the heavy peals of thunder, mingling with the roar
+of the battle-field! After an hour's ride through pine thickets,
+over old corn-fields, half-blinded by the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page333" name="page333"></a>(p. 333)</span> lightning, I
+reached the quarters of my friend the surgeon, whose tent was just
+then being packed into the wagon for a night march to a new position.
+The storm was close at hand, and together we fled for shelter to a
+neighboring cabin. I had barely time to fasten my horse and enter the
+door before the storm was upon us.</p>
+
+<a id="img054" name="img054"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img054.jpg" width="500" height="311" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Bayonet charge.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The house was built of logs, chinked with mud, contained two rooms
+about fifteen feet square, and was occupied by a colored family.</p>
+
+<p>Others had fled for shelter to the hospitable roof. I found
+congregated there for the night nine surgeons, three hospital nurses,
+a delegate of the Christian Commission, two soldiers, two colored
+women, a colored man, three children. The colored people had taken
+their only pig into the house, to save the animal from being killed by
+the soldiers, and had tied it to the bed-post. Their poultry&mdash;half a
+dozen fowls&mdash;was imprisoned under a basket. The rain fell in torrents
+throughout the night. Finding a place under the table for my head,
+with my overcoat for a pillow, and thrusting my legs under the bed
+which was occupied by three surgeons, I passed the night, and thought
+myself much more highly favored than the forty or fifty who came to
+the door, but only to find a full hotel.</p>
+
+<p>Instead of trying to walk over the obstacle in his path, Grant decided
+to go round it. Stealing a march upon Lee, he moved suddenly
+southeast, crossed the Pamunkey at Hanover Town, opened a new base of
+supplies at White House, forcing Lee to fall back on the Chickahominy.</p>
+
+<p>On Sunday, the 29th, a great cavalry engagement took place at Hawes's
+shop, west of Hanover Town, in which Sheridan drove the Rebels back
+upon Bethesda Church. The army came into position on the 30th, its
+right towards Hanover Court-House. Lee was already in position, and
+during the day there was firing all along the line. All the corps were
+engaged. The Second Corps by the Shelton House, by a bayonet-charge
+pushed the enemy from the outer line of works which he had thrown up,
+while the Fifth Corps rolled back, with terrible slaughter, the mass
+of men which came upon its flank and front at Bethesda Church. At Cold
+Harbor, the Sixth, joined by the Eighteenth Army Corps, under
+Major-General <span class="pagenum"><a id="page334" name="page334"></a>(p. 334)</span> W. F. Smith, from Bermuda Hundred, met
+Longstreet and Breckenridge, and troops from Beauregard. Sheridan had
+seized this important point,&mdash;important because of the junction of
+roads,&mdash;and held it against cavalry and infantry till the arrival of
+the Fifth and Eighteenth. The point secured, a new line of battle was
+formed on the 1st of June. The Ninth held the right of Bethesda
+Church; the Fifth was south of the church, joining the Eighteenth; the
+Sixth held the road from Cold Harbor to Gaines's Mills; while the
+Second was thrown out on the left, on the road leading to Despatch
+Station and the Chickahominy.</p>
+
+<span class="sidedate">June, 1864.</span>
+
+<p>In the campaign of 1862, Cold Harbor was General McClellan's
+head-quarters while he was on the north bank of the Chickahominy, and
+Jackson, when he advanced to attack Fitz John Porter, marched down the
+road over which Grant moved, to that locality. It is a place of one
+house,&mdash;an old tavern standing at a crossing of roads, twelve miles
+from Richmond. The most direct route to the city runs past Gaines's
+Mills, where the first of the series of battles was fought before
+Richmond, in the seven days' contest. Jackson's head-quarters were at
+Cold Harbor during that engagement.</p>
+
+<p>The general position of the two armies in Grant's battles at Cold
+Harbor is indicated by the accompanying diagram.</p>
+
+<a id="img055" name="img055"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<a href="images/img055.jpg">
+<img src="images/img055tb.jpg" width="400" height="296" alt="" title=""></a>
+<p class="caption">Cold Harbor.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page335" name="page335"></a>(p. 335)</span> A huge catalpa stands in front of the old tavern, where in
+the peaceful days of the Old Dominion travellers rested their horses
+beneath the grateful shade, while they drank their toddy at the tavern
+bar. Two great battles were fought there by Grant, the first in the
+evening of the 1st of June, the second on the evening of the 3d.</p>
+
+<p>There is a line of breastworks west of the house, a few rods distant,
+behind which Russell's division of the Sixth Corps is lying. The road
+to Despatch Station runs due south; the road to New Cold Harbor
+southwest, the road to Bethesda Church northwest. In the battle fought
+on the 1st instant, Neil was east of the road leading to Despatch
+Station, Russell west of the house, and Ricketts northwest.</p>
+
+<p>Passing toward the right one mile, we come to the house of Daniel
+Woody, which is in rear of the right of the line of the Eighteenth. It
+is the head-quarters of General Martindale, who commands the right
+division of the line. Next is Brooks's division in the centre, with
+Devens on the left, connecting with Ricketts's on the right of the
+Sixth.</p>
+
+<p>There is a clear space west of Woody's house, a cornfield lately
+planted, but now trodden by the feet of Martindale's men. In front of
+Brooks there is a gentle swell of land, wooded with pines. On the
+crest of the hill there is a line of Rebel rifle-pits. In front of
+Devens the swell is smoothed to a plain, or rather there is a
+depression, as if the hillock had been scooped out of the plain. This
+also is wooded. The belt of timber stretches over the plain, crossing
+the road to Gaines's Mill, about half a mile from the tavern,&mdash;a dark
+strip of green twenty or thirty rods in width. Beyond the belt toward
+Richmond is a smooth field, half a mile in width, bounded on the
+farther edge, under the shadow of another belt of green, by the line
+of Beauregard's breastworks. The line of Rebel defence runs diagonally
+to the road, the distance being less between Ricketts and the work
+than on the left in front of Neil. This plain is swept by Rebel cannon
+and thousands of rifles and muskets.</p>
+
+<p>It was past six o'clock&mdash;nearly seven&mdash;before the troops were in
+position to move upon the enemy's works. They marched through the
+woods, emerged upon the open field <span class="pagenum"><a id="page336" name="page336"></a>(p. 336)</span> The Rebel batteries opened
+with redoubled fury, but the line advanced steadily. Devens found the
+depression in front of him almost a marsh, with trees felled, forming
+an abatis; but his men passed through, and again came into line.
+Burnham's brigade, of Brooks's division, containing the Tenth and
+Thirteenth New Hampshire, Eighth Connecticut, and One Hundred and
+Eighteenth New York, charged up the hill in front, and took the
+rifle-pits above them. Ricketts, having less distance to advance than
+the other divisions of the Sixth, was soonest in the fight, sweeping
+all before him. Before the Rebels could reload their pieces after the
+first volley the bayonets of the advancing columns, gleaming in the
+light of the setting sun, were at their throats. Half a brigade was
+taken prisoners, while the rest of the Rebels in front of Ricketts
+fled in disorder.</p>
+
+<p>Russell moving along the road received an enfilading fire from
+artillery and musketry. The Rebels having recovered from their panic,
+held on with stubbornness. The broad plain over which Russell moved
+was fringed with fire. From dark till past ten o'clock Breckenridge
+tried in vain to recover what he had lost.</p>
+
+<p>The loss was severe to us in killed and wounded. But it was a victory,
+so signal that a congratulatory order was issued by General Meade to
+the Sixth Corps.</p>
+
+<p>Lying beneath the ever-moaning pines, with the star-lit heavens for a
+tent, I listened to the sounds of the battle,&mdash;steady, monotonous,
+like the surf on the beach. An hour's sleep, and still it was rolling
+in. But all things must have an end. Near midnight it died away, and
+there was only the chirping of the cricket, the unvarying note of the
+whip-poor-will, and the wind swaying the stately trees around me.
+Peaceful all around; but ah! beyond those forest belts were the
+suffering heroes, parched with thirst, fevered with the fight,
+bleeding for their country. How shall we thank them? How shall we
+reward them? What estimate shall we place upon their work? O friends,
+as you recall this sacrifice, let your hearts warm with devotion to
+your country. Do honor to the noble dead, and forget not the
+living,&mdash;the widow and the fatherless.</p>
+
+<p>The battle of the 3d of June was obstinate and bloody, and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page337" name="page337"></a>(p. 337)</span>
+resulted in great loss to Grant. The artillery firing was constant
+through the forenoon, but Lee was too strongly entrenched to be
+driven.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as there was a lull in the roar of battle, I improved the
+opportunity to visit the hospitals. There were long lines of
+ambulances bringing in the wounded, who were laid beneath the trees.
+Unconscious men were upon the tables, helpless in the hands of the
+surgeons,&mdash;to wake from a dreamless sleep with a limb gone, a bleeding
+stump of a leg or arm. Horrid the gashes where jagged iron had cut
+through the flesh, severing arteries and tendons in an instant. Heads,
+hands, legs, and arms mangled and dripping with blood,&mdash;human blood!
+There were moans, low murmurings, wrenched from the men against their
+wills. Men were babbling, in their delirium, of other scenes,&mdash;dim
+recollections, which were momentary realities. To be with them and not
+do for them,&mdash;to see suffering without power to alleviate,&mdash;gives
+painful tension to nerves, even though one may be familiar with scenes
+of carnage.</p>
+
+<p>I turned from the scene all but ready to say, "Anything to stay this
+terrible destruction of human life." But there were other
+thoughts,&mdash;of retributive justice,&mdash;of sighs and groans, scourged
+backs, broken hearts, partings of mothers from their children,&mdash;the
+coffle train, and the various horrors of the accursed system of
+slavery, the cause of all this "wounding and hurt." I remembered that
+it was a contest between eternal right and infernal wrong; that He who
+is of infinite love and tenderness in His war against rebellion,
+spared not his only begotten Son;&mdash;and thus consoled and strengthened,
+I could wish the contest to go on till victory should crown our
+efforts, and a permanent peace be the inheritance of our children.</p>
+
+<p>At Cold Harbor the abilities of Lee, McClellan, and Grant as
+commanders have been exhibited. Lee's head-quarters during the battle
+of Gaines's Mills were at New Cold Harbor, but during the afternoon he
+rode over to the old tavern and had a talk with Jackson. That battle
+was won by Lee after a hard struggle, not through any lack of courage
+on the part of the Union troops, but through McClellan's want of
+generalship. McClellan was ever taking counsel of his fears. He
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page338" name="page338"></a>(p. 338)</span> uniformly overestimated the numbers of the enemy. When Lee
+advanced to Munson's Hill, near Alexandria, in October, 1861, his army
+did not exceed sixty thousand, but McClellan estimated it at "one
+hundred and fifty thousand, well drilled, equipped, ably commanded,
+and strongly entrenched."<a id="footnotetag58" name="footnotetag58"></a><a href="#footnote58" title="Go to footnote 58"><span class="smaller">[58]</span></a> In March, 1862, when Lee evacuated
+Manassas, his estimate of the Rebel army was one hundred and fifteen
+thousand, while the actual strength was less than fifty thousand. "It
+seems clear that I shall have the whole force of the enemy on my
+hands, probably not less than one hundred thousand, and probably
+more," wrote McClellan to the Secretary of War upon his arrival at
+Yorktown.</p>
+
+<p>Magruder commanded the Rebels at Yorktown. "My whole force," says he,
+"was less than eleven thousand."<a id="footnotetag59" name="footnotetag59"></a><a href="#footnote59" title="Go to footnote 59"><span class="smaller">[59]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>The day before the battle of Cold Harbor, McClellan's estimate of
+Lee's army was two hundred thousand.<a id="footnotetag60" name="footnotetag60"></a><a href="#footnote60" title="Go to footnote 60"><span class="smaller">[60]</span></a> His own force, sick and well,
+on the 20th, was one hundred and seventeen thousand. He had present
+and fit for duty on the day of battle from one hundred to one hundred
+and five thousand. Lee's force was two or three thousand less.</p>
+
+<p>McClellan knew very little of Lee's army. He intrusted the management
+of the secret service to two French princes, who, however estimable
+they might be as individuals, had a superficial acquaintance with the
+English language, who knew but little of America or Americans,&mdash;whose
+geographical knowledge of the country in which the war was being
+carried on was less than that of the scholars of a New England grammar
+school,&mdash;who were wanting in the lawyer-like qualifications necessary
+to separating the true from the false in the stories of deserters,
+scouts, and spies. So inefficient was the secret service that
+McClellan had no information of Lee's movements or intentions till
+Jackson was at Ashland, within a few hours' march of Cold Harbor. When
+he saw that he was to be attacked, he moved his own head-quarters to
+the south side, making no effort to win the battle, thinking only of a
+retreat to the James.</p>
+
+<p>A general who wins a battle through the blundering of an <span class="pagenum"><a id="page339" name="page339"></a>(p. 339)</span>
+inefficient opponent cannot be called, on that account alone, a great
+commander. There must be genius in movements, in making use of
+positions and forces, so that victory is wrenched from a skilful foe,
+to entitle a commander to wear the bay leaves upon his brow.</p>
+
+<p>McClellan's army was divided by the Chickahominy. He had about thirty
+thousand men on the north bank and seventy-five thousand on the south
+side. Lee submitted a plan to Jeff Davis, which was accepted, by which
+he hoped to destroy that portion of McClellan's force on the north
+bank. Whiting's and Ewell's divisions were put on board the cars and
+sent up the Virginia Central Railroad to Gordonsville, as if to join
+Jackson in the Shenandoah, or for a march on Washington, but Jackson
+was on his way towards Richmond. He commanded the united force,
+amounting to thirty thousand. He moved down to Ashland. A deserter
+informed McClellan at Cold Harbor that Jackson would attack him on the
+28th.<a id="footnotetag61" name="footnotetag61"></a><a href="#footnote61" title="Go to footnote 61"><span class="smaller">[61]</span></a> Negroes came in on the next day who said that Jackson was at
+Hanover Court-House. McClellan's line was twenty miles long. His
+extreme right was north of Richmond, at Mechanicsville; his left was
+southeast of the city, resting on White Oak Swamp. McClellan could
+have reinforced Porter, and defeated Lee, or he could have withdrawn
+him to the south bank, and pushed into Richmond, but he left Porter to
+contend with Lee's entire army, except Magruder's command of about
+twenty thousand men,<a id="footnotetag62" name="footnotetag62"></a><a href="#footnote62" title="Go to footnote 62"><span class="smaller">[62]</span></a> while he burned his supplies, destroyed the
+railroad, and made ready to march to the James. Porter held his ground
+till nearly night, calling for reinforcements. Had a division been
+sent him at the right time, Lee would have suffered a terrible defeat.
+Slocum, of Franklin's corps, was sent over when too late to be of
+essential service. Jackson extended his left south from the old
+tavern, and fell upon Porter's right flank, and drove the Union
+troops, but everywhere else Lee was repulsed with great loss. His
+entire loss in that battle was about nine thousand and five hundred,
+McClellan's about four thousand.</p>
+
+<p>Lee moved out from Richmond when Jackson was at Hanover <span class="pagenum"><a id="page340" name="page340"></a>(p. 340)</span>
+Court-House. Branch's division marched up the Brooke turnpike, A. P.
+Hill moved over the Mechanicsville turnpike, Longstreet and D. H. Hill
+by the New Bridge road. McClellan was informed of the movement. Here
+was his golden opportunity. By throwing nearly his entire army north
+of the Chickahominy, he could have met Lee outside of his
+entrenchments, or he could have withdrawn Porter and made a rush upon
+the city. Lee expected to meet the whole Union army at Cold Harbor,
+and in the battle supposed he was fighting McClellan's main force.</p>
+
+<p>"The principal part of the enemy was on the north side," says Lee in
+his report. It is evident that in his plan he calculated that
+McClellan would not risk a battle with a divided army, and he
+therefore left but a small force to hold Richmond. Magruder on the
+other hand, saw the danger to the city. Says Magruder:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"From the time at which the enemy withdrew his forces to this
+     side of the Chickahominy, and destroyed the bridges, to the
+     moment of his evacuation,&mdash;that is, from Friday night until
+     Sunday morning,&mdash;I considered the situation of our army extremely
+     critical and perilous. The larger portion of it was on either
+     side of the Chickahominy, the bridges had all been destroyed, and
+     but one was rebuilt, the New Bridge, which was fully commanded by
+     the enemy's guns at Golding's; and there were but twenty-five
+     thousand men between his army and Richmond. I received repeated
+     instructions during Saturday night from General Lee's
+     head-quarters, enjoining upon my command the utmost vigilance,
+     directing the men to sleep on their arms, to be prepared for
+     whatever might occur. I passed the night without sleep, and in
+     the superintendence of their execution. Had McClellan massed his
+     whole force in column, and advanced it against any point of our
+     line of battle, as was done at Austerlitz by the greatest captain
+     of any age, though the head of his column would have suffered
+     greatly, its momentum would have insured him success, and the
+     occupation of our works about Richmond, and consequently the city
+     might have been his reward. Our relief was therefore great when
+     information reached us that the enemy had evacuated his works and
+     was retreating."<a id="footnotetag63" name="footnotetag63"></a><a href="#footnote63" title="Go to footnote 63"><span class="smaller">[63]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>Magruder, in the above statement, unintentionally exposes the
+faultiness of Lee's plan, which, had McClellan improved <span class="pagenum"><a id="page341" name="page341"></a>(p. 341)</span> his
+opportunity, would have been the loss of the Rebel capital, the rout
+and disorganization of Lee's army, and a historic page wholly
+different from that now on record.</p>
+
+<p>In contrast is Grant's plan of operations. His secret-service
+department was managed with rare ability, by men acquainted with the
+English language, who were adepts in the art of sifting truth from
+falsehood. Grant was well informed as to Lee's numbers, the
+reinforcements at his disposal, and his movements. He took counsel of
+his courage, never of his fear. In his plan of the Wilderness
+campaigns, the series of movements from the Rapidan to the James, were
+duly considered before the orders for the advance were given. When he
+saw that he could not reach Richmond from the north, he decided to
+sweep round to the James, but not till he had made it impossible for
+Lee to move upon Washington, by breaking up the Virginia Central and
+Fredericksburg Railroad. McClellan complained that he was deprived of
+the control of McDowell's force at Fredericksburg, which was retained
+by the President to cover Washington; but the railroad from Richmond
+to Manassas was then in running order, with the exception of the
+bridge across the Rappahannock. Grant's prudence in securing
+Washington was as marked as his tenacity of purpose to push on towards
+Richmond.</p>
+
+<p>The transfer of the Eighteenth Corps from Bermuda Hundred to seize
+Cold Harbor,&mdash;the order for which was given before the army crossed
+the Pamunkey,&mdash;was a conception as brilliant as that of Lee's in the
+transfer of Jackson from the Shenandoah in '62. The march of the army
+to the south side of the James, which will be narrated in another
+chapter, was the most striking movement of the campaign, exhibiting
+the same quality of genius which had been exhibited at Vicksburg, and
+which has no parallel in the movements of any of the Rebel commanders
+during the war.</p>
+
+<p>There was a season of rest while Grant was preparing for the march to
+the James. The army needed it. A month had passed, the most terrible
+of all the months of the war. There had been scarcely an hour of quiet
+from the moment when the army broke camp at Culpepper till it reached
+Cold Harbor. It never can be known how many were killed and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page342" name="page342"></a>(p. 342)</span>
+wounded in that month of battle. The hospitals of Washington were
+crowded. Thousands of slightly wounded were granted leave of absence.
+Reinforcements were hurried on to fill up the wasted ranks. Lee's loss
+was nearly as heavy as Grant's. Richmond was overflowing with wounded;
+all central Virginia was a hospital. Both armies were becoming
+exhausted.</p>
+
+<p>Lee was the attacking party at the Wilderness, but it was his last
+offensive movement, except as the gauge of battle was given by Grant.</p>
+
+<p>The march from Spottsylvania to Cold Harbor was through a section
+never before visited by Union troops. At the crossing of the Ny I
+found quarters at a farm-house owned by a feeble, forceless,
+gray-bearded, black-eyed man. There was constitutionally a want of
+starch in his physical organization. He was free and frank, but
+shiftless. He owned eighty acres of land, two negroes, an old horse,
+and a rickety cart. His house was mean, but it was charmingly located,
+overlooking the broad valley of the Mattapony, and surrounded by
+locusts and magnolias. Nature had done a great deal towards making it
+a paradise, but the owner had been an indifferent steward. Lying upon
+the grass beneath the trees, I fell into conversation with the
+proprietor.</p>
+
+<p>"This is Caroline County, I believe."</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, sir, this is old Caroline,&mdash;a county which has sold more negroes
+down south than any other in Virginia."</p>
+
+<p>"I was not aware of that; but I remember now a negro song which I used
+to hear. The burden of it was,</p>
+
+<p class="poem25">'I wish I was back in old Caroline.'"</p>
+
+<p>"Quite likely, for the great business of the county has been
+nigger-raising, and it has been our curse. I never owned only old
+Peter and his wife. I wish I didn't own them, for they are old and I
+have got to support them; but how in the world I am to do it I don't
+know, for the soldiers have stripped me of everything."</p>
+
+<p>"Do you mean the Union soldiers?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, and ours (Rebels) also. First, my boys were conscripted. I kept
+them out as long as I could, but they were <span class="pagenum"><a id="page343" name="page343"></a>(p. 343)</span> obliged to go.
+Then they took my horses. Then your cavalry came and took all my corn
+and stole my meat, ransacked the house, seized my flour, killed my
+pigs and chickens, and here I am, stripped of everything."</p>
+
+<p>"It is pretty hard, but your leaders would have it so."</p>
+
+<p>"I know it, sir, and we are getting our pay for it."</p>
+
+<p>It was frankly spoken, and was the first admission I had heard from
+Southern lips that the South was suffering retribution for the crime
+of Secession. It probably did not enter his head that the selling of
+slaves, the breaking up of families, the sundering of heart-strings,
+the cries and tears and prayers of fathers and mothers, the outrages,
+the whippings, scourgings, branding with hot irons, were also crimes
+in the sight of Heaven. Broken hearts were nothing to him,&mdash;not that
+he was naturally worse than other men, but because slavery had blunted
+sensibility.</p>
+
+<p>During the march the next day towards the North Anna, I halted at a
+farm-house. The owner had fled to Richmond in advance of the army,
+leaving his overseer, a stout, burly, red-faced, tobacco-chewing man.
+There were a score of old buildings on the premises. It had been a
+notable plantation, yielding luxuriant harvests of wheat, but the
+proprietor had turned his attention to the culture of tobacco and the
+breeding of negroes. He sold annually a crop of human beings for the
+southern market. The day before our arrival, hearing that the Yankees
+were coming, he hurried forty or fifty souls to Richmond. He intended
+to take all,&mdash;forty or fifty more,&mdash;but the negroes fled to the woods.
+The overseer did his best to collect them, but in vain. The proprietor
+raved, and stormed, and became violent in his language and behavior,
+threatening terrible punishment on all the runaways, but the
+appearance of a body of Union cavalry put an end to maledictions. He
+had a gang of men and women chained together, and hurried them toward
+Richmond.</p>
+
+<p>The runaways came out from their hiding-places when they saw the
+Yankees, and advanced fearlessly with open countenances. The first
+pleasure of the negroes was to smile from ear to ear, the second to
+give everybody a drink of water or a piece of hoe-cake, the third to
+pack up their bundles and be in readiness to join the army.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page344" name="page344"></a>(p. 344)</span> "Are you not afraid of us?"</p>
+
+<p>"Afraid! Why, boss, I's been praying for yer to come; and now yer is
+here, thank de Lord."</p>
+
+<p>"Are you not afraid that we shall sell you?"</p>
+
+<p>"No, boss, I isn't. The overseer said you would sell us off to Cuba,
+to work in the sugar-mill, but we didn't believe him."</p>
+
+<p>Among the servants was a bright mulatto girl, who was dancing,
+singing, and manifesting her joy in violent demonstration.</p>
+
+<p>"What makes you so happy?" I asked.</p>
+
+<p>"Because you Yankees have come. I can go home now."</p>
+
+<p>"Is not this your home?"</p>
+
+<p>"No. I come from Williamsport in Maryland."</p>
+
+<p>"When did you come from there?"</p>
+
+<p>"Last year. Master sold me. I spect my brother is 'long with the army.
+He ran away last year. Master was afraid that I should run away, and
+he sold me."</p>
+
+<p>The negroes came from all the surrounding plantations. Old men with
+venerable beards, horny hands, crippled with hard work and harder
+usage; aged women, toothless, almost blind, steadying their steps with
+sticks; little negro boys, driving a team of skeleton steers,&mdash;mere
+bones and tendons covered with hide,&mdash;or wall-eyed horses, spavined,
+foundered, and lame, attached to rickety carts and wagons, piled with
+beds, tables, chairs, pots and kettles, hens, turkeys, ducks, women
+with infants in their arms, and a sable cloud of children trotting by
+their side.</p>
+
+<p>"Where are you going?" I said to a short, thick-set, gray-bearded old
+man, shuffling along the road; his toes bulging from his old boots,
+and a tattered straw hat on his head,&mdash;his gray wool protruding from
+the crown.</p>
+
+<p>"I do'no, boss, where I's going, but I reckon I'll go where the army
+goes."</p>
+
+<p>"And leave your old home, your old master, and the place where you
+have lived all your days?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, boss; master, he's gone. He went to Richmond. Reckon he went
+mighty sudden, boss, when he heard you was coming. Thought I'd like to
+go along with you."</p>
+
+<a id="img056" name="img056"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img056.jpg" width="500" height="317" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Negroes coming into the lines.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>His face streamed with perspiration. He had been sorely afflicted with
+the rheumatism, and it was with difficulty that he kept up with the
+column; but it was not a hard matter to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page345" name="page345"></a>(p. 345)</span> read the emotions of
+his heart. He was marching towards freedom. Suddenly a light had
+shined upon him. Hope had quickened in his soul. He had a vague idea
+of what was before him. He had broken loose from all which he had been
+accustomed to call his own,&mdash;his cabin, a mud-chinked structure, with
+the ground for a floor, his garden patch,&mdash;to go out, in his old age,
+wholly unprovided for, yet trusting in God that there would be food
+and raiment on the other side of Jordan.</p>
+
+<p>It was a Jordan to them. It was the Sabbath-day,&mdash;bright, clear, calm,
+and delightful. There was a crowd of several hundred colored people at
+a deserted farm-house.</p>
+
+<p>"Will it disturb you if we have a little singing? You see we feel so
+happy to-day that we would like to praise the Lord."</p>
+
+<p>It was the request of a middle-aged woman.</p>
+
+<p>"Not in the least. I should like to hear you."</p>
+
+<p>In a few moments a crowd had assembled in one of the rooms. A stout
+young man, black, bright-eyed, thick-wooled, took the centre of the
+room. The women and girls, dressed in their best clothes, which they
+had put on to make their exodus from bondage in the best possible
+manner, stood in circles round him. The young man began to dance. He
+jumped up, clapped his hands, slapped his thighs, whirled round,
+stamped upon the floor.</p>
+
+<p>"Sisters, let us bless the Lord. Sisters, join in the chorus," he
+said, and led off with a kind of recitative, improvised as the
+excitement gave him utterance. From my note-book I select a few
+lines:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem25">
+<p class="add3em">RECITATIVE.</p>
+
+<p>"We are going to the other side of Jordan."</p>
+
+
+<p class="add4em">CHORUS.</p>
+
+<p><span class="add2em">"So glad! so glad!</span><br>
+  Bless the Lord for freedom,<br>
+<span class="add2em">So glad! so glad!</span><br>
+  We are going on our way,<br>
+<span class="add2em">So glad! so glad!</span><br>
+  To the other side of Jordan,<br>
+<span class="add2em">So glad! so glad!</span><br>
+  Sisters, won't you follow?<br>
+<span class="add2em">So glad! so glad!</span><br>
+  Brothers, won't you follow?"</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page346" name="page346"></a>(p. 346)</span> And so it went on for a half-hour, without cessation, all
+dancing, clapping their hands, tossing their heads. It was the ecstasy
+of action. It was a joy not to be uttered, but demonstrated. The old
+house partook of their rejoicing. It rang with their jubilant shouts,
+and shook in all its joints.</p>
+
+<p>I stood an interested spectator. One woman, well dressed, intelligent,
+refined in her deportment, modest in her manner, said, "It is one way
+in which we worship, sir. It is our first day of freedom."</p>
+
+<p>The first day of freedom! Behind her were years of suffering,
+hardship, unrequited toil, heartaches, darkness, no hope of recompense
+or of light in this life, but a changeless future. Death, aforetime,
+was their only deliverer. For them there was hope only in the grave.
+But suddenly Hope had advanced from eternity into time. They need not
+wait for death; in life they could be free. Is it a wonder that they
+exhibited extravagant joy?</p>
+
+<p>Apart from the dancers was a woman with light hair, hazel eyes, and
+fair complexion. She sat upon the broad steps of the piazza, and
+looked out upon the fields, or rather into the air, unmindful of the
+crowd, the dance, or the shouting. Her features were so nearly of the
+Anglo-Saxon type that it required a second look to assure one that
+there was African blood in her veins. She alone of all the crowd was
+sad in spirit. She evidently had no heart to join in the general
+jubilee.</p>
+
+<p>"Where did you come from?" I asked.</p>
+
+<p>"From Caroline County."</p>
+
+<p>Almost every one else would have said, "From old Caroline." There was
+no trace of the negro dialect, more than you hear from all classes in
+the South, for slavery has left its taint upon the language; it spares
+nothing, but is remorseless in its corrupting influences.</p>
+
+<p>"You do not join in the song and dance," I said.</p>
+
+<p>"No, sir."</p>
+
+<p>Most of them would have said "master" or "boss."</p>
+
+<p>"I should think you would want to dance on your first night of
+freedom, if ever."</p>
+
+<p>"I don't dance, sir, in that way."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page347" name="page347"></a>(p. 347)</span> "Was your master kind to you?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, sir; but he sold my husband and children down South."</p>
+
+<p>The secret of her sadness was out.</p>
+
+<p>"Where are you going? or where do you expect to go?"</p>
+
+<p>"I don't know, sir, and I don't care where I go."</p>
+
+<p>The conversation ran on for some minutes. She manifested no animation,
+and did not once raise her eyes, but kept them fixed on vacancy.
+Husband and children sold, gone forever,&mdash;there was nothing in life to
+charm her. Even the prospect of freedom, with its undefined joys and
+pleasures, its soul-stirring expectations, raising the hopes of those
+around her, moved her not.</p>
+
+<p>Life was a blank. She had lived in her master's family, and was
+intelligent. She was the daughter of her master. She was high-toned in
+her feelings. The dancing and shouting of those around her were
+distasteful. It was to her more barbaric than Christian. She was alone
+among them. She felt her degradation. Freedom could not give her a
+birthright among the free. The daughter of her master! It was gall and
+wormwood; and he, her father, had sold her husband and his
+grandchildren!</p>
+
+<p>I had read of such things. But one needs to come in contact with
+slavery, to feel how utterly loathsome and hateful it is. There was
+the broken-hearted victim, so bruised that not freedom itself, neither
+the ecstasy of those around her, could awaken an emotion of joy. Hour
+after hour the festivities went on, but there she sat upon the step,
+looking down the desolate years gone by, or into a dreamless, hopeless
+future.</p>
+
+<p>It was late at night before the dancers ceased, and then they stopped,
+not because of a surfeit of joy, but because the time had come for
+silence in the camp. It was their first Sabbath of freedom, and like
+the great king of Israel, upon the recovery of the ark of God, they
+danced before the Lord with all their might.</p>
+
+<p>We had a hard, dusty ride from the encampment at Mongohick to the
+Pamunkey. It was glorious, however, in the early morning to sweep
+along the winding forest-road, with the head-quarters' flag in
+advance. Wherever its silken folds were unfurled, there the two
+commanders might be found,&mdash;General Meade, commanding the Army of the
+Potomac, and General <span class="pagenum"><a id="page348" name="page348"></a>(p. 348)</span> Grant, the commander of all the forces
+of the Union in the field. We passed the long line of troops, crossed
+the Pamunkey upon a pontoon bridge, rode a mile or two across the
+verdant intervale, and halted beneath the oaks, magnolias, and
+buttonwoods of an old Virginia mansion. The edifice was reared a
+century ago. It was of wood, stately and substantial. How luxurious
+the surrounding shade; the smooth lawn, the rolled pathways bordered
+by box, with moss-roses, honeysuckle, and jessamines scenting the air,
+and the daisies dotting the greensward! The sweep of open
+land,&mdash;viewing it from the wide portico; the long reach of cultivated
+grounds; acres of wheat rolling in the breeze, like waves of the
+ocean; meadow-lands, smooth and fair; distant groves and
+woodlands,&mdash;how magnificent! It was an old estate, inherited by
+successive generations,&mdash;by those whose pride it had been to keep the
+paternal acres in the family name. But the sons had all gone. A
+daughter was the last heir. She gave her hand, and heart, and the old
+homestead,&mdash;sheep, horses, a great stock of bovines, and a hundred
+negroes or more,&mdash;to her husband. The family name became extinct, and
+the homestead of seven or eight generations passed into the hands of
+one bearing another name.</p>
+
+<p>When McClellan was on the Peninsula, the shadow of the war-cloud swept
+past the place. One or two negroes ran away, but at that time they
+were not tolerated in camp. The campaign of 1862 left the estate
+unharmed. But Sheridan's cavalry, followed by the Sixth Corps, in its
+magnificent march from the North Anna, had suddenly and unexpectedly
+disturbed the security of the old plantation. There was a rattling
+fire from carbines, a fierce fight, men wounded and dead, broken
+fences, trodden fields of wheat and clover; ransacked stables,
+corn-bins, meat-houses, and a swift disappearing of live stock of
+every description.</p>
+
+<a id="img057" name="img057"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img057.jpg" width="500" height="302" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Foraging.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>But to go back a little. The proprietor of this estate ardently
+espoused Secession. His wife was as earnest as he. They hated the
+North. They loved the institutions and principles of the South. They
+sold their surplus negroes in the Richmond market. They parted
+husbands and wives, tore children from the arms of their mothers,
+and separated them forever. They lived <span class="pagenum"><a id="page349" name="page349"></a>(p. 349)</span> on unrequited labor,
+and grew rich through the breeding of human flesh for the market.</p>
+
+<p>When the war commenced, the owner of this magnificent estate enlisted
+in the army and was made a Colonel of cavalry. He furnished supplies
+and kept open house for his comrades in arms; but he fell in a cavalry
+engagement on the Rappahannock, in October, 1863, leaving a wife and
+three young children. The advance of the army, its sudden appearance
+on the Pamunkey, left Mrs. &mdash;-- no time to remove her personal estate,
+or to send her negroes to Richmond for safe keeping. Fitz-Hugh Lee
+disputed Sheridan's advance. The fighting began on this estate.
+Charges by squadrons and regiments were made through the corn-fields.
+Horses, cattle, hogs, sheep, were seized by the cavalrymen. The
+garden, filled with young vegetables, was spoiled. In an hour there
+was complete desolation. The hundred negroes&mdash;cook, steward,
+chambermaid, house and field hands, old and young&mdash;all left their work
+and followed the army. Mrs. &mdash;-- was left to do her own work. The
+parlors of the stately mansion were taken by the surgeons for a
+hospital. The change which Mrs. &mdash;-- experienced was from affluence to
+abject poverty, from power to sudden helplessness.</p>
+
+<p>Passing by one of the negro cabins on the estate, I saw a middle-aged
+colored woman packing a bundle.</p>
+
+<p>"Are you going to move?" I asked.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, sir; I am going to follow the army."</p>
+
+<p>"What for? Where will you go?"</p>
+
+<p>"I want to go to Washington, to find my husband. He ran away awhile
+ago, and is at work in Washington."</p>
+
+<p>"Do you think it right, auntie, to leave your mistress, who has taken
+care of you so long?"</p>
+
+<p>She had been busy with her bundle, but stopped now and stood erect
+before me, her hands on her hips. Her black eyes flashed.</p>
+
+<p>"Taken care of me! What did she ever do for me? Haven't I been her
+cook for more than thirty years? Haven't I cooked every meal she ever
+ate in that house? What has she done for me in return? She has sold my
+children down South, one after another. She has whipped me when I
+cried for them. She has treated me like a hog, sir! Yes, sir, like a
+hog!"</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page350" name="page350"></a>(p. 350)</span> She resumed her work of preparation for leaving. That night
+she and her remaining children joined the thousands of colored people
+who had already taken sudden leave of their masters.</p>
+
+<p>Returning to the mansion to see the wounded, I met Mrs. &mdash;-- in the
+hall. She was tall, robust, dignified. She evidently did not fully
+realize the great change which had taken place in her affairs. The
+change was not complete at that moment. The colored steward was there,
+hat in hand; obsequious, bowing politely, and obeying all commands. A
+half-hour before I had seen him in the cook's cabin, making
+arrangements for leaving the premises, and a half-hour later he was on
+his way toward freedom.</p>
+
+<p>"I wish I had gone to Richmond," said the lady. "This is terrible,
+terrible! They have taken all my provisions, all my horses and cattle.
+My servants are going. What shall I do?" She sank upon the sofa, and
+for a moment gave way to her feelings.</p>
+
+<p>"You are better off here than you would be there, with the city full
+of wounded, and scant supplies in the market," I remarked.</p>
+
+<p>"You are right, sir. What could I do with my three little children
+there? Yet how I am to live here I don't know. When will this terrible
+war come to an end?"</p>
+
+<p>But enough of this scene. I have introduced it because it is real, and
+because it is but one of many. There are hundreds of Southern homes
+where the change has been equally great. Secession is not what they
+who started it thought it would be. The penalties for crime always
+come, sooner or later. God's scales are correctly balanced. He makes
+all things even. For every tear wrung from the slave by injustice, for
+every broken heart, for the weeping and wailing of mothers for their
+babes sold to the far-off South, for every wrong there is retribution</p>
+
+<p class="poem25">
+<span class="min33em">"</span>Though the mills of God grind slowly,<br>
+<span class="add1em">Yet they grind exceeding small;</span><br>
+   Though with patience he stands waiting,<br>
+<span class="add1em">With exactness grinds he all."</span></p>
+
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page351" name="page351"></a>(p. 351)</span> CHAPTER XX.<br>
+
+TO PETERSBURG.</h2>
+
+<span class="sidedate">June, 1864.</span>
+
+<p>General Grant had tried to break Lee's lines at Cold Harbor, and had
+been repulsed with great loss. The Richmond newspapers were jubilant.
+"He is floundering in the swamps of Chickahominy. He has reached the
+graveyard of Yankee armies," said they.</p>
+
+<p>The newspapers opposed to the war and in sympathy with the Rebellion,
+in the North, made Cold Harbor an occasion for glorifying General
+McClellan, their candidate for the Presidency.</p>
+
+<p>"Grant is a butcher. He has sacrificed a hundred thousand lives. He
+acts under Lincoln's orders. Elect McClellan, and we shall have
+peace."</p>
+
+<p>The army was dejected, but did not lose heart. It had been repulsed,
+had lost many brave men, but it had pushed Lee from the Wilderness to
+Richmond.</p>
+
+<p>I conversed freely with the soldiers, and rarely found one who had not
+full confidence in the ability of General Grant. Round their bivouac
+fires the history of the Army of the Potomac was freely discussed. The
+old soldiers, who had fought in the first Cold Harbor battle,
+remembered how twenty-seven thousand men held Lee at bay on that
+ground through the long hours of the first of the seven days' fight in
+front of Richmond; how McClellan kept sixty thousand men on the south
+bank of the Chickahominy, inactive,&mdash;sending a brigade to their aid
+when too late to be of use. They recalled the scenes of those terrible
+demoralizing days,&mdash;how McClellan kept out of harm's way. When the
+battle was raging on the north bank of the Chickahominy he was south
+of it; when Sumner was holding Savage Station, McClellan was across
+White Oak Swamp; when Glendale was fought, and the Rebels under Hill
+routed, McClellan was at Malvern, and while Magruder <span class="pagenum"><a id="page352" name="page352"></a>(p. 352)</span> was
+madly pushing his troops on to be slaughtered at Malvern, McClellan
+was on board a gunboat; how in the night the whole army was ordered
+away from a victorious field, from an impregnable position, while Lee
+was fleeing towards Richmond! Soldiers who had come later into the
+service remembered the failure at Fredericksburg and the retreat from
+Chancellorsville, and in contrast saw that Grant had pluck. It is a
+quality of character which soldiers admire. They could also see that
+there was system in his movements. They sometimes spoke of him as the
+Grand Flanker. "He'll flank Lee out of Richmond yet; see if he don't,"
+said a soldier.</p>
+
+<p>If Grant had failed to move Lee from his position in a direct attack,
+Lee also had failed to drive Grant from the junction of the roads at
+old Cold Harbor,&mdash;an important point, as, by opening the railroad from
+White House, he could easily bring up his supplies. His army was
+intact,&mdash;not divided, as McClellan's had been by the dark and sluggish
+Chickahominy.</p>
+
+<p>"What will Grant do?" was a question often discussed around the
+mess-tables of brigadiers, colonels, and captains,&mdash;by men who were
+bound to obey all orders, but who nevertheless had their own ideas as
+to the best method of conducting the campaign. The Lieutenant-General
+had the whole plan of operations settled for him many times. It was
+amusing to see the strategic points indicated on the maps.</p>
+
+<p>"He can swing in north of the city upon the high lands. The
+Chickahominy swamps don't extend above Mechanicsville," said one.</p>
+
+<p>"But how will he get his supplies?"</p>
+
+<p>"Open the Fredericksburg road. It is open now from Aquia Creek to the
+Rappahannock."</p>
+
+<p>But Grant, instead of opening the road, determined to break it up
+completely, also the Virginia Central, which runs to Gordonsville, to
+prevent Lee from moving upon Washington. Up to this time all of his
+movements, while they were upon Lee's flank, had not uncovered that
+city; but now Washington would take care of itself.</p>
+
+<p>The plan of the campaign had been well matured by General Grant
+before he started from Culpepper. He says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page353" name="page353"></a>(p. 353)</span> "My idea from the start had been to beat the enemy north
+     of Richmond if possible. Then after destroying his lines of
+     communication north of the James River, to transfer the army to
+     the south side, and besiege Lee in Richmond, or follow him south
+     if he should retreat."<a id="footnotetag64" name="footnotetag64"></a><a href="#footnote64" title="Go to footnote 64"><span class="smaller">[64]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>Grant was not willing to sacrifice his men. He resolved to transfer
+his army south of the James, and cut Lee's communications. Gregg was
+sent in advance, with the cavalry belonging to the Army of the
+Potomac, crossing the Chickahominy, and making a rapid movement by the
+left flank.</p>
+
+<p>Lee evidently did not mistrust Grant's intention,&mdash;judging from the
+disposition he made of his troops, and the tardiness with which he
+marched to counteract the movement. The transfer of the Eighteenth
+Corps from Bermuda Hundred to Cold Harbor undoubtedly had its effect
+upon Lee's calculations. It was an indication that Grant intended to
+keep Washington covered.</p>
+
+<p>Hunter at this time was advancing from the West. Sheridan, who had
+been guarding the road to White House, was withdrawn, and sent with
+two divisions of his cavalry up the Virginia Central road to
+Gordonsville, hoping to meet Hunter at Charlottesville; but Hunter had
+moved on Lynchburg, and the union of the forces was not effected.
+Sheridan's movement, however, threw dust in the eyes of Lee.</p>
+
+<p>Grant knew that Petersburg was held by a handful of Rebel
+troops,&mdash;Wise's Legion. The citizens had been organized into a
+battalion, but the place could be taken by surprise. Strong earthworks
+had been thrown up around the city early in the war, but the troops in
+the city were not sufficient to man them. Grant believed that the
+place could be seized without difficulty; and taking a steamer at
+White House went to Bermuda Hundred, held a conference with Butler,
+who sent Gillmore with thirty-five hundred men across the Appomattox,
+near the Point of Rocks, to attack the city from the east. At the same
+time, Kautz's division of cavalry was sent, by a long detour, across
+the Norfolk Railroad, to enter the town from the south. Having made
+these arrangements, Grant returned to his army, which had been lying
+behind its intrenchments at Cold Harbor.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page354" name="page354"></a>(p. 354)</span> Preparations had been quietly making for a rapid march. The
+Second Corps had been moved down towards the Chickahominy. The Fifth
+was sent to Despatch Station. Gregg and Torbett, with their divisions
+of cavalry, were placed at Bottom's Bridge. The Rebel pickets were
+there on watch. Meanwhile workmen were busily engaged in opening the
+railroad. Lee must have known that Grant had a new movement under way,
+the precise nature of which it was difficult to understand.</p>
+
+<p>The movement of Gillmore was a disgraceful failure. He crossed the
+Appomattox on the evening of the 10th of June, without molestation,
+marched up within sight of the city spires, discovered a formidable
+line of breastworks, and without making an attack, turned about and
+retired to Bermuda Hundred. Kautz, on the contrary, after a rapid
+movement, entered the city from the south, but Gillmore having
+retreated, could not hold it, and was obliged to retire.</p>
+
+<p>Grant was justly indignant when he heard of the failure. It was a
+golden opportunity lost. Gillmore and Kautz could have taken and held
+the place till the arrival of reinforcements. Gillmore was wholly
+responsible for the failure. Grant once more hurried to Bermuda
+Hundred, to superintend in a second movement, leaving Meade to conduct
+the army from Cold Harbor to the James.</p>
+
+<p>The grand movement from the north of Richmond, by which the whole army
+was placed south of that city, was begun on the 12th, in the evening.
+Wilson's division of cavalry was thrown across the Chickahominy, and
+sent to seize Long Bridge in White Oak Swamp. The Fifth Corps
+followed. The Rebels struck the Fifth Corps in flank, but Crawford
+repulsed them. The Second Corps followed the Fifth. The Sixth and
+Ninth crossed at Jones's Bridge, while the fifty miles of wagon trains
+swung far to the east and crossed the swamp fifteen miles below. Gregg
+covered the flank of the army with his cavalry, concealing the
+movement. The men had a hard time, being attacked constantly by the
+Rebel cavalry and infantry. It was of the utmost importance to Lee to
+know where Grant intended to strike, whether north of the James, by
+the Charles City and New Market roads, or across the James at
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page355" name="page355"></a>(p. 355)</span> Dutch Gap, joining his forces with Butler's, or whether his
+movement was directly upon Petersburg.</p>
+
+<p>Lee moved on the inner circle with great caution.</p>
+
+<p>The Eighteenth Corps took water transportation from White House, and
+arrived at Bermuda Hundred at midnight on the 14th. Grant was there.
+He ordered General Smith to proceed at once against Petersburg. If
+successful in the seizure of that place, Lee would be compelled to
+leave Richmond. It was in the line of his direct communication with
+the South. Losing that place, he would have only the Danville road,
+and Grant would soon deprive him of that. The Appomattox would be
+Grant's line of defence. Seizing it Grant could bide his time. He
+could become a patient watcher, and Lee would be a victim to
+circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>Grant was quick to see the advantages to be gained. Lee was slower in
+arriving at a perception of the fatal consequences to himself which
+would result from the loss of the place; but when awakened to a sense
+of his danger, acted with great energy. On the other hand, Smith, who
+was intrusted with the execution of the enterprise, was dilatory in
+the execution. Birney in part is to be held responsible for the delay
+in the execution of the order.</p>
+
+<p>"Push on and capture the place at all hazards! You shall have the
+whole army to reinforce you," said Grant to Smith. Grant was in such
+haste to have Smith move, that he did not stop to write the order. He
+believed that Smith could reach Petersburg before Lee could make his
+detour through Richmond.</p>
+
+<p>A. P. Hill had already been thrown south of Richmond, and was in front
+of Butler. The scouts up the Appomattox reported the rumbling of heavy
+trains along the Richmond and Petersburg railroad. Lee was putting his
+troops into the cars. The dash of Kautz, and the movement of Gillmore
+up to the entrenchments, and his retirement without an attack, had
+resulted in the manning of the Petersburg batteries. A brigade had
+been thrown down towards City Point, five miles from Petersburg. Soon
+after daylight the cavalry came upon the Rebel pickets, by the City
+Point railroad, beyond which they found the Rebels with two cannon
+behind rifle-pits, in the centre of an open field on Bailey's farm.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page356" name="page356"></a>(p. 356)</span> Hinks's division of the Eighteenth Corps was composed of
+colored troops, who had never been under fire. Would they fight? That
+was the important question. After a reconnoissance of the position by
+General Hinks, the troops were formed for an assault. The Rebel cannon
+opened. The sons of Africa did not flinch, but took their positions
+with deliberation. They had been slaves; they stood face to face with
+their former masters, or with their representatives. The flag in front
+of them waving in the morning breeze was the emblem of oppression; the
+banner above them was the flag of the free. Would an abject, servile
+race, kept in chains four thousand years, assert their manhood?
+Interesting the problem. Their brothers had given the lie to the
+assertion of the white man, that negroes wouldn't fight, at Wagner and
+Port Hudson. Would they falter?</p>
+
+<p>The Rebels were on a knoll in the field, and had a clear sweep of all
+the approaches. The advancing troops must come out from the woods,
+rush up the slope, and carry it at the point of the bayonet, receiving
+the tempest of musketry and canister.</p>
+
+<p>Hinks deployed his line. At the word of command the colored men
+stepped out from the woods, and stood before the enemy. They gave a
+volley, and received one in return. Shells crashed through them, but,
+unheeding the storm, with a yell they started up the slope upon the
+run. They received one charge of canister, one scathing volley of
+musketry. Seventy of their number went down, but the living hundreds
+rushed on. The Rebels did not wait their coming, but fled towards
+Petersburg, leaving one of the pieces of artillery in the hands of
+their assailants, who leaped over the works, turned it in a twinkling,
+but were not able to fire upon the retreating foe, fleeing in
+consternation towards the main line of entrenchments two miles east of
+the city.</p>
+
+<p>The colored troops were wild with joy. They embraced the captured
+cannon with affectionate enthusiasm, patting it as if it were animate,
+and could appreciate the endearment.</p>
+
+<p>"Every soldier of the colored division was two inches taller for that
+achievement," said an officer describing it. These regiments were the
+Fifth and Twenty-Second United States colored troops, who deserve
+honorable mention in history.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page357" name="page357"></a>(p. 357)</span> Brooks's division now moved up. Martindale was approaching
+Petersburg by the river road. By noon the whole corps was in front of
+the main line of works. Martindale was on the right, by the river,
+Brooks in the centre, Hinks on the left, with Kautz's division of
+cavalry sweeping down to the Jerusalem road, which enters Petersburg
+from the southeast.</p>
+
+<p>Smith delayed unaccountably to make the attack. It was a priceless
+moment. A reconnoissance showed a line of strong works, in which were
+eighteen pieces of field artillery. The forts were well built, and
+connected with breastworks, but the Rebels had not soldiers enough to
+man them. The citizens of Petersburg had been called out to hold the
+town. It is evident that Smith might just as well have accomplished at
+one o'clock what was achieved at sunset. He was a brave officer,
+fearless in battle, an engineer of ability, reckless of danger, but
+failed to see the necessity of impetuous action. The value of time was
+left out of his calculations.</p>
+
+<p>General Grant thus speaks of Smith's operations:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"General Smith got off as directed, and confronted the enemy's
+     pickets near Petersburg before daylight next morning, but for
+     some reason that I have never been able to satisfactorily
+     understand, did not get ready to assault his main lines until
+     near sundown. Then, with a part of his command only, he made the
+     assault, and carried the lines northeast of Petersburg from the
+     Appomattox River, for a distance of over two and a half miles,
+     capturing fifteen pieces of artillery and three hundred
+     prisoners. This was about seven P. M."<a id="footnotetag65" name="footnotetag65"></a><a href="#footnote65" title="Go to footnote 65"><span class="smaller">[65]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>The main road leading east from Petersburg ascends a hill two miles
+out, upon the top of which stands the house of Mr. Dunn. The house is
+a few rods south of the road. In front of it is a fort; another south;
+a third north, and other works, with heavy embankments and deep
+ditches. The woods in front of the house of Mr. Dunn were cut down in
+1862, when McClellan was on the Peninsula, and the trunks of the
+trees, blackened by fire, are lying there still, forming an abatis.
+The ground is nearly level, and the Rebel riflemen have a fair view of
+the entire field. It is three hundred and sixty paces from the forts
+to the woods, in the edge of which Hinks's <span class="pagenum"><a id="page358" name="page358"></a>(p. 358)</span> division of
+colored troops are lying. The guns in the forts by the house of Mr.
+Dunn give a direct front fire, while those by the house of Mr. Osborn
+on the north enfilade the line. Brooks is in position to move upon the
+batteries by Osborn's house, while Martindale is to advance up the
+railroad.</p>
+
+<p>The troops were placed in line for the attack not far from one
+o'clock. They were exposed to the fire of the artillery. Hinks
+impatiently waited for orders. Two o'clock passed. The shells from the
+Rebel batteries were doing damage.</p>
+
+<p>"Lie down!" said he to his men. They obeyed, and were somewhat
+sheltered.</p>
+
+<p>Three o'clock! four o'clock,&mdash;five,&mdash;still no orders. Duncan's brigade
+was lying on both sides of the road, a short distance north of
+Buffum's house.</p>
+
+<p>At length the word was given. Duncan threw forward a cloud of
+skirmishers. The Rebels opened with renewed vigor from the batteries;
+and the infantry, resting their muskets over the breastworks, fired at
+will and with great accuracy of aim. Men dropped from the advancing
+ranks. It was of little use to fire in return. "On! push on!" was the
+order. Hinks and Duncan both entered heartily into the movement. They
+had chafed all the afternoon at the delay; but had been admiring
+observers of the conduct of the troops under the fire of shells.</p>
+
+<p>The skirmishers advanced quickly within close range, followed by the
+main line, moving more slowly over the fallen timber. The skirmishers
+gave a yell and pushed on, without waiting for the main body. They
+leaped into the ditches in front of the breastworks, and climbed on
+their hands and knees up the steep embankments. The Rebels above fired
+into their faces, and many a brave fellow rolled back dead to the
+bottom.</p>
+
+<p>The column, perceiving the advance of their comrades, and catching the
+enthusiasm, broke into a run, rushing upon the forts, sweeping round
+the curtains, scaling the breastworks, and dashing madly at the
+Rebels, who fled towards Petersburg. Brooks's men at the same moment
+swarmed over the embankments by Osborn's, while Martindale advanced
+along the railroad. Fifteen pieces and three hundred men were
+captured, of which two thirds of the prisoners and nine cannon were
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page359" name="page359"></a>(p. 359)</span> taken by the colored troops, who wheeled the guns instantly
+upon the enemy, and then, seizing the spades and shovels which the
+Rebels had left behind, reversed the fortifications and made them a
+stronghold.</p>
+
+<p>Through the months which followed the colored troops looked back to
+this exploit with pride. They never were weary of talking about
+it,&mdash;how they advanced, how they leaped over the intrenchments, how
+the Rebels went down the hill upon the run.</p>
+
+<p>Smith had possession of the fortifications at 7 P. M. He ought to have
+moved on. There were no other works between him and Petersburg. Not a
+brigade from Lee had reached the city, and the disaster was calculated
+to demoralize the Rebel soldiers. The Second Corps had arrived.
+Birney, who had the advance of that corps, ought to have been on the
+ground by mid-afternoon, and Smith had delayed the assault on his
+account. He expected Birney to appear on his left, and attack by the
+Jerusalem plank-road; but that officer, by taking the wrong road, went
+several miles out of his way. Had he been in position at the time
+Smith expected him, the attack would have been made at 3 o'clock
+instead of at 7.</p>
+
+<p>Smith's delay to follow up the advantage gained was an error. General
+Grant says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"Between the line thus captured and Petersburg there were no
+     other works, and there was no evidence that the enemy had
+     reinforced Petersburg with a single brigade from any source. The
+     night was clear,&mdash;the moon shining brightly,&mdash;and favorable to
+     further operations. General Hancock, with two divisions of the
+     Second Corps, had reached General Smith just after dark, and
+     offered the service of these troops as he (Smith) might wish,
+     waiving rank to the named commander, who, he naturally supposed,
+     knew best the position of affairs. But instead of taking these
+     troops and pushing on at once into Petersburg, he requested
+     General Hancock to relieve a part of his line in the captured
+     works, which was done before midnight."<a id="footnotetag66" name="footnotetag66"></a><a href="#footnote66" title="Go to footnote 66"><span class="smaller">[66]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>Not till the Rebel outpost on Bailey's farm fell into the hands of the
+colored troops did Lee fully comprehend Grant's movement. Then there
+were lively movements in the Rebel ranks. All of the railroad cars in
+Richmond were put upon the road. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page360" name="page360"></a>(p. 360)</span> Brigades were hurried
+through the streets, piled into the cars, and sent whirling towards
+Petersburg.</p>
+
+<p>While Lee was watching the Charles City and Newmarket roads, north of
+the James, expecting Grant in that direction, Butler sent General
+Terry, with a portion of the Tenth Corps, on a reconnoissance in front
+of Bermuda Hundred. Terry encountered the Rebel pickets, drove them
+in, reached the main line, attacked vigorously, broke through,
+carrying all before him, and pushed on to the railroad at Port
+Walthall Junction, cut down the telegraph, and tore up the track.</p>
+
+<p>This was an advantage not expected by Grant, who at once ordered two
+divisions of the Sixth Corps, under Wright, to report to Butler at
+Bermuda Hundred; but that officer, instead of moving rapidly, advanced
+leisurely, and even halted awhile.</p>
+
+<p>Terry was attacked by A. P. Hill and obliged to fall back. Grant had
+the mortification of learning in the evening that, through the
+dilatory movements of the troops under Smith and Wright, his plans had
+failed.</p>
+
+<p>In the counsels of the Almighty the time for final victory had not
+come. God reigns, but men act freely nevertheless. There have been
+numerous instances during the war where great events hung on little
+things. An interesting chapter might be written of the occasions where
+the scales were seemingly evenly balanced, and where, to the eye of
+faith, the breath of the Almighty turned them for the time.</p>
+
+<p>At Bull Run the victory was lost to the Union arms through the mistake
+of Captain Barry.<a id="footnotetag67" name="footnotetag67"></a><a href="#footnote67" title="Go to footnote 67"><span class="smaller">[67]</span></a> At Pittsburg Landing, if Johnston had attacked
+from the northwest instead of the southwest,&mdash;if he had deflected his
+army a mile,&mdash;far different, in all human probability, would have been
+the result of that battle.</p>
+
+<p>Was the arrival of the Monitor in Hampton Roads on that morning, after
+the havoc made by the Merrimac, accidental? How providential rather!
+How singular, if not a providence, that the wind should blow so wildly
+from the southwest on that night of the withdrawal of the army from
+Fredericksburg, wafting the rumbling of Burnside's artillery and the
+tramp of a hundred thousand men away from the listening ears of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page361" name="page361"></a>(p. 361)</span> enemy within close musket-shot! Events which turn the scales
+according to our desires we are inclined to count as special
+providences: but the disaster at Bull Run, the sitting down of
+McClellan in the mud at Yorktown; the lost opportunities for moving
+upon Richmond after Williamsburg and Fair Oaks; also, while the battle
+was raging at Gaines's Mills and at Glendale; the pusillanimous
+retreat from Malvern; the inaction at Antietam; Hooker's retreat from
+Chancellorsville,&mdash;from Lee, who also was in retreat,&mdash;are
+inexplicable events. Meade's waiting at Boonsboro, Lee's escape,
+Gillmore's unexplained turning back from Petersburg, Wright's halting
+when everything depended on haste, Smith's delay,&mdash;all of these are
+mysterious providences to us, though to the Rebels they were at the
+time plain interpositions of God. God's system is reciprocal;
+everything has its use, everything is for a purpose. We read blindly,
+but to reason and faith there can be but one result,&mdash;the
+establishment of justice and righteousness between man and man and his
+Maker. There must be a righting of every wrong, an atonement for every
+crime.</p>
+
+<p class="poem25">
+<span class="min33em">"</span>The laws of changeless justice bind<br>
+<span class="add1em">Oppressor with oppressed;</span><br>
+   And, close as sin and suffering joined,<br>
+<span class="add1em">We march to fate abreast."</span></p>
+
+<p>It must have been evident to most observers, that as the war
+progressed men were brought to a recognition of God, as an overruling
+power in the mighty conflict. In the first uprising of the people
+there was pure, intense patriotism. The battle of Bull Run stung the
+loyal masses of the North, and filled them with a determination to
+redeem their tarnished honor. The failure of the Peninsular campaigns,
+the terrible disasters in 1862, crushed and bruised men's spirits.
+They began to talk of giving freedom to the slave as well as of the
+restoration of the Union.</p>
+
+<p>"My paramount object is to save the Union, and not either to save or
+destroy slavery," wrote President Lincoln to Horace Greeley, August
+22d, 1862, reflecting doubtless the feelings of nearly a majority of
+the people. Whittier had already expressed, in the lines quoted on
+pages 41, 42, the feelings of those who saw that slavery or the
+nation must die.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page362" name="page362"></a>(p. 362)</span> Two years passed, and Abraham Lincoln gave utterance to other
+sentiments in his second inaugural address to the people. Disaster,
+suffering, a view of Gettysburg battle-field, the consecration of that
+cemetery as the hallowed resting-place of the patriotic dead, had
+given him a clear insight of God's truth. Thus spoke he from the steps
+of the Capitol:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"The Almighty has his own purposes. Woe unto the world because of
+     offences! for it must needs be that offences come; but woe to
+     that man by whom the offence cometh! If we shall suppose that
+     American slavery is one of these offences, which in the
+     providence of God must needs come, but which, having continued
+     through his appointed time, he now wills to remove, and that he
+     gives to both North and South this terrible war as the woe due to
+     those by whom the offence came, shall we discern therein any
+     departure from those Divine attributes which the believers in a
+     living God always ascribe to him? Fondly do we hope, fervently do
+     we pray, that the mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away.
+     Yet if God wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by
+     the bondman's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil
+     shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash
+     shall be paid by another drawn by the sword, as was said three
+     thousand years ago, so still must it be said, the judgments of
+     the Lord are true and righteous altogether."</p>
+
+<p>It was the recognition of these principles that made the people
+patient under the severe afflictions, the disasters, the failures.
+Fathers and mothers, weeping for their sons slain in battle, said to
+their hearts, "Be still!" for they saw that God was leading the
+people, through suffering, to recognize justice and righteousness as
+the Republic,&mdash;that thus he was saving the nation from perdition.</p>
+
+<p>The heroism of the colored soldiers, and their splendid achievements,
+won the respect of the army. Their patriotism was as sublime, their
+courage as noble, as that of their whiter-hued comrades boasting
+Anglo-Saxon blood, nurtured and refined by centuries of civilization.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning after the battle, an officer, passing through the
+hospital, came upon a colored soldier who had lost his left leg.</p>
+
+<p>"Well, my boy, I see that you have lost a leg for glory," said the
+officer.</p>
+
+<a id="img058" name="img058"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img058.jpg" width="300" height="457" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">One day's labor, one day's income.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page363" name="page363"></a>(p. 363)</span> "<i>No, sir; I have not lost it for glory, but for the
+elevation of my race!</i>"</p>
+
+<p>It was a reply worthy of historic record, to be read, through the
+coming centuries, by every sable son of Africa, and by every man, of
+whatever lineage or clime, struggling to better his condition.</p>
+
+<p>The negroes manifested their humanity as well as their patriotism.</p>
+
+<p>"While the battle was raging," said General Hinks, "I saw two wounded
+negroes helping a Rebel prisoner, who was more severely wounded, to
+the rear."</p>
+
+<p>"Give the water to my suffering soldiers," said the wounded Philip
+Sidney. The incident stands upon the historic page, and has been
+rehearsed in story and song, as worthy of admiration. Shall not this
+act of two unknown colored soldiers also have a place in history?</p>
+
+<p>The time, we trust, will come when men will be rated for what they are
+worth,&mdash;when superiority will consist, not in brute force, but in
+moral qualities. The slaveholders of the South, at the beginning of
+the war, esteemed themselves superior to the men of the North, and
+immeasurably above their slaves; but in contrast,&mdash;to the shame of the
+slaveholders,&mdash;stands the massacre at Fort Pillow and the humanity of
+the colored soldiers in front of Petersburg.</p>
+
+<p>On the night of the 16th, Burnside arrived with the Ninth Corps.
+Neill's division of the Sixth also arrived. Burnside attacked the
+Rebels, but was repulsed. The lines were reconnoitred, and it was
+determined to make a second assault.</p>
+
+<p>About half a mile south of the house of Mr. Dunn was the residence of
+Mr. Shand, held by the Rebels. During the cannonade which preceded the
+assault, a Rebel officer entered the house and sat down to play a
+piano. Suddenly he found himself sitting on the floor, the stool
+having been knocked away by a solid shot, without injury to himself.</p>
+
+<p>The house was a large two-story structure, fronting east, painted
+white, with great chimneys at either end, shaded by buttonwoods and
+gum-trees, with a peach-orchard in rear. Fifty paces from the
+front-door was a narrow ravine, fifteen <span class="pagenum"><a id="page364" name="page364"></a>(p. 364)</span> or twenty feet deep,
+with a brook, fed by springs, trickling northward. West of the house,
+about the same distance, was another brook, the two joining about
+twenty rods north of the house. A Rebel brigade held this tongue of
+land, with four guns beneath the peach-trees. Their main line of
+breastworks was along the edge of the ravine east of the house. South,
+and on higher ground, was a redan,&mdash;a strong work with two guns, which
+enfiladed the ravine. Yet General Burnside thought that if he could
+get his troops into position, unperceived, he could take the tongue of
+land, which would break the Rebel line and compel them to evacuate the
+redan. Several attempts had been made by the Second Corps to break the
+line farther north, but without avail. This movement, if not
+successful, would be attended with great loss; nevertheless, it was
+determined to make the assault.</p>
+
+<p>It was past midnight when General Potter led his division of the Ninth
+down into the ravine. The soldiers threw aside their knapsacks,
+haversacks, tin plates and cups, and moved stealthily. Not a word was
+spoken. The watches of the officers in command had been set to a
+second. They reached the ravine where the pickets were stationed, and
+moved south, keeping close under the bank. Above them, not fifteen
+paces distant, were the Rebel pickets, lying behind a bank of sand.</p>
+
+<p>If their listening ears caught the sound of a movement in the ravine,
+they gave no alarm, and the troops took their positions undisturbed.
+The moon was full. Light clouds floated in the sky. Not a sound, save
+the distant rumble of wagons, or an occasional shot from the pickets,
+broke the silence of the night. The attacking column was composed of
+Griffin's and Curtin's brigades,&mdash;Griffin on the right. He had the
+Seventeenth Vermont and Eleventh New Hampshire in his front line, and
+the Ninth New Hampshire and Thirty-Second Maine in the second. Curtin
+had six regiments,&mdash;the Thirty-Sixth Massachusetts, and the
+Forty-Fifth and Forty-Eighth Pennsylvania, in his front line; the
+Seventh Rhode Island, Twelfth New York, and Fifty-Eighth Massachusetts
+in his second line.</p>
+
+<a id="img059" name="img059"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<a href="images/img059.jpg">
+<img src="images/img059tb.jpg" width="350" height="352" alt="" title=""></a>
+<p class="caption">Petersburg July 17th 1864.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The soldiers were worn with hard marching and constant fighting, and
+had but just arrived from City Point, yet they took their positions
+without flinching. The officers gazed at <span class="pagenum"><a id="page365" name="page365"></a>(p. 365)</span> the hands of their
+watches in the moonlight, and saw them move on to the appointed
+time,&mdash;fifteen minutes past three. Twenty paces,&mdash;a spring up the
+steep bank would carry the men to the Rebel pickets; fifty paces to
+the muzzles of the enemy's guns.</p>
+
+<p>"All ready!" was whispered from man to man. They rose from the ground
+erect. Not a gun-lock clicked. The bayonet was to do the work.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Hurrah!</i>" The lines rise like waves of the sea. There are straggling
+shots from the Rebel pickets, four flashes of light from the Rebel
+cannon by the house, two more from the redan, one volley from the
+infantry, wildly aimed, doing little damage. On,&mdash;up to the
+breastworks! Over them, seizing the guns! A minute has passed. Four
+guns, six hundred and fifty prisoners, fifteen hundred muskets, and
+four stands of colors are the trophies. The Rebel line is broken. The
+great point is gained, compelling Lee to abandon the ground which he
+has held so tenaciously.</p>
+
+<p>In the Fifty-Seventh Massachusetts was a soldier named Edward M.
+Schneider. When the regiment was formed he was a student in Phillips
+Academy, Andover. From motives of patriotism, against the wishes of
+friends, he left the literature of the ancients and the history of the
+past, to become an actor in the present and to do what he could for
+future good. His father is the well-known missionary of the American
+Board at Aintab, Turkey.</p>
+
+<p>On the march from Annapolis, though but seventeen years old, and
+unaccustomed to hardship, he kept his place in the ranks, from the
+encampment by the waters of the Chesapeake to the North Anna, where he
+was slightly wounded. The surgeons sent him to Port Royal for
+transportation to Washington, but of his own accord he returned to
+his regiment, joining it at <span class="pagenum"><a id="page366" name="page366"></a>(p. 366)</span> Cold Harbor. While preparing for
+the charge upon the enemy's works, on the 17th instant, he said to the
+chaplain,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I intend to be the first one to enter their breastworks."</p>
+
+<p>The brave young soldier tried to make good his words, leading the
+charge.</p>
+
+<p>He was almost there,&mdash;not quite: almost near enough to feel the hot
+flash of the Rebel musketry in his face; near enough to be covered
+with sulphurous clouds from the cannon, when he fell, shot through the
+body.</p>
+
+<p>He was carried to the hospital, with six hundred and fifty of his
+division comrades; but lay all night with his wound undressed, waiting
+his turn without a murmur. The chaplain looked at his wound.</p>
+
+<p>"What do you think of it?"</p>
+
+<p>Seeing that it was mortal, the chaplain was overcome with emotion. He
+remembered the last injunction of the young soldier's sister: "I
+commit him to your care."</p>
+
+<p>The young hero interpreted the meaning of the tears,&mdash;that there was
+no hope.</p>
+
+<p>"Do not weep," said he; "it is God's will. I wish you to write to my
+father, and tell him that I have tried to do my duty to my country and
+to God."</p>
+
+<p>He disposed of his few effects, giving ten dollars to the Christian
+Commission, twenty dollars to the American Board, and trifles to his
+friends. Then, in the simplicity of his heart, said,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I have a good many friends, schoolmates, and companions. They will
+want to know where I am,&mdash;how I am getting on. You can let them know
+that I am gone, and that I die content. And, chaplain, the boys in the
+regiment,&mdash;I want you to tell them to stand by the dear old flag! And
+there is my brother in the navy,&mdash;write to him and tell him to stand
+by the flag and cling to the cross of Christ!"</p>
+
+<p>The surgeon examined the wound.</p>
+
+<p>"It is my duty to tell you that you will soon go home," said he.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, doctor, I am going home. I am not afraid to die. I don't know
+how the valley will be when I get to it, but it is all bright now."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page367" name="page367"></a>(p. 367)</span> Then, gathering up his waning strength, he repeated the verse
+often sung by the soldiers, who, amid all the whirl and excitement of
+the camp and battle-field, never forget those whom they have left
+behind them,&mdash;mother, sister, father, brother. Calmly, clearly,
+distinctly he repeated the lines,&mdash;the chorus of the song:</p>
+
+<p class="poem25">
+<span class="min33em">"</span>Soon with angels I'll be marching,<br>
+<span class="add1em">With bright laurels on my brow;</span><br>
+   I have for my country fallen,&mdash;<br>
+<span class="add1em">Who will care for sister now?"</span></p>
+
+<p>The night wore away. Death stole on. He suffered intense pain, but not
+a murmur escaped his lips. Sabbath morning dawned, and with the coming
+of the light he passed away.</p>
+
+<p>"I die content," said Wolfe, at Quebec, when told that the French were
+fleeing.</p>
+
+<p>"Stand up for Jesus," said Dudley Tyng, in his last hours: words which
+have warmed and moved thousands of Christian hearts.</p>
+
+<p>"Let me die with my face to the enemy," was the last request of
+General Rice, Christian, soldier, and patriot, at Spottsylvania; but
+equally worthy of remembrance are the words of Edward M.
+Schneider,&mdash;boy, student, youthful leader of the desperate charge at
+Petersburg. They are the essence of all that Wolfe and Tyng and Rice
+uttered in their last moments. His grave is near the roadside, marked
+by a rude paling. The summer breeze sweeps through the sighing pines
+above the heaved-up mound. Mournful, yet sweet, the music of the
+wind-harp;&mdash;mournful, in that one so young, so full of life and hope
+and promise, should go so soon; sweet, in that he did his work so
+nobly. Had he lived a century he could not have completed it more
+thoroughly or faithfully. His was a short soldier's life, extending
+only from the peaceful shades of Andover to the intrenchments of
+Petersburg; but O, how full!</p>
+
+<p>Will the tree of Liberty prematurely decay, if nourished by such
+life-giving blood? It is costly, but the fruit is precious. For pain
+and anguish, waste and desolation, we have such rich recompense as
+this,&mdash;such examples of patriotic ardor, heroic <span class="pagenum"><a id="page368" name="page368"></a>(p. 368)</span> daring, and
+Christian fortitude, that make men nobler, nations greater, and the
+world better by their contemplation.</p>
+
+<p>I have stood by the honored dust of those whose names are great in
+history, whose deeds and virtues are commemorated in brass and marble,
+who were venerated while living and mourned when dead; but never have
+I felt a profounder reverence for departed worth than for this young
+Christian soldier, uncoffined, unshrouded, wrapped only in his
+blanket, and sleeping serenely beneath the evergreen pines.</p>
+
+<p>His last words&mdash;the messages to his comrades, to his father, and his
+brother&mdash;are worthy to live so long as the flag of our country shall
+wave or the cross of Christ endure.</p>
+
+<p>"Stand up for the dear old flag and cling to the cross of Christ!"
+They are the emblems of all our hopes for time and eternity. Short,
+full, rounded, complete his life. Triumphant, glorious his death!</p>
+
+<a id="img060" name="img060"></a>
+<div class="p2 floatleft">
+<a href="images/img060.jpg">
+<img src="images/img060tb.jpg" width="250" height="285" alt="" title=""></a>
+<p class="caption">Petersburg July 30th 1864.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="p2">Grant determined to assault all along the line on the morning of the
+18th, as nearly the entire army had arrived. Lee, however, fell back
+during the night to a new position nearer the city.</p>
+
+<p>But the attack was made. The Eighteenth, Second, and Sixth Corps
+gained no advantage; but the Ninth and Fifth drove the Rebels across
+the Norfolk Railroad, and reached the Jerusalem plank-road. The
+position of the besieging army is shown by the accompanying diagram.</p>
+
+<p>On the 21st of June Grant attempted to take the Weldon Railroad with
+the Second and Sixth Corps, but was opposed by the Rebels on Davis's
+farm, beyond the Jerusalem road, and a battle ensued.</p>
+
+<a id="img061" name="img061"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img061.jpg" width="500" height="348" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Army corps chapel near Petersburg.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The engagement was renewed the next day. There was a gap in the lines,
+of which A. P. Hill took advantage, and attacked Barlow's division in
+flank. A severe struggle followed, in which Gibbon's division lost
+four guns. The battle was continued on the 23d, but no farther
+progress was made. The troops had been fighting, marching, or
+building breastworks for forty-seven <span class="pagenum"><a id="page369" name="page369"></a>(p. 369)</span> days, without
+interruption. Daily and nightly, from the Rapidan to the Weldon road,
+they had been in constant action. The troops were exhausted. Grant had
+lost seventy thousand. The reinforcements which had reached him were
+inexperienced. Men when physically prostrated are indifferent to
+commands. Discipline becomes lax. Hundreds of efficient officers had
+fallen during the campaign. Brigades were commanded by majors,
+regiments by captains, companies by corporals. The army needed
+thorough reorganization. The right of the line was sufficiently near
+to Petersburg to commence siege operations. Intrenchments were
+accordingly thrown up and guns mounted, and the army enjoyed
+comparative rest. But it was a rest under fire, day and night, the
+Ninth and Eighteenth Corps especially being constantly harassed by the
+enemy, who were bitterly opposed to the employment of colored troops.
+It was systematic hostility,&mdash;ingrained, revengeful, relentless. They
+would not recognize or treat them as prisoners of war. Slavery long
+before had proclaimed that black men had no rights which white men
+were bound to respect. For them was no mercy; only the fate of their
+compatriots at Fort Pillow awaited them, if taken in arms against
+their former masters, though wearing the uniform of the republic which
+had given them freedom and sent them to battle.</p>
+
+<p>There was a tacit understanding between the soldiers of the Fifth and
+the enemy in front of them that there should be no picket-firing. They
+filled their canteens at the same spring and had friendly
+conversations. But not so in front of the Ninth, in which thirty were
+wounded or killed every twenty-four hours. Such was the unnecessary
+sacrifice of life to this Moloch of our generation! There were those
+in the army, as well as out of it, who were not willing that the
+colored soldier should be recognized as a man.</p>
+
+<p>"The negroes ought not to be allowed to fight," said a Massachusetts
+captain to me.</p>
+
+<p>"Why not, sir?"</p>
+
+<p>"Because the Rebels hate us for making them soldiers," was the reply;
+and adding, dubiously, "I don't know but that the negroes have souls;
+but I look upon them as a lower order of beings than ourselves."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page370" name="page370"></a>(p. 370)</span> The old prejudice remained. We were not willing to deal
+fairly. We asked the negro to help fight our battles, but we were
+willing to pay him only half a soldier's wages, as if we feared this
+simple act of justice might be construed as an acknowledgment of his
+social as well as civil equality.</p>
+
+<p>Through all the weary months of fighting and exposure the wants of the
+soldiers were greatly relieved by the Sanitary and Christian
+Commissions. The warm-hearted people in the North never ceased their
+contributions. The machinery of both those excellent organizations was
+so perfect that the soldiers had quick relief.</p>
+
+<p>The power of any force&mdash;moral and religious as well as mechanical&mdash;is
+in proportion to the directness of its application. I recall, in this
+connection, a hot, dry, sultry day. The sun shone from a brazen sky.
+The grass and shrubs were scorched, withered, and powdered with dust,
+which rose in clouds behind every passing wagon. Even the aspens were
+motionless, and there was not air enough to stir the long, lithe
+needles of the pines. The birds of the forest sought the deepest
+shade, and hushed even their twitter. It was difficult for men in
+robust health to breathe, and they picked out the coolest places and
+gave themselves up to the languor of the hour. It required an earnest
+effort to do anything. Yet through this blazing day men crouched in
+the trenches from morning till night, or lay in their shallow
+rifle-pits, watching the enemy,&mdash;parched, broiled, burned, not daring
+to raise their heads or lift their hands. To do so was to suffer death
+or wounds.</p>
+
+<p>The hospital tents, though pitched in the woods, were like ovens,
+absorbing and holding the heat of the sun, whose rays the branches of
+the trees but partially excluded. Upon the ground lay the sick and
+wounded, fevered and sore, with energies exhausted, perspiration
+oozing from their faces, nerves quivering and trembling, pulses faint
+and feeble, and life ebbing away. Their beds were pine boughs. They
+lay as they came from the battle-field, wearing their soiled, torn,
+and bloody garments, and tantalized by myriads of flies.</p>
+
+<p>The surgeons in charge were kind-hearted and attentive. They used all
+means in their power to make their patients comfortable. Was this the
+place where the sick were to regain <span class="pagenum"><a id="page371" name="page371"></a>(p. 371)</span> their health, far from
+home and friends! With nothing to cheer them, hope was dying out, and
+despondency setting in; and memory, ever busy, was picturing the dear
+old home scenes, so painfully in contrast with their dismal present.</p>
+
+<p>It was the Sabbath, and there were many among the suffering thousands
+who had been accustomed to observe the day as one of worship and rest
+from toil and care. In imagination they heard the pealing of
+church-bells, the grand and solemn music of the organ, or the hum of
+children's voices in the Sabbath school.</p>
+
+<p>There were no clouds to shut out the sun, but the brazen dome of the
+sky glowed with steady heat. The Christian Commission tent had been
+besieged all day by soldiers, who wanted onions, pickles, lemons,
+oranges,&mdash;anything sour, anything to tempt the taste. A box of oranges
+had been brought from City Point the night before. It was suggested
+that they be distributed at once to the sick and wounded. "Certainly,
+by all means," was the unanimous voice of the Commission. I
+volunteered to be the distributor.</p>
+
+<p>Go with me through the tents of the sufferers. Some are lying down,
+with eyes closed, faces pale, and cheeks sunken. The paleness
+underlies the bronze which the sun has burned upon them. Some are half
+reclining on their elbows, bolstered by knapsacks, and looking into
+vacancy,&mdash;thinking, perhaps, of home and kin, and wondering if they
+will ever see them again. Others are reading papers which delegates of
+the Commission have distributed. Some of the poor fellows have but one
+leg; others but the stump of a thigh or an arm, with the lightest
+possible dressing to keep down the fever. Yesterday those men, in the
+full tide of life, stood in the trenches confronting the enemy. Now
+they are shattered wrecks, having, perhaps, wife and children or
+parents dependent upon them; with no certainty of support for
+themselves even but the small bounty of government, which they have
+earned at such fearful sacrifice. But their future will be brightened
+with the proud consciousness of duty done and country saved,&mdash;the
+surviving soldier's chief recompense for all the toil and suffering
+and privation of the camp and field.</p>
+
+<p>As we enter the tent they catch a sight of the golden fruit. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page372" name="page372"></a>(p. 372)</span>
+There is a commotion. Those half asleep rub their eyes, those
+partially reclining sit up, those lying with their backs toward us
+turn over to see what is going on, those so feeble that they cannot
+move ask what is the matter. They gaze wistfully at our luscious
+burden. Their eyes gleam, but not one of them asks for an orange. They
+wait. Through the stern discipline of war they have learned to be
+patient, to endure, to remain in suspense, to stand still and be torn
+to pieces. They are true heroes!</p>
+
+<p>"Would you like an orange, sir?"</p>
+
+<p>"Thank you."</p>
+
+<p>It is all he can say. He is lying upon his back. A minnie bullet has
+passed through his body, and he cannot be moved. He has a noble brow,
+a manly countenance. Tears moisten his eyes and roll down his sunken
+cheeks as he takes it from my hand.</p>
+
+<p>"It is a gift of the Christian Commission, and I accept your thanks
+for those who made the contribution."</p>
+
+<p>"Bully for the Christian Commission," shouts a wide-awake, jolly
+soldier, near by, with an ugly wound in his left arm.</p>
+
+<p>"Thank you," "God bless the Commission," "I say, Bill, aren't they
+bully?" are the expressions I hear behind me.</p>
+
+<p>In one of the wards I came upon a soldier who had lost his leg the day
+before. He was lying upon his side; he was robust, healthy, strong,
+and brave. The hours dragged heavily. I stood before him, and yet he
+did not see me. He was stabbing his knife into a chip, with nervous
+energy, trying to forget the pain, to bridge over the lonely hours,
+and shut the gloom out of the future. I touched his elbow; he looked
+up.</p>
+
+<p>"Would you like an orange?"</p>
+
+<p>"By jingo! that is worth a hundred dollars!"</p>
+
+<p>He grasped it as a drowning man clutches a chip.</p>
+
+<p>"Where did this come from?"</p>
+
+<p>"The Christian Commission had a box arrive last night."</p>
+
+<p>"The Christian Commission? My wife belongs to that. She wrote to me
+about it last week,&mdash;that they met to make shirts for the Commission."</p>
+
+<p>"Then you have a wife?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, sir, and three children."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page373" name="page373"></a>(p. 373)</span> His voice faltered. Ah! the soldier never forgets home. He
+dashed away a tear, took in a long breath, and was strong again.</p>
+
+<p>"Where do you hail from, soldier?"</p>
+
+<p>"From old Massachusetts. I had a snug little home upon the banks of
+the Connecticut; but I told my wife that I didn't feel just right to
+stay there, when I was needed out here, and so I came, and here I am.
+I shall write home, and tell Mary about the Christian Commission. I
+have been wishing all day that I had an orange; I knew it was no use
+to wish. I didn't suppose there was one in camp; besides, here I am,
+not able to move a peg. I thank you, sir, for bringing it. I shall
+tell my wife all about it."</p>
+
+<p>These expressions of gratitude were not indifferent utterances of
+courtesy, but came from full hearts. Those sun-burned sufferers
+recognized the religion of Jesus in the gift. The Christian religion,
+thus exemplified, was not a cold abstraction, but a reality, providing
+for the health of the body as well as the soul. It was easy to
+converse with those men concerning their eternal well-being. They
+could not oppose a Christianity that manifested such regard for their
+bodily comfort. Such a religion commended itself to their hearts and
+understandings. Thus the Commission became a great missionary
+enterprise. Farina, oranges, lemons, onions, pickles, comfort-bags,
+shirts, towels, given and distributed in the name of Jesus, though
+designed for the body, gave strength to the soul. To the quickened
+senses of a wounded soldier parched with fever, far from home and
+friends, an onion was a stronger argument for the religion which
+bestowed it than the subtle reasoning of Renan, and a pickle sharper
+than the keenest logic of Colenso!</p>
+
+<p>Visiting Washington one day, I passed through several of the
+hospitals, and was present when the delegates came to the
+head-quarters of the Commission and narrated their experiences of the
+day. About fifty were present. Their work was washing and dressing
+wounds, aiding the sick and wounded in every way possible,
+distributing reading matter, writing letters for those unable to
+write, with religious exercises and conversation. No delegate was
+allowed to give jellies or wines as food, or to hold meetings in any
+ward, without permission of the surgeon <span class="pagenum"><a id="page374" name="page374"></a>(p. 374)</span> in charge, which
+usually was granted. It was a rule of the Commission, and not of the
+Medical Department. The design was to do everything possible for the
+good of the men, and nothing for their hurt. One delegate said that he
+found fully one third of the men in his wards professing Christians.
+They were glad to see him, and rejoiced to obtain religious reading. A
+few days before he had given an old man a book entitled the "Blood of
+Jesus."</p>
+
+<p>"I have found Jesus, and O, he is so precious!" said the old soldier.</p>
+
+<p>Another delegate said: "I found among the patients a minister who
+enlisted as a private. He has been in the hospital sixteen months, and
+has maintained his Christian character through all the trials of camp
+and hospital life. I found some convalescents playing cards.</p>
+
+<p>"'My boys, you don't play cards on Sunday, do you?'</p>
+
+<p>"'It isn't Sunday, is it? Why, hang it all, chaplain, we can't keep
+track of the days in the army.'</p>
+
+<p>"I talked to them of home and of their mothers. The tears rolled down
+their cheeks. They put up their cards, and read the papers I gave
+them."</p>
+
+<p>"I never saw men so ready to receive religious instruction," said
+another delegate, "or who were so easily impressed with its truths. I
+am satisfied that this is a golden opportunity to the Christian
+Church. I found a young man to-day who said, 'I want you, chaplain, to
+tell me just what I have to do to be a Christian. I will do just what
+you say. I want to be a Christian.' It was a sincere desire. I find
+that the Catholics are just as eager to have religious instruction as
+others."</p>
+
+<p>"I found a sergeant from Massachusetts, very low, but he met me with a
+smile. 'It is all right, I am happy, and I die content. Tell my
+friends so,'" reported another.</p>
+
+<p>"I have been over the river to see some detached regiments," said a
+chaplain. "I asked one noble-looking soldier if he loved Jesus?</p>
+
+<p>"'No, I don't.'</p>
+
+<p>"'Are you married?'</p>
+
+<p>"'No; but I have a sister. She isn't a Christian, but she wrote to me
+that she wanted me to become one, and I wrote <span class="pagenum"><a id="page375" name="page375"></a>(p. 375)</span> to her that I
+wanted her to be one; and I guess, chaplain, that everybody who
+believes the Bible feels just so. If they ain't good themselves, they
+want their friends to be.'</p>
+
+<p>"I found another soldier writing a letter on a little bit of paper. I
+gave him a full sheet and an envelope.</p>
+
+<p>"'Are you a Christian Commission man?'</p>
+
+<p>"'Yes.'</p>
+
+<p>"'You are a d&mdash;-- good set of fellows.'</p>
+
+<p>"'Hold on, soldier, not quite so hard.'</p>
+
+<p>"'I beg your pardon, chaplain, I didn't mean to swear, but, darn it
+all, I have got into the habit out here in the army, and it comes
+right out before I think.'</p>
+
+<p>"'Won't you try to leave it off?'</p>
+
+<p>"'Yes, chaplain, I will.'"</p>
+
+<p>Said another delegate: "I went among the men, and they all gathered
+round me with great eagerness. They were a little disappointed,
+however, when they saw that I was a delegate of the Commission. They
+took me to be the paymaster.</p>
+
+<p>"But I have something that is better than gold."</p>
+
+<p>"'Give me some of it,' said one, who was the son of a Baptist
+minister, a tender-hearted Christian."</p>
+
+<p>One, just returned from the army at Petersburg, said: "I came across a
+drummer-boy of one of the Massachusetts regiments, a member of the
+Sabbath school at home, who lost his Bible during the campaign, but he
+has written the heads of his drum all over with texts of Scripture
+from memory. He beats a Gospel drum."</p>
+
+<p>An hour was passed with such narration interspersed with devotional
+exercises. Glorious their work! Sweet the music of their parting
+hymn:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem25">
+<span class="min33em">"</span>Nearer, my God, to thee,<br>
+<span class="add2em">Nearer to thee;</span><br>
+   E'en though it be a cross that raiseth me,<br>
+   Still all my song shall be,<br>
+   Nearer, my God, to thee,<br>
+<span class="add2em">Nearer to thee."</span></p>
+
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page376" name="page376"></a>(p. 376)</span> CHAPTER XXI.<br>
+
+SIEGE OPERATIONS.</h2>
+
+<span class="sidedate">June, 1864.</span>
+
+<p>The Norfolk Railroad enters Petersburg through a ravine. In the attack
+upon the enemy's lines, on the 18th of June, the hollow was gained and
+held by Burnside's troops, their most advanced position being about
+four hundred feet from the Rebel line.</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Pleasants, commanding the Forty-Eighth
+Pennsylvania Regiment, a practical miner, conceived the idea of
+excavating a tunnel under the Rebel works and exploding a mine. He
+submitted the plan to Burnside, who approved it. General Meade said it
+could not be done. Major Duane, of the Engineers, laughed at the idea.
+Other officers, of high rank, scouted the project. Colonel Pleasants
+was fully convinced of its practicability, and set his men to work.</p>
+
+<p>He made application at head-quarters for a theodolite to make a
+triangulation of the distance, but was refused its use. He was obliged
+to send to Washington to obtain one. No facilities were granted him.
+He could neither obtain boards, lumber, or mining-picks. But his
+regiment, numbering four hundred men, were mostly miners, and he was
+confident of success. Work was accordingly commenced on the 25th of
+June, at noon. No wheelbarrows being provided, the men were obliged to
+make hand-barrows of cracker-boxes. But they were at home in the
+earth, and not easily discouraged by difficulties or want of proper
+tools to work with, and pushed forward the gallery, which was about
+four and a half feet high and the same in width, with great zeal. The
+earth brought out was covered with bushes, to conceal it from the
+Rebels, who by its fresh appearance might suspect where the mine was
+being sunk, as it was known throughout the army that mining operations
+had been commenced, and the Rebels had heard of it. The Richmond
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page377" name="page377"></a>(p. 377)</span> papers published the news, and it was heralded through the
+North.</p>
+
+<p>At every discharge of the Rebel artillery there was danger of the
+caving in of the earth; but Pleasants' daring burrowers crept steadily
+forward, till the noise overhead, as well as previous measurements,
+convinced them that they were immediately under the Rebel works. The
+main gallery was five hundred and ten feet in length, beside which
+were two lateral galleries, one thirty-seven and the other
+thirty-eight feet in length.</p>
+
+<p>A short distance from the entrance, inside of the Union
+fortifications, a vertical shaft was sunk, in which a fire was kept
+constantly burning, to produce ventilation. Eight magazines were
+placed in the lateral galleries, charged with four tons of powder,
+strongly tamped, and connected by fuses. The mine was completed on the
+23d of July.</p>
+
+<p>Grant planned an assault upon the Rebel line, independently of the
+explosion of the mine. He sent two divisions of the Second Corps, with
+two divisions of Sheridan's cavalry, to the Army of the James, at Deep
+Bottom, where an attack was made, four guns captured, and the line
+extended from Deep Bottom to the New Market road. Lee attempted to
+recover his lost ground, but failed. Grant, in this expedition,
+employed an immense train of empty baggage-wagons, which, passing in
+sight of the Rebel pickets, made the movement an enigma to Lee. The
+Rebels in the fortifications had commenced a counter-mine, but
+suspended labor.</p>
+
+<p>General Burnside wished that the colored troops of his division, under
+General Ferrero, should lead in the assault after the mine was
+exploded; and the troops were drilled with that special object in
+view. He believed that they would make a successful charge. They were
+fresh, had taken but little part in the campaign, and were desirous of
+emulating the example of their comrades of the Eighteenth Corps. The
+white troops were worn with hard marching, fighting, and exposure in
+the trenches in front of Petersburg, where they had been on the watch
+day and night. The lines were so near to the Rebels that a man could
+not show his head above the parapet without being shot. They had
+acquired the habit of taking <span class="pagenum"><a id="page378" name="page378"></a>(p. 378)</span> their positions by covered
+approaches, and had lost the resolute confidence and fearlessness
+manifested at the beginning of the campaigns.</p>
+
+<p>General Meade objected to Burnside's plan.</p>
+
+<p>"I objected," says Meade, "not that I had any reason to believe that
+the colored troops would not do their duty as well as the white
+troops, but that they were a new division, and had never been under
+fire, had never been tried, and, as this was an operation which I knew
+beforehand was one requiring the very best troops, I thought it
+impolitic to trust to a division of whose reliability we had no
+evidence."<a id="footnotetag68" name="footnotetag68"></a><a href="#footnote68" title="Go to footnote 68"><span class="smaller">[68]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>The matter was referred to General Grant, who says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"General Burnside wanted to put his colored division in front,
+     and I believe if he had done so it would have been a success.
+     Still I agreed with General Meade in his objections to the plan.
+     General Meade said that if we put the colored troops in front (we
+     had only one division), and it should prove a failure, it would
+     then be said, probably, that we were shoving those people ahead
+     to get killed, because we did not care anything about them. But
+     that could not be said if we put white troops in front."<a id="footnotetag69" name="footnotetag69"></a><a href="#footnote69" title="Go to footnote 69"><span class="smaller">[69]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>General Burnside had three divisions of white troops; as there were
+reasons for assigning either of the divisions to lead the assault,
+lots were cast, and the duty fell upon General Ledlie.</p>
+
+<p>Burnside was directed by Meade to form his troops during the night,
+and be ready to assault at daylight on the 30th. His pioneers were to
+be equipped to destroy the enemy's abatis. Intrenching tools were
+provided, so that if successful in breaking the Rebel lines, the
+position might be quickly secured.</p>
+
+<p>Portions of the Fifth and Eighteenth Corps were brought up to support
+the Ninth.</p>
+
+<p>The field artillery was to be harnessed for immediate use. The siege
+artillery was to open a heavy fire. The Second Corps, at Deep Bottom,
+was to move to the rear of the Eighteenth, and be ready for any
+emergency. Sheridan, with the cavalry, was ordered to attack south and
+east of Petersburg. The Engineers were to have sand-bags, gabions,
+and fascines <span class="pagenum"><a id="page379" name="page379"></a>(p. 379)</span> in readiness. The mine was to be fired at half
+past three, and simultaneously with the explosion the assaulting
+column was to rush into the gap.</p>
+
+<p>"Promptitude, rapidity of execution, and cordial co-operation are
+essential to success," wrote General Meade, in his concluding orders.</p>
+
+<p>The movements and preparations were completed before three o'clock.
+The moon was shining brightly, but the Rebels made no discovery of the
+change of position and massing of troops in rear of the Ninth Corps.
+The heights near the hospitals were covered by teamsters, ambulance
+drivers, surgeons, and civilians, waiting with intense interest for
+the expected upheaval.</p>
+
+<p>Half past three came, and the fuse was lighted. A stream of fire ran
+quickly along the gallery, but no explosion followed. Had the fuse
+failed? Lieutenant Douty and Sergeant Reese went boldly in to
+ascertain, and found the fire had gone out one hundred feet from the
+entrance. The fuse was relighted, but it was almost five o'clock, and
+the anxious spectators began to speculate as to the cause of the
+delay.</p>
+
+<p>Grant and Meade were at the front. The troops thought the whole thing
+a failure, and began to ridicule the Pennsylvania miners.</p>
+
+<p>Fleming's Rebel brigade, composed of the Seventeenth, Eighteenth, and
+Twenty-Second North Carolinians, was asleep over the mine. The pickets
+only were awake. Pegram's battery was also in the redoubt.</p>
+
+<p>Finally there came a trembling of the earth, then a bursting forth of
+volcanic flames and rolling up of dense clouds of smoke. A mountain of
+rubbish rose in the air. Earth, men, planks, timbers, cannon, shot and
+shell, were hurled upward and outward! The sight was terribly grand.
+To add to the frightfulness of the eruption and the grandeur of the
+spectacle, one hundred guns instantly belched forth their thunders.
+The Rebels were surprised and panic-stricken for the moment, and ran
+to escape the falling earth and timbers, leaving their artillery
+silent. A huge gap had been made in the Rebel works, four or five
+hundred feet in length and twenty feet in depth.</p>
+
+<p>Success depended upon the immediate occupation of the breach. Ten
+minutes passed before Ledlie moved, and then <span class="pagenum"><a id="page380" name="page380"></a>(p. 380)</span> he only advanced
+to the crater. The Rebels offered no opposition. The important point
+to be gained and held was a ridge four hundred yards beyond. Ledlie
+still halted in the excavation. Wilcox and Potter soon followed him,
+and the three divisions became intermixed, and general confusion
+prevailed. An hour of precious time was lost. Ledlie made no attempt
+to move in or out, and Potter and Wilcox could not go forward while he
+blocked the way.</p>
+
+<p>The enemy gradually recovered from their stupor, and began to fire
+from the hills, and batteries of artillery were brought up on the
+right and left to enfilade the crater: but not a cannon-shot was fired
+by the Rebels till after seven o'clock. The supporting brigades
+meanwhile were crowding upon those in front. The colored troops were
+ordered forward. They also entered the crater, which only added to the
+confusion. Potter succeeded in freeing his troops from Ledlie's, and
+pushed on toward the crest, but being unsupported, he was obliged to
+retire, driven back by the canister which the enemy poured into his
+ranks from the new position they had taken on Cemetery Hill. The Rebel
+fire increased. Eight, nine, ten o'clock passed; their batteries were
+throwing a concentrated fire of shells and solid shot into the mingled
+human mass. Mahone's and Ransom's divisions of infantry were hurried
+to the top of the ridge, and mortars were brought into play, and the
+crater became a terrible scene of slaughter. Meade, seeing that
+further attempt to take the ridge would be not only useless, but a
+waste of life, permitted Burnside to withdraw his troops at
+discretion. Yet to retire was to run the gauntlet of almost certain
+death. The space between the abyss and Burnside's breastworks was
+swept by a cross-fire from the enemy's artillery and infantry. To
+remain in the crater was sure destruction; to advance was impossible;
+to retreat the only alternative. Permission was given the troops to
+retire. By degrees they fled to the rear; but it was two o'clock in
+the afternoon before the place was wholly evacuated.</p>
+
+<p>Forty-seven officers and three hundred and seventy-two soldiers were
+killed, one hundred and twenty-four officers and fifteen hundred and
+fifty-five soldiers wounded, and nineteen hundred missing; a total
+loss of over four thousand men, and no substantial advantage gained.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page381" name="page381"></a>(p. 381)</span> The loss of the Rebels by the explosion was very great, as
+also by the heavy artillery fire.</p>
+
+<p>The causes of the failure, as decided by the Committee on the Conduct
+of the War, were: the injudicious formation of the troops assaulting;
+the halting of Ledlie; lack of proper engineers; and the want of a
+competent head at the scene of assault.</p>
+
+<p>The reasons why the attack ought to have been successful are thus
+stated:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>"1. The evident surprise of the enemy at the time of the
+     explosion of the mine, and for some time after.</p>
+
+<p>"2. The comparatively small force in the enemy's works.</p>
+
+<p>"3. The ineffective fire of the enemy's artillery and musketry,
+     there being scarcely any for about thirty minutes after the
+     explosion, and our artillery being just the reverse as to time
+     and power.</p>
+
+<p>"4. The fact that our troops were able to get two hundred yards
+     beyond the crater, towards the west, but could not remain there
+     or proceed farther for want of supports."<a id="footnotetag70" name="footnotetag70"></a><a href="#footnote70" title="Go to footnote 70"><span class="smaller">[70]</span></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It was a humiliating, disgraceful failure, which filled the North with
+mourning. The Rebels manifested their hatred of the colored troops by
+shooting some of them even after they had surrendered. The Richmond
+<i>Enquirer</i> said that the assaulting column was led by colored troops,
+who rushed on with the cry of "No quarter," but the assertion is not
+true. The colored troops were not ordered forward till late in the
+morning, and then advanced but a few steps beyond the crater. The
+<i>Enquirer</i> of August 1st doubtless gave expression to the sentiments
+of the Southern people respecting the treatment to be accorded to
+colored soldiers. Said that paper:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"Grant's war cry of "No quarter," shouted by his negro soldiers,
+     was returned with interest, we regret to hear not so heavily as
+     it ought to have been, since some negroes were captured instead
+     of being shot.... Let every salient we are called upon to defend
+     be a Fort Pillow, and butcher every negro that Grant hurls
+     against our brave troops, and permit them not to soil their hands
+     with the capture of one negro."</p>
+
+<p>It was the opinion of many officers who saw the advance of the
+colored division, that, had they been permitted to lead the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page382" name="page382"></a>(p. 382)</span>
+assault, the crest would have been seized and held. Such is the
+opinion of the Lieutenant-General already given.</p>
+
+<p>The onset promised to be successful, but ended in one of the severest
+disasters of the war, without any compensation worthy of mention.</p>
+
+<p>Sad the scene on that afternoon. The ground was thickly strewn with
+dying and dead. The sun blazed from a cloudless sky, and the heat was
+intense. The cries of the wounded were heart-rending. Officers and men
+on both sides stopped their ears, and turned away heart-sick at the
+sight. It was an exhibition of the horrible features of war which,
+once seen, is forever remembered.</p>
+
+<p>The operation of Grant upon the enemy's lines of communication was
+beginning to be felt in Richmond. Wilson and Kautz on the Danville and
+Weldon roads, Sheridan on the Virginia Central, and Hunter in the
+vicinity of Lynchburg, altogether had caused an interruption of
+communication which advanced the prices of produce in the markets of
+that city.</p>
+
+<p>It is amusing to read the papers published during the summer of 1864.
+All of Grant's movements from the Rapidan to Petersburg were retreats.
+Lee, in his despatches to Jeff Davis from the Wilderness, said that
+Grant was retreating towards Fredericksburg. It happened, however,
+that Lee found Grant attacking his lines at Spottsylvania on the
+following morning. "The enemy is falling back from Spottsylvania,"
+said the <i>Examiner</i>, when Grant moved to the North Anna.</p>
+
+<p>"Grant is floundering in the swamp of the Chickahominy; he has reached
+McClellan's graveyard," said the Rebel press, when he was at Cold
+Harbor.</p>
+
+<p>"Grant's attitude before Petersburg is that of a baffled, if not a
+ruined man," said the Richmond <i>Enquirer</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"We can stand such a siege as Grant thinks he has established for
+twenty years to come," was the language of the Petersburg <i>Express</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Another number of the <i>Enquirer</i>, commenting upon the Richmond
+markets, revealed more clearly the truth.</p>
+
+<p>"The extortion <i>now</i> practised upon the people," said the <i>Enquirer</i>
+of June 30th, "in every department of necessary supply, is frightful.
+It is a pitiable sight to see the families of this <span class="pagenum"><a id="page383" name="page383"></a>(p. 383)</span> city
+swarming in the markets for food, and subjected to the merciless
+exactions of this unrestrained avarice."</p>
+
+<p>The fortunes of the Confederacy were becoming desperate. Sherman had
+advanced from Chattanooga, driving Johnston to Atlanta. The removal of
+Johnston, and the appointment of an officer in his stead who would
+fight the Yankees, was demanded. Jeff Davis heeded the cry, removed
+Johnston, and appointed Hood to succeed him. The <i>Enquirer</i> was
+jubilant. Said that sheet:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">'There must be an end of retreating, and the risk of defeat must
+     be encountered, or victory can never be won. The rule of
+     Cunctator must have an end, for the rashness of Scipio can only
+     end this war. If General Johnston has been relieved, the country
+     will accept this action of the President as a determination
+     henceforth to accept the risk of battle, as involving the fate
+     and fixing the destiny of the Confederacy. To go forward and to
+     fight is now the motto of our armies, and since Johnston would
+     not advance, Hood has no other alternative, for his appointment
+     has but one meaning, and that is to give battle to the foe....
+     Grant is hopelessly crippled at Petersburg, and Lee has but a few
+     days ago thundered his artillery in the corporate limits of
+     Washington City. Grant, while apparently advancing, has been
+     really retreating, and this day is in a position from which he
+     can advance no farther, and from which his retreat is only a
+     question of time. Grant is exhausting the malice of
+     disappointment and the chagrin of defeat in bombarding
+     Petersburg; but Sherman, unless defeated by Hood, must march into
+     Atlanta. The movements of General Lee have so weakened the army
+     of Grant, that it is more an object of pity than of fear."<a id="footnotetag71" name="footnotetag71"></a><a href="#footnote71" title="Go to footnote 71"><span class="smaller">[71]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>Early in the campaign Grant, seeing the necessity of keeping the ranks
+of the Army of the Potomac full, had ordered the Nineteenth Corps,
+then on the Mississippi, to take transports for the James. His policy
+was concentration combined with activity. His foresight and prudence
+in this matter were of inestimable value, as will be seen in the
+ensuing chapter.</p>
+
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page384" name="page384"></a>(p. 384)</span> CHAPTER XXII.<br>
+
+THIRD INVASION OF MARYLAND.</h2>
+
+<span class="sidedate">July, 1864.</span>
+
+<p>The armies of the Union in Virginia, in the West, beyond the
+Mississippi, and along the Gulf were controlled by General Grant. The
+chess-board was continental in its dimensions, but everything upon it
+seemed within reach of his hand. He had two armies under his immediate
+direction,&mdash;the Army of the Potomac and the Army of the James. He was
+in constant communication with Sherman at Atlanta, and his orders
+reached the forces a thousand miles distant on the Mississippi! The
+details were left to the commanders of the various armies, but all
+important schemes were submitted to him for approval. But his best
+plans sometimes miscarried, from the neglect or inability of his
+subordinates to carry them into execution. Before starting from the
+Rapidan, General Grant ordered Hunter, who had succeeded to the
+command of Sigel in the Shenandoah, to proceed up the valley to
+Staunton and Gordonsville. When Grant was on the North Anna, he
+advised that officer to move on Charlottesville and Lynchburg, live on
+the country as he marched, and destroy the railroads, and, if
+possible, the James River Canal. Accomplishing that, he was to return
+to Gordonsville, and there join Grant. Hunter advanced. Sheridan was
+sent with the cavalry, while Grant was at Cold Harbor, to aid him.
+Sheridan broke up the Virginia Central Railroad, moved to
+Gordonsville, but hearing nothing of Hunter returned to the White
+House, and rejoined Grant at Petersburg.</p>
+
+<p>Hunter moved up the valley. At the same time Generals Crook and
+Averill, leaving Western Virginia, met Hunter near Staunton, where
+they had a battle with the Rebels under General Jones, who was killed,
+and his force routed, with a loss of three guns and fifteen hundred
+prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>Hunter, instead of approaching Lynchburg by Gordonsville <span class="pagenum"><a id="page385" name="page385"></a>(p. 385)</span> and
+Charlottesville, took the road leading through Lexington and thus
+missed Sheridan.</p>
+
+<p>He reached Lynchburg on the 16th of June, at the same time that Grant
+was moving from Cold Harbor to the James. Lee, seeing the danger which
+threatened him at the backdoor of the Rebel capital, threw
+reinforcements into Lynchburg, and Hunter was obliged to retreat,
+being far from his base, and having but a limited supply of
+ammunition. Having advanced upon Lynchburg from the west, instead of
+from the north, he was obliged to retreat in the same direction
+through Western Virginia, a country wellnigh barren of supplies. This
+left the Shenandoah open. There was no force to oppose the Rebels who
+were at Lynchburg. The decision of Hunter to go forward by Lexington
+instead of by Gordonsville disarranged Grant's plans, who did not
+direct him to move by Charlottesville. His letter to Halleck of the
+25th of May reads: "If Hunter can possibly get to Charlottesville and
+Lynchburg, he should do so, living on the country. The railroads and
+canals should be destroyed beyond the possibility of repair for weeks.
+Completing this, he could find his way back to his original base, or
+from Gordonsville join this army." No mention was made of his
+advancing by Lexington; but taking that route, and being compelled to
+retreat by the Great Kanawha, gave Lee an opportunity to strike a blow
+at Washington. He was active to improve it, but Grant was quick to
+discover his intentions.</p>
+
+<p>Ewell was sick, and Early was appointed to command the Rebel troops in
+the Valley. Breckenridge was sent up from Richmond. The troops took
+cars and moved up the Lynchburg road to Gordonsville. Early found
+himself at the head of twenty-five or thirty thousand men. Mosby, with
+his band of guerillas, was scouring the Valley and Western Virginia.
+He reported a clear coast towards Washington, but that Sigel was at
+Martinsburg.</p>
+
+<p>Early passed rapidly down the Valley, drove Sigel across the Potomac,
+and followed him to Hagerstown. The people of Western Maryland and
+Southern Pennsylvania, who had already received two unpleasant visits
+from the Rebels, fled in haste towards Baltimore and Harrisburg. The
+panic was <span class="pagenum"><a id="page386" name="page386"></a>(p. 386)</span> widespread. Extravagant stories were told of the
+force of the enemy: Lee's whole army was advancing; he had
+outgeneralled Grant; he had sixty thousand men across the Potomac;
+Washington and Baltimore were to be captured. All of which was
+received with exceeding coolness by the Lieutenant-General in command
+at City Point, who detached the Sixth Corps, ordering Ricketts's
+division to Baltimore and the other two divisions to Washington. The
+Nineteenth Corps, which had arrived at Fortress Monroe, was despatched
+to Washington.</p>
+
+<p>The news was startling. Leaving the army at Petersburg, I hastened to
+City Point, to proceed to Washington. There was no commotion at
+General Grant's head-quarters. The chief quartermaster was looking
+over his reports. The clerks were at their regular work. There were
+numerous transports in the stream, but no indications of the
+embarkation of troops. General Grant was out, walking leisurely about,
+with his thumbs in the arm-holes of his vest, smoking his cigar so
+quietly and apparently unconcerned, that, had it not been for the
+three stars on his shoulders, a stranger would have passed him without
+a thought of his being the man who was playing the deepest game of war
+in modern times. The members of his military family were not in the
+least excited. Calling on Colonel Bowers, Grant's adjutant-general, I
+found him attending to the daily routine.</p>
+
+<p>"They are having a little scare at Washington and in the North. It
+will do them good," said he.</p>
+
+<p>"How large a force is it supposed the Rebels have in Maryland?"</p>
+
+<p>"Somewhere about twenty-five thousand,&mdash;possibly thirty. Breckenridge
+has gone, with his command. And Early has raked and scraped all the
+troops possible which were outside of Richmond. Mosby is with him, and
+the irregular bands of the upper Potomac, and the troops which met
+Hunter at Lynchburg. It will not affect operations here. Lee
+undoubtedly expected to send Grant post-haste to Washington; but the
+siege will go on."</p>
+
+<p>On the wall of his room was a map of the Southern States, showing by
+colored lines the various gauges of all the railroads. Grant came in,
+looked at it, said "Good morning," <span class="pagenum"><a id="page387" name="page387"></a>(p. 387)</span> and went out for another
+stroll about the grounds, thinking all the while.</p>
+
+<p>On board our boat was a lively company, principally composed of the
+soldiers of the Massachusetts Sixteenth, who had served three years,
+and were on their way home. They were in the Peninsular campaigns.
+Their commander, Colonel Wyman, was killed at Glendale, where they
+held the ground when McCall's line was swept away. His fugitives ran
+through Hooker's and Sumner's lines, but the men of the Sixteenth
+stood firm in their places, till the drift had passed by, and moved
+forward to meet the exultant enemy, pouring in such a fire that the
+Rebel column became a mob, and fled in haste towards Richmond. They
+were in Grover's brigade at the second battle of Manassas. There have
+been few bayonet-charges pushed with such power as theirs in that
+battle. The Rebels were on Milroy's left flank, which was bending like
+a bruised reed before their advance, when Grover moved to the attack.</p>
+
+<p>"We stood in these lines," said a wounded officer of the Second
+Louisiana, a prisoner at Warrenton, two months after that battle.
+"They fell upon us like a thunderbolt. They paid no attention to our
+volleys. We mowed them down, but they went right through our first
+line, then through our second, and advanced to the railroad
+embankment, and there we stopped them. They did it so splendidly that
+we couldn't help cheering them. It made me feel bad to fire on such
+brave fellows."</p>
+
+<p>They were reduced to a squad. Their comrades were lying on nearly all
+the battle-fields of Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>"We have had a pretty rough time of it, and I am glad we are through;
+but I wouldn't mind having another crack at the Johnnie's round
+Washington," said a soldier, lying on the deck with his knapsack for a
+pillow.</p>
+
+<p>The whole regiment was ready to volunteer for the defence of
+Washington.</p>
+
+<p>The cannoneers of the Twelfth New York battery were of the company.
+They were in Wilson's raid, had lost their guns, and felt sore. Even
+when their loss is owing to no fault on the part of the artillerists,
+they usually feel that it is humiliating. They give pet names to the
+dogs of war; and when a good shot has been made, affectionately pat
+their brazen lips.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page388" name="page388"></a>(p. 388)</span> There were members of the Sanitary and Christian Commissions,
+taking care of the sick and wounded; also a family of refugees from
+Prince George County, on the way to Maryland, to find a new home till
+the war was over.</p>
+
+<p>Early was making the most of his opportunity. His cavalry moved at
+will, with no force to oppose them.</p>
+
+<p>They divided into small bodies and overran the country from Frederick
+to Williamsport, destroying the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, burning
+canal-boats, seizing horses, cattle, and supplies, from the farmers,
+ransacking houses as thoroughly as the soldiers of the Union had done
+in Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>The first invasion of Maryland, in 1862, was a political as well as a
+military movement. It was supposed by the Rebel leaders that the State
+was ready to join the Confederacy, that the people were held in
+subjection by a military despotism. "My Maryland" was then the popular
+song of the South, sung in camp, on the march, and in parlors and
+concert-halls.</p>
+
+<p class="poem25">
+<span class="min33em">"</span>The despot's heel is on thy shore,<br>
+<span class="add2em">Maryland!</span><br>
+   His torch is at thy temple-door,<br>
+<span class="add2em">Maryland!</span><br>
+   Avenge the patriotic gore<br>
+   That wept o'er gallant Baltimore,<br>
+   And be the battle-queen of yore,<br>
+<span class="add2em">Maryland! My Maryland!"</span></p>
+
+<p>When Jackson's corps crossed the Potomac, his troops sang it with
+enthusiastic demonstrations, tossing up their caps. They came as
+liberators. Jackson's orders were strict against pillage. All property
+taken was to be paid for in Confederate notes,&mdash;at that time esteemed
+by the Rebels to be as good as greenbacks, though not very acceptable
+to the Marylanders. It was an invasion for conciliation. The troops
+respected the orders, and, aside from the loss of a few horses, the
+people of Maryland were well treated in that campaign. But in the
+second invasion, when Lee passed into Pennsylvania, no favor was shown
+to Maryland. Houses, stores, public and private buildings alike were
+sacked and burned. The soldiers foraged at will, and the one who could
+secure the most clothing or food was the best fellow. In this third
+and last invasion, officers and soldiers pillaged indiscriminately.</p>
+
+<a id="img062" name="img062"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img062.jpg" width="400" height="329" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Ruins of Chambersburg.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page389" name="page389"></a>(p. 389)</span> "Pay me twenty thousand dollars or I will burn your town,"
+said Early to the citizens of Hagerstown, who advanced the money or
+its equivalent.</p>
+
+<p>General Lew Wallace was in command at Baltimore. He sent what troops
+he could collect to the Monocacy, where he was joined by Ricketts's
+division of the Sixth Corps. Wallace formed his line across the
+railroad and awaited Early's advance. With the exception of Ricketts's
+division, Wallace's troops were men enlisted for one hundred days,
+also heavy artillerests taken from the Baltimore fortifications,
+invalids from the hospitals, and volunteers, numbering about nine
+thousand. The Rebels forded the stream and began the attack. They were
+held in check several hours. Wallace, after losing about twelve
+hundred men, was obliged to retreat.</p>
+
+<p>His defeat, and the stories of the magnitude of the Rebel force, put
+Baltimore and Washington in great excitement. The battle at Monocacy
+was fought on Saturday. On Sunday morning the church-bells in
+Baltimore were rung, and the citizens, instead of attending worship,
+made haste to prepare for the enemy. Alarming reports reached that
+city from Westminster, Reisterstown, and Cockeysville, that the Rebels
+were in possession of those places. Couriers dashed into Washington
+from Rockville, only twelve miles distant, crying that the Rebels were
+advancing upon the capital. On Monday morning they were near
+Havre-de-Grace, at Gunpowder River, where they burned the bridge, cut
+the telegraph, captured trains, and robbed passengers, entirely
+severing Baltimore and Washington from the loyal North. Only five
+miles from Washington, they burned the house of Governor Bradford, and
+pillaged Montgomery Blair's. Government employees were under arms, and
+troops were hastening out on the roads leading north and west, when I
+arrived in Washington. Loud cheers greeted Wright's two divisions of
+the Sixth Corps, and still louder shouts the veterans of the
+Nineteenth Corps, from the Mississippi, as they marched through the
+city. It was amusing and instructive to watch the rapid change in
+men's countenances. When disaster threatens, men are silent; the
+danger past, the tongue is loosened.</p>
+
+<p>On Tuesday the Rebel sharpshooters were in front of Fort <span class="pagenum"><a id="page390" name="page390"></a>(p. 390)</span>
+Stevens; they picked off some of the gunners, but a charge by a
+brigade dislodged them. They fled, leaving about one hundred dead and
+wounded. Forces were gathering around Early, and on Wednesday morning
+he hastily retreated. He recrossed the Potomac at Edwards's Ferry, and
+made his way, through Snicker's Gap, into the Shenandoah Valley, with
+an immense train of plunder, consisting of forage, grain, horses,
+cattle, hogs, sheep, groceries, clothing, and a forced contribution of
+two hundred thousand dollars from the people of Frederick, levied
+under threat of burning the town.</p>
+
+<p>Early had no serious intention of attacking Washington, but the
+invasion was designed primarily to raise the siege of Petersburg, and
+secondarily to replenish the commissariat of the Rebel army.</p>
+
+<p>Grant comprehended the movement, and instead of abandoning Petersburg,
+made preparations to seize the Weldon road, which, after a severe
+struggle, was accomplished. A few weeks later Sheridan defeated Early
+in the Valley, which ended the campaign of 1864 in Virginia.</p>
+
+<a id="img063" name="img063"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img063.jpg" width="400" height="302" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">A lay delegate in the hospital.</p>
+</div>
+
+<a id="img064" name="img064"></a>
+<div class="p4 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img064.jpg" width="500" height="420" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">A charge.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page391" name="page391"></a>(p. 391)</span> CHAPTER XXIII.<br>
+
+SHERMAN'S ARMY</h2>
+
+<span class="sidedate">Dec., 1864.</span>
+
+<p>The army under General Sherman fought its way from Chattanooga to
+Atlanta, and then marched to the sea, capturing Fort McAllister, and
+opening communication with the fleet under Dupont on the 13th of
+December, and a few days later made its grand <i>entr�e</i> into Savannah.
+A brief review of Sherman's campaign is necessary to a clear
+understanding of what afterward transpired in his department.</p>
+
+<p>While the Army of the Potomac was pushing through to the south side of
+the James, the Army of the West was moving upon Atlanta, having driven
+the Rebels under Johnston from Tunnel Hill, Buzzards' Roost, Resaca,
+Kingston, Allatoona, and Kenesaw. Johnston fought only on the
+defensive, and was constantly beaten, abandoning stronghold after
+stronghold that the Rebels had declared impregnable, and whose
+surrender they felt was humiliating and disgraceful.</p>
+
+<p>There was a clamor throughout the South for his removal, and the
+appointment of a general who would take the offensive. Jeff Davis
+disliked Johnston on personal grounds, and appointed Hood his
+successor. That officer hurled his troops against Sherman's
+breastworks, and suffered a damaging defeat. Sherman in turn made a
+flank movement, and compelled Hood to evacuate Atlanta, which Sherman
+occupied on the 2d of September. Jeff Davis hastened West. He
+conceived the idea of forcing Sherman to retreat from Atlanta to
+Nashville, by invading Tennessee. As Hood's army had been driven from
+Chattanooga to Dalton, losing all its strong positions, this plan is
+one of the most remarkable in military history. It is hardly within
+the sphere of sober criticism, but appropriately belongs to the comic
+page. "Your feet shall again press the soil of Tennessee, within
+thirty days," said Davis to the soldiers. "The invader shall be driven
+from your territory. The retreat of Sherman from Atlanta shall be like
+Napoleon's from Moscow."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page392" name="page392"></a>(p. 392)</span> Sherman had already contemplated a movement to Savannah, and
+had opened correspondence with Grant.</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"Until we can repopulate Georgia it is useless to occupy it; but
+     the utter destruction of its roads, houses, and people will
+     cripple their military resources. By attempting to hold the roads
+     we will lose a thousand men monthly, and will gain no result. I
+     can make the march and make Georgia howl.... Hood may turn into
+     Tennessee and Kentucky, but I believe he will be forced to follow
+     me. Instead of being on the defensive, I would be on the
+     offensive. Instead of guessing at what he means, he would have to
+     guess at my plans. The difference in war is fully twenty-five per
+     cent. I can make Savannah, Charleston, or the mouth of the
+     Chattahoochee, and prefer to march through Georgia, smashing
+     things to the sea."</p>
+
+<p>Grant authorized the movement. Hood was preparing to move north.</p>
+
+<p>Sherman's right wing, commanded by Howard, was composed of Osterhaus's
+Fifteenth Corps and the Seventeenth, under Blair; Slocum had his left
+wing, containing the Fourteenth Corps under Jeff. C. Davis, and the
+Twentieth with Williams.</p>
+
+<p>The Twentieth was consolidated from the Eleventh and Twelfth Corps of
+the Army of the Potomac, which had fought at Fredericksburg,
+Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg.</p>
+
+<p>Sherman sent his last despatch to Washington on the 11th of November.
+On the 17th, the day on which Sherman left Atlanta, Hood crossed the
+Tennessee River, to make the movement which was to compel Sherman to
+evacuate Georgia!</p>
+
+<p>Sherman's southward march was a surprise to the Rebels. They affected
+joy, and predicted his destruction.</p>
+
+<p>Said the Augusta <i>Constitutionalist</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"The hand of God is in it. The blow, if we can give it as it
+     should be given, may end the war. We urge our friends in the
+     track of the advance to remove forage and provisions, horses,
+     mules, and negroes, and stock, and burn the balance. Let the
+     invader find the desolation he would leave behind him staring him
+     in the face.... Cut trees across all roads in front of the enemy,
+     burn the bridges, remove everything possible in time, and, before
+     the enemy arrives, burn and destroy what cannot be
+     removed,&mdash;leave nothing on which he can subsist; and hide the
+     millstone and machinery of the mills.... The Russians destroyed
+     <span class="pagenum"><a id="page393" name="page393"></a>(p. 393)</span> the grand army of Napoleon, of five hundred thousand
+     men, by destroying their country, by the fulness of fire applied
+     to their own cities, houses, and granaries. Let Georgians imitate
+     their unselfishness and love of country for a few weeks, and the
+     army of Sherman will have the fate of the army of Napoleon."<a id="footnotetag72" name="footnotetag72"></a><a href="#footnote72" title="Go to footnote 72"><span class="smaller">[72]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>Said the Savannah <i>News</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"We have only to arouse our whole arms-bearing people,&mdash;hover on
+     his front, his flanks, and rear,&mdash;remove from his reach or
+     destroy every thing that will subsist man or beast,&mdash;retard his
+     progress by every means in our power,&mdash;and, when the proper time
+     comes, fall upon him with the relentless vengeance of an insulted
+     and outraged people, and there need be no doubt of the
+     result."<a id="footnotetag73" name="footnotetag73"></a><a href="#footnote73" title="Go to footnote 73"><span class="smaller">[73]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>If it be true," said the <i>Examiner</i> of Richmond, "that Sherman is now
+attempting this prodigious design, we may safely predict that his
+march will lead him to the Paradise of Fools, and that his magnificent
+scheme will hereafter be reckoned</p>
+
+<p class="poem15">'With all the good deeds that never were done.'"</p>
+
+<p>Almost without opposition Sherman reached the sea, and forced Hardee
+to evacuate Savannah.</p>
+
+<p>General Sherman is regarded by many people in the Southern States as
+the Attila of the nineteenth century, because his path from Atlanta to
+the Roanoke is a widespread scene of devastation. Yet he did only that
+which the leaders of the Rebellion and the newspapers of the South
+urged the people to do. They proposed to make the country a ruin in
+self-defence. Sherman did it to shorten the war. He says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"We consumed the corn and fodder in the region of country for
+     thirty miles on either side of a line from Atlanta to Savannah;
+     also the sweet potatoes, hogs, sheep, and poultry, and carried
+     off more than ten thousand horses and mules. I estimate the
+     damage done to the State of Georgia as one hundred million
+     dollars; at least twenty million dollars of which enured to our
+     advantage, and the remainder was simple waste and
+     destruction."<a id="footnotetag74" name="footnotetag74"></a><a href="#footnote74" title="Go to footnote 74"><span class="smaller">[74]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>This is a frank avowal. It is the official utterance of the commander
+who was instrumental in causing such wholesale destruction. To what
+end? What was gained by it? Was <span class="pagenum"><a id="page394" name="page394"></a>(p. 394)</span> such destruction warranted?
+What will be the verdict of history? These are questions which force
+themselves upon every thinking mind.</p>
+
+<p>General Sherman's vindication of himself is found in his
+correspondence with the Mayor of Atlanta and with General Hood
+concerning the expulsion of the non-combatants from that city.</p>
+
+<p>As he could not subsist his army and the citizens also, he ordered
+that every person not connected with the army should leave the place.
+The people of that town had done what they could to overthrow the
+government of the United States. They had given great material aid to
+the Rebellion. They hated the Union as bitterly as ever, but were
+willing to be consumers of the food dispensed by a government which
+they were not willing to recognize as holding rightful authority over
+them. The Mayor set forth the suffering which would be entailed upon
+women and children, the poor and sick, by the enforcement of the
+order.</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"You know the woe, the horror, and the suffering cannot be
+     described in words," said the Mayor. "Imagination can only
+     conceive of it, and we ask you to take these things into
+     consideration.... We solemnly petition you to reconsider this
+     order, or modify it, and suffer this unfortunate people to remain
+     at home and enjoy what little means they have."</p>
+
+<p>The reply of General Sherman was clear and decisive.</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span>: I have your letter of the 11th, in the nature of a
+     petition to revoke my orders removing all the inhabitants from
+     Atlanta. I have read it carefully, and give full credit to your
+     statements of the distress that will be occasioned by it, and yet
+     shall not revoke my order, simply because my orders are not
+     designed to meet the humanities of the case, but to prepare for
+     the future struggles in which millions, yea, hundreds of millions
+     of good people outside of Atlanta, have a deep interest. We must
+     have peace, not only at Atlanta, but in all America. To secure
+     this we must stop the war that now desolates our once happy and
+     favored country. To stop the war, we must defeat the Rebel armies
+     that are arrayed against the laws and Constitution, which all
+     must respect and obey. To defeat the armies, we must prepare the
+     way to reach them in their recesses, provided with the arms and
+     instruments which enable us to accomplish our purpose.</p>
+
+<p>"Now, I know the vindictive nature of our enemy, and that we may
+     <span class="pagenum"><a id="page395" name="page395"></a>(p. 395)</span> have many years of military operations from this
+     quarter, and therefore deem it wise and prudent to prepare in
+     time. The use of Atlanta for warlike purposes is inconsistent
+     with its character as a home for families. There will be no
+     manufactures, commerce, or agriculture here for the maintenance
+     of families, and sooner or later want will compel the inhabitants
+     to go....</p>
+
+<p>"War is cruelty, and you cannot refine it; and those who brought
+     war on our country deserve all the curses and maledictions a
+     people can pour out. I know I had no hand in making this war, and
+     I know I will make more sacrifices to-day than any of you to
+     secure peace. But you cannot have peace and a division of our
+     country....</p>
+
+<p>"You might as well appeal against the thunder-storm as against
+     these terrible hardships of war. They are inevitable, and the
+     only way the people of Atlanta can hope once more to live in
+     peace and quiet at home, is to stop this war, which can alone be
+     done by admitting that it began in error and is perpetuated in
+     pride. We don't want your negroes or your horses, or your houses
+     or your land, or anything you have; but we do want, and will
+     have, a just obedience to the laws of the United States. That we
+     will have, and if it involves the destruction of your
+     improvements, we cannot help it.</p>
+
+<p>"You have heretofore read public sentiment in your newspapers,
+     that live by falsehood and excitement, and the quicker you seek
+     for truth in other quarters the better for you. I repeat, then,
+     that by the original compact of government, the United States had
+     certain rights in Georgia which have never been relinquished, and
+     never will be; that the South began the war by seizing forts,
+     arsenals, mints, custom-houses, etc., etc., long before Mr.
+     Lincoln was installed, and before the South had one jot or tittle
+     of provocation. I myself have seen, in Missouri, Kentucky,
+     Tennessee, and Mississippi, hundreds and thousands of women and
+     children fleeing from your armies and desperadoes, hungry and
+     with bleeding feet. In Memphis, Vicksburg, and Mississippi, we
+     fed thousands upon thousands of the families of Rebel soldiers
+     left on our hands, and whom we could not see starve. Now that war
+     comes home to you, you feel very differently, you deprecate its
+     horrors, but did not feel them when you sent car-loads of
+     soldiers and ammunition, and moulded shells and shot to carry war
+     into Kentucky and Tennessee, and desolate the homes of hundreds
+     and thousands of good people, who only asked to live in peace at
+     their old homes, and under the government of their inheritance.
+     But these comparisons are idle. I want peace, and believe it can
+     only be reached through Union and war; and I will ever conduct
+     war purely with a view to perfect an early success.</p>
+
+<p>"But, my dear sirs, when that peace does come, you may call upon
+     <span class="pagenum"><a id="page396" name="page396"></a>(p. 396)</span> me for anything. Then will I share with you the last
+     cracker, and watch with you to shield your home and families
+     against danger from every quarter. Now, you must go, and take
+     with you the old and feeble; feed and nurse them, and build for
+     them in more quiet places proper habitations to shield them
+     against the weather, until the mad passions of men cool down, and
+     allow the Union and peace once more to settle on your old homes
+     at Atlanta."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>General Hood protested against the order. By a flag of truce he sent a
+letter, saying:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"Permit me to say, the unprecedented measure you propose
+     transcends in studied and iniquitous cruelty all acts ever before
+     brought to my attention in this dark history of the war. In the
+     name of God and humanity, I protest, believing you are expelling
+     from homes and firesides wives and children of a brave people."</p>
+
+<p>To this Sherman answered on the same date:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>"You style the measures proposed, 'unprecedented,' and appeal to
+     the dark history of war for a parallel, as an act of 'studied and
+     iniquitous cruelty.' It is not unprecedented, for General
+     Johnston himself very wisely and properly removed the families
+     all the way from Dalton down, and I see no reason why Atlanta
+     should be excepted. Nor is it necessary to appeal to 'the dark
+     history of war,' when recent and modern examples are so handy.
+     You yourself burned dwelling-houses along your parapet; and I
+     have seen, to-day, fifty houses that you have rendered
+     uninhabitable because they stood in the way of your forts and
+     men. You defended Atlanta on a line so close to the town that
+     every cannon-shot and many musket-shots from our line of
+     investment, that overshot their mark, went into the habitations
+     of women and children. General Hardee did the same thing at
+     Jonesboro', and General Johnston did the same last summer at
+     Jackson, Mississippi.</p>
+
+<p>"I have not accused you of heartless cruelty, but merely instance
+     these cases of very recent occurrence, and could go on and
+     enumerate hundreds of others, and challenge any fair man to judge
+     which of us has the heart of pity for the families of 'brave
+     people.' I say it is kindness to these families of Atlanta to
+     remove them at once from scenes that women and children should
+     not be exposed to; and the 'brave people' should scorn to commit
+     their wives and children to the rude barbarians who thus, as you
+     say, violate the rules of war as illustrated in the pages of its
+     'dark history.'</p>
+
+<p>"In the name of common sense, I ask you not to 'appeal to a just
+     God' in such a sacrilegious manner,&mdash;you who in the midst of
+     peace <span class="pagenum"><a id="page397" name="page397"></a>(p. 397)</span> and prosperity have plunged a nation into war,
+     dark and cruel war; who dared and badgered us into battle;
+     insulted our flag; seized our arsenals and forts that were left
+     in the honorable custody of a peaceful ordnance sergeant; seized
+     and made prisoners even the very first garrisons sent to protect
+     your people against negroes and Indians, long before any other
+     act was committed by the, to you, 'hateful Lincoln government,'
+     tried to force Missouri and Kentucky into rebellion, in spite of
+     themselves; falsified the vote of Louisiana; turned loose your
+     privateers to plunder unarmed ships; expelled Union families by
+     the thousands, burned their houses, and declared by acts of your
+     Congress the confiscation of all debts due Northern men for goods
+     had and received. Talk thus to the Marines, but not to me, who
+     have seen these things, and who will this day make as much
+     sacrifice for the peace and honor of the South as the best-born
+     Southerner among you. If we must be enemies, let us be men, and
+     fight it out as we propose to-day, and not deal in such
+     hypocritical appeals to God and humanity.</p>
+
+<p>"God will judge us in due time, and he will pronounce whether it
+     will be humane to fight with a town full of women and the
+     families of 'a brave people' at our back, or to remove them in
+     time to places of safety among their own friends and people."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding the excesses which were committed by the foragers on
+Sherman's march from Atlanta to the sea, his army maintained its
+discipline. The soldiers while in and around Savannah were orderly and
+quiet. No woman was insulted; there was no debauchery, no breaking
+open of houses. Citizens could walk the streets and engage in business
+without molestation. Life and property were respected. General Sherman
+in his official report thus spoke of the conduct of his soldiers:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>"As to the rank and file, they seem so full of confidence in
+     themselves that I doubt if they want a compliment from me; but I
+     must do them the justice to say that, whether called on to fight,
+     to march, to wade streams, to make roads, clear out obstructions,
+     build bridges, make 'corduroy,' or tear up railroads, they have
+     done it with alacrity and a degree of cheerfulness unsurpassed. A
+     little loose in foraging, they 'did some things they ought not to
+     have done,' yet, on the whole, they have supplied the wants of
+     the army with as little violence as could be expected, and as
+     little loss as I calculated. Some of these foraging parties had
+     encounters with the enemy which would, in ordinary times, rank as
+     respectable battles.</p>
+
+<p>"The behavior of our troops in Savannah has been so manly, so
+     <span class="pagenum"><a id="page398" name="page398"></a>(p. 398)</span> quiet, so perfect, that I take it as the best evidence
+     of discipline and true courage. Never was a hostile city, filled
+     with women and children, occupied by a large army with less
+     disorder, or more system, order, and good government. The same
+     general and generous spirit of confidence and good feeling
+     pervades the army which it has ever afforded me especial pleasure
+     to report on former occasions."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Although Sherman's army was composed of four corps, the Fourteenth,
+Fifteenth, Seventeenth, and Twentieth, he had another made up from all
+of these, which, though unknown in the war office, was of much service
+to him and of great damage to the enemy. It was known as the "Bummer"
+Corps. The word is not to be found in either of the American
+unabridged dictionaries, though it has become historic. Who made it,
+or how it came into use, is not known. It may have been derived from
+the word <i>bum-bailiff</i>, which is a corruption of bound-bailiff, a
+subordinate civil officer appointed to serve writs and to make
+executions, and bound with sureties for a faithful discharge of his
+trust; or from <i>bum-boat</i>, a boat used for conveying provisions,
+fruit, and supplies from shore to ship. From the two words we get the
+full meaning of the term <i>Bummer</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sherman could not start from Atlanta with sufficient supplies of
+bread, meat, and corn for his great march. He must live on the
+country. Hence he marched in four parallel columns, near enough to aid
+each other if attacked, yet far enough apart to mow a swath forty or
+fifty miles in width.</p>
+
+<p>The foraging party, numbering over five thousand, always on the alert,
+ever in the advance, kept ahead of Kilpatrick with his cavalry.</p>
+
+<p>"If I come to a town or village or plantation, and stop to obtain
+forage, I find that the infernal bummers have been there," said
+Kilpatrick.</p>
+
+<p>Having authority to take provisions, the bummers were not tardy in
+executing their trust. They went in squads, fought the Rebel
+skirmishers, and defeated Wheeler's cavalry in several encounters. No
+matter how rich a prize there might be of poultry in a farm-yard, the
+appearance of a Rebel brought them into line for mutual defence.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes they came in with a dozen fresh horses loaded with <span class="pagenum"><a id="page399" name="page399"></a>(p. 399)</span>
+chickens, turkeys, and pigs. In one instance a squad, with live fowls
+dangling at their saddles, was confronted by Rebel cavalry. They
+formed in line, fired a volley, and started upon a charge. The
+galloping of the horses, accompanied by the flapping of wings, the
+cackling of hens, gobbling of turkeys, and squealing of pigs,
+stampeded the horses of the enemy, and gave the bummers an easy
+victory.</p>
+
+<p>Farm wagons were confiscated and filled with provisions,&mdash;jars of
+jelly, preserves, pickles, and honey, baskets of sweet potatoes and
+legs of bacon. They often rode grandly in family carriages,
+accompanied by crowds of grinning negroes, who had pointed out the
+places where the planters had secreted provisions, and who watched for
+Rebels while the bummer secured his plunder; and then, when the master
+was out of sight, bid good by forever to the old plantation, and with
+light hearts leaped the fences, on their way to freedom.</p>
+
+<p>There were two classes of bummers,&mdash;the regular soldier of the corps,
+who kept his comrades well supplied with good things, and the
+irregular member, whose chief care was to provide for himself.</p>
+
+<p>They were of great service, not only as foragers, but as flankers and
+scouts, keeping Sherman well informed of the whereabouts of the
+Rebels. Yet their lawlessness had a demoralizing tendency. Some were
+tender-hearted, and took only what was needed to eat, while others
+ransacked houses, ripped open feather-beds, smashed looking-glasses
+and crockery, and tumbled tables and chairs about unceremoniously,
+frightening women and children. But a bummer outraging a woman would
+have been hung by his fellows on the nearest tree, or if not by them
+he would have had short respite of life from the soldiers in the
+ranks.</p>
+
+<p>While in Savannah they had no occasion to ply their vocation, as
+provisions were abundant. Noticing full-grown chickens picking up corn
+in the streets, I expressed my surprise to an officer of the Twentieth
+Corps.</p>
+
+<p>"The fact is," he replied, "we have lived on chickens all the way from
+Atlanta. We have had roast chicken, fried chicken, and stewed chicken,
+till we are tired of it."</p>
+
+<p>But when Sherman resumed his march through South Carolina, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page400" name="page400"></a>(p. 400)</span>
+the bummers were keener than ever. The whole army was eager to begin
+the march. Each regiment, when it crossed the Savannah River, and set
+foot in South Carolina, gave a cheer. They were in the hot-bed of
+Secession.</p>
+
+<p>"We'll make South Carolina howl!" they said.</p>
+
+<p>I saw an unoccupied mansion, upon the floors of which were Brussels
+and tapestry carpeting, and mirrors of French plate-glass adorned the
+parlor. There was a library with well-filled shelves, and in the
+drawing-room a costly rosewood piano,&mdash;all of which in an hour were
+licked up by the flames.</p>
+
+<p>Far away to the north, as far as the eye could reach, were pillars of
+smoke, ascending from other plantations.</p>
+
+<p>"We'll purify their Secession hate by fire," said one.</p>
+
+<p>The soldiers evidently felt that they were commissioned to administer
+justice in the premises, and commenced by firing the premises of the
+South Carolinians. They were avengers, and their path through that
+proud State was marked by fire and desolation. "South Carolina began
+the Rebellion, and she shall suffer for it. If it had not been for her
+there would have been no war. She is responsible for all the misery,
+woe, and bloodshed." Such was the universal sentiment.</p>
+
+<p>Although Sherman's troops carried the torch in one hand and the sword
+in the other, and visited terrible retribution upon the Rebels, they
+were quick to relieve the wants of the truly loyal. A few days before
+reaching Savannah they came to a plantation owned by a man who through
+all the war had remained faithful to the Union. He had been hunted
+through the woods with bloodhounds by the Rebel conscript officers.
+Hearing the Yankees had arrived, he came out from his hiding-place,
+and joined the Twentieth Corps, with the intention of accompanying it
+to Savannah. The soldiers made up for him a purse of one hundred and
+thirty dollars. When it was presented he burst into tears. He could
+only say, so great was his emotion, "Gentlemen, I most heartily thank
+you. It is a kindness I never expected. I have been hunted through
+swamps month after month. My wife and children have been half starved,
+insulted, and abused, and all because we loved the old flag."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page401" name="page401"></a>(p. 401)</span> The stories which were told by those refugees, of Union men
+and conscripts hunted by bloodhounds, of imprisonment and murder by
+Rebels,&mdash;of the sufferings of the Union prisoners at Millen, Libby,
+Salisbury, and Andersonville,&mdash;wrought the soldiers of Sherman's army
+into a frenzy of wrath against South Carolina.</p>
+
+<a id="img065" name="img065"></a>
+<div class="p4 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img065.jpg" width="500" height="318" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Mt. Vernon, Edward Everett, The Capitol, Savannah.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page402" name="page402"></a>(p. 402)</span> CHAPTER XXIV.<br>
+
+CHRISTIANITY AND BARBARISM.</h2>
+
+<span class="sidedate">Dec., 1864.</span>
+
+<p>When Sherman's army entered Savannah the people of that city were on
+the verge of starvation. The Rebel authorities had not accumulated
+sufficient supplies for a long defence. They were ignorant of the
+intentions of Sherman when he left Atlanta, and were unable to see
+through his plan till too late to put the place in condition to
+withstand a siege. Breastworks were hastily thrown up on the west side
+of the city. The eastern approaches were strongly protected by a
+series of forts, turrets, and batteries built by slaves at the
+beginning of the war, in which were heavy guns commanding the river
+and the roads. No one had dreamed that the Yankees would come from the
+west. When Sherman was fairly on his march there was consternation in
+all the cities along the coast. Charleston expected him. Would he not
+aim directly toward the cradle of Secession? The people of Mobile
+believed that the fleet which was gathering in the Gulf was destined
+to co-operate with the "ruthless invader" in an attack upon them. The
+inhabitants of Brunswick expected to see him there. The citizens of
+Savannah were equally alarmed. Proclamations and manifestoes were
+issued. Governor Brown called upon the Georgians to rise in their
+might; but their former might was weakness now. They had lost heart.
+They saw that their cause was failing. Their armies, successful in the
+beginning, had won no victory for many months. The appeals of the
+Governor, the manifestoes of the Rebel generals, the calls of
+municipal authorities, and the exhortations of Davis, awakened no
+enthusiasm. The planters did not hasten to the rendezvous, nor respond
+to the call to send provisions. The Rebel quartermasters and
+commissaries were active in making forced levies, and the conscription
+bureau was vigilant in bringing in reluctant recruits; but before
+preparations for defending the city were completed Sherman was
+thundering at the door.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page403" name="page403"></a>(p. 403)</span> When he saw the destitution, he made an appeal to the
+humanity of the people of the North. Boston, New York, and
+Philadelphia were quick to respond. In Boston thirty thousand dollars
+were contributed in four days, a steamer chartered, loaded, and
+despatched on its errand of mercy. The occasion being so unusual, I
+deemed it worth while to visit Savannah, to be an eye-witness of the
+reception of the timely and munificent gift.</p>
+
+<p>The employment of the steamer Greyhound on such a mission added to the
+interest. She was a captured blockade-runner, built at Greenock,
+Scotland, in 1863, purposely to run the blockade. She made one trip
+into Wilmington, and was seized while attempting to escape from that
+port. In every timber, plank, rivet, and brace was England's hatred of
+the North, support of the South, and cupidity for themselves; but now
+she carried peace and good-will, not only to the people of Savannah,
+but to men of every clime and lineage, race and nation. The Greyhound
+speeding her way was a type and symbol of the American Republic,
+freighted with the world's best hopes, and sailing proudly forward to
+the future centuries.</p>
+
+<p>Among the passengers on board at the time of her capture was Miss
+Belle Boyd, of notoriety as a spy,&mdash;bold, venturesome, and dashing,
+unscrupulous, bitter in her hatred of the Yankees, regardless of truth
+or honor, if she could but serve the Rebels. She was of great service
+to them in the Shenandoah. Being within the Union lines, she obtained
+information which on several occasions enabled Jackson to make those
+sudden dashes which gave him his early fame.</p>
+
+<p>It was nearly dark on Saturday evening, January 14th, when the
+Greyhound discharged her pilot off Boston Light. The weather was
+thick, the wind southeast, but during the night it changed to the
+northwest and blew a gale. The cold was intense. Sunday morning found
+us in Holmes's Hole, covered with ice. At noon the gale abated, and we
+ran swiftly across the Vineyard Sound, shaping our course for
+Hatteras. Off Charleston we passed through the blockading fleet, which
+was gayly decorated in honor of the taking of Fort Fisher. The Rebel
+flag was floating defiantly over Sumter. On Thursday evening we
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page404" name="page404"></a>(p. 404)</span> dropped anchor off Port Royal, where a half-day was lost in
+obtaining permission from the custom-house to proceed to Savannah. The
+obstructions in Savannah River made it necessary to enter Warsaw Sound
+and go up Wilmington River. With a colored pilot,&mdash;the only one
+obtainable, recommended by the Harbor-Master of Hilton Head,&mdash;the
+Greyhound put to sea once more, ran down the coast, and on Sunday
+morning entered the Sound. Our pilot professed to know all the crooks
+and turns of the river, but suddenly we found ourselves fast on a
+mud-bank. It was ebb-tide, and the incoming flood floated us again.
+Then the engines refused to work, the pumps having become foul, and
+the anchor was dropped just in season to save the steamer from
+drifting broadside upon a sandbar. It was ten miles to Thunderbolt
+Battery. The captain of a pilot-boat was kind enough to send Messrs.
+Briggs and Baldwin, of the committee of the citizens of Boston in
+charge of the supplies, Mr. Glidden, of the firm owning the Greyhound,
+and the writer, up to that point. We landed, and stood where the
+Rebels had made sad havoc of what was once a pleasant village. Some
+Iowa soldiers, on seediest horses and sorriest mules, were riding
+round on a frolic. Shiftless, long-haired, red-eyed men and women,
+lounging about, dressed in coarsest homespun, stared at us. A score of
+horses and mules were in sight, and here were collected old carts,
+wagons, and carriages which Sherman's boys had brought from the
+interior.</p>
+
+<p>"We want to get a horse and wagon to take us to Savannah," said one of
+the party to a little old man, standing at the door of a house.</p>
+
+<p>"Wal, I reckon ye can take any one of these yere," he said, pointing
+to the horses and mules. Such animals! Ringboned, spavined,
+knock-kneed, wall-eyed, sore-backed,&mdash;mere hides and bones, some of
+them too weak to stand, others unable to lie down on account of stiff
+joints.</p>
+
+<p>"How far is it to Savannah?" we asked of the residents of the village.</p>
+
+<p>"Three miles," said one.</p>
+
+<p>"Two miles and a half, I reckon," said a second.</p>
+
+<p>"Three miles and three quarters," was the estimate of a third person.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page405" name="page405"></a>(p. 405)</span> A woman, dressed in a plaid petticoat, a snuff-colored
+linsey-woolsey tunic, with a tawny countenance, black hair, and
+flashing black eyes, smoking a pipe, said: "I'll tell yer how fur it
+be. Savannah be a frying-pan and Thunderbolt be the handle, and I live
+on the eend on it. It be four miles long, zactly."</p>
+
+<p>Two colored soldiers rode up, both on one horse, with "55" on their
+caps.</p>
+
+<p>"What regiment do you belong to?"</p>
+
+<p>"The Fifty-Fifth Massachusetts."</p>
+
+<p>Their camp was a mile or so up river. A steamboat captain, who wished
+to communicate with the quartermaster, came upstream in his boat and
+kindly offered to take us to the Fifty-Fifth. It began to rain, and we
+landed near a fine old mansion surrounded by live-oaks, their gnarled
+branches draped with festoons of moss, where we thought to find
+accommodations for the night; but no one answered our ringing. The
+doors were open, the windows smashed in; marble mantels, of elaborate
+workmanship, marred and defaced; the walls written over with doggerel.
+There were bunks in the parlors, broken crockery, old boots,&mdash;<i>d�bris</i>
+everywhere.</p>
+
+<p>The committee took possession of the premises and made themselves at
+home before a roaring fire, while the writer went out upon a
+reconnoissance, bringing back the intelligence that the camp of the
+Fifty-Fifth was a mile farther up the river. It was dark when we
+reached the hospitable shanty of Lieutenant-Colonel Fox, who, in the
+absence of Colonel Hartwell, was commanding the regiment, which had
+been there but twenty-four hours. The soldiers had no tents.</p>
+
+<p>One of the committee rode into Savannah, through a drenching rain, to
+report to General Grover. The night came on thick and dark. The rain
+was pouring in torrents. Colonel Fox, with great kindness, offered to
+escort us to a house near by, where we could find shelter. We splashed
+through the mud, holding on to each other's coat-tails, going over
+boots in muddy water, tumbling over logs, losing our way, being
+scratched by brambles, falling into ditches, bringing up against
+trees, halting at length against a fence,&mdash;following which we reached
+the house. The owner had fled, and the occupant had moved in because
+it was a free country and the place was inviting. He <span class="pagenum"><a id="page406" name="page406"></a>(p. 406)</span> had no
+bed for us, but quickly kindled a fire in one of the chambers and
+spread some quilts upon the floor. "I haven't much wood, but I reckon
+I can pick up something that will make a fire," said he. Then came the
+pitch-pine staves of a rice-cask; then a bedstead, a broken chair, a
+wooden flowerpot!</p>
+
+<p>The morning dawned bright and clear. General Grover sent out horses
+for us, and so we reached the city after many vexatious delays and
+rough experiences.</p>
+
+<p>The people in Savannah generally were ready to live once more in the
+Union. The fire of Secession had died out. There was not much
+sourness,&mdash;less even than I saw at Memphis when that city fell into
+our hands, less than was manifested in Louisville at the beginning of
+the war.</p>
+
+<p>At a meeting of the citizens resolutions expressive of gratitude for
+the charity bestowed by Boston, New York, and Philadelphia were
+passed, also of a desire for future fellowship and amity.</p>
+
+<p>A store at the corner of Bay and Barnard Streets was taken for a
+depot, the city canvassed, and a registry made of all who were in
+want. I passed a morning among the people who came for food. The air
+was keen. Ice had formed in the gutters, and some of the jolly young
+negroes, who had provided themselves with old shoes and boots from the
+camp-grounds of Sherman's soldiers, were enjoying the luxurious
+pastime of a slide on the ice. The barefooted cuddled under the sunny
+side of the buildings. There was a motely crowd. Hundreds of both
+sexes, all ages, sizes, complexions, and costumes; gray-haired old men
+of Anglo-Saxon blood, with bags, bottles, and baskets; colored
+patriarchs, who had been in bondage many years, suddenly made freemen;
+well-dressed women wearing crape for their husbands and sons who had
+fallen while fighting against the old flag, stood patiently waiting
+their turn to enter the building, where through the open doors they
+could see barrels of flour, pork, beans, and piles of bacon, hogsheads
+of sugar, molasses, and vinegar. There were women with tattered
+dresses,&mdash;old silks and satins, years before in fashion, and laid
+aside as useless, but which now had become valuable through
+destitution.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page407" name="page407"></a>(p. 407)</span> There were women in linsey-woolsey, in negro and gunny cloth,
+in garments made from meal-bags, and men in Confederate gray and
+butternut brown; a boy with a crimson plush jacket, made from the
+upholstering of a sofa; men in short jackets, and little boys in long
+ones; the cast-off clothes of soldiers; the rags which had been picked
+up in the streets, and exhumed from garrets; boots and shoes down at
+the heel, open at the instep, and gaping at the toes; old bonnets of
+every description, some with white and crimson feathers, and ribbons
+once bright and flaunting; hats of every style worn by both sexes,
+palm-leaf, felt, straw, old and battered and well ventilated. One
+without a crown was worn by a man with red hair, suggestive of a
+chimney on fire, and flaming out at the top! It was the ragman's
+jubilee for charity.</p>
+
+<p>One of the tickets issued by the city authorities, in the hand of a
+woman waiting her turn at the counter, read thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table style="margin-left: 5%;" border="0" cellpadding="3" summary="City Store.">
+<colgroup>
+    <col width="20%">
+    <col width="10%">
+    <col width="10%">
+    <col width="55%">
+</colgroup>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="4" class="center">"CITY STORE.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class="right"><span class="smcap">Mary Morrell.</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td class="right">12</td>
+<td>lbs.</td>
+<td>Flour,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td class="right">7</td>
+<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td>
+<td>Bacon,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td class="right">2</td>
+<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td>
+<td>Salt,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td class="right">2</td>
+<td>qts.</td>
+<td>Vinegar."</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Andersonville, Belle Isle, Libby Prison, Millen, and Salisbury will
+forever stand in suggestive contrast to this City Store in Savannah,
+furnished by the free-will offering of the loyal people of the North.</p>
+
+<p>"At Libby," reads the report of the United States Sanitary Committee,
+"a process of slow starvation was carried on. The corn-bread was of
+the roughest and coarsest description. Portions of the cob and husk
+were often found grated in with the meal. The crust was so thick and
+hard that the prisoners called it 'iron clad.' To render the bread
+eatable they grated it, and made mush of it; but the crust they could
+not grate. Now and then, after long intervals, often of many weeks, a
+little meat was given them, perhaps two or three mouthfuls. At a later
+period they received a pint of black peas, with some vinegar, every
+week; the peas were often full of worms, or maggots in a chrysalis
+state, which, when they made soup, floated on the surface.... But the
+most unaccountable and shameful act of all was yet to come. Shortly
+after this <span class="pagenum"><a id="page408" name="page408"></a>(p. 408)</span> general diminution of rations, in the month of
+January, the boxes (sent by friends in the North to the prisoners),
+which before had been regularly delivered, and in good order, were
+withheld. No reason was given. Three hundred arrived every week, and
+were received by Colonel Ould, Commissioner of Exchange; but instead
+of being distributed, they were retained and piled up in warehouses
+near by, in full sight of the tantalized and hungry captives."<a id="footnotetag75" name="footnotetag75"></a><a href="#footnote75" title="Go to footnote 75"><span class="smaller">[75]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>While these supplies were being distributed to the people of Savannah,
+thirty thousand Union prisoners in the hands of the Rebels in
+Southwestern Georgia were starving to death,&mdash;not from a scarcity of
+food, but in accordance with a deliberately formed plan to render them
+unfit for future service in the Union ranks by their inhuman
+treatment, should they live to be exchanged.</p>
+
+<p>What a page of darkness for the future historian!</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, the Rebel prisoners in the North received
+invariably the same rations, in quality and quantity, given to the
+Union soldiers in the field, with ample clothing, fuel, and shelter.
+So unexceptional was their treatment, that since the war a Southern
+writer, desirous of removing the load of infamy resting upon the
+South, has advertised for statements of unkind treatment in Northern
+prisons!<a id="footnotetag76" name="footnotetag76"></a><a href="#footnote76" title="Go to footnote 76"><span class="smaller">[76]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>Of the treatment of Union soldiers in the Southern prisons the United
+States Sanitary Commission says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"The prisoners were almost invariably robbed of everything
+     valuable in their possession; sometimes on the field, at the
+     instant of capture, sometimes by the prison authorities, in a
+     quasi-official way, with the promise of return when exchanged or
+     paroled, but which promise was never fulfilled. This robbery
+     amounted often to a stripping of the person of even necessary
+     clothing. Blankets and overcoats were almost always taken, and
+     sometimes other articles; in which case damaged ones were
+     returned in their stead. This preliminary over, the captives were
+     taken to prison."</p>
+
+<p>At the trial of Wirz, the commandant of Andersonville, Dr. John C.
+Bates, a surgeon of the Rebel service, testified as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page409" name="page409"></a>(p. 409)</span> "My attention was called to a patient in my ward who was
+     only fifteen or sixteen years of age. I took much interest in
+     him, owing to his youth. He would ask me to bring him a potato,
+     bread, or biscuit, which I did. I put them in my pocket. He had
+     scurvy and gangrene. I advised him not to cook the potato, but to
+     eat it raw. He became more and more emaciated, his sores
+     gangrened, and for want of food, and from lice, he died. I
+     understood that it was against orders to take anything in to the
+     prisoners, and hence I was shy in slipping food into my pockets.
+     Others in the ward came to their death from the same causes. When
+     I went there, there were two thousand or two thousand five
+     hundred sick. I judge twenty or twenty-five thousand persons were
+     crowded together. Some had made holes and burrows in the earth.
+     Those under the sheds were doing comparatively well. I saw but
+     little shelter, excepting what ingenuity had devised. I found
+     them suffering with scurvy, dropsy, diarrh&oelig;a, gangrene,
+     pneumonia, and other diseases. When prisoners died, they were
+     laid in wagons, head foremost, to be carried off. I don't know
+     how they were buried. The effluvia from the hospital was very
+     offensive. If by accident my hand was abraded, I would not go
+     into the hospital without putting a plaster over the affected
+     part. If persons whose systems were reduced by inanition should
+     by chance stump a toe or scratch the hand, the next report to me
+     was gangrene, so potent was the regular hospital gangrene. The
+     prisoners were more thickly confined in the stockade,&mdash;like ants
+     and bees. Dogs were kept to hunt down the prisoners who escaped.
+     Fifty per cent of those who died might have been saved had the
+     patients been properly cared for. The effect of the treatment of
+     the prisoners was, morally as well as physically, injurious.
+     There was much stealing among them. All lived each for himself. I
+     suppose this was superinduced by their starving condition. Seeing
+     the dying condition of some of them, I remarked to my student, 'I
+     can't resuscitate them; the weather is chilling; it is a matter
+     of impossibility.' I found persons lying dead sometimes among the
+     living. Thinking they merely slept, I went to wake them up and
+     found they had taken their everlasting sleep. This was in the
+     hospital. I judge it was about the same in the stockade. There
+     being no dead-house, I erected a tent for the purpose, but I soon
+     found that a blanket or quilt had been clipped off the canvas;
+     and as the material could not be readily supplied, the dead-house
+     was abandoned. I don't think any more dead-houses were erected.
+     The daily ration was less in September, October, November, and
+     December than it was from the 1st of January to the 20th of
+     March. The men had not over twenty ounces of food in the
+     twenty-four hours."</p>
+
+<p>The prison at Andersonville was established in January, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page410" name="page410"></a>(p. 410)</span>
+1864, and was used a little more than a year. It was in the form of a
+quadrangle, 1,295 feet long, 865 feet wide. A small stream, rising
+from neighboring springs, flowed through the grounds. Within the
+enclosure, seventeen feet from the stockade, the dead-line was
+established, marked by small posts, to which a slight strip of board
+was nailed. Upon the inner stockade were fifty-two sentry-boxes, in
+which the guards stood with loaded muskets; while overlooking the
+enclosure were several forts, with field artillery in position, to
+pour grape and canister upon the perishing men at the first sign of
+insurrection.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Clara Barton, the heroic and tender-hearted woman who, in the
+employ of government, visited this charnel-house to identify the
+graves of the victims, thus reports:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"Under the most favorable circumstances and best possible
+     management the supply of water would have been insufficient for
+     half the number of persons who had to use it. The existing
+     arrangements must have aggravated the evil to the utmost extent.
+     The sole establishments for cooking and baking were placed on the
+     bank of the stream immediately above and between the two inner
+     lines of the pallisades. The grease and refuse from them were
+     found adhering to the banks at the time of our visit. The guards,
+     to the number of three thousand six hundred, were principally
+     encamped on the upper part of the stream, and when the heavy
+     rains washed down the hillsides covered with thirty thousand
+     human beings, and the outlet below failed to discharge the flood
+     which backed and filled the valley, the water must have become so
+     foul and loathsome that every statement I have seen of its
+     offensiveness must fall short of the reality; and yet within
+     rifle-shot of the prison flowed a stream, fifteen feet wide and
+     three feet deep, of pure, delicious water. Had the prison been
+     placed so as to include a section of 'Sweet Water Creek,' the
+     inmates might have drank and bathed to their hearts'
+     content."<a id="footnotetag77" name="footnotetag77"></a><a href="#footnote77" title="Go to footnote 77"><span class="smaller">[77]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>The prisoners had no shelter from the fierce sun of summer, the
+pelting autumn rains, or the cold of winter, except a few tattered
+tents. Thousands were destitute of blankets. For refuge they dug
+burrows in the ground.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Barton says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>"The little caves are scooped out and arched in the form of
+     ovens, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page411" name="page411"></a>(p. 411)</span> floored, ceiled, and strengthened, so far as the
+     owners had means, with sticks and pieces of board, and some of
+     them are provided with fireplaces and chimneys. It would seem
+     that there were cases, during the long rains, where the house
+     would become the grave of its owner by falling upon him in the
+     night.... During thirteen long months they knew neither shelter
+     nor protection from the changeable skies above, nor the pitiless,
+     unfeeling earth beneath....</p>
+
+<p>"Think of thirty thousand men penned by close stockade upon
+     twenty-six acres of ground, from which every tree and shrub had
+     been uprooted for fuel to cook their scanty food, huddled like
+     cattle, without shelter or blanket, half clad and hungry, with
+     the dewy night setting in after a day of autumn rain. The hilltop
+     would not hold them all, the valley was filled by the swollen
+     brook. Seventeen feet from the stockade ran the fatal dead-line,
+     beyond which no man might step and live. What did they do? I need
+     not ask where did they go, for on the face of the whole earth
+     there was no place but this for them. But where did they place
+     themselves? How did they live? Ay! how did they die?"</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Twelve thousand nine hundred and ninety graves are numbered on the
+neighboring hillside,&mdash;the starved and murdered of thirteen
+months,&mdash;one thousand per month, thirty-three per day! Murdered by
+Jeff Davis, Robert E. Lee, James Seddon, and John C. Breckenridge!
+Murdered under official sanction, in accordance with premeditated
+design. Davis, Lee, Seddon, and Breckenridge may not have issued
+orders to starve the prisoners; but if cognizant of any inhumanity, it
+was in the power of Davis to stop it, and of Lee, as
+commander-in-chief of the army, as also of Sedden, and after him
+Breckenridge, secretaries of war. A word from either of these
+officials would have secured humane treatment.</p>
+
+<p>General Lee is beloved by the Southern people for his amiability, his
+gentleness and generosity, as well as his unselfish devotion to the
+cause of Secession. But the historian will doubtless keep in mind that
+to be amiable is to be worthy of esteem and confidence. Those who have
+espoused the cause of the Union cannot discover much amiability in one
+who remained in the service of the government as the confidant of the
+commander-in-chief of the army of the United States till hostilities
+were commenced, and then, three days after his resignation, accepted
+the command of the Rebel forces in Virginia. Fort <span class="pagenum"><a id="page412" name="page412"></a>(p. 412)</span> Sumter was
+fired upon April 12, 1861. General Lee resigned his commission in the
+service of the United States on the 19th, and on the 22d took command
+of Rebel troops at Richmond. The State had not then seceded. The
+ordinance of Secession was passed by the convention on the 17th of the
+same month, to be submitted to popular vote for ratification on the
+third Tuesday of May. Without waiting for the action of the people of
+his State, General Lee issued his military orders and waged war
+against the United States.</p>
+
+<p>The future historian will not overlook the fact that General Lee, if
+not issuing direct orders for the starvation of Union prisoners, made
+no remonstrance against the barbarities of Andersonville, or of the
+course taken to debauch the patriotism of the Union soldiers. It was
+promised that whoever would acknowledge allegiance to the Confederacy,
+or consent to make shoes or harness or clothing for the Rebels, should
+have the privilege of going out from the stockade, and finding
+comfortable quarters and plenty of food and clothing. Thus tempted,
+some faltered, while others died rather than be released on such
+terms, preferring, in their love for the flag, to be thrown like logs
+into the dead-cart, and tumbled into the shallow trenches on the
+hillside!</p>
+
+<p>Among the prisoners was a lad who pined for his far-off Northern home.
+Often his boyish heart went out lovingly to his father and mother and
+fair-haired sister. How could he die in that prison! How close his
+eyes on all the bright years of the future! How lie down in death in
+that loathsome place, when, by taking the oath of allegiance to the
+Southern Confederacy, he could obtain freedom? His comrades were
+dying. Every day the dead-cart came and bore them away by scores and
+hundreds. What a sight their stony eyes, sunken cheeks, and swaying
+limbs! Around him was a crowd of living skeletons.</p>
+
+<p>"Take the oath and you shall live," said the tempter. What a trial!
+Life was sweet. All that a man hath will he give for his life. How
+blessed if he could but hear once more the voice of his mother, or
+grasp again a father's hand! What wonder that hunger, despair, and
+death, and the example of some of his comrades, made him weakly
+hesitate?</p>
+
+<p>Too feeble to walk or to stand, he crawled away from the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page413" name="page413"></a>(p. 413)</span>
+dying and the dead, over the ground reeking with filth. He had almost
+reached the gate beyond which were life and liberty. A comrade,
+stronger and older, suspected his purpose. Through the long, weary
+months this brave soldier had solaced his heart by taking at times
+from his bosom a little flag,&mdash;the stars and stripes,&mdash;adoring it as
+the most sacred of all earthly things. He held it before the boy. It
+was the flag he loved. He had sworn to support it,&mdash;never to forsake
+it. He had stood beneath it in the fierce conflict, quailing not when
+the death-storm was thickest. Tears dimmed his eyes as he beheld it
+once more. Tremblingly he grasped it with his skeleton fingers, kissed
+it, laid it on his heart, and cried, "God help me! I can't turn my
+back upon it. O comrade, I am dying; but I want you, if ever you get
+out of this horrible place, to tell my mother that I stood by the old
+flag to the last!"</p>
+
+<p>And then, with the flag he loved lying on his heart, he closed his
+eyes, and his soul passed on to receive that reward which awaits those
+to whom duty is greater than life.</p>
+
+<p class="poem25">
+<span class="min33em">"</span>On Fame's eternal camping-ground<br>
+<span class="add1em">Their silent tents are spread,</span><br>
+   And Glory guards, with solemn round,<br>
+<span class="add1em">The bivouac of the dead."</span></p>
+
+<p>This is the contrast between Christian charity and barbaric hate,&mdash;not
+that all the people of the South were inhuman, or that men there are
+by nature more wicked than all others; but the barbarity was the
+legitimate outgrowth of slavery.</p>
+
+<p>The armies of the South fought bravely and devotedly to establish a
+Confederacy with slavery for its corner-stone; but not their valor,
+sacrifice, and endurance, not Stonewall Jackson's religious enthusiasm
+or intrepidity, not Lee's military exploits, can avail to blot the
+horrors of Andersonville from the historic record. Their cause</p>
+
+<p class="poem25">
+<span class="min33em">"</span>Hath the primal, eldest curse upon it,<br>
+   A brother's murder."</p>
+
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page414" name="page414"></a>(p. 414)</span> CHAPTER XXV.<br>
+
+SCENES IN SAVANNAH.</h2>
+
+<span class="sidedate">Dec., 1864.</span>
+
+<p>As I intended to spend some days in Savannah, I set out one afternoon
+in search of lodgings more commodious than those furnished at the
+Pulaski House, and I was directed to a house owned by a gentleman who,
+during the war, had resided in Paris,&mdash;a large brick mansion, fronting
+on one of the squares, elegantly finished and furnished. It had been
+taken care of, through the war, by two faithful negroes, Robert and
+his wife Aunt Nellie, both of them slaves.</p>
+
+<p>I rang the bell, and was ushered into the basement by their daughter
+Ellen, also a slave. Robert was fifty-three years of age,&mdash;a tall,
+stout, coal-black, slow-spoken, reflective man. Aunt Nellie was a year
+or two younger. Her features were of the African type; her eyes large
+and lustrous. Her deportment was lady-like, her language refined. She
+wore a gingham dress, and a white turban.</p>
+
+<p>Ellen, the daughter, had a fair countenance, regular features, of
+lighter hue than either father or mother. She appeared as much at ease
+as most young ladies who are accustomed to the amenities of society.</p>
+
+<p>Aunt Nellie called me by name.</p>
+
+<p>"I saw you yesterday at church," she said.</p>
+
+<p>She placed a chair for me before the fire, which burned cheerfully on
+the hearth. There was a vase of amaranths on the mantel, and
+lithographs on the walls. A clock ticked in one corner. There were
+cushioned arm-chairs. The room was neat and tidy, and had an air of
+cheerfulness. A little boy, four or five years old, was sitting by the
+side of Aunt Nellie,&mdash;her grand-nephew. He looked up wonderingly at
+the stranger, then gazed steadily into the fire with comical gravity.</p>
+
+<p>"You are from Boston, I understand," said Aunt Nellie. "I never have
+been to Boston, but I have been to New York several times with my
+master."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page415" name="page415"></a>(p. 415)</span> "Did you have any desire to stay North?"</p>
+
+<p>"No, sir, I can't say that I had. This was my home; my children and
+friends, and my husband were all here."</p>
+
+<p>"But did you not wish to be free?"</p>
+
+<p>"That is a very different thing, sir. God only knows how I longed to
+be free; but my master was very kind. They used to tell me in New York
+that I could be free; but I couldn't make up my mind to leave master,
+and my husband. Perhaps if I had been abused as some of my people
+have, I should have thought differently about it."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, you are free now. I suppose that you never expected to see such
+a day as this!"</p>
+
+<p>"I can't say that I expected to see it, but I knew it would come. I
+have prayed for it. I didn't hardly think it would come in my time,
+but I knew it must come, for God is just."</p>
+
+<p>"Did you not sometimes despair?"</p>
+
+<p>"Never! sir; never! But O, it has been a terrible mystery, to know why
+the good Lord should so long afflict my people, and keep them in
+bondage,&mdash;to be abused, and trampled down, without any rights of their
+own,&mdash;with no ray of light in the future. Some of my folks said there
+wasn't any God, for if there was he wouldn't let white folks do as
+they have done for so many years; but I told them to wait,&mdash;and now
+they see what they have got by waiting. I told them that we were all
+of one blood,&mdash;white folks and black folks all come from one man and
+one woman, and that there was only one Jesus for all. <i>I knew it,&mdash;I
+knew it!</i>" She spoke as if it were an indisputable fact which had come
+by intuition.</p>
+
+<p>Here Aunt Nellie's sister and her husband came in.</p>
+
+<p>"I hope to make your better acquaintance," she said, courtesying. It
+is a common form of expression among the colored people of some parts
+of the South. She was larger, taller, and stouter than Aunt Nellie,
+younger in years, less refined,&mdash;a field hand,&mdash;one who had drunk
+deeply of the terrible cup which slavery had held to her lips. She
+wore a long gray dress of coarse cloth,&mdash;a frock with sleeves,
+gathered round the neck with a string,&mdash;the cheapest possible
+contrivance for a dress, her only garment, I judged.</p>
+
+<p>"These are new times to you," I said.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page416" name="page416"></a>(p. 416)</span> "It is a dream, sir,&mdash;a dream! 'Pears like I don't know where
+I am. When General Sherman come and said we were free, I didn't
+believe it, and I wouldn't believe it till the minister (Rev. Mr.
+French) told us that we were free. It don't seem as if I was free,
+sir." She looked into the fire a moment, and sat as if in a dream, but
+roused herself as I said,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, you are free."</p>
+
+<p>"But that don't give me back my children,&mdash;my children, that I brought
+forth with pains such as white women have,&mdash;that have been torn from
+my breast, and sold from me; and when I cried for them was tied up and
+had my back cut to pieces!"</p>
+
+<p>She stopped talking to me, raised her eyes as if looking into
+heaven,&mdash;reached up her hands imploringly, and cried in agony,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"O Lord Jesus, have mercy! How long, O Lord? Come, Jesus, and help me.
+'Pears like I can't bear it, dear Lord. They is all taken from me,
+Lord. 'Pears like as if my heart would break. O blessed Jesus, they
+say that I am free, but where are my children!&mdash;my children!&mdash;my
+children!"</p>
+
+<p>Her hands fell,&mdash;tears rolled down her cheeks. She bowed her head, and
+sat moaning, wailing, and sobbing.</p>
+
+<p>"You wouldn't believe me," said Aunt Nellie, speaking to her. "You
+said that there was no use in praying for deliverance; that it was no
+use to trust God,&mdash;that he had forgotten us!"</p>
+
+<p>She rose and approached her sister, evidently to call her mind from
+the terrible reality of the past. "You used to come in here and go
+worry, worry, worry all day and all night, and say it was no use; that
+you might as well die; that you would be a great deal better off if
+you were dead. You wouldn't believe me when I said that the Lord would
+give deliverance. You wouldn't believe that the Lord was good; but
+just see what he has done for you,&mdash;made you free. Aren't you willing
+to trust him now?"</p>
+
+<p>The sister made no reply, but sat wiping away her tears, and sighing
+over the fate of her children.</p>
+
+<p>"Did you not feel sometimes like rising against your masters?" I
+asked of the husband.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page417" name="page417"></a>(p. 417)</span> "Well, sir, I did feel hard sometimes, and I reckon that if
+it hadn't been for the grace which Jesus gave us we should have done
+so; but he had compassion on us, and helped us to bear it. We knew
+that he would hear us some time."</p>
+
+<p>"Did you ever try to escape?"</p>
+
+<p>"No, sir. I was once interested in colonization, and talked of going
+to Africa,&mdash;of buying myself, and go there and be free. Rev. Mr.
+Gurley came here and gave a lecture. He was the agent of the
+Colonization Society, I reckon; but just then there was so much
+excitement among the slaves about it, that our masters put a stop to
+it."</p>
+
+<p>"The good people of Boston are heaping coals of fire on the heads of
+the slaveholders and Rebels," said Aunt Nellie.</p>
+
+<p>"How so?" I asked.</p>
+
+<p>"Why, as soon as General Sherman took possession of the city, you send
+down ship-loads of provisions to them. They have fought you with all
+their might, and you whip them, and then go to feeding them."</p>
+
+<p>"I 'spect you intended that black and white folks should have them
+alike," said her sister.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, that was the intention."</p>
+
+<p>"Not a mouthful have I had. I am as poor as white folks. All my life I
+have worked for them. I have given them houses and lands; they have
+rode in their fine carriages, sat in their nice parlors, taken voyages
+over the waters, and had money enough, which I and my people earned
+for them. I have had my back cut up. I have been sent to jail because
+I cried for my children, which were stolen from me. I have been
+stripped of my clothing, exposed before men. My daughters have been
+compelled to break God's commandment,&mdash;they couldn't help
+themselves,&mdash;I couldn't help them; white men have done with us just as
+they pleased. Now they turn me out of my poor old cabin, and say they
+own it. O dear Jesus, help me!"</p>
+
+<p>"Come, come, sister, don't take on; but you just give thanks for what
+the Lord has done for you," said Aunt Nellie.</p>
+
+<p>Her sister rose, stately as a queen, and said,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I thank you, sir, for your kind words to me to-night. I thank all the
+good people in the North for what they have done for me and my
+people. The good Lord be with you."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page418" name="page418"></a>(p. 418)</span> As she and her husband left the room, Aunt Nellie said,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Poor girl! she can't forget her children. She's cried for them day
+and night."</p>
+
+<p>Never till then had I felt the full force of Whittier's burning
+lines:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem15">
+<p><span class="min33em">"</span>A groan from Eutaw's haunted wood,&mdash;<br>
+   A wail where Camden's martyrs fell,&mdash;<br>
+   By every shrine of patriot blood,<br>
+   From Moultrie's wall and Jasper's well!</p>
+
+<p><span class="min33em">"</span>By storied hill and hallowed grot,<br>
+   By mossy wood and marshy glen,<br>
+   Whence rang of old the rifle-shot,<br>
+   And hurrying shout of Marion's men,<br>
+   The groan of breaking hearts is there,&mdash;<br>
+   The falling lash, the fetter's clank!<br>
+   <i>Slaves</i>, <span class="smcap">SLAVES</span> are breathing in that air<br>
+   Which old De Kalb and Sumter drank!</p>
+
+<p><span class="min33em">"</span>What, ho! <i>our</i> countrymen in chains!<br>
+   The whip on <span class="smcap">WOMAN'S</span> shrinking flesh!<br>
+   Our soil yet reddening with the stains<br>
+   Caught from her scourging, warm and fresh!<br>
+   What! mothers from their children riven!<br>
+   What! God's own image bought and sold!<br>
+   Americans to market driven,<br>
+   And bartered, as the brute, for gold!"</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The night of the 28th of January was a fearful one in Savannah. The
+inhabitants experienced all the terror of a bombardment combined with
+the horror of a great conflagration. A fire broke out a little before
+midnight in a long row of wooden buildings at the west end of the
+city. The wind was fresh from the northwest, and the night exceedingly
+cold. My rooms were in the Pulaski House. I was awakened by a sudden
+explosion, which jarred the house, and heard the cry that the arsenal
+was on fire.</p>
+
+<p>There was another explosion,&mdash;then a volley of shells, and large
+fragments came whirring through the air, striking the walls, or
+falling with a heavy plunge into the street.</p>
+
+<p>"There are three thousand shells in the building," said a soldier
+running past, fleeing as if for his life.</p>
+
+<p>"There are fifty tons of powder, which will go off presently," said
+another, in breathless haste. Fifty tons of powder! Savannah <span class="pagenum"><a id="page419" name="page419"></a>(p. 419)</span>
+would be racked to its foundations! There would be a general crumbling
+of walls. Men, women, and children were running,&mdash;crying, and in fear
+of being crushed beneath the ruins of falling buildings.</p>
+
+<p>It was the Rebel arsenal. I could not believe that the Rebels would
+store fifty tons of powder in the city, and waited for the general
+explosion. It did not come. Gradually I worked my way, under the
+shelter of buildings, towards the fire. The fire-engines were
+deserted, and the fire was having its own way, licking up the
+buildings, one after another, remorselessly.</p>
+
+<p>It was a gorgeous sight,&mdash;the flames leaping high in air, thrown up in
+columns by the thirteen-inch shells, filling the air with burning
+timbers, cinders, and myriads of sparks. The streets were filled with
+fugitives. The hospitals were being cleared of sick and wounded, the
+houses of furniture.</p>
+
+<p>It was grand, but terrible. General Grover at once took measures to
+arrest the progress of the flames, by tearing down buildings, and
+bringing up several regiments, which, with the citizens and negroes,
+succeeded in mastering the destroying element.</p>
+
+<p>In the morning there was a wilderness of chimneys, and the streets
+were strewn with furniture.</p>
+
+<p>It was amusing to see with what good humor and <i>nonchalance</i> the
+colored people and the soldiers regarded the conflagration.</p>
+
+<p>Two negro women passed me, carrying great bundles on their heads.</p>
+
+<p>"I's clean burned out," said one.</p>
+
+<p>"So is I"; and they both laughed as if it was very funny.</p>
+
+<p>"Let 'em burn: who cares?" said one soldier. "They have fought us, and
+now let 'em suffer."</p>
+
+<p>"We have got to do guard duty, and it is a little more comfortable to
+be quartered in a house than to sleep in a shelter-tent, so let us
+save the place," said another; and the two went to work with a will to
+subdue the flames.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">General Sherman's Special Field Order No. 15, dated January 16, 1865,
+permitted the freedmen to take possession of the abandoned lands. A
+meeting&mdash;called by General Saxton, who had been appointed
+Inspector&mdash;was held in the Second <span class="pagenum"><a id="page420" name="page420"></a>(p. 420)</span> African Baptist Church, a
+large building, which was crowded to its utmost capacity by the
+colored people. It was the first meeting ever held in Savannah having
+in view the exclusive interests of the colored people.</p>
+
+<p>The organist was playing a voluntary when I entered the church. He was
+a free colored man, a native of Charleston, having a bullet-shaped
+head, bright, sparkling eyes, and a pleasant voice. He had lived in
+Savannah nine years, and was a music-teacher,&mdash;giving instruction on
+the violin, piano-forte, and organ, also vocal music, to persons of
+his own race. He was in the habit of putting in clandestinely some of
+the rudiments of the English language, although it was against the
+peace and dignity of the State. He dared to open a school, and taught
+in secret in the evening; but a policeman discovered that he was an
+incendiary, and he was compelled to hide till the matter was
+forgotten.</p>
+
+<p>"When the voluntary was completed, the choir sung Rev. Mr. Smith's
+American hymn,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem25">
+<span class="min33em">"</span>My country, 'tis of thee,<br>
+   Sweet land of liberty,<br>
+<span class="add1em">Of thee I sing."</span></p>
+
+<p>Their country! Their liberty! The words were no longer meaningless.</p>
+
+<p>By request of General Saxton, they also sang Bishop Heber's Missionary
+hymn,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem25">
+<span class="min33em">"</span>From Greenland's icy mountains,<br>
+<span class="add1em">From India's coral strand,</span><br>
+   Where Afric's sunny fountains<br>
+<span class="add1em">Roll down their golden sand,</span><br>
+   From many an ancient river,<br>
+<span class="add1em">From many a palmy plain,</span><br>
+   They call us to deliver<br>
+<span class="add1em">Their land from error's chain."</span></p>
+
+<p>General Saxton addressed them.</p>
+
+<p>"I have come to tell you what the President of the United States has
+done for you," said he.</p>
+
+<p>"God bless Massa Linkum!" was the response of a thousand voices.</p>
+
+<p>"You are all free."</p>
+
+<p>"Glory to God! Hallelujah! Amen!" they shouted in tumultuous chorus.</p>
+
+<a id="img066" name="img066"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img066.jpg" width="500" height="287" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Sherman's "bummers."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page421" name="page421"></a>(p. 421)</span> He explained the cause of the war: how the Rebels fired upon
+the flag, how they hated freedom, and wished to perpetuate slavery,
+which produced the war, that, in turn, under God's providence, had
+made them free men. They were free, but they must labor to live. Their
+relations to their masters had all been changed. They could go where
+they pleased, do what they pleased, provided they did that which was
+right; but they had no claim upon their masters,&mdash;they must work for
+themselves. All wealth came from the soil, and by cultivating the
+ground they could obtain food, and thus increase their wealth. He read
+and explained General Sherman's order, and told them of the
+advancement which the freedmen had made at Beaufort. They had
+comfortable homes, their children were attending school, and the men
+and women had almost forgotten that they had been slaves. One man had
+accumulated ten thousand dollars in four years; another was worth five
+thousand. He advised them to go upon the islands and take possession
+of the abandoned lands. He also advised the young and able-bodied to
+enlist in the service of the United States. They were citizens, and
+they must begin to do their part as citizens. They were free, but
+there was still some fighting to be done to secure their liberty.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. Mr. French also addressed them.</p>
+
+<p>"Your freedom," said he, "is the gift of God. The President has
+proclaimed it, and the brave men of General Sherman's army have
+brought it to you."</p>
+
+<p>"God bless General Sherman! Amen! That's so!" were the enthusiastic
+responses. They clapped their hands and gave expression to their joy
+in emphatic demonstrations. It was a strange sight,&mdash;a sea of turbaned
+heads in the body of the house, occupied by the women, wearing
+brightest colored handkerchiefs, or bonnets with flaming ribbons;
+while above, in the galleries, were two sable clouds of faces. Every
+window was filled by a joyous, enthusiastic crowd.</p>
+
+<p>"You are to show your late masters that you can take care of
+yourselves. If I were in your place I would go, if I had to live on
+roots and water, and take possession of the islands," said Mr. French.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, sir, dat is what we will do. We're gwine."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page422" name="page422"></a>(p. 422)</span> "Show your old masters that you can work as hard to keep out
+of slavery as they did to keep you in bondage. And you must have but
+one wife, instead of two or three, as you used to do."</p>
+
+<p>There was a great sensation at this point,&mdash;an outburst of laughter
+echoing and re-echoing from floor to ceiling. I was utterly unable to
+understand how the remark was received, but the sable audience
+evidently looked upon it as a very funny affair. The negro race has a
+quick and natural appreciation of anything bordering upon the
+ridiculous. They boil over with uncontrollable merriment at a very
+small matter.</p>
+
+<p>"Treat your old masters with all respect; be generous and kind to
+them. This is your day of rejoicing, and they are drinking their cup
+of sorrow. Do them good,&mdash;help them. Break off bad habits,&mdash;be good
+citizens, truthful and honest. Now, all of you who are ready to
+scratch for a living,&mdash;who are resolved to make your own way in the
+world,&mdash;hold up your hands."</p>
+
+<p>Up went a thousand hands.</p>
+
+<p>"You owe your liberty to the men of the North, to President Lincoln,
+to the thousands who have died,&mdash;to Jesus Christ."</p>
+
+<p>Deep and solemn was the Amen,&mdash;a spontaneous outburst of gratitude,
+welling up from their sympathetic and affectionate natures.</p>
+
+<p>A prayer was offered by Rev. Mr. Houston, of the Third African Baptist
+Church. It was impassioned, fervent, and earnest, in which there were
+thanksgiving, confession of sin, and a pleading for God's help. The
+President, the Union army, the Federal government, were remembered. He
+prayed also that God would bring the Rebels to see that they ought to
+lay down their arms and be at peace.</p>
+
+<p>Then in conclusion they sang the hymn,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem25">
+<span class="min33em">"</span>Eternal are thy mercies, Lord,<br>
+   Eternal truth attends thy word."</p>
+
+<p>How gloriously the grand old choral of Luther rang! Old men
+sang,&mdash;tottering upon the verge of the grave, their heads white, their
+voices tremulous, their sight dim; women with scarred backs
+sang,&mdash;who had toiled unrequited in the malarious <span class="pagenum"><a id="page423" name="page423"></a>(p. 423)</span>
+rice-swamps, who had prayed in dungeons and prisons, who had wept and
+moaned for their stolen babes,&mdash;for their husbands, mangled and torn
+by bloodhounds. But that was all of the past. The day of jubilee had
+dawned. They had cried day and night, "O Lord, how long!" But now they
+had only thanksgiving and praise.</p>
+
+<p>After the meeting there was a general shaking of hands. "Bless de Lord
+for dis yere day." "May de good Lord be wid you." "I never 'spected to
+see dis yere day; but de praise belongs to de good Lord; he be wid
+you, brudder."</p>
+
+<p>Such were the congratulations. There were none of the white people of
+Savannah present. Before the men of the West entered the city, such a
+gathering, even for religious worship, would have been incendiary
+unless attended by white men. But it was an inauguration of a new
+era,&mdash;a beginning of the settlement of the question over which
+philanthropists, politicians, and statesmen had puzzled their
+philosophic brains: "What shall we do with them?"</p>
+
+<p>Rev. Mr. Houston accompanied me to my room, and gave me a history of
+his life. He was forty-one years old, had always been a slave, and
+received his freedom at the hands of General Sherman. When a boy his
+master hired him out to the Marine Hospital. Waiting upon the sailors,
+he had an opportunity to hear a great deal about the world. They had
+books and papers. He had a desire to learn to read, and they, not
+having the black laws of Georgia before their eyes, taught him his
+letters. Then obtaining a Bible, and other books, he read with great
+zeal. He wanted to be a preacher, and after examination by the Baptist
+Association, was ordained to preach by white men. He purchased his
+time before the war, paying fifty dollars a month to his master, and
+became a provision-dealer, yet preaching on Sundays. He leased the
+lower story of a building fronting the market, where he sold his meat
+and where he lived. Above him, up two flights, was the slave-mart of
+Savannah. He used to go into the country, up the railroad to the
+centre of the State, to purchase cattle, and became well acquainted
+with the planters. He heard their discussions on current affairs, and
+thus received information upon the politics of the country. He gave
+an account of the state of affairs, of opinions held in the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page424" name="page424"></a>(p. 424)</span>
+North and in the South at the time when Fremont was a candidate for
+the Presidency.</p>
+
+<p>"We knew that he was our friend," said Mr. Houston, "and we wanted him
+elected. We were very much disappointed at the result of that
+election; but we kept hoping and praying that God would have mercy on
+us as a race."</p>
+
+<p>"Did your people understand the points at issue between the South and
+the North, when the war begun?" I asked.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, sir, I think we did. When South Carolina fired on Sumter we
+understood that the North was fighting for the Union. The flag had
+been insulted, and we thought that you of the North would have spunk
+enough to resent the insult. Those of us who could read the papers
+knew that the points at issue really were between Freedom and
+Slavery."</p>
+
+<p>"What did you think when we were defeated at Manassas? Did you not
+despair?"</p>
+
+<p>"No, sir. I knew that the North would not give in for one defeat. Some
+of our people were down-hearted, but I had faith in God, sir. I felt
+that the war must go on till we were made free. Besides, we prayed,
+sir! There have been a great many prayers, sir, offered up from
+broken-hearted men and women,&mdash;from negro cabins, not in public,&mdash;for
+the success of the North. They could not offer such supplications at
+church; they were offered to a God who sees in secret, but who rewards
+openly. We are receiving all we ever asked for. Bless his holy name."</p>
+
+<p>"You have seen people sold in the market, I suppose?"</p>
+
+<p>"O yes, sir, thousands of them. O, sir, it seems as if I now could
+hear the groans and cries of mothers and fathers as they marched down
+those stairs out into the street in gangs,&mdash;their chains rattling and
+clanking on the stairs. It was hell, sir! The wailings of the damned
+can never be more heart-rending, as they were driven out, crying, 'O
+Lord! have mercy! O massa, don't! don't! O my poor children!'"</p>
+
+<p>His eyes shone with a strange light. The muscles of his hands
+tightened. He arose and walked the room, wiped the tears from his
+eyes, but composing himself sat down, and said; "Iniquity was at its
+height when the war began, and it continued till General Sherman
+came. O, it was terrible! terrible! <span class="pagenum"><a id="page425" name="page425"></a>(p. 425)</span> to be there in that room
+on the lower floor, and see the hundreds taken out,&mdash;to see them
+nabbed in the streets, or taken from their beds at dead of night by
+the sheriff, and sold at once; for since the war began white men have
+been obliged often to raise money suddenly, and slave property being
+especially insecure, we were liable to be sold at any moment. Runaway
+slaves were whipped unmercifully. Last summer I saw one receive five
+hundred lashes out on the Gulf Railroad, because he couldn't give an
+account of himself. The man who kept the slave-market left the city
+with a large number of slaves just before Sherman came, taking them
+South; but he is back in the city. He is a bitter old Rebel."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Houston and a party of freedmen had been to Skidaway Island to
+take possession of lands under General Sherman's order, and commence a
+colony.</p>
+
+<p>They laid out a village, also farm lots of forty acres, set aside one
+central lot for a church, another for a school-house; then placing
+numbers in a hat, made the allotment. It was Plymouth Colony repeating
+itself. They agreed that if any others came to join them they should
+have equal privileges. So the Mayflower was blooming on the islands of
+the South Atlantic!</p>
+
+<p>"We shall build our cabins and organize our town government for the
+maintenance of order," said Mr. Houston.</p>
+
+<p>"I told you that I hired my time of my master," said he. "My master
+hired my money, and when I asked him for it he refused to pay me; and
+as I had no power before the law, I could not compel him, and have
+lost it. I have about five hundred hides, which I would like to send
+North. I want to purchase a portable saw-mill. We shall need
+lumber,&mdash;must have it to build our houses and our church."</p>
+
+<p>Such was his plan,&mdash;indicating a foresight which gave promise of a
+prosperous future.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">Passing by a church, I saw the sexton, with brush in hand, sweeping
+the aisles. The edifice was a substantial, ancient structure, with a
+mahogany pulpit of the old style, a broad aisle, chandelier pendent
+from the arched roof, filagree and panel-work around the galleries.
+Old and aristocratic families had sat in the cushioned pews,&mdash;men of
+vast wealth, owning <span class="pagenum"><a id="page426" name="page426"></a>(p. 426)</span> houses, lands, and slaves. A great organ
+loomed high up in the gallery, its gilt pipes fronting the pulpit.
+Marriages and funerals had been solemnized at the altar. For fifteen
+years, Sunday after Sunday, this sexton had faithfully discharged his
+duties at the church.</p>
+
+<p>He was stout, thick-set, strong, with well-developed muscles and a
+clear eye. He was gentlemanly in his deportment, and his voice was one
+of the most musical I ever heard.</p>
+
+<p>"Shall I take a look at the church?"</p>
+
+<p>"Certainly, sir. Walk in."</p>
+
+<p>His words were as if he had chanted them, so faultless the tone,
+inflection, and cadence. His features were well formed, but anthracite
+coal is not blacker than his complexion. I was interested in him at
+once. He leaning upon his broom, and sitting in one of the pews, had a
+free conversation upon the events of his life.</p>
+
+<p>He was born in Norfolk, Virginia, in 1829.</p>
+
+<p>"My old master died," said he, "and I fell to his son, who went off to
+college and got to spreeing it, lost all his property, and of course I
+had to be sold. I brought twelve hundred dollars,&mdash;that was in
+1849,&mdash;but another man offered the man who bought me a hundred and
+fifty dollars bonus for his bargain, which was accepted, and I was
+brought to Charleston. I have always been a slave."</p>
+
+<p>"But you are a free man now; just as free as I am."</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, sir, so General Sherman told me. I had a talk with him; and he
+talked just as free with me as if I was his own brother. But I don't
+feel it in my heart, sir, to go away and leave my old master, now that
+he is poor, and calamity has come upon him."</p>
+
+<p>"Has he always treated you well?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, sir,&mdash;that is, he never scarred my back. Some masters are mighty
+hard, sir. I don't blame some negroes for running away from their
+masters now that they can, for they have been treated mighty bad, sir;
+but my master has had great calamity come upon him, sir. When I was
+brought here from Norfolk, master's son Bob, who is in Texas,&mdash;a
+captain in the Southern army now,&mdash;saw me, and liked me, and I liked
+him, and his father bought me for Bob, and Bob and I have <span class="pagenum"><a id="page427" name="page427"></a>(p. 427)</span>
+been like brothers to each other. I have no complaint to make. But
+master has lost two sons in Virginia. One of them was killed in the
+first battle of Manassas."</p>
+
+<p>"I suppose you have heard many prayers here for Jeff Davis?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, sir, and mighty fine sermons for the Southern army, sir; and
+there have been solemn scenes in this church, sir. Six bodies, one
+Sunday, after the first battle of Manassas, were here in this broad
+aisle. I had the communion-table set out here, right in front of the
+pulpit, and there they lay,&mdash;six of 'em. I couldn't help crying when I
+saw 'em, for they were just like old friends to me. They used to
+attend the Sunday school when they were boys, and used to cut up a
+little wild, and it was my business to keep 'em straight. They
+belonged to the Oglethorpe Light Infantry, and went with Colonel
+Bartow. They went away gayly, and thought they were going to Richmond
+to have a nice time. Their mothers and sisters told them to go and
+fight the Yankees. They didn't expect to see them brought back dead, I
+reckon. It was a sad day, sir."</p>
+
+<p>"Then the women were as eager as the men for the war?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, sir,&mdash;more. They were crazy about fighting the Yankees. I know
+that some of the boys didn't want to fight against the flag, but the
+women made 'em. The men had to wear Secession badges, as something to
+show that they were for the South. If it hadn't been for the ladies, I
+reckon we wouldn't have had the war."</p>
+
+<p>"What do the women think now?"</p>
+
+<p>"Well, sir, some of them are as bitter as ever they were against the
+Yankees, but I reckon they don't care to say much; and then there are
+others who see it ain't no use to try to hold out any longer. There
+are lots of 'em who have lost their husbands and brothers and sons. I
+reckon there are very few of the Light Infantry left. I know 'em all,
+for I took care of their hall,&mdash;their armory,&mdash;and they made me hoist
+the flag one day union down. That made me feel very bad, sir. I always
+loved the flag, and I love it now better than ever. It makes me feel
+bad to think that my boys fought against it (he meant the boys who
+attended the Sunday school). But I reckon it is the Lord's doing, sir,
+and that it will be a blessing to us in the end."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page428" name="page428"></a>(p. 428)</span> "Can you read and write?" I asked.</p>
+
+<p>"A little, sir. I never had any one to show me, but I used to sit down
+here in the pews and take up the hymn-book, and spell out the words,
+and one day master Bob set me a copy in writing, and so I have learned
+a little. I can read the newspapers, sir, and have kept track of the
+war."</p>
+
+<p>Upon the first battle of Manassas, the Peninsular campaigns, the
+blowing up of the Merrimac, the battles of Antietam, Gettysburg,
+Vicksburg, New Orleans, and Sherman's campaign, he was well informed.
+He had a brother who was fighting for the Union.</p>
+
+<p>"He is a brave fellow, and I know he won't show the white feather,"
+said he.</p>
+
+<p>We talked upon the prospects of the colored people now that they were
+free.</p>
+
+<p>"I reckon, sir," said he, "that a good many of 'em will be
+disappointed. They don't know what freedom is. But they will find that
+they have got to work, or else they won't get anything to eat. They
+are poor, ignorant creatures; but I reckon, sir, that after a while,
+when things get settled, they will learn how to take care of
+themselves. But I think they are mighty foolish to clear out and leave
+their old masters, when they can have good situations, and good pay,
+and little to do. Then, sir, it is kind of ungrateful like, to go away
+and leave their old masters when the day of calamity comes. I could
+not do it, sir; besides, I reckon I will be better off to stay here
+for the present, sir."</p>
+
+<p>I informed him that I was from Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<p>"I know something about Massachusetts, and I reckon it is a mighty
+fine State, sir. I have heard you abused, and the people of Boston
+also. Savannah people said hard things about you: that you were
+abolitionists, and wanted the negroes to have equal privileges with
+the white men. My father, when I was in Norfolk, undertook to get to
+Massachusetts, but he was hunted down in the swamps and sold South,
+away down to Alabama, and that is the last I have heard of him. I have
+always liked Massachusetts. I reckon you are a liberal people up
+there. I hear you have sent a ship-load of provisions to us poor
+people."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page429" name="page429"></a>(p. 429)</span> I gave him information upon the subject, and spoke of Mr.
+Everett, who made a speech at the meeting in Faneuil Hall.</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Everett! I reckon I heard him talk about General Washington once
+here, five or six years ago. He was a mighty fine speaker, sir. The
+house was crowded."</p>
+
+<p>The sun was setting, and the sexton had other duties. As I left the
+church, he said: "Come round, sir, some afternoon, and I will take you
+up to the steeple, so that you can get a sight of the city, and may be
+you play the organ. I love to hear music, sir."</p>
+
+<p>How strangely this will read fifty years hence! The words
+<i>slave</i>,&mdash;<i>master</i>,&mdash;<i>sold</i>,&mdash;<i>hunted down</i>, will make this present
+time seem an impossibility to those who live after us. This sexton&mdash;a
+slave&mdash;heard the minister preach of the loosing of the bonds of the
+oppressed, and of doing unto others as they would be done by, yet he
+found in his own experience such a Gospel a lie. His bonds were not
+loosened; and the boys of the Sunday school, the petted sons of
+Savannah, went out from their aristocratic homes to perpetuate that
+lie. At last through war came deliverance; and yet there was so much
+gentleness in the heart of this man, that in the day of calamity which
+came to his master, when his sons one by one were killed in their
+endeavors to sustain that lie; when his property disappeared like dew
+before the morning sun; when his pride was humiliated; when his
+daughters, who were expectants of immense fortunes, were compelled to
+do menial service,&mdash;this servant, though a free man, could not find it
+in his heart to leave them, and take the liberty he loved! It may have
+been an exceptional case; but it shows an interesting feature of
+Southern life. The words of this sexton of Savannah will adorn the
+historic page. "I reckon, sir, that it is the Lord's doing, and that
+it will be a blessing to us in the end."</p>
+
+<p>Society in the South, and especially in Savannah, had undergone a
+great change. The extremes of social life were very wide apart before
+the war; they were no nearer the night before Sherman marched into the
+city; but the morning after there was a convulsion, an upheaval, a
+shaking up and a settling down of all the discordant elements. The
+tread of that army of the West, as it moved in solid column through
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page430" name="page430"></a>(p. 430)</span> the streets, was like a moral earthquake, overturning
+aristocratic pride, privilege, and power.</p>
+
+<p>Old houses, with foundations laid deep and strong in the centuries,
+fortified by wealth, name, and influence, went down beneath the shock.
+The general disruption of the former relations of master and slave,
+and forced submission to the Union arms, produced a common level. A
+reversal of the poles of the earth would hardly have produced a
+greater physical convulsion than this sudden and unexpected change in
+the social condition of the people of the city.</p>
+
+<p>On the night before Sherman entered the place there were citizens who
+could enumerate their wealth by millions; at sunrise the next morning
+they were worth scarcely a dime. Their property had been in cotton,
+negroes, houses, land, Confederate bonds and currency, railroad and
+bank stocks. Government had seized their cotton; the negroes had
+possession of their lands; their slaves had become freemen; their
+houses were occupied by troops; Confederate bonds were waste paper;
+their railroads were destroyed; their banks insolvent. They had not
+only lost wealth, but they had lost their cause. And there were some
+who were willing to confess that they had been fighting for a system
+of iniquity.</p>
+
+<p>One could not ask for more courteous treatment than I received during
+my stay in Savannah. I am indebted to many ladies and gentlemen of
+that city for kind invitations to pass an evening with them. There was
+no concealment of opinion on either side, but with the utmost good
+feeling full expression was given to our differing sentiments.</p>
+
+<p>"We went into the war in good faith; we thought we were right; we
+confidently expected to establish our independence; but we are
+whipped, and have got to make the best of it," was the frank
+acknowledgment of several gentlemen.</p>
+
+<p>"I hate you of the North," said a young lady. It came squarely, and
+the tone indicated a little irritation.</p>
+
+<p>"I am very sorry for it. I can hardly think that you really hate us.
+You don't hate me individually?"</p>
+
+<p>"O no. You come here as a gentleman. I should indeed be rude and
+unladylike to say that I hated you; but I mean the Yankees in general.
+We never can live together in peace again. For one, I hope to leave
+the country."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page431" name="page431"></a>(p. 431)</span> "If I were to reside here, you of course would treat me
+courteously so long as I was a gentleman in my deportment?"</p>
+
+<p>"Certainly; but you are an individual."</p>
+
+<p>"But if two individuals can live peacefully, why not ten,&mdash;or a
+hundred,&mdash;a thousand,&mdash;all?"</p>
+
+<p>She hesitated a moment; and then, with flashing eyes and flushed
+countenance, which added charms to her beauty, said, "Well, it is
+hard&mdash;and you will not think any worse of me for saying it&mdash;to have
+your friends killed, your servants all taken away, your lands
+confiscated; and then know that you have failed,&mdash;that you have been
+whipped. I wish that we had the power to whip you; but we haven't, and
+must make the best of it. What we are to do I don't know. We have been
+able to have everything that money could buy, and now we haven't a
+dollar. I don't care anything about keeping the negroes in slavery;
+but there is one feeling which we Southerners have that you cannot
+enter into. My old mamma who nursed me is just like a mother to me;
+but there is one thing that I never will submit to,&mdash;that the negro is
+our equal. He belongs to an inferior race."</p>
+
+<p>She laid down the argument in the palm of her hand with a great deal
+of emphasis.</p>
+
+<p>"Your energy, boldness, and candor are admirable. If under defeat and
+disaster you sat down supinely and folded your hands, there would be
+little hope of your rising again; but your determination to make the
+best of it shows that you will adapt yourself readily to the new order
+of things. There never will be complete equality in society. Political
+and social equality are separate and distinct. Rowdies and ragamuffins
+have natural rights: they may have a right to vote, they may be
+citizens; but that does not necessarily entitle them to free entrance
+into our homes."</p>
+
+<p>The idea was evidently new to the young lady,&mdash;and not only to her,
+but to all in the room. To them the abolition of slavery was the
+breaking down of all social distinctions. So long as the negro was
+compelled to enter the parlor as a servant, they could endure his
+presence; but freedom implied the possibility, they imagined, of his
+entrance as an equal, entitled to a place at their firesides and a
+seat at their tables. The thought was intolerable.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page432" name="page432"></a>(p. 432)</span> The poor whites of the South are far below the colored people
+in ability and force of character. They are a class from which there
+is little to hope. Nothing rouses their ambition. Like the Indians,
+they are content with food for to-day; to-morrow will take care of
+itself. In the cities they swarm along the sides of buildings on sunny
+days, and at night crawl into their miserable cabins with little more
+aspiration than dogs that seek their kennels. Undoubtedly there is far
+less suffering among the poor of the Southern cities than among the
+poor of New York, where life is ever a struggle with want. The South
+has a milder climate, nature requires less labor for production, and
+the commercial centres are not overcrowded. The poor whites of the
+South maintain no battle with starvation, but surrender resignedly to
+poverty. They can exist without much labor, and are too indolent to
+strive to rise to a higher level of existence. The war has taken their
+best blood. Only shreds and dregs remain.</p>
+
+<p>"What can be done for the poor whites?"</p>
+
+<p>It is a momentous question for the consideration of philanthropists
+and statesmen.</p>
+
+<p>They are very ignorant. Their dialect is a mixture of English and
+African, having words and phrases belonging to neither language;
+though the <i>patois</i> is not confined to this class, but is sometimes
+heard in sumptuously furnished parlors.</p>
+
+<p>"I suppose that you will not be sorry when the war is over," I
+remarked to a lady in Savannah.</p>
+
+<p>"No, sir. I reckon the Confederacy is done gone for," was the reply.</p>
+
+<p>It is reported that a North Carolina colonel of cavalry was heard to
+address his command thus,&mdash;"'Tention, battalion. Prepare to gen orto
+yer critter. Git!"</p>
+
+<p>The order to ride rapidly was, "Dust right smart!"</p>
+
+<p>You hear young ladies say, <i>Paw</i>, for Pa, <i>Maw</i>, for Ma, and then,
+curiously adding another vowel sound, they say <i>kear</i> for car, <i>thear</i>
+for there.</p>
+
+<p>The poor whites of the country are called "poor white trash,"
+"crackers," "clay-eaters," "sand-hillers," and "swamp angels," by the
+educated whites. There is no homogeneity of white society. The
+planters, as a rule, have quite as much respect for the negroes as
+for the shiftless whites.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page433" name="page433"></a>(p. 433)</span> Yet these miserable wretches are exceedingly bitter against
+the North: it is the bitterness of ignorance,&mdash;brutal, cruel,
+fiendish, produced by caste, by the spirit of slavery. There is more
+hope, therefore, of the blacks, in the future, than of this degraded
+class. The colored people believe that the people of the North are
+their friends. Freedom, food, schools, all were given by the Yankees;
+hence gratitude and confidence on the part of the freedmen; hence, on
+the part of the poor whites, hatred of the North and cruelty toward
+the negro. Idleness, not occupation, has been, and is, their normal
+condition. It is ingrained in their nature to despise work. Indolence
+is a virtue, laziness no reproach. Thus slavery arrayed society
+against every law of God, moral and physical.</p>
+
+<p>The poor whites were in bondage as well as the blacks, and to all
+appearance will remain so, while the natural buoyancy of the negro
+makes him rise readily to new exigencies; with freedom he is at once
+eager to obtain knowledge and acquire landed estates.</p>
+
+<p>The colored people who had taken up lands on the islands under General
+Sherman's order met for consultation in the Slave Market, at the
+corner of St. Julian Street and Market Square. I passed up the two
+flights of stairs down which thousands of slaves had been dragged,
+chained in coffle, and entered a large hall. At the farther end was an
+elevated platform about eight feet square,&mdash;the auctioneer's block.
+The windows were grated with iron. In an anteroom at the right women
+had been stripped and exposed to the gaze of brutal men. A colored man
+was praying when I entered, giving thanks to God for the freedom of
+his race, and asking for a blessing on their undertaking. After
+prayers they broke out into singing. Lieutenant Ketchum of General
+Saxton's staff, who had been placed in charge of the confiscated
+lands, was present, to answer their questions.</p>
+
+<p>"I would like to know what title we shall have to our lands, or to the
+improvements we shall make?" was the plain question of a tall black
+man.</p>
+
+<p>"You will have the faith and honor of the United States," was the
+reply.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. Mr. French informed them that the government could not give them
+deeds of the land, but that General Sherman had <span class="pagenum"><a id="page434" name="page434"></a>(p. 434)</span> issued the
+order, and without doubt President Lincoln would see it was carried
+out. "Can't you trust the President who gave you your freedom?" he
+asked.</p>
+
+<p>A stout man, with a yellow complexion, rose in the centre of the
+house: "I have a house here in the city. I can get a good living here,
+and I don't want to go to the islands unless I can be assured of a
+title to the land; and I think that is the feeling of four fifths
+present."</p>
+
+<p>"That's so!" "Yes, brother!" was responded. There was evidently a
+reluctance to becoming pioneers in such an enterprise,&mdash;to leaving the
+city unless the guaranty were sure.</p>
+
+<p>Another man rose. "My bredren, I want to raise cotton, and I'm gwine."</p>
+
+<p>It was a short but effective speech. With keen, sharp intellect, he
+had comprehended the great commercial question of the day. He knew
+that it would pay to raise cotton on lands which had been held at
+fabulous prices when the staple was worth but ten or fifteen cents. He
+was going to improve the opportunity to raise cotton, even if he did
+not become a holder of the estate.</p>
+
+<p>"I'm gwine ye, brudder!" "So will I!" and there was a general shaking
+of hands as if that were sealing a contract. Having determined to go,
+they joined in singing "The Freedmen's Battle-Hymn," sung as a solo
+and repeated in chorus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><a href="music/523.mid">Listen</a>
+| <a href="images/mus523.png">See musical notation</a></p>
+
+<p class="center">FREEDMEN'S BATTLE-HYMN.</p>
+
+<div class="poem25">
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page435" name="page435"></a>(p. 435)</span> <i>Solo.</i>&mdash;I'll fight for Liberty,<br>
+<span class="add3em">I'll fight for Liberty,</span><br>
+<span class="add3em">I'll fight&mdash;I'll fight for Liberty.</span><br>
+<span class="add4em"><i>Chorus.</i>&mdash;In the New Jerusalem,</span><br>
+<span class="add84em">In the New Jerusalem,</span><br>
+<span class="add84em">In the New&mdash;the New Jerusalem.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="add3em">I'm not afraid to die,</span><br>
+<span class="add3em">I'm not afraid to die,</span><br>
+<span class="add3em">I'm not&mdash;I'm not afraid to die.</span><br>
+<span class="add4em"><i>Chorus.</i>&mdash;In the New, &amp;c.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="add3em">I shall meet my Saviour there,</span><br>
+<span class="add3em">I shall meet my Saviour there,</span><br>
+<span class="add3em">I shall meet&mdash;shall meet my Saviour there.</span><br>
+<span class="add4em"><i>Chorus.</i>&mdash;In the New, &amp;c.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="add3em">I shall wear a starry crown,</span><br>
+<span class="add3em">I shall wear a starry crown,</span><br>
+<span class="add3em">I shall wear&mdash;I shall wear a starry crown.</span><br>
+<span class="add4em"><i>Chorus.</i>&mdash;In the New, &amp;c.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The colored soldiers of Foster's army sang it at the battle of Honey
+Hill, while preparing to go into the fight. How gloriously it sounded
+now, sung by five hundred freedmen in the Savannah slave-mart, where
+some of the singers had been sold in days gone by! It was worth a trip
+from Boston to Savannah to hear it.</p>
+
+<p>The next morning, in the same room, I saw a school of one hundred
+colored children assembled, taught by colored teachers, who sat on the
+auctioneer's platform, from which had risen voices of despair instead
+of accents of love, brutal cursing instead of Christian teaching. I
+listened to the recitations, and heard their songs of jubilee. The
+slave-mart transformed to a school-house! Civilization and
+Christianity had indeed begun their beneficent work.</p>
+
+<a id="img067" name="img067"></a>
+<div class="p4 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img067.jpg" width="200" height="181" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Fort Sumter.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page436" name="page436"></a>(p. 436)</span> CHAPTER XXVI.<br>
+
+SHERMAN IN SOUTH CAROLINA.</h2>
+
+<span class="sidedate">Dec., 1864.</span>
+
+<p>General Sherman received, soon after his arrival in Savannah,
+instructions from General Grant to hasten with his army to James
+River. Transports were sent down for the shipment of the troops. Grant
+desired to combine the two great armies, throw Sherman upon his own
+left flank, and sever Lee's communications with the South, and also
+prevent his escape. Through all the long months of summer, autumn, and
+winter,&mdash;from June to February,&mdash;Grant had put forth his energies to
+accomplish this object, but had not been able to cut the Danville
+road, Lee's chief line of supply or retreat. The arrival of Sherman
+upon the sea-coast made the plan feasible.</p>
+
+<p>But that officer thought it better to march northward, driving the
+enemy before him, and finish up the entire Rebel forces on the
+Atlantic coast; besides, South Carolina deserved a retribution as
+severe as that which had been meted out to Georgia. He also believed
+that he could thus join Grant quite as soon as by the more circuitous
+route by water. Grant assented to the proposition, and having full
+confidence in the ability of his lieutenant, left him to co-operate in
+the manner he thought most advisable.</p>
+
+<p>The Rebels expected that Sherman would move upon Charleston, but such
+was not his intention. He determined to make a movement which would
+compel its evacuation, while at the same time he could drive the
+forces of the Rebels in the interior of the State northward, and by
+destroying all the railroads in his progress, and severing Lee from
+the agricultural regions of the South, so cripple his resources as to
+paralyze the Rebel army before Richmond, and bring the war to a speedy
+close.</p>
+
+<p>He wished to preserve his army entire, and accordingly a division of
+the Nineteenth Corps, which had fought under <span class="pagenum"><a id="page437" name="page437"></a>(p. 437)</span> Emory in the
+Southwest and under Grover in the Shenandoah, having no enemy to
+pursue after the annihilation of Early, was sent down to garrison
+Savannah, Grover being made commandant of the post.</p>
+
+<p>General Howard, commanding the right wing, took transports with the
+Seventeenth Corps, Blair's, for Beaufort, whence he pushed into the
+interior, striking the Charleston and Savannah Railroad at Pocatoligo,
+and establishing there a depot of supplies. The Fifteenth Corps,
+Logan's, followed, except Corse's division, which, being prevented by
+freshets from marching direct to Pocatoligo, moved with the left wing,
+commanded by Williams, joining the Twentieth Corps, and crossing the
+Savannah marched to Hardeeville, on the Charleston Railroad, and
+opened communication with Howard.</p>
+
+<p>"Come with me," was the kind invitation of General Williams; "you will
+see high old times, I reckon. My soldiers are crazy to get into South
+Carolina." But believing that Sherman's movement would necessitate the
+evacuation of Charleston, I preferred to enter that city at the hour
+of her deepest humiliation.</p>
+
+<p>Davis's corps, the Fourteenth, with Geary's division of the Twentieth,
+crossed at Sister's Ferry, fifty miles above Savannah. This detour was
+necessary on account of the flooding of the country by freshets. The
+gunboat Pontiac was sent up to cover the crossing. When Slocum reached
+the river at Sister's Ferry he found it three miles in width, and too
+deep to ford, and was obliged to wait till the 7th of February before
+he could cross. This movement deceived Hardee and Beauregard. The
+presence of Howard at Pocatoligo looked like an advance upon
+Charleston, while Slocum being at Sister's Ferry indicated an attack
+upon Augusta. The Rebel commanders therefore undertook to hold a line
+a hundred miles in length. D. H. Hill was hurried to Augusta, Hardee
+took position at Branchville, while Beauregard remained at Charleston.
+This scattering of the Rebel forces made Sherman's task comparatively
+easy, as their combined army would hardly have been a match for
+Sherman in a pitched battle on a fair field. His troops had entire
+confidence in themselves and in their commander. Having fought their
+way from Chattanooga <span class="pagenum"><a id="page438" name="page438"></a>(p. 438)</span> to Atlanta, having marched to the sea
+and taken Fort McAllister and Savannah, they believed there was no
+obstacle which they could not overcome in marching or fighting.</p>
+
+<p>Wilmington had been captured, and Sherman proposed to receive his next
+supplies from the coast.</p>
+
+<p>"I shall reach Goldsboro' about the 15th of March," said Sherman to
+his chief quartermasters, who at once made preparations to forward
+supplies from Morehead City in North Carolina.</p>
+
+<p>Sherman held a conference with Admiral Dahlgren on the 22d of January,
+and with General Foster, commanding the Department of the South. All
+the troops in that quarter were to be employed in a movement against
+Charleston. General Foster being in feeble health, Major-General
+Gillmore, who had charge of the department during the summer, and who
+had conducted the engineering operations against Wagner and Sumter,
+again took command.</p>
+
+<p>The march of the right wing, under Howard, commenced on the 1st of
+February. Howard found obstructions on all the roads. The negroes from
+the plantations had been impressed into the Rebel service to burn
+bridges, fell trees, and open sluice-ways; but his Pioneer Corps was
+so thoroughly organized that such obstacles did not greatly impede his
+progress.</p>
+
+<p>The Salkehatchie River runs southeast, and reaches the Atlantic midway
+between Charleston and Savannah. Howard moved up its southern bank,
+northwest, till he reached River's bridge, thirty-five miles above
+Pocatoligo. It was a weary march, through swamps, mud, and
+pine-barrens. River's bridge and Beaufort bridge were held by the
+Rebels, who were strongly posted. Blair, with the Seventeenth Corps,
+was ordered to carry the first, and Logan, with the Fifteenth, the
+latter. Blair detailed Mower's and Corse's divisions for the work. The
+troops saw before them a swamp three miles wide, overflowed, with soft
+mire beneath, filled with gnarled roots of gigantic trees. It was
+midwinter. The air was keen. They knew not the depth of the water. The
+forest was gloomy. Above them waved the long gray tresses of moss.
+There was nothing of pomp and circumstance to inspire them. It was an
+undertaking full of hazard. They must shiver an hour in the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page439" name="page439"></a>(p. 439)</span>
+water, breast deep, before they could reach the enemy. But they
+hesitated not an instant when the order was given to move. They
+stepped into the water jocosely, as if upon a holiday excursion.</p>
+
+<p>A Rebel brigade guarded the farther shore; flanking it, and reaching
+the firm land below the bridge, the troops rushed recklessly forward,
+and quickly drove the enemy from his strong position, losing but
+seventeen killed and seventy wounded.</p>
+
+<p>Thus by one dash the Rebel line of the Salkehatchie was broken, and
+Hardee retired behind the Edisto to Branchville. The railroad from
+Charleston to Augusta was reached the next day, and D. H. Hill at
+Augusta, with one third of the Rebel force, was severed from Hardee
+and Beauregard. For three days Howard's men were engaged in destroying
+the railroad west of the Edisto,&mdash;waiting also for the left wing,
+which had been detained by freshets.</p>
+
+<p>Kilpatrick, meanwhile, had pushed well up towards Augusta, driving
+Wheeler, burning and destroying property, and threatening Hill. The
+Rebels everywhere were in a state of consternation. They could not
+divine Sherman's intentions. The people of Charleston, who for four
+years had heard the thunder of cannon day and night down the harbor,
+and had come to the conclusion that it was impossible the city could
+ever be taken, now thought Sherman was intending to knock for
+admission at the back door. The people of Augusta saw that their fair
+town was threatened. It had been an important place to the
+Confederates through the war, contributing largely to help on the
+Rebellion by its manufacturing industry. Citizens fled from Charleston
+to Cheraw, Columbia, Winsboro', and other towns up the Santee and
+Catawba, little thinking that they were jumping from the "frying-pan
+into the fire."</p>
+
+<p>Branchville is sixty-two miles northwest of Charleston, on the north
+bank of the Edisto. Hardee expected to see Sherman at that place, and
+made elaborate preparations to defend it, as it lay in the path to
+Charleston. But Sherman, instead of turning southeast, kept his eye on
+the north star, and moved on Orangeburg, thirteen miles north of
+Branchville, where also the Rebels were prepared to make a stand; but
+the Seventeenth Corps made one dash, and the enemy fled from a long
+breastwork <span class="pagenum"><a id="page440" name="page440"></a>(p. 440)</span> of cotton-bales. This was on the 12th of February.
+Meanwhile General Hatch, with a portion of Gillmore's troops, was
+threatening Charleston along the coast.</p>
+
+<p>A division under General Potter, accompanied by a large number of
+gunboats, went to Bull's Bay, north of Charleston, as if to approach
+the city from that quarter. The monitors were inside the bar. There
+were Union troops on Morris's Island, ready to move, while the
+batteries kept up their fire, sending shells into the city. Thus from
+every point except on the northern side Charleston was threatened.</p>
+
+<p>It was not till Howard was well up towards Columbia that Hardee saw he
+had been completely flanked, and that Sherman had no intention of
+going to Charleston. The only force in front of Sherman was Wheeler's
+and Wade Hampton's cavalry, with straggling bands of infantry.
+Hampton's home was Columbia. He was rich, and had a palatial
+residence. He was an aristocrat, in principle and action. He was
+bitter in his hatred of the Union and the men of the North. He had
+fought upon nearly all the battle-fields of Virginia, and doubtless,
+in common with most of the people of his State, had not thought it
+possible the war should reach his own door. But Sherman was there, and
+being powerless to defend the capital of the State, he was reckless to
+destroy.</p>
+
+<p>Columbia had been a depot of supplies through the war. In view of its
+occupation, Sherman gave written orders to Howard to spare all
+dwellings, colleges, schools, churches, and private property, but to
+destroy the arsenals and machinery for the manufacture of war
+material.</p>
+
+<p>Howard threw a bridge across the river three miles above the city, and
+Stone's brigade of Wood's division of the Fifteenth Corps was sent
+across. The Mayor came out in his carriage, and made a formal
+surrender to Colonel Stone, who marched up the streets, where huge
+piles of cotton were burning. Hampton, in anticipation of the giving
+up of the city, had caused the cotton to be gathered, public as well
+as private, that it might be burned. There were thousands of bales.
+Negroes were employed to cut the ropes that bound them, and apply the
+torch. As Stone marched in the last of Hampton's troops moved out.
+The wind was high, and flakes <span class="pagenum"><a id="page441" name="page441"></a>(p. 441)</span> of burning cotton were blown
+about the streets, setting fire to the buildings. The soldiers used
+their utmost exertions to extinguish the flames, working under the
+direction of their officers. The whole of Wood's division was sent in
+for the purpose, but very little could be done towards saving the
+city. The fire raged through the day and night. Hundreds of families
+were burned out, and reduced from opulence, or at least competency, to
+penury. It was a terrible scene of suffering and woe,&mdash;men, women, and
+children fleeing from the flames, surrounded by a hostile army,
+composed of men whom they had called vandals, ruffians, the slime of
+the North, the pests of society, and whom they had looked upon with
+haughty contempt, as belonging to an inferior race. Indescribable
+their anguish; and yet no violence was committed, no insulting
+language or action given by those soldiers. Sherman, Howard, Logan,
+Hazen, Woods,&mdash;nearly all of Sherman's officers,&mdash;did what they could
+to stay the flames and alleviate the distress. They experienced no
+pleasure in beholding the agony of the people of Columbia.</p>
+
+<p>General Sherman thus vindicates himself in his official report, and
+charges the atrocity upon Wade Hampton:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"I disclaim on the part of my army any agency in this fire, but,
+     on the contrary, claim that we saved what of Columbia remains
+     unconsumed. And without hesitation I charge General Wade Hampton
+     with having burned his own city of Columbia,&mdash;not with a
+     malicious intent, or as the manifestation of a silly 'Roman
+     stoicism,' but from folly and want of sense, in filling it with
+     lint, cotton, and tinder. Our officers and men on duty worked
+     well to extinguish the flames; but others not on duty, including
+     the officers who had long been imprisoned there, rescued by us,
+     may have assisted in spreading the fire after it had once begun,
+     and may have indulged in unconcealed joy to see the ruin of the
+     capital of South Carolina."<a id="footnotetag78" name="footnotetag78"></a><a href="#footnote78" title="Go to footnote 78"><span class="smaller">[78]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>Thus Columbia, the beautiful capital of a once haughty State, became a
+blackened waste. The convention which passed the ordinance of
+Secession, when called together on the 17th of December, 1860, met in
+Columbia, but after organizing adjourned to Charleston, as the city
+was infected with small-pox. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page442" name="page442"></a>(p. 442)</span> But it was the more poisonous
+virus of Secession which finally laid their proud city low.</p>
+
+<p>The people of South Carolina are bitter in their hatred of General
+Sherman. They charge all the devastation committed during his march
+from Atlanta to Goldsboro' upon him. In their estimation he is "a
+fiend," and his conduct not merely "inhuman," but "devilish." Yet he
+only adopted the policy which the Rebel leaders urged upon their
+adherents, and which was vehemently advocated by the Southern press.
+Rebel, not loyal torches, fired Charleston, Orangeburg, and Columbia.</p>
+
+<p>It is claimed that Sherman did not regard private property, but
+destroyed it indiscriminately with that belonging to the Confederate
+government. Was there any respect shown by the Rebel authorities?
+Cotton, resin, turpentine, stores owned by private individuals, were
+remorselessly given to the flames by the Rebels themselves, and their
+acts were applauded by the people of the South as evincing heroic
+self-sacrifice.</p>
+
+<p>Great stress is laid upon the suffering occasioned by the pillaging
+and burning by Sherman's troops; but in Pennsylvania yet remain the
+ruins of Chambersburg as evidence of the tender mercy of the Rebels,
+who not only destroyed public property, but gave dwelling-houses and
+stores to the torch.</p>
+
+<p>What act so malignant, bloody, ghastly, and fiendish as the sacking,
+burning, and massacre at Lawrence! What deed so damning since the
+barbarities of Scio or Wyoming! What woe so deep!&mdash;men, children,
+murdered, butchered, scalped, the bodies of the dead tossed into the
+flames! No relenting on the part of the Rebels, but savage, infuriate
+joy at the sight of the warm heart's blood of their victims! Woman's
+prayers and tears availed not to stay their murderous hands or move
+their brutal hearts.</p>
+
+<p>The responsibility cannot be evaded by saying that Quantrel was only a
+guerilla. If not holding a commission from the Rebel government, he
+was fighting for the Confederacy, and was ranked with Morgan and
+Mosby. He was an ally of Jeff Davis and General Lee. When were his
+acts disavowed by the Rebel government? What restraint was ever laid
+upon him? He passed from the scene of massacre, lighted by the flames
+of <span class="pagenum"><a id="page443" name="page443"></a>(p. 443)</span> the burning town, safely into the Rebel lines, where
+instead of outlawry he found protection and favor. On what page of
+Confederate history shall we read the remonstrance of Lee, Davis,
+Stephens, Toombs, or Breckenridge? Where is the protest of the
+"chivalrous" gentlemen of the South? What action was taken by the
+Rebel Congress?</p>
+
+<p>Vain the search for disavowal of or protest against the act. The
+historian of another generation will be able to pass right judgment
+upon all that has transpired during these dark years of anarchy and
+revolution, sorrow, tears, and anguish. The verdict of posterity will
+be just, and will endure through the ages.</p>
+
+<a id="img068" name="img068"></a>
+<div class="p4 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img068.jpg" width="500" height="327" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Mississippi river hospital steamer.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page444" name="page444"></a>(p. 444)</span> CHAPTER XXVII.<br>
+
+SOUTH CAROLINA BEFORE THE WAR.</h2>
+
+<span class="sidedate">Dec., 1864.</span>
+
+<p>To fully comprehend the fitting punishment of South Carolina we must
+keep in remembrance her position before the war. We must behold her as
+she appeared in 1860,&mdash;the leader and chief conspirator against the
+Republic.</p>
+
+<p>She had always taken a prominent part in the political affairs of the
+nation. Although a State, she was hardly a republican commonwealth,
+and very far from being a democracy. The State was ruled by a clique,
+composed of wealthy men, of ancient name, who secured privileges and
+prerogatives for themselves at the expense of the people, who had but
+little voice in electing their lawgivers.</p>
+
+<p>The basis of representation in the Legislature was exceedingly
+complex. In the House of Representatives it was a mixture of property,
+population, white inhabitants, taxation, and slaves. In the Senate it
+consisted of geographical extent, white and slave population,
+taxation, and property. The Senate was constituted after the "Parish
+system," which gave the whole control of political affairs in the
+State into the hands of a few wealthy men from the sea-coast.</p>
+
+<a id="img069" name="img069"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img069.jpg" width="400" height="417" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Battle of Fort Sumter.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>There are two distinct classes of people in South Carolina,&mdash;the
+lowlanders and the uplanders. The settlers of the lowlands were
+emigrants from England and France, gentlemen with aristocratic ideas.
+The settlers of the uplands, in the western counties, were pioneers
+from Virginia and North Carolina,&mdash;small farmers, cultivating their
+own lands. During the Revolutionary war the uplanders were Whigs, the
+lowlanders Tories. The lowlanders had wealth, the uplanders were poor.
+When the Constitution was formed, organizing a State government, the
+lowlanders took care of their own interests. The lowlands in Colonial
+times were divided into parishes, and with the forming of the
+Constitution each parish was to have a <span class="pagenum"><a id="page445" name="page445"></a>(p. 445)</span> Senator. The uplands,
+not being parishes, were districts of much larger territorial area,
+hence political power fell into the hands of a few individuals along
+the coast. As white population increased in the districts, and
+decreased or remained stationary in the parishes, the up-country men
+tried to emancipate themselves from political serfdom, but there was
+no remedy except by an amendment to the Constitution, through a
+Convention called by the Legislature; and as the lowlanders had
+control of that body, there was no redress. The State, therefore,
+became an engine of political power, managed and worked by a few men
+from Charleston, Beaufort, St. Helena, Edisto, Colleton, and other
+parishes along the sea-coast.</p>
+
+<p>Nature gave South Carolina sunny skies and a genial clime. The sea
+contributed an atmosphere which gained for Edisto and St. Helena
+islands the monopoly in the world's markets for cotton of finest
+fibre. Wealth increased with the gathering in of each new crop, and
+with wealth came additional power. Superiority of political privilege
+made the few impatient of restraint and ambitious not only to control
+State, but national affairs. South Carolina attempted defiance of
+national law in 1832, and was defeated.</p>
+
+<p>The parishes governed the State solely in the interests of slavery. It
+gave them power, to perpetuate which they made slavery aggressive.
+Here is exposed the root from which Secession sprung. Free labor in
+the North was a plant of vigorous growth. Slavery was slow. It left
+worn-out lands in its track. Hard work, brutality, and sin sent its
+victims to an early grave. Freedom was gaining ground. Slavery must be
+carried into the Territories and secure a foothold in advance of free
+labor. So the struggle began, and through pride, passion, and
+malignant hatred of the North Secession was at last accomplished.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the assembling of the Legislature for the choice of Presidential
+electors, the President of the Senate, W. D. Porter, of Charleston,
+said to his fellow-legislators:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"All that is dear and precious to this people,&mdash;life, fortune,
+     name, and history,&mdash;all is committed to our keeping for weal or
+     for woe, for honor or for shame. Let us do our part, so that
+     those who come after us shall acknowledge that we were not
+     unworthy of the great trusts <span class="pagenum"><a id="page446" name="page446"></a>(p. 446)</span> devolved upon us, and not
+     unequal to the great exigencies by which we were tried.... No
+     human power can withstand or break down a united people, standing
+     upon their own soil and defending their own firesides."<a id="footnotetag79" name="footnotetag79"></a><a href="#footnote79" title="Go to footnote 79"><span class="smaller">[79]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>They made their election. They thought it to be weal, but under God's
+providence it proved to be woe.</p>
+
+<p>A Senator said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"We have two ways before us,&mdash;in one, whether we will or not, we
+     must tread; for, in the event of this issue, there would be no
+     repose. In both lie dangers, difficulties, and troubles, which no
+     human foresight can foreshadow or perceive; but they are not
+     equal in magnitude. One is beset with humiliation, dishonor,
+     <i>emeutes</i>, rebellion,&mdash;with submission in the beginning to all,
+     and at all times, and confiscation and slavery in the end. The
+     other, it is true, has its difficulties and trials, but no
+     disgrace. Hope, duty, and honor shine along the path. Hope
+     beacons you to the end.... For himself he would unfurl the
+     Palmetto flag, fling it to the breeze, and with the spirit of a
+     brave man determine to live and die as became our glorious
+     ancestors, and ring the clarion notes of defiance in the face of
+     an insolent foe."<a id="footnotetag80" name="footnotetag80"></a><a href="#footnote80" title="Go to footnote 80"><span class="smaller">[80]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>When assembled in Hibernia Hall, in Charleston, since called Secession
+Hall, the delegates gave free utterance to their sentiments.</p>
+
+<p>Said Mr. Parker:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"It is no spasmodic effort that has come suddenly upon us; it has been
+gradually culminating for a long period of thirty years. At last it
+has come to that point where one may say the matter is entirely
+right."</p>
+
+<p>"I have been engaged in this movement ever since I entered political
+life," said Lawrence M. Keitt.</p>
+
+<p>"It is not anything produced by Mr. Lincoln's election or by the
+non-execution of the Fugitive Slave Law. It has been a matter which
+has been gathering head for thirty years," said R. Barnwell Rhett.</p>
+
+<p>It was the fire of 1832 flaming anew. No rights had been invaded. That
+Secession was inaugurated without cause must ever be the verdict of
+history. And history will forever hold John C. Calhoun, R. Barnwell
+Rhett, Right Rev. Bishop Elliott, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page447" name="page447"></a>(p. 447)</span> Rev. Dr. Thornwell, and
+other statesmen, editors, ministers,&mdash;members of the slaveholding
+forum, bar, and pulpit,&mdash;responsible for all the suffering, bloodshed,
+and desolation which have come to the country.</p>
+
+<p>Proud in spirit was South Carolina just then. The cotton crop was
+luxuriant. Planters were plethoric with money. The internal
+slave-trade established its marts of human flesh all through the
+South. Virginia became slave-breeding, and South Carolina
+slave-consuming. In former years slavery was deemed an evil, a curse;
+but the call for cotton, its rise in market value, with increased
+profit of culture and a consequent demand for labor, transformed it
+into a blessing, to be perpetuated for the best good of the human
+race.</p>
+
+<p>It was found to be in perfect accordance with the teachings of the
+Bible. The system itself was right; the abuse of the good was only
+evil. Rev. Dr. Thornwell, Professor of Theology in the Presbyterian
+Seminary at Columbia, came boldly forward to advocate slavery as a
+Divine institution, ordained of God for the welfare of the human race.
+He preached thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"Our slaves are our solemn trust, and while we have a right to
+     use and direct their labors, we are bound to feed, clothe, and
+     protect them, to give them the comforts of this life, and to
+     introduce them to the hope of a blessed immortality. They are
+     moral beings, and it will be found that in the culture of their
+     moral nature we reap the largest reward from their service. <i>The
+     relation itself is moral</i>, and in the tender affections and
+     endearing sympathies it evokes it gives scope for the most
+     attractive graces of human character. Strange as it may sound to
+     those who are not familiar with the system, slavery is a school
+     of <i>virtue</i>, and no class of men have furnished sublimer
+     instances of heroic devotion than slaves in their loyalty and
+     love to their masters. We have seen them rejoice at the cradle of
+     the infant, and weep at the bier of the dead; and there are few
+     among us who have not drawn their nourishment from their generous
+     breasts."<a id="footnotetag81" name="footnotetag81"></a><a href="#footnote81" title="Go to footnote 81"><span class="smaller">[81]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>Such was the teaching from those who called themselves appointed of
+God to preach the Gospel of purity and peace. Church and State, morals
+and religion, everything that could give strength and respectability
+to their cause, were brought in <span class="pagenum"><a id="page448" name="page448"></a>(p. 448)</span> to aid the work of the
+conspirators. So thorough were the teachings, that South Carolina
+became almost a unit on the question of Secession.</p>
+
+<p>The people of the South charge the Union army with desecrating their
+church edifices. Is it a wonder that soldiers, reasoning from cause to
+effect, concluded that the religion which was foremost in
+precipitating a Rebellion which sustained such an inhuman system was
+not worth serious consideration? Is it a wonder that, after
+experiencing the horrors of Rebel prisons, they lost reverence for a
+religion which could uphold a government guilty of such fiendish
+cruelties?</p>
+
+<p>Slavery was the corner-stone and foundation of the Confederacy. Never
+was the trade in slaves between States so thriving as during the
+winter of 1860. And the leaders of the Rebellion were looking forward
+to the time when the commerce with Africa would be reopened. Mr. Lamar
+of Savannah, who during the Rebellion was agent of the Confederacy in
+London for the purchase of army supplies, imported in the bark
+Wanderer a cargo of native Africans, some of whom were sold in
+Charleston. There was a large party in the Confederate Congress which
+advocated the resumption of the foreign trade, the abolition of which
+in 1808 was set down as one of the grievances of the South.</p>
+
+<p>It is the province of history to make a record of the bad as well as
+the good, shameful and humiliating though it may be. Sin and
+wickedness are horrible facts. To view them as such, to contemplate
+them in contrast with holiness and righteousness, and draw useful
+lessons from such contemplation, is far better than to say that they
+have no place in history. Posterity will wonder that a Church which
+called itself Christian ever gave its support and advocacy to an
+institution which daily brought its victims, like cattle, to the
+auction-block, which made no distinction of age, which was remorseless
+as death, and which from the cradle to the grave held its victim as
+with a tiger's gripe.</p>
+
+<p>On the opposite page is presented a sample of an auctioneer's
+handbill, which I found upon the floor of the slave-mart, with the
+prices paid by the buyers marked in pencil against the names of the
+"chattels," and now appearing in parentheses.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page449" name="page449"></a>(p. 449)</span>
+
+<div class="center p2">
+<p>Administrator's Sale, by Order of the Ordinary.</p>
+<hr class="hr50">
+
+<p class="pb0 smcap">A PRIME AND ORDERLY GANG OF</p>
+<p class="pt0 fs150">68 Long Cotton Field Negroes,</p>
+<p class="pt0">Belonging to the Estate of the late Christopher J. Whaley.</p>
+<hr class="hr70">
+
+<p class="pb0 fs150">WILBUR &amp; SON</p>
+<p class="pt0">Will sell at PUBLIC AUCTION in Charleston,</p>
+<p class="pt0 fs150">At the Mart in Chalmers Street,</p>
+<p class="pt0">On Thursday, Feb. 2d, 1860,</p>
+<p class="pt0 smcap">COMMENCING AT ELEVEN O'CLOCK,</p>
+<p class="pt0">THE FOLLOWING GANG OF LONG COTTON NEGROES,</p>
+<p class="pt0">Who are said to be remarkably prime, and will be sold as per Catalogue.</p>
+</div>
+
+<table style="margin-top: 1em; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Names.">
+<colgroup>
+    <col width="20%">
+    <col width="15%">
+    <col width="10%">
+    <col width="10%">
+    <col width="20%">
+    <col width="15%">
+    <col width="10%">
+</colgroup>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2" class="fs80">NAMES.</td>
+<td class="right fs80">AGES.</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td colspan="2" class="fs80">NAMES.</td>
+<td class="right fs80">AGES.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Jimmy,</td>
+<td class="right">driver,</td>
+<td class="right">30</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td colspan="2">Carter,</td>
+<td class="right">36</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Flora,</td>
+<td class="right">seamstress,</td>
+<td class="right">24</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td colspan="2">Taffy,</td>
+<td class="right">13</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">James,</td>
+<td class="right">5</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td colspan="2">Rachel, ($720,)</td>
+<td class="right">8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Charles, ($125,)</td>
+<td class="right">1</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td colspan="2">Jannett,</td>
+<td class="right">18</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">August,</td>
+<td class="right">52</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td colspan="2">Phebe, ($860,)</td>
+<td class="right">40</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Mathias, ($1,220,)</td>
+<td class="right">18</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td colspan="2">Judy,</td>
+<td class="right">8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Sandy,</td>
+<td class="right">16</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td colspan="2">Major,</td>
+<td class="right">40</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">John,</td>
+<td class="right">13</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td colspan="2">Lavinia,</td>
+<td class="right">30</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Tom,</td>
+<td class="right">70</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td colspan="2">Billy, ($550,)</td>
+<td class="right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Jack,</td>
+<td class="right">38</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td colspan="2">Tamor,</td>
+<td class="right">6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">James,</td>
+<td class="right">6</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td colspan="2">Jimmy,</td>
+<td class="right">52</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Leah,</td>
+<td class="right">5</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td colspan="2">Kate,</td>
+<td class="right">46</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Flora,</td>
+<td class="right">2</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td colspan="2">Susan,</td>
+<td class="right">25</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Andrew,</td>
+<td class="right">42</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td colspan="2">Thomas, ($380,)</td>
+<td class="right">6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Binah,</td>
+<td class="right">40</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td colspan="2">Kate,</td>
+<td class="right">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Phillis,</td>
+<td class="right">20</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Edward,</td>
+<td class="right">coachman,</td>
+<td class="right">49</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Mary,</td>
+<td class="right">15</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td colspan="2">Amey,</td>
+<td class="right">22</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Lymus,</td>
+<td class="right">10</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Teneh,</td>
+<td class="right">washer,</td>
+<td class="right">30</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Abram, ($275,)</td>
+<td class="right">2</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td colspan="2">Josephine,</td>
+<td class="right">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Binah,</td>
+<td class="right">2 mos.</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td colspan="2">Sam,</td>
+<td class="right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Andrew,</td>
+<td class="right">29</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td colspan="2">Isaac,</td>
+<td class="right">5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Hagar,</td>
+<td class="right">25</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td colspan="2">William,</td>
+<td class="right">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Dayman,</td>
+<td class="right">4</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td colspan="2">Amey,</td>
+<td class="right">27</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Cuffy,</td>
+<td class="right">21</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td colspan="2">Louisa, ($750,)</td>
+<td class="right">8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Hagar, ($1,320,)</td>
+<td class="right">20</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td colspan="2">Joe,</td>
+<td class="right">3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Margaret,</td>
+<td class="right">85</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Sam,</td>
+<td class="right">ruptured,</td>
+<td class="right">65</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lucy,</td>
+<td class="right">cripple,</td>
+<td class="right">60</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>Andrew,</td>
+<td class="right">dropsical,</td>
+<td class="right">61</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">John,</td>
+<td class="right">22</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td colspan="2">Daniel,</td>
+<td class="right">70</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Ellick, ($1,160,)</td>
+<td class="right">18</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td colspan="2">Lymus,</td>
+<td class="right">30</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2">Libby,</td>
+<td class="right">19</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>ucy,</td>
+<td class="right">nurse,</td>
+<td class="right">58</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<hr class="hr50">
+<div class="center">
+<p class="pb0">TERMS.</p>
+
+<p class="pt0 smaller">One-third Cash; balance in one and two years, secured by bond, and mortgage of the
+  negroes, with approved personal security. Purchasers to pay us for papers.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="p2"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page450" name="page450"></a>(p. 450)</span> The Charleston <i>Mercury</i> was the organ of the Secessionists
+from the start. It not only advocated Secession as a political
+principle, but filled its columns with articles holding up to ridicule
+and contempt the people of the North. The spirit of hate seemed to
+seize the whole community, in which women even exceeded their
+husbands. Thus wrote a Southern lady:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I would rather die than hold a position of inferiority and vassalage
+to the North, and the dominant feeling of my heart is to leave a State
+where men are too cowardly to protect their women and too mercenary to
+risk their money."<a id="footnotetag82" name="footnotetag82"></a><a href="#footnote82" title="Go to footnote 82"><span class="smaller">[82]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>"The question has thrust itself into our domestic fireside, and you
+find all classes,&mdash;men, women, and children,&mdash;asking what they must do
+to be saved," said W. F. Cullock, Collector of Charleston, in a speech
+at the Pulaski House, Savannah, on the opening of the Charleston and
+Savannah Railroad.</p>
+
+<p>"Fight! Secede!" was the response from the drunken crowd.</p>
+
+<p>The South Carolina Muse tuned her lyre and sang,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem25">
+<span class="min33em">"</span>We'll unfurl the Lone-Star banner,<br>
+<span class="add1em">And we'll keep it waving high;</span><br>
+   For Secession we are pledged,<br>
+<span class="add1em">For Secession we will die."</span></p>
+
+<p>The city of Charleston was foremost for Secession. When the news was
+received that Mr. Lincoln was elected President, a red flag, with the
+palmetto-tree and a lone star wrought upon it, was raised. Says the
+<i>Mercury</i>: "A shout and twice three cheers greeted its appearance. The
+Association of 1860 assembled. The feeling was for prompt action."</p>
+
+<p>The Legislature was in session at Columbia. On the 11th of the month a
+bill was passed calling a State convention.</p>
+
+<p>"Gentlemen, hats off!" said the <i>Mercury</i>. "Then
+hip-hip-hip-hurrah!&mdash;and
+hip-hip-hip-hurrah&mdash;hurrah&mdash;hurrah&mdash;hurrah&mdash;for the homes we
+love!"<a id="footnotetag83" name="footnotetag83"></a><a href="#footnote83" title="Go to footnote 83"><span class="smaller">[83]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>Then more soberly the editor added:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"The news of the passage of the convention resolutions by an
+     almost unanimous vote, at Columbia, was received in this city on
+     Saturday <span class="pagenum"><a id="page451" name="page451"></a>(p. 451)</span> night with demonstrations which have, perhaps,
+     never been equalled in the political history of the country. Our
+     whole community seemed to breathe freer and deeper, and upon
+     every brow sat confidence and hope. It was as though the glorious
+     sun had suddenly dispersed cloud and mist and vapor, and sent its
+     illuminating rays to every heart and home. Men looked each other
+     in the face as men should do who feel that under God their
+     destinies are in their own hands."</p>
+
+<p>Thus a "daughter of South Carolina" inflamed her sisters:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"Listen, daughters of South Carolina, to the voice of a faithful
+     sister. Should our State back out now she would be disgraced
+     forever.... Shrink now, and we are crushed forever. Then there
+     will be no end of the trouble you fear. Abolition emissaries will
+     be at work all over the South, inciting the negroes in every
+     direction. Trials must come, but let them come in the right way,
+     and all will be well. Secede, put ourselves in a state of
+     defence; be ready for any emergency. Should the government
+     coerce, our sister States will come to the rescue. Let it be so.
+     Better perish beneath the shock than to live degraded.... O women
+     of South Carolina! Mothers, sisters, wives! do not wear the white
+     feather now, unless, like that gallant king of old, it waves on
+     our men to the war."<a id="footnotetag84" name="footnotetag84"></a><a href="#footnote84" title="Go to footnote 84"><span class="smaller">[84]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>Said another:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"Let us women of Carolina prove that the same noble spirit which
+     visited the mothers and maidens of '76 is alive, and glowing in
+     the spirits of their descendants. I am myself a widowed mother,
+     but I have said to my three sons, that if any one of them shall
+     be craven enough to desert the State now, to temporize in her
+     councils, or be backward if her honor calls them to the field,
+     let him never look upon my face again."<a id="footnotetag85" name="footnotetag85"></a><a href="#footnote85" title="Go to footnote 85"><span class="smaller">[85]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>What had transpired to produce this white heat of passion? Simply that
+a party was coming into power opposed to the extension of slavery over
+free territory. True this party had also disavowed any intention of
+interference with slavery in the States; but restriction was loss of
+power,&mdash;paralysis and death at last. The grievance of South Carolina
+arose wholly from slavery. She claimed the right to traffic in human
+beings. She believed it was a natural right, authorized by the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page452" name="page452"></a>(p. 452)</span> Creator of the universe, having the sanction and solemnity of
+the patriarchs, prophets, apostles, and Christ himself. It was a
+natural, moral, and scriptural right for a master to rob his brother
+in the Lord of his earnings during the week, commune with him on
+Sunday, whip him on Monday, and sell him on Tuesday. The institution
+being missionary in its nature, and designed to carry the Gospel to
+Africa, he had a right to separate husbands and wives, parents and
+children, break the marriage relation, and establish new alliances at
+will. No doubt they were sincere in their belief that the system was
+not only good in itself, but that it was a beneficent arrangement for
+the well-being of the human race. Certainly it was beneficial to the
+master; why should it not be to the slave? Men can be as sincerely
+zealous for Wrong as for Right. Eighteen hundred years ago a man
+zealous for the truth filled the prisons of Syria with Christians, and
+thought he was doing righteously in the sight of God; and human nature
+is the same now as then. Men and women who advocated the righteousness
+of slavery were scrupulous to a penny in their dealings with one
+another, and with colored people who were free,&mdash;but the loss of
+freedom gave the right to commit robbery! Strange, also, the confusion
+and delusion of moral ideas. Society prided itself on its virtue. Men
+and women of Caucasian blood departing from morality found the door of
+society shut against them; but slavery being patriarchal it was not a
+crime, not even an offence against morality, for a planter to choose a
+Hagar from his slaves. Society placed no bar in his way, the Church no
+ban upon his action. Hagar could be taken into the master's household,
+appear in silks and satins, with Ishmael for the pet of the family, or
+both could be knocked off to the highest bidder in the mart, separated
+and sent one to the rice-swamps of Georgia and the other to the
+cane-brakes of Louisiana, Hagar weeping and mourning for her child,
+and the planter, with the price of blood in his pocket, be received in
+any parlor in Charleston, or made Governor of the State! There were
+patriarchs in the convention which carried South Carolina out of the
+Union, who were urged on to treason by the women of the South. Ishmael
+would not rise in insurrection, even if his brother Isaac and father
+Abraham went to war.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page453" name="page453"></a>(p. 453)</span> Said another "daughter of South Carolina":&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"Arming the State will keep the negroes in check. They are arrant
+     cowards, those dear dark friends of ours.[?] Some of you can
+     remember how in '22 they would shrink away at the gleam of their
+     master's sword as he armed for the nightly patrol, and the
+     creaking of the horseman's saddles as they paraded the streets
+     sent them hiding in every hole and corner."<a id="footnotetag86" name="footnotetag86"></a><a href="#footnote86" title="Go to footnote 86"><span class="smaller">[86]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>Isaac was eager for the fray; he burned to fight the Yankees. Hence
+the consummation of the treason.</p>
+
+<a id="img070" name="img070"></a>
+<div class="p4 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img070.jpg" width="500" height="340" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Cooper shop volunteer refreshment saloon.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page454" name="page454"></a>(p. 454)</span> CHAPTER XXVIII.<br>
+
+SUMTER.</h2>
+
+<span class="sidedate">Feb., 1865.</span>
+
+<p>Fort Sumter was evacuated by the Rebels and occupied by the Union
+troops on the 18th of February, 1865; but before entering upon the
+events of that ever-memorable morning it will give breadth and color
+to the picture to glance at the scenes witnessed there at the
+beginning and during the Rebellion.</p>
+
+<p>On the 17th of December, 1860, Governor Pickens sent a strictly
+confidential letter to President Buchanan.</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"To spare the effusion of blood," said he, "which no human power
+     may be able to prevent, I earnestly beg your immediate
+     consideration of all the points I call your attention to.... I
+     would most respectfully, and from a sincere devotion to the
+     public peace, request that you will allow me to send a small
+     force, not exceeding twenty-five men and an officer, to take
+     possession of Fort Sumter immediately, in order to give a feeling
+     of safety to the community. There are no United States troops in
+     that fort whatever, or perhaps only four or five at present,
+     besides some additional workmen or laborers lately employed to
+     put the guns in order.... If Fort Sumter could be given to me as
+     Governor, I think the public mind would be quieted, under a
+     feeling of safety."</p>
+
+<p>The State seceded on the 20th. Major Anderson with a handful of men
+was at Fort Moultrie. "The garrison will not be strengthened. The
+people will obey the call for war, and take the forts," said the
+Charleston <i>Mercury</i> of the 22d.</p>
+
+<p>Five days later, on the 27th, the people of Charleston looked seaward
+and saw Moultrie in flames, and the stars and stripes waving over
+Sumter. They were indignant. They considered it a breach of faith.</p>
+
+<p>"Anderson has opened civil war," said the <i>Courier</i>.<a id="footnotetag87" name="footnotetag87"></a><a href="#footnote87" title="Go to footnote 87"><span class="smaller">[87]</span></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page455" name="page455"></a>(p. 455)</span> "His act must be repudiated by the government," said the
+<i>Mercury</i>.<a id="footnotetag88" name="footnotetag88"></a><a href="#footnote88" title="Go to footnote 88"><span class="smaller">[88]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>"Unless you order Anderson back, I cannot, under my convictions of
+patriotism and honor, continue to hold office," said the Secretary of
+War, John B. Floyd, of Virginia.<a id="footnotetag89" name="footnotetag89"></a><a href="#footnote89" title="Go to footnote 89"><span class="smaller">[89]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>Charleston was intensely excited.</p>
+
+<p>"Assemble the Light Infantry and the Meagher Guards at the Citadel.
+Arm them and take possession of Castle Pinckney. Proceed immediately
+to Fort Moultrie; send troops to Morris Island," were the orders of
+Governor Pickens to Colonel Pettigrew.</p>
+
+<p>"Our line of operations embraces four points: Fort Moultrie, Castle
+Pinckney, Fort Johnson, and Morris Island. You are indebted to the
+forbearance of the enemy for the liberty of transporting the
+reinforcements and supplies, which you ordered at midnight, and which
+are to be sent to your battery now in course of erection on Morris
+Island. A single gun from Fort Sumter would sink your transports and
+destroy your troops and supplies," reported General Simmons to the
+Governor on the 1st of January.</p>
+
+<p>It was the language of war. The United States was an enemy. The guns
+of Moultrie were already trained on Sumter. The battery on Morris
+Island was for the destruction of that fort. South Carolina had begun
+the war in intention and in fact. The erection of the battery was war.</p>
+
+<p>On the 9th of January the same battery opened fire on the Star of the
+West, steaming into the harbor, bearing the United States flag.</p>
+
+<p>"You are asked to surrender the fort to the constituted authorities of
+South Carolina," was the demand of Governor Pickens on the 11th.</p>
+
+<p>"I cannot comply with your request," was the response from Anderson.</p>
+
+<p>Then came the negotiations between Charleston and Washington,&mdash;the
+demands upon Buchanan, the shuffling and indecision of the two-faced,
+unprincipled politician, who had written himself down as an "Old
+Public Functionary." Major <span class="pagenum"><a id="page456" name="page456"></a>(p. 456)</span> Anderson was watched day and
+night, cut off from intercourse with the shore, deprived of fresh
+provisions, treated as an enemy, and compelled to see the preparations
+on Morris Island and on the floating battery for the reduction of the
+fort. Thus February and March passed away. His provisions were nearly
+gone. Troops were pouring into Charleston from all parts of the State
+and from other States. Savannah sent a company early in December. They
+were under the command of General Beauregard,&mdash;a small, brown, thin,
+wiry man, forty years old, born upon the banks of the Mississippi, in
+Louisiana, yet more of a Frenchman than an American.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lincoln could not consent that Major Anderson should starve. The
+people of the North would not permit it. Its sentiment was for
+sustaining an officer who had been true to his oath, amid a general
+breaking down of loyalty.</p>
+
+<p>Sunday dawned, the 7th of April, and Major Anderson, looking out from
+his prison, saw the Rebels hard at work to complete the batteries on
+Morris Island.</p>
+
+<p>"An attempt will be made to supply Fort Sumter with provisions only,"
+was the official notice from President Lincoln to Pickens on the 8th.</p>
+
+<p>"Demand the surrender of the fort; if refused, reduce it," was the
+order from Montgomery.</p>
+
+<p>"Surrender," was the message of Beauregard to Anderson. "I cannot; but
+I shall soon be starved out unless relieved," was the courteous reply.</p>
+
+<p>"When will you evacuate?"</p>
+
+<p>"At noon on the 15th, if I receive no supplies," wrote Anderson on the
+11th.</p>
+
+<p>"I shall open fire in one hour," was the last message of Beauregard,
+at twenty minutes past three on the morning of the 12th.</p>
+
+<p>Then came the roar of the first gun, fired by old Mr. Ruffin,
+gray-haired, nearly fourscore. Not the young bloods of the South
+alone, but men and women of all ages and classes were crazy for the
+contest.</p>
+
+<p>Shells burst in the fort, plunging through the wooden barracks and
+officers' quarters. Solid shot from Morris Island were hurled
+point-blank against the walls. All day the batteries flamed, and
+Sumter leisurely replied.</p>
+
+<a id="img071" name="img071"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img071.jpg" width="300" height="423" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Defence of Fort Sumter.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page457" name="page457"></a>(p. 457)</span> When darkness came on Sumter closed its port-holes and
+rested, but the Rebels, like spirits of evil, were at work through the
+night.</p>
+
+<p>The second day dawned, and all the cannon were roaring again. The
+barracks were on fire, the smoke curling into the casemates, the hot
+stifling air reaching the gunners, who, wrapping themselves in wet
+cloths, and covering their faces, crept along the passages, rolling
+casks of powder into the sea. What delight on shore to see the flames
+mount above the walls! With what energy Moultrie, Pinckney, and Morris
+Island and the floating battery redoubled their fire. All but three of
+Anderson's cartridges were gone. The flagstaff was shot away. "The
+flag is down!" is the cry within the fort. Up into the storm, where
+the shot and shell are falling, walks Lieutenant Hall, planting the
+flag upon the parapet, where it waves till Wigfall appears at a
+port-hole. Then the parley,&mdash;the surrender,&mdash;and Charleston was
+excited as never before or since. Men and women on the house-tops, and
+gathered in church-steeples; business at a stand still, champagne
+flowing like water, costliest wines quaffed at the expense of
+merchants of New York; bells ringing, guns firing, ladies waving their
+handkerchiefs,&mdash;the city all aglow with bonfires in the evening;
+crowds surging through the streets, or drinking whiskey in the
+bar-rooms: Beauregard the Napoleon of the new era. Governor Pickens
+addressed the mob from the balcony of the Charleston Hotel:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"It is a glorious and exultant occasion. Fellow-citizens, I
+     clearly saw that the day was coming when we would triumph beyond
+     the power of man to put us down. Thank God the day has
+     come,&mdash;thank God the war is open, and we will conquer or perish!
+     We have defeated their twenty millions, and we have made the
+     proud flag of the stars and stripes, that never was lowered
+     before to any nation on this earth,&mdash;we have lowered it in
+     humility before the glorious little State of South Carolina!"<a id="footnotetag90" name="footnotetag90"></a><a href="#footnote90" title="Go to footnote 90"><span class="smaller">[90]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>Intoxicated with wine and whiskey, delirious with success, insane with
+Secession, the jubilant crowd cheer and drink, and shout again,
+bidding defiance to the government, and cursing the Yankees.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page458" name="page458"></a>(p. 458)</span> Four years pass, and Sumter is repossessed by the troops of
+the Union. How cheering the sight to behold once more the crimson
+folds and fadeless stars of our country's flag waving in the sunlight
+over the crumbled walls!</p>
+
+<p>Early in the morning we entered the harbor,&mdash;General Gillmore and
+staff, General Webster, chief of General Sherman's staff, with several
+gentlemen and ladies from Port Royal. The blockading fleet and the
+monitors were steaming in, their long watch through the sweltering
+days of summer and the stormy nights of winter at an end. They were
+feeling their way up the channel searching for torpedoes.</p>
+
+<p>The steamer Deer, built on the Clyde, a few hours from Nassau, with an
+assorted cargo,&mdash;a low, rakish, fast-running craft, with steam
+escaping from her pipes,&mdash;was lying under the guns of a monitor. She
+had worked her way in during the night. The crestfallen captain was
+chewing the cud of disappointment on the quarter-deck, looking
+gloomily seaward the while, and doubtless wishing himself in the
+harbor of Nassau. Two nights before the Syren had passed in. The wreck
+of a third blockade-runner was lying on the sands of Sullivan's
+Island, near Moultrie, which months before had been run ashore by the
+fleet. The tide was surging through the cabin windows. Barnacles had
+fastened upon the hull, and long tresses of green, dank seaweed hung
+trailing from the iron paddle-wheels. It was a satisfaction to know
+that the time was at hand when Englishmen at Nassau would have to shut
+up shop.</p>
+
+<p>We glided along the shore of Morris Island, white with tents. What
+heroic valor on those sands,&mdash;the assault upon Wagner, the slow,
+persistent excavation of the trenches, the unremitting vigilance and
+energy, the endurance which had forced the evacuation of Morris
+Island,&mdash;the turning of the guns of Wagner upon Sumter, the planting
+of the "Swamp-Angel" battery,&mdash;the first shell sent streaming into the
+city, startling the inhabitants, and awaking the unpleasant conviction
+that the Yankees were at their doors! So memory ran over the historic
+events, as we swept up the channel.</p>
+
+<p>The steamer could not approach near the landing, and we were taken to
+the fort in small boats. We reached the interior through a low,
+narrow passage.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page459" name="page459"></a>(p. 459)</span> The fort bore little resemblance to its former appearance,
+externally or internally. None of the original face of the wall was to
+be seen, except on the side towards Charleston and a portion of that
+facing Moultrie. From the harbor and from Wagner it appeared only a
+tumulus,&mdash;the <i>d�bris</i> of an old ruin. All the casemates, arches,
+pillars, and parapets were torn up and utterly demolished. The great
+guns which two years before kept the monitors at bay, which flamed and
+thundered awhile upon Wagner, were dismounted, broken, and partially
+buried beneath the mountain of brick, dust, concrete, sand, and
+mortar. After Dupont's attack, in April, 1863, a reinforcement of
+palmetto-logs was made on the harbor side, and against half of the
+wall facing Moultrie, and the lower casemates were filled with
+sand-bags; but when General Gillmore obtained possession of Wagner,
+his fire began to crumble the parapet. The Rebels endeavored to
+maintain its original height by gabions filled with sand, but this
+compelled a widening of the base inside by sand-bags, thousands of
+which were brought to the fort at night. Day after day, week after
+week, the pounding from Wagner was maintained so effectually that it
+was impossible to keep a gun in position on the side of Sumter
+fronting it, and the only guns remaining mounted were five or six on
+the side towards Moultrie, in the middle tier of casemates. Five
+howitzers were kept on the walls to repel an attack by small boats,
+the garrison keeping under cover, or seeking shelter whenever the
+lookout cried, "A shot!"</p>
+
+<p><i>Cheveaux-de-frise</i> of pointed sticks protected the fort from a
+scaling party. At the base outside was a barrier of interlaced wire,
+supported by iron posts. There was also a submerged network of wire
+and chains, kept in place by floating buoys.</p>
+
+<p>I had the curiosity to make an inspection of the wall nearest
+Moultrie, to see what had been the effect of the fire of the ironclads
+in Dupont's attack. With my glass at that time I could see that the
+wall was badly honeycombed; a close inspection now proved that the
+fire was very damaging. There were seams in the masonry, and great
+gashes where the solid bolts crumbled the bricks to dust. It was
+evident that if the fire had been continued any considerable length of
+time the wall would have fallen. Its effect suggested the necessity of
+filling up the lower casemates.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page460" name="page460"></a>(p. 460)</span> An hour was passed in the fort, the band playing national
+airs, and the party inspecting the ruins and gathering relics.</p>
+
+<p>Captain James of the Massachusetts Fifty-Fourth, aide to General
+Gillmore, was wounded in the assault on Wagner. He gazed at the ruins
+with a satisfaction not unmixed with melancholy, for beneath the sands
+of Morris Island was lying his beloved commander, Colonel Shaw.</p>
+
+<p>The Rebels had refused to give up his body. "Let him lie buried
+beneath his niggers," was their answer to the request. And there he
+lies beside the brave men who followed him to death and glory, having
+won an immortal name no less as the commander of the first negro
+regiment sent to the war than by his gentle bearing as a man and
+bravery as a soldier. His acceptance of the command of the despised
+men who gladly enlisted when called to the field required at the time
+a devotion to principle and a decision of character, to face the gibes
+and sneers flung at him by negro-haters in his rear, greater than the
+courage to meet the enemy at the front. But he nobly led the way, and
+silenced every carping tongue.</p>
+
+<p>For four long years the cannon of Sumter had hurled defiance at the
+rights of man; but the contest now was ended. Eternal principles had
+prevailed against every effort of Rebel hate to crush them. The strong
+earthworks on Sullivan's and Johnson's islands, the batteries in the
+harbor, Castle Pinckney and Fort Ripley, and those in the city erected
+by slaves, were useless forever, except as monuments of folly and
+wickedness. As I stood there upon the ruins of Sumter, looking down
+into the crater, the past like a panorama was unrolled, exhibiting the
+mighty events which will forever make it memorable. The silent landing
+of Major Anderson at the postern gate, the midnight prayer and solemn
+consecration of the little band to defend the flag till the last, the
+long weeks of preparation by the Rebels, the Star of the West turning
+her bow seaward, the 12th of April, the barracks on fire, the supplies
+exhausted, the hopelessness of success, the surrender, and all that
+had followed, were vivid memories of the moment.</p>
+
+<p>How inspiring to hear the music of the band, to behold the numerous
+vessels of the fleet decorated from bowsprit to yardarm and topmast
+with flags and streamers, to recall the heroic <span class="pagenum"><a id="page461" name="page461"></a>(p. 461)</span> sacrifices of
+those who had fought through the weary years, to know that Sumter,
+Moultrie, the city, and the State were redeemed from the worst system
+of vassalage, that our country was still a nation, renewed and
+regenerated by its baptism of fire and blood, that truth and right
+were vindicated before the world; and to look down the coming years,
+and know that Freedom was secured to all beneath the folds of the flag
+that had withstood the intrigues of cabals and the shock of battle,
+and that Christianity and civilization, twin agents of human progress,
+had received an impetus that would forever keep us in the van of
+nations.</p>
+
+<a id="img072" name="img072"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img072.jpg" width="500" height="264" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">For our Flag.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Looking at that flag, involuntarily I repeated the words of the song
+which I heard when the shadows of night fell upon the gory field of
+Antietam, sung by our wounded in one of the hospitals:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem15">
+<span class="min33em">"</span>Our flag is there! our flag is there!<br>
+   We hail it with three loud huzzas!<br>
+   Our flag is there! our flag is there!<br>
+   Behold the glorious stripes and stars!<br>
+   Stout hearts have fought for that bright flag,<br>
+   Strong hands sustained it masthead high,<br>
+   And O, to see how proud it waves,<br>
+   Brings tears of joy to every eye!"</p>
+
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page462" name="page462"></a>(p. 462)</span> CHAPTER XXIX.<br>
+
+CHARLESTON.</h2>
+
+<span class="sidedate">Feb., 1865.</span>
+
+<p>A city of ruins,&mdash;silent, mournful, in deepest humiliation. It was
+early morning when we reached the wharf, piled with merchandise, not
+busy with commercial activity as in other days, but deserted, its
+timbers rotting, its planks decayed, its sheds tumbling in and reeling
+earthward. The slips, once crowded with steam and sailing vessels,
+were now vacant, except that an old sloop with a worm-eaten gunwale,
+tattered sails, and rigging hanging in shreds, alone remained.</p>
+
+<p>A few fishermen's dories only were rocking on the waves, tethered to
+the wharves by rotten ropes, where the great cotton Argosies in former
+years had shipped or landed their cargoes.</p>
+
+<p>Before the sailors had time to make fast the steamer, myself and
+friend<a id="footnotetag91" name="footnotetag91"></a><a href="#footnote91" title="Go to footnote 91"><span class="smaller">[91]</span></a> were up the pier. The band was playing "Hail, Columbia,"
+and the strains floated through the desolate city, awakening wild
+enthusiasm in the hearts of the colored people, who came rushing down
+the grass-grown streets to welcome us.</p>
+
+<p>When near the upper end of the pier we encountered an old man bending
+beneath the weight of seventy years,&mdash;such years as slavery alone can
+pile upon the soul. He bowed very low.</p>
+
+<p>"Are you not afraid of us Yankees?"</p>
+
+<p>"No, massa, God bless you. I have prayed many a night for you to come,
+and now you are here. Bless the Lord! Bless the Lord!"</p>
+
+<p>He kneeled, clasped my hand, and with streaming eyes poured out his
+thanks to God.</p>
+
+<p>Let us, before entering upon a narrative of military incidents, look
+at Charleston as she was at the beginning of the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page463" name="page463"></a>(p. 463)</span> Rebellion,
+when the great cotton mart of the Atlantic coast, with lines of
+steamships to New York and Boston. Then her wharves not only were
+piled with bales of cotton and tierces of rice, or with goods from the
+warehouses and manufactories of New England and Great Britain, but,
+next to New Orleans, she was the most populous city of the South, and,
+in proportion to the number of inhabitants, the wealthiest. Her banks
+and insurance offices were as stable as those of Wall Street. She
+aspired to be the commercial emporium of the South. The newspapers of
+Charleston taught the people to believe that Secession and
+non-intercourse with the North would make the city the rival of New
+York. She first adopted the vagaries of her own son, Calhoun, on the
+rights of States. She proclaimed cotton king, not of America, but of
+the world, and in her pride believed that all nations could be brought
+to do her homage. She was rich and aristocratic, and looked upon the
+people of the North with contempt.</p>
+
+<p>"The Cavaliers, Jacobites, and Huguenots," wrote De Bow, "who settled
+the South, naturally hate, contemn, and despise the Puritans, who
+settled the North. The former are master races; the latter a slave
+race, descendants of the Anglo-Saxon serfs."</p>
+
+<p>Through ignorance and vanity such assertions were accepted as truths.
+Boys and girls of the common schools of the North could have shown
+that, in the contests between the Cavaliers and Puritans, the
+Cavaliers were defeated; that the Jacobites went down before the party
+which placed William of Orange on the throne.</p>
+
+<p>Charleston called the people of South Carolina into council. The
+<i>Mercury</i>&mdash;that able but wicked advocate of Secession&mdash;threw out from
+its windows this motto: "One voice and millions of strong arms to
+uphold the honor of South Carolina!" Not the honor of the nation or of
+the people, but of South Carolina,&mdash;the Mephistopheles of the
+Confederacy, the seducer of States. With honeyed words, and well-timed
+flattery she detached State after State from the Union.</p>
+
+<p>"Whilst constituting a portion of the United States," said South
+Carolina, in her address to the slaveholding States, "it has been
+<i>your</i> statesmanship which has guided it in its mighty <span class="pagenum"><a id="page464" name="page464"></a>(p. 464)</span>
+strides to power and expansion. In the field and in the cabinet <i>you</i>
+have led the way to renown and grandeur."</p>
+
+<p>The ministers of her churches were foremost in abetting the Rebellion.
+Church and State, merchant and planter, all from high to low of the
+white population, brought themselves to believe that their influence
+was world-wide, through King Cotton and his prime minister, African
+Slavery. Hence the arrogance, fierce intolerance, and mad hate which
+had their only prototypes in the Rebellion of the Devil and his angels
+against Beneficent Goodness.</p>
+
+<p>The siege of Charleston was commenced on the 21st of August, 1863, by
+the opening of the "Swamp-Angel" battery. On the 7th of September Fort
+Wagner was taken, and other guns were trained upon the city,
+compelling the evacuation of the lower half. For fourteen months it
+had been continued; not a furious bombardment, but a slow, steady fire
+from day to day. About thirteen thousand shells had been thrown into
+the town,&mdash;nearly a thousand a month.</p>
+
+<p>They were fired at a great elevation, and were plunging
+shots,&mdash;striking houses on the roof and passing down from attic to
+basement, exploding in the chambers, cellars, or in the walls. The
+effect was a complete riddling of the houses. Brick walls were blown
+into millions of fragments, roofs were torn to pieces; rafters, beams,
+braces, scantlings, were splintered into jack-straws. Churches,
+hotels, stores, dwellings, public buildings, and stables, all were
+shattered. There were great holes in the ground, where cart-loads of
+earth had been excavated in a twinkling.</p>
+
+<p>In 1860 the population of the city was 48,509,&mdash;26,969 whites, 17,655
+slaves, and 3,885 free colored. The first flight from the city was in
+December, 1861, when Port Royal fell into the hands of Dupont; but
+when it was found that the opportunity afforded at that time for an
+advance inland was not improved, most of those who had moved away
+returned. The attack of Dupont upon Sumter sent some flying again; but
+not till the messengers of the "Swamp Angel" dropped among them did
+the inhabitants think seriously of leaving. Some went to Augusta,
+others to Columbia, others to Cheraw. Many wealthy men bought homes
+in the country. The upper <span class="pagenum"><a id="page465" name="page465"></a>(p. 465)</span> part of the city was crowded. Men
+of fortune who had lived in princely style were compelled to put up
+with one room. Desolation had been coming on apace. The city grew old
+rapidly, and had become the completest ruin on the continent. There
+were from ten to fifteen thousand people still remaining in it, two
+thirds of whom were colored.</p>
+
+<p>When Sherman flanked Orangeburg, Hardee, who commanded the Rebels in
+Charleston, saw that he must evacuate the place. There was no
+alternative; he must give up Sumter, Moultrie, and the proud old city
+to the Yankees. It was bitter as death! A few of the heavy guns were
+sent off to North Carolina, all the trains which could be run on the
+railroad were loaded with ammunition and commissary supplies, the guns
+in the forts were spiked, and the troops withdrawn.</p>
+
+<p>The inhabitants had been assured that the place should be defended to
+the last; and in the <i>Courier</i> office we found the following sentence
+in type, which had been set up not twenty-four hours before the
+evacuation: "There are no indications that our authorities have the
+first intention of abandoning Charleston, as I have ascertained from
+careful inquiry!" Duplicity to the end.</p>
+
+<p>The Rebellion was inaugurated through deception, and had been
+sustained by an utter disregard of truth.</p>
+
+<p>Friday and Saturday were terrible days. Carts, carriages, wagons,
+horses, mules, all were brought into use. The railroad trains were
+crowded. Men, women, and children fled, terror-stricken,
+broken-hearted, humbled in spirit, from their homes. How different
+from the 12th of April, 1861, when they stood upon the esplanade of
+the battery, sat upon the house-tops, clustered in the steeples,
+looking seaward, shouting and waving their handkerchiefs as the clouds
+of smoke and forked flames rolled up from Sumter!</p>
+
+<p>"God don't pay at the end of every week, but he pays at last, my Lord
+Cardinal," said Anne of Austria.</p>
+
+<p>General Hardee remained in the city till Friday night, the 17th
+instant, when he retired with the army, leaving a detachment of
+cavalry to destroy what he could not remove. Every building and shed
+in which cotton had been stored was fired on Saturday morning. The
+ironclads "Palmetto State," <span class="pagenum"><a id="page466" name="page466"></a>(p. 466)</span> "Chicora," and "Charleston" were
+also given to the flames. They lay at the wharves, and had each large
+quantities of powder and shell on board. General Hardee knew that the
+explosions of the magazines would send a storm of fire upon the city.
+He knew it would endanger the lives of thousands; but what cared he?
+Governor McGrath called upon the people to destroy their houses. The
+newspapers pointed to Moscow as a sublime instance of heroic devotion.
+Human life, the wailing of infants, the feebleness of old age, weighed
+nothing with Hampton, Hardee, McGrath, General Lee, or Jeff Davis.</p>
+
+<p>The torch was applied early on the morning of the 18th. The citizens
+sprang to the fire-engines and succeeded in extinguishing the flames
+in several places; but in other parts of the city the fire had its own
+way, burning till there was nothing more to devour. On the wharf of
+the Savannah Railroad depot were several hundred bales of cotton and
+several thousand bushels of rice. On Lucas Street, in a shed, were
+twelve hundred bales of cotton. There were numerous other sheds all
+filled. Near by was the Lucas mill, containing thirty thousand bushels
+of rice, and Walker's warehouse, with a large amount of commissary
+stores, all of which were licked up by the fire so remorselessly
+kindled.</p>
+
+<p>At the Northeastern Railroad depot there was an immense amount of
+cotton which was fired. The depot was full of commissary supplies and
+ammunition, powder in kegs, shells, and cartridges. The people rushed
+in to obtain the supplies. Several hundred men, women, and children
+were in the building when the flames reached the ammunition and the
+fearful explosion took place, lifting up the roof and bursting out the
+walls, and scattering bricks, timbers, tiles, beams, through the air;
+shells crashed through the panic-stricken crowd, followed by the
+shrieks and groans of the mangled victims lying helpless in the
+flames, burning to cinders in the all-devouring element. Nor was this
+all. At the wharves were the ironclads, burning, torn, rent, scattered
+over the water and land,&mdash;their shells and solid shot, iron braces,
+red-hot iron plates, falling in an infernal shower, firing the
+wharves, the buildings, and all that could burn.</p>
+
+<p>There was more than this. Two magnificent Blakely guns&mdash;one <span class="pagenum"><a id="page467" name="page467"></a>(p. 467)</span>
+at the battery, the other near the gas-works on Cooper River&mdash;were
+loaded to the muzzle and trains laid to burst them. The concussion
+shattered all the houses in the immediate vicinity.</p>
+
+<p>The buildings near the Northeastern depot were swept away. All the
+houses embraced in the area of four squares disappeared. The new
+bridge leading to James Island was destroyed, the fire eating its way
+slowly from pier to pier through the day. The citizens did their
+utmost to stay the flames, but from sunrise to sunset on Saturday, all
+through Saturday night, Sunday, and Monday, the fire burned. How
+fearful this retribution for crime! Abandoned by those who had cajoled
+and deceived them, who had brought about their calamity, while
+swearing to defend them to the last, humbled, reduced from affluence
+to poverty, the people of Charleston were compelled to endure the
+indescribable agony of those days.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Bennett, commanding the Twenty-First United States Colored
+Troops on Morris Island, seeing signs of evacuation on Saturday
+morning, the 18th, hastened up the harbor in boats with his regiment,
+landing at the South Atlantic wharf.</p>
+
+<p>"In the name of the United States government," was his note to the
+Mayor, "I demand the surrender of the city of which you are the
+executive officer. Until further orders, all citizens will remain in
+their houses."</p>
+
+<p>The mayor, meanwhile, had despatched a deputation to Morris Island
+with formal intelligence of the evacuation.</p>
+
+<p>"My command," wrote Colonel Bennett, "will render every possible
+assistance to your well-disposed citizens in extinguishing the
+flames."</p>
+
+<p>The Twenty-First United States Colored Troops was made up of the old
+Third and Fourth South Carolina regiments, and many of them were
+formerly slaves in the city of Charleston. They were enlisted at a
+time when public sentiment was against them, in the winter of 1862-63.
+I was at Port Royal then, and they were employed in the
+quartermaster's department. They were sneered at and abused by
+officers and men belonging to white regiments; but Colonel Bennett
+continued steadfast in his determination, obtained arms after a long
+struggle, in which he was seconded by Colonel Littlefield,
+Inspector-General <span class="pagenum"><a id="page468" name="page468"></a>(p. 468)</span> of colored troops in the department.
+Colonel Bennett had organized four companies of the Third and Colonel
+Littlefield four companies of the Fourth. The two commands were united
+and numbered as the Twenty-First United States Colored Troops. They
+went to Morris Island in 1863, took part in two or three engagements,
+and proved themselves good soldiers of the Union. It was their high
+privilege to be first in the city. The stone which the builders
+rejected once in the history of the world became the head stone of the
+corner; and in like manner the poor, despised, rejected African race,
+which had no rights, against whom the city of Charleston plotted
+iniquity and inaugurated treason, marched into the city to save it
+from destruction! Following the Twenty-First was a detachment of the
+Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<p>"Let him lie buried beneath his niggers!" Stung by the insult to the
+memory of their lamented commander and by the sneer at themselves,
+will they not now wreak their vengeance on the ill-fated city? It is
+their hour for retaliation. But they harbor in their hearts no malice
+or revenge. Conscious of their manhood, they are glad of another
+opportunity of showing it.</p>
+
+<p>The soldiers of the Fifty-Fourth have proved their prowess on the
+field of battle; they have met the chivalry of South Carolina face to
+face, and shown their equality in courage and heroism, and on this
+ever-memorable day they make manifest to the world their superiority
+in honor and humanity.</p>
+
+<p>Let the painter picture it. Let the poet rehearse it. With the old
+flag above them, keeping step to freedom's drum-beat, up the
+grass-grown streets, past the slave-marts where their families and
+themselves have been sold in the public shambles, laying aside their
+arms, working the fire-engines to extinguish the flames, and, in the
+spirit of the Redeemer of men, saving that which was lost.</p>
+
+<p>"It was the intention of some of our officers to destroy the city,"
+said one of the citizens; "they not only set it on fire, but they
+double-shotted the guns of the ironclads, and turned them upon the
+town, but fortunately no one was injured when they exploded."</p>
+
+<p>The lower half of the city was called Gillmore's town by the
+inhabitants.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page469" name="page469"></a>(p. 469)</span> We visited the old office of the <i>Mercury</i>, in Broad Street.
+A messenger sent by the "Swamp Angel" had preceded us, entering the
+roof, exploding within the chimney, dumping several cart-loads of
+brickbats and soot into the editorial room, breaking the windows and
+splintering the doors. It was the room in which Secession had its
+incubation. The leading rebellious spirits once sat there in their
+arm-chairs and enthroned King Cotton. They demanded homage to his
+majesty from all nations. The first shell sent the <i>Mercury</i> up town
+to a safer locality, but when Sherman began his march into the
+interior, the <i>Mercury</i> fled into the country to Cheraw, right into
+his line of advance!</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Courier</i> office in Bay Street had not escaped damage. A shell
+went down through the floors, ripping up the boards, jarring the
+plaster from the walls, and exploded in the second story, rattling all
+the tiles from the roof, bursting out the windows, smashing the
+composing-stone, opening the whole building to the winds. Another
+shell had dashed the sidewalk to pieces and blown a passage into the
+cellar, wide enough to admit a six-horse wagon. Near the <i>Courier</i>
+office were the Union Bank, Farmers' and Exchange Bank, and Charleston
+Bank, costly buildings, fitted up with marble mantels, floors of
+terra-cotta tiles, counters elaborate in carved work, and with
+gorgeous frescoing on the walls. There, five years ago, the merchants
+of the city, the planters of the country, the slave-traders, assembled
+on exchange, talked treason, and indulged in extravagant day-dreams of
+the future glory of Charleston.</p>
+
+<p>The rooms were silent now, the oaken doors splintered, the frescoing
+washed from the walls by the rains which dripped from the shattered
+roof; the desks were kindling-wood, the highly-wrought cornice-work
+had dropped to the ground, the tiles were ploughed up, the marble
+mantles shivered, the beautiful plate-glass of the windows was in
+fragments upon the floor. The banks helped on the
+Rebellion,&mdash;contributed their funds to inaugurate it, and invested
+largely in the State securities to place the State on a war footing.
+The three banks named held on January 6, 1862, six hundred and ten
+thousand dollars' worth of the seven per cent State stock, issued
+under the act of December, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page470" name="page470"></a>(p. 470)</span> The entire amount of the State loan of one million eight
+hundred thousand dollars issued under that act was taken by the banks
+of the State. Every bank with the exception of the Bank of Camden and
+the Commercial Bank of Columbia subscribed to the stock. The seven
+Charleston banks at this early stage of the war had loaned the State
+permanently eleven hundred and forty-two thousand dollars.<a id="footnotetag92" name="footnotetag92"></a><a href="#footnote92" title="Go to footnote 92"><span class="smaller">[92]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>At this period of the war the State had twenty-seven thousand three
+hundred and sixty-two troops<a id="footnotetag93" name="footnotetag93"></a><a href="#footnote93" title="Go to footnote 93"><span class="smaller">[93]</span></a> in the field, out of a white
+population of two hundred and ninety-one thousand, by the census of
+1860,&mdash;nearly one half of the voting population, so fiercely burned
+the fires of Secession. But the flames had reached their whitest heat.
+Even at that time the people had grown weary of the war, and refused
+to enlist.</p>
+
+<p>"The activity and energy had been already abstracted," writes the
+chief of the Military Department of the State; "they had stricken at
+the sovereignty of the State; ignorance, indolence, selfishness,
+disaffection, and to some extent disappointed ambition, were combined
+and made unwittingly to aid and abet the enemy, and to become the
+coadjutors of Lincoln and all the hosts of abolition myrmidons."<a id="footnotetag94" name="footnotetag94"></a><a href="#footnote94" title="Go to footnote 94"><span class="smaller">[94]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>Passing from the banks to the hotels, we found a like scene of
+destruction. The doors of the Mills House were open. The windows had
+lost their glazing and were boarded up. Sixteen shots had struck the
+building. The rooms where Secession had been rampant in the beginning,
+where bottles of wine had been drunk over the fall of Sumter, echoed
+only to our footsteps. The Charleston Hotel, where Governor Pickens
+had uttered his proud, exultant, defiant words, was pierced in many
+places. Dining-halls, parlors, and chambers had been visited by
+messengers from Wagner. I gathered strawberry flowers and dandelions
+from the grass-green pavement in front of the hotel, trodden by the
+drunken multitude on that night when the flag of the Union was humbled
+in the dust.</p>
+
+<p>No wild, tumultuous shoutings now, but silence deep, painful,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page471" name="page471"></a>(p. 471)</span> sorrowful. Our own voices only echoed along the corridors and
+balconies where surged the lunatics of that hour. We passed at will
+along the streets, wanderers in a desolate city. Along the Battery, a
+beautiful promenade of the city, shaded by magnolias, and fragrant
+with the bloom of roses and syringas, overlooking the harbor, stood
+the residences of the "chivalric" men of South Carolina. From their
+balconies and windows the occupants had watched the first bombardment
+of Sumter. They had seen with joyful eyes the flames lick up the
+barracks, and the lowering of the flag of the Union. But now their
+palatial homes were wrecks, and they were fugitives. Doorless and
+windowless the houses. The elaborate centre pieces of stucco-work in
+the drawing-rooms crumbled; the bedrooms filled with bricks, the white
+marble steps and mahogany balusters shattered; owls and bats might
+build their nests in the coming spring-time undisturbed in the
+deserted mansions, the esplanade of the Battery, the pleasure-ground
+of the Charlestonians, their delight and pride, was now merely a huge
+embankment of earth,&mdash;a magazine of shot and shell.</p>
+
+<p>The churches&mdash;where slavery had been preached as a missionary
+institution, where Secession had been prayed for, where <i>Te Deums</i> had
+been sung over the fall of Sumter and hosannas shouted for the great
+victory of Manassas&mdash;were, like the houses, wrecks. The pavements were
+strewn with the glass shattered from the windows of old St. Michael's,
+the pride and reverence of Charleston; and St. Philip's, where
+worshipped the rich men, where the great apostle of Secession and
+devotee of slavery, Calhoun, lies in his narrow cell, resembled an
+ancient ruin. His grave, marked by a white marble slab, was unharmed,
+but the bones of his fellow-sleepers had been disturbed by the shells.
+The yard was overrun with weeds and briers. Bombs had torn through the
+church. Pigeons had free access. Buzzards might roost there
+undisturbed.</p>
+
+<p>In 1861 the heart of the city was burned out by a great fire, which
+swept from the Cooper River to the Ashley. How it ignited no one has
+told. The colored people are fully imbued with the belief that it was
+sent of the Lord. No attempt had been made to rebuild the waste. All
+the energy of the people had been given to prosecuting the war. There
+had been no sound of trowel, hammer, or saw, except upon the
+ironclads.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page472" name="page472"></a>(p. 472)</span> The blackened area was overgrown with fire-weeds. Lean and
+hungry curs barked at us from the tenantless houses. Cats which once
+purred by pleasant firesides ran from their old haunts at our
+approach. The rats had deserted the wharves and moved up town with the
+people. The buzzards, which once picked up the garbage of the markets,
+had disappeared. A solitary rook cawed to us, perched on the vane of
+the court-house steeple. Spiders were spinning their webs in the
+counting-houses.</p>
+
+<p>It was an indescribable scene of desolation,&mdash;of roofless houses,
+cannon-battered walls, crumbling ruins, upheaved pavement, and
+grass-grown streets; silent to all sounds of business, voiceless only
+to a few haggard men and women wandering amid the ruins, reflecting
+upon a jubilant past, a disappointed present, and a hopeless future!</p>
+
+<p>"Her merchants were the great men of the earth; for by their sorceries
+were all nations deceived. And in her was found the blood of the
+prophets and of the saints."</p>
+
+<p>Charleston was one of the great slave-marts of the South. She was the
+boldest advocate for the reopening of the slave-trade. Her statesmen
+legislated for it; her ministers of the Gospel upheld it as the best
+means for Christianizing Africa and for the ultimate benefit of the
+whole human race. Being thus sustained, the slave-traders set up their
+auction-block in no out-of-the-way place. A score of men opened
+offices and dealt in the bodies and souls of men. Among them were T.
+Ryan &amp; Son, M. M. McBride, J. E. Bowers, J. B. Oaks, J. B. Baker,
+Wilbur &amp; Son, on State and Chalmers Streets. Twenty paces distant from
+Baker's was a building bearing the sign, "Theological Library,
+Protestant Episcopal Church." Standing by Baker's door, and looking up
+Chalmers Street to King Street, I read another sign, "Sunday-School
+Depository." Also, "Hibernian Hall," the building in which the
+ordinance of Secession was signed. In another building on the opposite
+corner was the Registry of Deeds. Near by was the guard-house with its
+grated windows, its iron bars being an appropriate design of
+double-edged swords and spears. Thousands of slaves had been
+incarcerated there for no crime whatever, except for being out after
+nine o'clock, or for meeting in some secret chamber to tell <span class="pagenum"><a id="page473" name="page473"></a>(p. 473)</span>
+God their wrongs, with no white man present. They disobeyed the law by
+not listening to the bell of old St. Michael's, which at half past
+eight in the evening, in its high and venerable tower, opened its
+trembling lips and shouted, "Get you home! Get you home!" Always that;
+always of command; always of arrogance, superiority, and caste; never
+of love, good-will, and fellowship. On Sunday morning it said, "Come
+and sit in your old-fashioned, velvet-cushioned pews, you rich ones!
+Go up stairs, you niggers!"</p>
+
+<p>The guard-house doors were wide open. The jailer had lost his
+occupation. The last slave had been immured within its walls, and St.
+Michael's curfew was to be sweetest music thenceforth and forever. It
+shall ring the glad chimes of freedom,&mdash;freedom to come, to go, or to
+tarry by the way; freedom from sad partings of wife and husband,
+father and son, mother and child.</p>
+
+<p>The brokers in flesh and blood took good care to be well buttressed.
+They set up their market in a reputable quarter, with St. Michael's
+and the guard-house, the Registry of Deeds and the Sunday-School
+Depository, the Court-House and the Theological Library around them to
+make their calling respectable.</p>
+
+<p>But the "Swamp Angel" had splintered the pews of St. Michael's,
+demolished the pulpit, and made a record of its doings in the Registry
+building. At one stroke it opened the entire front of the
+Sunday-School Depository to the light of heaven. There was also a mass
+of evidence in the courtroom&mdash;several cart-loads of brick and plaster,
+introduced by General Gillmore&mdash;against the right of a State to
+secede.</p>
+
+<p>I entered the Theological Library building through a window from which
+General Gillmore had removed the sash by a solid shot. A pile of old
+rubbish lay upon the floor,&mdash;sermons, tracts, magazines, books,
+papers, musty and mouldy, turning into pulp beneath the rain-drops
+which came down through the shattered roof.</p>
+
+<p>Amid these surroundings was the Slave-Mart,&mdash;a building with a large
+iron gate in front, above which, in large gilt letters, was the word
+MART.</p>
+
+<p>The outer iron gate opened into a hall about sixty feet long <span class="pagenum"><a id="page474" name="page474"></a>(p. 474)</span>
+by twenty broad, flanked on one side by a long table running the
+entire length of the hall, and on the other by benches. At the farther
+end a door, opening through a brick wall, gave entrance to a yard. The
+door was locked. I tried my boot-heel, but it would not yield. I
+called a freedman to my aid. Unitedly we took up a great stone, and
+gave a blow. Another, and the door of the Bastile went into splinters.
+Across the yard was a four-story brick building, with grated windows
+and iron doors,&mdash;a prison. The yard was walled by high buildings. He
+who entered there left all hope behind. A small room adjoining the
+hall was the place where women were subjected to the lascivious gaze
+of brutal men. There were the steps, up which thousands of men, women,
+and children had walked to their places on the table, to be knocked
+off to the highest bidder. The thought occurred to me that perhaps
+Governor Andrew, or Wendell Phillips, or William Lloyd Garrison would
+like to make a speech from those steps. I determined to secure them.
+While there a colored woman came into the hall to see the two Yankees.</p>
+
+<p>"I was sold there upon that table two years ago," said she.</p>
+
+<p>"You never will be sold again; you are free now and forever!" I
+replied.</p>
+
+<p>"Thank God! O the blessed Jesus, he has heard my prayer. I am so glad;
+only I wish I could see my husband. He was sold at the same time into
+the country, and has gone I don't know where."</p>
+
+<p>Thus spake Dinah More.</p>
+
+<p>In front of the mart was a gilt star. I climbed the post and wrenched
+it from its spike to secure it as a trophy. A freedman took down the
+gilt letters for me, and knocked off the great lock from the outer
+iron gate, and the smaller lock from the inner door. The key of the
+French Bastile hangs at Mount Vernon; and as relics of the American
+prison-house then being broken up, I secured these.</p>
+
+<p>Entering the brokers' offices,&mdash;prisons rather,&mdash;we walked along the
+grated corridors, looked into the rooms where the slaves had been
+kept. In the cellar was the dungeon for the refractory,&mdash;bolts and
+staples in the floors, manacles for the hands and feet, chains to
+make all sure. There had evidently <span class="pagenum"><a id="page475" name="page475"></a>(p. 475)</span> been a sudden evacuation
+of the premises. Books, letters, bills of sale, were lying on the
+floor.</p>
+
+<p>Let us take our last look of the Divine missionary institution. Thus
+writes James H. Whiteside to Z. B. Oakes:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"I know of five very likely young negroes for sale. They are held
+     at high prices, but I know the owner is compelled to sell next
+     week, and they maybe bought low enough so as to pay. Four of the
+     negroes are young men, about twenty years old, and the other a
+     very likely young woman about twenty-two. I have never stripped
+     them, but they seem to be all right."</p>
+
+<p>C. A. Merrill writes from Franklin:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"If I can I will come and buy some of your fancy girls and other
+     negroes, if I can get them at a discount."</p>
+
+<p>A. J. McElveen writes from Sumterville:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"I send a woman, age twenty-two. She leaves two children, and her
+     owner will not let her have them. She will run away. I pay for
+     her in notes, $650. She is a house woman, handy with the needle,
+     in fact she does nothing but sew and knit, and attend to house
+     business."</p>
+
+<p>Another letter from the same:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"I met a man who offered me four negroes,&mdash;one woman and three
+     girls, all likely and fine size for the ages,&mdash;thirty-six,
+     thirteen, twelve, and nine. The two oldest girls are the same
+     size; all right as to teeth and person."</p>
+
+<p>I cannot transfer to these pages what follows; decency forbids.</p>
+
+<p>Thomas Otey writes from Richmond:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"This market is fine. They are selling from twenty-five to fifty
+     per day, and at fine prices. A yellow girl sold this morning for
+     $1,320. No qualifications; black ones at $1,150; men at $1,400.
+     Small ones in the ratio."</p>
+
+<p>There was no longer a manifestation of lordly insolence and assumed
+superiority over the Yankees on the part of the whites. They spoke
+respectfully, but were reticent except when questioned. Once they
+asked questions of Yankees: "What is your occupation? What brought you
+to the South? What are you doing here? I believe you are a &mdash;--
+Abolitionist, and the quicker you get out of this town the better."
+Such was formerly their language. So they talked to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page476" name="page476"></a>(p. 476)</span> Judge
+Hoar, a citizen of Massachusetts. So they talked to Colonel Woodford
+in 1860.</p>
+
+<p>In 1860, in the month of December, Lieutenant-Colonel Woodford, of the
+One Hundred and Twenty-Seventh New York volunteers, was in Charleston
+on business. He was waited on one day by a committee of citizens and
+informed that he had better leave the city, inasmuch as he was a
+Northerner, and besides was suspected of being an Abolitionist. He was
+put on board a steamer, and compelled to go North. He was now Provost
+Marshal of the Department. On the morning of the 20th he visited the
+office of the Charleston <i>Courier</i>. The editors had fled the city, but
+the business man of the establishment remained to protect it. Colonel
+Woodford was received very graciously. The following conversation
+passed between them:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><i>Colonel W.</i> "Whom have I the pleasure of addressing?"</p>
+
+<p><i>Business man.</i> "Mr. L&mdash;--, sir."</p>
+
+<p><i>Col. W.</i> "Will you do me the favor to loan me a piece of paper?"</p>
+
+<p><i>Mr. L.</i> "Certainly, certainly, sir."</p>
+
+<p><i>Col. W.</i> "Shall I also trouble you for a pen and ink?"</p>
+
+<p><i>Mr. L.</i> "With pleasure, sir."</p>
+
+<p>The ink was muddy and the pen poor, but the business man, with great
+alacrity, obtained another bottle and a better pen. Colonel W.
+commenced writing again:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+
+<p class="right10">"<span class="smcap">Office Provost Marshal,<br>
+  Charleston</span>, February 20, 1865.</p>
+
+<p>"Special Order, No. 1.</p>
+
+<p>"The Charleston Courier establishment is hereby taken possession
+     of by the United States."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Mr. L. had been overlooking the writing, forgetful of courtesy in his
+curiosity. He could hold in no longer.</p>
+
+<p>"Colonel, surely you don't mean to confiscate my property! <i>Why, I
+opposed nullification in 1830!</i>"</p>
+
+<p>"That may be, sir, but you have done what you could to oppose the
+United States since 1860. If you will show me by your files that you
+have uttered one loyal word since January 1, 1865, I will take your
+case into consideration."</p>
+
+<p>He could not, and the <i>Courier</i> passed into other hands.</p>
+
+<p>The rich men of the city&mdash;those who had begun and sustained <span class="pagenum"><a id="page477" name="page477"></a>(p. 477)</span>
+the Rebellion&mdash;fled when they saw that the place was to fall into the
+hands of the Yankees. But how bitter the humiliation! On the Sunday
+preceding, Rev. Dr. Porter, of the Church of the Holy Communion,
+preached upon the duty of fighting the Yankees to the last. "Fight!
+fight, my friends, till the streets run blood! Perish in the last
+ditch rather than permit the enemy to obtain possession of your
+homes!"</p>
+
+<p>But on Monday morning Dr. Porter was hastening to Cheraw, to avoid
+being caught in Sherman's trap. The people of Charleston expected that
+Sherman would swing round upon Branchville, and come into the city,
+and therefore hastened to Columbia, Cheraw, and other northern towns
+of the interior, where not a few of them became acquainted with the
+"Bummers."</p>
+
+<p>Rev. Dr. Porter owned a fine residence, which he turned over to an
+English lady. As there were no hotel accommodations, my friend and I
+were obliged to find private lodgings, and were directed to the house
+of the Rev. Doctor. We were courteously received by Mrs. &mdash;--, a lady
+in middle life, still wearing the bloom of old England on her cheeks,
+although several years a resident of the sunny South. Rising early in
+the morning, for a stroll through the city before breakfast, I found
+the cook and chambermaid breaking out in boisterous laughter. The cook
+danced, clapped her hands, sat down in a chair, and reeled backward
+and forward in unrestrained ecstasy.</p>
+
+<p>"What pleases you, Aunty?" I asked.</p>
+
+<p>"O massa! I's tickled to tink dat massa Dr. Porter, who said dat no
+Yankee eber would set his foot in dis yar city, had to cut for his
+life, and dat a Yankee slept in his bed last night! Bless de Lord for
+dat!"</p>
+
+<p>The white women manifested their hatred to the bitter end.</p>
+
+<p>"I'll set fire to my house before the Yankees shall have possession of
+the city!" was the exclamation of one excited lady, when it was
+whispered that the place was to be evacuated; but her Rebel friends
+saved her the trouble by applying the torch themselves.</p>
+
+<p>The colored people looked upon the Yankees as their deliverers from
+bondage. They spoke of their coming as the advent of the Messiah.
+Passing along King Street, near the citadel, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page478" name="page478"></a>(p. 478)</span> with my
+fellow-correspondent, we met an old negress with a basket on her arm,
+a broad-brimmed straw hat on her head, wearing a brown dress and
+roundabout. She saw that we were Yankees, and made a profound
+courtesy.</p>
+
+<p>"How do you do, Aunty?"</p>
+
+<p>"O bless de Lord, I's very well, tank you," grasping my hand, and
+dancing for joy. "I am sixty-nine years old, but I feel as if I wan't
+but sixteen." She broke into a chant&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem25">
+<p><span class="min33em">"</span>Ye's long been a-comin,<br>
+   Ye's long been a-comin,<br>
+   Ye's long been a-comin,<br>
+<span class="add2em">For to take de land</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="min33em">"</span>And now ye's a-comin,<br>
+   And now ye's a-comin,<br>
+   And now ye's a-comin,<br>
+<span class="add2em">For to rule de land."</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>And then, clapping her hands, said, "Bless de Lord! Bless de dear
+Jesus!"</p>
+
+<p>"Then you are glad the Yankees are here?"</p>
+
+<p>"O chile! I can't bress de Lord enough; but I doesn't call you
+Yankees."</p>
+
+<p>"What do you call us?"</p>
+
+<p>"I call you Jesus's aids, and I call you head man de Messiah." She
+burst out into a rhapsody of hallelujah and thanksgivings. "I can't
+bress de Lord enough; and bress you, chile: I can't love you enough
+for comin."</p>
+
+<p>"Were you not afraid, Aunty, when the shells fell into the town?"</p>
+
+<p>She straightened up, raised her eyes, and with a look of triumphant
+joy, exclaimed,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"When Mr. Gillmore fired de big gun and I hear de shell a-rushin ober
+my head, I say, Come dear Jesus, and I feel nearer to Heaben dan I
+eber feel before!"</p>
+
+<p>My laundress at Port Royal was Rosa, a young colored woman, who
+escaped from Charleston in 1862, with her husband and four other
+persons, in a small boat. On that occasion Rosa dressed herself in
+men's clothes, and the whole party early one morning rowed past
+Sumter, and made for the gunboats.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page479" name="page479"></a>(p. 479)</span> "If you go to Charleston I wish you would see if my mother is
+there," said Rosa. "Governor Aiken's head man knows where she lives."</p>
+
+<p>We went up King Street to Governor Aiken's. We found his "head man" in
+the yard,&mdash;a courteous black, who, as soon as he learned that we were
+Yankees, and had a message from Rosa to her mother, dropped all work
+and started with us, eager to do anything for a Yankee. A walk to John
+Street, an entrance through a yard to the rear of a dwelling-house,
+brought us to the mother, in a small room, cluttered with pots,
+kettles, tables, and chairs. She was sitting on a stool before the
+fire, cooking her scanty breakfast of corn-cake. She had a little rice
+meal in a bag given her by a Rebel officer. She was past sixty years
+of age,&mdash;a large, strong woman, with a wide, high forehead and
+intellectual features. She was clothed in a skirt of dingy negro
+cloth, a sack of old red carpeting, and poor, thin canvas shoes of her
+own make. Such an introduction!</p>
+
+<p>"Here comes de great Messiah, wid news of Rosa!" said my introducer,
+with an indescribable dramatic flourish.</p>
+
+<p>The mother sprang from the stool with a cry of joy. "From Rosa? From
+Rosa? O, thank the Lord!" She took hold of my hands, looked at me with
+intense earnestness and joy, and yet with a shade of doubt, as if it
+could not be true.</p>
+
+<p>"From Rosa?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, Aunty."</p>
+
+<p>She kneeled upon the floor and looked up to heaven. She saw not us,
+but God and Jesus. The tears streamed from her eyes. She recounted in
+prayer all her long years of slavery, of suffering, of unrequited
+toil, and achings of the heart. "You have heard me, dear Jesus! O
+blessed Lamb!"</p>
+
+<p>It was a conversation between herself and the Saviour. She told him
+the story of her life, of all its sorrows, of his goodness, kindness,
+and love, the tears rolling down her cheeks the while and falling in
+great drops upon the floor. She wanted us to stay and partake of her
+humble fare, pressed my hands again and again; and when we told her we
+must go, she asked for God's best blessing and for Jesus' love to
+follow us. It was a prayer from the heart. We had carried to her the
+news <span class="pagenum"><a id="page480" name="page480"></a>(p. 480)</span> that she was free, and that her Rosa was still alive.
+The long looked-for jubilee morning had dawned, and we were to her
+God's messengers, bringing the glad tidings. It was one of the most
+thrilling moments I ever experienced.</p>
+
+<p>This woman had been a slave, had been sold, exposed to insult, had no
+rights which a white man was bound to respect. So said the Chief
+Justice of the United States, Roger B. Taney. God ordained her, in his
+beneficent goodness, to be a slave. So preached Rev. Dr. Thornwell,
+the great South Carolina theologian; so said the Southern
+Presbyteries, by solemn resolutions. Remembering these things, I went
+out from that humble dwelling with my convictions deepened that it was
+God's war, and that the nation was passing through the fire in just
+punishment for its crimes against humanity.</p>
+
+<p>The 22d of February, Washington's birthday, was celebrated in
+Charleston as never before. In the afternoon a small party of
+gentlemen from the North sat down to a dinner. Among them were Colonel
+Webster, Chief of General Sherman's staff, Colonel Markland of the
+Post-Office Department, several officers of the army and navy, and
+four journalists, all guests of a patriotic gentleman from
+Philadelphia, Mr. Getty.</p>
+
+<p>Our table was spread in the house of a caterer who formerly had
+provided sumptuous dinners for the Charlestonians. He was a mulatto,
+and well understood his art; for, notwithstanding the scarcity of
+provisions in the city, he was able to provide an excellent
+entertainment, set off with canned fruits, which had been put up in
+England, and had run the gauntlet of the blockade.</p>
+
+<a id="img073" name="img073"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img073.jpg" width="500" height="292" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">"John Brown" in Charleston.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Sentiments were offered and speeches made, which in other days would
+have been called incendiary. Five years before if they had been
+uttered there the speakers would have made the acquaintance of Judge
+Lynch, and been treated to a gratuitous coat of tar and feathers, or
+received some such chivalric attention, if they had not dangled from a
+lamp-post or the nearest tree. Lloyd's Concert Band, colored
+musicians, were in attendance, and "Hail Columbia," the "Star-Spangled
+Banner," and "Yankee Doodle,"&mdash;songs which had not been heard for
+years in that city,&mdash;were sung with enthusiasm. To stand there, with
+open doors and windows, and speak freely without <span class="pagenum"><a id="page481" name="page481"></a>(p. 481)</span> fear of mob
+violence, was worth all the precious boon had cost,&mdash;to feel that our
+words, our actions, our thoughts even, were not subject to the
+misinterpretation of irresponsible inquisitors,&mdash;that we were not
+under Venetian espionage, but in <i>free</i> America, answerable to God
+alone for our thoughts, and to no man for our actions, so long as they
+did not infringe the rights of others.</p>
+
+<p>Henceforth there shall be free speech in Charleston. A party of twenty
+gentlemen began the new era on the 22d of February, and to me it will
+ever be a pleasant reflection that I was one of the privileged number.</p>
+
+<p>While dining we heard the sound of drums and a chorus of voices.
+Looking down the broad avenue we saw a column of troops advancing with
+steady step and even ranks. It was nearly sunset, and their bayonets
+were gleaming in the level rays. It was General Potter's brigade, led
+by the Fifty-Fifth Massachusetts,&mdash;a regiment recruited from the ranks
+of slavery. Sharp and shrill the notes of the fife, stirring the
+drum-beat, deep and resonant the thousand voices singing their most
+soul-thrilling war-song,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem15">"John Brown's body lies a mouldering in the grave."</p>
+
+<p>Mingling with the chorus were cheers for Governor Andrew and Abraham
+Lincoln!</p>
+
+<p>They raised their caps, hung them upon their bayonets. Proud their
+bearing. They came as conquerors. Some of them had walked those
+streets before as slaves. Now they were freemen,&mdash;soldiers of the
+Union, defenders of its flag.</p>
+
+<p>Around them gathered a dusky crowd of men, women, and children,
+dancing, shouting, mad with very joy. Mothers held up their little
+ones to see the men in blue, to catch a sight of the starry flag, with
+its crimson folds and tassels of gold.</p>
+
+<p class="poem15">
+<span class="min33em">"</span>O dark, sad millions, patiently and dumb,<br>
+   Waiting for God, your hour at last has come,<br>
+<span class="add2em">And freedom's song</span><br>
+   Breaks the long silence of your night of wrong."</p>
+
+<p>Up the avenue, past the citadel, with unbroken ranks, they marched,
+offering no insult, uttering no epithet, manifesting no revenge, for
+all the wrongs of centuries heaped upon them by a people now humbled
+and at their mercy.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page482" name="page482"></a>(p. 482)</span> While walking down the street an hour later I inquired my way
+of a white woman. She was going in the same direction, and kindly
+volunteered to direct me.</p>
+
+<p>"How do the Yankees behave?" I asked.</p>
+
+<p>"O, they behave well enough, but the niggers are dreadful sassy."</p>
+
+<p>"They have not insulted you, I hope."</p>
+
+<p>"O no, they haven't insulted me, but they have other folks. They don't
+turn out when we meet them; they smoke cigars and go right up to a
+gentleman and ask him for a light!"</p>
+
+<p>The deepest humiliation to the Charlestonians was the presence of
+negro soldiers. They were the provost guard of the city, with their
+head-quarters in the citadel. Whoever desired protection papers or
+passes, whoever had business with the marshal or the general
+commanding the city, rich or poor, high-born or low-born, white or
+black, man or woman, must meet a colored sentinel face to face and
+obtain from a colored sergeant permission to enter the gate. They were
+first in the city, and it was their privilege to guard it, their duty
+to maintain law and order.</p>
+
+<p>A Rebel officer who had given his parole, but who was indiscreet
+enough to curse the Yankees, was quietly marched off to the
+guard-house by these colored soldiers. It was galling to his pride,
+and he walked with downcast eyes and subdued demeanor.</p>
+
+<p>The gorgeous spectacle of the numerous war vessels in the harbor
+flaming with bunting from yardarm and topmast, and thundering forth a
+national salute in double honor of the day and the victory, deeply
+impressed the minds of the colored population with the invincibility
+of the Yankees.</p>
+
+<p>"O gosh a mighty! It is no use for de Rebs to think of standing out
+against de Yankees any longer. I'll go home and bring Dinah down to
+see de sight!" cried an old freedman as he beheld the fleet. Bright
+colors are the delight of the African race, and a grand display of any
+kind has a wonderful effect on their imagination.</p>
+
+<p>Neither the white nor the colored people comprehended the change
+which had taken place in their fortunes. The whites <span class="pagenum"><a id="page483" name="page483"></a>(p. 483)</span> forgot
+that they were no longer slave-drivers. Passing down Rutledge Street
+one morning I saw a crowd around the door of a building. A friend who
+was there in advance of me said that he heard an outcry, looked in,
+and found a white man whipping a colored woman. Her outcries brought a
+colored sergeant of the Provost Guard and a squad of men, who quietly
+took the woman away, told her to go where she pleased, and informed
+the man that that sort of thing was "played out." Two white women were
+passing at the time. "O my God! To think that we should ever come to
+this!" was the exclamation of one. "Yes, madam, you have come to it,
+and will have to come to a good deal more," was the reply of my
+friend.</p>
+
+<p>There were a few Union men in the city, who through the long struggle
+had been true to the old flag. They were mostly Germans. Many Union
+officers escaping from prison had been kindly cared for by these
+faithful friends, who had been subjected to such close surveillance
+that secretiveness had become a marked trait of character.</p>
+
+<p>I saw a small flag waving from a window, and wishing to find out what
+sort of a Union man resided there, rang the bell. A man came to the
+door, of middle age, light hair, and an honest German face.</p>
+
+<p>"I saw the stars and stripes thrown out from your window, and have
+called to shake hands with a Union man, for I am a Yankee."</p>
+
+<p>He grasped my proffered hand and shook it till it ached.</p>
+
+<p>"Come in, sir. God bless you, sir!"</p>
+
+<p>Then suddenly checking himself, he lowered his voice, looked into the
+adjoining rooms, peeped behind doors, to see if there were a listener
+near.</p>
+
+<p>"We have to be careful; spies all about us," said he, not fully
+realizing that the soldiers of the Union had possession of the city.
+He showed me a large flag.</p>
+
+<p>"Since the fall of Sumter," said he, "my wife and I have slept on it
+every night. We have had it sewed into a feather-bed."</p>
+
+<p>He gazed upon it as if it were the most blessed thing in the world.</p>
+
+<p>He had aided several soldiers in escaping from prison; and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page484" name="page484"></a>(p. 484)</span>
+on one occasion had kept two officers secreted several weeks, till an
+opportunity offered to send them out to the blockading fleet.</p>
+
+<p>During the bombardment of the city, the newspapers had published their
+daily bulletins,&mdash;"So many shells fired. No damage." From the proud
+beginning to the humiliating breaking up of the rule of Secession, the
+people were cheated, deluded, and deceived by false promises and lying
+reports. It was sad to walk amid the ruins of what had been once so
+fair. It seemed a city of a past age and of an extinct generation. And
+it was. The Charleston of former days was dead as Palmyra. Old things
+had passed away; a new generation will behold a wondrous change.</p>
+
+<p class="poem25">
+<span class="min33em">"</span>Along that dreary waste where lately rung<br>
+   The festal lay which smiling virgins sung,<br>
+   Where rapture echoed from the warbling lute,<br>
+   And the gay dance resounded, all was mute."</p>
+
+<a id="img074" name="img074"></a>
+<div class="p4 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img074.jpg" width="500" height="264" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Citizens' volunteer hospital.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page485" name="page485"></a>(p. 485)</span> CHAPTER XXX.<br>
+
+THE LAST CAMPAIGN.</h2>
+
+<span class="sidedate">March, 1865.</span>
+
+<p>Hastening northward, I joined the Army of the Potomac in season to be
+an observer of Grant's last campaign. It was evident that the power of
+the Rebellion to resist was rapidly on the wane. In the West there
+were several small Rebel forces, but no large organized body. Hood's
+defeat at Nashville had paralyzed operations east of the Mississippi.
+Johnston was falling back before Sherman, without ability to check his
+advance.</p>
+
+<p>Grant had strengthened his own army. Schofield was at Wilmington,
+preparing to co-operate with Sherman. Sheridan was in the Valley, at
+Winchester,&mdash;his cavalry in excellent condition for a move. The
+cavalry arm of the service had been growing in importance. Grant had
+fostered it, and now held it in his hand, as Jove his thunderbolts.
+His letter to Sheridan, written on the 20th of February, shows how
+thoroughly he had prepared for the finishing work.</p>
+
+<p>"As soon as it is possible to travel," he writes, "I think you will
+have no difficulty about reaching Lynchburg with a cavalry force
+alone. From thence you could destroy the railroad and canal in every
+direction, so as to be of no further use to the Rebellion. Sufficient
+cavalry should be left behind to look after Mosby's gang. From
+Lynchburg, if information you might get there would justify it, you
+could strike south, heading the streams in Virginia to the westward of
+Danville, and push on and join Sherman. This additional raid, with one
+now about starting from East Tennessee, under Stoneman, numbering four
+or five thousand cavalry; one from Eastport, Mississippi, numbering
+ten thousand cavalry; Canby from Mobile Bay, numbering thirty-eight
+thousand mixed troops,&mdash;these three latter pushing for Tuscaloosa,
+Selma, and Montgomery, and Sherman with a large army eating out the
+vitals <span class="pagenum"><a id="page486" name="page486"></a>(p. 486)</span> of South Carolina, is all that will be wanted to leave
+nothing for the Rebellion to stand upon. I would advise you to
+overcome great obstacles to accomplish this. Charleston was evacuated
+on Tuesday last."</p>
+
+<p>Sheridan started on the 27th of February with two divisions of
+cavalry, numbering about ten thousand men, reached Staunton on the 2d
+of March, fell upon Early at Waynesboro', capturing sixteen hundred
+prisoners, eleven guns, seventeen battle-flags, and two hundred
+wagons; occupied Charlottesville on the 3d, destroyed the railroad,
+and burned the bridge on the Rivanna River. A rain-storm delaying his
+trains, and obliging him to wait two days, he abandoned the attempt to
+reach Sherman; then dividing his force, he sent one division towards
+Lynchburg, which broke up the railroad, while the other went down
+James River, cutting the canal. He intended to cross the James at New
+Market, move southeast to Appomattox Court-House, strike the South
+Side Railroad, tear it up, and join Grant's left flank; but a freshet
+on the James prevented the accomplishment of his purpose. He therefore
+sent scouts through the Rebel lines to Grant, to inform him of the
+difficulties he had encountered and consequent change of plan.</p>
+
+<p>"I am going to White House, and shall want supplies at that point,"
+said he. The scouts left him on the 10th at Columbia, and reached
+Grant on the 12th. Sheridan made a rapid march, passing quite near
+Richmond on the north, and raising a midnight alarm in the Rebel
+capital.</p>
+
+<p>"Couriers reported that the enemy were at the outer fortifications,
+and had burned Ben Green's house," writes a citizen of Richmond.</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Secretary Mallory and Postmaster-General Regan were in the
+saddle, and rumor says the President and the remainder of the cabinet
+had their horses saddled, in readiness for flight."<a id="footnotetag95" name="footnotetag95"></a><a href="#footnote95" title="Go to footnote 95"><span class="smaller">[95]</span></a></p>
+
+<a id="img075" name="img075"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img075.jpg" width="500" height="331" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Troops destroying a railroad.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Sheridan was not quite so near, and had no thought of attacking the
+city. He passed quietly down the north bank of the Pamunkey to the
+White House, where supplies were in waiting. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page487" name="page487"></a>(p. 487)</span> He rested his
+horses a day or two, and then moved to Petersburg.</p>
+
+<p>At daylight on the morning of the 25th of March Lee made his last
+offensive movement.</p>
+
+<p>He conceived the idea of breaking Grant's line east of Petersburg, and
+destroying his supplies at City Point. The first part he successfully
+accomplished, but the last could not have been carried out. He massed
+Gordon's and Bushrod Johnson's divisions in front of the Ninth Corps,
+for an attack upon Fort Steadman and the batteries adjoining. The fort
+was held by the Fourteenth New York Heavy Artillery. It was a square
+redoubt, covering about one acre, and mounted nine guns, and was not
+more than five hundred feet from the Rebel line. The Rebels tore away
+their own abatis, and in less than a minute were inside the fort.
+Almost the whole garrison was captured, and the guns turned upon the
+batteries.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Tidball, commanding the artillery in the Ninth Corps, quickly
+had his men at work. General Parke, commanding the Ninth, threw
+Hartranft's and Wilcox's divisions in rear of Fort Steadman. They fell
+like a thunderbolt upon Gordon's front line, taking eighteen hundred
+prisoners, forcing the enemy out of the fort, and recapturing the
+guns.</p>
+
+<p>Long and loud the huzzas which went up when the guns were wheeled once
+more upon the discomfited foe. President Lincoln saw the battle from
+the high ground near the house of Mr. Dunn. During the forenoon Gordon
+sent in a flag of truce, asking permission to bury his dead, which was
+granted. The Union loss was not far from eight hundred and thirty,
+mostly in prisoners, while Lee's exceeded three thousand.</p>
+
+<p>General Meade ordered a general attack. He thought that there must be
+a weak place in some portion of the Rebel line. The Second and Sixth
+Corps succeeded in taking the intrenched picket line, and holding it.
+Great efforts were made by Lee to regain it, but in vain. Nine hundred
+prisoners were captured during the afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>I rode to City Point in the evening, and visited Grant's
+head-quarters. General Grant was well satisfied with the results of
+the day.</p>
+
+<p>"It will tell upon the next great battle," said he. "Lee has <span class="pagenum"><a id="page488" name="page488"></a>(p. 488)</span>
+made a desperate attempt and failed. The new recruits fought like
+veterans."</p>
+
+<p>He had already issued his order for the grand movement which was to
+give the finishing blow to the Rebellion. He had been impelled to this
+by various causes, not the least of which was the unjust course
+pursued by some of the newspapers of the West, which lauded Sherman
+and his men, but sneered at the Army of the Potomac. The soldiers of
+the East had accomplished nothing, they said, and the soldiers of the
+West would have to finish the Rebellion. Sherman had fought his way
+from Chattanooga to the sea. He was driving all before him. He would
+come in on Grant's left flank and rout Lee. These taunts and inuendoes
+were keenly felt by the men who had won the fields of Gettysburg,
+Antietam, Wilderness, Spottsylvania, and who had lost eighty thousand
+of their comrades in forty days. Grant felt it. He saw the dangerous
+tendency of such jealousy. He knew what the Eastern soldiers could do;
+that they had fought with unsurpassed bravery and heroism. To avoid
+sectional animosity between the East and the West, he determined to
+strike Lee before Sherman's arrival, and accordingly issued his order
+on the 24th.</p>
+
+<p>But Sherman meanwhile visited Grant in person. I was sitting in the
+office of General Grant's Adjutant-General on the morning of the 28th
+of March, and saw President Lincoln, with Generals Grant, Sherman,
+Meade, and Sheridan, coming up the walk. Look at the men whose names
+are to have a conspicuous place in the annals of America. Lincoln,
+tall, round-shouldered, loose-jointed, large-featured, deep-eyed, with
+a smile upon his face. He is dressed in black, and wears a fashionable
+silk hat. Grant is at Lincoln's right, shorter, stouter, more compact;
+wears a military hat with a stiff, broad brim, has his hands in his
+pantaloons' pockets, and is puffing away at a cigar while listening to
+Sherman. Sherman, tall, with high, commanding forehead, is almost as
+loosely built as Lincoln; has sandy whiskers, closely cropped, and
+sharp, twinkling eyes, long arms and legs, shabby coat, slouch hat,
+his pants tucked into his boots. He is talking hurriedly,
+gesticulating now to Lincoln, now to Grant, his eyes wandering
+everywhere. Meade, also tall, with thin, sharp features, a gray
+beard, and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page489" name="page489"></a>(p. 489)</span> spectacles, is a little stooping in his gait.
+Sheridan, the shortest of all, quick and energetic in all his
+movements, with a face bronzed by sun and wind; courteous, affable, a
+thorough soldier. I had not met him for many months, but he at once
+remembered me, and spoke of Pittsburg Landing, where I first made his
+acquaintance. The plan of the Lieutenant-General was then made known
+to his subordinates, and each departed during the day, to carry into
+execution the respective parts assigned them.</p>
+
+<p>Grant's line was nearly forty miles long, extending from the north
+side of the James to Hatcher's Run. General Ord, who had succeeded
+Butler in command of the Army of the James, left Weitzel to maintain
+the position north of James River, and moved with two divisions of the
+Twenty-Fourth Corps under Gibbon, and one of the Twenty-Fifth under
+Birney, with a division of cavalry under McKenzie, to Hatcher's Run,
+arriving there on the morning of the 29th.</p>
+
+<p>On the afternoon of the 28th Sheridan started with Crook's and
+Merritt's divisions of cavalry for Dinwiddie Court-House, while Warren
+with the Fifth Corps crossed Hatcher's Run, and marched towards the
+same point.</p>
+
+<p>"We have four days' rations in our haversacks, and twelve days' in our
+wagons," said Colonel Batchelder, Quartermaster-in-chief of the Army
+of the Potomac.</p>
+
+<p>Lee discovered the movement, and during the evening of the 29th made a
+diversion against the Ninth Corps. Precisely at ten o'clock there was
+a signal-gun, a yell, a volley of musketry as the Rebels attacked
+Parke's picket-line. Then came the roar of the cannonade. The Ninth
+Corps was prepared. Through the afternoon there had been suspicious
+movements along the Rebel lines, and Parke was on the watch. It was
+surmised that Lee would endeavor to compel Grant to recall the Fifth
+and Second Corps. Parke strengthened his picket-line, and brought up
+his reserve artillery, to be ready in case of emergency. In three
+minutes nearly two hundred guns and mortars were in play. The night
+was dark, the wind south, and rain falling, but the battle increased
+in intensity. I stood upon the hill in rear of the Ninth Corps, and
+witnessed the display. Thirty shells were in the air at the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page490" name="page490"></a>(p. 490)</span>
+same instant. The horizon was bright with fiery arches, crossing each
+other at all angles, cut horizontally by streams of fire from rifled
+cannon. Beneath the arches thousands of muskets were flashing. It
+surpassed in sublimity anything I had witnessed during the war. The
+slightly wounded in the hospitals of the Ninth Corps who could walk
+went out with me to see the fight.</p>
+
+<p>"I wish I was down there with the boys," said one who the day before
+had received a bullet through his right hand.</p>
+
+<p>After two hours of terrific cannonade the uproar ceased, Lee having
+found that Grant's lines were as strong as ever. The demonstration
+cost him several hundred soldiers. I talked with one of the wounded
+Rebels.</p>
+
+<p>"You can't subdue us even if you take Richmond," said he; "we'll fight
+it out in the mountains."</p>
+
+<p>"Undoubtedly you feel like fighting it out, but you may think better
+of it one of these days."</p>
+
+<p>A delegate of the Christian Commission sat down to write a letter for
+him to his wife, to be sent by a flag of truce.</p>
+
+<p>"Tell her," said he, "that I am kindly treated."</p>
+
+<p>His voice choked and tears rolled down his cheeks. A nurse stood over
+him bathing his wounds to cool the fever, combing his hair, and
+anticipating all his wants. I recalled the words of a citizen of
+Savannah, who said, "I went to the stockade when your prisoners were
+brought down from Millen, with a basket of oranges to give to the sick
+and dying, but was told by the officer in command that his orders were
+imperative to allow no one to give anything to the prisoners."</p>
+
+<p>Observe the contrast. Here were good beds, nourishing food, delicacies
+from the stores of the Christian and Sanitary Commissions, and kind
+attention. There see a crowd of wretches in rags, exposed to the
+winds, the rains, the broiling heat or the biting cold, eating
+corn-meal and water, and meat alive with maggots,&mdash;stinted till
+starved, held captive till hope died, till the mind wandered, and the
+victims became drivelling imbeciles or walking skeletons, and greeted
+death as a welcome release from the horrors of their prison-pen. But I
+have adverted to this before; still commentary is ever provoked.</p>
+
+<p>Hatcher's Run, an affluent of Rowanty Creek, has a general <span class="pagenum"><a id="page491" name="page491"></a>(p. 491)</span>
+southeast course. It is crossed by three main highways, which lead out
+of Petersburg towards the southwest,&mdash;the Vaughn road farthest east,
+Squirrel Level road next, and last the Boydtown plank-road. The
+Squirrel Level road forks seven miles out, one fork running to the
+Vaughn road and the other to the plank-road. It is nine miles from
+Petersburg to the toll gate on the plank-road, which is situated a few
+rods south of the run. The stream above this crossing of the
+plank-road tends west and southwest, so that if a fisherman with his
+rod and fly were to start at the head-waters of the creek he would
+travel northeast, then east, then at the bridge on the plank-road
+southeast, and after reaching the Vaughn road, south.</p>
+
+<p>Were we to stand upon the bridge where the plank-road crosses the
+stream, and look northeast, we would obtain a view of the inside of
+the Rebel lines. The bridge was in Lee's possession, also the
+toll-gate on the south side, also a portion of the White Oak road,
+which branches from the plank road, near the toll-gate, and leads
+west, midway between the run and the plank-road.</p>
+
+<p>The country is densely wooded, mostly with pine, with occasional
+clearings. Several steam saw-mills have been erected in this vicinity,
+which cut timber for the Petersburg market. The plank-road leads to
+Dinwiddie Court-House, which is fifteen miles from Petersburg. Just
+beyond the Court-House is Stony Creek, which has a southeast course,
+with a branch called Chamberlain's Bed, coming down from the north,
+having its rise in a swamp near the head of Hatcher's Run.</p>
+
+<p>Now to understand the direction of the Rebel line of fortifications,
+let us in imagination start from Petersburg and walk down the
+plank-road. We face southwest, and walk in rear of fort after fort
+nine miles to Hatcher's Run, where a strong work has been erected on
+the north bank of the stream. We cross the bridge and find another on
+the south bank near the toll-house and Burgess's tavern. Here we leave
+the plank-road, and turning west walk along the White Oak road with
+Hatcher's Run north of us a mile distant. Four miles from the town we
+come to "Five Forks," where five roads meet, midway the head of
+Chamberlain's Bed and Hatcher's Run. This is an important point,&mdash;the
+key of Petersburg,&mdash;which, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page492" name="page492"></a>(p. 492)</span> although so far away from the
+town, and apparently of no importance, is in reality the most vital
+point of all. There is no stream immediately behind or before it, but
+a mile south is the swamp of Chamberlain's Run; a mile north the low
+lands of Hatcher's Run, but here firm, hard ground. If Grant can break
+through this gateway he can tear up the rails of the South Side road,
+have unobstructed passage to the Danville road, and Richmond and
+Petersburg are his. It is six miles from the Forks, north, to the
+railroad, but that is the best place for Lee to fight, and there he
+establishes a strong line of works.</p>
+
+<p>Grant's movement was that of fishermen stretching a seine. He kept one
+end of the net firmly fastened to the bank of the Appomattox, while
+Sheridan drew the other past Dinwiddie Court-House to Five Forks, with
+the intention of reaching the railroad west of Petersburg, to enclose,
+if possible, Lee's entire army. Such the plan,&mdash;noble in conception,
+grand in execution.</p>
+
+<p>Sheridan had started to cut the South Side road at Burkesville, but
+Grant, upon deliberation, decided to strike nearer.</p>
+
+<p>"I feel like ending the matter, if it is possible to do so, before
+going back," wrote Grant, from Gravelly Run,&mdash;three miles west of
+Hatcher's Run. "I do not want you to cut loose and go after the
+enemy's roads at present. In the morning push round the enemy if you
+can, and get on to his right rear."</p>
+
+<p>The rain which commenced falling at midnight on the 29th continued
+through the 30th and the forenoon of the 31st, but Sheridan kept in
+motion, reached Dinwiddie at five o'clock on the 29th, where he
+bivouacked.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of the 30th he came in contact with the Rebels a mile
+beyond the Court-House, posted on the west bank of Chamberlain's Run.</p>
+
+<p>W. H. F. Lee's cavalry held the right of the Rebel line, with
+Pickett's division of infantry on the left. During the forenoon
+Bushrod Johnson's division of infantry came down from Five Forks and
+formed on Pickett's left.</p>
+
+<p>Sheridan reconnoitred the position during the forenoon, and began the
+attack about two P. M., but the ground was marshy, and his horses
+could not be used. Johnson's and Pickett's <span class="pagenum"><a id="page493" name="page493"></a>(p. 493)</span> divisions, and
+Wise's brigade, which also had arrived, crossed the run about half
+past two. The fight was severe. Sheridan dismounted his men, deployed
+them as infantry, and contested the ground, falling back on Dinwiddie
+Court-House, where the battle ended at eight o'clock in the evening.</p>
+
+<p>Meade ordered McKenzie's division of cavalry to hasten to the
+assistance of Sheridan, and at five o'clock directed Warren to push a
+small force down the White Oak road to communicate with that officer,
+and Bartlett's brigade was sent. During the night Warren's whole force
+moved towards Dinwiddie to attack Pickett and Johnson in the rear, and
+at daylight was ready for the assault; but the Rebels had decamped,
+and were once more in position at Five Forks.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of the 1st of April, Sheridan, having command of the
+Fifth Corps, as well as the cavalry, moved cautiously towards Five
+Forks. The forenoon was passed in reconnoitring the position, which
+was defended by the whole of Pickett's division, Wise's independent
+brigade of infantry, Fitz Hugh Lee's, W. H. Lee's, and Ross's
+divisions of cavalry, and Johnson's division of infantry.</p>
+
+<p>Sheridan's order was to form the whole corps before advancing, so that
+all the troops should move simultaneously.</p>
+
+<span class="sidedate">April, 1865.</span>
+
+<p>Following the Fifth Corps, we came to the Gravelly Run church, which
+is about one and a half miles southeast of Five Forks. A quarter of a
+mile northwest of the church is the house of Mr. Bass, a landmark for
+the future historian, for there Sheridan's line turned a right angle.
+Ayers's division of the Fifth marching past the church, wheeled on the
+north side of the house and faced west. Crawford's division passed on,
+and came into line north of Ayers's, while Griffin's stood in reserve
+on the White Oak road, in rear of Ayers's. McKenzie's cavalry, which
+had been some time on the ground, deflected to the right and held the
+ground to Hatcher's Run, which here has a course due east. McKenzie,
+Crawford, Ayers, and Griffin therefore faced west. Taking the other
+leg of the angle, we find Stagg's division of cavalry nearest the
+house of Mr. Bass, then Gibbs's and Fitzhugh's, Pennington's and
+Wells's, all facing north, and on the extreme left, Coppinger's facing
+northeast. Fitzhugh's division was directly south of Five <span class="pagenum"><a id="page494" name="page494"></a>(p. 494)</span>
+Forks. This powerful body of cavalry was all under the command of
+Major-General Merritt.</p>
+
+<p>The woods were dense, with here and there an opening.</p>
+
+<p>"Keep the sun shining over your left shoulders," was Warren's order to
+his troops. The length of his front was about one thousand yards, and
+his divisions were in three lines,&mdash;numbering about twelve thousand.
+While the troops were forming he drew a sketch of the enemy's position
+for each division commander, and instructed them to explain it to each
+brigade commander, that there might be no mistake in the movement.</p>
+
+<p>The cavalry, through the afternoon, while Warren was getting into
+position, kept up a skirmish fire.</p>
+
+<p>Sheridan was impatient. The sun was going down and he must attack at
+once or retire. He could not think of doing the latter, as it would
+give Pickett and Johnson time to make their intrenchments exceedingly
+strong. He ordered Merritt to make a demonstration. That officer
+advanced Wells and Coppinger against Johnson's extreme right.</p>
+
+<p>"I am going to strike their left flank with the Fifth Corps, and when
+you hear the musketry, assault all along the line," were his
+instructions to Merritt.</p>
+
+<p>The Fifth advanced in excellent order, sweeping round Pickett's left
+flank, and falling on his rear. For a half-hour there was a heavy
+fire, but the woods being dense the loss was not very great. When the
+order to charge bayonet was given, the men rushed forward, leaped over
+the intrenchments, and captured Pickett's front line. Pickett formed a
+new line, which he endeavored to hold against the Fifth. Warren
+ordered Crawford to take them once more in flank, and sent one of
+McKenzie's brigades to aid him. Ayers's and Griffin's divisions had
+become disorganized by the success, but reforming they advanced along
+the White Oak road, but were checked by Pickett's new line. Officers
+were urging the men forward, but there was faltering. Warren,
+accompanied by Captain Benvaud, rode to the front, and called upon his
+officers to follow his example. Quick the response. Officers of all
+ranks, from generals to subalterns and the color-bearers, sprang
+forward. In an instant the line rallied, and with fixed bayonets
+leaped <span class="pagenum"><a id="page495" name="page495"></a>(p. 495)</span> upon the enemy and captured the whole force opposing
+them. Warren's horse fell, fatally shot, and an orderly by his side
+was killed, within a few paces of the intrenchment. When Merritt heard
+the roll of musketry he ordered the attack. His cavalrymen rode
+fearlessly through the woods, dashed up to the intrenchments, leaped
+over them and carried the entire line along his front in the first
+grand charge.</p>
+
+<p>"The enemy," says Sheridan, "were driven from their strong line of
+works, completely routed; the Fifth Corps doubling up their left flank
+in confusion, and the cavalry of General Merritt dashing on to the
+White Oak road, capturing their artillery, turning it upon them, and
+riding into their broken ranks, so demoralized them that they made no
+serious stand after their line was carried, but took flight in
+disorder."<a id="footnotetag96" name="footnotetag96"></a><a href="#footnote96" title="Go to footnote 96"><span class="smaller">[96]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>It was now nearly dark, but Merritt and McKenzie followed the enemy,
+who threw away their guns and knapsacks, and sought safety in flight,
+or finding themselves hard pressed, surrendered.</p>
+
+<p>Between five and six thousand prisoners and eighteen pieces of
+artillery were captured. The way was open to the South Side Railroad.
+Grant determined to turn the success to quick account. "Attack along
+the whole line," was his message to the corps commanders.</p>
+
+<p>At ten o'clock Saturday evening the cannonade began. All the batteries
+joined, all the forts, the gunboats in the Appomattox, the batteries
+west of Bermuda Hundred, and the monitors by the Howlet House. There
+was a continual succession of flashes and an unbroken roll of thunder.
+The Rebels had no peace during the night.</p>
+
+<p>"Send up the provost brigade," was Grant's despatch sent to City
+Point. The Sixty-First Massachusetts, One Hundred and Fourteenth New
+York, and other regiments, and Sheridan's dismounted cavalry, were out
+at daybreak and on the march.</p>
+
+<p>"Send up the marines to guard the prisoners," was his second despatch,
+and the blue-jackets from the gunboats, with carbines, were sent
+ashore. The time had come for the mustering <span class="pagenum"><a id="page496" name="page496"></a>(p. 496)</span> of every
+available man. The sailors took cars at City Point, and sang all the
+way to Hatcher's Run, as if they were having a lark.</p>
+
+<p>Lee was in trouble. He sent a message to Longstreet, who was north of
+the James, to hurry to Petersburg. Longstreet put Ewell in command and
+hastened across the James, with Fields's division. Lee had three
+bridges, besides those in Richmond,&mdash;one at Warwick's, another at
+Knight's farm, and the third at Chaffin's Bluff. Longstreet, Lee's
+ablest general, stout, robust, with heavy black whiskers, with his
+staff, galloped across the middle bridge toward Petersburg, leaving
+his troops to follow.</p>
+
+<p>The Richmond bells were ringing, not the p�an of victory, as after
+some of their successful battles, but for the assembling of the
+militia to man the fortifications from which Longstreet's troops were
+retiring.</p>
+
+<p class="poem15">
+<span class="add4em">"The beat of the alarming drum</span><br>
+<span class="add1em">Roused up the soldier ere the morning star,</span><br>
+<span class="add1em">While thronged the citizens with terror dumb,</span><br>
+  Or whispering, with white lips, 'The foe! They come! they come!'"</p>
+
+<p>Let us look at Lee's lines at midnight, Saturday, April 1st. Johnson,
+Pickett, Wise, and W. H. F. Lee's cavalry are fleeing towards the
+Appomattox, beyond Hatcher's Run; A. P. Hill is holding the line east
+of the Run; Gordon occupies the fortifications from the Jerusalem road
+to the Appomattox; Longstreet is hastening down from Richmond; Ewell
+is north of the James, and the citizens of Richmond are jumping from
+their beds to shoulder muskets for service in the trenches. Lee has
+not yet decided to evacuate Petersburg. He will wait and see what a
+day may bring forth.</p>
+
+<p>He had not long to wait. Parke, commanding the Ninth Corps, during the
+night, prepared to assault. It was precisely four o'clock when the
+divisions leaped from their intrenchments, and with bayonets fixed,
+without firing a gun, tore away the abatis in front of the forts,
+swarmed over the embankments, crawled into the embrasures, and climbed
+the parapet. It was the work of five minutes only, but four forts,
+mounting between twenty and thirty guns, were taken, with seven
+hundred prisoners.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page497" name="page497"></a>(p. 497)</span> Grant began early on Sunday morning to draw the farther end
+of the net toward Petersburg. Sheridan, with the cavalry and two
+divisions of the Fifth, moved upon Sutherland's Station on the South
+Side Railroad, eleven miles from Petersburg. Grant sent him Miles's
+division of the Second Corps. Wright and Ord, east of the run, at nine
+o'clock assaulted the works in their front, and after a severe
+struggle carried them, capturing all the guns and several thousand
+prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>Humphrey, who was west of the run, now was able to leave his position
+and join Wright and Ord. By noon we see the net drawn close. Sheridan
+at Sutherland's, with the Fifth Corps, then Humphrey, Ord, and Wright;
+all swinging towards the city, taking fort after fort and contracting
+the lines.</p>
+
+<p>In the morning I watched the movements on the left, but as the line
+advanced, hastened east in season to see the last attack on Forts
+Mahone and Gregg, the two Rebel strongholds south of the town. These
+forts were in rear of the main Rebel line, on higher ground.</p>
+
+<p>The troops, in columns of brigades, moved steadily over the field,
+drove in the Rebel pickets, received the fire of the batteries without
+breaking, leaped over the breastworks with a huzza, which rang shrill
+and clear above the cannonade. Mahone was an embrasured battery of
+three guns; Gregg, a strong fort with sally-ports, embrasures for six
+guns, and surrounded by a deep ditch. Mahone was carried with a rush,
+the men mounting the escarpment and jumping into it, regardless of the
+fire poured upon them by the Rebels.</p>
+
+<p>There was a long struggle for the possession of Gregg. Heth and Wilcox
+were there, animating the garrison. The attacking columns moved in
+excellent order over the field swept by the guns of the fort, and even
+received the canister without staggering. The fort was enveloped in
+smoke, showing that the defence was heroic, as well as the assault.</p>
+
+<p>The lines move on. The soldiers spring into the ditch and climb the
+embankment. The foremost, as they reach the top, roll back upon their
+comrades. They are lost from sight in smoke and flame; but from the
+cloud there comes a hurrah, and the old flag waves in the sunlight
+above the stronghold which, through all the weary months, has
+thundered defiance.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page498" name="page498"></a>(p. 498)</span> Lee's line was broken at the centre, and Petersburg was no
+longer tenable.</p>
+
+<p>It was inspiriting to stand there, and watch the tide of victory
+rolling up the hill. With that Sunday's sun the hopes of the Rebels
+set, never to rise again. The C. S. A.,&mdash;the Confederate Slave
+Argosy,&mdash;freighted with blood and groans and tears, the death's-head
+and cross-bones at her masthead, hailed as a rightful belligerent,
+furnished with guns, ammunition, and all needful supplies by
+sympathetic England and France, was a shattered, helpless wreck.</p>
+
+<a id="img076" name="img076"></a>
+<div class="p4 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img076.jpg" width="500" height="303" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Fire ambulance.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page499" name="page499"></a>(p. 499)</span> CHAPTER XXXI.<br>
+
+RICHMOND</h2>
+
+<span class="sidedate">April, 1865.</span>
+
+<p>There was no longer the semblance of a Confederacy. Jeff Davis and
+Breckenridge were fugitives, without country or home. The Rebel army
+was flying. Richmond was in flames. The Rebellion had gone down in a
+night,&mdash;in darkness as it originated, and as it ought to die.</p>
+
+<p>At three o'clock, Monday morning, an explosion took place which shook
+Richmond to its foundations, and made even the beds in the hospital at
+City Point heave as if by an earthquake. It was occasioned by the
+blowing up of the Rebel ironclads. Semmes was again without a command,
+for the Rebel navy was no more. If not swept from the ocean by Union
+cruisers, as the Alabama was by the Kearsarge, it was crushed by the
+ponderous blows of Grant and his victorious legions, as the result of
+his successes in the field. The shock roused the army from slumber.
+The hosts surrounding Petersburg needed no other reveille. The
+soldiers were on their feet in an instant, and General Wilcox
+(commanding the first division of the Ninth Corps) accepted it as a
+signal to advance. He was lying east of the city, his right resting on
+the Appomattox. His men sprang forward, but found only deserted works.
+The last body of Rebels&mdash;the lingerers who were remaining to plunder
+the people of Petersburg&mdash;took to their heels, and the division
+entered the town without opposition.</p>
+
+<p>The entire army was in motion. Engineers hurried up with pontoons,
+strung them across the Appomattox, and Grant began the pursuit. I
+entered the town soon after sunrise, and found troops pouring in from
+all quarters, cheering, swinging their caps, helping themselves to
+tobacco, rushing upon the double-quick, eager to overtake Lee.</p>
+
+<p>The colored population thronged the streets, swinging their old hats,
+bowing low, and shouting "Glory!" "Bless de Lord!" <span class="pagenum"><a id="page500" name="page500"></a>(p. 500)</span> "I's been
+a praying for dis yere to happen, but didn't 'spect it quite so soon."
+"It is ges like a clap of thunder," said an old negro.</p>
+
+<p>"I's glad to see you. I'm been trying and wishing and praying dat de
+Lord would help me get to de Yankees, and now dey has come into dis
+yere city," said another. The citizens of the place, also, were in the
+streets, amazed and confounded at what had happened. Provost General
+Macy, of Massachusetts, established a guard to prevent depredations
+and to save the army from demoralization. The Rebels, before
+retreating, destroyed their commissary stores and set all the tobacco
+warehouses on fire. I took a hurried survey of the Rebel works in
+front of Fort Steadman, and found them very strong. The ground was
+honeycombed by the shells which had been thrown from the mortars of
+the Ninth Corps.</p>
+
+<p>General Grant was early in the town, cool, calm, and evidently well
+pleased with the aspect of affairs; and President Lincoln, who was at
+City Point, visited Petersburg during the day. He went up in a special
+car. The soldiers at Meade Station caught a sight of him, and cheered
+most heartily. He acknowledged the enthusiasm and devotion of the
+soldiers by bowing and thanking them for the glorious achievement of
+their arms. On Friday he looked care-worn, but the great victory had
+smoothed the deep wrinkles on his brow.</p>
+
+<p>Reaching City Point at noon, I was soon in the saddle, galloping
+towards Richmond; crossing the Appomattox at Broadway, riding to
+Varina, crossing the James on the pontoons, and approaching the city
+by the New Market road, overtaking a division of the Twenty-Fifth
+Corps on the outskirts of the city. It was a hard, exhausting ride.
+Two miles out from the city my horse fell, and I found myself turning
+a summersault into the ditch; without broken bones, however, but I was
+obliged to moderate my speed for the remainder of the distance.</p>
+
+<p>Before entering upon the narrative of my own observations, let us take
+a look at events transpiring in the city on Sunday.</p>
+
+<p>"We are," said the <i>Sentinel</i> of Saturday evening, "very hopeful of
+the campaign which is opening, and trust that we are to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page501" name="page501"></a>(p. 501)</span> reap
+a large advantage from the operations evidently near at hand.... We
+have only to resolve that we never will surrender, and it will be
+impossible that we shall ever be taken."</p>
+
+<p>"My line is broken in three places, and Richmond must be evacuated,"
+was Lee's despatch to Jeff Davis. The messenger found him in Rev. Dr.
+Minnegerode's church. He read the despatch, hurried to the Executive
+Mansion, passed up the winding stairway to his business apartment, sat
+down by a small table, wrote an order for the removal of the coin in
+the banks to Danville, for the burning of the public documents, and
+for the evacuation of the city. Mrs. Davis had left the city several
+days previous.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. Dr. Minnegerode, before closing the forenoon service, gave notice
+that General Ewell desired the local forces to assemble at 3 P. M.
+There was no evening service. Ministers and congregations were
+otherwise employed. Rev. Mr. Hoge, a fierce advocate for slavery as a
+beneficent institution, packed his carpet-bag. Rev. Mr. Duncan was
+moved to do likewise. Mr. Lumpkin, who for many years had kept a
+slave-trader's jail, had a work of necessity on this Lord's day,&mdash;the
+temporal salvation of fifty men, women, and children! He made up his
+coffle in the jail-yard, within pistol-shot of Jeff Davis's parlor
+window, and a stone's throw from the Monumental Church. The poor
+creatures were hurried to the Danville depot. This sad and weeping
+fifty, in handcuffs and chains, was the last slave coffle that shall
+tread the soil of America.</p>
+
+<p>Slavery being the corner-stone of the Confederacy, it was fitting that
+this gang, keeping step to the music of their clanking chains, should
+accompany Jeff Davis, his secretaries Benjamin and Trenholm, and the
+Reverend Messrs. Hoge and Duncan, in their flight. The whole Rebel
+government was on the move, and all Richmond desired to be. No
+thoughts now of taking Washington, or of the flag of the Confederacy
+flaunting in the breeze from the dome of the national Capitol!
+Hundreds of officials were at the depot, waiting to get away from the
+doomed city. Public documents, the archives of the Confederacy, were
+hastily gathered up, tumbled into boxes and barrels, and taken to the
+trains, or carried into the streets and set on fire. Coaches,
+carriages, wagons, carts, wheelbarrows, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page502" name="page502"></a>(p. 502)</span> everything in the
+shape of a vehicle, was pressed into use. There was a jumble of boxes,
+chests, trunks, valises, carpet-bags,&mdash;a crowd of excited men sweating
+as never before: women with dishevelled hair, unmindful of their
+wardrobes, wringing their hands, children crying in the crowd,
+sentinels guarding each entrance to the train, pushing back at the
+point of the bayonet the panic-stricken multitude, giving precedence
+to Davis and the high officials, and informing Mr. Lumpkin that his
+niggers could not be taken. O, what a loss was there! It would have
+been fifty thousand dollars out of somebody's pocket in 1861, and
+millions now of Confederate promises to pay, which the hurrying
+multitude and that chained slave gang were treading under
+foot,&mdash;trampling the bonds of the Confederate States of America in the
+mire, as they marched to the station; for the oozy streets were as
+thickly strewn with four per cents, six per cents, eight per cents, as
+forest streams with autumn leaves.</p>
+
+<p>"The faith of the Confederate States is pledged to provide and
+establish sufficient revenues for the regular payment of the interest,
+and for the redemption of the principal," read the bonds; but there
+was a sudden eclipse of faith, a collapse of confidence, a shrivelling
+up like a parched scroll of the entire Confederacy, which was a base
+counterfeit of the American Union it sought to overturn and supplant,
+now an exploded concern, and wound up by Grant's orders, its bonds,
+notes, and certificates of indebtedness worth less than the paper on
+which they were printed.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after dark the commissaries, having loaded all the army wagons
+with supplies, began the destruction of what they could not carry
+away. In the medical purveyor's department were several hundred
+barrels of whiskey, which were rolled into the street and stove in by
+soldiers with axes. As the liquor ran down the gutter, officers and
+soldiers filled their flasks and canteens, while those who had no
+canteen threw themselves upon the ground and drank from the fiery
+stream. The rabble with pitchers, basins, dipped it up and drank as if
+it were the wine of life. The liquor soon began to show its effects.
+The crowd became a mob, and rushed upon the stores and government
+warehouses. The soldiers on guard at first kept <span class="pagenum"><a id="page503" name="page503"></a>(p. 503)</span> them at bay,
+but as the darkness deepened the whiskey-maddened crowd became more
+furious. By midnight there was a grand saturnalia. The flour in the
+government stores was seized. Men were seen rolling hogsheads of bacon
+through the streets. Women filled their aprons with meal, their arms
+with candles. Later in the night the floating <i>d�bris</i> of the army
+reached the city,&mdash;the teamsters, servants, ambulance-drivers, with
+stragglers from the ranks, who pillaged the stores. First attacking
+the clothing, boot, and hat stores, then the jewellers' shops and the
+saloons, and lastly the dry-goods establishments. Costly panes of
+glass were shivered by the butts of their muskets, and the reckless
+crowd poured in to seize whatever for the moment pleased their fancy,
+to be thrown aside the next instant for something more attractive.</p>
+
+<p>"As I passed the old market-house," writes a Rebel soldier, "I met a
+tall fellow with both arms full of sticks of candy, dropping part of
+his sweet burden at every step."</p>
+
+<p>"Stranger," said he, "have you got a sweet tooth?"</p>
+
+<p>"I told him that I did not object to candy."</p>
+
+<p>"Then go up to Antoni's and get your belly full, and all for nothing."</p>
+
+<p>"A citizen passed me with an armful of hats and caps. 'It is every man
+for himself and the Devil for us all to-night,' he said, as he rushed
+past me."<a id="footnotetag97" name="footnotetag97"></a><a href="#footnote97" title="Go to footnote 97"><span class="smaller">[97]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>The train which bore Jeff Davis from the city left at eight o'clock in
+the evening. He took his horses and coach on board for a flight across
+the country, in case Sheridan stopped the cars. He was greatly
+depressed in spirits, and his countenance was haggard and care-worn.
+At the station there was a crowd of men who had fawned upon
+him,&mdash;office-holders, legislators, and public-spirited citizens who
+had made great sacrifices for the Rebellion,&mdash;who, now that they
+wished to obtain standing room upon the train, found themselves rudely
+thrust aside by the orders of the President. They were of no more
+account than the rest of the excited populace that knew Davis but to
+execrate him.</p>
+
+<p>In the Sabbath evening twilight, the train, with the fugitive
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page504" name="page504"></a>(p. 504)</span> government, its stolen bullion, and its Doctors of Divinity
+on board, moved out from the city.</p>
+
+<p>At the same hour the Governor of Virginia, William Smith, and the
+Legislature, embarked in a canal-boat, on the James River and Kanawha
+Canal, for Lynchburg. On all the roads were men, women, and children,
+in carriages of every description, with multitudes on horseback and on
+foot, flying from the Rebel capital. Men who could not get away were
+secretly at work, during those night-hours, burying plate and money in
+gardens; ladies secreted their jewels, barred and bolted their doors,
+and passed a sleepless night, fearful of the morrow, which would bring
+in the despised "Vandal horde of Yankee ruffians"; for such were the
+epithets they had persistently applied to the soldiers of the Union
+throughout the war.</p>
+
+<p>But the government was not quite through with its operations in
+Richmond. General Ewell remained till daylight on Monday morning to
+clear up things,&mdash;not to burn public archives in order to destroy
+evidence of Confederate villany, but to add to the crime already
+committed another so atrocious that the stanchest friends of the
+Confederacy recoiled with horror even from its contemplation.</p>
+
+<p>It was past midnight when the Mayor learned that Ewell had issued
+orders for firing the government buildings and the tobacco warehouses.
+He sent a deputation of prominent citizens to remonstrate. They were
+referred to Major Melton, who was to apply the torch.</p>
+
+<p>"It is a cowardly pretext on the part of the citizens, trumped up to
+save their property for the Yankees," said he.</p>
+
+<p>The committee endeavored to dissuade him from the act.</p>
+
+<p>"I shall execute my orders," said he.</p>
+
+<p>They went to General Ewell, who with an oath informed them that the
+torch would be applied at daylight. Breckenridge was there, who said
+that it would be a disgrace to the Confederate government to endanger
+the destruction of the entire city. He was Secretary of War, and could
+have countermanded the order. Will not history hold him accountable?</p>
+
+<p>To prevent the United States from obtaining possession of a few
+thousand hogsheads of tobacco, a thousand houses were destroyed by
+fire, the heart of the city burnt out,&mdash;all of the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page505" name="page505"></a>(p. 505)</span> business
+portion, all the banks and insurance-offices, half of the newspapers,
+with mills, depots, bridges, founderies, workshops, dwellings,
+churches,&mdash;thirty squares in all, swept clean by the devouring flames.
+It was the final work of the Confederate government. Inaugurated in
+heat and passion, carried on by hate and prejudice, its end was but in
+keeping with its career,&mdash;the total disregard of the rights of person
+and property.</p>
+
+<p>In the outskirts of the city, on the Mechanicsville road, was the
+almshouse, filled with the lame, the blind, the halt, poor, sick,
+bed-ridden creatures. Ten rods distant was a magazine containing
+fifteen or twenty kegs of powder, which might have been rolled into
+the creek near at hand, and was of little value to a victorious army
+with full supplies of ammunition; but the order of Jeff Davis to blow
+up the magazines was peremptory and must be executed.</p>
+
+<p>"We give you fifteen minutes to get out of the way," was the sole
+notice to that crowd of helpless beings lying in their cots, at three
+o'clock in the morning. Men and women begged for mercy; but their
+cries were in vain. The officer in charge of the matter was
+inexorable. Clotheless and shoeless, the inmates ran in terror from
+the spot to seek shelter in the ravines; but those who could not run
+while the train to fire it was being laid, rent the air with shrieks
+of agony. The match was applied at the time. The concussion crushed in
+the broad side of the house as if it had been pasteboard. Windows flew
+into flinders. Bricks, stones, timbers, beams, and boards were whirled
+through the air. Trees were twisted off like withes in the hands of a
+giant. The city was wrenched and rocked as by a volcanic convulsion.
+The dozen poor wretches whose infirmities prevented their leaving the
+house wore horribly mangled; and when the fugitives who had sought
+shelter in the fields returned to the ruins they found only the
+bruised and blackened remains of their fellow-inmates.</p>
+
+<p>Let us take a parting glance at the Rebel army as it leaves the city.</p>
+
+<p>The day is brightening in the east. The long line of baggage-wagons
+and the artillery has been rumbling over the bridges all night. The
+railroad trains have been busy in conveying <span class="pagenum"><a id="page506" name="page506"></a>(p. 506)</span> the persons and
+property of both the government and the people; but the last has
+departed, and still a disappointed crowd is left at the depot. The
+roads leading west are filled with fugitives in all sorts of vehicles,
+and on horseback and on foot.</p>
+
+<p>Men are rolling barrels of tar and turpentine upon the bridges. Guards
+stand upon the Manchester side to prevent the return of any soldier
+belonging to Richmond. Custis Lee's division has crossed, and
+Kershaw's division, mainly of South Carolinians, follows. The troops
+march silently; they are depressed in spirit. The rabble of Manchester
+have found out what fine times their friends in Richmond are having,
+and old women and girls are streaming across the bridges laden with
+plunder,&mdash;webs of cloth, blankets, overcoats, and food from the
+government storehouses. The war-worn soldiers, ragged and barefoot,
+behold it, and utter curses against the Confederate government for
+having deprived them of clothing and food.</p>
+
+<p>General Ewell crosses the bridge, riding an iron-gray horse. He wears
+an old faded cloak and slouch hat. He is brutal and profane, mingling
+oaths with his orders. Following him is John Cabel Breckenridge, the
+long, black, glossy hair of other days changed to gray, his high,
+broad forehead wrinkled and furrowed. He is in plain black, with a
+talma thrown over his shoulders. He talks with Ewell, and gazes upon
+the scene. Suddenly a broad flash of light leaps up beyond the city,
+accompanied with a dull, heavy roar, and he sees the air filled with
+flying timbers of the hospital, whose inmates, almost without warning,
+and without cause or crime, are blown into eternity.</p>
+
+<p>The last division has crossed the river. The sun is up. A match is
+touched to the turpentine spread along the timbers, and the bridges
+are in flames; also the tobacco warehouses, the flouring-mills, the
+arsenals, and laboratory. The Rebel troops behold the conflagration as
+they wind along the roads and through the green fields towards the
+southwest, and memory brings back the scenes of their earlier
+rejoicing. It is the 2d of April, four years lacking two weeks since
+the drunken carousal over the passage of the ordinance of Secession.</p>
+
+<a id="img077" name="img077"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img077.jpg" width="500" height="279" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Ruins of Richmond.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It was a little past four o'clock when Major A. H. Stevens of the
+Fourth Massachusetts cavalry, and Provost Marshal of <span class="pagenum"><a id="page507" name="page507"></a>(p. 507)</span> the
+Twenty-Fifth Army Corps, with detachments from companies E and H,
+started upon a reconnoissance of the enemy's intrenchments. He found
+them evacuated and the guns spiked. A deserter piloted the detachment
+safely over the torpedoes which had been planted in front of them. A
+mile and a half out from the city, Major Stevens met a barouche and
+five men mounted bearing a white flag. The party consisted of the
+Mayor, Judge Meredith of the Confederate States Court, and other
+gentlemen, who tendered the surrender of the city. He went into the
+city and was received with joy by the colored people, who shouted
+their thanks to the Lord that the Yankees had come. He proceeded to
+the Capitol, ascended the roof, pulled down the State flag which was
+flying, and raised the guidons of the two companies upon the building.</p>
+
+<p>The flames were spreading, and the people, horror-struck and stupefied
+by the events of the night, were powerless to arrest them. On, on,
+from dwelling to warehouse, from store to hotel, from hotel to banks,
+to the newspaper offices, to churches, all along Main Street from near
+the Spottswood Hotel to the eastern end of the town; then back to the
+river, to the bridges across the James, up to the large stone
+fire-proof building, erected by the United States for a post-office,
+full of Confederate shinplasters, around this, on both sides of it, up
+to Capitol Square, the flames roared and leaped and crackled,
+consuming all the business part of the city. In the arsenal were
+several thousand shells, which exploded at intervals, throwing
+fragments of iron, burning timbers, and blazing brands and cinders
+over the surrounding buildings, and driving the people from their
+homes.</p>
+
+<p>Major Stevens ordered the fire-engines into position, posted his
+soldiers to preserve order, and called upon the citizens to work the
+engines, and did what he could to stop the progress of the devouring
+element.</p>
+
+<p>General Weitzel triumphantly entered the city at eight o'clock, the
+colored soldiers singing the John Brown song. With even ranks and
+steady step, colors waving, drums beating, bands playing, the columns
+passed up the streets, flanked with fire, to the Capitol. Then
+stacking their guns, and laying aside their knapsacks, they sprang to
+the engines, or mounted <span class="pagenum"><a id="page508" name="page508"></a>(p. 508)</span> the roofs and poured in buckets of
+water, or tore down buildings, to stop the ravages of the fire kindled
+by the departing Rebels,&mdash;emulating the noble example of their
+comrades in arms at Charleston; like them manifesting no
+vindictiveness of spirit, but forgetting self in their devotion to
+duty, forgetting wrong and insult and outrage in their desire to serve
+their oppressors in their hour of extremity.</p>
+
+<p>The business portion was a sea of flame when I entered the city in the
+afternoon. I tried to pass through Main Street, but on both sides the
+fire was roaring and walls were tumbling. I turned into a side street,
+rode up to the Capitol, and then to the Spottswood Hotel. Dr. Reed's
+church in front was in flames. On the three sides of the hotel the
+fire had been raging, but was now subdued, and there was a fair
+prospect that it would be saved.</p>
+
+<p>"Can you accommodate me with a room?"</p>
+
+<p>"I reckon we can, sir, but like enough you will be burnt out before
+morning. You can have any room you choose. Nobody here."</p>
+
+<p>I registered my name on a page which bore the names of a score of
+Rebel officers who had left in the morning, and took a room on the
+first floor, from which I could easily spring to the ground in case
+the hotel should be again endangered by the fire.</p>
+
+<p>Throwing up the sash I looked out upon the scene. There were swaying
+chimneys, tottering walls, streets impassable from piles of brick,
+stones, and rubbish. Capitol Square was filled with furniture, beds,
+clothing, crockery, chairs, tables, looking-glasses. Women were
+weeping, children crying. Men stood speechless, haggard, wobegone,
+gazing at the desolation.</p>
+
+<p>In Charleston the streets echoed only to the sound of my own footsteps
+or the snarling of hungry curs. There I walked through weeds, and trod
+upon flowers in the grassy streets; but in Richmond I waded through
+Confederate promises to pay, public documents, and broken furniture
+and crockery.</p>
+
+<p>Granite columns, iron pillars, marble fa�ades, broken into thousands
+of pieces, blocked the streets. The Bank of Richmond, Bank of the
+Commonwealth, Traders' Bank, Bank of Virginia, Farmers' Bank, a score
+of private banking-houses, the American Hotel, the Columbian Hotel,
+the <i>Enquirer</i> and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page509" name="page509"></a>(p. 509)</span> the <i>Dispatch</i> printing-offices, the
+Confederate Post-Office Department, the State Court-House, the
+Mechanics' Institute, all the insurance offices, the Confederate War
+Department, the Confederate Arsenal, the Laboratory, Dr. Reed's
+church, several founderies and machine-shops, the Henrico County
+Court-House, the Danville and the Petersburg depots, the three bridges
+across the James, the great flouring-mills, and all the best stores of
+the city, were destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>Soldiers from General Devens's command were on the roof of the
+Capitol, Governor's house, and other buildings, ready to extinguish
+the flames. The Capitol several times caught fire from cinders.</p>
+
+<p>"If it had not been for the soldiers the whole city would have gone,"
+said a citizen.</p>
+
+<p>The colored soldiers in Capitol Square were dividing their rations
+with the houseless women and children, giving them hot coffee,
+sweetened with sugar,&mdash;such as they had not tasted for many months.
+There were ludicrous scenes. One negro had three Dutch-ovens on his
+head, piled one above another, a stew-pan in one hand and a skillet in
+the other. Women had bags of flour in their arms, baskets of salt and
+pails of molasses, or sides of bacon. No miser ever gloated over his
+gold so eagerly as they over their supply of provisions. They had all
+but starved, but now they could eat till satisfied.</p>
+
+<p>How stirring the events of that day! Lee retreating, Grant pursuing;
+Davis a fugitive; the Governor and Legislature of Virginia seeking
+safety in a canal-boat; Doctors of Divinity fleeing from the wrath
+they feared; the troops of the Union marching up the streets; the old
+flag waving over the Capitol; Rebel ironclads blowing up; Richmond on
+fire; the billows rolling from square to square, unopposed in their
+progress by the bewildered crowd; and the Northern Vandals laying down
+their arms, not to the enemy in the field, but the better to battle
+with a foe not more relentless, but less controllable with the weapons
+of war. Weird the scenes of that strange, eventful night,&mdash;the
+glimmering flames, the clouds of smoke hanging like a funeral pall
+above the ruins, the crowd of homeless creatures wandering the
+streets.</p>
+
+<p class="poem15">"Such resting found the soles of unblest feet!"</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page510" name="page510"></a>(p. 510)</span> In the morning I visited the Capitol building, which, like
+the Confederacy, had become exceedingly dilapidated, the windows
+broken, the carpets faded, the paint dingy.</p>
+
+<p>General Weitzel was in the Senate Chamber issuing his orders; also
+General Shepley, Military Governor, and General Devens.</p>
+
+<p>The door opened, and a smooth-faced man, with a keen eye, firm, quick,
+resolute step, entered. He wore a plain blue blouse with three stars
+on the collar. It was the hero who opened the way to New Orleans, and
+who fought the battle of the Mobile forts from the masthead of his
+vessel,&mdash;Admiral Farragut. He was accompanied by General Gordon of
+Massachusetts, commanding the Department of Norfolk. They heard the
+news Monday noon, and made all haste up the James, landing at Varina
+and taking horses to the city. It was a pleasure to take the brave
+Admiral's hand, and answer his eager questions as to what Grant had
+done. Being latest of all present from Petersburg, I could give him
+the desired information. "Thank God, it is about over," said he of the
+Rebellion.</p>
+
+<p>It was a little past noon when I walked down to the river bank to view
+the desolation. While there I saw a boat pulled by twelve rowers
+coming up stream, containing President Lincoln and his little son,
+Admiral Porter, and three officers. Forty or fifty freedmen&mdash;sole
+possessors of themselves for twenty-four hours&mdash;were at work on the
+bank of the canal, under the direction of a lieutenant, securing some
+floating timber; they crowded round the President, forgetting work in
+their wild joy at beholding the face of the author of the great
+Emancipation Proclamation. As he approached I said to a colored
+woman,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"There is the man who made you free."</p>
+
+<p>"What, massa?"</p>
+
+<p>"That is President Lincoln."</p>
+
+<p>"Dat President Linkum?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes."</p>
+
+<p>She gazed at him a moment in amazement, joy, rapture, as if in
+supernal presence, then clapped her hands, jumped and shouted,
+"Glory! glory! glory!"</p>
+
+<a id="img078" name="img078"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img078.jpg" width="300" height="497" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Farragut at Mobile.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page511" name="page511"></a>(p. 511)</span> "God bless you, Sah!" said one, taking off his cap and bowing
+very low.</p>
+
+<p>"Hurrah! hurrah! President Linkum hab come! President Linkum hab
+come!" rang through the street.</p>
+
+<p>The lieutenant found himself without men. What cared those freedmen,
+fresh from the house of bondage, for floating timber or military
+commands? Their deliverer had come,&mdash;he who, next to the Lord Jesus,
+was their best friend! It was not a hurrah that they gave so much as a
+wild, jubilant cry of inexpressible joy.</p>
+
+<p>They pressed round the President, ran ahead, and hovered upon the
+flanks and rear of the little company. Men, women, and children joined
+the constantly increasing throng. They came from all the streets,
+running in breathless haste, shouting and hallooing, and dancing with
+delight. The men threw up their hats, the women waved their bonnets
+and handkerchiefs, clapped their hands, and shouted, "Glory to God!
+glory! glory! glory!"&mdash;rendering all the praise to God, who had given
+them freedom, after long years of weary waiting, and had permitted
+them thus unexpectedly to meet their great benefactor.</p>
+
+<p>"I thank you, dear Jesus, that I behold President Linkum!" was the
+exclamation of a woman who stood upon the threshold of her humble
+home, and with streaming eyes and clasped hands, gave thanks aloud to
+the Saviour of men.</p>
+
+<p>Another, more demonstrative, was jumping and swinging her arms,
+crying, "Bless de Lord! Bless de Lord! Bless de Lord!" as if there
+could be no end of her thankfulness.</p>
+
+<p>No carriage was to be had, so the President, leading his son, walked
+to General Weitzel's head-quarters,&mdash;Jeff Davis's mansion. Six
+sailors, wearing their round blue caps and short jackets and baggy
+pants, with navy carbines, formed the guard. Next came the President
+and Admiral Porter, flanked by the officers accompanying him, and the
+writer, then six more sailors with carbines,&mdash;twenty of us in all.</p>
+
+<p>The walk was long, and the President halted a moment to rest. "May de
+good Lord bless you, President Linkum!" said an old negro, removing
+his hat and bowing, with tears of joy rolling down his cheeks. The
+President removed his own hat <span class="pagenum"><a id="page512" name="page512"></a>(p. 512)</span> and bowed in silence: it was a
+bow which upset the forms, laws, customs, and ceremonies of centuries
+of slavery. It was a death-shock to chivalry, and a mortal wound to
+caste. Recognize a nigger! Disgusting. A woman in an adjoining house
+beheld it, and turned from the scene with unspeakable contempt. There
+were men in the surging mass who looked daggers from their eyes, and
+felt murder in their hearts, if they did not breathe it from their
+lips. But the hour of sacrifice had not yet come; the chosen assassin
+was not there; the crowning work of treason and traitors yet remained
+to be performed. Not the capital of the defunct slave Confederacy, but
+of the restored nation, was to be the scene of the last brutal act in
+the tragedy of horrors perpetrated in the name of Christianity. The
+great-hearted, noble-minded, wise-headed man, whom Providence had
+placed in the Executive chair to carry successfully through the bloody
+war of freedom against slavery to its glorious consummation, passed on
+to the mansion from whence the usurping President had fled.</p>
+
+<p>When the soldiers saw him amid the noisy crowd they cheered lustily.
+It was an unexpected ovation. Such a welcome, such homage, true,
+heartfelt, deep, impassioned, no prince or prelate ever received.</p>
+
+<a id="img079" name="img079"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img079.jpg" width="500" height="289" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">President Lincoln in Richmond.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The streets becoming impassable on account of the increasing
+multitude, soldiers were summoned to clear the way. How strange the
+event! The President of the United States&mdash;he who had been hated,
+despised, maligned above all other men living by the people of
+Richmond&mdash;was walking its streets, receiving every evidence of love
+and honor! How bitter the reflections of that moment to some who
+beheld him, who remembered, perhaps, that day in May, 1861, when
+Jefferson Davis entered the city,&mdash;the pageant of that hour, his
+speech, his promise to smite the smiter, to drench the fields of
+Virginia with richer blood than that shed at Buena Vista! How that
+part of the promise had been kept; how their sons, brothers, and
+friends had fallen; how all else predicted had failed; how the land
+had been filled with mourning; how the State had become a desolation;
+how their property, wealth, had disappeared! They had been invited to
+a gorgeous banquet; the fruit was fair to the eye, golden and
+beautiful, but it had <span class="pagenum"><a id="page513" name="page513"></a>(p. 513)</span> turned to ashes. They had been
+promised a high place among the nations. Cotton was the king of kings;
+and England, France, and the whole civilized world would bow in humble
+submission to his majesty. That was the promise; but now their king
+was dethroned, their government overthrown, their President and his
+cabinet vagrants. They had been promised affluence, Richmond was to be
+the metropolis of the Confederacy, and Virginia the all-powerful State
+of the new nation. How terrible the cheat! Their thousand-dollar bonds
+were not worth a penny. A million dollars would not purchase a dinner.
+Their money was valueless, their slaves were freemen, the heart of
+their city was in ashes. They had been deluded in everything. Those
+whom they had most trusted had most abused their confidence; and at
+last, in the most unfeeling and inhuman manner, had fired their
+dwellings, destroying property they could no longer use or levy upon,
+thus adding arson and robbery to the already long list of their
+crimes.</p>
+
+<p>The people of Richmond were in despair, having no means for present
+subsistence, or to rebuild or commence business again. All their
+heroism, hardship, suffering, expenditure of treasure, and sacrifice
+of blood had availed them nothing. There could be no comfort in their
+mourning, no alleviation to their sorrow. All had been lost in an
+unrighteous cause, which God had not prospered, and no satisfaction
+could be derived from their participation in it. For try to deceive
+themselves as they might into a belief that the conflict was
+unavoidable by the encroachments of the North upon the South, they
+could but remember the security and peace they enjoyed in the Union,
+little of which they had felt or dared hope for in their Utopian
+scheme of slavery.</p>
+
+<p>At length we reached the house from which Jeff Davis had so recently
+departed, where General Weitzel had established his head-quarters. The
+President entered and sat wearily down in an arm-chair which stood in
+the fugitive President's reception-room. General Weitzel introduced
+the officers present. Judge Campbell entered. At the beginning of the
+war he was on the bench of the Supreme Court of the United States,
+afterwards espoused Secession, and was appointed assistant Secretary
+of War under Seddon. He was tall, and looked pale, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page514" name="page514"></a>(p. 514)</span>
+care-worn, agitated, and bowed very low to the President, who received
+him with dignity, and yet cordially.</p>
+
+<p>President Lincoln, accompanied by Admiral Porter, General Weitzel, and
+General Shepley, rode through the city, escorted by a squadron of
+cavalry, followed by thousands of colored people, shouting "Glory to
+God!" They had seen great hardship and suffering. A few were well
+dressed. Some wore pants of Union blue and coats of Confederate gray.
+Others were in rags. The President was much affected as they crowded
+around the carriage to touch his hands, and pour out their thanks.
+"They that walked in darkness had seen a great light." Their great
+deliverer was among them. He came not as a conqueror, not as the head
+of a mighty nation,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem25">
+<span class="min33em">"</span>Not with the roll of the stirring drum,<br>
+   Nor the trumpet that sings of fame,"&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">but as a plain, unpretending American citizen, a representative
+republican Chief Magistrate, unheralded, almost unattended, with
+"malice towards none, with charity for all," as he had but a few weeks
+previously proclaimed from the steps of the Capitol at Washington.</p>
+
+<p>He visited Libby prison, breathed for a moment its fetid air, gazed
+upon the iron-grated windows and the reeking filth upon the slippery
+floors, and gave way to uncontrollable emotions.</p>
+
+<p>Libby Prison! What horrors it recalls! What sighs and groans! What
+prayers and tears! What dying out of hope! What wasting away of body
+and mind! What nights of darkness settling on human souls! Its door an
+entrance to a living charnel-house, its iron-barred windows but the
+outlook of hell! It was the Inferno of the slave Confederacy. Well
+might have been written over its portal, "All hope abandon, ye who
+enter here."</p>
+
+<p>Visiting the prison the next morning, I found it occupied by several
+hundred Rebels, who were peering from the grated windows, looking
+sadly upon the desolation around them. A large number were upon the
+roof, breathing the fresh air, and gazing upon the fields beyond the
+James, now green with the verdure of spring. Such liberty was never
+granted Union prisoners. Whoever approached the prison bars, or laid
+his hand upon them, became the victim of a Rebel bullet.</p>
+
+<a id="img080" name="img080"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img080.jpg" width="300" height="455" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">A. Lincoln.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page515" name="page515"></a>(p. 515)</span> There was a crowd of women with pails and buckets at the
+windows, giving the prisoners provisions and talking freely with their
+friends, who came not only to the windows, but to the door, where the
+good-natured sentinel allowed conversation without restraint.</p>
+
+<p>The officer in charge conducted our party through the wards. The air
+was saturated with vile odors, arising from the unwashed crowd,&mdash;from
+old rags and dirty garments, from puddles of filthy water which
+dripped through the floor, ran down the walls, sickening to all the
+senses. From this prison fifteen hundred men were hurried to the
+flag-of-truce boat on Sunday, that they might be exchanged before the
+evacuation of the city. Many thousands had lived there month after
+month, wasting away, starving, dying of fever, of consumption, of all
+diseases known to medical science,&mdash;from insanity, despair,
+idiocy,&mdash;having no communication with the outer world, no food from
+friends, no sympathy, no compassion,&mdash;tortured to death through rigor
+of imprisonment, by men whose hearts grew harder from day to day by
+the brutality they practised.</p>
+
+<p>"Please give me a bit of bread, Aunty, I am starving," was the plea
+one day of a young soldier who saw a negro woman passing the window.
+He thrust his emaciated hand between the bars and clutched the bit
+which she cheerfully gave him; but before it had passed between his
+teeth he saw the brains of his benefactress spattered upon the
+sidewalk by the sentinel!</p>
+
+<p>Although the city was in possession of the Union forces, there were
+many residents who believed that Lee would retrieve the disaster.</p>
+
+<p>"I was sorry," said a citizen, "to see the Stars and Stripes torn down
+in 1861. It is the prettiest flag in the world, but I shed tears when
+I saw it raised over the Capitol of Virginia on Sunday morning."</p>
+
+<p>"Why so?" I asked.</p>
+
+<p>"Because it was done without the consent of the State of Virginia."</p>
+
+<p>"Then you still cling to the idea that a State is more than the
+nation."</p>
+
+<p>"Yes; State rights above everything."</p>
+
+<p>"Don't you think the war is almost over,&mdash;that it is useless for Lee
+to contend further?"</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page516" name="page516"></a>(p. 516)</span> "No. He will fight another battle, and he will win. He can
+fight for twenty-five years in the mountains."</p>
+
+<p>"Do you think that men can live in the mountains?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes; on roots and herbs, and fight you till you are weary of it, and
+whip you out."</p>
+
+<p>A friend called upon one of the most aristocratic families of the
+place. He found that men and women alike were exceedingly bitter and
+defiant. They never would yield. They would fight through a
+generation, and defeat the Yankees at last.</p>
+
+<p>They were proud of the Old Dominion, the mother of States and of
+Presidents, proud of their ancestry, of the chivalry of Virginia, and
+gave free expression to their hatred.</p>
+
+<p>Having heard that a brigade of colored troops had been enlisted in
+Richmond for the Rebel army, I made inquiries to ascertain the facts.
+All through the war the Rebel authorities had engaged a large number
+of slaves as teamsters and laborers. The immense fortifications thrown
+up around Richmond, Yorktown, Petersburg, Wilmington, Charleston, and
+Savannah were the work of slaves. The Rebels said that slavery,
+instead of being a weakness, was an element of strength. Slaves built
+the fortifications and raised the corn and wheat, which enabled the
+Confederacy to send all of its white fighting population to the field.
+But the fighting material was used up. Men were wanted. An unsparing
+conscription failed to fill up the ranks. Then came the agitation of
+the question of employing negro soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>General Lee advocated the measure. "They possess," said he, "all the
+physical qualifications, and their habits of obedience constitute a
+good foundation for discipline. I think those who are employed should
+be freed. It would neither be just nor wise, in my opinion, to require
+them to serve as slaves. The best course to pursue, it seems to me,
+would be to call for such as are willing to come,&mdash;willing to come,
+with the consent of their owners. An impressment or draft would not be
+likely to bring out the best class, and the use of coercion would make
+the measure distasteful to them and to their owners."</p>
+
+<p>The subject was debated in secret session in Congress, and a bill
+enacted authorizing their employment.</p>
+
+<p>A great meeting was held in the African church to "fire the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page517" name="page517"></a>(p. 517)</span>
+Southern heart," and speeches were made. A recruiting-office was
+opened. The newspapers spoke of the success of the movement. Regiments
+were organizing.</p>
+
+<p>"I fear there will soon be a great scarcity of arms when the negroes
+are drilled," wrote the Rebel war clerk in his diary on the 11th of
+March; and five days later, on the 17th, "We shall have a negro army.
+Letters are pouring into the department from men of military skill and
+character, asking authority to raise companies, battalions, and
+regiments of negro troops. It is the desperate remedy for the very
+desperate case, and may be successful. If three hundred thousand
+efficient soldiers can be made of this material, there is no
+conjecturing when the next campaign may end."</p>
+
+<p>A week later the colored troops had a parade in Capitol Square. There
+were so few, that the war clerk said it was "rather a ridiculous
+affair."</p>
+
+<p>"How many colored men enlisted?" I asked of a negro.</p>
+
+<p>"'Bout fifty, I reckon, sir. Dey was mostly poor Souf Carolina
+darkies,&mdash;poor heathen fellers, who didn't know no better."</p>
+
+<p>"Would you have fought against the Yankees?"</p>
+
+<p>"No, sir. Dey might have shot me through de body wid ninety thousand
+balls, before I would have fired a gun at my friends."</p>
+
+<p>"Then you look upon us as your friends?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, sir. I have prayed for you to come; and do you think that I
+would have prayed one way and fit de other?"</p>
+
+<p>"I'll tell you, massa, what I would have done," said another, taking
+off his hat and bowing: "I would have taken de gun, and when I cotched
+a chance I'd a shooted it at de Rebs and den run for de Yankees."</p>
+
+<p>This brought a general explosion from the crowd, and arrested the
+attention of some white men passing.</p>
+
+<p>We were in the street west of the Capitol. I had but to raise my eyes
+to see the Stars and Stripes waving in the evening breeze. A few paces
+distant were the ruins of the Rebel War Department, from whence were
+issued the orders to starve our prisoners at Belle Isle, Salisbury,
+and Andersonville. Not far were the walls of Dr. Reed's church, where
+a specious <span class="pagenum"><a id="page518" name="page518"></a>(p. 518)</span> Gospel had been preached, and near by was the
+church of Dr. Minnegerode. The street was full of people. I was a
+stranger to them all, but I ventured to make this inquiry,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Did you ever see an Abolitionist?"</p>
+
+<p>"No, massa, I reckon I neber did," was the reply.</p>
+
+<p>"What kind of people do you think they are?"</p>
+
+<p>"Well, massa, I specs dey is a good kind of people."</p>
+
+<p>"Why do you think so?"</p>
+
+<p>"'Case when I hear bad white folks swearing and cursing about 'em, I
+reckon dar must be something good about 'em."</p>
+
+<p>"Well, my friends, I am an Abolitionist; I believe that all men have
+equal rights, and that I have no more right to make a slave of you
+than you have of me."</p>
+
+<p>Every hat came off in an instant. Hands were reached out toward me,
+and I heard from a dozen tongues a hearty "God bless you, sir!"</p>
+
+<p>White men heard me and scowled. Had I uttered those words in Richmond
+twenty-four hours earlier I should have had no opportunity to repeat
+them, but paid for my temerity with a halter or a knife; but now those
+men who stretched out their hands to me would have given the last drop
+of their blood before they would have seen a hair of my head injured,
+after that declaration.</p>
+
+<p>The slaves were the true loyal men of the South. They did what they
+could to help put down the Rebellion by aiding Union prisoners to
+escape, by giving trustworthy information. The Stars and Stripes was
+their banner of hope. What a life they led! I met a young colored man,
+with features more Anglo-Saxon than African, who asked,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Do you think, sir, that I could obtain employment in the North?"</p>
+
+<p>"What can you do?"</p>
+
+<p>"Well, sir, I have been an assistant in a drug store. I can put up
+prescriptions. I paid forty dollars a month for my time before the
+Confederate money became worthless, but my master thought that I was
+going to run away to the Yankees, and sold me awhile ago; and he was
+my own father, sir."</p>
+
+<p>"Your own father?"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, sir! They often sell their own flesh and blood, sir!"</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page519" name="page519"></a>(p. 519)</span> Among the correspondents accompanying the army was a
+gentleman connected with the Philadelphia <i>Press</i>, Mr. Chester, tall,
+stout, and muscular. God had given him a colored skin, but beneath it
+lay a courageous heart. Visiting the Capitol, he entered the Senate
+chamber and sat down in the Speaker's chair to write a letter. A
+paroled Rebel officer entered the room.</p>
+
+<p>"Come out of there, you black cuss!" shouted the officer, clenching
+his fist.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Chester raised his eyes, calmly surveyed the intruder, and went on
+with his writing.</p>
+
+<p>"Get out of there, or I'll knock your brains out!" the officer
+bellowed, pouring out a torrent of oaths; and rushing up the steps to
+execute his threat, found himself tumbling over chairs and benches,
+knocked down by one well-planted blow between his eyes.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Chester sat down as if nothing had happened. The Rebel sprang to
+his feet and called upon Captain Hutchins of General Devens's staff
+for a sword.</p>
+
+<p>"I'll cut the fellow's heart out," said he.</p>
+
+<p>"O no, I guess not. I can't let you have my sword for any such
+purpose. If you want to fight, I will clear a space here, and see that
+you have fair play, but let me tell you that you will get a tremendous
+thrashing," said Captain Hutchins.</p>
+
+<p>The officer left the hall in disgust. "I thought I would exercise my
+rights as a belligerent," said Mr. Chester.</p>
+
+<p>I ascended the steps of the Capitol and stood on the roof of the
+building to gaze upon the panorama, hardly surpassed in beauty
+anywhere,&mdash;a lovely combination of city, country, valley, hill, plain,
+field, forest, and foaming river. The events of four years came to
+remembrance. First, the secession of the state on the 17th of April,
+1861, by the convention which sat with closed doors in the hall below,
+the threats of violence uttered against the Union delegates from the
+western counties, the wild tumult of the "People's Convention," so
+called, in Metropolitan Hall,&mdash;a body of Jacobins assembling to
+browbeat the convention in the Capitol; and when the ordinance was
+passed, the appearance of John Tyler, once President of the United
+States, with Governor Wise, among the fire-eaters, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page520" name="page520"></a>(p. 520)</span> welcomed
+with noisy cheers; it seemed as if I could hear the voice of Tyler as
+he said that Virginia and the people of the South had submitted to
+aggression till secession was a duty, and that the Almighty would
+smile upon the work of that day. They were the words of a feeble old
+man, whose every official act was in the interest of slavery. Vehement
+the words of Wise, who imagined that the Yankees had seized one of his
+children as a hostage for himself.</p>
+
+<p>"If they suppose," said he, "that hostages of my own heart's blood
+will stay my hand in a contest for the maintenance of sacred rights,
+they are mistaken. Affection for kindred, property, and life itself
+sink into insignificance in comparison with the overwhelming
+importance of public duty in such a crisis as this."</p>
+
+<p>Mason, the lordly senator, and Governor Letcher, the drunken executive
+of the State, also addressed the crazy crowd, fired to a burning heat
+of madness by passion and whiskey.</p>
+
+<p>On that occasion the Confederate flag was raised upon the flagstaff
+springing from the roof of the Capitol, although the State had not
+joined the Confederacy. The people were to vote on the question, and
+yet the Convention had enjoined that the act of secession should be
+kept a secret till Norfolk Navy Yard and Harper's Ferry Arsenal could
+be seized.<a id="footnotetag98" name="footnotetag98"></a><a href="#footnote98" title="Go to footnote 98"><span class="smaller">[98]</span></a> The newspapers of Richmond had no announcement to make
+the next morning that the State was no longer a member of the Union.
+What honorable, high-minded, "chivalrous" proceedings!</p>
+
+<p>Then came the volunteers thronging the streets. Professor Jackson
+(Stonewall) was drilling the cadets. Three days after the passage of
+the ordinance of secession, troops were swarming in the yard around
+the Capitol, and A. H. Stephens, Vice-President of the Confederacy,
+and Ex-President Tyler, and the drunken Letcher were negotiating an
+alliance offensive and defensive between the sovereign State of
+Virginia and the States already confederated to establish a
+slaveholding republic.</p>
+
+<p>Next in order was the arrival of Jeff Davis and the perambulating
+government of the Confederacy, to tarry a few days in Richmond before
+proceeding to Washington. Davis and his <span class="pagenum"><a id="page521" name="page521"></a>(p. 521)</span> followers made
+boastful promises of what they could and would do, breathing out
+threatenings and slaughter against the hated Yankees. Then the
+hurly-burly,&mdash;the rush of volunteers, the arrival of troops, welcomed
+with cheers and smiles, the streets through which they passed strewn
+with flowers by the ladies of Richmond. The Confederate Congress and
+heads of departments came,&mdash;Stephens, Toombs, Cobb, Floyd, Wigfall,
+Memminger, Mallory,&mdash;with thousands of place-hunters, filling the city
+to overflowing, putting money into the pockets of the citizens,&mdash;not
+gold and silver, but Confederate currency, to be redeemed two years
+after the ratification of the treaty of peace with the United States.
+Beauregard, the rising star of the South, came from Charleston, to
+reap fresh laurels at Manassas. Richmond was solemn on that memorable
+Sabbath, the 21st of June, 1861, for through the forenoon the reports
+were that the Yankees were winning the day; but at night, when the
+news came from Davis that the "cowardly horde" was flying,
+panic-stricken, to Washington, how jubilant the crowd!</p>
+
+<p>A year later there were pale faces, when the army of McClellan swept
+through Williamsburg. Jeff Davis packed up his furniture, and made
+preparations to leave the city. There was another fright when the
+Rebels came back discomfited from Fair Oaks.</p>
+
+<p>From the roof of the Capitol anxious eyes watched the war-clouds
+rolling up from Mechanicsville and Cold Harbor. Those were mournful
+days. Long lines of ambulances, wagons, coaches, and carts, filled
+with wounded, filed through the streets. How fearful the slaughter to
+the Rebels in those memorable seven days' fighting! Deep the
+maledictions heaped upon the drunken Magruder for the carnage at
+Malvern Hill.</p>
+
+<p>Beneath the roof on which I stood Stuart, Gregg, and Stonewall
+Jackson,&mdash;dead heroes of the Rebellion,&mdash;had reposed in state, mourned
+by the weeping multitude.</p>
+
+<p>Before me were Libby Prison and Belle Isle. What wretchedness and
+suffering there! Starvation for soldiers of the Union, within sight of
+the fertile fields of Manchester, waving with grain and alive with
+flocks and herds! Nearer the Capitol was the mansion of Jeff Davis,
+the slave-trader's jail and the slave-market. What agony and cries of
+distress within the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page522" name="page522"></a>(p. 522)</span> hearing of the Chief Magistrate of the
+Confederacy, as mothers pressed their infants to their breasts for the
+last time.</p>
+
+<p>In front of the Capitol was the stone building erected by the United
+States, where for four years Jeff Davis had played the sovereign,
+where Benjamin, Memminger, Toombs, Mallory, Sedden, Trenholm, and
+Breckenridge had exercised authority, dispensing places of profit to
+their friends, who came in crowds to find exemption from conscription.
+Beyond, and on either side, was the forest of blackened chimneys,
+tottering walls, and smoking ruins of the fire which had swept away
+the accumulated wealth of years in a day. How terrible the
+retribution! Before the war there was quiet in the city, but there
+came a reign of terror, when ruffians ruled, when peaceful citizens
+dared not be abroad after dark. There was sorrow in every household
+for friends fallen in battle, and Poverty sat by many a hearthstone.</p>
+
+<p>Hardest of all to bear was the charity of their enemies. Under the
+shadow of the Capitol the Christian and Sanitary Commissions were
+giving bread to the needy. Standing there upon the roof I could look
+down upon a throng of men, women, and children receiving food from the
+kind-hearted delegates, upon whose lips were no words of bitterness,
+but only the song of the angels,&mdash;"Peace on earth, good-will to men!"</p>
+
+<a id="img081" name="img081"></a>
+<div class="p4 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img081.jpg" width="300" height="297" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">U. S. Christian Commission.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page523" name="page523"></a>(p. 523)</span> CHAPTER XXXII.<br>
+THE CONFEDERATE LOAN.</h2>
+
+<span class="sidedate">April, 1865.</span>
+
+<p>The attitude of Great Britain towards the United States during the
+Rebellion will make a strange chapter in history. The first steamship
+returning from that country after the firing upon Fort Sumter brought
+the intelligence that the British government had recognized the Rebels
+as belligerents. Mr. Adams, the newly appointed Minister to the Court
+of St. James, was on his way to London, but without waiting to hear
+what representations he might have to make, the ministry with unseemly
+haste gave encouragement to the Rebels.</p>
+
+<p>Palmerston, Russell, the chief dignitaries of state, and of the Church
+also, with the London <i>Times</i> and Morning <i>Post</i>, espoused the cause
+of the slaveholders, while the weavers of Lancashire, though thrown
+out of employment by the blockade, gave their sympathies to the North.
+They were ignorant of the causes which led to hostilities. The English
+press informed them that it was the tariff; that the people of the
+South had a right to secede; that the United States had no right to
+restrain them; that the South was fighting for liberty: but
+notwithstanding this, the operatives, from the beginning, ranged
+themselves on the side of the Union. They stood in opposition to
+Palmerston and the peers of the realm,&mdash;the press, the aristocracy,
+and the mill-owners. In this they were guided, perhaps, more by
+instinct than by reason.</p>
+
+<p>They knew that in the North labor was free, but that the South had
+made slavery the corner-stone of their Confederacy. Their life was
+ever a battle, for Labor was the slave of Capital. They knew nothing
+of State rights, or the rights of belligerents, or of American
+tariffs, but instinct by a short road led them to the conclusion that
+the conflict was not merely national, but world-wide, and that the
+freemen of the North were fighting for the rights of men everywhere.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page524" name="page524"></a>(p. 524)</span> The London <i>Times</i> was foremost among the newspapers to
+prophesy the disruption of the Union. Its utterances were oracular. It
+claimed superior knowledge and a deeper insight of the American
+question than any of its contemporaries, and its opinions were
+accepted as truth by all Englishmen who approved the slaveholders'
+war. Ship-builders, cotton-brokers, and capitalists regulated their
+faith and works by the leading articles of that journal, and loaned
+their money to the South.</p>
+
+<p>"The great republic is gone, and no serious attempt will be made by
+the North to save it," wrote Mr. W. H. Russell to the <i>Times</i> in
+April, 1861.</p>
+
+<p>"General bankruptcy is inevitable, and agrarian and socialist riots
+may be expected very soon," was the despatch of that individual
+immediately after the battle of Bull Run.</p>
+
+<p>The tradespeople of England believed him. The South was victor; the
+Confederacy was to become a nation. The agents of the South were
+already in England purchasing supplies, paying liberal prices. They
+found that Englishmen were ready to engage in any scheme of
+profit,&mdash;in running the blockade, building war-ships for the
+Confederate government, or selling arms and ammunition, in violation
+of the laws of the realm.</p>
+
+<p>As a large number of letters written by Rebel agents and emissaries in
+England and France have fallen into my hands, I purpose in this
+chapter to give a <i>r�sum�</i> of their contents, which expose the secret
+history of the Cotton Loan.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after the beginning of hostilities the Liverpool correspondent of
+the <i>Times</i>, Mr. James Spence, entered heartily into the support of
+the cause of the South. He was engaged in commercial pursuits, but
+found leisure not only to keep up his correspondence with the <i>Times</i>,
+but to write a book entitled the "American Union," in which he
+advocated the right of the South to secede, and extolled slavery as a
+superior condition of life for the laboring man.</p>
+
+<p>"The negroes," said he, "have at all times abundant food: the
+sufferings of fireless winters are unknown to them, medical attendance
+is always at command; in old age there is no fear of a workhouse;
+their children are never a burden or a curse; their labor, though
+long, is neither difficult nor unhealthy. As a rule, they have their
+own ground and fowls and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page525" name="page525"></a>(p. 525)</span> vegetables, of which they sell a
+surplus. So far, then, as merely animal comforts extend, their lot is
+more free from suffering than those of many classes of European
+laborers."</p>
+
+<p>Such sympathy with slavery received its reward in the appointment of
+Mr. Spence as financial agent of the Confederacy. Large sums of money
+were sent from Charleston, Savannah, and Richmond to England. Vessels
+found little difficulty in running the blockade during the first year
+of the war, and Nassau became the half-way station, and thousands of
+Englishmen counted up their gains from blockade-running with glee.
+Societies were formed in London and other principal cities, called
+"Confederate Aid Associations."</p>
+
+<p>An address to the British public was issued, setting forth the
+barbarism of the North against the South, struggling for her rights.</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>"The women of the South," reads the address, "have been insulted,
+     imprisoned, flogged, violated, and outraged in a most inhuman and
+     savage manner. Their homes and goods have been destroyed, their
+     houses forcibly entered, the helpless and unresisting inmates
+     murdered, the fleeing overtaken and cut down in cold blood by the
+     savage soldiery of the North.... They are now glutting their
+     hellish rage against the people they seek to destroy in
+     inflicting every kind of torture, punishment, and misery that
+     their fruitful minds can invent upon those that they would fain
+     call fellow-citizens.... The atrocities, cruelties, crimes, and
+     outrages committed against the South in this war are without a
+     parallel in the history of the world....</p>
+
+<p>"In the name of suffering Lancashire, civilization, justice,
+     peace, liberty, humanity, Christianity, and a candid world; and
+     by the highest considerations that can call men into action, we
+     beg you to come forward to aid, contribute, and support a brave
+     and valiant people that are fighting for their homes, firesides,
+     birthright, lives, independence, sacred honor, and all that is
+     dear to mankind. By all the sorrows, deprivations, bereavements,
+     losses, hardships, and suffering that now ingulf the Confederate
+     people, we appeal to you to arouse, and rush to their aid with
+     your pence, shillings, and pounds; give them your sympathy,
+     countenance, and influence, to hurl the tyrants from their
+     country, and obtain the greatest boon to man,&mdash;self-government.
+     Fairest and best of earth, for the sake of violated innocence,
+     insulted virtue, and the honor of your sex,&mdash;come in woman's
+     majesty and omnipotence, and give strength to a cause that has
+     for its object the highest human aims, the amelioration and
+     exaltation of humanity."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page526" name="page526"></a>(p. 526)</span> The address was issued by Englishmen, had a wide circulation,
+and undoubtedly was accepted as a true representation of affairs.</p>
+
+<p>Then Whittier sent his stinging words, "To Englishmen," across the
+Atlantic:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem15">
+<p><span class="min33em">"</span>But yesterday you scarce could shake,<br>
+<span class="add2em">In slave-abhorring rigor,</span><br>
+   Our Northern palms, for conscience' sake;<br>
+   To-day you clasp the hands that ache<br>
+<span class="add2em">With 'walloping the nigger'!</span></p>
+
+<p class="wspaced3em">* * * * *</p>
+
+<p><span class="min33em">"</span>And is it Christian England cheers<br>
+<span class="add2em">The bruiser, not the bruised?</span><br>
+   And must she run, despite the tears<br>
+   And prayers of eighteen hundred years,<br>
+<span class="add2em">A-muck in Slavery's crusade?</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="min33em">"</span>O black disgrace! O shame and loss<br>
+<span class="add2em">Too deep for tongue to phrase on!</span><br>
+   Tear from your flag its holy cross,<br>
+   And in your van of battle toss<br>
+<span class="add2em">The pirate's skull-bone blazon!"</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Trent affair had inflamed the British public, and Rebel
+sympathizers were fierce for war, that the South might reap the
+advantage; but Mason and Slidell had been given up by President
+Lincoln, and Mr. Mason stood hat in hand at the gate of St. James. But
+Earl Russell could not conveniently see him just then. Lancashire had
+spoken. Men upon whose humble hearths no fire warmed the wintry air,
+in whose homes poverty was ever a guest, around whose doors the wolf
+of want was always prowling,&mdash;the bone and muscle of England, with
+whom the instinct of Liberty was stronger to persuade than distress
+and famine to subdue,&mdash;they, the hardy workers of England, were with
+the North.</p>
+
+<p>At home, in the valley of the Shenandoah, Mr. Mason had been a
+Virginia lord. It was his nature to be proud, imperious, and haughty.
+He lived in the greatness of an ancient family name. He expected ready
+admittance at St. James; but though he rang the bell early and often,
+and sent in his card, Earl Russell was not "at home" to him.</p>
+
+<p>He was ready to turn away in disgust, but the wants of the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page527" name="page527"></a>(p. 527)</span>
+Confederacy compelled him to submit to whatever humiliation Earl
+Russell might choose to administer. He told his griefs to Mr.
+Benjamin, the Confederate Secretary of State, and received condolence.</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>"Your correspondence with Lord Russell," wrote the Secretary,
+     "shows with what scant courtesy you have been treated, and
+     exhibits a marked contrast between the conduct of the English and
+     French statesmen now in office, in their intercourse with foreign
+     agents, eminently discreditable to the former. It is lamentable
+     that at this late period of the nineteenth century, a nation so
+     enlightened as Great Britain should have failed yet to discover
+     that a principal cause of the dislike and hatred towards England,
+     of which complaints are rife, in her Parliament and press, is the
+     offensive arrogance of some of her public men. The contrast is
+     striking between the polished courtesy of M. Thouvenal and the
+     rude incivility of Lord Russell.</p>
+
+<p>"Your determination to submit to these annoyances in the service
+     of your country, and to overlook personal slights, while hope
+     remains that your continued presence in England may benefit our
+     cause, cannot fail to command the approval of your
+     government."<a id="footnotetag99" name="footnotetag99"></a><a href="#footnote99" title="Go to footnote 99"><span class="smaller">[99]</span></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Englishmen wanted to see the great republic broken to pieces, but
+there were repulsive features in that system of civilization which the
+South was attempting to establish. The Union dead were mangled at
+Manassas; their bones were carved into charms and amulets. Among the
+mountains of Tennessee old men were dragged from their beds at
+midnight, and hung without judge or jury, because they loved the flag
+of their country. In Missouri bridges were burned at night, and men,
+women, and children upon railroad trains were precipitated into
+yawning gulfs by their neighbors! This was the work of the "master
+race," too "refined," "chivalric," and "gentlemanly" to associate with
+the laboring men of the North. Were the workingmen of Old England any
+more worthy than they of New England to associate with the
+slave-masters of the South? British operatives and mechanics
+understood the question,&mdash;that it was a conflict between two systems
+of labor,&mdash;and they rejected with disdain all overtures from the
+South.</p>
+
+<p>The intervention of England and France was necessary to insure the
+success of the Rebel cause, and English and European <span class="pagenum"><a id="page528" name="page528"></a>(p. 528)</span> public
+sentiment must be brought round to the Southern side by the power of
+the press. Mr. Edwin De Leon therefore was made an agent of the
+Confederacy to subsidize the press of Europe. The wires were pulled by
+Mr. Benjamin, who wrote thus to Mr. De Leon:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"I will take measures to forward you additional means to enable
+     you to extend the field of your operations, and to embrace, if
+     possible, the press of Central Europe in your campaign. Austria
+     and Prussia, as well as the smaller Germanic powers, seem to
+     require intelligence of the true condition of our affairs, and
+     the nature of our struggle; and it is to be hoped that you may
+     find means to act with efficiency in moulding public opinion in
+     those countries."<a id="footnotetag100" name="footnotetag100"></a><a href="#footnote100" title="Go to footnote 100"><span class="smaller">[100]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>That this scheme of bribery was successful will appear further on. The
+British government having with precipitate haste recognized the Rebels
+as belligerents, English merchants were quick to follow in the track
+of Palmerston and Russell. Merchants, bankers, admirals of the navy,
+officers of the army, speculators, spendthrifts, adventurers from the
+slums and stews of London and Liverpool, in common with members of
+Parliament and peers of the realm, engaged in blockade-running, not
+only to enrich themselves, but to aid in establishing a government
+based on human slavery. The agents of the Confederacy in England found
+hearty welcome from all classes, especially the ship-builders.</p>
+
+<a id="img082" name="img082"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img082.jpg" width="500" height="353" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Captain Winslow and the Kearsarge.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Soon after the attack upon Sumter Mr. Mallory, Secretary of the
+Confederate Navy, sent Captain Bullock of Savannah to England, to
+engage ship-builders to fit out privateers. He found W. C. Miller &amp;
+Son of Liverpool, and the Lairds of Birkenhead, ready to engage in the
+work of destroying American commerce. He contracted with the first for
+the building of the Oreto, or Florida, and with the Lairds for the
+"290," or Alabama. He also found warm welcome from Roebuck, Gregory,
+and other members of Parliament, and from capitalists, who subscribed
+liberally in aid of the enterprise.</p>
+
+<a id="img083" name="img083"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img083.jpg" width="500" height="272" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Admiral Farragut.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Funds were needed for the payment of Rebel debts in England, and the
+Confederate Congress passed a bill in April, 1862, authorizing the
+exchange of bonds for articles in kind, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page529" name="page529"></a>(p. 529)</span> and Mr. Benjamin
+thereupon wrote to Mr. Mason, advising him of the financial
+arrangements which had been made.</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"At your suggestion," said Mr. Benjamin, "I have appointed Mr.
+     James Spence of Liverpool financial agent, and have requested him
+     to negotiate for the sale of five million dollars of our eight
+     per cent bonds, if he can realize fifty per cent on them. I have
+     already sent over two millions of bonds, and will send another
+     million in a week or ten days. Mr. Spence is directed to confer
+     with Messrs. Fraser, Trenholm &amp; Co. who had previously been made
+     our depositaries at Liverpool.... I have also directed Mr. Spence
+     to endeavor to negotiate for the application of two and a half
+     millions of coin, which I have here, for the purchase of supplies
+     and munitions for our army. I hope that this coin will be
+     accepted by British houses in payment at the rate of sterling in
+     England, less freight and insurance. It seems to me that upon its
+     transfer to British owners, they could obtain transportation for
+     it on their vessels of war from any Confederate port, inasmuch as
+     it would be <i>bona fide</i> British property, and in any event the
+     holder of the transfer would have a certain security."<a id="footnotetag101" name="footnotetag101"></a><a href="#footnote101" title="Go to footnote 101"><span class="smaller">[101]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>This scheme of an alliance between British naval officers and the
+Rebel government was carried out, and a portion of the coin shipped in
+a British man-of-war, the Vesuvius, from Bahama, by the English
+consul.<a id="footnotetag102" name="footnotetag102"></a><a href="#footnote102" title="Go to footnote 102"><span class="smaller">[102]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>The bonds referred to by Mr. Benjamin were the regularly issued bonds
+of the Confederacy. Cotton certificates were also issued; but in
+addition to these means, the Rebel government deemed it advisable to
+bring out a loan based exclusively on cotton.</p>
+
+<p>The proposition came from Mr. Slidell, who was in Paris, envoy to the
+Court of France, but who, instead of attending the receptions of the
+Emperor at the Tuileries, was endeavoring to obtain social and
+political recognition by giving luxurious entertainments. Napoleon was
+ready to recognize the Confederacy, but Palmerston and Russell
+hesitated, and he was not quite prepared to move alone in the matter.</p>
+
+<p>He was anxious to see the great republic broken up, not that he
+particularly desired the establishment of the Confederacy, but for
+the furtherance of his own designs in Mexico. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page530" name="page530"></a>(p. 530)</span> While
+professing to Mr. Slidell good-will, and a readiness to give
+substantial aid to the Rebellion, his agents, M. de Saligny, French
+minister in Mexico, M. Th�ron, French consul at Galveston, and M.
+Tabouelle, French vice-consul at Richmond, were intriguing to
+dismember Texas from the Confederacy.</p>
+
+<p>"The Emperor of the French," wrote Mr. Benjamin to Mr. Slidell, "has
+determined to conquer and hold Mexico as a colony, and is desirous of
+interposing a weak power between his new colony and the Confederate
+States, in order that he may feel secure against interference with his
+designs on Mexico.... The evidence thus afforded of a disposition on
+the part of France to seize on this crisis of our fate as her occasion
+for the promotion of selfish interests, and this too after the
+assurances of friendly disposition, or, at worst, impartial
+neutrality, which you have received from the leading public men of
+France, cannot but awaken solicitude."<a id="footnotetag103" name="footnotetag103"></a><a href="#footnote103" title="Go to footnote 103"><span class="smaller">[103]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>The French consuls at Galveston and Richmond were dismissed by Jeff
+Davis, but that did not outwardly ruffle the temper of the Emperor,
+nor stop the cotton loan, as will presently be seen. The Rebel
+congressmen looked upon Slidell's scheme with distrust, but the bill
+was eventually passed in secret session. The finances of the
+Confederacy were going to wreck. There were heavy debts in Europe,
+and, unless the bills were promptly paid, there would be an end of
+supplies. England was suffering for cotton, and the time had come for
+the successful negotiation of a loan, based on cotton, with great
+apparent advantages to the subscribers. The mill-owners of Manchester
+were ready to enter upon any speculation which would start their
+machinery; the aristocracy would subscribe out of sympathy for the
+slaveholders; the Liverpool shippers would take stock, as it would
+give employment to their blockade-runners; while the unusual risks and
+great chances of profit would make it attractive to the multitude with
+whom the Derby is the whitest day of the year.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Slidell had made the acquaintance of Baron Ermile d'Erlanger of
+Paris, a Jewish banker, who had a branch house in Frankfort conducted
+by his brother, Raphael d'Erlanger. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page531" name="page531"></a>(p. 531)</span> This firm was recommended
+by Slidell as a suitable agency for bringing out the loan, and the
+contract was given them by Mr. Memminger. D'Erlanger began
+preparations for putting it on the market in February, 1863. He
+desired to issue it in England, France, Holland, and Germany at the
+same time, to bring to the Confederacy the financial support of
+Europe. The considerations were political as well as financial. He
+found some difficulty, however, in obtaining English agents. The
+Barings and Rothschilds stood aloof. He offered the London management
+to Messrs. John H. Gilliat &amp; Co., but that firm declined having
+anything to do with it. It was offered to other bankers, but refused.
+He found willing agents at last in Messrs. John Henry Schroeder &amp; Co.,
+and the firm of Messrs. Lawrence, Son, and Pearce. In Liverpool
+Messrs. Frazer, Trenholm, &amp; Co. had been acting as agents of the
+Confederacy, and the management was placed in their hands. Schroeder's
+agents in Amsterdam managed it there, while D'Erlanger's branch house
+in Frankfort brought it out in that city. D'Erlanger himself
+manipulated it in Paris.</p>
+
+<p>D'Erlanger and Mr. Beer, of his firm, visited England, and arranged
+matters with Mason and Spence, and with Frazer, Trenholm, &amp; Co., all
+of whom were acting as agents of the Confederacy. A special agent had
+been appointed by the Rebel government to take charge of the
+loan,&mdash;General C. J. McRae,&mdash;who was on his way from Richmond to
+Paris; but as the needs of the Confederacy were urgent, the loan was
+opened before his arrival.</p>
+
+<p>The support of the press was secured,&mdash;all but two or three papers
+being brought, through the agency of Mr. De Leon, Mr. Mason, and Mr.
+Spence, to praise the Confederacy, cry down the Union, and urge
+recognition by France and England as the surest way to put an end to
+the war.</p>
+
+<p>The correspondence in my possession between the parties opens on the
+1st of March. Mr. Spence, sitting in his parlor in the Burlington
+Hotel, Old Burlington Street, London, writes to Baron d'Erlanger, who
+is in Paris, asking for a copy of the contract.</p>
+
+<p>D'Erlanger did not place a very high estimate on the ability of Mr.
+Spence as a financial manager; but as he was the correspondent
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page532" name="page532"></a>(p. 532)</span> of the <i>Times</i>, and commercial agent of the Confederacy,
+thought best not to offend him. Spence, on the other hand, saw an
+opportunity to make money. A week later, on the 6th of March, he wrote
+thus to D'Erlanger:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"You said something in the last interview of �50,000 of the
+     stock. If it had occurred to you to put down to me that quantity
+     at the gross price of seventy-seven, I should be disposed to
+     consider it, looking to the advantage to all concerned of having
+     a common interest."</p>
+
+<p>As the loan was issued at 90, this proposal of Mr. Spence to take it
+at 77,&mdash;giving him a margin of 13 per cent under the contract
+price,&mdash;was, in the language of bankers, "a shave" for his services as
+correspondent of the <i>Times</i>,&mdash;a transaction upon which more light
+will be thrown further on in this history.</p>
+
+<p>The loan was put upon the market on the 19th of March. Fifteen per
+cent was to be paid at the time of subscribing. The stock was limited
+to three million pounds sterling ($15,000,000); but so desirous were
+Englishmen to take it, the applications were for �9,000,000
+($45,000,000).</p>
+
+<p>On the evening of the 19th Mr. Spence wrote to D'Erlanger of its
+success in Liverpool:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"All goes well here. The cotton trade take it up with strong
+     interest, and it will come out for large sums. I applied very
+     early for �20,000, and thought I should have been first, but
+     found P&mdash;-- was before me, with his �100,000. You will have a lot
+     of applications in London from the storgs,&mdash;that is, those who
+     join to sell at the premium. Here we have no class of that kind,
+     and our applicants, as in Manchester, being more <i>bona fide</i>,
+     will, as a rule, take a day or two to digest its merits. The
+     market closed here at 4-1/4,&mdash;quite high enough for the first
+     day."</p>
+
+<p>On the next day, the 20th, Mr. Spence writes:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"We shall very much exceed a million here, I think, by noon
+     to-morrow. The political effect will be enormous. It is the
+     recognition of the South by the intelligence of Europe."</p>
+
+<p>On the 21st, congratulations were received by D'Erlanger from Slidell,
+who was in London.</p>
+
+<p>"Allow me to congratulate you," said he, "on your <i>magnific</i> success.
+Apart from the direct advantages of the affair, it cannot fail to
+give great prestige to your house."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page533" name="page533"></a>(p. 533)</span> "<i>The Emperor himself, through the medium of his Chef de
+Cabinet</i>," wrote D'Erlanger to Memminger, "<i>complimented us upon the
+great success; a proof with what interest the operation had been
+received by all friends of the South.</i>"</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding the "intelligence of Europe" had rushed to secure it,
+bankers of respectability&mdash;men who prized honor and integrity above
+pounds and pence&mdash;stood aloof, for they remembered that Mr. Jefferson
+Davis, President of the slaveholding Confederacy, was a repudiator. No
+allegation against him had been made through the press, but the
+<i>Times</i> came to the rescue before the attack. On the 19th, the day on
+which the loan was issued, Mr. Sampson, editor of the city article,
+said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"Those among the English people who are still suffering from
+     Mississippi repudiation will perhaps view with wonder and regret
+     the negotiation of a loan for a government of which Mr. Jefferson
+     Davis, by whom that repudiation was defended in his place in
+     Congress, is the head. But the Southern Confederacy includes
+     Virginia, Georgia, and other honorable States, and it is by the
+     prospect of what the Confederacy will do as a whole that people
+     will make their calculation. The reasoning that would exclude the
+     South from a loan on account of the conduct of Mississippi, would
+     apply equally to the North, since the North embraces Michigan. It
+     would also have applied to the United States loans negotiated
+     while Mississippi was a State of the Union, and especially while
+     Mr. Jefferson Davis was an influential member of the Federal
+     government, and regarded with high favor by all the Northern
+     population, by whom the remarks of the <i>Times</i> on his financial
+     views were then declared to be nothing but the outpourings of
+     British rancor."<a id="footnotetag104" name="footnotetag104"></a><a href="#footnote104" title="Go to footnote 104"><span class="smaller">[104]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>Turning to the <i>Times</i> of July 13th, of 1849, we find a letter written
+by Jeff Davis, copied from the Washington <i>Union</i>, in which the
+repudiator says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"The crocodile tears which have been shed over ruined creditors
+     are on a par with the lawless denunciations which have been
+     heaped upon that State."</p>
+
+<p>To this the <i>Times</i> replied:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"Taking its principles and its tone together, it is a doctrine
+     which has never been paralleled. Let it circulate throughout
+     Europe, that a <span class="pagenum"><a id="page534" name="page534"></a>(p. 534)</span> member of the United States Senate in
+     1849 has openly proclaimed that at a recent period the Governor
+     and Legislative assemblies of his own State deliberately issued
+     fraudulent bonds for five million dollars to sustain the credit
+     of a rickety bank, that the bonds in question having been
+     hypothecated abroad to innocent holders, such holders have not
+     only no claim against the community by whose Executive and
+     Representatives this act was committed, but that they are to be
+     taunted for appealing to the verdict of the civilized world,
+     rather than to the judgment of the legal officers of the State by
+     whose functionaries they have been robbed, and that the ruin of
+     toil-worn men, of women and of children, and the crocodile tears
+     which that ruin has occasioned, is a subject of jest on the part
+     of those by whom it has been accomplished, and then let it be
+     asked if any foreigner ever penned a libel on the American
+     character equal to that against the people of Mississippi by
+     their own Senator."<a id="footnotetag105" name="footnotetag105"></a><a href="#footnote105" title="Go to footnote 105"><span class="smaller">[105]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Davis published a rejoinder, dated at Briarfield, Miss., August
+29, 1849, addressed to the editor of the <i>Mississippian</i>. "It is a
+foreigner's slander," said he, "against the government, the judiciary,
+and the people of the Mississippi. It is an attack upon our republican
+government, the hypocritical cant of stock-jobbers and pensioned
+presses,&mdash;by the hired advocates of the <i>innocent</i> stock dealers of
+London change. It is a calumnious imputation."</p>
+
+<p>The State of Mississippi had obtained the money in London on the
+solemn pledge of the faith of the State, and loaned it to the
+citizens; but the State had broken its pledge, repudiated the debt,
+and Mr. Jeff Davis eulogized the proceeding! The courts of the State
+decreed in 1842 that the debt was valid, and the decision was
+reaffirmed in 1853. Jeff Davis was then Secretary of War, and through
+his efforts and influence the State continued to repudiate the claims
+of the British bondholders. In 1863 Mississippi was indebted to
+Englishmen not only for the principal, $5,000,000, but for twenty-five
+years of unpaid interest; yet, notwithstanding this, the <i>Times</i>,
+eating its words of other days, came before the English people with a
+certificate of character for the repudiator, also publishing one from
+Slidell. "I am inclined to think," wrote Slidell, "that the people in
+London confound Mr. Reuben Davis, whom I <span class="pagenum"><a id="page535" name="page535"></a>(p. 535)</span> have always
+understood to have taken the lead on the question of repudiation, with
+President Jefferson Davis. I am not aware that the latter was ever
+identified with the question."</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Times</i>, commenting upon Slidell's letter, said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="quote">
+<p>"It is satisfactory to find that the friends of the President of
+     the Confederate States are anxious to free him from the charge of
+     having been an advocate of the repudiation which has now been
+     practised for exactly a quarter of a century by the State of
+     Mississippi....</p>
+
+<p>"Should it turn out that there has been a mistake, the
+     announcement will be hailed with warm gratification,&mdash;not from
+     any idle feeling of partisanship for the South, on the one hand,
+     or the merely sordid consideration of the prospects of the
+     bondholders on the other, but because there can be no question,
+     whether his course be judged by Northerners or Southerners, that
+     in his conduct of the existing war Mr. Jefferson Davis has
+     displayed such qualities as to give the world an interest in
+     wishing that the dishonorable classes who are to be found in
+     every nation should not, either now or in the future, be able to
+     point to him as an instance of the possibility of a heartless
+     disregard of pecuniary rights being compatible with real
+     greatness of character. It is to be apprehended, however, that
+     the solution will not come in the manner contemplated.
+     Nevertheless, in another way it is not out of reach, and the best
+     probability is that the unhappy blot upon Mr. Davis's reputation
+     was caused by the influence of an unscrupulous community upon a
+     then young and aspiring politician, deriving his views, perhaps,
+     from the sophistical perversions of fraudulent lawyers, and that
+     he has since discovered his mistake, and learnt to feel and
+     acknowledge that if he had again to act in the matter, it would
+     be in a very different spirit."<a id="footnotetag106" name="footnotetag106"></a><a href="#footnote106" title="Go to footnote 106"><span class="smaller">[106]</span></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It was necessary, for the success of the loan, to show that the South
+was sure of obtaining its independence, and while the editor of the
+city article was whitewashing Jeff Davis, the editor in chief was
+assuring the public that the Union was forever broken up.</p>
+
+<p>Thus wrote Mr. Delaine, the editor in chief, on the 19th:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"So far as it is concerned, the once United States are a mere
+     heap of loose materials, a caldron of molten stuff, ready to
+     receive whatever form fortune may determine. In that vast <i>m�l�e</i>
+     are two centres, which severally strive to give law and order to
+     the whole. At <span class="pagenum"><a id="page536" name="page536"></a>(p. 536)</span> Washington a body of men, not without
+     courage, ability, and enterprise, are laboring, not to restore
+     the Union,&mdash;they might as well try to restore the Heptarchy,&mdash;but
+     to reconquer what has been lost, and, let the worst come to
+     worst, to establish a military power."</p>
+
+<p>On the 27th another leader was given to American affairs. Said the
+editor:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"As to the final issue of the war, all the world, except some
+     politicians, soldiers, and contractors at Washington and New
+     York, have made up their minds, ... excepting a few disappointed
+     gentlemen of Republican tendencies, we all expect, we nearly all
+     wish, success to the Confederate cause."</p>
+
+<p>And again, on the 28th:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"There was room enough for two states on one continent, could the
+     Americans but have believed it. We do not affect to be surprised
+     at the course they have taken. It was natural that a blow should
+     be struck for the Union; but all Europe has long seen that the
+     Union could never be restored."</p>
+
+<p>That men act from motives is a fundamental truth of moral philosophy.
+Why the <i>Times</i> gave such earnest advocacy to the slaveholders may be
+inferred from what follows. Opening now the correspondence of
+D'Erlanger with the Rebel Secretary of the Treasury, we read, under
+date of June 6, 1863:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"<i>A great margin had to be given to interest the newspapers, pay
+commissions, and captivate the opinions of those who treated the loan
+and its support as a question of profit and loss.</i>"</p>
+
+<p>And further on, in the same letter:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Thanks to great pecuniary sacrifices made, <span class="smcap">AND THE SUPPORT OF ALL
+THE NEWSPAPERS</span>, the subscriptions for the loan surpassed our own
+expectations. It reached five times the amount of the loan, and
+success made everybody friends.</i>"</p>
+
+<p>At a later date, J. Henry Schroeder &amp; Co., in a note marked "private,"
+writes to D'Erlanger:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"For the advertisements in the <i>Times</i>, through Mr. Sampson, and later
+on in the <i>Index</i>, concerning the payment of the coupons, <i>we shall do
+the needful</i>."</p>
+
+<p>Thus we learn, from the statement of D'Erlanger, that the <i>Times</i>,
+upon which John Bull pins his faith, was not only by sympathy, but
+through interest, the advocate of the loan and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page537" name="page537"></a>(p. 537)</span> of the
+slave-lords' Confederacy. Its financial articles and its leaders were
+written to the order of D'Erlanger. By the aid of the <i>Times</i>, a
+Parisian Jew, taking advantage of the sympathy expressed for the South
+by lords, members of Parliament, bankers, business men, and
+adventurers, and of the general gullibility of the British public, was
+able to secure a subscription of forty-five million dollars,&mdash;or
+thirty million in excess of the loan! On page 532 we have seen that
+the Liverpool correspondent of the <i>Times</i> had been quieted by a
+commission of �6,500 ($30,000), not for services rendered, but to
+secure his interest, as explained in D'Erlanger's letter to Memminger,
+written on the 8th of July, 1863. The banker says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"When our loan contract was coming back from America, this
+     gentleman [Mr. Spence] wanted to interfere in the matter, by all
+     means, and claimed a partnership to the contract of one sixth,
+     under the pretence that he was the financial agent of the
+     Confederate government in England, and that our making the loan
+     had put him out of business which he might otherwise have
+     transacted for the South. We knew that Mr. Spence wrote
+     frequently for the <i>Times</i>, that as a public writer he could do a
+     great deal of harm if not any good. We succeeded in escaping his
+     intrusion, and when I had made arrangements to bring out the loan
+     in England, I followed his invitation to arrange matters with him
+     in Liverpool, and went down there myself. I gave him �50,000 of
+     the loan at seventy-seven, taking them back at ninety, which gave
+     him a commission as profit of �6,500."</p>
+
+<p>These extracts from D'Erlanger's correspondence will serve to show the
+American people that the London <i>Times</i> was in the service and pay of
+Jeff Davis during the Rebellion.</p>
+
+<p>On the evening of the 23d Lord Campbell called up the American
+question in Parliament, making a speech in favor of recognizing the
+Confederacy. He spoke of the remarkable success of the loan as a proof
+that the English public were ready to aid the South. The loan being
+thus bolstered up rose to four and a half per cent premium.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. McRae having arrived in France, there was a meeting of
+distinguished Rebels in Paris on the 4th of June, at D'Erlanger's
+banking-house. Mason, Slidell, and L. J. C. Lamar, who had been
+purchasing supplies in London for the Confederacy,&mdash;and McRae were
+present. The object of the meeting <span class="pagenum"><a id="page538" name="page538"></a>(p. 538)</span> was to consider the
+financial condition of the Confederate government in Europe. The
+indebtedness of the Confederacy abroad, for cannon, arms, ships, and
+supplies, at that time, was put down at �1,741,000 ($8,705,000). "At
+the same time," reads the correspondence, "Ermile d'Erlanger &amp; Co.
+furnished the meeting with a full statement concerning the loan.
+According to which, �1,850,000 ($9,250,000) of the loan is in
+circulation; a part of which is full paid, having been subscribed for
+by the creditors of the government."</p>
+
+<p>The balance of �1,150,000 was in the hands of D'Erlanger for disposal.
+In a letter written two days later, on the 6th, by D'Erlanger to
+Memminger, we learn how there happened to be so large an amount of the
+stock on hand. Unfavorable news from America caused a feeling of
+uneasiness, and speculative holders began to sell at depreciated
+rates.</p>
+
+<p>"An arrangement," says D'Erlanger, "was thereupon entered into with
+Mr. Mason, and heartily approved by Mr. Slidell, which enabled us to
+buy for the government �1,000,000 of the stock; but so eager was the
+speculation, that this did not suffice, and the sum had to be extended
+to �1,500,000. This operation had its effect, and better tidings
+helped the market."</p>
+
+<p>Upon this amount purchased by D'Erlanger to sustain the price of the
+loan, 35 per cent had been paid in by the subscribers.</p>
+
+<p>"We would not," writes the banker, "have recommended the course of
+buying back part of the loan for the government, but for its peculiar
+character. The first Confederate loan was as much a political as a
+commercial transaction, and we have done everything that it may be
+regarded in both ways.... We, as well as our friends Messrs.
+Schroeder, are happy to have been able to lend our names and credit to
+the first financial operation of the South."</p>
+
+<p>On the 13th of June McRae wrote to D'Erlanger a sharp letter, charging
+him with "unauthorized proceedings." D'Erlanger was playing a good
+game for himself.</p>
+
+<p>"These important modifications of the contract," wrote McRae, "<i>have
+in every case inured to the benefit of the contractors</i>."</p>
+
+<p>D'Erlanger replied on the same day, saying, "The operation <span class="pagenum"><a id="page539" name="page539"></a>(p. 539)</span>
+[the repurchase of the stock] was not conducted on any selfish ground,
+but for the political feeling attached to the loan." It made no
+difference to D'Erlanger whether he bought or sold on government
+account, so long as he received his commissions. He objected, however,
+to receiving the full amount of his commission in bonds; he must have
+part cash.</p>
+
+<p>"We should," wrote he, "be under too heavy an outlay if we had to take
+the �150,000 commission in bonds." This commission, therefore, up to
+the 15th of June, 1863, had reached the nice little sum of $750,000!</p>
+
+<p>D'Erlanger having disposed of the stock to good advantage, was anxious
+to bring out a second loan on the same terms. In a letter written to
+Memminger on the 8th of July we discover what those terms were.</p>
+
+<p>"We are ready," said he, "to make a new loan contract, taking exactly
+the terms of the old contract, and engaging to divide with the
+government the profits to be realized, between the rate of 77 and the
+issue price."</p>
+
+<p>The loan then on the market was issued at 90, which gave D'Erlanger a
+commission of 6-1/2 per cent,&mdash;a portion of which doubtless went into
+the pocket of Slidell. D'Erlanger was fearful that the success of the
+loan would bring proposals from other banking-houses. "We wish," said
+he, "that the circumstance of our names being the first connected with
+a large financial transaction for the government in Europe shall tell
+in our favor, and that a preference shall be granted to us, which we
+are quite ready to merit, by making better terms to the government
+than any other respectable house may offer."</p>
+
+<p>This proposition was indorsed by McRae, who the following week
+accompanied D'Erlanger to Rippaldson, where "a charming company" had
+gathered, and "an agreeable week was passed in the society of Madame
+Caroline and Miss Theresa." McRae, in a letter written on the 17th,
+urges a new loan, but the news from Gettysburg and Vicksburg had
+"lessened the appetite," and we hear no more of the proposition for a
+second loan.</p>
+
+<p>At a later date, in December, the correspondence is in regard to the
+purchase of boats for the government, in which the Paris banker takes
+the part of Shylock:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem15">
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page540" name="page540"></a>(p. 540)</span> <span class="min33em">"</span>Well then, it now appears you need my help:<br>
+   Go to then; you come to me, and you say,<br>
+   <i>Shylock, we would have moneys</i>."</p>
+
+<p>McRae wanted �200,000 on government account, and applied to
+D'Erlanger, whose terms will be seen from the following extract from
+McRae's letter:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="quote">"Your proposition amounts to this: That the government should pay
+     100 per cent for the use of �200,000, for probably less than six
+     months, with no risk on the part of the lenders, as the �650,000
+     of bonds deposited, and the lien on the boats purchased with the
+     sum lent, would protect them against loss in any event. My
+     proposition was to pay 33-1/3 for �200,000, for a period of
+     probably ten or twelve months. This I considered sufficiently
+     favorable for the lenders, as they would have been secured by the
+     deposit of �333,333 of bonds, and a lien on the boats."</p>
+
+<p>The American people, doubtless, care very little who among Rebel
+agents and manipulators of the loan, or who of the bondholders, made
+or lost money, and I pass over the details of the interesting
+correspondence. That D'Erlanger managed it shrewdly for his own
+benefit is very evident. He charged interest, commission, and exchange
+on all the stock passing through his hands. In the transaction
+�140,000, raised from the sale of bonds, was set aside as "caution
+money" by Mason and Slidell, who wished, for political considerations,
+to keep the stock at par. D'Erlanger charged commission on the
+repurchase of this stock, although he held it in his own name, and
+received interest on the same! McRae was not then in Europe, but upon
+arriving he refused to ratify the act of Mason and Slidell, but made a
+proposition to D'Erlanger that the banker should place �704,000 of
+unsold stock. It is not stated what commission he was to receive. The
+agreement was verbal, and D'Erlanger was to forfeit �140,000 if the
+stock was not placed at the end of six months. The months rolled away,
+and the stock was not placed, and D'Erlanger, instead of paying his
+forfeiture, held on to the �140,000 of caution money, and helped
+himself to the interest from government funds in his hands! McRae had
+no redress except to appeal to Memminger. D'Erlanger wrote a honeyed
+letter to the Rebel Secretary of Treasury, and offered to
+"compromise" <span class="pagenum"><a id="page541" name="page541"></a>(p. 541)</span> by giving up one half! McRae finally accepted
+terms from D'Erlanger; what they were is not stated, but McRae writes
+a doleful letter to the banker, saying that he is afraid Memminger and
+Davis will censure him. D'Erlanger seems to have wound McRae round his
+finger at will.</p>
+
+<p>Schroeder &amp; Co. were in the "ring" with D'Erlanger, and received
+commission and brokerage on the entire amount of the loan, �3,000,000.
+D'Erlanger, Schroeder, and McRae each took �50,000 of stock in the
+"Franco-English Steam Navigation Company," which was to bring out
+cotton on government account. D'Erlanger fixed the date of issuing the
+bonds, and thus brought advantage to himself. Among the payments made
+through Mr. Mason were �55,000 to Captain Crenshaw, �26,000 to Captain
+North, �38,000 to Captain Maury, �31,000 to Captain Bullock and Mr.
+Spence. A portion of these sums went into the hands of the Lairds for
+the rams which they were building. Isaac Campbell &amp; Co. received
+�515,000 ($2,575,000). This firm took �150,000 of the loan. Bonds to
+the amount of �117,000 were converted into cotton. It appears that
+D'Erlanger endeavored to sweep these into his drag-net, and obtain
+commission and brokerage wholly unauthorized.</p>
+
+<p>Since the close of the war the British holders of the loan have called
+upon D'Erlanger for an account of his operations, but can obtain no
+satisfaction. They have despatched an agent to the United States,
+appealing to the magnanimity of the Federal government for an
+adjustment and payment of their claims! Such insolent audacity has
+been promptly rebuked by Mr. Seward. Marvellous their stupidity and
+effrontery,&mdash;to ask pay for the coals on which they sought to roast
+us, for the rope that was to strangle the young giant of the West,
+whose growth they had beheld with alarm, and whose power they feared!
+As is evident from the correspondence in my possession, the whole
+scheme was well contrived and manipulated by Slidell and D'Erlanger
+for the benefit of themselves, and also of Campbell &amp; Co., Schroeder &amp;
+Co., Spence, the Lairds, and McRae, who, by the aid of the London
+<i>Times</i>, and "all the <i>papers</i>," were able to fleece the English
+aristocracy out of fifteen million dollars.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page542" name="page542"></a>(p. 542)</span> From mercenary motives they enlisted in the cause of slavery
+to destroy a friendly republican government. They had persistently
+asserted that a constitutional democracy like ours must ultimately
+fail to secure the rights and liberties of the people,&mdash;that internal
+war would crumble it into ruins like the ancient republics; and now
+they thought the fulfilment of their prophecy so near at hand it was
+unnecessary longer to disguise their hatred, and openly gave their
+"aid and comfort" to the enemy, jeering at our efforts and denouncing
+our measures to maintain our existence among the nations. They
+ventured their money on the doubtful issue and lost, and now so
+lugubriously bewail their folly as to make themselves ridiculous in
+the eyes of the world, and the laughing-stock of the American people.</p>
+
+<a id="img084" name="img084"></a>
+<div class="p4 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img084.jpg" width="500" height="359" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Patriot orphan home, flushing, L. I.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page543" name="page543"></a>(p. 543)</span> CHAPTER XXXIII.<br>
+SURRENDER OF LEE.</h2>
+
+<span class="sidedate">April, 1865.</span>
+
+<p>At three o'clock Monday morning, April 3d, Wilcox's division of the
+Ninth Corps entered Petersburg just in season to see the rear guard of
+Lee's army disappear over the hills on the north bank of the
+Appomattox, having burned the bridges and destroyed all the supplies
+which could not be transported. Lee's army was divided,&mdash;Longstreet,
+Pickett, and Johnson being south of the stream, fifteen miles west of
+the city. Gordon, Mahone, Ewell, and Elzy, with the immense trains of
+supplies and batteries from Richmond, were north of the river,&mdash;all
+moving southwest, towards Danville, with the intention of joining
+Johnston in North Carolina.</p>
+
+<p>"Good by, boys," said the women of Petersburg, some sorrowfully;
+others more joyful cried, "We'll drink pure coffee, with sugar in it,
+to-morrow. No more hard times."<a id="footnotetag107" name="footnotetag107"></a><a href="#footnote107" title="Go to footnote 107"><span class="smaller">[107]</span></a> They were weary of war. The
+troops passed through the town in silence and dejection. It was a
+sorrowful march. The successive disasters of Sunday, the sudden
+breaking up, the destruction of property, the scenes of the night,
+soon had their effect upon the spirits of the army. Soldiers slipped
+from the ranks, disappeared in the woods, and threw away their
+muskets, sick at heart, and disgusted with war. Virginia soldiers had
+little inclination to abandon the Old Dominion and fight in North
+Carolina. They were State-rights men,&mdash;each State for itself. If
+Secession could cut loose from the Union, why not from the
+Confederacy?</p>
+
+<p>Before noon the troops moving from Petersburg, and those retreating
+from Richmond, with all the baggage-trains and flying citizens, came
+together on the Chesterfield road, producing confusion and delay. Had
+Lee thrown his supply trains upon <span class="pagenum"><a id="page544" name="page544"></a>(p. 544)</span> the Lynchburg road, and
+made a day's march farther west with his army, instead of taking the
+nearest road to Danville, he probably would have escaped; but his
+progress was very slow. The roads were soft, the wagons overloaded.
+The stalling of a single horse in the advance delayed the whole army.</p>
+
+<p>The teamsters were quite as unwilling to go south as the soldiers.
+They were expecting every moment to hear the ringing shouts of
+Sheridan's men charging upon their flank or rear. There were frequent
+panics, which set them into a fever of excitement, and added to the
+confusion.</p>
+
+<p>Grant determined to prevent Lee's escape if possible. The Ninth Corps
+was detailed to hold the town, guard the railroad, reconstruct it, and
+follow the other corps as a reserve. The Second, Fifth, and Sixth
+Corps, instead of crossing the river were sent upon the double-quick
+along the road which runs between the Appomattox and the South Side
+Railroad.</p>
+
+<p>Ord, with the divisions of the Twenty-Fourth and Twenty-Fifth Corps,
+marched for Burkesville Junction. Sheridan, being in advance with the
+cavalry, reached Jettersville, on the Richmond and Danville road,
+forty-four miles from Richmond, on the 4th, tore up the track,
+intrenched his position, and waited for the infantry. Meade joined him
+on the morning of the 5th, while Ord, by a forced march, reached
+Burkesville, south of Sheridan.</p>
+
+<p>Lee crossed the Appomattox at Clemenstown, moved southwest to Amelia
+Court-House, where he was joined by Longstreet's, Pickett's, and
+Johnson's troops. The Appomattox has its rise in Prince Edward county,
+runs northeast, approaching within fifteen miles of the James, then
+turns southeast, and joins the James at Petersburg.</p>
+
+<a id="img085" name="img085"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img085.jpg" width="500" height="314" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Surrender of General Lee.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The bridge at Clemenstown, on which Lee crossed was narrow and unsafe,
+and the army was much hindered. Had he not crossed at all, but marched
+round the bend instead, he might have slipped past Sheridan while that
+officer was waiting at Jettersville for Meade to join him. On the 5th
+Meade, finding that he was ahead of Lee, instead of marching west,
+turned northeast, and swept up the railroad toward Amelia, with the
+Fifth Corps on the right, the Second in the centre, and the Sixth on
+the left with the cavalry. Lee, seeing that he could <span class="pagenum"><a id="page545" name="page545"></a>(p. 545)</span> not go
+down the railroad, instead of marching southwest, as he had done the
+day before, moved directly west, to give Meade the slip if possible.
+He abandoned wagons, caissons, and forage, and everything that impeded
+his march.</p>
+
+<p>The Rebels had reached their Bull Run. The trains from Richmond were
+crossing the bridge when a panic set in. "While we were gazing," says
+a Rebel writer, "at the wagons moving up from the bridge and entering
+the road leading to the Court-House, our ears caught the sound of five
+or six shots in succession; and, looking in the direction whence the
+sound came, we perceived two or three horsemen emerge from a wood
+about half a mile distant, and as quickly retire. We could not discern
+their uniform, but the supposition was, of course, that they were a
+part of Sheridan's cavalry. There was a slight confusion at the head
+of the train, and then a halt. 'The Yankees! Sheridan!' As the cry
+echoed from man to man, the teamsters began to turn their mules
+towards the river, many involving themselves with those in their rear,
+while others dismounted and sought the nearest wood. In five minutes
+the scene had been changed from quiet to the utmost disorder. The
+wagons were turned back with astonishing rapidity, each teamster
+unmercifully lashing his jaded animals, as anxious to reach the other
+side as an hour before he had been to get to this. The cavalry, who
+had been scattered over the fields cooking or eating their breakfasts,
+now caught the alarm, and leaving their rations grasped their bridles,
+mounted, and spurred their horses towards the bridge. For this point
+all were aiming, and the foot-sore infantry now seemed to have but a
+poor chance of life in the road now jammed with wagons, mules, and
+mounted men. The narrow defile, bounded on either side by tall rocks,
+was filled with horses, wagons, and men, all unable to advance a foot
+toward the desired point.... Upon the other side (north) the panic was
+even greater, the rumor prevailing that five hundred Yankees were in
+our front, and that a large number of our wagons had been captured and
+burned. Vainly plunging their sharp spurs into the steaming flanks of
+the poor mules, and still unable to make them trot through the mud and
+up the steep hills, the teamsters cut loose the traces, and
+remounting would gallop away, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page546" name="page546"></a>(p. 546)</span> flourishing their long whips,
+yelling, and urging their horses to the utmost speed. Forsaking the
+road, they leaped the fences, thronged the fields, and sought the wood
+for hiding-places.... Scores of broken-down and wrecked wagons and
+ambulances were overturned and abandoned, their contents being strewed
+over the road; corn and oats, meal and flour covered the ground, while
+quartermaster's papers were scattered in every direction. Clothing and
+even medicinal stores had been in like manner thrown away."<a id="footnotetag108" name="footnotetag108"></a><a href="#footnote108" title="Go to footnote 108"><span class="smaller">[108]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>When General Meade discovered Lee's new movement, he wheeled toward
+the left, and faced the Second and Fifth Corps northwest. The Fifth
+Corps moved up to Painesville, which is northwest of Amelia; but
+Griffin, commanding, was too late to strike Lee, whose rear-guard had
+passed that point. The Second Corps moved through Deatonville, which
+is five miles west of Jettersville, while the Sixth Corps, moving
+southwest, came upon the Rebels on Little Sailor's Creek, a small
+tributary of the Appomattox, running north. The Twenty-Fourth Corps
+meanwhile, marching from Burkesville up the railroad, joined the Sixth
+Corps at the head of the creek.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the morning of the 6th General Ord directed that the
+Petersburg and Lynchburg Railroad bridge across the Appomattox be
+seized and held if possible; if not able to hold it, the troops were
+to destroy it. The Fifty-Fourth Pennsylvania and One Hundred and
+Twenty-Third Ohio were sent to do the work. They moved toward the
+river, but suddenly found themselves on the right flank of Lee's army,
+which, was in line of battle, between Sailor's Creek and the
+Appomattox.</p>
+
+<p>Lee made a stand at this point to save his trains. He was still hoping
+to reach Danville. If he could fight a successful battle, his wagons
+would have time to slip away from Sheridan. He had already been forced
+ten miles out of his direct line of march, and if he failed here he
+must give up all expectation of reaching Danville, and strike west
+towards Lynchburg.</p>
+
+<p>His army stood on the west bank of Sailors' Creek, facing east and
+southeast, behind intrenchments, with the Appomattox, which here runs
+northeast, behind him.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page547" name="page547"></a>(p. 547)</span> Walking along the Union lines we see that the Fifth Corps is
+not yet up from its long <i>d�tour</i> north toward Painesville, but the
+Second Corps is approaching the creek four miles above its junction
+with the Appomattox. One division of cavalry is on its right flank,
+reaching down to the river. The Sixth Corps is on the left of the
+Second, facing west. There is a break in the line as we go towards
+Ord's command, which is near Burkesville, facing northwest, with
+Sheridan's cavalry on both flanks.</p>
+
+<p>The forenoon was passed in skirmishing on the part of the Union
+troops. The regiments sent to seize the bridge were not able to
+accomplish the task, and were driven with severe loss. But now the
+Second Corps came up, a foothold was gained across the creek, and
+Lee's left flank was forced towards the river.</p>
+
+<p>It was nearly four o'clock in the afternoon before the Sixth Corps
+came up with the Rebels. This corps had been marching southwest; but
+when the skirmishers discovered the enemy, Wright halted Seymour's
+division, which was in advance, faced it west, while Wheaton's
+division filed past Seymour's and took position on the left. The third
+division was in reserve. The cavalry was on the left of Wheaton.
+Sheridan found himself confronted by Ewell's and Kershaw's divisions,
+which were strongly intrenched.</p>
+
+<p>Seymour and Wheaton moved from the road west, went down the steep
+declivity into the ravine, receiving the fire of the Rebels without
+flinching, crossed the creek, ascended the other bank, and dashed upon
+the intrenchments. At the same moment Custar's division of cavalry
+advanced with sabres drawn, their horses upon the run, goaded with
+spur and quickened by shout, till they caught the wild enthusiasm of
+their riders, and horses and men unitedly became as fiery Centaurs,
+the earth trembling beneath the tread of the thousands of hoofs, the
+air resounding with bugle-blasts and thrilling cheers!</p>
+
+<p>The charge of this division was heroic. The Rebel artillery opened
+with shells, followed by canister. The infantry, protected by
+breastworks, were able to give a galling fire, but the squadrons swept
+everything before them, leaping the intrenchments, sabring all who
+resisted, crushing the whole of Lee's <span class="pagenum"><a id="page548" name="page548"></a>(p. 548)</span> right wing by a single
+blow, gathering up thousands of prisoners, who stood as if paralyzed
+by the tremendous shock.</p>
+
+<p>Entire regiments threw down their arms. Miles of wagons, caissons,
+ambulances, forges, arms, ammunition,&mdash;all that belonged to that
+portion of the line, was lost to Lee in a moment. Generals Ewell,
+Kershaw, Defoe, Barton, Custis Lee, Borden, and Corse were prisoners
+almost before they knew it.</p>
+
+<p>"Further fighting is useless; it will be a waste of life," said Ewell
+to Custar.</p>
+
+<p>"Bravely done, Custar," said Sheridan, riding up, and complimenting
+his lieutenant in the presence of the whole division.</p>
+
+<p>It was through the co-operation of the other cavalry divisions,
+Crook's and Devens's and Merritt's, and of the Sixth Corps, that
+Custar was enabled to strike such a crushing blow. Honor is due to
+all. Custar had his horse killed; Lieutenant Harwell, Captain
+Barnhart, Lieutenant Narvall, Lieutenant Main, and Lieutenant Custar,
+all belonging to his staff, also had their horses shot in the splendid
+charge, which of itself proves that it was gallant and desperate.
+Officers and men alike rushed upon the enemy, rivalling each other in
+deeds of daring.</p>
+
+<p>After receiving this paralyzing blow Lee gave up all hope of reaching
+Danville. He could move only in the direction of Lynchburg. Caissons,
+wagons, and ambulances were burned, cannon abandoned, commissary
+supplies left by the roadside.</p>
+
+<p>It was a day of jubilee to the colored people, who swarmed out from
+their cabins and appropriated the plunder.</p>
+
+<p>"'Pears like as if we were spiling the Egyptians," said an old man who
+had gathered an immense pile of blankets and coats.</p>
+
+<p>There was a skirmish at Farmville the next morning, between the
+cavalry and the left wing of Lee's army. The centre, and what remained
+of the right wing, crossed the Appomattox ten miles above
+Farmville,&mdash;both columns moving to Appomattox Court-House, where Lee
+hoped to unite his scattered forces.</p>
+
+<p>Grant and Meade, with the Second and Sixth Corps, crossed at
+Farmville, and followed Lee along the Petersburg and Lynchburg
+turnpike. Ord, joined by the Fifth, starting from Burkesville, took
+the shortest road to Appomattox Court-House, nearly <span class="pagenum"><a id="page549" name="page549"></a>(p. 549)</span> fifty
+miles distant, while Sheridan, with the main body of the cavalry, made
+a rapid movement southwest to cut off Lee's retreat. The pursuit from
+Sailors' Creek commenced on Friday morning, and Lee was brought to bay
+Saturday noon.</p>
+
+<p>It was an exciting race. There were frequent interchanges of shots
+between the cavalry, hovering like a cloud upon Lee's flank, also
+captures of abandoned wagons, ambulances, caissons, pieces of
+artillery, and picking up of stragglers. Glimpses of the Rebel forces
+were sometimes had across the ravines. As a sight of the flying deer
+quickens the pursuit of the hound, so an occasional view of the flying
+enemy roused the soldiers to a wild and irrepressible enthusiasm, and
+their shouts and cheers rang long and loud through the surrounding
+woodlands.</p>
+
+<p>Appomattox Court-House is at the head-waters of the Appomattox River,
+on the table-land between the rivulets which give rise to that stream
+and the James River, which makes its great southern bend at Lynchburg.
+The place is sometimes called Clover Hill. It is a small
+village,&mdash;such as are to be seen throughout the Old Dominion,&mdash;one or
+two good, substantial houses, surrounded by a dozen or twenty
+miserable cabins.</p>
+
+<p>Lee succeeded in reuniting his troops, numbering not more than a
+division, such as once marched under his direction up the heights of
+Gettysburg, or moved into the fight in the Wilderness; but when
+reunited and ready to move upon Lynchburg, he found the cloud which
+had hung upon his flank and rear now enveloping him on the north, the
+east, the south, the west. Sheridan had swung past him, Ord and
+Griffin were south of him, holding the road leading to Danville, while
+Wright and Humphrey, east and north, were preparing to drive him over
+against Sheridan, who in turn would toss him down towards Ord and
+Griffin.</p>
+
+<p>Great was the consternation in the Rebel ranks when, on Saturday
+morning, the Rebels discovered that Sheridan was cutting off their
+retreat to Lynchburg.</p>
+
+<p>"Yankees at Appomattox! Sheridan!"<a id="footnotetag109" name="footnotetag109"></a><a href="#footnote109" title="Go to footnote 109"><span class="smaller">[109]</span></a> was the cry of a party of
+Rebel officers on a locomotive, hastening to Lynchburg in season to
+escape the Union cavalrymen then advancing to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page550" name="page550"></a>(p. 550)</span> tear up the
+rails. Sheridan pounced upon the artillery, and on the afternoon of
+the 8th captured twenty-five pieces. Meade at the same time came upon
+the rear of the Rebels a mile east of the Court-House, and captured a
+battery. Lee's men were melting away, worn down by hard marching and
+fighting, and discouraged by defeat and disaster. His provisions were
+getting low, as the larger part of the supplies had been abandoned.
+His condition was critical.</p>
+
+<p>It was a gloomy night. A courier brought intelligence that Sheridan
+had possession of Concord Station.</p>
+
+<p>"We all felt," says a Rebel writer, "our hearts chilled by this new
+rumor. Concord Station was between us and Lynchburg, and we had no
+knowledge of any other road to that place than that which we were
+pursuing. Turning back, our capture was inevitable. The generals
+withdrew to consult, the staff officers conversed in low tones, while
+the soldiers, teamsters, the cause being unknown, did not hesitate to
+declare their impatience at the delay."<a id="footnotetag110" name="footnotetag110"></a><a href="#footnote110" title="Go to footnote 110"><span class="smaller">[110]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>Lee called his last council of war, summoning Longstreet, Pickett,
+Gordon, and Hill. The condition of affairs was discussed. It was a sad
+hour. Lee was much depressed. He did not know that the infantry under
+Ord and Griffin were south of him, but supposed that his way was
+disputed only by Sheridan. It was decided to force a passage. The
+attack was made; but the volleys of musketry and the vigor of the
+cannonade, and the long lines of men in blue, convinced him that he
+had little chance of escaping. The skirmishing was kept up through the
+day,&mdash;both parties too wearied and exhausted to fight a general
+battle,&mdash;yet each moment of delay made Lee's condition more hopeless.</p>
+
+<p>Grant had despatched a letter to Lee on the 7th, from Farmville,
+asking the surrender of the army of Northern Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>Lee replied the same day, asking for terms.</p>
+
+<p>On the 8th Grant sent a second letter, insisting upon one condition
+only: "That the men and officers shall be disqualified for taking up
+arms against the United States until properly exchanged."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page551" name="page551"></a>(p. 551)</span> "I do not think the emergency has arisen to call for the
+surrender of this army," Lee answered; but at the same time asked for
+an interview at ten o'clock next morning. Sheridan had not closed all
+the roads to Lynchburg, but was in such a position that it was
+impossible for Lee to get away with his army. Breckenridge, with a
+large number of officers and many thousands of privates, struck
+northwest, through by-roads and fields, crossed James River, reached
+Lynchburg and passed into North Carolina.</p>
+
+<p>The Second Corps was in position on Sunday morning, waiting the order
+to advance, when a flag of truce was displayed in front of Miles's
+division. Captain J. D. Cook, of General Miles's staff, was sent to
+receive it. He was met by Colonel Taylor, of Lee's staff, who brought
+a note from Lee, wishing for a suspension of hostilities to take into
+consideration the terms offered by General Grant on Saturday. General
+Meade signified by note that he had no authority to enter into an
+armistice, but would wait two hours before making an attack, and would
+communicate with General Grant.</p>
+
+<p>Before the expiration of the time General Grant arrived, and a
+correspondence with Lee followed, which resulted in the appointment of
+a place of meeting for a more full consideration of the terms proposed
+by General Grant.</p>
+
+<p>In the little village of Appomattox Court-House there is a large,
+square brick house, with a portico in front, the residence of Wilmer
+McLean. Roses were budding in the garden on that Sabbath morning,
+violets and daffodils were already in bloom, and the trees which
+shaded the dwelling were green with the verdure of spring. General Lee
+designated it as the place for meeting General Grant. It was a little
+past two o'clock in the afternoon when General Lee, accompanied by
+General Marshall, his chief of staff, entered the house. A few minutes
+later General Grant arrived, accompanied only by Colonel Parker, of
+his staff, chief of the Six Nations.</p>
+
+<p>The meeting was in the parlor,&mdash;a square room, carpeted, furnished
+with a sofa and centre-table. Lee, dressed in a suit of gray, was
+sitting by the table when Grant entered. Time had silvered his hair
+and beard. He wore an elegant sword, a gift from his friends.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page552" name="page552"></a>(p. 552)</span> General Grant had left his sword behind, and appeared in the
+same suit he had worn in the field through the eventful days,&mdash;a plain
+blue frock, with double row of buttons, and shoulder-straps bearing
+the three silver stars, the insignia of his rank as
+Lieutenant-General.</p>
+
+<p>The meeting was cordial. After salutations the two commanders sat
+down, placed their hats on the table, and conversed as freely as in
+other days when both were in the service of the United States. General
+Lee alluded to the correspondence which had passed between them.</p>
+
+<p>"General, I have requested this interview, to know more fully the
+terms which you propose," said General Lee.</p>
+
+<p>General Grant replied that he would grant a parole to officers and
+men, and that the officers might retain their side-arms and their
+personal effects. General Lee assented to the proposition, and did not
+ask for any modification of the terms, which were then engrossed. The
+paper was signed by General Lee at half past three o'clock.</p>
+
+<p>After he had affixed his signature, General Lee asked for General
+Grant's understanding of the term "personal effects" which had been
+used in the instrument.</p>
+
+<p>"Many of my cavalrymen own their horses," he said.</p>
+
+<p>"I think that the horses must be turned over to the United States,"
+was the reply.</p>
+
+<p>"I coincide in that opinion," was Lee's rejoinder.</p>
+
+<p>"But," said General Grant, "I will instruct the officers who are
+appointed to carry out the capitulation to allow those who own horses
+to take them home. They will need them to do their spring ploughing
+and to till their farms."</p>
+
+<p>"Allow me to express my thanks for such consideration and generosity
+on your part. It cannot fail of having a good effect," General Lee
+replied with emotion.</p>
+
+<p>After further conversation General Lee expressed a hope that each
+soldier of his army might be furnished with a certificate, or some
+other evidence of parole, to prevent them from being forced into
+further service by Confederate conscripting officers.</p>
+
+<a id="img086" name="img086"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img086.jpg" width="500" height="349" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">General Lee's Farewell.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>"I will order such certificates to be issued to every man," said
+General Grant; and as soon as the preliminaries were <span class="pagenum"><a id="page553" name="page553"></a>(p. 553)</span>
+settled, the head-quarters printing-press was put to work striking off
+blanks for that purpose.</p>
+
+<p>"My army is short of rations," said Lee.</p>
+
+<p>"You shall be supplied," and an order was at once issued to the
+commissary to furnish rations to the prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>The question of terms had been discussed the evening previous around
+Grant's camp-fire. Grant stated that he wanted such a surrender as
+would break down the positions which France and England had taken in
+recognizing the Rebels as belligerents. He did not wish for
+humiliating terms. He would not require a formal grounding of arms.
+The Rebels were Americans, and his object was to restore them to the
+Union and not to degrade them.</p>
+
+<p>Lee returned to his army and stated the terms of capitulation, which
+were received with great satisfaction, especially by those who owned
+horses. They cheered loudly, and no doubt heartily. The terms were
+such as they had not expected. The newspapers of the South had
+persistently represented the men of the North as bloodthirsty and
+vindictive,&mdash;as vandals, robbers, and murderers,&mdash;capable of doing the
+work of fiends, and the remarkable leniency of Grant surprised them.</p>
+
+<p>The terms were not altogether acceptable to Grant's army. Many of the
+officers remembered that General Pickett never had resigned his
+commission in the United States service, but that he had taken up arms
+against the country without any scruples of conscience. He was a
+deserter and a traitor, found in arms. The soldiers remembered that
+scores of their comrades had been shot or hung for deserting the
+ranks; the utmost leniency of the government was a long term of
+imprisonment in a penitentiary or confinement on the Dry Tortugas.
+Sentinels had been shot for falling asleep while on duty; yet General
+Pickett and his fellow-traitors were, by the terms of the parole,
+granted an indulgence which was equivalent to a pardon. It was General
+Pickett who hung the Union men of North Carolina who had enlisted in
+the service of the Union, but who, under the fortunes of war, had
+fallen into his hands. In General Pickett's estimation they had
+committed an unpardonable crime. He considered them as citizens of the
+Confederacy, and hung them upon the nearest tree. It was cold-blooded
+murder. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page554" name="page554"></a>(p. 554)</span> But his desertion, treason, inhumanity, and murders
+were offset by the plea that the North could afford to be magnanimous
+to a conquered foe! The soldiers idolized Grant as a commander. They
+had no objection to his terms with the privates of Lee's army, but
+there was dissent from including Pickett and Ewell, and other Rebel
+officers who had been notoriously inhuman to Union soldiers. The Rebel
+soldiers were generally humane towards prisoners, especially after the
+first year of the war. Many instances might be cited of their kindness
+to the wounded on the battle-field and to prisoners in their hands.
+The officers in the field were also kind, but the political leaders,
+the women, and officers in charge of prisons were cruel and
+vindictive.</p>
+
+<p>The hour came for Lee to part with his officers. He retained his
+calmness and composure, but they could not refrain from shedding
+tears. It was to be their last meeting. He was to lead them no more in
+battle.</p>
+
+<p>The occasion brought before them an acute sense that all was
+over,&mdash;all lost; their sacrifices, sufferings, heroism, had been in
+vain; their pride was humbled; instead of being victors, they were
+vanquished; history and the impartial verdict of mankind perhaps would
+hold them responsible for the blood which had been shed. It was a sad
+hour to that body of men in gray, wearing the stars of a perished
+Confederacy.</p>
+
+<p>The intelligence of the capitulation was communicated to Grant's army
+by bulletin. As the news flew along the lines on that Sabbath morning,
+the cheering was prolonged and vociferous. For the first time in four
+years the veterans who had toiled in the mud of the Peninsula, who had
+been beaten back from Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, who had
+stood like a wall of adamant on the banks of the Antietam, and the
+heights of Gettysburg, who had pressed Lee from the Wilderness to Five
+Forks, who had brought him to bay at last, were to have a peaceful
+night.</p>
+
+<p>Their fighting was over, and there was to be no more charging of
+batteries; nor long watchings in the trenches, drenched by rains,
+parched by summer heat, or numbed by the frosts of winter; no more
+scenes of blood, of wasting away in hospitals, or murders and
+starvation in Rebel prisons. It was the hour <span class="pagenum"><a id="page555" name="page555"></a>(p. 555)</span> of peace. In the
+radiant light of that Sabbath sun they could rejoice in the thought
+that they had once more a reunited country; that an abject people had
+been redeemed from slavery; that the honor of the nation had been
+vindicated; that the flag which traitors had trailed in the dust at
+the beginning of the conflict was more than ever the emblem of the
+world's best hopes.</p>
+
+<a id="img087" name="img087"></a>
+<div class="p4 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img087.jpg" width="200" height="505" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Study for a statue of Lincoln.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page556" name="page556"></a>(p. 556)</span> CHAPTER XXXIV.<br>
+
+CONCLUSION.</h2>
+
+<span class="sidedate">April, 1865.</span>
+
+<p>Day was breaking on the 12th of April, when General Grant, accompanied
+by his staff, alighted from the cars at City Point, after a tedious
+night ride from Burkesville. He walked slowly up the steep bank to his
+head-quarters, not with the air of a conqueror, but as if sleep and
+rest would be far more acceptable than the congratulations of a noisy
+crowd. Four years had passed since he left his quiet home in Illinois,
+a humble citizen, unknown beyond his village borders; but now his name
+was inseparably connected with a great moral convulsion, world-wide in
+its influence, enduring as time in its results. The mighty conflict of
+ideas had swept round the globe like a tidal wave of the ocean.
+Industry had been quickened in every land, and new channels of trade
+opened among the nations. Wherever human language was spoken, men
+talked of the war between Slavery and Freedom, and aspirations for
+good were awakened in the hearts of toiling millions in Europe, on the
+burning sands of Africa, and in the jungles of Hindostan, to whom life
+was bare existence and the future ever hopeless.</p>
+
+<a id="img088" name="img088"></a>
+<div class="p2 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img088.jpg" width="500" height="353" alt="" title="">
+<p class="caption">Assassination of Lincoln.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The four years of fighting were over; the Rebellion was subdued. On
+the first of April Lee had a large army, but suddenly he had been
+overwhelmed. That which seemed so formidable had disappeared like a
+bubble in the sunshine. Though the Rebels saw that the Confederacy was
+threatened as it had not been at any other period of the war, there
+were few, if any, who, up to the latest hour, dreamed that there could
+be such an overturning of affairs. That Lee had held his ground so
+long was a warranty that he could successfully resist all Grant's
+efforts to take Richmond. The Confederate Congress met daily in the
+capital, passed resolutions, enacted laws, and debated questions of
+state, as if the Confederacy had a place among the nations, with
+centuries of prosperity and glory in <span class="pagenum"><a id="page557" name="page557"></a>(p. 557)</span> prospect. But their
+performance came to an unexpected end. The last act of the tragedy was
+given on the 14th,&mdash;the assassination of the President.</p>
+
+<p>What drama surpasses it in interest? What period of the world's
+history is more replete with great events affecting the welfare of the
+human race? In 1861, when the curtain rose, the world beheld a nation,
+peaceful, happy, prosperous. Then came the spectacle,&mdash;the procession
+of seceding States, with bugles sounding, colors flying, the
+bombardment of Sumter; the uprising of the people of the North, the
+drum-beat heard in every village, flags floating from all the
+steeples, streamers and banners from all the house-tops, great
+battles, defeat, and victory; a ploughman and splitter of rails the
+liberator of the enslaved, their enlistment as soldiers of the
+Republic; the patriotism of the people; woman's work of love and
+mercy; the ghastly scenes in Southern prisons, the conflagration of
+cities set on fire by the Rebels, the breaking up of the Confederacy,
+the assassination, the capture of the Rebel chief, the return of the
+victorious armies, the last grand military pageant at Washington, and
+then the retirement of the soldiers to peaceful life! Sublime the
+picture!</p>
+
+<p>The conflict commenced as a rebellion, but ended in revolution.
+Slavery has disappeared. Civil liberty is stronger than in 1861. Four
+millions of freedmen are candidates for citizenship, who at the
+beginning of the Rebellion had no rights under the flag of the Union.</p>
+
+<p class="poem25">
+<span class="min33em">"</span>Slaves rise up men; the olive waves,<br>
+   With roots deep set in battle graves."</p>
+
+<p>The Rebellion was an attempt to suppress Truth and Justice by tyranny.
+The effort might have been successful in earlier ages, but not in the
+nineteenth century, and never will the attempt be repeated on American
+soil, for the tendency of mind is towards a clearer perception of the
+rights of man. America uttered her protest against despotic power in
+1776. "It was an experiment," said the aristocracies of Europe. The
+"republican bubble has burst," said Earl Russell in 1861; but the
+Republic lives, and the false and ignoble distinctions in the society
+of the Old World, which slavery attempted to establish in the New,
+have been reversed. America teaches this truth to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page558" name="page558"></a>(p. 558)</span> the
+wondering nations,&mdash;that the strongest government rests, not on the
+few, not on property, never on injustice, but on the people, on
+diffused wealth and enlightened mind, on obligation to man and God.</p>
+
+<p>Kings will yet lay aside their sceptres, and subjects will become
+sovereigns, because the people of America, by example, have shown the
+world that civil and religious liberty for all, as well as for the
+few, is of more value than human life.</p>
+
+<p>How lavish the expenditure of blood! How generous the outpouring of
+the wine of life by the heroic dead!</p>
+
+<p class="poem25">
+<span class="min33em">"</span>Song of peace, nor battle's roar,<br>
+   Ne'er shall break their slumbers more;<br>
+   Death shall keep his solemn trust,<br>
+   'Earth to earth, and dust to dust.'"</p>
+
+<p>Dead, yet living. Their patriotism, sacrifice, endurance, patience,
+faith, and hope can never die. Loved and lamented, but immortal. P�ans
+for the living, dirges for the dead. Their work is done, not for an
+hour, a day, a year, but for all time; not for fame or ambition, but
+for the poor, the degraded, the oppressed of all lands, for
+civilization and Christianity, for the welfare of the human race
+through Time and Eternity!</p>
+
+<a id="img089" name="img089"></a>
+<div class="p4 figcenter">
+<img src="images/img089.jpg" width="400" height="231" alt="Decoration" title="">
+</div>
+
+<h2>Footnotes</h2>
+
+<p><a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag1" class="smaller">1</a>  McDowell's Order.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag2" class="smaller">2</a>  See "Days and Nights on the Battle-Field," p. 58.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote3" name="footnote3"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag3" class="smaller">3</a>  Our God is a strong fortress.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote4" name="footnote4"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag4" class="smaller">4</a>  "North America," by Anthony Trollope, Vol. II. p. 86.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote5" name="footnote5"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag5" class="smaller">5</a>  North American Review, January, 1866, p. 189.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote6" name="footnote6"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag6" class="smaller">6</a>  The accompanying illustration is an accurate
+representation drawn by Mr. Wand, who witnessed the battle. The
+battery in the foreground is north of the house of Mr. Roulet, near
+the centre of Sumner's line. French's and Richardson's divisions are
+seen in the middle of the picture, and the Rebels under D. H. Hill and
+Longstreet beyond.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote7" name="footnote7"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag7" class="smaller">7</a>  Want of space compels me to give only a sketch of the
+battle; but a full, circumstantial, and detailed account of the
+positions and movements of the two armies may be found in "Following
+the Flag," published by Messrs. Ticknor and Fields of Boston.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote8" name="footnote8"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag8" class="smaller">8</a>  Pollard's Second Year of the War, p. 152.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote9" name="footnote9"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag9" class="smaller">9</a>  Letter to Boston <i>Journal</i>, December 9, 1862.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote10" name="footnote10"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag10" class="smaller">10</a>  Boker's "Crossing at Fredericksburg."</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote11" name="footnote11"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag11" class="smaller">11</a>  Richmond Examiner, December 15, 1862.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote12" name="footnote12"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag12" class="smaller">12</a>  Lieutenant-Colonel Fizer's Report.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote13" name="footnote13"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag13" class="smaller">13</a>  Jackson's Report.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote14" name="footnote14"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag14" class="smaller">14</a>  Lee's Report.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote15" name="footnote15"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag15" class="smaller">15</a>  General Meade's Testimony, Conduct of the War, Part I.
+p. 696.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote16" name="footnote16"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag16" class="smaller">16</a>  See map accompanying General Franklin's reply to Report
+of Committee on Conduct of the War.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote17" name="footnote17"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag17" class="smaller">17</a>  Testimony, Conduct of the War, Part I. p. 715.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote18" name="footnote18"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag18" class="smaller">18</a>  Testimony of Meade and other officers, Conduct of the
+War.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote19" name="footnote19"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag19" class="smaller">19</a>  General Howard's Address at Washington.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote20" name="footnote20"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag20" class="smaller">20</a>  Letter to Richmond <i>Examiner</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote21" name="footnote21"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag21" class="smaller">21</a>  Richmond <i>Examiner</i>, May 1st 1863.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote22" name="footnote22"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag22" class="smaller">22</a>  Howard's Report.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote23" name="footnote23"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag23" class="smaller">23</a>  General Sickles's statement.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote24" name="footnote24"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag24" class="smaller">24</a>  Howard's Report.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote25" name="footnote25"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag25" class="smaller">25</a>  Howard's Report.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote26" name="footnote26"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag26" class="smaller">26</a>  General Doles's Report, p. 63.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote27" name="footnote27"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag27" class="smaller">27</a>  Colston's Report, p. 43.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote28" name="footnote28"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag28" class="smaller">28</a>  Life of Stonewall Jackson, by Daniels, of Richmond, p.
+254.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote29" name="footnote29"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag29" class="smaller">29</a>  Lee's Report.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote30" name="footnote30"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag30" class="smaller">30</a>  Stuart's Report.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote31" name="footnote31"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag31" class="smaller">31</a>  "From the Potomac to the Rapidan," by Quint.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote32" name="footnote32"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag32" class="smaller">32</a>  Lee's Report.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote33" name="footnote33"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag33" class="smaller">33</a>  Wilcox's Report, p. 98.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote34" name="footnote34"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag34" class="smaller">34</a>  Wilcox's Report.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote35" name="footnote35"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag35" class="smaller">35</a>  Barksdale's Report.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote36" name="footnote36"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag36" class="smaller">36</a>  Brooks's Report.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote37" name="footnote37"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag37" class="smaller">37</a>  Barksdale's Report.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote38" name="footnote38"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag38" class="smaller">38</a>  General Wilcox's Report.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote39" name="footnote39"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag39" class="smaller">39</a>  Lee's Report, p. 12.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote40" name="footnote40"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag40" class="smaller">40</a>  Howard's Report, p. 9.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote41" name="footnote41"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag41" class="smaller">41</a>  Kilpatrick and Our Cavalry, p. 49.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote42" name="footnote42"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag42" class="smaller">42</a>  Kilpatrick and our Cavalry, p. 50.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote43" name="footnote43"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag43" class="smaller">43</a>  Kilpatrick's Report.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote44" name="footnote44"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag44" class="smaller">44</a>  Atlantic Monthly, April, 1863.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote45" name="footnote45"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag45" class="smaller">45</a>  Starry regions.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote46" name="footnote46"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag46" class="smaller">46</a>  Lieutenant Freemantle.&mdash;<i>Blackwood's Magazine</i>,
+September, 1863.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote47" name="footnote47"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag47" class="smaller">47</a>  The accompanying plan of the battle-field accurately
+represents the general positions of the troops engaged. On the right
+of the Union line is the Twelfth Corps; then two divisions of the
+First; then the Eleventh in and around The cemetery; then Robinson's
+division of the First; then the Second and the Fifth on the left,
+occupying Weed's Hill. The Third Corps is in the position it occupied
+at the beginning of the battle on the afternoon of the second day. It
+was forced back to Trostle's house. The Sixth Corps is in the position
+it occupied at sunset on the second day. On the third day it was in
+line along Weed's Hill. When Slocum went over from the right to aid in
+repulsing Longstreet on the second day, he passed near the two houses
+standing on the Taneytown road. Meade's quarters were in the house
+over which a flag is flying.</p>
+
+<p>Longstreet is in the position which he occupied at three o'clock on
+the afternoon of the second day, and to which he retired after failing
+to push Sickles beyond Trostle's.</p>
+
+<p>Pickett commanded a division and not a corps. But as his division took
+the lead in the last attack, on the third day, and as his repulse was
+seemingly the turning-point of the Rebellion, especial mention has
+been made of the part taken by the troops under his command. Hill
+supported him. A portion of Hill's troops were with Longstreet in the
+attack of the second day.</p>
+
+<p>Ewell is in the position he occupied at dark on the second day, while
+two of Slocum's divisions were aiding the left of Meade's line.</p>
+
+<p>Lee's head-quarters were near Smucker's house.</p>
+
+<p>The fight on the first day began on Willoughby's Run. The Union lines
+on that day extended from the Middletown road along the semicircle
+occupied by the Rebel cannon in the diagram, to the railroad east of
+Blocher's. The map is reduced from an accurate survey.</p>
+
+<p>The best plan of this battle extant is the isometrical picture of
+Gettysburg, by Colonel J. B. Batchelder, who has devoted many months
+to the study of the field. It will ever be standard authority for the
+historian.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote48" name="footnote48"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag48" class="smaller">48</a>  Freemantle.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote49" name="footnote49"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag49" class="smaller">49</a>  Blackwood's Magazine, September, 1863.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote50" name="footnote50"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag50" class="smaller">50</a>  Blackwood's Magazine, September, 1864.&mdash;Freemantle.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote51" name="footnote51"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag51" class="smaller">51</a>  General Howard's Report.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote52" name="footnote52"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag52" class="smaller">52</a>  Blackwood's Magazine, September,
+1863.&mdash;Lieutenant-Colonel Freemantle.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote53" name="footnote53"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag53" class="smaller">53</a>  Address before Alumni of Williams College, 1865. Charles
+Demond.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote54" name="footnote54"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag54" class="smaller">54</a>  Ibid.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote55" name="footnote55"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag55" class="smaller">55</a>  Rev. Mr. Auley, meeting Christian Association, Chicago.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote56" name="footnote56"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag56" class="smaller">56</a>  Lee's Report.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote57" name="footnote57"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag57" class="smaller">57</a>  Lee's Report.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote58" name="footnote58"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag58" class="smaller">58</a>  McClellan's Report, p. 46.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote59" name="footnote59"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag59" class="smaller">59</a>  Magruder's Report.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote60" name="footnote60"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag60" class="smaller">60</a>  McClellan's Report, p. 238.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote61" name="footnote61"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag61" class="smaller">61</a>  McClellan's Report.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote62" name="footnote62"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag62" class="smaller">62</a>  Pollard, First Year, p. 329.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote63" name="footnote63"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag63" class="smaller">63</a>  Magruder's Report, p. 191.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote64" name="footnote64"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag64" class="smaller">64</a>  Grant's Official Report.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote65" name="footnote65"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag65" class="smaller">65</a>  Grant's Report.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote66" name="footnote66"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag66" class="smaller">66</a>  Grant's Report.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote67" name="footnote67"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag67" class="smaller">67</a>  See "My Days and Nights on the Battle-Field"; also
+testimony of Captain Ricketts and Captain Griffin, in Report of
+Committee on Conduct of the War.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote68" name="footnote68"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag68" class="smaller">68</a>  Attack on Petersburg, Report of Committee on Conduct of
+the War, p. 4.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote69" name="footnote69"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag69" class="smaller">69</a>  Ibid., p. 5.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote70" name="footnote70"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag70" class="smaller">70</a>  Report of Committee.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote71" name="footnote71"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag71" class="smaller">71</a>  Richmond <i>Enquirer</i>, July 19, 1864.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote72" name="footnote72"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag72" class="smaller">72</a>  Augusta <i>Constitutionalist</i>, November 22, 1864.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote73" name="footnote73"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag73" class="smaller">73</a>  <i>News</i>, November 22, 1864.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote74" name="footnote74"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag74" class="smaller">74</a>  Sherman's Report.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote75" name="footnote75"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag75" class="smaller">75</a>  Report of the United States Sanitary Commission.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote76" name="footnote76"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag76" class="smaller">76</a>  See the <i>Watchman</i>, New York.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote77" name="footnote77"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag77" class="smaller">77</a>  Miss Barton's Report.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote78" name="footnote78"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag78" class="smaller">78</a>  Sherman's Report.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote79" name="footnote79"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag79" class="smaller">79</a>  Proceedings of South Carolina Legislature.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote80" name="footnote80"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag80" class="smaller">80</a>  Speech of Senator Chestnut.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote81" name="footnote81"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag81" class="smaller">81</a>  Southern <i>Presbyterian Review</i>, January, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote82" name="footnote82"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag82" class="smaller">82</a>  Charleston <i>Mercury</i>, November 3, 1860.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote83" name="footnote83"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag83" class="smaller">83</a>  <i>Mercury</i>, November 12, 1860.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote84" name="footnote84"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag84" class="smaller">84</a>  <i>Mercury</i>, November 9, 1860.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote85" name="footnote85"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag85" class="smaller">85</a>  Charleston <i>Mercury</i>, November 17, 1860.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote86" name="footnote86"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag86" class="smaller">86</a>  Charleston <i>Mercury</i>, November 9, 1860.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote87" name="footnote87"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag87" class="smaller">87</a>  <i>Courier</i>, December 29, 1860.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote88" name="footnote88"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag88" class="smaller">88</a>  <i>Mercury</i>, December 29, 1860.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote89" name="footnote89"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag89" class="smaller">89</a>  Floyd's Letter to Buchanan.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote90" name="footnote90"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag90" class="smaller">90</a>  Speech of Governor Pickens.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote91" name="footnote91"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag91" class="smaller">91</a>  James Redpath.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote92" name="footnote92"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag92" class="smaller">92</a>  Report of Treasurer and Finance, South Carolina, 1862.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote93" name="footnote93"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag93" class="smaller">93</a>  Report of James Chestnut, Chief Military Department,
+South Carolina, January 1, 1862, p. 47.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote94" name="footnote94"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag94" class="smaller">94</a>  Ibid., p. 24.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote95" name="footnote95"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag95" class="smaller">95</a>  Rebel War Clerk's Diary, Vol. II. p. 446.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote96" name="footnote96"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag96" class="smaller">96</a>  Sheridan's Report.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote97" name="footnote97"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag97" class="smaller">97</a>  A Rebel Courier's Experience.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote98" name="footnote98"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag98" class="smaller">98</a>  Rebel War Clerk's Diary, Vol. I. p. 24.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote99" name="footnote99"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag99" class="smaller">99</a>  Benjamin's letter to Mason, October 28, 1862.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote100" name="footnote100"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag100" class="smaller">100</a>  Benjamin's letter to Mr. De Leon, December 13, 1862.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote101" name="footnote101"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag101" class="smaller">101</a>  Benjamin's Letter, October 24, 1862.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote102" name="footnote102"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag102" class="smaller">102</a>  Earl Russell's letter to Mr. Adams, Diplo. Cor. 1863,
+Part I. p. 129.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote103" name="footnote103"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag103" class="smaller">103</a>  Benjamin to Slidell, October 17, 1862.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote104" name="footnote104"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag104" class="smaller">104</a>  <i>Times</i>, March 19, 1863.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote105" name="footnote105"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag105" class="smaller">105</a>  <i>Times</i>, July 13, 1849.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote106" name="footnote106"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag106" class="smaller">106</a>  <i>Times</i>, March 23, 1863.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote107" name="footnote107"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag107" class="smaller">107</a>  Lee's Last Campaign, p. 26.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote108" name="footnote108"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag108" class="smaller">108</a>  Rebel Courier's Experience.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote109" name="footnote109"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag109" class="smaller">109</a>  Rebel Courier's Experience.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote110" name="footnote110"></a>
+<a href="#footnotetag110" class="smaller">110</a>  Rebel Courier's Experience.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Boys of '61, by Charles Carleton Coffin
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+</body>
+</html>
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author	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-14 20:02:28 -0700
committer	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-14 20:02:28 -0700
commit	e4e768ef227361cba3b7ecf117f41f0ff0957315 (patch)
tree	56917178029e22afc697ce578c8121d015c971e8 /34843-h