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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte + Vol. IV. (of IV.) + +Author: William Milligan Sloane + +Release Date: January 3, 2011 [EBook #34838] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE *** + + + + +Produced by Thierry Alberto, Bryan Ness, David Garcia, +Christine P. Travers and the Online Distributed Proofreading +Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<p class="tn">Transcriber's note: Obvious printer's errors have been corrected, all +other inconsistencies are as in the original. The author's spelling +has been maintained.</p> + +<a id="img001" name="img001"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/img001.jpg" width="303" height="500" alt="" title=""> +<p class="small">From a photograph by Braun, Clement & Co.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Empress Marie Louise</span><br> +<span class="smaller">By Pierre Paul Prod'hon.</span></p> +</div> + + +<h1>THE LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE</h1> + +<p class="center">BY</p> + +<h2>WILLIAM MILLIGAN SLOANE</h2> +<p class="center">PH.D., L.H.D., LL.D.<br> +Professor of History in Columbia University</p> + +<p class="center">REVISED AND ENLARGED<br> +WITH PORTRAITS</p> + +<p class="center p4">VOLUME <abbr title="4">IV</abbr></p> + +<a id="img002" name="img002"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/img002.jpg" width="120" height="117" alt="Editor's arm." title=""> +</div> + +<p class="p4 center smaller">NEW YORK<br> + +THE CENTURY CO.<br> +1916</p> + +<p class="p4 center smaller"><span class="smcap">Copyright</span>, 1894, 1895, 1896, 1910<br> +BY<br> +THE CENTURY CO.<br> +<i>Published, October, 1910</i></p> + +<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="pagev" name="pagev"></a>(p. v)</span> CONTENTS</h2> + +<a id="toc" name="toc"></a> +<ul> +<li>CHAPTER <span class="ralign">PAGE</span></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="roman"> +<li><span class="smcap">The Last Imperial Victory</span> +<span class="ralign"><a href="#page001">1</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Politics and Strategy</span> +<span class="ralign"><a href="#page011">11</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">The End of the Grand Army</span> +<span class="ralign"><a href="#page023">23</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">The Frankfort Proposals</span> +<span class="ralign"><a href="#page037">37</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">The Invasion of France</span> +<span class="ralign"><a href="#page047">47</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Napoleon's Supreme Effort</span> +<span class="ralign"><a href="#page059">59</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">The Great Captain at Bay</span> +<span class="ralign"><a href="#page071">71</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">The Struggles of Exhaustion</span> +<span class="ralign"><a href="#page084">84</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">The Beginning of the End</span> +<span class="ralign"><a href="#page101">101</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">The Fall of Paris</span> +<span class="ralign"><a href="#page111">111</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Napoleon's First Abdication</span> +<span class="ralign"><a href="#page123">123</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">The Emperor of Elba</span> +<span class="ralign"><a href="#page137">137</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Napoleon the Liberator</span> +<span class="ralign"><a href="#page151">151</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">The Dynasties Implacable</span> +<span class="ralign"><a href="#page164">164</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Ligny and Quatre Bras</span> +<span class="ralign"><a href="#page175">175</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">The Eve of Waterloo</span> +<span class="ralign"><a href="#page189">189</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Waterloo</span> +<span class="ralign"><a href="#page199">199</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">The Surrender</span> +<span class="ralign"><a href="#page212">212</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">St. Helena</span> +<span class="ralign"><a href="#page224">224</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Soldier, Statesman, Despot</span> +<span class="ralign"><a href="#page247">247</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Napoleon and the United States</span> +<span class="ralign"><a href="#page268">268</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Napoleon's Place in History</span> +<span class="ralign"><a href="#page285">285</a></span></li> +</ul> + +<ul> +<li><span class="smcap">Historical Sources</span> +<span class="ralign"><a href="#page303">303</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">General Bibliography</span> +<span class="ralign"><a href="#page307">307</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Index</span> +<span class="ralign"><a href="#page355">355</a></span></li> +</ul> + +<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="pagevii" name="pagevii"></a>(p. vii)</span> LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> + +<ul> +<li>Empress Marie Louise <span class="ralign"><a href="#img001"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></span></li> +<li>Napoleon in 1813 <span class="ralign"><a href="#img003">50</a></span></li> +<li>Napoleon, François Charles Joseph, Prince Imperial; + King of Rome; Duke of Reichstadt <span class="ralign"><a href="#img004">98</a></span></li> +<li>Map of the Field of Operations in 1814 <span class="ralign"><a href="#img005">104</a></span></li> +<li>The King of Rome <span class="ralign"><a href="#img006">148</a></span></li> +<li>Map of the Campaign of 1815 <span class="ralign"><a href="#img007">194</a></span></li> +<li>Napoleon, François Charles Joseph, Duke of Reichstadt, + etc., etc., son of Napoleon Bonaparte <span class="ralign"><a href="#img008">200</a></span></li> +<li>Napoleon sleeping by Las Cases on board the <i>Bellerophon</i> <span class="ralign"><a href="#img009">224</a></span></li> +<li>Napoleon at St. Helena <span class="ralign"><a href="#img010">230</a></span></li> +<li>Napoleon I <span class="ralign"><a href="#img011">274</a></span></li> +</ul> + +<h1><span class="pagenum"><a id="page001" name="page001"></a>(p. 001)</span> LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE</h1> + +<h3>CHAPTER I</h3> + +<h4>The Last Imperial Victory<a id="footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1" title="Go to footnote 1"><span class="smaller">[1]</span></a></h4> + +<p class="summary">Napoleon's Prospects — The Preparations and Plans of the + Coalition — Cross-purposes of the Combatants — Condition of + Napoleon's Mind — Strength and Weakness of the Allies — Renewal + of Hostilities — The Feint in Silesia — Napoleon at Dresden — + First Day's Fighting — The Victory Won on the Second Day.</p> + +<p class="sidenote">1813</p> + +<p>In later years Napoleon confessed that during the interval between the +first and second Saxon campaigns he had been outwitted. His +antagonists had, in his own language, "changed for the better"; at +least they secured the war they so earnestly desired under conditions +vastly more favorable to themselves than to their opponent. Both +parties had been arming with might and main during the prolonged +truce, but each member of the dynastic coalition now had the backing +of a growing national enthusiasm, while Napoleon had to deal with +waning zeal and an exhausted people. Thus, then, at the opening of the +second campaign in Saxony, the allies had four hundred and thirty-five +thousand men, and Napoleon but three hundred and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page002" name="page002"></a>(p. 002)</span> fifty +thousand. With this inferiority, it behooved the Emperor to use all +his strategic powers, and he did so with a brilliancy never surpassed +by him. Choosing the Elbe as his natural defensive line, Hamburg stood +almost impregnable at one end, flanked to the southward by Magdeburg, +Wittenberg, and Torgau, three mighty fortresses. Dresden, which was +necessarily the focal point, was intrenched and palisaded for the +protection of the army which was to be its main bulwark. Davout and +Oudinot, with seventy thousand men, were to threaten Berlin, and, +thereby drawing off as many as possible of the enemy, liberate the +garrisons of Stettin and Küstrin; they were then to beleaguer Spandau, +push the foe across the Oder, and stand ready to fall on the flank of +the coalition army. Napoleon himself, with the remaining two hundred +and eighty thousand, was to await the onset of the combined Russian, +Prussian, and Austrian forces.</p> + +<p>The allies now had in their camp two mighty strategists—Jomini, the +well-known Swiss adventurer and military historian, and Moreau, who +had returned from the United States. The former, pleading that he had +lost a merited promotion by Berthier's ill-will, and that as a +foreigner he had the right of choice, had gone over to the enemies of +his employer; the latter, yielding to the specious pleas of his silly +and ambitious wife that he might fight Napoleon without fighting +France, had taken service with the Czar. The arrow which penetrated +Napoleon's vitals was indeed feathered from his own pinions, since +these two, with another of Napoleon's pupils—Bernadotte, the Crown +Prince of Sweden—were virtually the council of war. Two of them, the +latter and Moreau, saw the specter of French sovereignty beckoning +them on. They dreamed of the chief magistracy in some shape, +imperial, monarchical, consular, or <span class="pagenum"><a id="page003" name="page003"></a>(p. 003)</span> presidential, and were +more devoted to their personal interests than to those of the +coalition. In the service of their ambition was formed the plan by +which not only was Napoleon overwhelmed, but the fields of France were +drenched with blood. Under their advice, three great armies were +arrayed: that of the North, in Brandenburg, was composed of Prussians, +Swedes, and a few Russians, its generals being Bülow, Bernadotte, and +Tchernicheff; that of the East was the Prusso-Russian army in Silesia, +now under Blücher, that astounding young cavalryman of seventy, and +Wittgenstein; finally, that of the South was the new Austrian force +under Schwarzenberg, with an adjunct force of Russian troops under +Barclay, and the Russian guard under the Grand Duke Constantine. Bülow +was in and near Berlin with about a hundred and fifty-six thousand +men; Blücher had ninety-five thousand, and, having violated the +armistice, was on August fourteenth already within the neutral zone at +Striegau, before Breslau; the Austro-Russian force of almost two +hundred and fifty thousand was in northern Bohemia, near Melnik; +Bennigsen was in Poland building up a strong reserve. Schwarzenberg, +though commander of the main army, was reduced to virtual impotence by +the presence at his headquarters of all the sovereigns and of Moreau. +Divided counsels spring from diverse interests; there was at the +outset a pitiful caution and inefficiency on the part of the allies, +while at Napoleon's headquarters there was unity of design at least.</p> + +<p>Both contestants were apparently under serious misapprehensions. The +allies certainly were, because Francis believed that, as so often +before, Napoleon's goal would be Vienna. The plan adopted by them was +therefore very simple: each division of the allied army was to stand +expectant; if assailed it was to yield, draw <span class="pagenum"><a id="page004" name="page004"></a>(p. 004)</span> on the French +columns, and expose their flank or rear to the attacks of the other +two allied armies; then by superior force the invaders were to be +surrounded. The allies divined, or believed they divined, that +Napoleon would hold his guard in reserve, throw it behind any portion +of his line opposite which they were vulnerable, break through, and +defeat them in detachments. Their idea was keen, and displayed a +thorough grasp both of the principles on which their opponent had +hitherto acted and of his normal character. But nevertheless they were +deceived. Napoleon discarded all his old principles, and behaved most +abnormally. In his conduct there are evidences of a curious +self-deception, and his decisions contradicted his language. +Perpetually minimizing in conversation the disparity between the two +forces, and sometimes even asserting his own superiority, he +nevertheless almost for the first time assumed the defensive. This +unheard-of course may have been due to misapprehension and +exaggeration, but it produced for the moment a powerful moral effect +on his generals, who, without exception, had hitherto been clamorous +for peace, and likewise upon his new boy recruits; both classes began +to have a realizing sense that they were now fighting, not for +aggression, but for life. If the Emperor had any such confidence as he +expressed, it must have been due to the fact that boys had fought like +veterans at Lützen and Bautzen, and that at last there were cavalry +and artillery in fair proportion. Possibly, likewise, he may have been +desperate; fully aware that he was about to cast the dice for a last +stake, he may have been at once braggart and timid. If he should win +in a common defensive battle, he believed, as his subsequent conduct +goes to show, that he was safe indefinitely; and if he lost—the +vision must have been too dreadful, enough to distract the sanest +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page005" name="page005"></a>(p. 005)</span> mind: an exhausted treasury, an exhausted nation, an empty +throne, vanished hopes, ruin!</p> + +<p>Yet at the time no one remarked any trace of nervousness in Napoleon. +Long afterward the traitorous Marmont, whose name, like that of +Moreau, was to be execrated by succeeding generations of honorable +Frenchmen, recalled that the Emperor had contemptuously designated the +enemy as a rabble, and that he had likewise overestimated the +strategic value of Berlin. The malignant annalist asserted, too, that +Napoleon's motive was personal spite against Prussia. It has also been +studiously emphasized by others that the "children" of Napoleon's army +were perishing like flowers under an untimely frost, forty thousand +French and German boys being in the hospitals; that corruption was +rife in every department of administration; and that the soldiers' pay +was shamefully in arrears. An eye-witness saw Peyrusse, the paymaster, +to whom Napoleon had just handed four thousand francs for a monument +to Duroc, coolly pocket a quarter of the sum, with the remark that +such was the custom. He would be rash indeed who dared to assert that +there was no basis for this criticism. It is true that the +instructions to Davout and Oudinot made light of Bülow's army, and +that Berlin had vastly less strategic value than those instructions +seemed to indicate. But, on the other hand, both generals and men were +sadly in need of self-reliance, and to see their capitals occupied or +endangered had still a tremendous moral effect upon dynastic +sovereigns. As to the defects in his army, Napoleon could not have +been blind; but in all these directions matters had been nearly, if +not quite, as bad in 1809, and a victory had set them all in order.</p> + +<p>What nervousness there was existed rather among the allies. Never +before in her history, not even under the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page006" name="page006"></a>(p. 006)</span> great Frederick, +had Prussia possessed such an army; the Austrians were well drilled +and well equipped; the Russians were of fair quality, numerous, and +with the reserves from Poland would be a powerful army in themselves. +Yet in spite of their strength, the allies were not really able. +Austria was the head, but her commander, Schwarzenberg, was not even +mediocre, and among her generals there was only one who was +first-rate, namely, Radetzky. Frederick William and Alexander were of +incongruous natures; their alliance was artificial, and in such plans +as they evolved there was an indefiniteness which left to the generals +in their respective forces a large margin for independence. The latter +were quick to take advantage of the chance, and this fact accounts for +the generally lame and feeble beginning of hostilities.</p> + +<p>For example, it was through Blücher's wilfulness that the moral +advantage lay with Napoleon in the opening of the struggle. On July +ninth Bernadotte, Frederick William, and the Czar had met at +Trachenberg to lay out a plan of campaign. In this conference, which +first opened Napoleon's eyes to the determination of the allies, +Blücher had secured for himself an independent command. The accession +of Austria rendered the agreement of Trachenberg null, but Blücher did +not abandon his ambition. Impatient of orders or good faith, he broke +into the neutral zone at Striegau on August fourteenth, apparently +without any very definite plan. Napoleon, hearing that forty thousand +Russians from this army were marching toward Bohemia, advanced from +Dresden on August fifteenth, to be within reach of the passes of the +Iser Mountains on the Upper Elbe, and halted at Zittau as a central +point, where he could easily collect about a hundred and eighty +thousand men, and whence, according to circumstances, he could either +strike Blücher, cut off the Russians, or return to Dresden <span class="pagenum"><a id="page007" name="page007"></a>(p. 007)</span> +in case of need. That city was to be held by Saint-Cyr. On August +twentieth Blücher reached the banks of the Bober at Bunzlau; owing to +Napoleon's nice calculation, Ney, Marmont, Lauriston, and Macdonald +were assembled on the other side to check the advance, he himself +being at Lauban with the guard. Had Blücher stood, the Russo-Prussians +would have been annihilated, for their inferiority was as two to one. +But the headstrong general did not stand; on the contrary, retreating +by preconcerted arrangement behind the Deichsel, he led his antagonist +to the false conclusion that he lacked confidence in his army.</p> + +<p>Napoleon was not generally over-credulous, but this mistake was +probably engendered in his mind by the steady stream of uneasy reports +he was receiving from his own generals. On the twenty-third he wrote +to Maret that his division commanders seemed to have no self-reliance +except in his presence; "the enemy's strength seems great to them +wherever I am not." Marmont was the chief offender, having severely +criticized a plan of operations which would require one or more of the +marshals to act independently in Brandenburg or Silesia or both, +expressing the fear that on the day when the Emperor believed himself +to have won a decisive battle he would discover that he had lost two. +Seventeen years of campaigning had apparently turned the great +generals of Napoleon's army into puppets, capable of acting only on +their leader's impulse. Whatever the cause, Napoleon was set in his +idea, and pressed on in pursuit. On the twenty-second Blücher was +beyond the Katzbach, with the French van close behind, when word +arrived at Napoleon's headquarters that the Austro-Russians had +entered Saxony and were menacing Dresden. How alert and sane the +Emperor was, how thoroughly he foresaw every contingency, appears +from the minute directions <span class="pagenum"><a id="page008" name="page008"></a>(p. 008)</span> he wrote for Macdonald, who was +left to block the road for Blücher into Saxony, while Lauriston was to +outflank and shut off the perfervid veteran from both Berlin and +Zittau.</p> + +<p>These instructions having been written, Napoleon at first contemplated +crossing the Elbe above Dresden to take Schwarzenberg on the flank and +rear in the passes of the Ore Mountains. This would not only cut off +the Austrian general from the Saxon capital, but prevent his swerving +to the left for an advance on Leipsic. But finding that his enemy was +moving swiftly, the Emperor resolved to meet him before Dresden. It +would never do to lose his ally's capital at the outset, or to suffer +defeat at the very head of his defensive line. Giving orders, +therefore, for the corps of Marmont, Vandamme, and Victor, together +with Latour-Maubourg's cavalry and the guard, to wheel, he hastened +back to reinforce Saint-Cyr at Dresden. On the twenty-fifth, as he +passed Bautzen, he learned that Oudinot had been defeated at Luckau; +but he gave no heed to the report, and next day reached Dresden at +nine in the morning. An hour later the guard came up, having performed +the almost incredible feat of marching seventy-six miles in three +days. Vandamme, with forty thousand men, had arrived at Pirna, a few +miles above, and Saint-Cyr was drawing in behind the temporary +fortifications of the city itself.</p> + +<p>The enemy, too, was at hand, but he had no plan. In a council of war +held by him the same morning there was protracted debate, and finally +Moreau's advice to advance in six columns was taken. He refused "to +fight against his country," but explained that the French could never +be conquered in mass, and that if one assailing column were crushed, +the rest could still push on. This long deliberation cost the allies +their opportunity; <span class="pagenum"><a id="page009" name="page009"></a>(p. 009)</span> for at four in the afternoon, when they +attacked, the mass of the French army had crossed the Elbe and had +thus completed the garrison of the city. For two hours the fighting +was fierce and stubborn; from three different sides Russians, +Austrians, and Prussians each made substantial gains; at six Napoleon +determined to make a general sally and throw in his guard. With fine +promptness. Mortier, at the head of two divisions of the young guard, +attacked the Russians, and, fighting until midnight, drove them beyond +the hamlet of Striefen. Saint-Cyr dislodged the Prussians, and pushed +them to Strehla; while Ney, with two divisions of the young guard, +threw a portion of the Austrians into Plauen, and Murat, with two +divisions of infantry and Latour-Maubourg's cavalry, cleared the +suburb Friedrichstadt of the rest. Napoleon, alert and ubiquitous, +then made his usual round, and knew when he retired to rest in the +royal palace that with seventy thousand men, or rather boys, he had +repulsed a hundred and fifty thousand of his foe. His inspiriting +personal work might be calculated as worth eighty thousand of his +opponents' best men. That night both Marmont and Victor, with their +corps, entered the city; and Vandamme in the early dawn began to +bombard Pirna, thus threatening the allies' connection with Bohemia +and drawing away forces from them to hold that outpost.</p> + +<p>The second day's fighting was more disastrous to the allies than the +first. The morning opened in a tempest, but at six both sides were +arrayed. On the French right were Victor and Latour-Maubourg; then +Marmont; then the old guard and Ney with two divisions of the young +guard; next Saint-Cyr, with Mortier on the left. Opposite stood +Russians, Prussians, and Austrians, in the same relative positions, on +higher ground, encircling the French all the way westward and around +by the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page010" name="page010"></a>(p. 010)</span> south to Plauen; but between their center and left was +reserved a gap for Klenau's Austrians, who were coming up from +Tharandt in the blinding storm, and were overdue. At seven began the +artillery fire of the young guard; but before long it ceased for an +instant, since the gunners found the enemy's line too high for the +elevation of their guns. "Continue," came swiftly the Emperor's order; +"we must occupy the attention of the enemy on that spot." The ruse +succeeded, and the gap was left open; at ten Murat dashed through it, +and turning westward, killed or captured all who composed the enemy's +extreme left. The garrison of Pirna then retreated toward Peterswald. +Elsewhere the French merely held their own. Napoleon lounged all day +in a curious apathy before his camp-fire, his condition being +apparently due to the incipient stages of a digestive disorder. Early +in the afternoon Schwarzenberg heard of Murat's great charge, but he +held firm until at five the flight from Pirna was announced, when he +abandoned the conflict. By six Napoleon was aware that the battle was +over, and, mounting his horse, he trotted listlessly to the palace, +his old gray overcoat and hood streaming with rain.</p> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page011" name="page011"></a>(p. 011)</span> CHAPTER II</h3> + +<h4>Politics and Strategy<a id="footnotetag2" name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2" title="Go to footnote 2"><span class="smaller">[2]</span></a></h4> + +<p class="summary">Napoleon's Conduct after Dresden — Military Considerations + Overruled by Political Schemes — Probable Explanation of + Napoleon's Failure — Prussian Victories at Grossbeeren and on + the Katzbach — Vandamme Overwhelmed at Kulm — Napoleon's + Responsibility — Political Considerations again Ascendant — The + System of "Hither and Thither" — The Battle of Dennewitz — Its + Disastrous Consequences — Napoleon's Vacillation — Strategy + Thwarted by Diplomacy.</p> + +<p>Throughout the night after the victory at Dresden, Napoleon believed +that the enemy would return again to battle on the morrow. This is +conclusively shown by the notes which he made for Berthier during the +evening. These were based on the stated hypothesis that the enemy was +not really in retreat, but would on the morrow by a great battle +strive to retrieve his failure. But the Emperor was altogether +mistaken. To be sure, the council of the disheartened allies debated +far into the small hours whether an advantageous stand could not still +be made on the heights of Dippoldiswalde, but the decision was adverse +because the coalition army was sadly shattered, having lost a third of +its numbers. Crippled on its left and threatened on its rear, it +began <span class="pagenum"><a id="page012" name="page012"></a>(p. 012)</span> next morning to retreat in fair order toward the Ore +Mountains, and so continued until it became known that Vandamme was +directly in the path, when a large proportion of the troops literally +took to the hills, and retreat became flight. Then first, at four in +the afternoon, Napoleon began to realize what had actually occurred. +And what did he do? Having ridden almost to Pirna before taking +measures of any kind to reap the fruits of victory, he there issued +orders for the single corps of Vandamme, slightly reinforced, to begin +the pursuit! Thereupon, leaving directions for Mortier to hold Pirna, +he entered a carriage and drove quietly back to Dresden!</p> + +<p>These are the almost incredible facts: no terrific onslaught after the +first night, no well-ordered pursuit after the second, a mere pretense +of seizing the advantage on the third day! In fact, Napoleon, having +set his plan in operation at the very beginning of the battle, sank, +to all outward appearances, into a state of lassitude, the only sign +of alert interest he displayed throughout the conflict being shown +when he was told that Moreau had been mortally wounded. The cause may +have been physical or it may have been moral, but it was probably a +political miscalculation. If we may believe Captain Coignet, the talk +of the staff on the night of the twenty-seventh revealed a perfect +knowledge of the enemy's rout; they knew that the retreat of their +opponents had been precipitate, and they had credible information of +disordered bands seen hurrying through byways or rushing headlong +through mountain defiles. Yet for all this, they were thoroughly +discontented, and the burden of their conversation was execration of +the Emperor. "He's a ———— who will ruin us all," was the repeated +malediction. If we may believe Napoleon himself, he had a violent +attack of vomiting near Pirna, and was compelled to leave everything +on <span class="pagenum"><a id="page013" name="page013"></a>(p. 013)</span> that fateful day to others. This is possible, but +unlikely; the day before, though listless, he was well enough to chat +and take snuff as he stood in a redoubt observing the course of events +through his field-glass; the day after he was perfectly well, and +exercised unusual self-control when tidings of serious import were +brought from the north. The sequel goes to show that neither his own +sickness nor the bad temper of the army sufficiently accounts for +Napoleon's unmilitary conduct on the twenty-eighth; it appears, on the +contrary, as if he refrained of set purpose from annihilating the +Austrian army in order to reknit the Austrian alliance and destroy the +coalition. This he never was willing to admit; but no man likes to +confess himself a dupe.</p> + +<p>Had Oudinot and Macdonald succeeded in their offensive operations +against Berlin, and had Napoleon himself done nothing more than hold +Dresden, a place which we must remember he considered from the outset +as a defensive point, it would have sufficed, in order to obtain the +most favorable terms of peace, to throw back the main army of the +coalition, humiliated and dispirited, through Bohemia to Prague. But, +as we have repeatedly seen, long service under the Empire had +destroyed all initiative in the French marshals: in Spain one mighty +general after another had been brought low; those who were serving in +Germany seemed stricken with the same palsy. It is true that in the +days of their greatness they had commanded choice troops, and that now +the flower of the army was reserved for the Emperor; but it is +likewise true that then they had fought for wealth, advancement, and +power. Now they yearned to enjoy their gains, and were embittered +because Napoleon had not accepted Austria's terms of mediation until +it was too late. Moreover, Bernadotte, one of their opponents, had +been trained in their own school, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page014" name="page014"></a>(p. 014)</span> and was fighting for a +crown. To Blücher, untamed and untrustworthy in temper, had been given +in the person of Gneisenau an efficient check on all headlong +impulses, and Bülow was a commander far above mediocrity. Such +considerations go far to account for three disasters—those, namely, +of Grossbeeren, Katzbach, and Kulm—which made it insufficient for +Napoleon to hold Dresden and throw back the main army of the allies, +and which thwarted all his strategy, military and political.</p> + +<p>The first of these affairs was scarcely a defeat. Oudinot, advancing +with seventy thousand men by way of Wittenberg to seize Berlin, found +himself confronted by Bernadotte with eighty thousand. The latter, +with his eye on the crown of France, naturally feared to defeat a +French army; at first he thought of retreating across the Spree and +abandoning the Prussian capital. But the Prussians were outraged at +the possibility of such conduct, and the schemer was convinced that a +show of resistance was imperative. On August twenty-second a few +skirmishes occurred, and the next day Bülow, disobeying his orders, +brought on a pitched battle at Grossbeeren, which was waged, with +varying success, until nightfall left the village in French hands. +Oudinot, however, discouraged alike by the superior force of the +enemy, by the obstinate courage of the Prussians, and by the dismal +weather, lost heart, and retreated to Wittenberg. The heavy rains +prevented an effective pursuit, but the Prussians followed as far as +Treuenbrietzen. On August twenty-first, Blücher, aware of the +circumstances which kept Napoleon at Dresden, had finally determined +to attack Macdonald. The French marshal, by a strange coincidence, +almost simultaneously abandoned the defensive position he had been +ordered to hold, and advanced to give battle. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page015" name="page015"></a>(p. 015)</span> It was +therefore a mere chance when on the twenty-fifth the two armies came +together, amid rain and fog, at the Katzbach. After a bitter struggle +the French were routed with frightful loss. A terrific rain-storm set +in, and the whole country was turned into a marsh. For five days +Blücher continued the pursuit, until he reached Naumburg, on the right +bank of the Queiss, where he halted, having captured eighteen thousand +prisoners and a hundred and three guns.</p> + +<p>To these misfortunes the affair at Kulm was a fitting climax. No worse +leader for a delicate independent movement could have been selected +than the reckless Vandamme. He was so rash, conceited, and brutish +that Napoleon once exclaimed in sheer desperation: "If there were two +Vandammes in my army, nothing could be done until one had killed the +other." As might have been expected, the headlong general far +outstripped the columns of Marmont, Saint-Cyr, and Murat, which had +been tardily sent to support him. Descending without circumspection +into the plain of Kulm, he found himself, on the twenty-ninth, +confronted by the Russian guard; and next morning, when attacked by +them in superior force, he was compelled to retreat through a mountain +defile toward Peterswald, whence he had come. At the mouth of the +gorge he was unexpectedly met by the Prussian corps of Kleist. Each +side thought the other moving to cut it off. They therefore rushed one +upon the other in despair, with no other hope than that of breaking +through to rejoin their respective armies. The shock was terrible, and +for a time the confusion seemed inextricable. But the Russians soon +came up, and Vandamme, with seven thousand men, was captured, the loss +in slain and wounded being about five thousand. Saint-Cyr, Marmont, +and Murat halted and held the mountain passes.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page016" name="page016"></a>(p. 016)</span> This was the climax of disaster in Napoleon's great strategic +plan. In no way responsible for Grossbeeren, nor for Macdonald's +defeat on the Katzbach, he was culpable both for the selection of +Vandamme and for failure to support him in the pursuit of +Schwarzenberg. At St. Helena the Emperor strove in three ways to +account for the crash under which he was buried after Dresden: by the +sickness which made him unable to give attention to the situation, by +the inundation which rendered Macdonald helpless at the crossing of +the Bober, and by the arrival of a notification from the King of +Bavaria that, after a certain date, he too would join the coalition. +This was not history, but an appeal to public sentiment, carefully +calculated for untrained readers.</p> + +<p>The fact was that at Dresden the gradual transformation of the +strategist into the politician, which had long been going on, was +complete. The latter misapprehended the moment for diplomatic +negotiations, conceiving the former's victory to have been +determinative, when in reality it was rendered partial and contingent +by failure to follow it up. Great as Napoleon was in other respects, +he was supremely great as a strategist; it is therefore his +psychological development and decline in this respect which are +essential to the determination of the moment in which he became +bankrupt in ability. This instant was that of course in which his +strategic failures became no longer intermittent, but regular; and +after Dresden such was the case. As to conception and tactics there +never was a failure—the year 1814 is the wonder-year of his +theoretical genius; but after Dresden there is continuous failure in +the practical combination of concept and means, in other words, of +strategic mastery. This contention as to the clouding of Napoleon's +vision by the interference of political and military considerations +is proved by his next step. Hitherto <span class="pagenum"><a id="page017" name="page017"></a>(p. 017)</span> his basal principle had +been to mass all his force for a determinative blow, his combinations +all turning about hostile armies and their annihilation, or at least +about producing situations which would make annihilation possible. Now +he was concerned, not with armies, but with capital cities. Claiming +that to extend his line toward Prague would weaken it, in order to +resume a strong defensive he chose the old plan of an advance to +Berlin, and Ney was sent to supersede Oudinot, Schwarzenberg being +left to recuperate unmolested. The inchoate idea of political victory +which turned him back from Pirna was fully developed; by a blow at +Berlin and a general northward movement he could not merely punish +Prussia, but alarm Russia, separate the latter's army from that of the +other allies, and then plead with Austria his consideration in not +invading her territories. In spite of all that has been written to the +contrary, there was some strength in this idea, unworthy as it was of +the author's strategic ability. Ney was to advance immediately, while +he himself pressed on to Hoyerswerda, where he hoped to establish +connections for a common advance.</p> + +<p>Such a concentration would have been possible if for a fortnight +Macdonald had been able to hold Blücher, and Murat had succeeded in +checking Schwarzenberg. But the news of Macdonald's plight compelled +Napoleon to march first toward Bautzen, in order to prevent Blücher +from annihilating the army in Silesia. Exasperated by this unexpected +diversion, the Emperor started in a reckless, embittered temper. On +September fifth it became evident that Blücher would not stand, and +Napoleon prepared to wheel in the direction of Berlin; but the orders +were almost immediately recalled, for news arrived that Schwarzenberg +was marching to Dresden. At once Napoleon returned to the Saxon +capital. By September tenth he had drawn in his forces, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page018" name="page018"></a>(p. 018)</span> +ready for a second defense of the city; but learning that sixty +thousand Austrians had been sent over the Elbe to take on its flank +any French army sent after Blücher, he ordered the young guard to +Bautzen for the reinforcement of Macdonald. Thereupon Schwarzenberg, +on the fourteenth, made a feint to advance. On the fifteenth Napoleon +replied by a countermove on Pirna, where pontoons were thrown over the +river to establish connection with Macdonald. On the sixteenth +Napoleon reconnoitered, on the seventeenth there was a skirmish, and +on the eighteenth there were again a push and counterpush. These +movements convinced Napoleon that Schwarzenberg was really on the +defensive, and he returned to Dresden, determined to let feint and +counter-feint, the "system of hither and thither," as he called it, go +on until the golden opportunity for a crushing blow should be offered. +Blücher meantime had turned again on Macdonald, who was now on the +heights of Fischbach with Poniatowski on his right. Mortier was again +at Pirna; Victor, Saint-Cyr, and Lobau were guarding the mountain +passes from Bohemia.</p> + +<p>This was virtually the situation of a month previous to the battle. +Schwarzenberg might feel that he had prevented the invasion of +Austria; Napoleon, that he had regained his strong defensive. While +the victory of Dresden had gone for nothing, yet this situation was +nevertheless a double triumph for Napoleon. Ney, in obedience to +orders, had advanced on the fifth. Bernadotte lay at Jüterbog, his +right being westerly at Dennewitz, under Tauenzien. Bertrand was to +make a demonstration on the sixth against the latter, so that behind +this movement the rest of the army should pass by unnoticed. But Ney +started three hours late, so that the skirmish between Tauenzien and +Bertrand lasted long enough to give the alarm to Bülow, who hurried +in, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page019" name="page019"></a>(p. 019)</span> attacked Reynier's division, and turned the affair into a +general engagement. At first the advantage was with the Prussians; +then Ney, at an opportune moment, began to throw in Oudinot's corps—a +move which seemed likely to decide the struggle in favor of the +French. But Borstell, who had been Bülow's lieutenant at Grossbeeren, +brought up his men in disobedience to Bernadotte's orders, and threw +them into the thickest of the conflict. Hitherto the Saxons had been +fighting gallantly on the French side; soon they began to waver, and +now, falling back, they took up many of Oudinot's men in their flight. +The Prussians poured into the gap left by the Saxons, and when +Bernadotte came up with his Swedes and Russians the battle was over. +Ney was driven into Torgau, with a loss of fifteen thousand men, +besides eighty guns and four hundred train-wagons. The Prussians lost +about nine thousand killed and wounded.</p> + +<p>This affair concentrated into one movement the moral effects of all +the minor defeats, an influence which far outweighed the importance of +Dresden. The French still fought superbly in Napoleon's presence, but +only then, for they were heartily sick of the war. Nor was this all: +the Bavarians and Saxons were coming to feel that their obligations to +France had been fully discharged. They were infected with the same +national spirit which made heroes of the Prussians. These, to be sure, +were defending their homes and firesides; but seeing the great French +generals successively defeated, and that largely by their own efforts, +they were animated to fresh exertions by their victories; even the +reserves and the home guard displayed the heroism of veterans. On +September seventh Ney wrote to Napoleon: "Your left flank is +exhausted—take heed; I think it is time to leave the Elbe and +withdraw to the Saale"; and his opinion was that of all the division +commanders. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page020" name="page020"></a>(p. 020)</span> Throughout the country-side partizans were +seizing the supply-trains; Davout had found his Dutch and Flemings to +be mediocre soldiers, unfit at crucial moments to take the offensive; +the army had shrunk to about two hundred and fifty thousand men all +told; straggling was increasing, and the country was virtually +devastated. To this last fact the plain people, sufferers as they +were, remained in their larger patriotism amazingly indifferent: the +"hither-and-thither" system tickled their fancy, and they dubbed +Napoleon the "Bautzen Messenger-boy." Uneasiness pervaded every French +encampment; on the other side timidity was replaced by courage, +dissension by unity.</p> + +<p>This transformation of German society seemed further to entangle the +political threads which had already debased the quality of Napoleon's +strategy. Technically no fault can be found with his prompt changes of +plan to meet emergencies, or with the details of movements which led +to his prolonged inaction. Yet, largely considered, the result was +disastrous. The great medical specialist refrains from the immediate +treatment of a sickly organ until the general health is sufficiently +recuperated to assure success; the medicaster makes a direct attack on +evident disease. Napoleon conceived a great general plan for +concentrating about Dresden to recuperate his forces; but when Blücher +prepared to advance he grew impatient, saw only his immediate trouble, +and ordered Macdonald to make a grand dash. Driving in the hostile +outposts to Förstgen, he then spent a whole day hesitating whether to +go on or to turn westward and disperse another detachment of his +ubiquitous foe, which, as he heard from Ney, had bridged the Elbe at +the mouth of the Black Elster. It was the twenty-third before he +turned back to do neither, but to secure needed rest on the left bank +of the Elbe. But <span class="pagenum"><a id="page021" name="page021"></a>(p. 021)</span> if Napoleon's own definition of a truly +great man be accurate,—namely, one who can command the situations he +creates,—he was himself no longer great. The enemy not only had +bridges over the Elbe at the mouth of the Elster, but at Acken and +Rosslau. The left bank was as untenable for the French as the right, +and it was of stern necessity that the various detachments of the army +were called in to hold a line far westward, to the north of Leipsic. +Oudinot, restored to partial favor, was left to keep the rear at +Dresden with part of the young guard. On October first it was learned +that Schwarzenberg was manœuvering on the left to surround the +invaders if possible by the south, and that Blücher, with like aim, +was moving to the north. It was evident that the allies had formed a +great resolution, and Napoleon confessed to Marmont that his "game of +chess was becoming confused."</p> + +<p>The fact was, the Emperor's diplomacy had far outstripped the +general's strategy. It was blazoned abroad that on September +twenty-seventh a hundred and sixty thousand new conscripts from the +class of 1815, with a hundred and twenty thousand from the arrears of +the seven previous classes, would be assembled at the military depots +in France. Boys like these had won Lützen, Bautzen, and Dresden, and a +large minority would be able-bodied men, late in maturing, perhaps, +but strong. With this preliminary blare of trumpets, a letter for the +Emperor Francis was sent to General Bubna. The bearer was instructed +to say that Napoleon would make great sacrifices both for Austria and +Prussia if only he could get a hearing. It was too late: already, on +September ninth, the three powers had concluded an offensive and +defensive alliance for the purpose of liberating the Rhenish princes, +of making sovereign and independent the states of southern and +western Germany, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page022" name="page022"></a>(p. 022)</span> and of restoring both Prussia and Austria to +their limits of 1805. This was the treaty which beguiled Bavaria from +the French alliance, and made the German contingents in the French +armies, the Saxons among the rest, wild for emancipation from a hated +service. It explained the notification previously received from the +King of Bavaria, who, in return for the recognition of his complete +autonomy, formally joined the coalition on October eighth, with an +army of thirty-six thousand men. How much of all this the French spies +and emissaries made known to Napoleon does not appear. One thing only +is certain, that Napoleon's flag of truce was sent back with his +message undelivered. This ominous fact had to be considered in +connection with the movements of the enemy. They had learned one of +Napoleon's own secrets. In a bulletin of 1805 are the words: "It rains +hard, but that does not stop the march of the grand army." In 1806 he +boasted concerning Prussia: "While people are deliberating, the French +army is marching." In 1813, while he himself was vacillating, his foes +were stirring. On October third, Blücher, having accomplished a superb +strategic march, drove Bertrand to Bitterfeld, and stood before +Kemberg, west of the Elbe, with sixty-four thousand men; Bernadotte, +with eighty thousand, was crossing at Acken and Rosslau; and +Schwarzenberg, with a hundred and seventy thousand, was already south +of Leipsic; Bennigsen, with fifty thousand reserves, had reached +Teplitz. The enemy would clearly concentrate at Leipsic and cut off +Napoleon's base unless he retreated. But it was October fifth before +the bitter resolution to do so was taken, and then the movement began +under compulsion. Murat was sent, with three infantry corps and one of +cavalry, to hold Schwarzenberg until the necessary manœuvers could +be completed.</p> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page023" name="page023"></a>(p. 023)</span> CHAPTER III</h3> + +<h4>The End of the Grand Army<a id="footnotetag3" name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3" title="Go to footnote 3"><span class="smaller">[3]</span></a></h4> + +<p class="summary">Plans for Conducting the Retreat — Napoleon's Health — + Blücher's Brilliant Idea — Napoleon under Compulsion — His + Skilful Concentration — The Battle-field around Leipsic — The + Attack — Results of the First Day's Fighting — Attempt to + Negotiate — Napoleon's Apathy — The Positions of the Third Day + — The Grand Army Defeated — The Disaster at the Elster Bridge + — Dissolution of the Grand Army.</p> + +<p>But how should the retreat be conducted? Napoleon's habit of reducing +his thoughts to writing for the sake of clearness remained strong upon +him to the last, and in the painstaking notes which he made with +regard to this important move he outlined two alternatives: to +garrison Dresden with two corps, send three to reconnoiter about +Chemnitz, and then march, with five and the guard, to attack +Schwarzenberg; or else to strengthen Murat, place him between +Schwarzenberg and Leipsic, and then advance to drive Bernadotte and +Blücher behind the Elbe. But in winter the frozen Elbe with its flat +shores would be no rampart. Both plans were abandoned, and on the +seventh orders were issued for a retreat behind the Saale, the +precipitous banks of which were a natural fortification. Behind this +line of defense he could rest in safety during the winter, with his +right at Erfurt and his left at Magdeburg. Dresden must, he +concluded, be evacuated. This would deprive <span class="pagenum"><a id="page024" name="page024"></a>(p. 024)</span> the allies of the +easy refuge behind the Saxon and Bohemian mountains which they had +sought at every onset, but it might leave them complete masters of +Saxony. To avoid this he must take one of three courses: either halt +behind the Mulde for one blow at the armies of the North and of +Silesia, or join Murat for a decisive battle with the Austrian +general, or else concentrate at Leipsic, and meet the onset of the +united allies, now much stronger than he was.</p> + +<p>The night of the seventh was spent in indecision as to any one or all +of these ideas, but in active preparation for the actual movements of +the retreat, however it should be conducted; any contingency might be +met or a resolve taken when the necessity arose. During that night the +Emperor took two warm baths. The habit of drinking strong coffee to +prevent drowsiness had induced attacks of nervousness, and these were +not diminished by his load of care. To allay these and other ailments, +he had had recourse for some time to frequent tepid baths. Much has +been written about a mysterious malady which had been steadily +increasing, but the burden of testimony from the Emperor's closest +associates at this time indicates that in the main he had enjoyed +excellent health throughout the second Saxon campaign. He was, on the +whole, calm and self-reliant, exhibiting signs of profound emotion +only in connection with important decisions. He was certainly capable +of clear insight and of severe application in a crisis; he could still +endure exhausting physical exertion, and rode without discomfort, +sitting his horse in the same stiff, awkward manner as of old. There +were certainly intervals of self-indulgence and of lassitude, of +excessive emotion and depressing self-examination, which seemed to +require the offset of a physical stimulus; but on the whole there do +not appear to have been such sharp attacks of illness, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page025" name="page025"></a>(p. 025)</span> or +even of morbid depression, as amount to providential interference; +natural causes, complex but not inexplicable, sufficiently account for +the subsequent disasters.</p> + +<p>For instance, considerations of personal friendship having in earlier +days often led him to unwise decisions, a like cause may be said to +have brought on his coming disaster. It was the affection of the Saxon +king for his beautiful capital which at the very last instant, on +October eighth, induced Napoleon to cast all his well-weighed scheme +to the winds, and—fatal decision!—leave Saint-Cyr and Lobau, with +three corps, in Dresden. A decisive battle was imminent; the commander +was untrue to his maxim that every division should be under the +colors. But with or without his full force, the master-strategist was +outwitted: the expected meeting did not take place as he finally +reckoned. On the tenth his headquarters were at Düben, and his +divisions well forward on the Elbe, ready for Bernadotte and Blücher; +but there was no foe. Both these generals had been disconcerted by the +unexpected swiftness of the French movements; the former actually +contemplated recrossing the river to avoid a pitched battle with those +whom he hoped before long to secure as his subjects. But the +enthusiastic old Prussian shamed his ally into action, persuading him +at least to march south from Acken, effect a junction with the army of +Silesia, and cross the Saale to threaten Napoleon from the rear. This +was a brilliant and daring plan, for if successful both armies might +possibly unite with Schwarzenberg's; but even if unsuccessful in that, +they would at least reproduce the situation in Silesia, and reduce the +French to the "hither-and-thither" system, which, rendering a decisive +battle impossible, had thwarted the Napoleonic strategy.</p> + +<p>Napoleon spent a weary day of waiting in Düben, yawning and +scribbling, but keeping his geographer and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page026" name="page026"></a>(p. 026)</span> secretary in +readiness. It was said at the time, and has since been repeated, that +throughout this portion of the campaign Napoleon was not recognizable +as himself: that he ruminated long when he should have been active; +that he consulted when he should have given orders; that he was no +longer ubiquitous as of old, but sluggish, and rooted to one spot. But +it is hard to see what he left undone, his judgment being mistaken as +it was. When rumors of Bernadotte's movements began to arrive, he +dismissed the idea suggested by them as preposterous; when finally, on +the twelfth, he heard that Blücher was actually advancing to Halle, +and no possible doubt remained, he gave instant orders for a march on +Leipsic. Critics have suggested that again delay had been his ruin; +but this is not true. An advance over the Elbe toward Berlin in search +of the enemy would merely have enabled Blücher and Bernadotte to join +forces sooner, and have rendered their union with Schwarzenberg +easier. No stricture is just but one: that Napoleon, knowing how +impossible it was to obtain such exact information as he seemed +determined to have, should have divined the enemy's plan, and acted +sooner. The accurate information necessary for such foresight was not +obtainable; in fact, it seldom is, and some allowance may be made if +the general lingered before rushing into the "tube of a funnel," as +Marmont expressed it. On the morning of the thirteenth, while the +final arrangements for marching to Leipsic were making, came the news +of Bavaria's defection. It spread throughout the army like wildfire, +but its effect was less than might be imagined, and it served for the +priming of a bulletin, issued on the fifteenth, announcing the +approaching battle.</p> + +<p>On the fifteenth, Murat, who had been steadily withdrawing before the +allied army of the South, was overtaken <span class="pagenum"><a id="page027" name="page027"></a>(p. 027)</span> at Wachau by +Schwarzenberg's van. He fought all day with magnificent courage, and +successfully, hurling the hostile cavalry skirmishers back on the main +column. Within sound of his guns, Napoleon was reconnoitering his +chosen battle-field in and about Leipsic; and when, after nightfall, +the brothers-in-law met, the necessary arrangements were virtually +complete. Those who were present at the council thought the Emperor +inexplicably calm and composed—they said indifferent or stolid. But +he had reasons to be confident rather than desperate, for by a touch +of his old energy he had concentrated more swiftly than his foe, +having a hundred and seventy thousand men in array. Reynier, with +fourteen thousand more, was near; if Saint-Cyr and Lobau, with their +thirty thousand, had been present instead of sitting idly in Dresden, +the French would actually have outnumbered any army the coalition +could have assembled for battle. The allies could hope at best to +produce two hundred thousand men; Bernadotte was still near Merseburg; +Blücher, though coming in from Halle, was not within striking +distance. In spite of his vacillation and final failure to evacuate +Dresden, Napoleon had an excellent fighting chance.</p> + +<p>The city of Leipsic, engirdled by numerous villages, lies in a low +plain watered by the Parthe, Pleisse, and Elster, the last of which to +the westward has several arms, with swampy banks. Across these runs +the highway to Frankfort, elevated on a dike, and spanning the deep, +central stream of the Elster by a single bridge. Eastward by Connewitz +the land is higher, there being considerable swells, and even hills, +to the south and southeast. This rolling country was that chosen by +Napoleon for the main battle against Schwarzenberg; Marmont was +stationed north of the city, near Möckern, to observe Blücher; +Bernadotte, the cautious, was still <span class="pagenum"><a id="page028" name="page028"></a>(p. 028)</span> at Oppin with his Swedes. +On the evening of the fifteenth, his dispositions being complete, +Napoleon made the tour of all his posts. At dusk three white rockets +were seen to rise in the southern sky; they were promptly answered by +four red ones in the north. These were probably signals between +Schwarzenberg and Blücher. Napoleon's watch-fire was kindled behind +the old guard, between Reudnitz and Crottendorf.</p> + +<p>The battle began early next morning. Napoleon waited until nine, and +then advanced at the head of his guards to Liebertwolkwitz, near +Wachau, on the right bank of the Pleisse, where the decisive struggle +was sure to occur, since the mass of the enemy, under Barclay, with +Wittgenstein as second in command, had attacked in four columns at +that point. Between the Pleisse and the Elster, near Connewitz, stood +Poniatowski, opposed to Schwarzenberg and Meerveldt; westward of the +Elster, near Lindenau, stood Bertrand, covering the single line of +retreat, the Frankfort highway, and his antagonist was Gyulay. Thus +there were four divisions in the mighty conflict, which began by an +onset of the allies along the entire front. The main engagement was +stubborn and bloody, the allies attacking with little skill, but great +bravery. Until near midday Napoleon more than held his own. Victor at +Wachau, and Lauriston at Liebertwolkwitz, had each successfully +resisted six desperate assaults; between them were massed the +artillery, a hundred and fifty guns, under Drouot, and behind, all the +cavalry except that of Sebastiani. The great artillery captain was +about to give the last splendid exhibition of what his arm can do +under favorable circumstances—that is, when strongly posted in the +right position and powerfully supported by cavalry. He intended, with +an awful shock and swift pursuit, to break through the enemy's center +at Güldengossa and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page029" name="page029"></a>(p. 029)</span> surround his right. So great was his +genius for combinations that while the allies were that moment using +three hundred and twenty-five thousand effective men all told to his +two hundred and fourteen thousand, yet in the decisive spot he had +actually concentrated a hundred and fifteen thousand to their hundred +and fourteen thousand. This was because Schwarzenberg, having +attempted to outflank the French, was floundering to no avail in the +swampy meadows between the Pleisse and the Elster, and was no longer a +factor in the contest.</p> + +<p>When, at midday, all was in readiness and the order was given, the +artillery fire was so rapid that the successive shots were heard, not +separately, but in a long, sullen note. By two, Victor and Oudinot on +the right, with Mortier and Macdonald on the left, were well forward +of Güldengossa, but the place itself still held out. At three the +cavalry, under Murat, Latour-Maubourg, and Kellermann, were sped +direct upon it. With awful effort they broke through, and the bells of +Leipsic began to ring in triumph—prematurely. The Czar had +peremptorily summoned from Schwarzenberg's command the Austro-Russian +reserve, and at four these, with the Cossack guard, charged the French +cavalry, hurling them back to Markkleeberg. Nightfall found Victor +again at Wachau, and Macdonald holding Liebertwolkwitz. Simultaneously +with the great charge of the allies Meerveldt had dashed out from +Connewitz toward Dölitz, but his force was nearly annihilated, and he +himself was captured. At Möckern, Marmont, after gallant work with +inferior numbers, had been beaten on his left, and then compelled for +safety to draw in his right. While he still held Gohlis and +Eutritzsch, the mass of his army had been thrown back into Leipsic. +Throughout the day Bertrand made a gallant and successful resistance +to superior numbers, and drove that <span class="pagenum"><a id="page030" name="page030"></a>(p. 030)</span> portion of the allied +forces opposed to him away from Lindenau as far as Plagwitz. At +nightfall three blank shots announced the cessation of hostilities all +around.</p> + +<p>In the face of superior numbers, the French had not lost a single +important position, and whatever military science had been displayed +was all theirs; Blücher made the solitary advance move of the allies, +the seizure of Möckern by York's corps; Schwarzenberg had been +literally mired in his attempt to outflank his enemy, and but for +Alexander's peremptory recall of the reserves destined for the same +task, the day would have been one of irretrievable disaster to the +coalition. Yet Napoleon knew that he was lost unless he could retreat. +Clearly he had expected a triumph, for in the city nothing was ready, +and over the Elster was but one crossing, the solitary bridge on the +Frankfort road. The seventeenth was the first day of the week; both +sides were exhausted, and the Emperor of the French seems to have felt +that at all hazards he must gain time. During the previous night long +consultations had been held, and the French divisions to the south had +been slightly compacted. In the morning Meerveldt, the captured +Austrian general, the same man who after Austerlitz had solicited and +obtained on the part of Francis an interview from Napoleon, was +paroled, and sent into his own lines to ask an armistice, together +with the intervention of Francis on the terms of Prague: renunciation +of Poland and Illyria by Napoleon, the absolute independence of +Holland, of the Hanse towns, of Spain, and of a united Italy. When we +remember that England was paymaster to the coalition, and was fighting +for her influence in Holland, and that Austria's ambition was for +predominance in a disunited Italy, we feel that apparently Napoleon +wanted time rather than hoped for a successful plea to his +father-in-law.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page031" name="page031"></a>(p. 031)</span> This would be the inevitable conclusion except for the fact +that he withdrew quietly to his tent and there remained; the +resourceful general was completely apathetic, being either +over-confident in his diplomatic mission or stunned by calamity. The +day passed without incident except a momentary attack on Marmont, and +the arrival of Bernadotte, who had been spurred to movement by a hint +from Gneisenau concerning the terms on which Great Britain was to pay +her subsidies. It was asserted at the time that Napoleon gave orders +early in the morning for building numerous bridges over the western +streams. If so, they were not executed, only a single flimsy structure +being built, and that on the road leading from the town, not on the +lines westward from his positions in the suburbs. His subordinates +should have acted in so serious a matter even without orders; but, +like the drivers of trains which run at lightning speed, they had, +after years of high-pressure service, lost their nerve. Marmont +asserts that even Napoleon was nerveless. "We were occupied," he +wrote, "in restoring order among our troops; we should either have +commenced our retreat, or at least have prepared the means to commence +it at nightfall. But a certain carelessness on the part of Napoleon, +which it is impossible to explain and difficult to describe, filled +the cup of our sorrows." Considering who wrote these words, they must +be taken with allowance; but they indicate a truth, that in his +decadence this hitherto many-sided man could not be both general and +emperor. No answer from Francis was received; the allies agreed on +this course, and determined, according to their agreement with +England, not to cease fighting till the last French soldier was over +the Rhine. It was midnight when Napoleon finally drew in his posts and +gave preliminary orders to dispose his troops in readiness either to +fight or to retreat.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page032" name="page032"></a>(p. 032)</span> When day dawned on October eighteenth the French army +occupied an entirely new position: the right wing, under Murat, lying +between Connewitz and Dölitz; the center at Probstheida in a salient +angle; the left, under Ney, with front toward the north between +Paunsdorf and Gohlis. Within this arc, and close about the city, stood +all the well-tried corps, infantry, artillery, and cavalry, under +their various leaders of renown—Poniatowski, Augereau, Victor, +Drouot, Kellermann, Oudinot, Latour-Maubourg, Macdonald, Marmont, +Reynier, and Souham; Napoleon was on a hillock at Thonberg, with the +old guard in reserve. His chief concern was the line of retreat, which +was still open when, at seven, the fighting began. Schwarzenberg, with +the left, could get no farther than Connewitz. Bennigsen, with the +right, started to feel Bernadotte and complete the investment. Neither +was entirely successful, but Marmont withdrew from before Blücher, and +Ney from before Bernadotte and Bennigsen, in order to avoid being +surrounded; so that the two French armies were united before nightfall +on the western outskirts of the town, where Bertrand had routed +Gyulay, and had kept open the all-important line of retreat, over +which, since noon, trains of wagons had been passing. But magnificent +as was the work of all these doughty champions on both sides, it was +far surpassed in the center, where during the entire day, under +Napoleon's eye, advance and resistance had been desperate. Men fell +like grass before the scythe, and surging lines of their comrades +moved on from behind. Such were the numbers and such the carnage that +men have compared the conflict to that of the nations at Armageddon.</p> + +<p>At Victor's stand, near Probstheida, the fighting was fiercer than the +fiercest. The allied troops charged with fixed bayonets, rank after +rank, column following on <span class="pagenum"><a id="page033" name="page033"></a>(p. 033)</span> column; cannon roared while +grape-shot and shells sped to meet the assailants; men said the air +was full of human limbs; ten times Russians and Prussians came on, +only to be ten times driven back. The very soil on which the +assailants trod was human flesh. Hour after hour the slaughter +continued. Occasionally the French attempted a rally, but only to be +thrown back by musket fire and cavalry charge. It was the same at +Stötteritz, where no one seemed to pause for breath. Woe to him who +fell in fatigue: he was soon but another corpse in the piles over +which new reinforcements came on to the assault or countercharge. At +last there was scarcely a semblance of order; in hand-to-hand conflict +men shouted, struggled, wrestled, thrust, advanced, and withdrew, and +in neither combatants nor onlookers was there any sense of reality. By +dusk the heated cannon were almost useless, the muskets entirely so, +and, as darkness came down, the survivors fell asleep where they +stood, riders in their saddles, horses in their tracks. Napoleon +learned that thirty-five thousand Saxons on the left had gone over to +the enemy, and some one of his staff handing him a wooden chair, he +dropped into it and sank into a stupor almost as he touched it. For +half an hour he sat in oblivion, while in the thickening darkness the +marshals and generals gathered about the watch-fires, and stood with +sullen mien to abide his awakening. The moon came slowly up, Napoleon +awoke, orders were given to complete the dispositions for retreat +already taken, and, there being nothing left to do, the Emperor, with +inscrutable emotions, passed inside the walls of Leipsic to take +shelter in an inn on the creaking sign-board of which were depicted +the arms of Prussia!</p> + +<p>Throughout the night French troops streamed over the stone bridge +across the Elster; in the early morning <span class="pagenum"><a id="page034" name="page034"></a>(p. 034)</span> the enemy began to +advance, and ever-increasing numbers hurried away to gain the single +avenue of retreat. Until midday Napoleon wandered aimlessly about the +inner town, giving unimportant commands to stem the ever-growing +confusion and disorder. Haggard, and with his clothing in disarray, he +was not recognized by his own men, being sometimes rudely jostled. +After an affecting farewell to the King of Saxony, in which his +unhappy ally was instructed to make the best terms he could for +himself, the Emperor finally fell into the throng and moved with it +toward Lindenau. Halting near the Elster, a French general began to +seek information from the roughly clad onlooker who, without a suite +or even a single attendant, stood apparently indifferent, softly +whistling, "Malbrook s'en va t'en guerre." Of course the officer +started as he recognized the Emperor, but the conquered sovereign took +no notice. Bystanders thought his heart was turned to stone. Still the +rush of retreat went on, successfully also, in spite of some +confusion, until at two some one blundered. By the incredible mistake +of a French subaltern, as is now proven, the permanent Elster bridge +was blown up, and the temporary one had long since fallen. Almost +simultaneously with this irreparable disaster the allies had stormed +the city, and the French rear-guard came thundering on, hoping to find +safety in flight. Plunging into the deep stream, many, like +Poniatowski, were drowned; some, like the wounded Macdonald, swam +safely across. The scene was heartrending as horses, riders, and +footmen rolled senseless in the dark flood, while others scrambled +over their writhing forms in mad despair. Reynier and Lauriston, with +twenty thousand men, were captured, the King of Saxony was sent a +prisoner to Berlin, and Stein prepared to govern his domains by +commission from the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page035" name="page035"></a>(p. 035)</span> allies. By ten in the evening Bertrand +was in possession of Weissenfels; Oudinot wheeled at Lindenau, and +held the unready pursuers in check.</p> + +<p>Next morning, the twentieth, Napoleon was alert and active; retreat +began again, but only in tolerable order. Although he could not +control the great attendant rabble of camp-followers and stragglers, +he had nevertheless about a hundred and twenty thousand men under his +standards; as many more, and those his finest veterans, were besieged +and held in the fortresses of the Elbe, Oder, and Vistula by local +militia. These places, he knew, would no longer be tenable; in fact, +they began to surrender almost immediately, and the survivors of +Leipsic were soon in a desperate plight from hunger and fatigue. Yet +the commander gave no sign of sensibility. "'T was thus he left +Russia," said the surly men in the ranks. Hunger-typhus appeared, and +spread with awful rapidity; the country swarmed with partizans; the +columns of the allies were behind and on each flank; fifty-six +thousand Bavarians were approaching from Ansbach, under Wrede; at +Erfurt all the Saxons and Bavarians still remaining under the French +eagles marched away. The only foreign troops who kept true were those +who had no country and no refuge, the unhappy Poles, who, though +disappointed in their hopes, were yet faithful to him whom they +wrongly believed to have been their sincere friend. Though stricken by +all his woes, the Emperor was undaunted; the retreat from Germany was +indeed perilous, but it was marked by splendid courage and unsurpassed +skill. At Kösen and at Eisenach the allies were outwitted, and at +Hanau, on the twenty-ninth, the Bavarians were overwhelmed in a +pitched fight by an exhibition of personal pluck and calmness on +Napoleon's part paralleled only by his similar conduct at Krasnoi in +the previous <span class="pagenum"><a id="page036" name="page036"></a>(p. 036)</span> year. At the head of less than six thousand men, +he held in check nearly fifty thousand until the rest of his columns +came up, when he fell with the old fire upon a hostile line posted +with the river Kinzig in its rear, and not only disorganized it +utterly, but inflicted on it a loss of ten thousand men, more than +double the number which fell in his own ranks. But in spite of this +brilliant success, the ravages of disease continued, and only seventy +thousand men of the imperial army crossed the Rhine to Mainz. Soon the +houses of that city were packed, and the streets were strewn with +victims of the terrible hunger-typhus. They died by hundreds, and +corpses lay for days unburied; before the plague was stayed thousands +found an inglorious grave.</p> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page037" name="page037"></a>(p. 037)</span> CHAPTER IV</h3> + +<h4>The Frankfort Proposals<a id="footnotetag4" name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4" title="Go to footnote 4"><span class="smaller">[4]</span></a></h4> + +<p class="summary">Importance of the Battle of Leipsic — Decline of Napoleon's + Powers — His Gentler Side — Disintegration of Napoleon's Empire + — The Coalition and the Sentiment of Nationality — Reasons for + the Parley at Frankfort — Insincerity of the Proposal — + Napoleon and France — The Revolution and the Empire — Hollow + Diplomacy.</p> + +<p>The battle of Leipsic is one of the most important in general history. +Apparently it was only the offset to Austerlitz, as the Beresina had +been to Friedland. In reality it was far more, because it gave the +hegemony of continental Europe to Prussia. French imperialism in its +death-throes wiped out the score of royal France against the +Hapsburgs; Austria was not yet banished from central Europe to the +lower courses of the Danube, but, what was much the same thing, +Prussia was launched upon her career of military aggrandizement. Three +dynasties seemed in that battle to have celebrated a joint triumph; as +a matter of fact, the free national spirit of Germany, having narrowly +escaped being smothered by Napoleonic imperialism, had chosen a +national dynasty as its refuge. The conflict is well designated by +German historians as "the battle of the nations," but the language has +a different sense from that which is generally attributed to it. The +seeds of Italian unity had been sown, but they were not yet to +germinate. The battle of Leipsic seemed to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page038" name="page038"></a>(p. 038)</span> check them, yet it +was the process there begun under which they sprang up and bore fruit. +France was destined to become for a time the sport of an antiquated +dynastic system. The liberties which men of English blood had been +painfully developing for a century she sought to seize in an instant; +she was to see them still elude her grasp for sixty years, until her +democratic life, having assumed consistency, should find expression in +institutions essentially and peculiarly her own. Though the conquering +monarchs believed that revolutionary liberalism had been quenched at +Leipsic, its ultimate triumph was really assured, since it was +consigned to its natural guardianship, that of national commonwealths. +The imperial agglomeration of races and nationalities was altogether +amorphous and had been found impossible; that form of union was not +again attempted after Leipsic, while another—that, namely, of +constitutional organic nationalities—was made operative. The +successive stages of advance are marked by 1813, 1848, and 1870.</p> + +<p>The Saxon campaigns display the completion of the process in which the +great strategist, stifled by political anxieties, became the creature +of circumstances both as general and statesman. The Russian campaign +was nicely calculated, but its proportions and aim were those of the +Oriental theocrat, not of the prosaic European soldier. With the aid +of the railroad and the electric telegraph, they might possibly have +been wrought into a workable problem, but that does not excuse the +errors of premature and misplaced ambition. The Saxon campaigns, +again, are marked by a boldness of design and a skill in combination +characteristic of the best strategy; but again the proportions are +monstrous, and, what is worse, the execution is intermittent and +feeble. As in Russia, the war organism was insufficient for the +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page039" name="page039"></a>(p. 039)</span> numbers and distances involved, while the subordinates of +every grade, though supple instruments, seemed mercenary, +self-seeking, and destitute of devotion. Bonaparte had ruled men's +hearts by his use of a cause, securing devotion to it and to himself +by rude bonhomie, by success, and by sufficient rewards; Napoleon, on +the other hand, quenched devotion by a lavishness which sated the +greediest, and lost the affections of his associates by the demands of +his gigantic plans.</p> + +<p>As the world-conqueror felt the foundations of his greatness +quivering, he became less callous and more human. Early in 1813 he +said: "I have a sympathetic heart, like another, but since earliest +childhood I have accustomed myself to keep that string silent, and now +it is altogether dumb." His judgment of himself was mistaken: +throughout the entire season he was strangely and exceptionally moved +by the horrors of war; his purse was ever open for the suffering; he +released the King of Saxony from his entangling engagements; in spite +of his hard-set expression on the retreat from Leipsic, he forbade his +men to fire the suburbs of the city in order to retard the pursuit of +their foes, and before he left Mainz for St. Cloud he showed the +deepest concern, and put forth the strongest effort, in behalf of the +dying soldiery.</p> + +<p>The immediate effects of Leipsic were the full display of that +national spirit which had been refined, if not created, in the fires +of Napoleon's imperious career. An Austrian army under Hiller drove +Eugène over the Adige. The Italians, not unsusceptible to the power in +the air, felt their humiliation, and, turning on their imperial King +in bitter hate, determined, under the influence of feelings most +powerfully expressed by Alfieri, that they would emulate northern +Europe. But though they had for years been subject to the new +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page040" name="page040"></a>(p. 040)</span> influences, enjoying the equal administration of the Code +Napoléon, and freed from the interference of petty local tyrants, they +were neither united nor enlightened in sufficient degree. After an +outburst of hatred to France, they were crushed by their old despots, +and the land relapsed into the direst confusion. The Confederation of +the Rhine was, however, resolved into its elements: the Mecklenburgs +reasserted their independence; King Jerome fled to France; Würtemberg, +Hesse-Darmstadt, and Baden followed Bavaria's example; Cassel, +Brunswick, Hanover, and Oldenburg were craftily restored to their +former rulers before Stein's bureau could establish an administration. +Holland recalled the Prince of Orange, Spain rose to support +Wellington, and Soult was not merely driven over the Pyrenees—he was +defeated on French soil, and shut up in Bayonne.</p> + +<p>Even the three monarchs, as they sedately moved across Germany with +their exhausted and battered armies, were aware of nationality as a +controlling force in the future. In a direct movement on Paris they +could, as Ney said, "have marked out their days in advance," but they +halted at Frankfort for a parley. There were several reasons why they +should pause. They had seen France rise in her might; they did not +care to assist at the spectacle again. Moreover, the coalition had +accomplished its task and earned its pay; not a Frenchman, except real +or virtual prisoners, was left east of the Rhine. From that point the +interests of the three monarchs were divergent. As Gentz, the Austrian +statesman, said, "The war for the emancipation of states bids fair to +become one for the emancipation of the people." Alexander, Frederick +William, and Francis were each and all anxious for the future of +absolutism, but otherwise there was mutual distrust. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page041" name="page041"></a>(p. 041)</span> Austria +was suspicious of Prussia, and desired immediate peace. In the +restoration of Holland under English auspices, Russia saw the +perpetuation of British maritime and commercial supremacy, to the +disadvantage of her Oriental aspirations, and the old Russian party +demanded peace. On the other hand, Alexander wished to avenge +Napoleon's march to Moscow by an advance to Paris; and though +Frederick William distrusted what he called the Czar's Jacobinism, his +own soldiers, thirsting for further revenge, also desired to prosecute +the war; even the most enlightened Prussian statesmen believed that +nothing short of a complete cataclysm in France could shake Napoleon's +hold on that people and destroy his power. Offsetting these +conflicting tendencies against one another, Metternich was able to +secure military inaction for a time, while the coalition formulated a +series of proposals calculated to woo the French people, and thus to +bring Napoleon at once to terms.</p> + +<p>Ostensibly the Frankfort proposals, adopted on November ninth, were +only a slight advance on the ultimatum of Prague: Austria was to have +enough Italian territory to secure her preponderance in that +peninsula; France was to keep Savoy, with Nice; the rest of Italy was +to be independent. Holland and Spain liberated, France was to have her +"natural" boundaries, the Alps, the Pyrenees, the ocean, and the +Rhine. Napoleon was to retain a slight preponderance in Germany, and +the hope was held out that in a congress to settle details for a +general pacification, Great Britain, content with the "maritime +rights" which had caused the war, would hand back the captured French +colonies. The various ministers present at Frankfort assented to these +proposals for Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia +respectively; but Alexander and Frederick <span class="pagenum"><a id="page042" name="page042"></a>(p. 042)</span> William were +dissatisfied with them, and when Castlereagh heard them, he was as +furious as his cold blood would permit at the thought of France +retaining control of the Netherlands, Antwerp being the commercial key +to central Europe.</p> + +<p>Such a humor in three of the high contracting parties makes it +doubtful whether the Frankfort proposals had any reality, and this +doubt is further increased by the circumstances of the so-called +negotiation. St. Aignan, the French envoy to the Saxon duchies, had in +violation of international law and courtesy been seized at Gotha and +held as a prisoner. He was now set free and instructed to urge upon +Napoleon the necessity of an immediate settlement. To his +brother-in-law, the pacific Caulaincourt, who was soon to displace +Maret as minister of foreign affairs, he was to hand a private and +personal letter from Metternich. In the course of this epistle the +writer expresses his conviction that any effort to conclude a peace +would come to nothing. Not only, therefore, were the pretended +negotiations entirely destitute of form, they were prejudged from the +outset. Still further, the allies refused what Napoleon had granted +after Bautzen, an armistice, and insisted that hostilities were to +proceed during negotiation. All possible doubt as to the sincerity of +the proposals is turned into assurance by Metternich's admission in +his memoirs that they were intended to divorce Napoleon from the +French nation, and in particular to work on the feelings of the army. +He says that neither Alexander nor Frederick William would have +assented to them had they not been convinced that Napoleon would +"never in the world of his own accord" resolve to accept them. Yet the +world has long believed that Napoleon, as he himself expressed it, +lost his crown for Antwerp; that had he believed the honeyed words of +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page043" name="page043"></a>(p. 043)</span> the Austrian minister, and opened negotiations on an +indefinite basis without delay, he might have kept France with its +revolutionary boundaries intact for himself and his dynasty, and by +the sacrifice of his imperial ambitions have retained for her, if not +preponderance, at least importance in the councils of Europe.</p> + +<p>Neither Napoleon nor the French nation was deceived; a peace made +under such circumstances could result only in a dishonorable tutelage +to the allied sovereigns. France abhorred the dynasties and all their +works, believing that dynastic rule could never mean anything except +absolutism and feudalism. The experiment of popular sovereignty +wielded by a democracy had been a failure; but the liberal French, +like men of the same intelligence throughout Europe, did not, for all +that, lose faith in popular sovereignty; they knew there must be some +channel for its exercise. Outside of France, as in it, the most +enlightened opinion of the time regarded Napoleon as the savior of +society. The Queen of Saxony bitterly reproached Metternich for having +deserted Napoleon's "sacred cause." This was because the Emperor of +the French seemed to have used the people's power for the people's +good. His giant arm alone could wield the popular majesty. It is said +that the great mass of the French nation, on hearing of the Frankfort +proposals, groaned and laughed by turns. Being profoundly, devotedly +imperialist and therefore idealistic, they were outraged at the +thought of Hapsburgs, Romanoffs, or Hohenzollerns, the very +incarnations of German feudality, as leaders of the new Europe. It +seemed the irony of fate that civil and political rights on the basis, +not of privilege, but of manhood, the prize for which the world had +been turned upside down, should be intrusted to such keepers. Welded +into a homogeneous nationality themselves, the French could <span class="pagenum"><a id="page044" name="page044"></a>(p. 044)</span> +not understand that the inchoate nationalities in other states had as +yet nothing but dynastic forms of expression, or foresee that during a +century to come the old dynasties would find safety only in adapting +royalty to national needs.</p> + +<p>Napoleon seems to have been fully aware of French sentiment. In +addition, he understood that not merely for this sufficient reason +could he never be king of France in name or fact, but also that, +having elsewhere harried and humiliated both peoples and dynasties in +the name of revolutionary ideals, the masses had found him out, and +were as much embittered as their rulers, believing him to be a +charlatan using dazzling principles as a cloak for personal ambition. +In May, 1813, the Emperor Francis, anxious to salve the lacerated +pride of the Hapsburgs, produced a bundle of papers purporting to +prove that the Bonapartes had once been ruling princes at Treviso. "My +nobility," was Napoleon's stinging reply, "dates only from Marengo." +He well knew that when the battle should be fought that would undo +Marengo, his nobility would end. In other words, without solid French +support he was nothing, and that support he was fully aware he could +never have as king of France. If the influence of what France +improperly believed to be solely the French Revolution were to be +confined to her boundaries, revolutionary or otherwise, not only was +Napoleon's prestige destroyed, but along with it would go French +leadership in Europe. An imperial throne there must be, exerting +French influence far abroad. What happened at Paris, therefore, may be +regarded as a counter-feint to Metternich's effort at securing an +advantageous peace from the French nation when it should have +renounced Napoleon. It was merely an attempt to collect the remaining +national strength, not now for aggressive warfare, but for the +expulsion of hated invaders.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page045" name="page045"></a>(p. 045)</span> Having received no formulated proposition for acceptance or +rejection, and desiring to force one, the Emperor of the French +virtually disregarded the letter of Metternich's communication, and +sent a carefully considered message to the allies. Making no mention +in this of the terms brought by St. Aignan, he suggested Caulaincourt +as plenipotentiary to an international congress, which should meet +somewhere on the Rhine, say at Mannheim. Further, he declared that his +object had always been the independence of all the nations, "from the +continental as well as from the maritime point of view." This +communication reached Frankfort on November sixteenth, and, whether +wilfully or not, was misinterpreted to mean that the writer would +persist in questioning England's maritime rights. Thereupon Metternich +replied by accepting Mannheim as the place for the proposed +conference, and promised to communicate the language of Napoleon's +letter to his co-allies. How far these co-allies were from a sincere +desire for peace is proven by their next step, taken almost on the +date of Metternich's reply. A proclamation was widely posted in the +cities of France, which stated, in a cant borrowed from Napoleon's own +practice, that the allies desired France "to be great, strong, and +prosperous"; they were making war, it was asserted, not "on France, +but on that preponderance which Napoleon had too long exercised, to +the misfortune of Europe and of France herself, to which they +guaranteed in advance an extent of territory such as she never had +under her kings." Napoleon's riposte was to despatch a swarm of trusty +emissaries throughout France in order to compose all quarrels of the +people with the government, to strengthen popular devotion in every +possible way—in short, to counteract the possible effects of this +call. The messengers found public opinion thoroughly imperial, but +profoundly <span class="pagenum"><a id="page046" name="page046"></a>(p. 046)</span> embittered against Maret as the supposed +instigator of disastrous wars. Maret was transferred to the department +of state, and the pacific Caulaincourt was made minister of foreign +affairs. On December second, at the earliest possible moment, the new +minister addressed a note to Metternich, accepting the terms of the +"general and summary basis." This, said the despatch, would involve +great sacrifices; but Napoleon would feel no regret if only by a +similar abnegation England would provide the means for a general, +honorable peace. Metternich replied that nothing now stood in the way +of convening a congress, and that he would notify England to send a +plenipotentiary. There, however, the matter ended, and Metternich's +record of those Frankfort days scarcely notices the subject, so +interested is he in the squabbles of the sovereigns over the opening +of a new campaign. It was the end of the year when they reached an +agreement.</p> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page047" name="page047"></a>(p. 047)</span> CHAPTER V</h3> + +<h4>The Invasion of France<a id="footnotetag5" name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5" title="Go to footnote 5"><span class="smaller">[5]</span></a></h4> + +<p class="summary">Amazing Schemes of Napoleon for New Levies — Attitude of the + People toward the Empire — The Disaffected Elements — + Napoleon's Armament — Activity of the Imperialists — Release of + Ferdinand and the Pope — Napoleon's Farewell to Paris — His + Strategic Plan — France against Europe — The Conduct of + Bernadotte — Murat's Defection — Conflicting Interests of the + Allies — Positions of the Opponents at the Outbreak of + Hostilities.</p> + +<p class="sidenote">1813-14</p> + +<p>What happened in France between the first days of November, 1813, when +Napoleon reached St. Cloud, and the close of the year, is so +incredible that it scarcely seems to belong in the pages of sober +history. Of five hundred and seventy-five thousand Frenchmen, strictly +excluding Germans and Poles, who had been sent to war during 1812 and +1813, about three hundred thousand were prisoners or shut up in +distant garrisons, and a hundred and seventy-five thousand were dead +or missing; therefore a hundred thousand or thereabouts remained under +arms and ready for active service. By various decrees of the Emperor +and the senate, nine hundred and thirty-six thousand more were called +to arms: a hundred and sixty thousand from the classes between 1804 +and 1814, whether they had once served or not; a hundred and sixty +thousand from the class of 1815; a hundred and seventy-six thousand +five <span class="pagenum"><a id="page048" name="page048"></a>(p. 048)</span> hundred were to be enrolled in the regular national +guard, and a hundred and forty thousand in a home guard; finally, in a +comprehensive sweep from all the classes between 1804 and 1814 +inclusive, every possible man was to be drawn. This, it was estimated, +would produce three hundred thousand more.</p> + +<p>It is easy to exaggerate the significance of these enormous figures, +for to the layman they would seem to mean that every male capable of +bearing arms was to be taken. But this was far from being the case; +contrary to the general impression, the population of France had been +and was steadily increasing. In spite of all the butcheries of foreign +and civil wars, the number of inhabitants was growing at the rate of +half a million yearly, and the country could probably have furnished +three times the number called out. Moreover, less than a third of the +nine hundred and thirty-six thousand were ever organized, and not more +than an eighth of them fought. This disproportion between plan and +fulfilment was due partly to official incapacity or worse, partly to a +popular resistance which was not due to disaffection. It speaks +volumes for the state of the country that even the hated flying +columns, with their thorough procedure, could not find the men, +especially the fathers, husbands, and only sons, who were the solitary +supports of many families. The fields were tilled by the spades of +women and children, for there were neither horses to draw nor men to +hold the plows. Government pawn-shops were gorged, and the government +storehouses were bursting with manufactured wares for which there was +no market; government securities were worth less than half their face, +the currency had disappeared, and usury was rampant. Yet it seems +certain that four fifths of the people associated none of these +miseries with Napoleonic empire. The <span class="pagenum"><a id="page049" name="page049"></a>(p. 049)</span> generation which had +grown to maturity under Napoleon saw only one side of his activities: +the majestic public works he had inaugurated, the glories of France +and the splendors of empire during the intervals of peace, the +exhaustion and abasement of her foes in a long series of splendid +campaigns—all this they associated with the imperial rule, and +desired what they supposed was a simple thing, the Empire and peace.</p> + +<p>The other fifth was, however, thoroughly aroused. When the legislature +convened on December nineteenth, and the diplomatic correspondence was +so cleverly arranged and presented as to make the allies appear +implacable, an address to the throne was passed, amid thunderous +applause and by a large majority, which virtually called for a return +to constitutional government as the price of additional war supplies. +In sober moments even the most ardent liberals were ashamed, feeling +that this was not an opportune moment for disorganizing such +administration as there was by calls for the reform of the +constitution. Only one question was imperative, the awful +responsibility they had for the national identity. The general public +was so outraged by the spectacle that the deputies reconsidered their +action, and by a vote of two hundred and fifty-four to two hundred and +twenty-three struck out the obnoxious clause. But this did not appease +Napoleon, who made no attempt to conceal his rage, and prorogued the +chamber in scorn. His support was ample in the almost universal +conviction that at such a moment there was no time for parleying about +abstract questions of political rights; but every cavilling deputy had +some friends at home, and in a crisis where the very existence of +France was jeopardized there were agitations by the reactionary +radicals. The royalists kept silent then, and for months later, +contenting themselves with <span class="pagenum"><a id="page050" name="page050"></a>(p. 050)</span> biting innuendos or witty double +meanings; drinking, for instance, to "the Emperor's last victory," +when the newspapers announced "the last victory of the Emperor."</p> + +<p>The first conscription from the classes of 1808-1814 was thoroughly +successful, the second attempt to glean from them was an utter +failure; the effort to forestall the draft of 1815 met with +resistance, and was abandoned. It was impossible to organize the home +guards and reserves, for they rebelled or escaped, and local danger +had to be averted by local volunteers who were designated as +"sedentary" because they could not be ordered away. By the end of +January not more than twenty thousand men had been secured for general +service from all classes other than the first—at least that was +approximately the number in the various camps of instruction. In order +to arm and equip the recruits, Napoleon had recourse to his private +treasure, drawing fifty-five million francs from the vaults of the +Tuileries for that purpose. The remaining ten were transferred at +intervals to Blois. But all his treasure could not buy what did not +exist. The best military stores were in the heart of Europe; the +French arsenals could afford only antiquated and almost useless +supplies. The recruits were armed, some with shot-guns and knives, +some with old muskets, the use of which they did not know; they were +for the most part without uniforms, and wore bonnets, blouses, and +sabots. There were not half enough horses for the scanty artillery and +cavalry. Worse than all, there was no time for instruction in the +manual and tactics. On one occasion a boy conscript was found standing +inactive under a fierce musketry fire; with artless intrepidity he +remarked that he believed he could aim as well as anybody if he only +knew how to load his gun!</p> + +<a id="img003" name="img003"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/img003.jpg" width="400" height="496" alt="" title=""> +<p><span class="smcap">Napoleon in 1813</span><br> +<span class="smaller">From a painting by Aimable-Louis-Claude Pagnest.</span></p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page051" name="page051"></a>(p. 051)</span> The disaffected, though few, were powerful and active, +suborning the prefects and civic authorities by every device, issuing +proclamations which promised anything and everything, and procuring +plans of fortified places for the allies. Talleyrand began to utter +oracular innuendos about the vindictiveness of the allies, the +desertion of Murat, the sack of Paris, and various half-truths more +dangerous even than lies. The air was so full of rumors that, although +there was no widespread revolutionary movement, there were now and +then serious panics; the town of Chaumont surrendered to a solitary +Würtemberg horseman. But when the populace of the country at large +began to wonder who the coming Bourbon might be, and what he would +take back from the present possessors of royal and ecclesiastical +estates, they were staggered. People in the cities heard with some +satisfaction the strains of the "Marseillaise," which by order of +imperial agents were once again ground out around the streets by the +hand-organs. Napoleon walked the avenues of Paris without escort, and +was wildly cheered; the Empress and her little son were produced on +public occasions with dramatic success, and popular wit dubbed the boy +conscripts by the name of "Marie Louises." The little men showed a +grim determination and eventually a sublime courage, but they never +could acquire the veteran steadfastness which wins battles. Journals, +theaters, music-halls, and public balls were all managed in the +interest of imperial patriotism; imperial tyranny dealt ruthlessly +with suspicious characters. Yet the imperialists had their doubts, and +many, like Savary, threw an anchor to windward by storing treasure at +distant points, and sending their families to safe retreats. On the +whole, the balance of public opinion at the opening of 1814 was +overwhelmingly imperialist both in the cities and in the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page052" name="page052"></a>(p. 052)</span> +country. Men ardently desired peace, but they wanted it with honor and +under the Empire.</p> + +<p>That the Empire desired peace seemed to be proved by steps for the +release of its two most important prisoners, the King of Spain and the +Pope. Wellington thought that if the former had been despatched +directly into his kingdom on December eighth, the day on which the +conditions between himself and the Emperor were signed, England would +have found the further conduct of the war impossible. Talleyrand, +already deep in royalist plots, must have been of the same opinion, +for he did not advise haste, but craftily suggested to his prisoner +that the provisional government of Spain might refuse to accept him as +king unless the treaty of release had been previously ratified by the +Cortes. Accordingly it was referred to them, and, since the liberals +desired the assent to their new constitution of a king not under +duress, by their influence it was rejected. It was not until March, +1814, that Ferdinand was unconditionally released, and this delay +proved fatal to Napoleon's interests in Spain. The liberals could no +longer fight for free institutions, because it was then clear that the +dynastic conservatism of Europe was to win a temporary victory. In +about six months King Ferdinand undid the progressive work of six +years, and Spain relapsed into absolutism and ecclesiasticism, with +all their attendant evils. Nevertheless, France interpreted the +conduct of the Emperor as indicating an earnest desire for peace, and +this feeling had been strengthened by the absolutely unconditional +release of the Pope on January twenty-second. This apparently gracious +concession was effective among the masses, who did not know, as the +Emperor did, that the allies were already on French soil.</p> + +<p>The very next day Napoleon performed his last official act, which was +one of great courage both physical <span class="pagenum"><a id="page053" name="page053"></a>(p. 053)</span> and moral. The national +guard in Paris had been reorganized, but its leaders had never been +thoroughly loyal, many of them being royalists, some radical +republicans, and the disaffection of both classes had been heightened +by recent events. But the officers were nevertheless summoned to the +Tuileries; the risk was doubled by the fact that they came armed. +Drawn up in the vast chamber known as that of the marshals, they stood +expectant; the great doors were thrown open, and there entered the +Emperor, accompanied only by his consort and their child in the arms +of his governess, Mme. de Montesquiou. Napoleon announced simply that +he was about to put himself at the head of his army, hoping, by the +aid of God and the valor of his troops, to drive the enemy beyond the +frontiers. There was silence. Then, taking in one hand that of the +Empress, and leading forward his child by the other, he continued, "I +intrust the Empress and the King of Rome to the courage of the +national guard." Still silence. After a moment, with suppressed +emotion, he concluded, "My wife and my son." No generous-hearted +Frenchman could withstand such an appeal; breaking ranks by a +spontaneous impulse, the listeners started forward in a mass, and +shook the very walls with their cry, "Long live the Emperor!" Many +shed tears, and felt, as they withdrew in respectful silence, a new +sense of devotion welling up in their hearts. On the eve of his +departure, the Emperor received a numerously signed address from the +very men whose loyalty he had hitherto had just reason to suspect.</p> + +<p>It was four in the morning of January twenty-fifth when Napoleon left +for Châlons. From that moment he was no longer Emperor. During the +long winter nights just past he had wrought with an intensity and a +feverish activity which he had never surpassed, sparing <span class="pagenum"><a id="page054" name="page054"></a>(p. 054)</span> +neither himself nor others, displaying no consideration for prejudice +or honest opposition, calling on every Frenchman to sacrifice +everything for France, to which, as he vehemently asserted, he himself +was more necessary than she to him. If he had come honestly to believe +what millions of others believed, it was little wonder; he had +thenceforth but one aim—to prove that he was, as of yore, the first +general of France, the only one able to save the country in an hour +when all her glories were falling in wreck about her. His strategic +plans, immense and intricate as was his task, were complete and +excellent. The first was intended to prevent invasion by way of Liège, +the most direct line and that which Prussia preferred. The second, +which was partly defensive, was the one eventually used against the +clumsy form of advance actually chosen by the invaders. Of the two, +the former was the more brilliant, but the second was almost as +clever. By it the Rhine bank was divided into three parts for purposes +of defense. Macdonald was stationed at Cologne to protect the lower +course; Marmont was to guard the central stretch, and they two divided +between them the remnants of the army which had been swept out of +Germany; Victor was stationed on the upper course to command the +garrisons of the great frontier fortifications and strengthen himself +by the new levies; Bertrand remained as a sort of rear post on the +right bank of the river at Kastel, opposite Mainz. All told, these +generals had at first only fifty thousand men.</p> + +<p>The allies no sooner obtained possession of central Europe than they +outdid its recent master in every species of exaction. The countries +which had formed the Confederacy of the Rhine were compelled almost to +double the number of the contingents they had raised for France, and +to organize every fencible man into <span class="pagenum"><a id="page055" name="page055"></a>(p. 055)</span> either the first or +second line of reserves, called by the old feudal terms of ban and +arrière-ban. At the same time the allies demanded and obtained new +subsidies both of money and arms from Great Britain. In the three +armies of Austria, Prussia, and Russia, as they stood on the Rhine, +there were ready by January first about two hundred and eighty-five +thousand men. By the end of February the army-lists of France, +excluding the national guards, displayed a total of six hundred and +fifty thousand men; the coalition, including England, had registered +nearly a million. Deducting forty per cent. as ample to cover all +shortcomings, we may say that France, with three hundred and ninety +thousand in the ranks, men and boys, faced Europe with six hundred +thousand full-grown men. These figures include the French armies of +Catalonia, of the Pyrenees, of Italy, and of the Netherlands, together +with the garrisons in all the strong places then held by France on +both sides of the Rhine; they also include the Russian, Austrian, and +Prussian reserves, with the national armies of Holland, Spain, and +Italy.</p> + +<p>Aside from the centrifugal forces inherent in the coalition, there was +one which threatened its disintegration: the erratic character of the +great Gascon who represented Sweden. Bernadotte's first care, after +the battle of Leipsic, was to move north and secure the long-coveted +prize of Norway. Ever mindful of the hint about a French crown, which +Alexander had thrown out as still another bait at Abo, he gave as his +parting admonition the transparent advice that the coming campaign +should be confined to a frontier invasion of France, and at Hamburg he +actually offered Davout, as the price of surrender, a safe return for +himself and his army to their native land! This was too much; +Alexander was furious, and the schemer was peremptorily <span class="pagenum"><a id="page056" name="page056"></a>(p. 056)</span> +ordered to leave a sufficient investing force before the city and +return with the rest of his army to the lower Rhine. There he was +suffered to remain in idleness, the task assigned to him being that of +watching the Netherlands; two of his best corps were withdrawn from +him and assigned to Blücher.</p> + +<p>Nor was Napoleon free from his thorn in the flesh. In a bulletin +published by him after the retreat from Moscow was a passage which +implied some censure of Murat for his lack of stability. This both the +King of Naples and his spouse bitterly resented, the latter roundly +abusing her brother in their correspondence. This was an excellent +pretext for desertion when the general crash appeared imminent, and at +Erfurt the dashing and gallant, but weak and testy, monarch decamped. +Hastening south, he entered at once into alliance with Austria, and +then, putting himself at the head of eighty thousand Neapolitans, set +out for Rome, waging a terrific warfare of proclamations. Eugène, +too,—and this was an elemental disaster,—was virtually checkmated by +the defection of his father-in-law, the King of Bavaria, which opened +the Tyrol to the allies. All Italy was consequently lost. Augereau, +whose feeble loyalty to Napoleon was already at the vanishing-point, +had been appointed to take forty thousand conscripts, collect any +straggling soldiers he could find in southeastern France, and keep +open the door out of Italy for some or all of Eugène's veterans, with +whose assistance it was hoped the marshal could form an army for the +defense of the Vosges Mountains. But Eugène, having fought the +indecisive battle of Roverbello, and finding himself in a sorry plight +from both the military and political points of view, could send no +reinforcements until April, when finally he concluded an armistice +releasing his army. Augereau <span class="pagenum"><a id="page057" name="page057"></a>(p. 057)</span> therefore found himself opposite +Bubna at Geneva with an ineffective force, and with very little heart +to wield what he had. This ended Napoleon's grand scheme for uniting +the forces of Italy, Naples, Switzerland, and France.</p> + +<p>Prussia was now the ablest as well as the bitterest of Napoleon's +foes, Stein, Blücher, Gneisenau, and their friends aiming at nothing +short of annihilating the Napoleonic power. This was, no doubt, due in +part to a thirst for revenge; but in the main it was due to the +longing for such a leadership in Germany as would spread abroad the +new doctrines of liberal and constitutional monarchy, in order to +restrain Austria's ever-increasing influence. The councils of the +allies presented an amusing spectacle. The Prussians urged an +immediate advance by the best line for invasion, that, namely, from +Liège and Brussels; but the Austrians, except Radetzky, drew back, +fearing Prussia almost equally with France. The Czar held the balance, +but his scales were very sensitive, inclining often toward Prussia, +but settling in the end to a compromise suggested by Schwarzenberg and +Metternich. Having imitated Napoleon in his practice of war +requisitions, the allies now determined to imitate him in contempt for +international law, and to violate Swiss neutrality. The plan which +they adopted was to throw their main army into France by way of Basel, +and thus turn the line of frowning fortresses behind the Rhine, as +well as the Vosges Mountains. Blücher was to cross the middle Rhine, +and Bülow, with thirty thousand men, was to coöperate with the English +troops under Graham in the Netherlands. The whole scheme was +unmilitary, but it exactly suited Metternich, who, having on January +thirteenth first learned of Bernadotte's understanding with the Czar +about the crown of France, was very uneasy. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page058" name="page058"></a>(p. 058)</span> Both he and +Schwarzenberg desired to end the war on the frontier, if possible; +Prussia's power and Alexander's ambitions for European preponderance +were far more dangerous to Austria than a Napoleonic empire confined +to France.</p> + +<p>Blücher, leaving twenty-eight thousand men before Mainz, crossed the +Saar on January ninth with forty-seven thousand; Schwarzenberg, with +the main army arrayed in four columns, two hundred and nine thousand +strong, crossed the Rhine at or near Basel and moved toward Langres. +The thin, straggling French columns began to retreat concentrically +toward Châlons on the Marne. At the opening of the second stage in the +campaign Blücher had invested the Mosel fortresses, and was advancing, +with less than thirty thousand men, toward Arcis on the Aube; +Schwarzenberg was in and about Langres; and the French were +concentrated on a line from Vitry-le-François to St. Dizier. Napoleon +reached Châlons on the twenty-sixth, having left Joseph to represent +him in Paris. The wily strategist, feeble as was his strength, had +momentarily secured the advantage over his unwieldy foe, having wedged +himself between the invading armies, and being quite strong enough, +with the forty thousand soldiers in his ranks, to cope with Blücher.</p> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page059" name="page059"></a>(p. 059)</span> CHAPTER VI</h3> + +<h4>Napoleon's Supreme Effort<a id="footnotetag6" name="footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6" title="Go to footnote 6"><span class="smaller">[6]</span></a></h4> + +<p class="summary">The Fertility of Genius — The Battles of Brienne and La Rothière + — The French Retreat — Victory at Champaubert — Victory at + Montmirail — Victory at Vauchamps — Success Engenders Delusion + — Insincerity of the Allies — Their Clashing Interests — The + Congress of Châtillon — Napoleon's Procrastination — French + Victory and French Diplomacy.</p> + +<p class="sidenote">1814</p> + +<p>The year 1814 is the most astonishing of Napoleon's military life. He +first conceived a plan for combining the resources of Italy, +Switzerland, Naples, and France. This failed by Augereau's sloth and +Murat's ingratitude. Nothing daunted, the fertile brain then outlined +schemes for meeting the quick advance of the allies through the +Netherlands, for defending the Rhine frontier, and for a levy <i>en +masse</i> of the French people to hurl back invasion under the walls of +Paris. After taking the field, the daring of his conceptions, the +rapidity of his movements, the surprises he prepared for his enemy, +the support he wrung from an exhausted land, the devotion he received +from a panting, ill-clothed army at bay—all are so remarkable that by +contrast the allies appear to be a lumbering, stupid mass. With +another antagonist they would have appeared in a very different light; +Gneisenau's clear head, Blücher's daring, Radetzky's good sense and +courage, together <span class="pagenum"><a id="page060" name="page060"></a>(p. 060)</span> with the valor of the forces at their back, +would have won the goal far more easily with an ordinary, or even an +extraordinary, combatant in Napoleon's plight. The Emperor of the +French had not merely a prestige worth a hundred thousand men, as he +was fond of reckoning: he had an activity of mind and body, a +reservoir of resources, which made his single blade cover the whole +circumference of defense like the whirling spokes of a fiery wheel.</p> + +<p>After a skirmish for the possession of St. Dizier, the campaign opened +at Brienne, where Blücher, hurrying to gain touch with the main army +of the allies, was caught on January twenty-ninth. The conflict +probably did not recall to Napoleon his mock conflicts when a +schoolboy near the same spot. The terrific struggle began late in the +afternoon, and lasted in full fury until midnight, when the Prussian +general, narrowly escaping capture, abandoned the town and hurried +toward Trannes. Thoroughly beaten, he needed not touch alone, but +actual union with the Austrians, and this he gained near Bar on the +Aube, whence Schwarzenberg was passing on toward Auxerre. Ignorant of +this success, Napoleon now drew up his line with its center at La +Rothière, hoping in the first place to hold the bridge over the Aube +at Lesmont, and thus secure the moral effect of his victory at +Brienne, and in the second to bring on another engagement with +Blücher, whom he believed to be still isolated. Marmont was at +Montierender, Mortier was summoned from before Troyes. This stand of +Napoleon's was a desperate attempt to overawe the allied sovereigns, +for strategically it was fatal, since in the case of either victory or +defeat the French army was in danger of being outflanked by +Schwarzenberg's advance, and thus cut off from Paris. On February +first, Blücher, reinforced by twelve thousand of the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page061" name="page061"></a>(p. 061)</span> Russian +guard, attacked. The battle lasted, with fluctuating success for the +allies, during two days, and at its close Napoleon safely retreated +over the Aube to make another stand at Troyes. The various conflicts +were terrific; in the end Blücher lost six thousand dead and wounded, +the French about four thousand. The odds against the latter were never +less than two to one, sometimes more. Had the allies first thrown +their full strength into the contest, and had they then followed up +their victory by a well-organized pursuit, the campaign would have +ended there. As it was, they paused, permitted a disorganized, feeble +enemy to escape, and gained nothing from the bloody conflict except an +ill-founded self-confidence. Blücher wrote on the evening of the +battle that they would be in Paris within eight days. To General +Reynier, who was to be liberated by an exchange of prisoners, the Czar +said: "We shall be in Paris before you." A council of war was called +which decided for an advance on the French capital in two columns; to +Blücher, as the conqueror of La Rothière, was assigned the shortest +line, that down the Marne.</p> + +<p>For several days the allied lines moved onward, slowly, widely +scattered, and carelessly. Napoleon was as calm and undaunted as if he +had been the victor. Retreating on the defensive with careful +deliberation, he strengthened his forces by well-chosen periods of +rest, and by hurrying in reinforcements from the various depots about +and beyond Paris. On the afternoon of February ninth, when leaving +Nogent for Sézanne, he wrote to his brother Joseph, whom he had left +to represent his interests at Paris, that he could now reckon, all +told, on between sixty and seventy thousand men, including engineers +and artillery; that he estimated the Silesian army under Blücher at +forty-five thousand, and the main army under Schwarzenberg at a +hundred <span class="pagenum"><a id="page062" name="page062"></a>(p. 062)</span> and fifty thousand, including Bubna and the Cossacks. +"If I gain a victory over the Silesian army, and put it out of account +for some days, I can turn against Schwarzenberg, reckoning on the +reinforcements you will send, with from seventy to eighty thousand +men, and I think he cannot oppose me at once with more than from a +hundred and ten to a hundred and twenty thousand. If I find myself too +weak to attack, I shall be at least strong enough to hold him in check +for a fortnight or three weeks, and this would give me the opportunity +for new combinations." To hold Schwarzenberg temporarily, Oudinot with +twenty-five thousand men was stationed on the line from Provins to +Sens, and Victor with fourteen thousand was sent to Nogent. The +Emperor himself, with the old guard, about eight thousand strong, with +Ney and Marmont each commanding six thousand infantry, and with ten +thousand cavalry under Nansouty and Doumerc, set out from Sézanne to +try his fortunes with Blücher.</p> + +<p>This was the last of Napoleon's great strategic schemes which was +destined to be crowned with success. It had but a single drawback. +While Napoleon was still the boldest man in war that ever lived, as at +St. Helena he declared himself to be, his marshals were uneasy and +depressed; Marmont, in this moment of infinite chance, as it seemed to +him, fell into a panic. The marshal's fears were not justified, for +his Emperor's daring was not foolhardy. It was calculated on the +myriad chances of his enemy's opportunity and his enemy's ability, and +in this case it was perfectly calculated. Blücher, in spite of +Gneisenau's continuous warnings, was over-confident. Having dispersed +his detachments more than ever, he had for two days been moving +swiftly in the hope of cutting off Macdonald by a dashing feat of +arms. In his haste he had not taken up two Russian corps which +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page063" name="page063"></a>(p. 063)</span> had been separated from his main line, but on the contrary he +had left them so far out that they were beyond support. By a blunder +of the Czar's, reinforcements which had been promised were still a +long distance in the rear. Schwarzenberg's movements were marked by an +over-confident deliberation as characteristic of him as overhaste was +of Blücher. Accordingly when on the tenth Marmont advanced from +Sézanne, he found the corps of Olsusieff, about forty-five hundred +strong, virtually isolated at Champaubert. His own numbers were +slightly superior, and with a swift rush he annihilated the unready +Russians. Napoleon was beside himself with joy, and began to talk of +the Vistula once more; but he stopped when he saw how sour the visages +of Marmont and the other marshals grew at the very mention of such an +idea. Nevertheless, if the process begun at Champaubert could be +continued, victory and ultimate recovery of something more than French +empire were assured. He therefore hurried Nansouty and Macdonald on +toward Montmirail for a second stroke of the same kind.</p> + +<p>The affair at Montmirail was more of a battle than that at +Champaubert, for Blücher had been able to gather in the divisions of +Sacken, York, Kleist, and Kapzewitch. The battle opened about an hour +before noon on the eleventh by a fierce artillery fire from the +French, behind which Napoleon manœuvered so as to concentrate his +own force against the Russians, and separate them from York with his +Prussians. At two o'clock Napoleon attacked the Russians, Mortier +engaging the Prussians separately. The plan succeeded, and by +nightfall the enemy was in full retreat for Château-Thierry, where was +the nearest bridge over the Marne. Napoleon had hoped that Macdonald +would arrive from La Ferté-sous-Jouarre in time to seize the bridge, +cut <span class="pagenum"><a id="page064" name="page064"></a>(p. 064)</span> off the retreat, and make the victory decisive. But in +spite of heroic exertion, that marshal could not or did not move with +sufficient rapidity over the heavy dirt roads. The flying allies +sacked the town with awful cruelty, and destroyed the bridge without +any molestation except from the inhabitants, who wreaked their +vengeance on numerous stragglers. On the thirteenth the French +occupied the place, repaired the bridge, and crossed to the right +bank. Next morning Marmont started in pursuit of Blücher.</p> + +<p>Somewhat flushed by such success, Napoleon deliberated whether he +should not now turn and attack Schwarzenberg. The Emperor thought +these victories might give pause to a mediocre Austrian, ever mindful +of the terrific blows his country had received once and again from +France. He was mistaken; Schwarzenberg had moved, though slowly, yet +steadily forward. On the twelfth Victor abandoned the bridge at +Nogent, and Napoleon sent Macdonald with twelve thousand men to join +Victor at Montereau. Early on the fourteenth came news that Blücher +had driven Marmont back to Fromentières. By noon Napoleon had effected +a junction with this marshal near Étoges, making a famous and +successful flank march over a marshy country, a manœuver which is +justly considered worthy of his great genius. Advancing then to the +neighborhood of Vauchamps, his infantry attacked in front, while the +cavalry, under Grouchy, outflanked the enemy's line and fell on the +rear. Blücher was apparently doomed, for he had only three regiments +of cavalry, and while facing one powerful enemy he would be forced to +break the ranks of another in order to open a line of retreat. He +solved the problem, but at enormous cost. Forming his troops into a +line of solid squares, one stood to support the artillery and receive +the onset in front, while the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page065" name="page065"></a>(p. 065)</span> others dashed at Grouchy's +horsemen, each square standing and retreating behind the next +alternately as the bloody retreat went on. At last the butchery +ceased, and Blücher fled to Bergères. The French pursued only as far +as Étoges. Napoleon had hoped to follow all the way to Châlons, +annihilate what was left of Blücher's army, and then to return and +throw himself on Schwarzenberg. He was arrested by the news that the +Seine valley, as far as Montereau, was in the hands of the +Austro-Russians; that Oudinot and Victor had been driven back to +Nangis; in short, that Paris was seriously menaced.</p> + +<p>It was long asserted that in the three actions just recorded the +French far outnumbered their opponents, and that Napoleon's +generalship was consequently inferior to his high average. The +sufficient answer to this is in the facts now universally accepted. At +Champaubert there were four thousand eight hundred and fifty French +against four thousand seven hundred Russians; at Montmirail there were +twenty-two thousand seven hundred Russians and Prussians against +twelve thousand eight hundred French; and in the third engagement, +near Étoges, Blücher had twenty-one thousand five hundred to ten +thousand three hundred. It is therefore natural to compare these three +victories with those at Montenotte, Millesimo, and Dego. But they were +far greater. At forty-four Napoleon displayed exactly the same +boldness, steadfastness, and skill which he had displayed in youth; +but in addition he overcame the stolid enmity of winter, of variable +weather, of roads almost impassable, of swampy fields that were almost +impassable by reason of overflowing ditches and half-frozen morasses. +He overcame, too, the resisting power created by his own example; for +here were the choicest soldiers of the Continent, commanded by men +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page066" name="page066"></a>(p. 066)</span> inured for eighteen years to the hardships, the shifts, the +rapidity of warfare as he himself had taught the art. Momentarily +Napoleon seems to have wondered whether allied and co-allied Europe +had learned nothing in half a generation, and whether an army twice +and a half larger than his own, under veteran generals, was to +withdraw again behind the Rhine, the Elbe, the Oder, perhaps the +Vistula. It is hard to believe that he dreamed such dreams as we read +the prosaic, scientific, hard common sense of his military +correspondence between January twenty-sixth and February fourteenth. +Yet there is certainly an appearance of self-deception and vacillation +in his political and diplomatic plans, due apparently to the +intoxication of success, as when he spoke of the Vistula to Marmont +after Champaubert.</p> + +<p>The innermost thoughts of Metternich, and of the diplomats associated +with him, are very hard to fathom. For two generations the world +believed that after Leipsic, Napoleon, in his sanguine conceit, +rejected offer after offer from the allies, and finally perished +utterly because of a folly which made him believe he could recover his +predominance. There is now every reason to believe the contrary, and +to suppose that Napoleon clearly understood the situation. The war was +one of extermination on the part of the allies; in the interest of +their dynasties they intended not only to destroy Napoleon, but also +thereby to root out the ideas for which he was supposed to stand. By +the light of recent memoirs, especially those of Metternich himself, +we seem forced to the conclusion that in all the offers after Leipsic +there was, if anything, far less of reality and sincerity than in +those between the armistice of Poischwitz and the battle. When +Castlereagh arrived at the allied headquarters early in January, 1814, +he found them established in Basel. Schwarzenberg had found no +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page067" name="page067"></a>(p. 067)</span> difficulty in crossing Switzerland. Geneva surrendered its +keys without a struggle, and generally the Swiss seemed indifferent to +the violation of their neutrality. As the advance continued, it +appeared that the French were equally apathetic. Bubna was driven from +before Lyons by Augereau, but Dijon surrendered to a squad of +cavalrymen which, at the request of the conscientious mayor, made a +show of force to oblige him. It was not difficult under such +circumstances for the sovereigns and their ministers to convince +themselves that any peace with Napoleon would be nothing but a +"ridiculous armistice," and that the Emperor of the French must, in +any case, be utterly overthrown.</p> + +<p>In response to the Frankfort proposals, the pacific Caulaincourt had +promptly arrived to conduct negotiations. The invaders had almost at +once suggested that they must abandon the Frankfort proposals, and +confine France to her royal limits; that is, refuse her Belgium with +the great port of Antwerp. So far they were agreed, but there the +unanimity ceased. The Czar desired first to conquer France, and then +leave her to choose her own government; he intended to take the whole +of Poland, and give Alsace to Francis in return for Galicia, thus +checking Austria by both Prussia and France, so that he could work his +will in the Orient. Metternich wished the old balance of power, and +had determined on the restoration of the Bourbons. Francis was writing +to his daughter that he would never separate her cause and that of her +son from France. The Prussian king and ministers desired only such an +arrangement as would secure to their country what she had regained. +Stein and his associates wished the utter humiliation of their foe. +Castlereagh spoke with the authority of a paymaster; he was determined +to keep the Netherlands from falling under French influence, to +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page068" name="page068"></a>(p. 068)</span> restore the Bourbons, and to establish so nice an equilibrium +in Europe that Great Britain would be unhampered elsewhere in the +world. There was to be no mention of colonial restitution or neutral +rights. Being a second-rate statesman, he was much influenced by +Metternich, and the two sought to form an impossible alliance between +constitutional liberty and feudal absolutism.</p> + +<p>A so-called congress was opened at Châtillon on February fifth.<a id="footnotetag7" name="footnotetag7"></a><a href="#footnote7" title="Go to footnote 7"><span class="smaller">[7]</span></a> It +must be remembered that the treaty of Reichenbach was still a secret. +That agreement was the reality behind the congress of Prague, the +Frankfort proposals, and the meeting at Mannheim. None of those +gatherings consequently was serious; that at Châtillon was even less +so. The memoirs of Metternich explain all the facts: Swiss neutrality +was violated by Austrian influence in order to restore the +aristocratic constitution of Bern and the ascendancy of that canton; +Alexander, posing still as a liberal, was angry at this violation of +international law, and forbade the restoration of Vaud to its old +master. Schwarzenberg's deliberate movements were due primarily to +timidity, but they stood in good stead Metternich's desire to restore +the Bourbons. It has been asserted, and there is much probability in +the conjecture, that not only the plan adopted for invading France, +but the slowness of the Austrians in advancing toward Langres, toward +Troyes, across into the Seine valley, together with the spurious +activity they displayed before Montereau, Sens, and Fontainebleau, was +part of a scheme to wear out but not to exhaust France, and then +compel her to take back her dynastic rulers. Blücher, who wanted glory +and revenge, and the Prussian liberals, who desired so to crush France +that Prussia might be free to slough off her militarism and build up +a constitutional government, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page069" name="page069"></a>(p. 069)</span> were alike furious at being +chained to the frontier. All these cross-purposes and bitterness were +mirrored in the ostentatious proceedings of the congress of Châtillon. +Napoleon, either divining the facts, or, more probably, informed by +spies, seemed indifferent, and refused at first to give full powers to +Caulaincourt; finally the marshals, terrified at the prospect of +indefinite war opened by the unlucky mention of the Vistula, made +their influence so felt that the Emperor yielded.</p> + +<p>Maret's name was long held up to detestation as the instigator of +Napoleon's procrastinating policy at Dresden, the line of conduct +which seemed to have made it possible for Austria to join the +coalition. Among the papers of that minister is an account of his +relations with Napoleon during the congress at Châtillon, which +displays the evident motive of an attempt to prove how pacific his +nature really was. He declares that after the defeat at La Rothière, +Caulaincourt wrote a panic-stricken letter demanding full authority to +treat. Maret handed it to the Emperor, beseeching him to yield. +Napoleon seemed scarcely to heed, but indicated a passage in +Montesquieu's "Grandeur and Fall of the Romans," which he happened to +be reading: "I know nothing more magnanimous than the resolution taken +by a monarch who ruled in our time, to bury himself under the ruins of +the throne rather than to accept proposals which a king may not +entertain. He had a soul too lofty to descend lower than his +misfortunes had hurled him." "But I, sire," rejoined the secretary—"I +know something more magnanimous—to cast aside your glory in order to +close the abyss into which France would fall along with you." "Well, +then, gentlemen, make your peace," came the reply. "Let Caulaincourt +make it; let him sign everything necessary to obtain it. I can +support the disgrace, but do not expect me to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page070" name="page070"></a>(p. 070)</span> dictate my own +humiliation." Maret informed Caulaincourt, but the latter recoiled +before the responsibility, and asked for particular instructions. The +Emperor persistently refused, but wrote giving the minister "carte +blanche" to take any measure which would save the capital. Again +Caulaincourt begged for details, and again Napoleon refused, +persisting until Bertrand joined his supplications to those of Maret, +whereupon he consented to abandon Belgium, and even the left bank of +the Rhine.</p> + +<p>The formal despatch containing these concessions was to be signed next +morning, on February eighth, but in the interval came news of +Blücher's movements. Maret found the Emperor buried in the study of +his map. "I have an entirely different matter in hand," was the +greeting; "I am at present occupied in dealing Blücher a blow in the +eye." The signature was indefinitely postponed. On the tenth Alexander +suspended the congress on the plea of Caulaincourt's refusal to state +his own or accept the offered terms. Then followed the three +victories, and Napoleon, on the night of the twelfth, wrote to +Châtillon demanding the Frankfort proposals. Caulaincourt urgently +besought the allies for an armistice, and begged Napoleon to be less +exacting. Prussia and Austria were eager for the armistice, but +Alexander obstinately refused to reopen the congress until the +eighteenth, when everything seemed changed, and all the allies really +desired peace. Caulaincourt, warned by Napoleon's letter of the +twelfth, refused to treat without full instructions, and as he had +none he began to procrastinate. In the end he bore the blame for not +having used the carte blanche when he had it in order to save his +country, for subsequently he had no opportunity.</p> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page071" name="page071"></a>(p. 071)</span> CHAPTER VII</h3> + +<h4>The Great Captain at Bay<a id="footnotetag8" name="footnotetag8"></a><a href="#footnote8" title="Go to footnote 8"><span class="smaller">[8]</span></a></h4> + +<p class="summary">Victor's Failure at Montereau — Schwarzenberg's Ruse — The + French Advance and the Austrian Retreat — Napoleon's Effort to + Divide the Coalition — Vain Negotiations — The Treaty of + Chaumont — Blücher's Narrow Escape — The Prussians Defeated at + Craonne — Napoleon's Determination to Fight — His Misfortunes + at Laon — Dissensions at Blücher's Headquarters — Napoleon at + Soissons — Rheims Recaptured — Another Phase in Napoleon's + Eclipse.</p> + +<p>The eagerness of the Prussians and the Austrians to grant an armistice +was at first due to the belief that Caulaincourt's request was a +confession of exhaustion; the Czar's assent to reopening the congress +on the eighteenth was wrung from him by the military operations +between the fourteenth and that date. Convinced that Paris was +menaced, Napoleon left Marmont to hold Blücher, and starting for La +Ferté-sous-Jouarre on the fifteenth, covered fifty miles with his army +in a marvelous march of thirty-six hours, arriving on the evening of +the sixteenth with his men comparatively fresh. Next morning the +French began to advance, and the Austrians to withdraw toward the +Seine. Victor was to seize Montereau that same day and hold the +bridge. Compelled to drive an Austrian corps out of Valjouan, the +marshal did not reach his goal until six or seven in the evening, and +finding it beset by the Crown <span class="pagenum"><a id="page072" name="page072"></a>(p. 072)</span> Prince of Würtemberg with +fourteen thousand Germans, he merely drove in the outposts and then +halted for the night. His ardor was far from intense, and though, like +Macdonald at Château-Thierry, he might feel that he had done all that +could be demanded, yet he lost the opportunity of annihilating a +considerable portion of the enemy's force. Simultaneously Macdonald +had now advanced until he stood before Bray, while Oudinot on the left +was before Provins. Thus far Napoleon's advance had been a front +movement to cover Paris, but that same day, the seventeenth, he drove +Wittgenstein from Nangis, and then expected by a rush over the bridge +at Montereau to prevent Schwarzenberg from extending his flank to +Fontainebleau, a move which would surround the French right. As a +matter of fact, strange riders speaking curious outlandish tongues, +Cossack scouts in other words, had appeared for the first time that +very day in Nemours and Fontainebleau, terrifying the inhabitants. It +seems highly probable that if Napoleon's force could have made a quick +push from Montereau early on the eighteenth, it would have cut off a +considerable portion of Schwarzenberg's left. In any case the Emperor +was deeply incensed by what he considered Victor's slackness, and +degraded him. The humbled marshal confessed his fault, displaying +profound contrition, and was speedily restored to partial favor, being +intrusted with the command, under Ney, of a portion of the young +guard.</p> + +<p>This was the third of the marshals—Augereau, Macdonald, Victor, each +in turn—who since the opening of the campaign had shown a physical +and moral exhaustion disabling them from rising to the heights of +Napoleon's expectation. "We must pull on the boots and the resolution +of '93," wrote the Emperor to Augereau; he was quite right: nothing +short of the unsapped revolutionary <span class="pagenum"><a id="page073" name="page073"></a>(p. 073)</span> vigor of France could +have saved his cause. On the eighteenth, after a six hours' struggle, +the French under Gérard and Pajol seized Montereau. Napoleon had +halted at Nangis, and there Berthier received by a flag of truce a +letter from Schwarzenberg, declaring that he had ceased his offensive +march in consequence of news that preliminaries of peace had been +signed the day previous at Châtillon. This was probably as base a ruse +as any ever practised by Napoleon's generals. It is likely that all +the Austrian marches and countermarches for ten days past had been but +a bustling semblance calculated for diplomatic effect. Be that as it +may, before Napoleon's advance the Austrian commander had quailed, +and, with the French at Montereau, his columns were already moving +back to Troyes, where they were drawn up in battle array. Napoleon +wrote indignantly to Joseph that the ruse was probably preliminary to +a request for an armistice, and that he would now accept nothing short +of the Frankfort proposals. "At the first check the wretched creatures +fall on their knees." Meanwhile he led his army over the river to +Nogent, and prepared to attack Schwarzenberg.</p> + +<p>But Blücher had not been idle; by superhuman exertions he had +collected and strengthened his army at Châlons, and on the +twenty-first he appeared at Méry on the Seine, threatening Napoleon's +left flank in case of an advance toward Troyes. By this time the +flames of French patriotism were rekindled in town and country, and, +the soldiers being flushed with victory, it was clearly the hour to +strike at any hazard. Oudinot was despatched with ten thousand men to +hold Blücher, and this task he actually accomplished, capturing that +portion of Méry which lay on the left bank of the river, and +fortifying the bridge-head against all comers. Marmont being at +Sézanne with eight thousand men to cover <span class="pagenum"><a id="page074" name="page074"></a>(p. 074)</span> Paris, and Mortier +at Soissons with ten thousand to prevent the advance of York and +Sacken, Napoleon marched on Troyes. It was late in the evening when +his main army was drawn up, and in order to leave time for his rear to +come in, he postponed operations until the morning. Schwarzenberg had +seventy thousand in line, but at four in the early dawn of the +twenty-second, leaving in place a front formation sufficient to mask +his movements, he decamped with his main force and withdrew behind the +Aube.</p> + +<p>Arrived at Bar, the Austrian commander wrote on the twenty-sixth an +admirable letter of justification for the course he had taken. Defeat +would have meant a retreat, not behind the Aube, but the Rhine. "To +offer a decisive battle to an army fighting with all the confidence +gained in small affairs, manœuvering on its own territory, with +provisions and munitions within reach, and with the aid of a peasantry +in arms, would be an undertaking to which nothing but extreme +necessity could drive me." This retreat put a new aspect on the +diplomacy of Châtillon. On the nineteenth Caulaincourt received a +despatch from Napoleon revoking the carte blanche entirely; the same +day Napoleon received an ultimatum from the congress, written several +days before, to the effect that he was to renounce all the +acquisitions of France since 1792, and take no share in the +arrangements subsequent to the peace. This last clause being a covert +suggestion of abdication, the recipient flew into a passion; when +finally he was soothed by the pleadings of Berthier and Maret, he gave +such a meaningless reply as would enable negotiations to proceed, but +his counter-project he addressed directly to the Emperor Francis. It +was a refusal to give up Antwerp and Belgium, and an emphatic +recurrence to the Frankfort proposals. "If we are not to lay down +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page075" name="page075"></a>(p. 075)</span> our arms except on the offensive conditions proposed at the +congress, the genius of France and Providence will be on our side."</p> + +<p>Napoleon's missive suggested to his father-in-law, as was its +intention, that a continental peace on the Frankfort basis would leave +France free to recuperate her sea power and continue the war with +England alone. This was the wedge which for some time past the writer +had been proposing to drive into the coalition so as to separate +Austria from Russia. Castlereagh was very uneasy as to the possible +effect of the message, and there was much anxiety among all the +diplomats. Their first step was to send a pacific reply and renew +their request for an armistice. Napoleon consented, but stipulated +that hostilities should proceed during the preliminary pourparlers, +and that in the protocol a clause should be inserted declaring that +the plenipotentiaries were reassembled at Châtillon to discuss a peace +on the basis proposed at Frankfort. A commission to arrange the terms +of the armistice met on the twenty-fourth. That they were not in +earnest is shown by Frederick William's despatch of the twenty-sixth +to Blücher, saying, "The suspension of arms will not take place." That +very day, also, in a council of war held by the allied generals, it +was determined to form an invading army of the south. Blücher was +authorized to make a diversion in favor of the main army—a move which +he had really begun the day before by a march to the right. Napoleon, +leaving Macdonald and Oudinot, with forty thousand men, to follow +Schwarzenberg, hurried after Blücher with his remaining force. On the +twenty-eighth the commission adjourned its sessions with a formal +reiteration of the ultimatum already made by the allied powers.</p> + +<p>The reason was that by that time its members believed Napoleon to be +elsewhere engaged. Schwarzenberg's <span class="pagenum"><a id="page076" name="page076"></a>(p. 076)</span> army had checked Oudinot, +and as his troops recuperated their strength the leader recovered +partial confidence. Blücher being off for Paris, with Napoleon on his +heels, the main army of the allies had then turned on the forces of +Macdonald and Oudinot, and had driven them westward until in the +pursuit it reached Troyes, where it halted, ready, in case of +Blücher's defeat, to recross the Rhine. The congress of Châtillon was +formally reopened on March first, and continued its useless sessions +until the nineteenth, when it closed. During this second period none +of the important dignitaries, except Schwarzenberg and the King of +Prussia, attended; the rest withdrew to Chaumont, where, on March +ninth, the three powers signed a treaty with England, dated back to +March first, binding themselves, in return for an annual subsidy of +five million pounds sterling equally divided, that each would keep a +hundred and fifty thousand men in the field, for twenty years if +necessary, provided Napoleon would not accept the boundaries of royal +France—a futile stipulation. This treaty was the precursor of that +iniquitous triple alliance between Russia, Austria, and Prussia which +was destined not merely to hamper England herself so seriously in the +subsequent period of history, but to stop for some time the progress +of liberal ideas throughout Europe.</p> + +<p>Blücher crossed the Marne on February twenty-seventh with half his +force, and then attempted to cross the Ourcq in order to attack Meaux +from the north. But he was checked by Marmont and Mortier, with the +sixteen thousand men they already had, and then, after six thousand +new recruits came in from Paris, he was forced to retreat. Should +Napoleon arrive in time he would be annihilated. Accordingly he +hastened up the valley of the Ourcq with his entire force. Napoleon +arrived on the Marne too late to attack Blücher's rear, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page077" name="page077"></a>(p. 077)</span> and +after some hesitation as to whether he should not return to complete +his work with Schwarzenberg, he finally determined that, inasmuch as +the fortress of Soissons was secure, and Blücher must therefore +retreat to the eastward, he could himself deliver an easy but +staggering blow on the Prussian flank when they should cross the Aisne +at Fismes. Accordingly, on March third the worn-out columns of the +French passed over the Marne. Unfortunately, Soissons had been left by +Marmont in charge of an inexperienced commander, who had surrendered +almost without resistance when, on March second, Bülow and +Wintzengerode, having come in from the Netherlands, suddenly appeared +before the place. This stroke of good fortune enabled Blücher not +merely to find a city of refuge for his exhausted and disorganized +force, but to recruit it by the two victorious and elated corps which +thenceforth served him as an invaluable rear-guard. Napoleon, thwarted +again, gave no outward sign of the despair he must have felt, but +crossed the Aisne on March fifth, and occupied Rheims, in order at +least to cut Blücher off from any connection with Schwarzenberg. He +then turned to join Marmont and Mortier in order to drive Blücher +still farther north, so that, as he wrote to Joseph, he might gain +time sufficient to return by Châlons and attack Schwarzenberg.</p> + +<p>In spite of all his discouragements, Blücher had no intention of +retreating without a blow. There was constant friction between the +Prussian commander and his subordinates, so that dissension prevented +prompt action. Nevertheless, after much delay the army was got in +motion to resume the offensive, the general plan being to move +eastward instead of withdrawing due north, to cross the plateau of +Craonne, and, descending into the plain north of Berry, to attack the +French in force as they advanced to Laon. Napoleon had expected to +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page078" name="page078"></a>(p. 078)</span> meet his foe under the walls of that city; his quick advance +was as much of a surprise to Blücher as Blücher's was to him. The +first shock of battle, therefore, occurred at Craonne on the sixth, +when neither army was in readiness. But Blücher secured the advantage +of position. Though he had only a portion of his force, the troops he +did have were on a commanding plateau above the enemy when the action +began. The skirmishes of the first day, however, were indecisive. +Napoleon's knowledge of the district being defective, he sought to +secure the best possible information from the inhabitants. Some one +mentioning incidentally that the mayor of a neighboring town was named +de Bussy, Napoleon recalled, with his astounding memory, that in the +regiment of La Fère he had had a comrade so named. The mayor turned +out to be the sometime lieutenant, and, with superserviceable zeal, +the former friend poured out worthless information which led the +Emperor to believe that on the morrow there would be only Blücher's +rear-guard to disperse. But it was not so. Blücher struggled with his +utmost might to gather in his cavalry and artillery, while Sacken, +with the Russians, stood like a wall, repelling the successive surges +of Ney and Victor the whole day through. At nightfall the Prussian +commander, finding it impossible to assemble guns or horsemen over the +icy fields, gave orders for retreat, and his army passed on to Laon.</p> + +<p>Though Craonne was a victory, the losses of the French were +proportionately greater than those of the enemy, and the pursuit, +though spirited, gained no advantage. "The young guard melts like +snow; the old guard stands; my mounted guards likewise are much +reduced," were the words of Napoleon's private letter. Yet he pressed +on. The night of the seventh he spent in a roadside inn under the sign +of "The Guardian Angel." There Caulaincourt's last messenger from +Châtillon <span class="pagenum"><a id="page079" name="page079"></a>(p. 079)</span> found him. The congress was still sitting, but the +warrior knew the fact meant and could mean nothing to him; though the +allies had increased their demands in proportion to their victories, +they had not lessened them in proportion to their defeats. Whatever +terms he might accept, and whatever Metternich might say, this war he +felt sure was one for his extermination. As he said then and there, it +was a bottomless chasm, and he added, "I am determined to be the last +it shall swallow up." So he made no answer, and spent the night +completing his plans for battle at Laon.</p> + +<p>That place stands on a terraced hill rising somewhat abruptly from the +plain, and throughout the eighth Blücher arrayed his army in and on +both sides of the city, which itself was of course the key. Napoleon, +being a firm believer in such movements when on friendly soil, made a +long night march. He reached the enemy's fore-posts early on the +ninth, and drove them in. At seven Ney and Mortier began the battle +under cover of a mist, and captured two hamlets at the foot of the +hill. Marmont was on the right, and had already been cut off from the +center by a body of Cossacks; but he attacked the village of Athies. +After a long day's hard fighting, he succeeded in capturing a portion +of it. Further exertion being impossible, his men bivouacked, while he +himself withdrew to the comforts of Eppes, a château three miles +distant. It was noon when Napoleon learned that Marmont had been +severed from the line; at once he renewed his attack on Laon, but +though he gained Clacy on his left, he lost Ardon, and was thus more +completely cut off from Marmont. That night York fell upon Marmont's +men unawares, and routed them utterly.</p> + +<p>Napoleon heard of this disaster shortly after midnight. He was, of +course, deeply agitated—did he dare risk <span class="pagenum"><a id="page080" name="page080"></a>(p. 080)</span> being infolded on +both sides, or should he brave his fate in order to mislead the enemy? +He chose the desperate course, and when day broke stood apparently +undismayed. Even when two fugitive dragoons arrived and confirmed in +all its details the terrible news from Athies, he issued orders as +bold as if his army were still entire. This was a desperate ruse, but +it succeeded, for the pursuit of Marmont's men was stayed. At four the +main French army began its retreat, and the next morning saw it at +Soissons; six thousand had been killed and wounded. Again Napoleon's +name had stiffened the allies into inactive horror, for they did not +pursue. York was so disgusted with the dissensions at Blücher's +headquarters that he threw up his command and left for Brussels. +Blücher was literally at the end of his powers. "For heaven's sake," +said Langeron, a French refugee in the Russian service, on whom the +command would have devolved, "whatever happens, let us take the corpse +along." "The corpse," with dimmed eyes and trembling hands, traced in +great rude letters an epistle beseeching York to return, and this, +indorsed by another from the Prince Royal of Prussia, brought back the +able but testy refugee.</p> + +<p>Meantime Rheims, intrusted to a feeble garrison, had been taken by +Langeron's rear-guard under St. Priest, another French emigrant in the +service of the allies. By this disaster communication between +Schwarzenberg and Blücher had been reëstablished. In the short day +Napoleon could spend at Soissons, he took up twenty-five hundred new +cavalrymen, a new line regiment of infantry, a veteran regiment of the +same, and some artillery detachments. It is not easy to conceive of +recuperative power more remarkable than that which was thus exhibited +both by France and her Emperor. These men had been sent forward from +Paris in spite <span class="pagenum"><a id="page081" name="page081"></a>(p. 081)</span> of the profound gloom now prevalent there. The +truth was at last known in the capital; Joseph was hopeless; the +Empress and her court were preparing for extremities. News had come +that in the south Soult had been thrown back on Toulouse; that in the +southwest royalist plots were thickening; that in the southeast +Augereau had been forced back to Lyons; Macdonald was ready to abandon +Provins at the first sign of advance by Schwarzenberg; and the sorry +tale of Laon was early unfolded. Yet the administrative machinery was +still running, and soldiers were being manufactured from the available +materials. Those who had been sent to Soissons had been hastily +gathered, equipped, and drilled almost without hope, but they were +precious since they enabled Napoleon to refit his shattered +battalions.</p> + +<p>Marmont had unwisely abandoned Berry-au-Bac, and that in disregard of +orders. But otherwise he had done his best to make good a temporary +lapse, and had got together about eight thousand men at Fismes. His +narratives give a graphic picture of the situation—of disorder, +confusion, chaos among his troops, of artillery served by +inexperienced sailors, of undrilled companies whose members had +neither hats, clothes, nor shoes. There were plenty of captured +uniforms and head-coverings, but they were so infested with vermin +that the French, sorry as was their plight, refused to wear them, and +clung to their old tatters. Marmont's men were heroes, he himself was +not yet a traitor. Though overborne by a sense of Napoleon's +recklessness, and therefore unfit for the desperate self-sacrifice +which would have made him a fit coadjutor for his chief, he was +prepared to atone for his disgrace at Athies. Early in the morning of +the thirteenth the main French army moved from Soissons; at four in +the afternoon Marmont opened the attack on Rheims. Napoleon himself +had <span class="pagenum"><a id="page082" name="page082"></a>(p. 082)</span> arrived, but his troops were slow in coming up, and there +was no heavy artillery wherewith to batter in the gates. The struggle +went on with desperate courage and gallantry on both sides. St. Priest +was killed by the same gunner whose aim had been fatal to Moreau. "We +may well say, O Providence! O Providence!" wrote Napoleon to his +brother. At ten the beleaguered garrison began to sally and flee. +Napoleon rose from the bearskin on which he had been resting before a +bivouac fire, and storming with rage lest his prey should escape, +hurried in the guns, which were finally within reach. Amid awful +tumult and carnage the place fell; three thousand of the enemy were +slain, and about the same number were captured. The burghers were +frenzied with delight as the Emperor marched in, and the whole city +burst into an illumination.</p> + +<p>Next morning Napoleon and Marmont met. The culprit was loaded with +reproaches for the affair at Athies, and treated as a stern father +might treat a careless child. No better evidence of the Emperor's low +state is needed. Marmont was now the hero of the hour; his peccadillos +might well have been forgotten for the sake of securing his continued +faithfulness. With Napoleon at his best, this would surely have been +the case; but aware that at most the war could be a matter of only a +few weeks, the desperate man overdid his rôle of self-confidence, +being too rash, too severe, too haughty. Not that he was without some +hope. Although for two years the shadow had been declining on the dial +of Napoleon's fortunes, and although under adverse conditions one +brilliant combination after another had crumbled, yet his ideas were +as great as ever, the adjustment of plans to changing conditions was +never more admirable. The trouble was that effort and result did not +correspond, and this being so, what would have been trifling +misdemeanors <span class="pagenum"><a id="page083" name="page083"></a>(p. 083)</span> in prosperity seemed to him in adversity to be +dangerous faults. The great officers of state and army, imitating +their master's ambitions, had acquired his weaknesses, but had failed +in securing either his strength or his adroitness. With him they had +lost that fire of youth which had carried them and him always just +over the line of human expectation, and so his nice adjustments failed +in exasperating ways at the very turn of necessity. Hard words and +stinging reproofs are soon forgotten in generous youth; they rankle in +middle life; and even the invigorating address or inspiring word, when +heard too often for twenty years, fails of effect. The beginning of +the end was the loss of Soissons at the critical instant. Napoleon was +uncertain and touchy; his marshals were honeycombed with disaffection; +the populations, though flashing like powder at his touch, had nowhere +risen <i>en masse</i>. Thereafter the great captain was no longer waging a +well-ordered warfare. Like an exhausted swordsman, he lunged here and +there in the grand style; but his brain was troubled, his blade +broken. Some untapped reservoirs of strength were yet to be opened, +some untried expedients were to be essayed, but the end was +inevitable. The movement on Rheims was the spasmodic stroke of the +dying gladiator.</p> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page084" name="page084"></a>(p. 084)</span> CHAPTER VIII</h3> + +<h4>The Struggles of Exhaustion<a id="footnotetag9" name="footnotetag9"></a><a href="#footnote9" title="Go to footnote 9"><span class="smaller">[9]</span></a></h4> + +<p class="summary">The Allies Demoralized — Napoleon's Desperate Choice — The + Battle at Arcis — The Correspondence of Caulaincourt and + Napoleon — Panic at Schwarzenberg's Headquarters — + Cross-purposes of the Allies — Napoleon's Determination + Confirmed — His Over-confidence — The Resolution to Abandon + Paris — The French Brought to a Stand — Their Masked Retreat — + Inefficiency of Marmont and Augereau — Napoleon's March toward + St. Dizier — His Terrible Disenchantment — How the Allies had + Discovered Napoleon's Plans — Their Determination to Pursue — + The Czar's Resolution to March on Paris — Successful Return of + the Invaders.</p> + +<p>Though unscientific as a military move and futile as to the ultimate +result of the war, the capture of Rheims was, nevertheless, a telling +thrust. On receipt of the news from Laon, Schwarzenberg had +immediately set his army in motion against Macdonald, and Blücher, +after waiting two days to restore order among his worried troops and +insubordinate lieutenants, had advanced and laid siege to Compiègne. +The capture of Rheims checked the movements of both Austrians and +Prussians; dismay prevailed in both camps, and both armies began to +draw back. The French halted at Nangis in their retreat before +Schwarzenberg, and the people of Compiègne were released from the +terrors of a siege. "This terrible Napoleon," wrote Langeron in his +memoirs—"they thought they saw him everywhere. He had beaten us all, +one after the other; we were always frightened <span class="pagenum"><a id="page085" name="page085"></a>(p. 085)</span> by the daring +of his enterprises, the swiftness of his movements, and his clever +combinations. Scarcely had we formed a plan when it was disconcerted +by him." Besides this, in obedience to Napoleon's call, the peasantry +began an organized guerrilla warfare, avenging the pillage, +incendiarism, and military executions of the allies by a brutal +retaliation in kind which made the marauding invaders quake. Finally +the momentary consternation of the latter verged on panic when the +report reached headquarters that Bernadotte, lying inactive at Liège +with twenty-three thousand Swedes, had permitted a flag of truce from +Joseph to enter his presence. Could it be that the sly schemer, for +the furtherance of his ambition to govern France, was about to turn +traitor and betray the coalition?</p> + +<p>But the consternation of the allies was the least important effect of +the capture of Rheims by Napoleon.<a id="footnotetag10" name="footnotetag10"></a><a href="#footnote10" title="Go to footnote 10"><span class="smaller">[10]</span></a> It initiated certain ideas and +purposes in his own mind about which there has been endless +discussion. Many see in them the immediate cause of his ruin, a few +consider them the most splendid offspring of his mind. Reinforcements +from Paris, slender as they were, flowed steadily into his camp; and +when he learned that both Schwarzenberg and Blücher had virtually +retreated, he believed himself able to cope once more with the former. +Accordingly he dictated to his secretary an outline of three possible +movements: to Arcis on the Aube, by way of Sézanne to Provins, and to +Meaux for the defense of Paris. The first was the most daring; the +second would cut the enemy off from the right bank of the Seine, but +it had the disadvantage of keeping the troops on miry cross-roads; the +third was the safest. Of course he chose the way of desperation—all +or nothing. Leaving Marmont with seven thousand men at Berry-au-Bac, +and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page086" name="page086"></a>(p. 086)</span> Mortier with ten thousand at Rheims and Soissons, he +enjoined them both to hold the line toward Paris against Blücher at +all hazards, and himself set out, on March seventeenth, for Arcis on +the Aube. This he did, instead of marching direct to Meaux for the +defense of Paris, because it would, in his own words, "give the enemy +a great shock, and result in unforeseen circumstances."</p> + +<p>Schwarzenberg's movements during the next three days awakened in +Napoleon the suspicion, which he was only too glad to accept as a +certainty, that the Austro-Russian army was on the point of retreating +into the Vosges or beyond; and on the twentieth he announced his +decision of marching farther eastward, past Troyes, toward the +frontier forts still in French hands. This idea of a final stand on +the confines of France and Germany haunted him to the end, and was the +"will-o'-the-wisp" which intermittently tempted him to folly. But for +the present its execution was necessarily postponed. That very day +news was received within the lines he had established about Arcis that +the enemy, far from retreating, was advancing. Soon the French cavalry +skirmishers appeared galloping in flight, and were brought to a halt +only when the Emperor, with drawn sword, threw himself across their +path. A short, sharp struggle ensued—sixteen thousand French with +twenty-four thousand five hundred of their foe. It was irregular and +indecisive, but Napoleon held his own. The neighboring hamlet of Torcy +had also been attacked by the allies, and before their onset the +French had at first yielded. But the defenders were rallied, and at +nightfall the position was recaptured. This sudden exhibition by +Schwarzenberg of what looked like courage puzzled Napoleon; after long +deliberation he concluded that the hostile troops were in all +probability <span class="pagenum"><a id="page087" name="page087"></a>(p. 087)</span> only a rear-guard covering the enemy's retreat. +He was not very far wrong, but far enough to make all the difference +to him. The circumstances require a full explanation.</p> + +<p>Thanks to Caulaincourt's sturdy persistence, the congress at Châtillon +was still sitting, and on the thirteenth the French delegate wrote a +last despairing appeal to the Emperor. His messenger was delayed three +days by the military operations; but when he arrived, on the +sixteenth, Maret wrung from Napoleon concessions which included +Antwerp, Mainz, and even Alessandria. In the despatch announcing this, +and written on the seventeenth to Caulaincourt, Maret made no +reservation except one: that Napoleon intended, after signing the +treaty, to secure for himself whatever the military situation at the +close of the war might entitle him to retain. The return of the +messenger was likewise delayed for three days, and it was the +twenty-first before he reached the outskirts of Châtillon. He arrived +to find Caulaincourt departing; the second "carte blanche" had arrived +too late. With all his skill, the persistent and adroit minister had +been unable to protract negotiations longer than the eighteenth. His +appeal having brought no immediate response, he had, several days +earlier, despatched a faithful warning, and this reached Napoleon at +Fère-Champenoise simultaneously with the departure of the messenger +for Châtillon. The day previous the Emperor had received bad news from +southern France: that Bordeaux had opened its gates to a small +detachment of English under Hill, and that the Duke of Angoulême had +been cheered by the people as he publicly proclaimed Louis XVIII King +of France. Apparently neither this information nor Caulaincourt's +warning profoundly impressed Napoleon; he knew his Gascons well, his +"carte blanche" he must have believed <span class="pagenum"><a id="page088" name="page088"></a>(p. 088)</span> to be in Châtillon, and +it had been in high spirits that he hastened on to Arcis, determined +to make the most of the time intervening until the close of +negotiations.</p> + +<p>When news of Napoleon's advance reached Schwarzenberg's headquarters +in Troyes, there had at first been nothing short of panic; the +commander himself was on a sick-bed, having entirely succumbed to the +hardships of winter warfare. No sooner had he ordered the first +backward step than his army had displayed a feverish anxiety for +farther retreat. As things were going, it appeared as if the different +corps would, for lack of judicious leadership, be permitted to +withdraw still farther in such a way as to separate the various +divisions ever more widely, and expose them successively to +annihilating blows from Napoleon, like those which had overwhelmed the +scattered segments of the Silesian army. The Czar and many others +immediately perceived the danger. With faculties unnerved by fear, the +officers foreboded a repetition with the Bohemian army of Montmirail, +Champaubert, and Vauchamps. Rumors filled the air: the peasantry of +the Vosges were rising, the Swiss were ready to follow their example; +the army must withdraw before it was utterly surrounded and cut off. +There was even a report—and so firmly was it believed that it long +passed for history—of Alexander's having expressed a desire to reopen +the congress.</p> + +<p>Schwarzenberg's strange hesitancy in the initial stages of the +invasion has been explained. Beyond his natural timidity, it was +almost certainly due to Metternich's politics, which displayed a +desire to ruin Napoleon's imperial power, but to save France either +for the Bourbons or possibly for his Emperor's son-in-law. If the +Austrian minister could accomplish this, he could thereby checkmate +Prussian ambitions for leadership in Germany. But during the +movements of February and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page089" name="page089"></a>(p. 089)</span> March the actions of the Austrian +general appear to have been due almost exclusively to cowardice. The +papers of Castlereagh, of Metternich, and of Schwarzenberg himself aim +to give the impression that during all the events which had occurred +since the congress of Prague, everything had been straightforward, and +that Austria had no thought of sparing Napoleon or acting otherwise +than she did in the end. Yet the indications of the time are quite the +other way: the Russians in Schwarzenberg's army were furious, and, as +one of them wrote, suspicious "of what we are doing and what we are +not doing." Alexander, in this crisis, was deeply concerned, not for +peace, but for an orderly, concentrated retreat. With stubborn +fatalism, he never doubted the final outcome; and during his stay in +Châtillon he had spent his leisure hours in excogitating a careful +plan for the grand entry into Paris, whereby the honors were to be his +own.</p> + +<p>Consequently, when on the nineteenth he hastened to Schwarzenberg's +bedside, it was with the object of persuading the Austrian commander +to make a stand long enough to secure concentration in retreat. This +idea originated with the Russian general Toll, and the place he +suggested for concentration was the line between Troyes and Pougy. But +the council was terror-stricken, and though willing to heed +Alexander's urgent warning, they at first selected a position farther +in the rear, on the heights of Trannes. With this the Czar was +content, but on second thought such a course appeared to the more +daring among the Austrian staff as if it smacked of pusillanimity. +Schwarzenberg felt the force of this opinion, and by the influence of +some one, probably Radetzky, it was determined, without consulting the +Czar, to concentrate near Arcis on the left bank of the Aube, in +order to assume the offensive at Plancy. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page090" name="page090"></a>(p. 090)</span> This independent +resolution of Schwarzenberg's staff explains the presence of allied +troops near Arcis and at Torcy. Alexander was much incensed by the +news of the meeting, and declared that Napoleon's real purpose was to +hold them while cutting off their connections on the extreme right at +Bar and Chaumont. This was in fact a close conjecture. Napoleon, +though surprised into action, was naturally confirmed in his surmise +that the hostile troops were a retreating rear-guard; and in +consequence he had definitely adopted the most desperate scheme of his +life—the plan of hurrying toward the Vosges, of summoning the +peasantry to rise <i>en masse</i>, and of calling out the garrison troops +from the frontier fortresses to reinforce his army and enable him to +strike the invaders from behind.</p> + +<p>By his retreat to Troyes on February twenty-second, Schwarzenberg had +avoided a decisive conflict, saving his own army, and leaving Napoleon +to exhaust himself against the army of Silesia; by his decision of +March nineteenth he had confirmed Napoleon in the conviction that the +allies were overawed, and had thus led his desperate foe into the +greatest blunder conceivable—this chimerical scheme of concentrating +his slender, scattered force on the confines of France, and leaving +open a way for the great army of invaders to march direct on Paris. Of +such stuff are contemporary reputations sometimes constructed. But +this was not enough: a third time the Austrian general was to stumble +on greatness. Napoleon's movements of concentration had thus far met +with no resistance, in spite of their temerity; and throughout the +nineteenth the enemy's outposts, wherever found, fled incontinently. +It appeared a certainty that the allies were abandoning the line of +the Seine in order to avoid a blow on their flank. That evening +Napoleon began to vacillate, gradually abandoning <span class="pagenum"><a id="page091" name="page091"></a>(p. 091)</span> his notion +of an offensive move near Troyes, and deliberating how best to reach +Vitry for a further advance toward his eastern fortresses. To avoid +any appearance of retreat, he rejected the safer route by way of +Fère-Champenoise to Sommesous, and determined to follow the course of +the Aube for a while before turning northward to Sommepuis. He might +run across the enemy's rear-guard, but he counted on their +pusillanimity for the probable retreat of the very last man to Troyes. +When Ney and Sebastiani began on the twentieth to push up the south +bank of the Aube, they expected no opposition. That very morning +Napoleon had announced to his minister of war, "I shall neglect +Troyes, and betake myself in all haste to my fortresses."</p> + +<p>So far the Emperor had made no exhibition of the temerity about which +so much was later to be said. But he had deceived himself and had +taken a wild resolution. Moreover, it is amazing that he should have +felt a baseless confidence in Blücher's remaining inert. This +hallucination is, however, clearly expressed in a despatch to Marmont +of the very same date. Yet, nevertheless, the alternative is not left +out of consideration, for he ordered that marshal, in case Blücher +should resume the offensive, to abandon Paris and hasten to Châlons. +This fatal decision was not taken suddenly: the contingency had been +mentioned in a letter of February eighth to Joseph, and again from +Rheims emphatic injunctions to keep the Empress and the King of Rome +from falling into Austrian hands were issued to the same +correspondent. "Do not abandon my son," the Emperor pleaded; "and +remember that I would rather see him in the Seine than in the hands of +the enemies of France. The fate of Astyanax, prisoner to the Greeks, +has always seemed to me the unhappiest in history." The messenger had +been gone but a few hours when <span class="pagenum"><a id="page092" name="page092"></a>(p. 092)</span> word was brought that Blücher +had resumed the offensive, and a swift courier was despatched +summoning Marmont to Châlons. In this ultimate decision Napoleon +showed how cosmopolitan he had grown: he had forgotten, if he had ever +understood, the extreme centralization of France; he should have known +that, Paris lost, the head of the country was gone, and that the +dwarfed limbs could develop little or no national vitality.</p> + +<p>This bitter lesson he was soon to learn. On the momentous afternoon of +the twentieth, as has been related, about sixteen thousand French +confronted nearly twenty-five thousand of the allies in the sharp but +indecisive skirmishes before Arcis; the loss of the former was +eighteen hundred, that of the allies twenty-seven hundred. In spite of +the dimensions which these conflicts had assumed, Napoleon remained +firm in the belief that he had to do with his retreating enemy's +rear-guard; Schwarzenberg, on the other hand, was convinced that the +French had a strength far beyond the reality. During the night both +armies were strongly reinforced, and in the early morning Napoleon had +twenty-seven thousand five hundred men—quite enough, he believed, to +demoralize the retreating Austrians. It was ten o'clock when he +ordered the attack, Ney and Sebastiani being directed to the plateau +behind the town. What was their surprise and dismay to find +Schwarzenberg's entire army, which numbered not less than a hundred +thousand, drawn up in battle array on the plain to the eastward, the +infantry in three dense columns, cavalry to right and left, with three +hundred and seventy pieces of artillery on the central front! The +spectacle would have been dazzling to any but a soldier: the bright +array of gay accoutrements, the glittering bayonets, the waving +banners, and the serried ranks. As it was, the audacious French +skirmishers instinctively felt the incapacity of <span class="pagenum"><a id="page093" name="page093"></a>(p. 093)</span> a general +who could thus assemble an army as if on purpose to display its +numbers and expose it to destruction. Without a thought they began a +sort of challenging rencounter with horse-artillery and cavalry.</p> + +<p>But the Emperor's hopes were dashed when he learned the truth; with +equal numbers he would have been exultant; a battle with odds of four +to one he dared not risk. Sebastiani was kept on the heights to mask +the retreat which was instantly determined upon, and at half-past one +it began. This ruse was so successful, by reason of the alarms and +crossings incident to the withdrawal of the French, that the allies +were again terror-stricken; even the Czar rejected every suggestion of +attack; again force was demoralized by genius. At last, however, +scouts brought word that columns of French soldiers were debouching +beyond the Aube, and the facts were plain. Even then the paralyzed +invaders feared to attack, and it was not until two thirds of +Napoleon's force was behind the stream that, after fierce fighting, +the French rear was driven from the town. Oudinot's corps was the last +to cross the river, and, standing until sappers had destroyed the +bridge, it hurried away to follow the main column toward Vitry. The +divisions of Gérard and Macdonald joined the march, and there were +then forty-five thousand men in line.</p> + +<p>While Napoleon was thus neutralizing the efforts of armies and +generals by the renown of his name, two of his marshals were finally +discredited. Enfeebled as Blücher appeared to be, he was no sooner +freed from the awe of Napoleon's proximity than he began to move. On +the eighteenth he passed the Aisne, and Marmont, disobeying the +explicit instructions of Napoleon to keep open a line of retreat +toward Châlons, began to withdraw toward Fismes, where he effected a +junction with Mortier. His intention was to keep Blücher from Paris +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page094" name="page094"></a>(p. 094)</span> by false manœuvers. Rheims and Épernay at once fell into +hostile hands; there was no way left open toward Châlons except the +long detour by Château-Thierry and Étoges; and Blücher, it was found, +was hurrying to effect a connection with Schwarzenberg. This was an +assured checkmate. Meantime Augereau had displayed a similar +incapacity. On the eighth he had begun a number of feeble, futile +movements intended to prevent the allies from forming their Army of +the South. But after a few aimless marches he returned to Lyons, and +stood there in idleness until his opponents had completed their +organization. On the twentieth the place was assaulted. The French +general had twenty-one thousand five hundred men under his immediate +command, six thousand eight hundred Catalonian veterans were on their +way from Perpignan, and at Chambèry were seven thousand more from the +armies of Tuscany and Piedmont. The assailants had thirty-two +thousand, mostly raw troops. With a stout heart in its commander, +Lyons could have been held until the reinforcements arrived, when the +army of the allies would probably have been annihilated. But there was +no stout heart in any of the authorities; not a spade had been used to +throw up fortifications; the siege-guns ready at Avignon had not been +brought up. Augereau, at the very height of the battle, summoned the +civil authorities to a consultation, and the unwarlike burghers +assented without a murmur to his suggestion of evacuation. The great +capital of eastern France was delivered as a prize to those who had +not earned it. Had Suchet been substituted for Augereau some weeks +earlier, the course of history might have been diverted. But although +Napoleon had contemplated such a change, he shrank from disgracing an +old servant, and again, as before Leipsic, displayed a kindly spirit +destructive to his cause.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page095" name="page095"></a>(p. 095)</span> The night after his retreat from Arcis, Napoleon sent out a +reconnaissance to Vitry, and finding it garrisoned by Prussians, +swerved toward St. Dizier, which, after a smart combat, he entered on +the twenty-third. This placed him midway between the lines of his +enemy's communication both from Strasburg and from Basel; which of the +two, he asked himself, would Schwarzenberg return to defend? Thinking +only how best to bait his foe, he set his army in motion northward; +the anxious Austrian would certainly struggle to retain the line in +greatest danger. This illusion continued, French cavalry scoured the +country, some of the Châtillon diplomats were captured, and the +Emperor of Austria had a narrow escape at Bar. It seemed strange that +the country-side as far as Langres was deserted, but the fact was +apparently explained when the news came that the enemy were in force +at Vitry; probably they had abandoned Troyes and had disregarded +Brienne in order to divert him from his purpose.</p> + +<p>Alas for the self-deception of a ruined man! The enemy at Vitry were a +body of eight thousand Russian cavalry from the Silesian army, sent, +under Wintzengerode, to dog Napoleon's heels and deceive him, just as +they actually did. Having left Vitry on the twenty-eighth, they were +moving toward St. Dizier when Napoleon, believing that they formed the +head of a powerful hostile column, fell upon them with needless fury, +and all too easily put them to flight; two thousand were captured and +five hundred killed. Thanks to Marmont's disobedience and bad +judgment, Blücher had opened communications with Schwarzenberg, and +both were marching as swiftly as possible direct to Paris. Of this +Napoleon remained ignorant until the twenty-eighth. From his prisoners +the Emperor first gained a hint of the appalling truth. It was +impossible to believe such reports. Orders <span class="pagenum"><a id="page096" name="page096"></a>(p. 096)</span> were issued for an +immediate return to Vitry in order to secure reliable information. +Arrived before the place, Napoleon called a council of war to decide +whether an attempt to storm it should be made. In the moment of +deliberation news began to arrive in abundance: captured despatches +and bulletins of the enemy, confirmed by definite information from the +inhabitants of the surrounding country. There could no longer be any +doubt: the enemy, with an advantage of three days' march, was on his +way to Paris. The futility of his eastward movement appears to have +struck Napoleon like a thunderbolt. Paris abandoned in theory was one +thing; France virtually decapitated by the actual loss of its capital +was quite another. The thought was unendurable. Mounting his horse, +the unhappy man spurred back to St. Dizier, and closeted himself in +silent communing with his maps.</p> + +<p>The allies had not at first divined Napoleon's purpose. Indeed, their +movements in passing the Aube and on the day following were little +better than random efforts to fathom it. But on the morning of the +twenty-third two important messengers were captured—one a courier +from Berthier to Macdonald with despatches stating exactly where +Napoleon was; the other a rider with a short note from Napoleon to his +Empress, containing a statement of its writer's plans. This famous +paper was lost, for Blücher, after having read it, let the rider go. +But the extant German translation is doubtless accurate. It runs: "My +friend, I have been all day in the saddle. On the twentieth I took +Arcis on the Aube. The enemy attacked at eight in the evening. I beat +him, killed four thousand men, and captured four cannon. On the +twenty-first the enemy engaged in order to protect the march of his +columns toward Brienne and Bar on the Aube. I have resolved to betake +myself to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page097" name="page097"></a>(p. 097)</span> the Marne in order to draw off the enemy from Paris +and to approach my fortifications. I shall be this evening in St. +Dizier. Adieu, my friend; kiss my boy." Savary declares that there was +a final phrase: "This movement makes or mars me."</p> + +<p>The menace to their lines of communication at first produced +consternation in the council of the allies. The first proposition laid +before them was that they should return on parallel lines and recover +their old bases. Had this scheme been adopted, Napoleon's strategy +would have been justified completely instead of partially as it was; +nothing but a miracle could have prevented the evacuation of France by +the invaders. But a second, calmer thought determined the invaders to +abandon both the old lines, and, opening a new one by way of Châlons +into the Netherlands, to make the necessary detour and fall on +Napoleon's rear. Francis, for the sake of keeping close touch with his +own domains, was to join the Army of the South at Lyons. Although +there is no proof to support the conjecture, it seems as if the Czar +and the King of Prussia had suggested this so that both Francis and +Metternich might be removed from the military councils of the allies +in order that the more warlike party might in their absence take +decisive measures. That night a package of letters to Napoleon from +the imperial dignitaries at Paris fell into the hands of the invaders. +The writers, each and all, expressed a profound despondency, Savary in +particular asserting that everything was to be feared should the enemy +approach the capital. Next morning, the twenty-fourth, the junction +between Blücher and Schwarzenberg was completed. Francis and +Metternich being absent, Schwarzenberg, listening to warlike advice, +determined to start immediately in pursuit of Napoleon and seek a +battle. The march was begun, and it seemed as if Napoleon's <span class="pagenum"><a id="page098" name="page098"></a>(p. 098)</span> +wild scheme was to be completely justified. He had certainly displayed +profound insight.</p> + +<p>Alexander, however, had been steadily hardening his purpose to +annihilate Napoleon. For a week past Vitrolles, the well-known +royalist agent, had been at his headquarters; the accounts of a steady +growth in royalist strength, the efforts of Napoleon's lifelong foe, +Pozzo di Borgo, and the budget of despondent letters from the Paris +officials, combined to temper the Czar's mystical humor into a +determination of steel. Accordingly, on the same day he summoned his +personal military advisers, Barclay, Wolkonsky, Diebitsch, and Toll; +then, pointing out on a map the various positions of the troops +engaged in the campaign, he asked, significantly and impressively, +whether it were best to pursue Napoleon or march on Paris. Barclay +supported the former alternative; Diebitsch advised dividing the army +and doing both; but Toll, with powerful emphasis, declared himself for +the second course. The Czar listened enthusiastically to what was near +his own heart, and expressed himself strongly as favoring it; the +others yielded with the eagerness of courtiers, and Alexander, +mounting his horse, spurred after Frederick William and Schwarzenberg. +The new plan was unfolded; the Prussian king supported it; +Schwarzenberg hesitated, but yielded. That night orders were issued +for an about-face, a long explanatory despatch was sent to Blücher, +and on the twenty-fifth the combined armies of Bohemia and Silesia +were hurrying with measured tramp toward Paris. For the first time +there was general enthusiasm in their ranks. Blücher, who from his +unremitted ardor had won the name of "Marshal Forward," was +transported with joy.</p> + +<a id="img004" name="img004"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/img004.jpg" width="300" height="371" alt="" title=""> +<p class="small">In the collection of the Marquis of Bassano</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Napoleon-François-Charles-Joseph, Prince Imperial;<br> +King of Rome; Duke of Reichstadt</span><br> +<span class="smaller"><i>From the painting by Sir Thomas Lawrence</i>.</span></p> +</div> + +<p>The two armies marched on parallel lines, and met with no resistance +of any importance, except as the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page099" name="page099"></a>(p. 099)</span> various skirmishes enabled +the irregular French soldiers to display a desperate courage, not only +the untried "Marie Louises" coming out from Paris, but various bodies +of the national guard convoying provision-trains. It was the +twenty-fifth before Marmont and Mortier effected their junction, and +then, although about sixteen thousand strong, they were steadily +forced back through Fère-Champenoise and Allemant toward Charenton, +which was under the very walls of Paris. Marmont displayed neither +energy nor common sense on the retreat: his outlying companies were +cut off, and strategic points which might have been held were utterly +neglected. The army with which he reached Paris on the twenty-ninth +should have formed an invaluable nucleus for the formation and +incorporation of the numerous volunteers and irregular companies which +were available; but, like its leader, it was entirely demoralized. +Ledru des Essarts, commander of Meaux, was obliged on the +twenty-seventh to abandon his charge, a military depot full of +ammunition and supplies, which was essential to the safety of Paris. +The garrison consisted of six thousand men, but among them were not +more than eight hundred veterans, hastily collected from Marmont's +stragglers, and the new conscripts were ill-conditioned and badly +commanded. Although the generals drew up their men with a bold front +to defend the passage of the Marne, the undisciplined columns were +overwhelmed with terror at the sight of Blücher's army, and, standing +only long enough to blow up the magazines, fled. They fought +gallantly, however, on their retreat throughout the twenty-eighth, but +to no avail; one position after another was lost, and they too +bivouacked on the evening of the twenty-ninth before the gates of the +capital. It is a weak curiosity, possibly, but we must wonder what +would have occurred had Marmont, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page100" name="page100"></a>(p. 100)</span> instead of retreating to +Fismes on the eighteenth, withdrawn to Rheims, where he and Mortier +could at least have checked Blücher's unauthorized advance, and +perhaps have held the army of Silesia for a time, when the moral +effect would probably have been to justify Schwarzenberg and confirm +his project for the pursuit of Napoleon. In that case, moreover, the +precious information of Napoleon's letter to his consort would not +have fallen into his enemies' hands. Would destiny have paused in its +career?</p> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page101" name="page101"></a>(p. 101)</span> CHAPTER IX</h3> + +<h4>The Beginning of the End<a id="footnotetag11" name="footnotetag11"></a><a href="#footnote11" title="Go to footnote 11"><span class="smaller">[11]</span></a></h4> + +<p class="summary">Napoleon's Problem — The Military Situation — A Council of War + and State — The Return to Paris — Prostrating News — The + Empress-Regent and her Advisers — Traitors Within — Talleyrand + — The Defenders of the Capital — The Flight of the Court — The + Allies before the City.</p> + +<p>The pallid, silent Emperor at St. Dizier was closeted with +considerations like these. He knew of the defeat which forced Marmont +and Mortier back on Paris; the loss of the capital was imminent; +parties were in a dangerous state; his marshals were growing more and +more slack; he had failed in transferring the seat of war to Lorraine; +the information he had so far received was almost certainly colored by +the medium of scheming followers through which it came. What single +mind could grapple with such affairs? It was not because the thwarted +man had lost his nerve, but because he was calm and clear-minded, that +he felt the need of frank, dispassionate advice on all these matters. +On the other hand, there stood forth in the clearest light a single +fact about which there could be no doubt, and it alone might +counterbalance all the rest: the peoples of northern and eastern +France were at last aroused in behalf of his cause. For years all +Europe had rung with <span class="pagenum"><a id="page102" name="page102"></a>(p. 102)</span> outcries against the outrages of +Napoleon's soldiery; the allied armies no sooner became invaders in +their turn than they began to outstrip their foe in every deed of +shame; in particular, the savage bands from Russian Asia indulged +their inhuman passions to the full, while the French peasantry, rigid +with horror, looked on for the moment in paralysis. Now they had begun +to rise in mass, and from the twenty-fifth to the twenty-eighth their +volunteer companies brought in a thousand prisoners. The depots, +trains, and impedimenta of every sort which the allies abandoned on +turning westward fell into the hands of a peasant soldiery, many of +whom were armed with shot-guns. The rising for Napoleon was comparable +only to that which earlier years had seen in the Vendée on behalf of +the Bourbons.</p> + +<p>Besides, all the chief cities of the district were now in the hands of +more or less regular troops; Dunette was marching from Metz with four +thousand men; Broussier, from Strasburg with five thousand; Verdun +could furnish two thousand, and several other fortresses a like +number. Souham was at Nogent with his division, Allix at Auxerre with +his; the army at the Emperor's disposal could easily be reckoned at +seventy thousand. Assisted by the partizan bands which now hung in a +passion of hatred on the skirts of the invaders, and by the national +uprising now fairly under way, could not the Emperor-general hope for +another successful stand? He well knew that the fear of what had +happened was the specter of his enemy's council-board; they would, he +reckoned, be rendered over-cautious, and give him at least a fortnight +in which to manœuver before the fall of Paris could be expected. +Counting the men about Vitry and the garrison reinforcements at only +sixty thousand, the combined armies of Suchet, Soult, and Augereau at +the same number, that of Marmont <span class="pagenum"><a id="page103" name="page103"></a>(p. 103)</span> at fourteen thousand, and +the men in the various depots at sixteen thousand, he would have a +total of a hundred and fifty thousand, from which he could easily +spare fifty thousand to cut off every line of retreat from his foe, +and still have left a hundred thousand wherewith to meet their +concentrated force on a basis of something like equality. From the +purely strategic point of view, the march of the allies to Paris was +sheer madness unless they could count on the exhaustion of the +population right, left, and behind. If the national uprising could be +organized, they would be cut off from all reinforcement and entrapped. +Already their numbers had been reduced to a hundred and ten thousand +men. Napoleon with a hundred thousand, and the nation to support him, +had a fair chance of annihilating them.</p> + +<p>It was, therefore, not a mere hallucination which led him to hope that +once again the tangled web of affairs might be severed by a sweep of +the soldier's saber. But of course in the crisis of his great decision +he could not stand alone; he must be sure of his lieutenants. +Accordingly, after a few hours of secret communing, he summoned a +council, and laid before it his considerations substantially as +enumerated. Those present were Berthier, Ney, Lefebvre, Caulaincourt, +and Maret; Oudinot and Macdonald, at Bar on the Ornain and Perthes +respectively, were too distant to arrive in time, but he believed that +he knew their opinion, which was that the war should be continued +either in Lorraine or from a center of operations to be established at +Sens. From this conclusion Macdonald did not once waver; Oudinot had +begun to hedge; their absence, therefore, was unimportant. Berthier +was verging on desperation, and so was Caulaincourt, who, since +leaving Châtillon, had been vainly struggling to reopen negotiations +for peace on any terms; Ney, though physically brave, was not +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page104" name="page104"></a>(p. 104)</span> the stuff from which martyrs are made, and Lefebvre, +naturally weak, was laboring under a momentary attack of senility. The +council was imperative for peace at any price; the Emperor, having +foreseen its temper, had little difficulty in taking the military +steps for carrying out its behests.</p> + +<p>Early in the morning of March twenty-eighth the army was set in motion +toward Paris. The line of march was to be through Bar on the Aube, +Troyes, and Fontainebleau, a somewhat circuitous route, chosen +apparently for three reasons: because the region to be traversed would +still afford sustenance to the men, because the Seine would protect +its right flank, and because the dangerous point of Meaux was thus +avoided. Such a conclusion is significant of the clearest judgment and +the nicest calculation. Pages have been written about Napoleon's +hallucinations at the close of his career; neither here nor in any of +the courses he adopted is there aught to sustain the charge. At +breakfast-time a squad of jubilant peasants brought in a prisoner whom +they believed to be no less a person than the Comte d'Artois. In +reality it was Weissenberg, an Austrian ambassador on his way to +London. He was promptly liberated on parole and despatched with +letters to Francis and Metternich. By a curious adventure, Vitrolles +was in the minister's suite disguised as a serving-man, but he was not +detected.</p> + +<a id="img005" name="img005"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<a href="images/img005.jpg"> +<img src="images/img005tb.jpg" width="500" height="318" alt="" title=""></a> +<p>Map of the field of operations in 1814.</p> +</div> + +<p>At Doulevant Napoleon received cipher despatches from La Valette, the +postmaster-general in Paris, a trusted friend. These were the first +communications since the twenty-second; the writer said not a moment +must be wasted, the Emperor must come quickly or all would be lost. +His decision once taken, Napoleon had grown more feverish with every +hour; this message gave wings to his impatience. With some regard +for <span class="pagenum"><a id="page105" name="page105"></a>(p. 105)</span> such measures as would preclude his capture by wandering +bands of Cossacks, he began almost to fly. New couriers were met at +Doulaincourt with despatches which contained a full history of the +past few days; in consequence the troops were spurred to fresh +exertions, their marches were doubled, and at nightfall of the +twenty-ninth Troyes was reached. Snatching a few brief hours of sleep, +Napoleon at dawn next morning threw discretion to the winds, and +started with an insufficient escort, determined to reach Villeneuve on +the Vanne before night. The task was performed, but no sooner had he +arrived than at once he flung himself into a post-chaise, and, with +Caulaincourt at his side, sped toward Paris; a second vehicle, with +three adjutants, followed as best it might; and a third, containing +Gourgaud and Lefebvre, brought up the rear. It will be remembered that +Gourgaud was an able artillerist; Lefebvre, it was hoped, could rouse +the suburban populations for the defense of Paris. At Sens Napoleon +heard that the enemy was ready to attack; at Fontainebleau that the +Empress had fled toward the Loire; at Essonnes he was told that the +decisive battle was raging; and about ten miles from the capital, at +the wretched posting-station of La Cour de France, deep in the night, +fell the fatal blow. Paris had surrendered. The terrible certainty was +assured by the bearer of the tidings, Belliard, a cavalry officer +despatched with his troop by Mortier to prepare quarters for his own +and Marmont's men.</p> + +<p>Maria Louisa had played her rôle of Empress-regent as well as might be +expected from a woman of twenty-three with slender abilities; only +once in his letters did the Emperor chide her, and that was for a +fault at that time venial in European royalty: receiving a high +official, in this case the arch-chancellor, in her bedchamber. On the +whole, she had been dignified and conciliatory; once <span class="pagenum"><a id="page106" name="page106"></a>(p. 106)</span> she rose +to a considerable height, pronouncing before the senate with great +effect a stirring speech composed by her husband and forwarded from +his headquarters. About her were grouped a motley council: Joseph, +gentle but efficient; Savary, underhanded and unwarlike; Clarke, +working in the war ministry like a machine; Talleyrand, secretly +plotting against Napoleon, whose title of vice-grand elector he wore +with outward suavity; Cambacérès, wise but unready; Montalivet, adroit +but cautious. Yet, while there was no one combining ability, +enthusiasm, and energy, the equipment of troops had gone on with great +regularity, and each day regiments of half-drilled, half-equipped +recruits had departed for the seat of war. The national guards who +garrisoned the city, some twelve thousand in all, had forgotten their +imperialism, having grown very sensitive to the shafts of royalist +wit; yet they held their peace and had performed the round of their +duties. Everything had outwardly been so quiet and regular that +Napoleon actually contemplated a new levy, but the emptiness of the +arsenals compelled him to dismiss the idea. Theoretically a fortified +military depot, Paris was really an antiquated fortress with arsenals +of useless weapons. Spasmodic efforts had been made to throw up +redoubts before the walls, but they had failed from lack of energy in +the military administration.</p> + +<p>A close examination of what lay beneath the surface of Parisian +society revealed much that was dangerous. Talleyrand's house was a +nest of intrigue. Imperial prefects like Pasquier and Chabrol were +calm but perfunctory. The Talleyrand circle grew larger and bolder +every day. Moreover, it had influential members—de Pradt, Louis, +Vitrolles, Royer-Collard, Lambrecht, Grégoire, and Garat, together +with other high functionaries in all departments. Bourrienne +developed great activity <span class="pagenum"><a id="page107" name="page107"></a>(p. 107)</span> as an extortioner and briber; the +great royalist irreconcilables, Montmorency, Noailles, Denfort, +Fitz-James, and Montesquiou, were less and less careful to conceal +their activity. Jaucourt, one of Joseph's chamberlains, was a spy +carrying the latest news from headquarters to the plotters. "If the +Emperor were killed," he wrote on March seventeenth, "we should then +have the King of Rome and the regency of his mother.... The Emperor +dead, we could appoint a council which would satisfy all opinions. +Burn this letter." The program is clear when we recall that the little +King of Rome was not three years old. Napoleon was well aware of the +increasing chaos, and smartly reproved Savary from Rheims.</p> + +<p>But Talleyrand was undaunted. At first he appears to have desired a +violent death for Napoleon, in the hope of furthering his own schemes +during a long imperial regency. At all events, he ardently opposed the +departure of the Empress and the King of Rome from Paris. Nevertheless +it was he who despatched Vitrolles, the passionate royalist, to +Nesselrode with a letter in invisible ink which, when deciphered, +turned out to be an inscrutable riddle capable of two interpretations. +"The bearer of this deserves all confidence. Hear him and know me. It +is time to be plain. You are walking on crutches; use your legs and +will to do what you can." Lannes had long before stigmatized the +unfrocked bishop as a mess of filth in a silk stocking; Murat said he +could take a kick from behind without showing it in his face; in the +last meeting of the council of state before the renewal of +hostilities, Napoleon fixed his eyes on the sphinx-like cripple and +said: "I know I am leaving in Paris other enemies than those I am +going to fight." His fellow-conspirators were scarcely less bitter in +their dislike than his avowed enemies. "You don't know the monkey," +said Dalberg <span class="pagenum"><a id="page108" name="page108"></a>(p. 108)</span> to Vitrolles; "he would not risk burning the tip +of his paw even if all the chestnuts were for himself." Yet, master of +intrigue, he pursued the even tenor of his course, scattering +innuendos, distributing showers of anonymous pamphlets, smuggling +English newspapers into the city, in fact working every wire of +conspiracy. Surprised by the minister of police in an equivocal +meeting with de Pradt, he burst out into hollow laughter, his +companion joined in the peal, and even Savary himself found the +merriment infectious.</p> + +<p>Toward the close of March the populace displayed a perilous +sensitiveness to all these influences. The London "Times" of March +fifteenth, which was read by many in the capital, asked what pity +Blücher and the Cossacks would show to Paris on the day of their +vengeance, the editor suggesting that possibly as he wrote the famous +town was already in ashes. Such suggestions created something very +like a panic, and a week later the climax was reached. When the +fugitive peasants from the surrounding country began to take refuge in +the capital they found business at a standstill, the shops closed, the +streets deserted, the householders preparing for flight. From the +twenty-third to the twenty-eighth there was no news from Napoleon; the +Empress and council heard only of Marmont's defeat. They felt that a +decision must be taken, and finally on the twenty-eighth the imperial +officials held a council. The facts were plainly stated by Clarke; he +had but forty-three thousand men, all told, wherewith to defend the +capital, and in consequence it was determined to send the Empress and +her son to Rambouillet on the very next day. This fatal decision was +taken partly through fear, but largely in deference to Napoleon's +letter containing the classical allusion to Astyanax. The very men who +took it believed that the Parisian masses would have died <span class="pagenum"><a id="page109" name="page109"></a>(p. 109)</span> +for the young Napoleon, and deplored the decision they had reached. +"Behold what a fall in history!" said Talleyrand to Savary on parting. +"To attach one's name to a few adventures instead of affixing it to an +age.... But it is not for everybody to be engulfed in the ruins of +this edifice." From that hour the restoration of the Bourbons was a +certainty.</p> + +<p>It was a mournful procession of imperial carriages which next morning +filed slowly through the city, attracting slight attention from a few +silent onlookers, and passed on toward Rambouillet. The baby king had +shrieked and clutched at the doors as he was torn away from his +apartments in the Tuileries, and would not be appeased; his mother and +attendants were in consternation at the omen, and all thoughtful +persons who considered the situation were convinced that the +dissolution of the Empire was at hand. A deputation from the national +guard had sought in vain to dissuade the Empress from her course; +their failure and the distant booming of cannon produced widespread +depression throughout the city, which was not removed by a spirited +proclamation from Joseph declaring that his brother was on the heels +of the invaders. All the public functionaries seemed inert, and +everybody knew that, even though the populace should rise, there was +no adequate means of resistance either in men or in arms or in proper +fortifications.</p> + +<p>Clarke alone began to display energy; with Joseph's assistance, what +preparations were possible at so late an hour were made: six companies +were formed from the recruits at hand, the national guard was put +under arms, the students of the polytechnic school were called out for +service, communication with Marmont was secured, and by late afternoon +Montmartre, Belleville, and St. Denis were feebly fortified. The +allies had been well <span class="pagenum"><a id="page110" name="page110"></a>(p. 110)</span> aware that what was to be done must be +done before the dreaded Emperor should arrive, and on that same +morning their vanguard had summoned the town; but during the parley +their generals began to feel the need of greater strength, and further +asked an armistice of four hours. This was granted on the usual +condition that within its duration no troops should be moved; but the +implied promise was perfidiously broken, and at nightfall both +Alexander and Frederick William, accompanied by their forces, were in +sight of the far-famed city. Dangers, hardships, bygone insults and +humiliations, all were forgotten in a general tumult of joy, wrote +Danilevsky, a Russian officer. Alexander alone was pensive, well +knowing that, should the city hold out two days, reinforcements from +the west might make its capture impossible until Napoleon should +arrive. Accordingly he took virtual command, and issued stringent +orders preparatory for the assault early next morning.</p> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page111" name="page111"></a>(p. 111)</span> CHAPTER X</h3> + +<h4>The Fall of Paris<a id="footnotetag12" name="footnotetag12"></a><a href="#footnote12" title="Go to footnote 12"><span class="smaller">[12]</span></a></h4> + +<p class="summary">The Battle before Paris — The Armistice — The Position of + Marmont — Legitimacy and the Bourbons — The Provisional + Government — Napoleon's Fury — Suggestions of Abdication — + Napoleon's New Policy Foreshadowed — His Troops and Officers — + The Treason of Marmont — The Marshals at Fontainebleau — + Napoleon's Despair.</p> + +<p>From early dawn until midday on March thirtieth the fighting before +Paris was almost continuous, the assailants displaying an assurance of +victory, the defenders showing the courage of despair. Marmont and +Mortier kept their ranks in order, and the soldiers fought gallantly; +elsewhere the militia and the boys emulated each other and the +regulars in steadfastness. But when, shortly after noon, it became +evident that Paris was doomed to fall before superior force, Joseph, +as deputy emperor, issued to Marmont full powers to treat, and +followed the Empress, whom he overtook at Chartres, far beyond +Rambouillet, where she had expected to halt. She had determined, for +greater safety, to cross the Loire. At four in the afternoon the +Prussians captured Montmartre, and prepared to bombard from that +height; at the same moment the last ranks of the allied armies came +up.</p> + +<p>Marmont felt further resistance to be useless; his line <span class="pagenum"><a id="page112" name="page112"></a>(p. 112)</span> of +retreat was endangered, and he had special directions not to expose +the city to a sack. There was still abundant courage in the citizens, +who stood behind the barricades within the gates clamorous for arms +and ammunition. A messenger came galloping in with the news that +Napoleon was but half a day distant. The lookouts now and then espied +some general riding a white horse, and called, "'Tis he!" But for all +the enthusiasm, the expected "he" did not appear. Further carnage +seemed useless, since French honor had been vindicated, and when the +war-worn Marmont withdrew into the town he was received as one who had +done what man could do. Negotiations once fairly begun, the allies +abandoned the hard conditions with which they opened the parley, and +displayed a sense of great relief. Their chief representative, Count +Orloff, behaved with much consideration. Recognizing the force of the +French plea that their army was quite strong enough, if not to defend +the city another twenty-four hours, at least to contest it street by +street until, arrived at last on the left bank of the Seine, they +could regain Fontainebleau in safety, Orloff assented to what were +virtually the stipulations of Marmont and Mortier. The terms adopted +made provision for an armistice, assured kind treatment to the city, +and permitted the withdrawal of the troops.</p> + +<p>Throughout the afternoon and evening Marmont's house was the +rendezvous of the negotiators and of the few political personages left +in the city. There was the freest talk: "Bonaparte" was conquered; the +Bourbons would be restored; what a splendid man was this Marmont! Some +weeks earlier the marshal had been significantly informed by his +brother-in-law Perregaux, a chamberlain of Napoleon's, that in case of +a restoration he and Macdonald would be spared, whatever happened to +the other great imperial leaders. Talleyrand had <span class="pagenum"><a id="page113" name="page113"></a>(p. 113)</span> ostensibly +taken flight with his colleagues, but by an interesting coincidence +his coachman had sought the wrong exit from the city, and had been +turned back. That night he appeared in Marmont's presence with direct +overtures from the Bourbons. His interview was short, and he seemed to +have gained nothing; but he had an air of victory as he withdrew. He +saw that Marmont was consumed with vanity, feeling that the destinies +of France, of Napoleon, of all Europe, perhaps, were in his hands +alone. This was much. Passing through the corridors, the sly +diplomatist respectfully greeted Prince Orloff, and begged to lay his +profound respects at the feet of the Czar. "I shall not forget to lay +this blank check before his majesty," was the stinging retort. +Talleyrand smiled almost imperceptibly with his lips, and went his +way. But Alexander said on hearing the facts: "As yet this is but +anecdote; it may become history."</p> + +<p>The triumphal entry of the allies into Paris began next morning, March +thirty-first, 1814, at seven o'clock. It was headed by Alexander and +Frederick William, now universally regarded as the Czar's satellite +king. Francis was in Dijon; he was represented by Schwarzenberg. The +three leaders, with their respective staff officers, were solemnly +received by a deputation of the municipal authorities. Their soldiers +were orderly, and there was no pillage or license. Crowds of royalists +thronged the streets acclaiming the conquerors and shouting for Louis +XVIII. Throughout the afternoon Talleyrand and Nesselrode were +closeted in the former's palace; and when, toward evening, they were +joined by the Czar and the King, both of whom had devoted the day to +ceremony, the diplomats had already agreed that France must have the +Bourbons. The sovereigns had actually been deceived by the noisy +royalist manifestations <span class="pagenum"><a id="page114" name="page114"></a>(p. 114)</span> into believing that France welcomed +her invaders, and they assented to the conclusion of the ministers. A +formal meeting was instantly arranged; there were present, besides the +monarchs and their ministers, Schwarzenberg, Lichtenstein, Dalberg, +and Pozzo di Borgo. Alexander assumed the presidency, but Talleyrand, +with consummate skill, monopolized the deliberations. The Czar +suggested, as various bases for peace, Napoleon under all guaranties, +Maria Louisa as regent for the King of Rome, the Bourbons, and, it is +believed, hinted at Bernadotte or the republic as possibilities. Of +all these courses there was but one which represented the notion of +legitimacy with which Alexander had in the coalition identified +himself, and by which alone he, with his shady title, could hope to +assert authority in western Europe. This was expounded and emphasized +by the wily Talleyrand with tremendous effect. The idea of the +republic was of course relegated to oblivion; of Bernadotte there +could not well be a serious question. If France wanted a mere soldier, +she already had the foremost in the world. Napoleon still alive, the +regency would be only another name for his continued rule; the +Bourbons, and they alone, represented a principle. There was little +difficulty, therefore, in reaching the decision not to treat with +Napoleon Bonaparte or with any member of his family.</p> + +<p>This was the great schemer's first stroke; his second was equally +brilliant: the servile senate was appointed to create a provisional +government and to construct a new constitution, to be guaranteed by +the allies. That body, however obsequious, was still French; even the +extreme radicals, as represented by Lainé of Bordeaux, had to +acknowledge this. The new and subservient administration was at work +within twenty-four hours; Talleyrand, with his two creatures, Dalberg +and Jaucourt; <span class="pagenum"><a id="page115" name="page115"></a>(p. 115)</span> Montesquiou, the royalist; and Beurnonville, a +recalcitrant imperialist, constituting the executive commission. Two +days later the legislature was summoned, and seventy-nine deputies +responded. After considerable debate they pronounced Napoleon +overthrown for having violated the constitution. The municipal council +and the great imperial offices, with their magistrates, gave their +assent. The heart of the city appeared to have been transformed: on +the street, at the theater, everywhere the white Bourbon cockades and +ribbons burst forth like blossoms in a premature spring. But outside +the focus of agitation, and in the suburbs, the populace murmured, and +sometimes exhibited open discontent. In proportion to the distance +west and south, the country was correspondingly imperial, obeying the +imperial regency now established at Blois, which was summoning +recruits, issuing stirring proclamations, and keeping up a brave show. +In a way, therefore, France for the moment had three governments, that +of the allies, that of the regency, and that of Napoleon himself.</p> + +<p>When, in the latest hours of March thirtieth, Napoleon met Belliard, +and heard the disastrous report of what had happened, he gave full +vent to a frightful outburst of wrath. As he said himself in calmer +moments, such was his anger at that time, that he never seemed to have +known anger before. Forgetful of all his own shortcomings, he raged +against others with a fury bordering on insanity, and could find no +language vile or blasphemous enough wherewith to stigmatize Joseph and +Clarke. In utter self-abandonment, he demanded a carriage. There were +noise and bustle in the stable. With a choked, hoarse voice the +seeming maniac called peremptorily for haste. No vehicle appeared. +Probably Caulaincourt had dared to cross his Emperor's command for the +sake of his Emperor's safety. Finally Napoleon strode forth <span class="pagenum"><a id="page116" name="page116"></a>(p. 116)</span> +into the darkness toward Paris. Questioning and storming as he walked, +he denounced his two marshals for their haste in surrendering. His +attendants reasoned in vain until, a mile beyond La Cour de France, +Mortier's vanguard was met marching away under the terms of the +convention, and Napoleon knew that he was face to face with doom; to +advance farther would mean imprisonment or worse. General Flahaut was +therefore sent to seek Marmont's advice, and Caulaincourt hurried away +to secure an audience with the Czar. There were still wild hopes which +would not die. Perhaps the capitulation was not yet signed, perhaps +Caulaincourt could gain time if nothing else, perhaps by sounding the +tocsin and illuminating the town the populace and national guard would +be led to rise and aid the army. The reply from Marmont came as +swiftly as only discouraging news can come; the situation, he said, +was hopeless, the public depressed by the flight of the court, the +national guard worthless; he was coming in with the twenty thousand +troops still left to himself and Mortier. Napoleon, now calm and +collected, issued careful orders for the two marshals to take position +between the Essonne and the Seine, their left on the former stream, +their right on the latter, the whole position protected by these +rivers on the flanks, and by the Yonne in the rear. It was clear there +was to be a great battle under the walls of Paris. Macdonald was the +only general who advised it; Berthier, Drouot, Belliard, Flahaut, and +Gourgaud all wished to return into Lorraine; but the divisions were +coming in swiftly, and in the short midnight hour before returning to +Fontainebleau, Napoleon's decision was taken.</p> + +<p>On the afternoon of April first the Emperor rode from Fontainebleau to +Marmont's headquarters. While he was in the very act of +congratulating Marmont on his <span class="pagenum"><a id="page117" name="page117"></a>(p. 117)</span> gallantry, the commissioners +who had signed the capitulation arrived and opened their budget of +news. They told of the formal entry by the allies, of their resolution +not to treat with Napoleon, and declared that the white cockade of the +Bourbons was everywhere visible. Napoleon grew pensive and somber as +he listened, and then, almost without speaking, rode sadly back to +Fontainebleau. Next morning he was cheerful again, and as he stepped +into the White Horse court of the palace at the hour of guard-mounting +two battalions cheered him enthusiastically. His step was elastic, his +countenance lighted with the old fire; the onlookers said, "It is the +Napoleon of Potsdam and Schönbrunn." But in the afternoon Caulaincourt +returned, and the sky seemed darkened; the Czar had listened to the +envoy's eloquence only so far as to take into consideration once again +the question of peace with the Empire under a regency; as a condition +antecedent, Napoleon must abdicate.</p> + +<p>The stricken man could not hear his faithful servant's report with +equanimity. He restrained his violent impulses, but used harsh words. +Soon it seemed as if ideas of a strange and awful form were mastering +him, the gloomy interview was ended, and the Emperor dismissed his +minister. For such a disease as his there was no remedy but action; +next morning two divisions, one each of the old and young guard, +arrived, and they were drawn up for review. Napoleon, in splendid garb +and with a brilliant suite, in which were two marshals, Ney and +Moncey, went through the ceremony. At its close he gathered the +officers present into a group, and explained the situation in his old +incisive phrase and vibrating tones, closing with the words: "In a few +days I am going to attack Paris; can I count on you?" There was dead +silence. "Am I right?" rang out, in a final exhausting effort, the +moving call of the great actor. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page118" name="page118"></a>(p. 118)</span> Then at last came the hearty, +ringing response so breathlessly expected. "They were silent," said +General Petit in gentle tones, "because it seemed needless to reply." +Napoleon continued: "We will show them if the French nation be master +in their own house, that if we have long been masters in the dwellings +of others we will always be so in our own." As the officers scattered +to their posts and repeated the "little corporal's" words, the old +"growlers," as men had come to call the veterans of the Empire, gave +another cheer. The bands played the two great hymns of victory, the +"Marseillaise" and the "Chant du Départ," as the ranks moved away.</p> + +<p>Napoleon must now have certain clear conceptions. Except Mortier, +Drouot, and Gérard, his great officers were disaffected; but the +ambitious minor generals were still his devoted slaves. The army was +thoroughly imperialist, partly because they represented the nation as +a whole, partly because they were under the Emperor's spell. Of such +troops he appeared to have at hand sixty thousand, distributed as +follows: Marmont, twelve thousand five hundred; Mortier, six thousand; +Macdonald, two thousand seven hundred; Oudinot, five thousand five +hundred; Gérard, three thousand; Ney, two thousand three hundred; +Drouot, nine thousand; and about eleven thousand six hundred guard and +other cavalry. Besides these, there were sixteen hundred Poles, two +thousand two hundred and fifty recruits, and fifteen hundred men in +the garrisons of Fontainebleau and Mélun. Farther away were +considerable forces in Sens, Tours, Blois, and Orléans, eight thousand +in all; and still farther the armies of Soult, Suchet, Augereau, and +Maison. Although the allies had lost nine thousand men before Paris, +they had quickly called up reinforcements, and had about a hundred and +forty thousand men in readiness to fight. This situation may not have +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page119" name="page119"></a>(p. 119)</span> been entirely discouraging to the devotee of a dark destiny, +to which as a hapless worshiper he had lately commenced to give the +name of Providence. Be that as it may, when Macdonald arrived on the +morning of the fourth the dispositions for battle had been carefully +studied and arranged; every corps was ordered to its station. As +usual, Napoleon appeared about noon for the ceremony of +guard-mounting, and the troops acclaimed him as usual. But a few paces +distant from him stood the marshals and higher generals in a little +knot, their heads close bunched, their tongues running, their glances +averted. From out of this group rang the thunderous voice of Ney: +"Nothing but the abdication can draw us out of this." Napoleon +started, regained his self-control, pretended not to hear the crushing +menace, and withdrew to his work-room.</p> + +<p>Concurrent with the resolve of the marshals at Fontainebleau ran the +actual treason of one who alone was more important to Napoleon's cause +than all of them. "I am ready to leave, with my troops, the army of +the Emperor Napoleon on the following conditions, of which I demand +from you a written guaranty," are the startling words from a letter of +Marmont to the Czar, dated the previous day. On April first agents of +the provisional government had made arrangements with a discredited +nobleman named Maubreuil for the assassination of Napoleon; the next +day Schwarzenberg introduced into the French lines newspapers and +copies of a proclamation explaining that the action of the senate and +of all France had released the soldiers from their oaths. Marmont +forwarded the documents he received to Berthier, and while most of the +officers flung their copies away in contemptuous scorn, some read and +pondered. On April third an emissary from Schwarzenberg appeared at +Marmont's headquarters, and what <span class="pagenum"><a id="page120" name="page120"></a>(p. 120)</span> he said was spoken to +willing ears. Still under the influence of the homage he had received +in Paris, the vain marshal saw himself repeating the rôle of Monk; he +beheld France at peace, prosperity restored, social order +reëstablished, and himself extolled as a true patriot—all this if +only he pursued the easy line of self-interest, whereby he would not +merely retain his duchy, but also secure the new honors and emoluments +which would be showered on him. So he yielded on condition that his +troops should withdraw honorably into Normandy, and that Napoleon +should be allowed to enjoy life and liberty within circumscribed +limits fixed by the allied powers and France. Next morning, the +fourth, came Schwarzenberg's assent, and Marmont at once set about +suborning his officers; at four in the afternoon arrived an embassy +from Fontainebleau on its way to Paris. The officers composing it +desired to see Marmont.</p> + +<p>The informal meeting held in the courtyard at Fontainebleau was a +historical event. Its members chatted about the course taken by the +senate, about Caulaincourt's mission, and discussed in particular the +suggestion of abdication. The marshals and great generals, long since +disgusted with campaigning, wounded in their dignity by the Emperor's +rebukes, and attributing their recent failures to the wretched quality +of the troops assigned to them, were eager for peace, and yearned to +enjoy their hard-earned fortunes. They caught at the seductive idea +presented by Caulaincourt. The abdication of Napoleon would mean the +perpetuation of the Empire. The Empire would be not merely peace, but +peace with what war had gained; to wit, the imperial court and +society, the preservation and enjoyment of estates, the continuity of +processes which had done so much to regenerate France and make her a +modern nation. The prospect was irresistible, and Ney only expressed +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page121" name="page121"></a>(p. 121)</span> the grim determination of his colleagues when he gave the +watchword so unexpectedly at the mounting of the guard. When Napoleon +entered his cabinet he found there Berthier, Maret, Caulaincourt, and +Bertrand. Concealing his agitation, he began the routine of such +familiar labors as impend on the eve of battle. Almost instantly +hurrying footsteps were heard in the corridor, the door was burst +open, and on the threshold stood Ney, Lefebvre, Oudinot, and +Macdonald. The leader of the company quailed an instant under the +Emperor's gaze, and then gruffly demanded if there were news from +Paris. No, was the reply—a deliberate falsehood, since the decree of +the senate had arrived the night before. "Well, then, I have some," +roared Ney, and told the familiar facts.</p> + +<p>At Nogent, six weeks earlier, Ney and Oudinot had endeavored to bully +Napoleon in a similar way; then they were easily cowed. But now +Napoleon's manner was conciliatory and his speech argumentative. Long +and eloquently he set forth his situation. Enumerating all the forces +immediately and remotely at his disposal, describing minutely the plan +of attack which Macdonald had stamped with his approval, explaining +the folly of the course pursued by the allies, contrasting the perils +of their situation with the advantages of his own, he sought to +justify his assurance of victory. The eloquence of a Napoleon, calm, +collected, clear, but pleading for the power which was dearer to him +than life, can only be imagined. But his arguments fell on deaf ears; +not one of his audience gave any sign of emotion. Macdonald was the +only one present not openly committed, and he too was sullen; during +the last twenty-four hours he had received, through Marmont, a letter +from Beurnonville, the contents of which, though read to Napoleon +then and there, have not been transmitted to posterity. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page122" name="page122"></a>(p. 122)</span> What +happened or what was said thereafter is far from certain, so +conflicting and so biased are the accounts of those present. +Contemporaries thought that in this crisis, when Ney declared the army +would obey its officers and would not march to Paris in obedience to +the Emperor, there were menacing gestures which betrayed a more or +less complete purpose of assassination on the part of some. If so, +Napoleon was never greater; for, commanding a calm by his dignified +self-restraint, he dismissed the faithless officers one and all. They +went, and he was left alone with Caulaincourt to draw up the form of +his abdication.</p> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page123" name="page123"></a>(p. 123)</span> CHAPTER XI</h3> + +<h4>Napoleon's First Abdication<a id="footnotetag13" name="footnotetag13"></a><a href="#footnote13" title="Go to footnote 13"><span class="smaller">[13]</span></a></h4> + +<p class="summary">The Meaning of Napoleon's Abdication — The Paper and its Bearers + — Progress of Marmont's Conspiracy — Alexander Influenced by + Napoleon's Embassy — Marmont's Soldiers Betrayed — Marmont's + Reputation and Fate — Napoleon's Scheme for a Last Stroke — + Revolt of the Marshals — Napoleon's First Attempt at Suicide — + Unconditional Abdication — Restoration of the Bourbons — + Napoleon's New Realm — Flight of the Napoleons — Good-by to + France, but not Farewell.</p> + +<p>There is no doubt that Napoleon sincerely and dearly loved his +"growlers"; there is no doubt that with grim humor he constantly +circumvented and used them for his own ends; even in his agony he +contemplated a course which, leaving them convinced of their success, +would yet render their action of no effect. After a short conference +with his minister he took a pen and wrote: "The allied powers having +declared the Emperor Napoleon to be the sole obstacle to the +establishment of peace in Europe, and since the Emperor cannot +assuredly, without violating his oath, surrender <span class="pagenum"><a id="page124" name="page124"></a>(p. 124)</span> any one of +the departments which were united with France when he ascended the +throne, the Emperor Napoleon declares himself ready to abdicate and +leave France, even to lay down his life for the welfare of his country +and for the preservation of the rights of his son the King, of the +Empress-regent, and of the laws and institutions, which shall be +subject to no change until the definite conclusion of peace and while +foreign armies stand upon our soil."</p> + +<p>But these words carried too plainly a meaning which was not intended +to be conspicuous, and the paper, as finally written and executed, +runs as follows: "The allied powers having declared the Emperor +Napoleon to be the sole obstacle to the reëstablishment of peace in +Europe, the Emperor Napoleon, faithful to his oath, declares that he +is ready to descend from the throne, to leave France, and even to lay +down his life for the good of the country, [which is] inseparable from +the rights of his son, from those of the Empress's regency, and from +the laws of the Empire." Who should constitute the embassy to present +the document to the Czar? Caulaincourt, of course, would necessarily +be one; Ney, dangerous if thwarted, must be the second; and the third? +Marmont certainly, was Napoleon's first thought, and he ordered full +powers to be made out for him. But on second thought he felt that his +aide-de-camp in Egypt, his trusted friend from then onward, his +confidential adviser, "brought up in his tent," as he said, might +injure the cause as being too certainly influenced by personal +considerations. Macdonald, therefore, was named in his stead. The +embassy should, however, pass by Essonnes, and if Marmont desired to +go he might send back for his credentials.</p> + +<p>This was the company which, arriving about four in the afternoon at +Marmont's headquarters, presented <span class="pagenum"><a id="page125" name="page125"></a>(p. 125)</span> Napoleon's message. The +busy conspirator was stunned, but he had already won at least five of +his generals—Souham, Merlin, Digeon, Ledru des Essarts, and +Megnadier, his chief of staff; the tide of treason was in full flow, +and could not be stemmed. Should the Czar assent to the regency, where +would Marmont be? Or, on the other hand, should Napoleon learn the +truth, there was no question but that a few hours might see the +emulator of Monk a corpse. In quick decision, the traitorous marshal +confessed the steps already taken, and then at the loud cry of +reprobation with which his statement was met, he falsely asserted that +he was not yet committed, and demanded to join the embassy. The +others, willing to remove their colleague from further temptation, +assented; and Souham was left in command, with strict injunctions to +inform the troops of Napoleon's abdication, but to take no further +steps. At Schwarzenberg's headquarters Marmont found means to betray +the situation to that general. The Austrian, by Marmont's own account, +absolved his fellow-intriguer from all engagements so far made; but +somehow that very evening about nine Talleyrand knew the whole story, +and hastening, pale with terror, to Alexander's presence, poured out a +bitter remonstrance against the regency. The Czar listened, but +contemptuously dismissed the petitioner with the non-committal remark +that no one would repent having trusted him.</p> + +<p>It was almost midnight when Alexander gave audience to the embassy. +Marmont was not of the number, having slunk away in guilty uneasiness +to await the event at Ney's house. To Caulaincourt, as the spokesman +of the Empire, the Czar listened attentively and sympathetically. He +now felt himself to have taken a false step when, five days earlier, +he had virtually assented to the restoration of the Bourbons. In the +interval <span class="pagenum"><a id="page126" name="page126"></a>(p. 126)</span> their cause had steadily grown more and more +unpopular; neither people nor soldiers, not even the national guard, +would give any declaration of adherence to the acts of the provisional +government; the imperial army, on the other hand, stood firm. His own +and Russia's honor having been redeemed, the earlier instincts of +hatred for absolutism had returned; the feeling that the Empire was +better for his purposes than any dynasty welled up as he listened to +Caulaincourt's powerful argument that France as a nation, and her +undivided army, alike desired the regency. In fact, the listener +wavered so much that, two days later, Ney and Macdonald asserted their +belief that at a certain instant their cause had been won.</p> + +<p>But at two in the morning an aide-de-camp entered and spoke a few +words in Russian. The Czar gave a startled attention, and the officer +repeated his words. "Gentlemen," said the monarch, "you base your +claim on the unshaken attachment of the army to the imperial +government. The vanguard of Napoleon's army has just deserted. It is +at this moment within our lines." The news was true. The announcement +of Napoleon's abdication had spread consternation among Marmont's men, +and they were seriously demoralized. When a routine message came from +Fontainebleau requiring Souham's presence there, his guilty conscience +made him tremble; and when Gourgaud requested an interview the uneasy +general foresaw his own arrest and was terror-stricken. Summoning the +others who, like himself, were partly committed, he told his fears, +and the soldiers were ordered under arms. Toward midnight the march +began. Ignorant at first of whither they were going, the men were +silent; but finding themselves before long between two Austrian lines, +they hooted their officers. Thereupon they were told that they were +to fight beside <span class="pagenum"><a id="page127" name="page127"></a>(p. 127)</span> these same Austrians in defense of the +Empire, and, believing the lie, were reconciled.</p> + +<p>Arriving finally at Versailles, and learning the truth, they mutinied; +but Marmont soon appeared, and partly cowed them, partly persuaded +them to bend before necessity. After learning of Souham's deed he had +hurried to the Czar's antechamber. In an adjoining room were assembled +the members of the provisional government. Like Marmont, they had +learned the result of Souham's efforts and had regained their +equanimity. After grasping the appalling fact that twelve thousand +men, the whole sixth corps, with arms and baggage, were prisoners +within the Austrian lines, of course there had been nothing left for +Caulaincourt and the marshals but to withdraw. With much embarrassment +the Czar promised an answer to their request on the following +afternoon. All knew that the knell of the Empire had struck. To the +waiting royalists it seemed a fit moment for pleasantry as the members +of the embassy came filing out with stony gaze. The thwarted +imperialists sternly repulsed their tormentors. Marmont breathed hard +as his colleagues passed without a glimpse of recognition, and +murmured: "I would give an arm if this had not happened." "An arm? +Sir, say your head," rejoined Macdonald, bitterly. For some time after +the first Restoration Marmont was a hero, but soon his vanity and true +character combined to bring out his conduct into clear view, and from +his title of Ragusa was coined the word "ragusade" as a synonym for +treason. During the "Hundred Days" his name was of course stricken +from the list of marshals. Loaded with honors in the second +Restoration, he proved a second time faithless, and in 1830 betrayed +his trust to the republicans. The people called him "Judas," and he +died in exile, honored by nobody.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page128" name="page128"></a>(p. 128)</span> There can be little doubt of Napoleon's conviction that his +offer to abdicate would be rejected by Alexander. No sooner was it +signed than, with his characteristic astuteness, he set about +preparing an alternative course. At once he despatched a messenger +requesting the Empress to send Champagny immediately to Dijon as an +ambassador to intercede with her father. Then, on April fourth, he +summoned a conclave of his officers to secure their assent to the +battle which he believed inevitable. It was the call to this meeting +which had stampeded Souham and his colleagues in desertion. The +greater officers being absent from Fontainebleau, the minor ones were +unanimous and hearty in their support of Napoleon's plans. But at the +very close of the session came the news of what had happened at +Essonnes. When finally assured of every detail, Napoleon took measures +at once to repair as best he could the breaches in his defense, saying +of Marmont quietly and without a sign of panic: "Unhappy man, he will +be more unhappy than I." Only a few days before he had declared to +Caulaincourt: "There are no longer any who play fair except my poor +soldiers and their officers that are neither princes nor dukes nor +counts. It is an awful thing to say, but it is true. Do you know what +I ought to do? Send all these noble lords of yesterday to sleep in +their beds of down, to strut about in their castles. I ought to rid +myself of these frondeurs, and begin the war once more with men of +youthful, unsullied courage." He was partly prepared, therefore, even +for the defection of Marmont. Next morning, on the fifth, was issued +the ablest proclamation ever penned by him; at noon the veterans from +Spain were reviewed, and in the afternoon began the movements +necessary to array beyond the Loire what remained of the army and +rally it about the seat of imperial government. But at nine the +embassy <span class="pagenum"><a id="page129" name="page129"></a>(p. 129)</span> returned from Paris with its news—the Czar had +refused to accept the abdication; the senate was about to proclaim +Louis XVIII; Napoleon was to reign thereafter over the little isle of +Elba. To this the undaunted Emperor calmly rejoined that war +henceforth offered nothing worse than peace, and began at once to +explain his plans.</p> + +<p>But he was interrupted—exactly how we cannot tell; for, though the +embassy returned as it left, in a body, the memoirs of each member +strive to convey the impression that it was he alone who said and did +everything. If only the narrative attributed to Caulaincourt were of +undoubted authenticity, cumulative evidence might create certitude; +but it is not. The sorry tale of what probably occurred makes clear +that all three were now royalists more or less ardent, for in passing +they had concluded a truce with Schwarzenberg on that basis. Macdonald +asserts that his was the short and brutal response to Napoleon's +exhibition of his plans; to wit, that they must have an abdication +without conditions. Ney was quite as savage, declaring that the +confidence of the army was gone. Napoleon at first denounced such +mutiny, but then, with seeming resignation, promised an answer next +day. He did not yet know that in secret convention the generals were +resolving not to obey the orders issued for the morrow; but as the +door closed behind the marshals the mind so far clear seemed suddenly +eclipsed, and murmuring, "These men have neither heart nor bowels; I +am conquered less by fortune than by the egotism and ingratitude of my +companions in arms," the great, homeless citizen of the world sank +into utter dejection.</p> + +<p>It appears to have been a fixed purpose with Napoleon never to fall +alive into his enemy's hands. Although they acted under legal forms, +yet some European monarchs <span class="pagenum"><a id="page130" name="page130"></a>(p. 130)</span> of the eighteenth century were no +more trustworthy in dealing with foes than their great prototype +Julius Cæsar in his faithlessness to a certain canton of the +Helvetians. They did not display sufficient surprise when enemies were +assassinated. Since 1808 the European colossus had worn about his neck +as a kind of amulet a little bag which was said to contain a deadly +poison, one of the salts of prussic acid. During the night, when the +terrors of a shaken reason overpowered him, he swallowed the drug. +Whether it had lost its efficacy, or whether the agitated victim of +melancholy did not take the entire dose, in either case the effects +were imperfect. Instead of oblivion came agony, and his valet, rushing +to his master's bedside at the sound of a bitter cry, claimed to catch +the words: "Marmont has struck me the final blow! Unhappy man, I loved +him! Berthier's desertion has broken my heart! My old friends, my +comrades in arms!" Ivan, the Emperor's body physician, was summoned, +and administered an antidote; the spasm was allayed, and after a short +sleep reason resumed her seat. It is related in the memoirs of +Caulaincourt, and probably with a sort of Homeric truth, that when the +minister was admitted in the early morning, Napoleon's "wan and sunken +eyes seemed struggling to recall the objects round about; a universe +of torture was revealed in the vaguely desolate look." Napoleon is +reported as saying: "God did not will it. I could not die. Why did +they not let me die? It is not the loss of the throne that makes +existence unendurable; my military career suffices for the glory of a +single man. Do you know what is more difficult to bear than the +reverses of fortune? It is the baseness, the horrible ingratitude, of +men. Before such acts of cowardice, before the shamelessness of their +egotism, I have turned away my head in disgust and have come to +regard my <span class="pagenum"><a id="page131" name="page131"></a>(p. 131)</span> life with horror.... Death is rest.... Rest at +last.... What I have suffered for twenty days no one can understand."</p> + +<p>What throws some shadow on this account is the fact that on the +following morning Napoleon appeared outwardly well and perfectly calm +when he assembled his marshals and made a final appeal. It is certain, +from the testimony of his secretary and his physician, that he had +been violently ill, but the sobriety of the remaining chronicle is to +be doubted. Possibly, too, the empty sachet had contained a +preparation of opium intended to relieve sharp attacks like that at +Pirna; but in view of the second attempt at suicide made after +Waterloo, this is not likely. Yet the circumstances may easily have +been exaggerated; for the evident motive of what has been called the +imperial legend is to heighten all the effects in the Napoleonic +picture. Whatever was the truth as to that gloomy night, Napoleon's +appeal next morning, though eloquent, was in vain; the marshals were +unshaken in their determination, though less bitter and violent in +their language. "You deserve repose," were the Emperor's last words to +them; "well, then, take it." Thereupon the act of unconditional +abdication was written in these words: "The allied powers having +declared the Emperor Napoleon to be the sole obstacle to the +reëstablishment of peace in Europe, the Emperor Napoleon, faithful to +his oath, declares that for himself and his heirs he renounces the +thrones of France and of Italy, because there is no personal sacrifice +which he is not ready to make for the welfare of the nation." These +last words were, after some consideration, erased, and the phrase "in +the interest of France" was substituted for them. Some think, and it +may well be true, that this change of form, taken in connection with +Napoleon's calmness, was another proof of his deep <span class="pagenum"><a id="page132" name="page132"></a>(p. 132)</span> purpose. +Unable to thwart his "growlers," he may have recollected that once +before he had crossed the Mediterranean to give a feeble government +full scope for its own destruction. France might easily recall her +favorite son in her own interest. He was scarcely more than +forty-four, a young man still, and this he probably recalled as he +made ready to play a new rôle.</p> + +<p>Armed with the document necessary to secure his pardon, Ney hurried +back to the capital. The elderly, well-meaning, but obtuse Louis XVIII +was immediately proclaimed king by the senate. Having "learned +nothing, and forgotten nothing," he accepted the throne, making +certain concessions to the new France, sufficient, as he hoped, to +secure at least the momentary support of the people. The haste to join +the white standard made by men on whom Napoleon's adventurous career +had heaped honor and wealth is unparalleled in history. Jourdan, +Augereau, Maison, Lagrange, Nansouty, Oudinot, Kellermann, Lefebvre, +Hulin, Milhaud, Latour-Maubourg, Ségur, Berthier, Belliard—such were +the earliest names. Among the soldiers near by some bowed to the new +order, but among the garrisons there was such widespread mutiny that +royalist hate was kindled again and fanned to white heat by the scoffs +and jeers of the outraged men. Their behavior was the outward sign of +a temper not universal, of course, but very common among the people. +At Paris both the King and the King's brother were cheered on their +formal entry, but many discriminating onlookers prophesied that the +Bourbons could not remain long.</p> + +<p>Fully aware that Napoleon was yet a power in France, and challenged by +the marshals to display a chivalric spirit in providing for the +welfare of their former monarch, Alexander gave full play to his +generous impulses. His first suggestion was that his fallen foe +should accept <span class="pagenum"><a id="page133" name="page133"></a>(p. 133)</span> a home and complete establishment in Russia; +but this would have been to ignore the other members of the coalition. +It was determined finally to provide the semblance of an empire, the +forms of state, and an imperial income, and to make the former Emperor +the guest of all Europe. The idea was quixotic, but Napoleon was not a +prisoner; he had done nothing worthy of degradation, and throughout +the civilized world he was still regarded by vast numbers as the +savior of European society, who had fallen into the hands of cruel +oppressors. The paper which was finally drawn up was a treaty between +Napoleon, for the time and purposes of the instrument a private +citizen, as one party, and the four sovereign states of Austria, +Prussia, Russia, and England as the other. It had, therefore, no +sanction except the public opinion of France and the good faith of +those who executed it, the former being bound by her allies to a +contract made by them. It was France which was to pay Napoleon two +millions of francs a year, and leave him to reign undisturbed over +Elba; the allies granted Parma, Placentia, and Guastalla as a realm in +perpetuity to Maria Louisa and her heirs, through the King of Rome, as +her successors. The agreement was unique, but so were the +circumstances which brought it to pass. There was but one important +protest, and that was made by Castlereagh in regard to the word +Napoleon and the imperial style! His protest was vain, but to this day +many among the greatest of his countrymen persistently employ +"Bonaparte" in speaking of the greater, and "Napoleon" in designating +the lesser, of the two men who have ruled France as emperors.</p> + +<p>Four commissioners, one from each of the powers, proceeded to +Fontainebleau. They were careful to treat Napoleon with the +consideration due to an emperor. To all he was courteous, except to +the representative of <span class="pagenum"><a id="page134" name="page134"></a>(p. 134)</span> Prussia, Count Truchsess-Waldburg, +whose presence he declared unnecessary, since there were to be no +Prussian troops on the southern road toward Elba. With Colonel +Campbell, the British commissioner, he was most friendly, conversing +enthusiastically with the Scotch officer about the Scotch poet known +as Ossian. What was particularly admired in his remarkable outpourings +was their warlike tone. As the preparations for departure went +forward, it became clear that of all the imperial dignitaries only +Bertrand and Drouot would accompany the exile. The others he dismissed +with characteristic and appropriate farewells: to Caulaincourt he +assigned a gift of five hundred thousand francs from the treasure at +Blois; Constant, the valet, and Rustan, the Mameluke, were dismissed +at their own desire, but not empty-handed. For his line of travel, and +for a hundred baggage-wagons loaded with books, furniture, and objects +of art, Napoleon stipulated with the utmost nicety and persistence. +With every hour he showed greater and greater anxiety for his personal +safety. Indifferent to life but a few short days before, he was now +timid and over-anxious. If he had been playing a part and pondering +what in a few years, perhaps months, his life and person might again +be worth in European politics, he could not have been more painstaking +as to measures for his personal safety. The stoic could have recourse +to the bowl, the eighteenth-century enthusiast must live and hope to +the last. Napoleon seems to have struggled for the union of both +characters. "They blame me that I can outlive my fall," he remarked. +"Wrongfully.... It is much more courageous to survive unmerited bad +fortune." Only once he seemed overpowered, being observed, as he sat +at table, to strike his forehead and murmur: "God, is it possible?" +Sometimes, too, he appeared to be lost in reverie, and when addressed +started like one awakened from a dream. All <span class="pagenum"><a id="page135" name="page135"></a>(p. 135)</span> was ready on the +twentieth; but the Empress, who by the terms of the "treaty" was to +accompany her consort as far as the harbor of St. Tropez, did not +appear. Napoleon declared that she had been kidnapped, and refused to +stir, threatening to withdraw his abdication. Koller, the Austrian +commissioner, assured him of the truth, that she had resolved of her +free will not to be present. In the certainty that all was over, the +Empress had determined to take refuge with her father, and the +imperial government at Blois had dispersed, Joseph and Jerome flying +to Switzerland.</p> + +<p>The announcement staggered Napoleon, but he replied with words +destined to have great significance: "Very well; I shall remain +faithful to my promise; but if I have new reasons to complain, I shall +consider myself absolved." Further, he touched on various topics as if +seeking to talk against time, remarking that Francis had impiously +sought the dissolution of his daughter's marriage; that Russia and +Prussia had made Austria's position dangerous; that the Czar and +Frederick William had shown little delicacy in visiting Maria Louisa +at Rambouillet; that he himself was no usurper; and that he had been +wrong not to make peace at Prague or Dresden. Then, suddenly changing +tone and topic, he asked with interest what would occur if Elba +refused to accept him. Koller thought he might still take refuge in +England. Napoleon rejoined that he had thought of that; but, having +always sought to do England harm, would the English make him welcome? +Koller replied that, as all the projects against her welfare had come +to naught, England would feel no bitterness. Finally, about noon +Napoleon descended into the courtyard, where the few grenadiers of the +old guard were drawn up. The officers, commissioned and +non-commissioned, were called forward, and in a few touching words +their <span class="pagenum"><a id="page136" name="page136"></a>(p. 136)</span> former leader thanked all who had remained true for +their loyalty. With their aid he could have continued the war beyond +the Loire, but he had preferred to sacrifice his personal interests to +those of France. "Continue to serve France," runs the Napoleonic text +of this fine address: but the commissioners thought they heard "to +serve the sovereign which the nation has chosen." He could have ended +his life, he went on to say, but he wished to live and record for +posterity the great deeds of his warriors. Then he embraced Petit, the +commanding officer, and, snatching to his breast the imperial eagle, +his standard in so many glorious battles, he pressed it to his lips, +and entered the waiting carriage. A swelling sob burst from the ranks, +and tears bedewed the weather-beaten cheeks of men who had not wept +for years.</p> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page137" name="page137"></a>(p. 137)</span> CHAPTER XII</h3> + +<h4>The Emperor of Elba<a id="footnotetag14" name="footnotetag14"></a><a href="#footnote14" title="Go to footnote 14"><span class="smaller">[14]</span></a></h4> + +<p class="summary">Napoleon and the Popular Frenzy — Serious Dangers Incurred — + The Exile under the British Flag — The Voyage to Elba — The + Napoleonic Court at Porto Ferrajo — Mysterious Visitors — + Estrangement of Maria Louisa — Napoleon's "Isle of Repose" — + The Congress of Vienna — Its Violation of Treaty Agreement — + Discontent in France — Revival of Imperialism — Bitterness of + the Army — Intrigues against the Bourbons — Napoleon's Behavior + — His Fears of Assassination.</p> + +<p class="sidenote">1814-15</p> + +<p>Napoleon's journey to Elba was a series of disenchantments. As has +been said, he had stipulated in his "treaty" that the Empress should +accompany him to St. Tropez, where he was to embark. Her absence, he +persisted in declaring, was explicable only by forced detention; and +he again talked of withdrawing his abdication at this breach of the +engagements made by the allies. But he grew more composed, and the +journey was sufficiently comfortable as far as Lyons. Occasionally +during that portion of it there were outbursts of good feeling from +those who stopped to see his train pass by. But in descending the +Rhone there was a marked change. As the Provençals had been the +radicals of the Revolution, so now they were the devotees of the +Restoration. The flood of disreputable calumny had broken loose: men +said the Emperor's mother was a loose woman, his father a butcher, he +himself but a <span class="pagenum"><a id="page138" name="page138"></a>(p. 138)</span> bastard, his true name Nicholas. "Down with +Bonaparte! down with Nicholas!" was too often the derisive shout as he +traversed the villages. Maubreuil, the hired assassin, was hurrying +from Paris with a desperate band, ostensibly to recover crown jewels +or government funds which might be among Napoleon's effects. Recalling +Alexander's boast that his best servants had been found among the +assassins of his father, and recollecting that Francis sighed to +Metternich for Napoleon's exile to a far-distant land, Elba being too +near to France and to Europe, it is conceivable that Talleyrand might +reckon on the moral support of the dynasties in conniving at +Napoleon's assassination. Had he forgotten the murder of Enghien? +Probably not; but his conscience was not over-tender. Near Valence, on +April twenty-fourth, the imperial procession met Augereau's carriage. +The arch-republican of Napoleon's earlier career had given his +adhesion to the new government, and had been retained in office. He +alighted, the ex-Emperor likewise: the latter exhibited all the +ordinary forms of politeness, the former studiously disdained them. +Napoleon, with nice irony, asked if the general were on his way to +court. The thrust went home, but in a gruff retort Augereau, using the +insulting "thou," declared with considerable embarrassment that he +cared no more for the Bourbons than for Napoleon; that he had no +motive for his conduct except love for his country.</p> + +<p>Partly by good fortune, partly by good management, the cortège avoided +the infuriated bands who, in various places, had sworn to take the +fallen Emperor's life. At Avignon his escape was almost miraculous. +Near Orgon a mob of royalists beset the carriage, and Napoleon shrank +in pallid terror behind Bertrand, cowering there until the immediate +danger was removed by his Russian escort. A few miles out he donned a +postilion's uniform <span class="pagenum"><a id="page139" name="page139"></a>(p. 139)</span> and rode post through the town. At +Saint-Cannat he would not touch a morsel of food for fear of poison. +Rumors of the bitter feeling prevalent at Aix led him for further +protection to clothe one of his aides in his own too familiar garb. In +that town he was violently ill, somewhat as he had been at +Fontainebleau. The attack yielded easily to remedies, and the Prussian +commissioner asserted that it was due to a loathsome disease. +Thereafter the hounded fugitive wore an Austrian uniform, and sat in +the Austrian commissioner's carriage; thus disguised, the Emperor of +Elba seemed to feel secure. From Luc onward the company was protected +by Austrian hussars; but in spite of these military jailers, mob +violence became stronger from day to day in each successive town. +Napoleon grew morbid, and the line of travel was changed from the +direction of St. Tropez to that of Fréjus in order to avoid the +ever-increasing danger. The only alleviation in the long line of ills +was a visit from his light and giddy but affectionate sister Pauline, +the Princess Borghese, who comforted him and promised to share his +exile. At length Fréjus was reached, and Napoleon resumed his +composure as he saw an English frigate and a French brig lying in the +harbor. Perhaps the beautiful view recalled to an outcast monarch the +return, in 1799, of one General Bonaparte, who had landed on the same +shore to overthrow the Directory. If not, it must have been due to +unwonted dejection or dark despair.</p> + +<p>Again Napoleon remarked a breach of his treaty. He was to have sailed +from St. Tropez in a corvette; here was only a brig. Accordingly, as +if to mark an intentional slight, in reality for his safety and +comfort, he asked and obtained permission to embark on the English +frigate, the <i>Undaunted</i>, as the guest of her captain. The promised +corvette was at St. Tropez awaiting its passenger, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page140" name="page140"></a>(p. 140)</span> but the +hasty change of plan had made it impossible to bring her around in +time. Possibly for this reason, too, the baggage of Napoleon had been +much diminished in quantity; and of this he complained also, as being +a breach of his treaty. His farewell to the Russian and Prussian +commissioners was brief and dignified; the Austrian hussars paid full +military honors to the party; and as the Emperor, accompanied by the +English and Austrian commissioners, embarked, a salvo of twenty-four +guns rang out from the <i>Undaunted</i>. Already he had begun to eulogize +England and her civilization, and to behave as if throwing himself on +the good faith of an English gentleman, exactly as a defeated knight +would throw himself on the chivalric courtesy of his conqueror. This +appearance of distinguished treatment heightened his +self-satisfaction. His attendants said that once again he was "all +emperor."</p> + +<p>It was a serious blow when, on passing aboard ship, he discovered that +the salutes had been in recognition of the commissioners, and that the +polite but decided Captain Ussher was determined to treat his +illustrious guest with the courtesy due to a private gentleman, and +with that alone. Although chafing at times during the voyage against +the restrictions of naval discipline, Napoleon submitted gracefully, +and wore a subdued air. This was his first contact with English +customs: sometimes they interested him; frequently, as in the matter +of after-dinner amusements and Sunday observance, they irritated him, +and then with a contemptuous petulance he withdrew to his cabin. In +conversation with Koller, the Austrian commissioner, he once referred +to his conduct in disguising himself on the road to Fréjus as +pusillanimous, and admitted in vulgar language that he had made an +indecent display of himself. He was convinced that all the dreadful +scenes through which he had passed <span class="pagenum"><a id="page141" name="page141"></a>(p. 141)</span> were the work of Bourbon +emissaries. In general his talk was a running commentary on the past, +a well-calculated prattle in which, with apparent spontaneity and +ingenuousness, interpretations were placed on his conduct which were +thoroughly novel. This was the beginning of a series of historical +commentaries lasting, with interruptions, to the end of his life. +There is throughout a unity of purpose in the explication and +embellishment of history which will be considered later. On May fourth +the <i>Undaunted</i> cast anchor in the harbor of Porto Ferrajo.</p> + +<p>Elba was an island divided against itself, there being both +imperialists and royalists among its inhabitants, and a considerable +party which desired independence. By representing that Napoleon had +brought with him fabulous sums, the Austrian and English commissioners +easily won the Elbans to a fervor of loyalty for their new emperor. +Before nightfall of the fourth the court was established, and the new +administration began its labors. After mastering the resources and +needs of his pygmy realm, the Emperor began at once to deploy all his +powers, mending the highways, fortifying the strategic points, and +creating about the nucleus of four hundred guards which were sent from +Fontainebleau an efficient little army of sixteen hundred men. His +expenses were regulated to the minutest detail, the salt-works and +iron-mines, which were the bulwarks of Elban prosperity, began at once +to increase their output, and taxation was regulated with scrupulous +nicety. By that supereminent virtue of the French burgher, good +management, the island was made almost independent of the remnants of +the Tuileries treasure, the sum of about five million francs, which +Napoleon had brought from France. The same powers which had swayed a +world operated with equal success in a sphere almost microscopic by +comparison. To many this appeared a sorry commentary on <span class="pagenum"><a id="page142" name="page142"></a>(p. 142)</span> +human grandeur, but the great exile did not intend to sink into a +contemptible lethargy. If the future had aught in store for him, his +capacities must have exercise and their bearings be kept smooth by +use. The Princess Borghese had been separated from her second husband +soon after the marriage, and since 1810 she had lived an exile from +Paris, having been banished for impertinent conduct to the Empress. +But she cherished no malice, and before long, according to promise, +she arrived and took up her abode as her brother's companion. Madame +Mère, though distant in prosperity, came likewise to soothe her son in +adversity. The intercepted letters of the former prove her to have +been at least as loose in her life at Elba as ever before, but they do +not afford a sufficient basis for the scandals concerning her +relations with Napoleon which were founded upon them and industriously +circulated at the court of Louis XVIII. The shameful charge, though +recently revived and ingeniously supported, appears to have no +adequate foundation.</p> + +<p>Napoleon's economies were rendered not merely expedient, but +imperative, by the fact that none of the moneys from France were +forthcoming which had been promised in his treaty with the powers. +After a short stay Koller frankly stated that in his opinion they +never would be paid, and departed. The island swarmed with Bourbon +spies, and the only conversation in which Napoleon could indulge +himself unguardedly was with Sir Neil Campbell, the English +representative, or with the titled English gentlemen who gratified +their curiosity by visiting him. During the summer heat, when the +court was encamped on the heights at Marciana for refreshment, there +appeared a mysterious lady with her child. Both were well received and +kindly treated, but they withdrew themselves entirely from the public +gaze. Common <span class="pagenum"><a id="page143" name="page143"></a>(p. 143)</span> rumor said it was the Empress, but this was not +true; it was the Countess Walewska, with one of the two sons she bore +her host, whom she still adored. They remained but a few days, and +departed as mysteriously as they had come. Base females thronged the +precincts of the imperial residence, openly struggling for Napoleon's +favor as they had so far never dared to do; success too frequently +attended their efforts.</p> + +<p>But the one woman who should have been at his side was absent.<a id="footnotetag15" name="footnotetag15"></a><a href="#footnote15" title="Go to footnote 15"><span class="smaller">[15]</span></a> It +is certain that she made an honest effort to come, and apartments were +prepared for her reception in the little palace at Porto Ferrajo. Her +father, however, thwarted her at every turn, and finally she was a +virtual prisoner at Schönbrunn. So manifest was the restraint that her +grandmother Caroline, Queen of the Two Sicilies, cried out in +indignation: "If I were in the place of Maria Louisa, I would tie the +sheets of my bed to the window-frame and flee." Committed to the +charge of the elegant and subtle Neipperg, a favorite chamberlain whom +she had first seen at Dresden, she was plied with such insidious wiles +that at last her slender moral fibre was entirely broken down, and she +fell a victim to his charms. As late as August, Napoleon received +impassioned letters from her; then she grew formal and cold; at last, +under Metternich's urgency, she ceased to write at all. Her French +attendant, Méneval, managed to convey the whole sad story to her +husband; but the Emperor was incredulous, and hoped against hope until +December. Then only he ceased from his incessant and urgent appeals.</p> + +<p>The number of visitors to Elba was sometimes as high as three hundred +in a single day. Among these were a few English, fewer French, but +many Italians. As time passed the heaviness of the Austrian yoke had +begun <span class="pagenum"><a id="page144" name="page144"></a>(p. 144)</span> to gall the people of Napoleon's former kingdom, and +considerable numbers from among them, remembering the mild Eugène with +longing, joined in an extensive though feeble conspiracy to restore +Napoleon to the throne of Italy. Lucien returned to Rome in order to +foster the movement, and Murat, observing with unease the general +faithlessness of the great powers in small matters, began to tremble +for the security of his own seat. With them and others Napoleon +appears to have corresponded regularly. He felt himself entirely freed +from the obligations he had taken at Fontainebleau, for he was sure +the people of southern France had been instigated to take his life by +royalist agents, and while one term after another passed, not a cent +was paid of the promised pension; his own fortune, therefore, was +steadily melting away. For months he behaved as if really determined +to make Elba his "isle of repose," as he designated it just before +landing; but under such provocations his temper changed. The +corner-stone of his treaty was his complete sovereignty; otherwise the +paper was merely a promise without any sanction, not even that of +international law. This perfect sovereignty had been recognized by the +withdrawal of all the commissioners as such, Campbell insisting that +he remained merely as an ambassador.</p> + +<p>In a treaty concluded on May thirtieth between Louis XVIII and the +powers of the coalition, the boundaries of France were fixed +substantially as they had been in 1792, and the destiny of the lands +brought under her sway by the Revolution and by Napoleon was to be +determined by a European congress. This body met on November first, +1814, at Vienna. It was soon evident that the four powers of the +coalition were to outdo Napoleon's extreme endeavors in their reckless +disposition of European territories. Before the close of the month, +however, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page145" name="page145"></a>(p. 145)</span> Talleyrand, by his adroit manipulations and his +conjurings with the sacrosanct word "legitimacy," had made himself the +moving spirit of the congress, and had so inflamed the temper of both +Metternich and Castlereagh against the dictatorial attitude of Russia +and Prussia as to induce Austria and Great Britain to sign, on January +third, 1815, a secret treaty with France whereby the parties of the +first part bound themselves to resist the aggressiveness of the +Northern powers, and that by force if necessary. This restored France +to the position of a great power. By the middle of February the +Northern allies were brought to terms, and in return for their +concessions it was agreed that Murat was to be deposed. This spirit of +compromise menaced, or rather finally destroyed, the sovereignty of +Napoleon, petty as it was. On the charge of conspiring with Murat, he +could easily be removed from Elba, and deported to some more remote +spot from which he could exert no influence on European politics.</p> + +<p>From the opening sessions of the congress there had been a general +consensus of opinion as to this course. As to the place opinions +varied. Castlereagh favored the Azores, but others the Cape Verde +islands; St. Helena, then well known as a place of call on the long +voyage to the Cape, had been suggested much earlier, even before Elba +was chosen, but when or by whom is not known. It is quite possible +that Wellington, who succeeded Castlereagh as English plenipotentiary +in February, may have mentioned the name; he had been there, and knew +it as almost the remotest spot of land in the world. The formal +proposition to that effect appears to have been made by the Prussian +cabinet. The congress took no definite action in the matter, but the +understanding was so clear and general that a proclamation to the +national guard was printed in the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page146" name="page146"></a>(p. 146)</span> "Moniteur" of March eighth, +1815, stating that measures had been taken at the Congress of Vienna +to remove Napoleon farther away. It was easy for everybody, including +the captive himself, to believe that, all the other articles of the +agreement at Fontainebleau having been violated, that which guaranteed +the sovereignty of Elba was equally worthless.</p> + +<p>It cannot be doubted that Napoleon was fully aware of whatever was +proposed at Vienna, and it is absolutely certain that he was +thoroughly informed as to the changed state of public opinion in +France. Having promised a fairly liberal constitution as the price of +his throne, Louis XVIII, with colossal stupidity, undertook to ignore +the past and promulgated the charter as his own gracious act, done in +the nineteenth year of his reign! The upper chamber, or House of +Peers, was his creature, since he could create members at will. Feeble +in mind and body, he was unable to check the reactionary assumptions +of his family, who, having deserted their country, had returned to it +by the aid of invaders despised and feared by the nation. These and +the returning emigrants were provided with rich sinecures, and began +to talk of restoring estates to their rightful owners; in some cases +the possessors, on their death-beds, were intimidated into making such +restitution. The extreme clerical party began even to hamper the +ministry in its efforts to grant the freedom of worship guaranteed by +the constitution. Secular business was forbidden on certain holy days, +and funeral masses were celebrated for Pichegru, Moreau, and Cadoudal, +that for the latter at the King's expense. When, finally, Christian +burial was refused to an actress, there were riots in Paris.</p> + +<p>But the government continued its suicidal course; even the Vendée grew +disaffected, and, the suffrage having been greatly restricted, there +were murmurings about <span class="pagenum"><a id="page147" name="page147"></a>(p. 147)</span> oligarchies and tyrants. At Nîmes the +Protestants feared another St. Bartholomew, and said so. Even moderate +royalists grew troubled, and could not retort when they heard the new +order stigmatized by the fitting name of "paternal anarchy." Both +veterans and conscripts deserted in great numbers from the army as +they saw their officers discharged by the score to make places for the +young aristocracy, or their comrades retired, nominally on half-pay, +in reality to eke out a subsistence as best they could. It was not +long before men showed each other pocket-pieces bearing Napoleon's +effigy, whispering as watchwords, "Courage and hope," or "He has been +and will be," or "Frenchmen, awake; the Emperor is waking." As early +as July, 1814, rumors of his return were rife in country districts, +and by autumn the longing for it was outspoken and general. In Paris +there was greater caution, but as Marmont was called "Judas" for +having betrayed his master, so Berthier was known as "Peter" in that +he had denied him, and it was a common joke to tie a white cockade to +the tail of a dog. Before the Chamber met the various factions openly +avowed themselves as either royalists, Bonapartists, liberals, or +Jacobins. The money estimates presented made it clear that a king was +more expensive than an emperor, and when the peers not only voted to +indemnify the emigrants for the lands held by their families, but +likewise passed a bill establishing the censorship of the press, it +was common talk that the present state of things could not last.</p> + +<p>The number of French prisoners of war and of soldiers released from +the besieged fortresses in central Europe was about three hundred +thousand, of whom a third were veterans of the Empire. To these must +be added the army which Soult, ignorant of Napoleon's abdication, had +led to defeat at Toulouse, and the soldiers <span class="pagenum"><a id="page148" name="page148"></a>(p. 148)</span> who had served in +Italy. These men, long accustomed to much consideration, found +themselves on their return to be persons of no consequence. They +learned that the great officers of the Empire were everywhere treated +with scant courtesy, and that the great ladies of the imperial court +were now virtually driven from the Tuileries by the significant +questions and loud asides of the royal personages who had supplanted +them. It was told in all public resorts how Ney had resented the rude +affronts put on his wife by the Duchess of Angoulême. The well-trained +subordinate officers of these contingents were turned adrift by +thousands on the same terms as those of Napoleon's own army, half-pay +if they showed themselves good Catholics, otherwise nothing. For the +most part, again, this promise was empty; young royalists were put in +their places, the pay of the old guard was reduced, a new noble guard +was organized, promotion was refused to those who had received +commissions during the operations of war, and the asylums established +for the orphans of those who had belonged to the Legion of Honor were +abolished. So bitter was the outcry that the King felt compelled to +dismiss his minister of war, and, not daring to substitute Marmont, +who demanded the place, appointed Soult. He too was speedily +discredited for harshness to Exelmans, a subordinate who was +discovered to have been in correspondence with Napoleon; and by the +middle of February, 1815, nearly all the soldiers were at heart +Bonapartists, their friends for the most part abetting them.</p> + +<a id="img006" name="img006"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/img006.jpg" width="300" height="442" alt="" title=""> +<p class="small">Napoleon Exposition, 1895</p> +<p><span class="smcap">The King of Rome</span><br> +<span class="smaller">Painted by Marie Louise under direction of Isabey<br> belonging to Messrs. +Marquis and Comte de Las Cases.</span></p> +</div> + +<p>In less than two months after Louis XVIII took his seat, Talleyrand +and Fouché were deep in their element of plot and intrigue. They +thought of the son of Philippe Égalité as a possible constitutional +ruler; they talked of reëstablishing the imperial regency; with +Napoleon placed beyond the possibility of returning, the latter +course <span class="pagenum"><a id="page149" name="page149"></a>(p. 149)</span> would be safe. During the succeeding months they +continued to juggle with this double intrigue, and around their plots +clustered minor ones in mass. Lord Liverpool actually called +Wellington to London for fear the duke should be seized, and Marmont +put the Paris garrison under arms. On January twenty-first, 1815, the +death of Louis XVI was commemorated by the royalists with the wildest +talk; and such was the general fury over Exelmans's treatment that +Fouché at last stepped forward to give his conspiracy some form. +Carnot and Davout were both expected to coöperate; but although they +refused, enough officers of influence were secured to make a plan for +an extended insurrection entirely feasible. For this all parties were +willing to unite; no one knew or cared what was to supplant the +existing government—anything was better than "paternal anarchy."</p> + +<p>How accurate the information was which reached Napoleon at Elba we +cannot ascertain, for his feelings were masked and his conduct was +non-committal. He had entirely recovered his health, and though old in +experience, he was only forty-five years of age, and still appeared +like one in the prime of life. He was apparently vigorous, being +short, thick-necked, and inclined to corpulence. His cheeks were +somewhat heavy and sensuous, his hair receded far back on the temples, +his limbs were powerful, his hands and feet were delicately formed and +noticeably small. His movements were nervous and well controlled, his +eye was clear and bright, his passions were strong, his self-control +was apparent, and the coördination of his powers was easy. To the +Elban peasant he was gracious; with his subordinates he was dignified; +among his many visitors he moved with good humor and tact; his +kindness to his mother and sister made both of them devoted and +happy.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page150" name="page150"></a>(p. 150)</span> The only anxiety he displayed was in regard to assassination +and kidnapping: the former he said he could meet like a soldier; of +the latter he spoke with anxious foreboding. He had reason to fear +both. Every week either in France or Italy or both, there was a plot +among fanatical royalists and priests to kill him; and though the +Barbary pirates were eager to seize him and win a great ransom, they +were excelled in their zeal both by Mariotte, Talleyrand's agent in +Leghorn, and by Bruslart, a bitter and ancient enemy, who had been +appointed governor of Corsica for the purpose. For these reasons, +probably, the Emperor of Elba lived as far as possible in seclusion. +As time passed he grew less intimate with Campbell, but the Scotch +gentleman did not attribute the fact to discontent. Before leaving +Elba, on February sixteenth, to reside for a time in Florence and +perform the duties of English envoy in that place, he gave it as his +opinion that if Napoleon received the pension stipulated for in the +treaty he would remain tranquilly where he was.</p> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page151" name="page151"></a>(p. 151)</span> CHAPTER XIII</h3> + +<h4>Napoleon the Liberator<a id="footnotetag16" name="footnotetag16"></a><a href="#footnote16" title="Go to footnote 16"><span class="smaller">[16]</span></a></h4> + +<p class="summary">Napoleon Ready to Reappear — Reasons for his Determination — + The Return to France — The Northward March — Grenoble Opens its + Gates — The Lyons Proclamations — The Emperor in the Tuileries + — The Emperor of the French — The Additional Act — Effects of + the Return in France and Elsewhere — The Congress of Vienna + Denounces Napoleon.</p> + +<p>It has lately been recalled that as early as July, 1814, the Emperor +of Elba remarked to an English visitor that Louis XVIII, being +surrounded by those who had betrayed the Empire, would in turn +probably be himself betrayed by them. For the ensuing four months, +however, the exile gave no sign of any deep purpose; to those who +wished to leave him, he gave a hearty good-by. In December, however, +he remarked to one of his old soldiers, pointedly, as the man thought: +"Well, grenadier, you are bored; ... take the weather as it comes." +Slipping a gold piece into the veteran's hand, he then turned away, +humming to a simple air the words, "This will not last forever." +Thereafter he dissuaded all who sought to depart, saying: "Be patient. +We'll pass these few winter days as best we may; then we'll try to +spend the spring in another fashion." This vague language may +possibly have referred to the Italian <span class="pagenum"><a id="page152" name="page152"></a>(p. 152)</span> scheme, but on February +tenth he received a clear account of what had happened at Vienna, and +on the evening of the twelfth Fleury de Chaboulon, a confidential +friend of Maret, arrived in the disguise of a sailor, and revealed in +the fullest and most authentic way the state of France. When he heard +of the plan to reëstablish the regency, Napoleon burst out hotly: "A +regency! What for? Am I, then, dead?" Two days later, after long +conferences, the emissary was despatched to do what he could at +Naples, and the Emperor began his preparations.</p> + +<p>This was soon known on the mainland, and three days later a personage +whose identity has never been revealed arrived in the guise of a +Marseilles merchant, declaring that, except the rich and the +emigrants, every human being in France longed for the Emperor's +return. If he would but set up his hat on the shores of Provence, it +would draw all men toward it. When Napoleon turned pseudo-historian he +declared in one place that the breaches of the Fontainebleau treaty +and his fears of deportation had nothing to do with his return from +Elba; in another he states the reverse. Since the legend he was then +studiously constructing required the unbroken devotion of the French +to the standard-bearer of the Revolution for the sake of consistency, +he probably recalled only the feelings awakened by Fleury's report +that opportunity was ripe, and that, too, earlier than had been +expected. But there were other motives at the time, for Peyrusse, +keeper of Napoleon's purse during the Elban sojourn, heard his master +asseverate that it would be more dangerous to remain in Porto Ferrajo +than to return to France. In any case, so far as France and the world +at large were concerned, the contemptuous indifference of Louis and +his ministers to their obligations under the treaty powerfully +justified <span class="pagenum"><a id="page153" name="page153"></a>(p. 153)</span> Napoleon's course. Even Alexander and Castlereagh +had early made an indignant protest to Talleyrand; but the latter, +already deep in conspiracy, turned them off with a flippant rejoinder.</p> + +<p>With great adroitness and secrecy Napoleon collected and fitted out +his little flotilla, which consisted of the <i>Inconstant</i>, a stout brig +assigned to him at Fontainebleau, and seven smaller craft. During the +preparations the French and English war-vessels patrolling the +neighboring waters came and went, but their captains suspected +nothing. Campbell's departure created a false rumor among the +islanders that England was favoring some expedition on which the +Emperor was about to embark, thus allaying all suspicion. When, on the +twenty-sixth, a little army of eleven hundred men found itself afloat, +with eighty horses and a number of cannon, no one seemed to realize +what had happened; except Drouot, who pleaded against Napoleon's +rashness, all were enthusiastic. To avoid suspicion, each captain +steered his own course, and the various craft dotting the sea at +irregular intervals looked no way unlike the other boats which plied +those waters. Several men-of-war were sighted, but they kept their +course. As one danger after another was averted, the great +adventurer's spirits rose until he was exuberant with joy, and talked +of Austerlitz. It was March first when land was finally sighted from +the <i>Inconstant</i>; as if by magic, the other vessels hove in sight +immediately, and by four the men were all ashore on the strand of the +Gulf of Jouan. Cambronne, a colonel of the imperial guards, was sent +to requisition horses at Cannes, with the strict injunction that not a +drop of blood be shed. As the great actor had theatrically said on +board his brig, he was "about to produce a great novelty," and he +counted upon dazzling the beholders into an enthusiasm they had +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page154" name="page154"></a>(p. 154)</span> ceased to feel for the old plays. Among others brought to +Napoleon's bivouac that night was the Prince of Monaco, who had been +found by Cambronne at St. Pierre traveling in a four-horse carriage, +and had been taken as a prisoner into Napoleon's presence. "Where are +you going?" was, according to tradition, the greeting of Napoleon. "I +am returning to my domains," came the reply. "Indeed! and I too," was +the merry retort.</p> + +<p>Recalling the mortal agony he had endured on the highway through Aix +but a short year before, and its causes, and having been informed how +bitter was the anti-royalist feeling in the Dauphiné, Napoleon set his +little army in march direct toward Grenoble. At Cannes there was +general indifference; at Grasse it was found that the division general +in command had fled, and there were a few timid shouts of "Long live +the Emperor!" Thence to Digne on the Grenoble highway was a mountain +track over a ridge twelve thousand feet above the sea. In twenty hours +the slender column marched thirty-five miles. The "growlers" joked +about the "little corporal" who trudged at their side, the Alpine +hamlets provided abundant rations, and the government officials +furnished blank passports which enabled Napoleon to send emissaries +both to Grenoble and to Marseilles, where Masséna was in command. The +little garrison of Digne was Bonapartist in feeling, but it was not +yet ready to join Napoleon, and withdrew; that at Sisteron was kept +from meddling by a body of troops which had been despatched as a corps +of observation from Marseilles, while the populace shouted heartily +for the Emperor. At Gap the officials strove to organize resistance, +but they desisted before the menaces of the people. By this time the +peasantry were coming in by hundreds. So far Napoleon's enterprise +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page155" name="page155"></a>(p. 155)</span> had received but four recruits: two soldiers from Antibes, a +tanner from Grasse, and a gendarme. Now he was so confident that he +dismissed the peasantry, assuring them that the soldiers in front +would join his standards.</p> + +<p>On March seventh the head of the column of imperial adventurers +reached La Mure, a short day's march from Grenoble. They were received +with enthusiasm, and a bucket of the poor native wine was brought for +the refreshment of the men. When all had been served Napoleon reached +out for the cheap little glass, and swallowed his ration like the +rest. There was wild delight among both his men and the onlookers as +the "army" set out for Laffray, the next hamlet, where was a small +detachment sent from Grenoble to destroy a bridge over the Drac. With +inscrutable faces they stood across the highway, lances set and +muskets charged, under orders to fire on Napoleon the moment he should +appear. At length the critical moment arrived. "There he is! Fire!" +cried a royalist officer. The soldiers clutched their arms, their +faces blanched, their knees shook, and they—disobeyed! Napoleon, +walking slowly, advanced within pistol-shot. He wore the old familiar +gray surtout, the well-known cocked hat, and a tricolor cockade. +"Soldiers of the Fifth," he said in a strong, calm voice, "behold me!" +Then advancing a few paces farther, he threw open his coat and +displaying the familiar uniform, he called: "If there be one soldier +among you who wishes to kill his Emperor, he can. I come to offer +myself to your assaults." In an instant the opposing ranks melted into +a mob of sobbing, cheering men, kissing Napoleon's shoes, struggling +to touch the skirts of his shabby garments. The surrounding throng +crowded near in sympathy. "Soldiers," cried the magician, "I come +with a handful of brave men because I count on <span class="pagenum"><a id="page156" name="page156"></a>(p. 156)</span> you and the +people. The throne of the Bourbons is illegitimate because it was not +erected by the nation. Your fathers are threatened by a restoration of +titles, of privilege, and of feudal rights; is it not so?" "Yes, yes," +shouted the multitude. At that instant appeared a rider arrayed in the +uniform of the national guard, but wearing a huge tricolor cockade. +Alighting at Napoleon's feet, he said: "Sire, I am Jean Dumoulin the +glove-maker; I bring to your majesty a hundred thousand francs and my +arm." At that instant likewise an imperial proclamation denouncing +traitors, and promising that under the old standards victory would +return like the storm-wind, was passing from hand to hand in the +garrison of Grenoble. Labédoyère, the colonel, of the Seventh of the +line, first announced his purpose to support his Emperor, and the +royalist officers saw the imperialist feeling spread with dismay. They +arranged to evacuate the place next morning. At seven in the evening +Napoleon summoned the town; the commandant, unable to resist the +pressure of both soldiers and populace, fled with a few adherents, and +at ten the gates were opened. The reception of the returning exile was +hearty and impressive. It was with an army of seven thousand men that, +after a rest of thirty-six hours, he started for Lyons.</p> + +<p>"As far as Grenoble I was an adventurer; at Grenoble I was a prince," +wrote Napoleon at St. Helena. If this were true, at Lyons he was an +Emperor in fact as well as in name, that great city receiving him with +plaudits as energetic as were the execrations with which they +dismissed Artois and Macdonald. Recalling the lessons of his youth, +some learned in Corsica, some in the Rhone valley, the returning +Emperor carefully felt the pulse of public opinion as he journeyed. He +found the longing for peace to be universal, and even before entering +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page157" name="page157"></a>(p. 157)</span> Lyons he began to promise peace with honor. But this he +quickly found was not enough: it must be peace with liberty as well. +The sole task before him, therefore, he declared to be that of +protecting the interests and principles of the Revolution against the +returning emigrants. France, restored to her glory, was to live in +harmony with other European powers as long as they minded their own +affairs. Napoleon, the liberator of France! To terrify foreign +invaders and intestine foes a great united nation was to speak in +trumpet notes. From Lyons, therefore, second city of the Empire, was +summoned a popular assembly to revise the constitution. To convey the +impression that Austria was in secret accord with the Emperor's +course, three delegates from the eastern capital were summoned to +assist at a significant ceremony which was to occur almost +immediately, the coronation of the Empress and the King of Rome. Still +further, a decree was issued which banished the returned emigrants and +swept away the pretensions of the arrogant nobles. Talleyrand, +Marmont, Augereau, and Dalberg were attainted, and the noble guard of +the King was abolished. Under these influences Bonapartist feeling +grew so intense and spread so widely that the army of Soult, which had +been assembled in the southeast to oppose Murat, turned imperialist +almost to a man. Masséna, who seems to have followed the lead of +Fouché, waited to see what was coming, and remained neutral. Ney fell +in with the general movement, and joined Napoleon at Auxerre. "Embrace +me, my dear general," were the Emperor's words of greeting. "I am glad +to see you; and I want neither explanations nor justifications."</p> + +<p>All resistance disappeared before Napoleon's advance as he passed +Autun and descended the Yonne valley toward Paris. Everywhere there +were dissensions among <span class="pagenum"><a id="page158" name="page158"></a>(p. 158)</span> the populace, but the enthusiasm of +the soldiers and their sympathizers triumphed. The troops despatched +by the King's government to overpower the "usurper" sooner or later +went over to the "usurper's" standards. One morning a placard was +found on the railing around the Vendôme column: "Napoleon to Louis +XVIII. My good brother, it is useless to send me any more troops; I +have enough." Paris was in a storm of suppressed excitement. The +measures of resistance were half-hearted; the King made lavish +concessions and the chambers passed excellent laws without attracting +any attention or sympathy; volunteers were raised, but there was no +energy in their organization. When Napoleon reached Fontainebleau on +the eighteenth, the reserves stationed in and near Paris on the south +came over to him in a body. On the nineteenth Louis issued a +despairing address to the army, and fled to Lille; on the morning of +the twentieth the capital found itself without any vestige of +government. The streets were thronged with people, but there was no +disorder until a band of royalists attacked a half-pay officer wearing +the imperial cockade. At once the city guard formed and intervened to +quell the disturbance. Thereupon the imperialists endeavored to seize +the Tuileries; they, too, were checked, and a double force, royalist +and imperial, was set to defend that important spot. Over other public +buildings the imperial colors waved alone and undisturbed. During the +afternoon the crowds dispersed and the imperial officials quietly +resumed their places. At nine in the evening a post-chaise rolled up +to the Tuileries gate, Napoleon alighted, and the observers thought +his smile was like that of one walking in a dream. At once he was +caught in the brawny arms of his admirers, and handed upward from step +to step, from landing to landing. So fierce was the affection of his +friends that <span class="pagenum"><a id="page159" name="page159"></a>(p. 159)</span> his life seemed to be in danger from their +embraces, and it was with relief that he entered his cabinet and +closed the door, to find himself among a few of his old stanch and +tried servants, with Caulaincourt at their head. This reception had +been in sharp contrast to the apathy displayed on the streets, where +the people were few in number, unenthusiastic, and indifferent. "They +let me come," said Napoleon to Mollien, "as they let the other go." +Finding himself unable to endure the loneliness of the Tuileries, and +depressed by the associations of the familiar scenes, he withdrew in a +few days to the comparative seclusion of the Élysée, then a suburban +mansion dubbed by courtesy a palace.</p> + +<p>Some portion of Napoleon's leisure in Elba had been devoted, as was +mentioned in another connection, to sketching the outline of a +treatise intended to prove that his dynasty was quite as legitimate as +any other which had ruled over France. His illusions of European +empire were dismissed either permanently or temporarily, and for the +moment he was the apostle of nationality and popular sovereignty in +France. Before laying his head on his pillow in the Tuileries he +displayed this fact to the world in the constitution of his cabinet, +which would in our day be designated as a cabinet of concentration, +representative of various shades of opinion. Maret, Davout, +Cambacérès, Gaudin, Mollien, Decrès, Caulaincourt, Fouché, and Carnot +accepted the various portfolios; most surprising of all, Benjamin +Constant, the constitutional republican, became president of a +reconstructed council of state. In connection with the announcement of +these names, the nation was informed that the constitution was to be +revised, and that the censorship of the press was abolished. In +reference to the latter, Napoleon remarked that, since everything +possible had been said about him during the past year, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page160" name="page160"></a>(p. 160)</span> he +could himself be no worse off than he was, but the editors could still +find much to say about his enemies. To Constant he frankly explained +what he meant by revision. The common people had welcomed his return +because he was one of themselves, and at a signal he could have the +nobles murdered. But he wanted no peasants' war, and, as the taste had +returned for unrestricted discussion, public trials, emancipated +elections, responsible ministers, and all the paraphernalia of +constitutional government, the public must be gratified. For all this +he was ready, and with it for peace. But peace he could win only by +victory, for, although in his conduct, in the Lyons decrees, and in +casual talk, he hinted at negotiations with foreign powers, those +negotiations were purely imaginary.</p> + +<p>With a clear comprehension of the situation, the ministers went to +work. On April twenty-third was promulgated the Additional Act, +whereby the franchise was extended, the state church abolished, +liberty of worship guaranteed, and every wretched remnant of privilege +or divine right expunged. The two chambers were retained, many +imperial dignitaries being assigned to the House of Peers, the +Bonaparte brothers, Lucien, Joseph, and Jerome, among the number. It +was, as Chateaubriand sarcastically said, a revised and improved +edition of Louis's constitution. The preamble, however, was new; it +set forth that Napoleon, having been long engaged in constructing a +great European federal system suited to the spirit of the time and +favorable to the spirit of civilization, had now abandoned it, and +would henceforth devote himself to a single aim, the perfect security +of public liberty. This specious representation, half true and half +false, awakened no enthusiasm in France; it was accepted, along with +the Additional Act, by a plebiscite, but by only a million three +hundred thousand <span class="pagenum"><a id="page161" name="page161"></a>(p. 161)</span> votes—less than half the number cast for +the Consulate and the Empire. This was largely due to a curious +apathy, induced by a still more curious but firm conviction that at +last France had secured peace with honor. Reference has been made to a +military conspiracy fomented by Fouché in the North; before the +hostile public feeling thus engendered in that quarter Louis fled to +Ghent within five days after Napoleon reached Paris, and, though the +royal princes were able to carry on civil war in the South a little +longer, it was generally felt that the nation now had a ruler of its +own choosing, and that if they attended strictly to their own affairs +they would be left in peace. For considerable time there was little +news from abroad, and so swift was the rush of internal affairs that +no heed was given to what there was.</p> + +<p>This was suddenly changed in April, when it was brought home to the +nation that the specter of war had again been raised, and that the +dynasties were finally a unit in their determination to extirpate the +Napoleonic régime as a measure of self-defense. Every man with any +means saw himself beggared, and every mother felt her son slipping +from her arms to swim once more that sea of blood in which for a +generation the hope of the nation had been submerged. The depression +was general and terrible, for the prospect was appalling. England, +entangled with dynastic alliances in order to preserve her prosperity +and dignity, had lost most of her serious and trusted leaders, and the +few who survived were so panic-stricken as to have little +perspicacity. The King's illness having at last removed him from +public life, he had been succeeded by the most profligate and +frivolous of all the line of English kings, the Prince Regent, who was +later George IV. Percival and Liverpool were not merely conservative +from principle; they <span class="pagenum"><a id="page162" name="page162"></a>(p. 162)</span> were negative from the love of +negatives. Already they had laid the basis, in their mismanagement of +domestic affairs, for the social turbulence which within a short time +was to compel the most sweeping reforms. Castlereagh had not even an +inkling of what the treaty of Chaumont might mean to Great Britain in +the end. To destroy Napoleon he was perfectly content that his own +free country should support a system of dynastic politics destructive +of every principle of liberty.</p> + +<p>The Congress of Vienna represented, not a confederation of states, but +a league of dynasties posing as nations and banded for mutual +self-preservation. To them the permanent restoration of Napoleon could +mean only one thing, the recognition of a nation's right to choose its +own rulers, and that would be the end of absolutism in Europe. To +Great Britain it would mean the destruction of her prosperity, or at +least a serious diminution of both power and prestige. The late +coalition, therefore, was re-cemented without difficulty, but on a +basis entirely new. The account of Napoleon's escape reached Vienna on +March sixth. Within the week Maria Louisa, now entirely under +Neipperg's influence, wrote declaring herself a stranger to all +Napoleon's schemes, and a few days later the French attendants of the +little King of Rome were dismissed; the child's last words to Méneval +were a message of affection to his father.<a id="footnotetag17" name="footnotetag17"></a><a href="#footnote17" title="Go to footnote 17"><span class="smaller">[17]</span></a> At that time +negotiations among the powers were progressing famously, each having +secured its main object; on March thirteenth the Congress, under +Castlereagh's instigation, publicly denounced Napoleon as the "enemy +and disturber of the world's peace," and proclaimed him an outlaw. The +Whigs stigmatized the paper in parliament as provocative of +assassination and a disgrace to the English character, but, of all +the important journals, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page163" name="page163"></a>(p. 163)</span> the "Morning Chronicle" alone was +courageous enough to sustain them, asserting that it was a matter of +complete indifference to England whether a Bourbon or a Bonaparte +reigned in France. These manly protests were unheeded, and by the +twenty-fifth all Europe, except Naples, was united against France +alone.</p> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page164" name="page164"></a>(p. 164)</span> CHAPTER XIV</h3> + +<h4>The Dynasties Implacable<a id="footnotetag18" name="footnotetag18"></a><a href="#footnote18" title="Go to footnote 18"><span class="smaller">[18]</span></a></h4> + +<p class="summary">The Vienna Coalition — Its Purpose — Napoleon as a Liberal — + The Fiasco — France on the Defensive — Napoleon's Health — War + Preparations of the Combatants — Their Respective Forces — + Qualities and Achievements of the French — The Armies of Blücher + and Wellington — The French Strategy — Napoleon's First + Misfortune.</p> + +<p class="sidenote">1815</p> + +<p>The supreme effort of the dynasties to outlaw Napoleon, and restore +France to the Bourbons, was made by what was nominally an alliance of +eight members—Austria, Great Britain, Prussia, Russia, France, Spain, +Portugal, and Sweden. The last was, however, absorbed in her struggle +with Norway, and, though Spain and Portugal were signatories, the real +strength of the coalition arranged at Vienna lay in a virtual renewal +of the treaty of Chaumont: Austria, Prussia, and Russia were each to +put a hundred and eighty thousand men in the field, and Great Britain +was to continue her subsidies.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page165" name="page165"></a>(p. 165)</span> On April fourth, the sovereigns of Europe were notified that +the Empire meant peace; they retorted by the mobilization of their +forces, and by denouncing in a joint protocol the treaty of Paris. In +his extremity Napoleon appealed to Talleyrand, but that minister knew +too well the temper of the Congress at Vienna, and refused to +coöperate. The versatile Fouché thereupon initiated a new plot, this +time against Napoleon, and sounded Metternich; but Metternich was +dumb. The other diplomats asseverated that they did not wish to +interfere with the domestic affairs of France; but they prevaricated, +intending nothing less than the complete restoration of the Bourbons.</p> + +<p>Under the shadow of this storm-cloud Napoleon regulated his domestic +affairs of state with intrepid calmness. He had no easy task. It was +the revived hatred of the masses for priests and nobles to which he +had appealed on his progress from Grenoble, and, observing the wild +outbursts of the populace at Lyons, he had whispered, "This is +madness." It was with studied deliberation, therefore, that in Paris +he cast himself completely upon the moderate liberals. This alienated +the Jacobin elements throughout the country, and they, in turn, +stirred up the royalists. When it became clear that neither Maria +Louisa nor the King of Rome was to be crowned, and that there was no +help in Austria, even the imperialists displayed a dangerous temper. +Such was the general uneasiness about war that the first measures of +army reorganization were taken almost stealthily. It was easy enough +to establish the skeleton of formation, and not very difficult to find +trustworthy officers, commissioned and non-commissioned; but to summon +recruits was to announce the coming war. Of the three hundred thousand +veterans now returned home, less than one fifth responded to the call +for volunteers; the Emperor <span class="pagenum"><a id="page166" name="page166"></a>(p. 166)</span> had reckoned on four fifths at +least. The National Guard was so surly that many felt it would be +bravado for Napoleon to review them. But he was determined to do so, +and on April sixteenth the hazardous ceremony took place. Until at +least half the companies had been reviewed not a cheer was heard; then +there were a few scattering shouts here and there in the ranks; +finally there was some genuine enthusiasm.</p> + +<p>By the middle of May the national deputies summoned at Lyons began to +arrive. They were to meet, after the fashion of Charles the Great's +assemblies, in the open field. Their task was to be the making of a +new constitution. It was not reassuring news that they brought from +their various homes, and their accounts disturbed public opinion in +Paris sadly. Before long it was known that civil war had again broken +out in Vendée; the consequences would have been most disastrous had +not La Rochejacquelein, the insurgent leader, been killed on June +fourth. As it was, the ignoble slaughter of one of their order +intensified the bitterness of the nobles. Worse still, it had been +found that of the six hundred and twenty-nine deputies five hundred +were ardent constitutionalists indifferent to Napoleon, and that only +fifty were his devoted personal friends; there were even between +thirty and forty who were Jacobins, and at Fouché's command. Under +these circumstances the Emperor dared not hold the promised national +congress. What could be substituted for it? The great dramatic artist +was not long at a loss. He determined to summon the electoral deputies +to a gorgeous open-air ceremony on June first, and have them stamp +with their approval the Additional Act. A truly impressive spectacle +would pass muster for the promised "field of May," and profoundly +affect the minds of all present. But, unfortunately, though Ségur +made the plan, and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page167" name="page167"></a>(p. 167)</span> though every detail was carefully studied +by Napoleon, the affair was not impressive. About eighteen thousand +persons assembled on the benches, and there was a vast crowd in the +field. The cannon roared their welcome, and the people cheered the +imperial carriage, the marshals, the body-guard, and the procession. +But when Napoleon and his brothers stepped forth, clad like actors in +theatrical costumes of white velvet, wearing Spanish cloaks +embroidered with the imperial device of golden bees, and with great +plumed hats on their heads, there was a hush of disappointment. The +populace had expected a soldier in a soldier's uniform; many had felt +sure "he" would wear that of the National Guard.</p> + +<p>There was, however, no sign of disrespect while the ministers and the +reconstituted corps of marshals filed to their places. Among the +latter were familiar faces—Ney, Moncey, Kellermann, Sérurier, +Lefebvre, Grouchy, Oudinot, Jourdan, Soult, and Masséna. A committee +of the deputies then stood forth, and their chairman read an address +declaring that France desired a ruler of her own selection, and +promising loyalty in the coming war. Napoleon arose, and in spite of +his absurd clothes commanded attention while he set forth his reasons +for offering a ready-made constitution instead of risking interminable +debate. Although he declared that what was offered could, of course, +be amended, there was no applause, except from a few soldiers. When +the chambers met, a week later, Lanjuinais, one of Napoleon's lifelong +opponents, was chosen president of the House of Deputies. The speech +from the throne was clever and conciliatory, and in spite of evident +distrust both houses promised all the strength of France for +defense—but for defense only. The peers declared that under her new +institutions France could never be swept away by the temptations of +victory; the deputies asserted that nothing <span class="pagenum"><a id="page168" name="page168"></a>(p. 168)</span> could carry the +nation beyond the bounds of its own defense, not even the will of a +victorious prince.</p> + +<p>The anxieties and exertions of two months were manifest in Napoleon's +appearance. His features, though impressive, were drawn, and his long +jaw grew prominent. He lost flesh everywhere except around the waist, +so that his belly, hitherto inconspicuous, looked almost pendulous. +When standing, he folded his hands sometimes in front, sometimes +behind, but separated them frequently to take snuff or rub his nose. +Sometimes he heaved a mechanical sigh, swallowing as if to calm inward +agitation. Often he scowled, and looked out through half-closed lids +as if growing far-sighted; the twitching of his eye and ear on the +left side grew more frequent. With thickening difficulties and +increasing annoyance, serious urinary and stomach troubles set in; +there was also a persistent hacking cough. Recourse was again had to +protracted warm baths in order to alleviate the accompanying +nervousness; but as the ailments were refractory, a mystery soon +attached to the malady, and his enemies said it was a loathsome +disease. In spite of the statements both of the Prussian commissioner +at Fontainebleau, Count Truchsess-Waldburg, and of Sir Hudson Lowe, it +is highly improbable that Napoleon's health was undermined by sexual +infection. He was surrounded all his life by malignant attendants, and +among the sweepings of their minds, which in recent years have been +scattered before the public, there would be some proof of the fact. In +the utter absence of any reliable information, some have guessed that +the trouble was the preliminary stage in the disease of which he died; +and others, again, in view of his quick changes of mood, his +depressions, exaltations, sharpened sensibilities, and abrupt +rudeness, have explained all his peculiarities in disease and health +by attributing them to a recondite <span class="pagenum"><a id="page169" name="page169"></a>(p. 169)</span> form of epilepsy. +Exhausted and nervous, the sufferer might well, as was the case, be +found in tears before the portrait of his son; he might well lift up +his voice, as he was heard to do, against the destiny which had played +him false. But he was quite shrewd enough to see that during his +absence no regency could be trusted, and he arranged to conduct +affairs by special messengers. Joseph was to preside and give the +casting-vote in the council of state; to Lucien was given a seat in +the same body; but the supreme power rested in Napoleon.</p> + +<p>When Wellington replaced Castlereagh at the Congress of Vienna, it was +quickly apparent that he was greater in the field than at the +council-board. Both he and Blücher desired to assume the offensive +quickly; but inasmuch as Alexander was determined to retain his +ascendancy in the coalition, and as each power insisted on its due +share in the struggle, it was arranged to begin hostilities on June +twenty-seventh, the earliest date at which the Russian troops could +reach the confines of France. There were to be three armies. +Schwarzenberg, with two hundred and fifty thousand men, comprising the +Austrian, Russian, and Bavarian contingents, was to attack across the +upper Rhine; Blücher, with one hundred and fifty thousand Prussians, +was to advance across the lower Rhine; and Wellington in the +Netherlands was to collect an army of one hundred and fifty thousand, +compounded of Dutch, Belgians, Hanoverians, and some thirty-eight +thousand British, who could be there assembled. The two latter armies +were in existence by the first of June, but Wellington was +dissatisfied with the quality of his motley force; even the English +contingent was not the best possible, for his Peninsular veterans had +been sent to find their match in Jackson's riflemen at the battle of +New Orleans.</p> + +<p>On the eve of hostilities Napoleon had one hundred <span class="pagenum"><a id="page170" name="page170"></a>(p. 170)</span> and +twenty-four thousand effective men, and three thousand five hundred +more in his camp train; Wellington had one hundred and six thousand, +but of these four thousand Hanoverians were left in garrison; Blücher +had about one hundred and seventeen thousand. Neither of the two +allied generals dreamed that Napoleon would choose the daring form of +attack upon which he decided—that of a wedge driven into the broken +line nearly a hundred miles in length upon which his enemy lay—for to +do so he must pass the Ardennes. But he did choose it, and selected +for the purpose the valleys of the Sambre and the Meuse. Allowing for +the differences in topography, the idea was identical with that which, +nineteen years before, he had executed splendidly in Piedmont and +repeated in Germany. The twin enemy seemed unaware that its long and +straggling line must, in case of activity, either be broken to +maintain the respective bases or else abandon one base for +concentration and be cut off from supplies. Wellington's base was +westward at Antwerp, Blücher's eastward through Liège toward the +Rhine. Vacillation would ensue, Napoleon felt, on a central attack, +and in that vacillation he intended to repeat with Blücher what he had +done with Brunswick at Jena.</p> + +<p>The opening of the campaign was sufficiently auspicious. By a superb +march during the night of June thirteenth, Napoleon's army had gained +a most advantageous position. The first corps under d'Erlon was at +Solre on the Sambre, the second under Reille was at Leers. The guard, +the sixth corps under Lobau, the line cavalry and the third corps +under Vandamme, stood in that order on a line northeasterly from +Beaumont, and due east of that place were four cavalry corps; the +fourth corps under the young and dashing Gérard had marched from Metz +and were at Philippeville; to the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page171" name="page171"></a>(p. 171)</span> south lay the guard cavalry +and the reserve artillery under Grouchy. In front was Charleroi, +whence a broad turnpike led almost direct to Brussels, thirty-four +miles due north; another turned eastward toward Liège. Thirteen miles +distant on this was Sombreffe; somewhat farther on that, Quatre Bras, +both on the highway running east and west between Namur and Nivelles. +To have accomplished such marches as it did, the French army must have +been fine; to have secured such a brilliant strategic position its +general must have been almost inspired. He commanded the operating +lines of both Wellington and Blücher, while they were far distant from +each other, separated by serious obstacles, both alike instinct with +centrifugal rather than centripetal tendency. The same high qualities +which shone in their general distinguished the subordinate French +commanders. Though many of the famous names are absent from the +list,—Mortier, for instance, having fallen ill on the frontier,—yet +Soult was present as chief of staff, and Ney was coming up to take +command of the left wing. Reille, d'Erlon, and Foy were veterans of +the Peninsular war; what twenty-two years of service had done for the +"wild Hun," Vandamme, is known. Kellermann was made famous by Marengo, +Lobau was noted for daring, Gérard had earned distinction in Russia, +and though Grouchy's merit has been the theme of much discussion, yet +he had been famous under Jourdan and Moreau, and nothing had occurred +in the long interval to tarnish his reputation.</p> + +<p>Nearly half of Blücher's troops were irregular reserves, and many of +the regulars were recruits, but all were thoroughly drilled and well +equipped. The passion of hatred which animated them was comparable +only to the "French fury" with which Napoleon's army would fight for +national existence. Such was the reverence <span class="pagenum"><a id="page172" name="page172"></a>(p. 172)</span> for routine among +the Prussian officers, and so bitter were the jealousies of the petty +aristocracy from which they sprang, that the King dared not promote on +any basis except that of seniority. In order to make Gneisenau second +in command, York, Kleist, and Tauenzien were stationed elsewhere, and +Bülow was put in command of a reserve to hold Belgium when Blücher +should advance to Paris. The aged but fiery marshal had not mended his +health by the self-indulgence of a year; the three division generals, +Ziethen, Pirch, and Thielemann were capable men of local renown. +Gneisenau and Bülow were the only first-rate men among the Prussian +commanders, but for rousing enthusiasm Blücher's name was a word to +conjure with. Wellington was felt by his officers and soldiers to be a +man of real power; his British recruits were well drilled, and his +veterans were good. His associate generals were no more famous than +those of Gneisenau, but they were, for the most part, English +gentlemen with a high sense of duty and much executive ability. One of +his corps was commanded by the Prince of Orange, a respectable +soldier, whose name, however, was more valuable than the experience he +had gained in the Peninsula as aide-de-camp; the other corps was under +Lord Hill, an admirable subordinate and an excellent commander. The +only English general whose name is a familiar one abroad was Picton, +who died on the field. As to the quality of the respective armies, it +has become the fashion of each nation to decry that of its own and +overrate that of the other two. Thus they condone their own blunders, +and yet heighten the renown of victory. Napoleon was superior in +organization, in cavalry, and in artillery to either Wellington or +Blücher, but he was inferior to both in infantry. He was in wretched +health, and he had a desperate cause. Taking fully into account his +consummate ability and personal <span class="pagenum"><a id="page173" name="page173"></a>(p. 173)</span> prestige, it yet remains true +that the odds against him were high, certainly eight to five.</p> + +<p>Ziethen's posts before Charleroi saw the French camp-fires in the +early hours of June fourteenth; that evening they began to withdraw +toward Fleurus, whither the remainder of the Prussian army was +gradually set in motion. It seems incredible that this should have +been the first move of the allies toward concentrating their widely +scattered forces, for neither Wellington nor Blücher was completely +surprised. Both commanders had for two days been aware, in a general +way, of Napoleon's movements, but they were awaiting developments. It +was Wellington's opinion, carefully set forth in his old age, that it +would have been better strategy for the French to advance so as to +turn his right, seize his munitions, and cut off his base; but as this +would have rolled up the entire allied force, ready to deliver battle +with odds of two to one, the statement may perhaps be accepted as an +explanation, but certainly not as a justification.</p> + +<p>In the dawn of the fifteenth a ringing, rousing proclamation, like +those of the olden time, and written the day before on the anniversary +of Marengo, was read to the French soldiers. It was in high spirits +that the army, in three columns, began to march. The left, under +Reille, dislodged the Prussian outposts from Thuin, and, forcing them +back through Marchiennes, seized the bridge at that place, and crossed +to the left bank of the Sambre. The movement was complete by ten in +the morning. The center under Napoleon comprised the mass of the army: +Pajol, Vandamme, Lobau, the Guard, Exelmans, Kellermann, and Milhaud. +Soult despatched his orders by a solitary aide, who broke his leg by a +fall from his horse, and failed to deliver them. Though at equally +critical moments before both Eylau and Wagram, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page174" name="page174"></a>(p. 174)</span> Berthier had +done as Soult did, with identical results, yet the latter was justly +and severely blamed. Had Vandamme been found, the movements of the +center would have been greatly accelerated, the speedy capture of +Charleroi would have enabled the third corps to reach Fleurus in time +to intercept Ziethen, and thus the whole course of events would have +been changed. The marshal's ill success was, therefore, as Napoleon +called it, a "deplorable mischance," and it was high noon before +Pajol, with the van, reached Charleroi and, after a smart engagement, +drove out the Prussians. The right wing, under Gérard, was in motion +at five in the morning, but it also was detained by a serious +disaster. Shortly after starting it was found that Bourmont, the +commander of its best division, a man who had been Chouan, +imperialist, and royalist by turns, had deserted with his chief of +staff and eight soldiers. Having been at the council of war, he had +the latest information of Napoleon's secret plans, and his treason +demoralized the troops he so basely abandoned. It was long before +confidence could be restored; the crossing at Charleroi had been +delayed too long, and it was nightfall when Gérard at last reached +Châtelet, four miles below, secured the bridge, and crossed with only +half his men. The campaign opened, if not in disaster, at least with +only partial success.</p> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page175" name="page175"></a>(p. 175)</span> CHAPTER XV</h3> + +<h4>Ligny and Quatre Bras<a id="footnotetag19" name="footnotetag19"></a><a href="#footnote19" title="Go to footnote 19"><span class="smaller">[19]</span></a></h4> + +<p class="summary">Napoleon's Orders — Ney's Failure to Seize Quatre Bras — + Wellington Surprised — Napoleon's Fine Strategy — The Meeting + at Ligny — Blücher's Defeat — The Hostile Forces at Quatre Bras + — Wellington Withdraws — Napoleon's Over-confidence — His + Instructions to Grouchy — His Advance from Quatre Bras.</p> + +<p>For four hours after his arrival at Charleroi, Napoleon, uneasy as to +the whereabouts of his detachments, stood in idleness waiting for +news. During this interval the first Prussian corps under Ziethen, +retreating from Charleroi, reached Fleurus unmolested, all except a +small body, which gathered at Gosselies, on the Brussels road, but was +easily dispersed by Reille. It seemed as if the road to Quatre Bras +was open, and when, at half-past four, Ney appeared, he was put in +command of the left, with verbal instructions, as Napoleon asserted +some years later, to seize that strategic point. Within these limits +he was to act independently. If Quatre Bras were surprised and held, +the second move could be attempted: the seizure of Sombreffe. Since +the highway between the two was the only line by which the allied +armies could quickly unite, the possibility <span class="pagenum"><a id="page176" name="page176"></a>(p. 176)</span> of attacking them +separately would be assured even if the successive attacks should +follow each other so closely as to be substantially one battle. Either +Ney misunderstood, or Napoleon recorded what he intended to say, not +what he actually said. Colonel Heymès, Ney's chief of staff, declared +that the Emperor's final words were, "Go, and drive back the enemy"; +the Emperor asserted that his orders to go and hold Quatre Bras were +positive.</p> + +<p>It is also a matter of dispute whether or not Napoleon had hoped, +after seizing the bridges and crossing the Sambre, to complete his +movement by surprising both Quatre Bras and Sombreffe on that same +day, the fifteenth. Had he done so, Blücher might possibly have +withdrawn to effect a junction with Wellington for the decisive +conflict, and thus have thwarted Napoleon's strategy; but it is not +likely, for that move, as finally executed, was the work not of +Blücher but of Gneisenau; at this stage of the campaign the Prussians +would probably have retreated toward Namur. Whatever may have been +Napoleon's intention, Ney hurried to Gosselies, stationed Reille to +hold the place, and then, despatching one division to pursue the +Prussians, and another, with Piré's cavalry, toward Quatre Bras, put +himself at the head of the cavalry of the guard to help in seizing +this latter important point. But at seven his force, to their +astonishment, was confronted by a strong body of Nassauers from +Wellington's army, who, having passed Quatre Bras, had seized Frasnes, +a village two and a half miles in advance. These made no stand, but +Ney, instead of proceeding immediately to attack Quatre Bras itself, +left his men to hold the position at Frasnes, and hurried away to +consult his superior. For this he had excellent reasons: his staff was +not yet organized, and d'Erlon's corps was not within call; <span class="pagenum"><a id="page177" name="page177"></a>(p. 177)</span> +he was therefore too weak for the movement contemplated by his orders. +At the same moment Napoleon, who had been in the saddle since three in +the morning, and who had become convinced that the retreating +Prussians would not halt at Fleurus, but would rejoin their main army, +turned back to Charleroi, and, on reaching his quarters an hour later, +flung himself in utter exhaustion upon his couch. In fact, he was in +exquisite torture from the complication of urinary, hemorrhoidal, and +other troubles which his long day's ride had aggravated, and, as he +declared at St. Helena,—probably the truth,—he had lost his +assurance of final success. The day had been fairly successful, but at +what a cost of energy! No one, he least of all, could feel that there +had been any buoyancy in the movements or favoring fate in the +combinations of his armies.</p> + +<p>Throughout the day Blücher had displayed a fiery zeal. Since early in +May he had had no serious consultation with Wellington, and in a +general conversation held at that time there had been merely a vague +understanding as to a union at some point south of Sombreffe. That +town was accordingly selected by him for concentration, and in general +his orders had been well executed. Why the bridges of Marchiennes and +Châtelet were not undermined and blown up by the Prussians has never +been explained. Moreover, the language of Gneisenau's orders to Bülow +being vague, the latter misinterpreted it, and his much-needed force +was not brought in, as expected. Wellington's conduct is a riddle. He +displayed little anxiety and found time for social enjoyment as well +as for the activities of military command in a supreme crisis. About +the middle of the afternoon he was informed, through the Prince of +Orange, as to his enemy's movements. With perfect calm, he commanded +that his troops should be ready in their cantonments; <span class="pagenum"><a id="page178" name="page178"></a>(p. 178)</span> at +five he issued orders for the divisions to march with a view to +concentration at Nivelles, the easternmost point which he intended to +occupy; at ten, just as he was setting out for the noted ball which +the Duchess of Richmond was giving on the eve of decision, he gave +definite instructions for the concentration to begin. These were his +very first steps toward concentration, although twenty-seven years +later he made the assertion, supported only by his despatch to +Bathurst of the nineteenth, that he had ordered the Anglo-allied army +to concentrate to the left, as Blücher had ordered the Prussians to +concentrate to the right. As a matter of fact, he was twenty-four +hours behind Blücher in ordering his first defensive movements. This +is not excused by the fact that his movement of concentration was +completed somewhat earlier than Blücher's. About twenty minutes after +the Prince of Orange had reached the ball-room, Wellington sent him +away quietly, and then, summoning the Duke of Richmond, who, it is +doubtfully said, was to have command of the reserve when completely +formed, he asked for a map. The two withdrew to an adjoining room. +Wellington closed the door, and said, with an oath, "Napoleon has +humbugged me." He then explained that he had ordered his army to +concentrate at Quatre Bras, adding, "But we shall not stop him there; +and if so, I must fight him here," marking Waterloo with his +thumb-nail on the map as he spoke. It was not until the next morning +that he left for the front. Though Napoleon, on the evening of the +fifteenth, had neither Quatre Bras nor Sombreffe, he held all the +debatable ground; and if, next morning, he could seize the two towns +simultaneously, the first move in his great game would be won. It +seems as if he must risk everything to that end.</p> + +<p>What passed between Napoleon and Ney from midnight <span class="pagenum"><a id="page179" name="page179"></a>(p. 179)</span> until two +in the morning is unknown. There is no evidence that the Emperor +expressed serious dissatisfaction, although he may have been +exasperated. He was not exactly in a position to give vent to his +feelings. Whatever was the nature of their conversation, Ney was again +at his post long before dawn, and not a soldier moved from Charleroi +until nearly noon! It seems that Napoleon, or Ney, or both, must have +been stubbornly convinced that Wellington could not concentrate within +twenty-four hours. That Napoleon was not incapacitated by prostration +is proved by his acts: about five he sent a preliminary order to Ney; +very early, also, he took measures to complete Gérard's crossing at +Châtelet; and then, having considered at length the alternatives of +pushing straight on to Brussels or of taking the course he did, he had +reached a decision as early as seven o'clock. It seems almost certain +that he delayed chiefly to get his troops well in hand, partly to give +them a much-needed rest. They had been seventeen hours afoot the +previous day. Toward nine, believing that more of Ney's command was +assembled than was yet the case, he sent a fretful order commanding +the marshal to seize Quatre Bras, and stating that a semi-independent +command, under Grouchy, would stand at Sombreffe, while he himself +would hold Gembloux. This done, he settled into apparent lethargy. To +Grouchy he wrote that he intended to attack the enemy at Sombreffe, +and "even at Gembloux," and then to operate immediately with Ney +"against the English." His scheme was able, for if at either salient +angle, Quatre Bras or Sombreffe, his presence should be necessary, he +could, at need, quickly join either Ney or Grouchy; but his senses +must have been dulled. When informed that the enemy was at Fleurus in +force, he hesitated long before resolving to move, being crippled by +the inability <span class="pagenum"><a id="page180" name="page180"></a>(p. 180)</span> of his left to move on Quatre Bras and behaving +as if sure that the soldiers before him were only a single corps of +Blücher's army, which he could sweep away at his convenience. +Meanwhile Vandamme had advanced. The Prussians withdrew from Fleurus, +and deployed at the foot of the hillock on which the village of Ligny +stands. When, about midday, Napoleon arrived at Fleurus, he had to +experience the unpleasant surprise of finding a strong force ready to +oppose him. Eighty-seven thousand men, all Blücher's army, except +Bülow's corps and a portion of Ziethen's which had been dispersed by +the right wing and cavalry of the French near Gilly, were drawn up in +battle array to oppose him. This was a loss to the foe of possibly two +thousand men, a serious weakening at a fateful moment. But the Emperor +was not yet ready to meet them, much as he had desired just such a +contingency. He was not aware of the full strength of his enemy, but +he was not sure of annihilating even those he believed to be in +presence, for he had left ten thousand men at Charleroi, under Lobau, +as a reserve, and the troops most available for strengthening his line +were moving toward Quatre Bras.</p> + +<p>By the independent action of their own generals a substantial force of +several thousand Dutch-Belgians, virtually the whole of Perponcher's +division, was concentrated at Quatre Bras early that same morning. To +be sure, Wellington had simultaneously determined on the same step, +but it was taken long before his orders arrived. Indeed, he seems to +have reached Quatre Bras before his orderly. Scarcely halting, he +rapidly surveyed the situation and, leaving the troops in command of +the Prince of Orange, rode away to visit Blücher. The two commanders +met at about one o'clock in the windmill of Bry. They parted in the +firm conviction that the mass <span class="pagenum"><a id="page181" name="page181"></a>(p. 181)</span> of the French army was at +Ligny, and with the verbal understanding that Wellington, if not +himself attacked, would come to Blücher's support. On leaving, the +English commander sharply criticized the tactical disposition of his +ally's army; but Blücher, with the fixed idea that, in any case, the +duke was coming to his aid, determined to stand as he was. With +similar obstinacy, Napoleon, still certain that what he had before +him, although a great force, was only a screen for the retreat of the +main army of the allies, now despatched an order (the second) for Ney +to combine Reille, d'Erlon, and Kellermann in order to destroy +whatever force was in opposition at Quatre Bras. This was at two. The +French attack was opened at half-past two by Gérard and Vandamme; the +resistance was such as to leave no doubt of the real Prussian +strength. This being clear, Napoleon immediately wrote two despatches +of the same tenor—one he sent to Ney by an aide, and one to d'Erlon +by a subofficer of the guard.<a id="footnotetag20" name="footnotetag20"></a><a href="#footnote20" title="Go to footnote 20"><span class="smaller">[20]</span></a> The former (the third for the same +destination) urged Ney to come for the sake of France; the other +summoned d'Erlon from Ney's command to the Emperor's own immediate +assistance: "You will save France, and cover yourself with glory," +were its closing words. This last order, the original of which has but +lately been revealed, came nigh to ruining the whole day's work. +Before Wellington could return to Quatre Bras, Ney's force was engaged +with the Prince of Orange, and before three o'clock a fierce conflict +was raging at that place. D'Erlon appears to have been in a frightful +quandary as to his duty. He marched away toward St. Amand and in his +dilemma detached his best division, that of Durutte, toward Bry. +Neither superior nor subordinate did anything to the purpose. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page182" name="page182"></a>(p. 182)</span> Ney was without the support of an entire corps and did not +therefore literally obey his orders. Napoleon was unassisted by the +wandering force and even confused by their unexpected appearance at a +critical moment. They were mistaken at Ligny for enemies; d'Erlon's +vacillation had so detained them.</p> + +<p>Blücher, who was determined to fight, come what would, had held in as +long as his impatient temper permitted; but when no reinforcement from +Wellington appeared, he first fumed, and then about six gave his fatal +orders to prepare for the offensive. The nature of the ground was such +as necessarily to weaken his center by the initial movements. Napoleon +marked this at once, and summoned his guard in order to break through. +For a moment the Emperor hesitated; a mysterious force had appeared on +the left; perhaps they were foes. But when once assured that they were +d'Erlon's men, he waited not an instant longer; at eight the crash +came, and the Prussian line was shattered. Retreat was turned into a +momentary rout so quickly that Blücher could not even exchange his +wounded horse for another, and in the first mad rush he was so stunned +and overwhelmed that his staff gave him up for lost. The few moments +before he was found were the most precious for the allies of the whole +campaign, since Gneisenau directed the flight northward on the line to +Wavre, a route parallel with that on which Wellington, whatever his +success, must now necessarily withdraw. This move, which abandoned +the line to Namur, is Gneisenau's title to fame.<a id="footnotetag21" name="footnotetag21"></a><a href="#footnote21" title="Go to footnote 21"><span class="smaller">[21]</span></a> <span class="pagenum"><a id="page183" name="page183"></a>(p. 183)</span> The +lines were quickly formed to carry it out, and the rest of the +retrograde march went on with great steadiness. Napoleon did not wait +until d'Erlon arrived and thereupon order an immediate, annihilating +pursuit, but came to the conclusion that the Prussians were +sufficiently disorganized, and would seek to reorganize on the old +line to the eastward. They were thus, he thought, completely and +finally cut off from Wellington. It was not until early next morning +that he despatched Pajol, with his single cavalry corps, to follow the +foe, for he was confirmed in his fatal conjecture by the false report +of five thousand Prussians having been seen on the Namur road, and +exerting themselves to hold it. The Prussians seen were merely a horde +of stragglers. The truth was not known until next day.</p> + +<p>Almost simultaneously with the battle of Ligny was fought that of +Quatre Bras. At eleven Ney received orders outlining a general plan +for the day; about half an hour later came the specific command to +unite the forces of d'Erlon, Reille, and Kellermann, and carry Quatre +Bras; at five arrived in hot haste the messenger with the third order. +At two o'clock there were not quite seven thousand Anglo-Belgians in +Quatre Bras, but, successive bodies arriving in swift succession, by +half-past six o'clock there were over thirty thousand. At two Ney had +seventeen thousand men, and though he sought to recall d'Erlon, yet, +owing to the withdrawal of Durutte, and to d'Erlon's indecision, he +had at half-past six not more than twenty thousand. Not one of +d'Erlon's men had reached him: Girard's division of Reille's corps was +with Vandamme before St. Amand. Gérard's corps had been kept at +Ligny. Had he advanced on the position <span class="pagenum"><a id="page184" name="page184"></a>(p. 184)</span> the previous evening, +or had he attacked between eleven and two on the sixteenth, the event +of the campaign might have been different from what it was. But if he +really believed, as Heymès afterward asseverated was the case, that +his orders were merely to push and hold the enemy, then his conduct +throughout was gallant and correct.<a id="footnotetag22" name="footnotetag22"></a><a href="#footnote22" title="Go to footnote 22"><span class="smaller">[22]</span></a> The weight of evidence favors +the claim of Napoleon that the marshal was perverse in his refusal to +take Quatre Bras according to verbal orders. Whatever the truth, the +behavior of Ney's men was admirable when they did advance, but they +were forced back to Frasnes before superior numbers.</p> + +<p>Next morning Wellington was conversing with Colonel Bowles when a +staff officer drew up, his horse flecked with foam, and whispered the +news of Ligny. Without a change of countenance, the commander said to +his companion: "Old Blücher has had a —— good licking, and gone back +to Wavre, eighteen miles. As he has gone back, we must go, too. I +suppose in England they will say we have been licked. I can't help it; +as they have gone back, we must go, too." Accordingly, he issued his +orders, and his army began to march at ten. On the whole, therefore, +the events of June sixteenth seemed favorable to Napoleon, since, +fighting at two points with inferior numbers, he had been victorious +at one, and had thereby secured the other also. We, of course, know +that by Gneisenau's move this apparent success was rendered nugatory. +It is useless to surmise what would have happened had Bülow been with +Blücher, and d'Erlon and Lobau with Napoleon, or if either of these +possibilities had happened without the other; as it was, Napoleon's +strategy gained both Quatre Bras and Sombreffe.</p> + +<p>The Prussians had lost twenty thousand men, missing, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page185" name="page185"></a>(p. 185)</span> +wounded, and dead, and it required vigorous treatment to restore +Blücher. But all night the army marched, and in the morning Bülow, +having found his direction, was near Beauderet and Sauvinières, within +easy reach at Gembloux. The retreat continued throughout the +seventeenth. It was a move of the greatest daring, since the line was +over a broken country almost destitute of roads, and, the old base of +supplies having been abandoned, the men had to starve until Gneisenau +could secure another by way of Louvain. The army bore its hardships +well; there was no straggling or demoralization, and the splendor of +success makes doubly brilliant the move which confounded Napoleon's +plans. Never dreaming at first that his foe had withdrawn elsewhere +than along his natural line of supply toward Liège, the Emperor +considered the separation of the two allies as complete, and after +carefully deliberating throughout the long interval he allowed for +collecting his troops and giving them a thorough rest, he determined +to wheel, join Ney, and attack Wellington, wherever found. It was +serious and inexplicable slackness which he showed in not taking +effective measures to determine immediately where his defeated enemy +was. Being, nevertheless, well aware of the Prussian resources and +character, he made up his mind to detail Grouchy, with thirty-three +thousand men, for the purpose of scouring the country toward Liège at +least as far as Namur. Then, to provide for what he considered a +possible contingency,—namely, that which had actually occurred,—this +adjunct army was to turn north, and hasten to Gembloux, in order to +assure absolutely the isolation of Wellington; in any and every case +the general was to keep his communications with Napoleon open.</p> + +<p>It was eight in the morning of the seventeenth when Napoleon issued +from his quarters at Fleurus. Flahaut <span class="pagenum"><a id="page186" name="page186"></a>(p. 186)</span> was waiting for the +reply to an inquiry which he had just brought from Ney concerning the +details of Ligny. The Emperor at once dictated a despatch, the most +famous in the controversial literature of Waterloo, in which his own +achievements were told and Ney was blamed for the disconnected action +of his subordinates the previous day; in particular the marshal was +instructed to take position at Quatre Bras, "as you were ordered," and +d'Erlon was criticized for his failure to move on St. Amand. The +wording of the hastily scribbled order to the latter he had probably +forgotten; it was: "Portez-vous ... à la hauteur de Ligny, et fondez +sur St. Amand—ou vice versa; c'est ce que je ne sais bien." ("Betake +yourself ... to the heights of Ligny, pounce on St. Amand—or the +reverse; I am not quite sure which.") Further, the Emperor now +declared that, had Ney kept d'Erlon and Reille together, not an +Englishman would have escaped, and that, had d'Erlon obeyed his +orders, the Prussian army would have been destroyed. In case it were +still impossible to seize Quatre Bras with the force at hand, Napoleon +would himself move thither. Then, entering a carriage, he drove to +Ligny; Lobau was ordered at once to Marbais, on the road to Quatre +Bras. After haranguing the troops and prisoners, Napoleon was +informed, about noon, that Wellington was still in position. At once a +second order was sent, commanding Ney to attack; the Emperor, it ran, +was already under way to Marbais. This was not quite true, for while +he was giving detailed instructions to Grouchy before parting, that +general had seemed uneasy, and had finally pleaded that it would be +impossible further to disorganize the Prussians, since they had so +long a start. These scruples were peremptorily put down, and the chief +parted amicably from his subordinate, but with a sense of uneasiness, +lest he had left <span class="pagenum"><a id="page187" name="page187"></a>(p. 187)</span> nice and difficult work in unwilling hands. +Scouts soon overtook him, and expressed doubt as to the Prussians +having gone to Namur. In case they had not, Grouchy must act +cautiously. Accordingly, positive instructions were then dictated to +Bertrand, and sent to Grouchy, whose movements were now doubly +important. The latter general was to reconnoiter toward Namur, but +march direct to Gembloux; his chief task was to discover whether +Blücher was seeking to join Wellington or not. For the rest, he was +free to act on his own discretion.</p> + +<p>Napoleon then entered his carriage, and drove to Quatre Bras. Mounting +his horse, he led the pursuit of the English rear. Indignant that Ney +had lost the opportunity to overwhelm at least a portion of +Wellington's force, he exclaimed to d'Erlon, "They have ruined +France!" But he said nothing to Ney himself. So active and energetic +was the Emperor that he actually exposed himself to the artillery fire +with which the English gunners sought to retard the pursuit. It was +not an easy matter for Grouchy to carry out his instructions; at two +o'clock began a steady downpour, which lasted well into the next +morning; the roads to Gembloux were lanes, and the rain turned them +into sticky mud. Not until that night was Grouchy's command assembled +at Gembloux; it was ten o'clock before the leader gained an inkling of +where the Prussians were, and then, though uncertain as to their exact +movements, he immediately despatched a letter, received by Napoleon at +two in the morning. The marshal explained that he would pursue as far +as Wavre, so as to cut off Blücher from Brussels, and to separate him +from Wellington. Some hours later, about seven in the morning, when +finally convinced that the Prussians were retiring on Wavre, Grouchy +set his columns in motion in a straight line <span class="pagenum"><a id="page188" name="page188"></a>(p. 188)</span> toward that +place by Sart-à-Walhain, choosing, with very poor judgment, to advance +by the right bank of the Dyle, and thus jeopardizing the precious +connections he had been repeatedly and urgently instructed to keep +open.</p> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page189" name="page189"></a>(p. 189)</span> CHAPTER XVI</h3> + +<h4>The Eve of Waterloo<a id="footnotetag23" name="footnotetag23"></a><a href="#footnote23" title="Go to footnote 23"><span class="smaller">[23]</span></a></h4> + +<p class="summary">Wellington's Choice of Position — State of the Two Armies — The + Orders of Napoleon to Grouchy — Grouchy's Interpretation of Them + — Napoleon Surprised by the Prussian Movements — His Inactivity + — The Battle-field — Wellington's Position — Napoleon's Battle + Array — His Personal Health — His Plan.</p> + +<p>On the night of June seventeenth Wellington's army reached the heights +at Mont St. Jean, on the northern edge of what was destined to be the +most talked of battle-field in modern times. His retreat, masked by a +strong body of cavalry, with some horse-artillery and a single +infantry division, had been slow and regular, being retarded somewhat +by the heavy rain. Ney had held his position at Frasnes, well aware +that what was before him was far more than a rear-guard—in fact, +owing to the arrival of strong reinforcements during the night, it was +the larger portion of the Anglo-Belgian army. But the instant the +French marshal was informed of his enemy's retrograde movements he +threw forward a strong force of cavalry to coöperate with Napoleon. +When reunited, the French army numbered seventy-one thousand five +hundred men, with two hundred and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page190" name="page190"></a>(p. 190)</span> forty guns, excluding of +course, the whole of Gérard's corps, which had been left at Ligny to +coöperate with Grouchy. That Wellington was far on his way to the +defensive position chosen by himself was probably in accord with +Napoleon's calculations; his only fear was lest his foe should have +withdrawn behind the forest of Soignes, where free communication with +Blücher and the junction of the two allied armies would be assured, as +would not be the case at Mont St. Jean.</p> + +<p>This anxiety was set at rest by a cavalry reconnaissance, and at dusk +the French van bivouacked at Belle Alliance, separated by a broad, +shallow vale from their foe. The rest of the army followed with great +difficulty, some by the road; some through plowed or swampy fields, +wading the swollen tributaries of the Dyle, and floundering through +the meadows on their banks. The army of Wellington had seized, in +passing, what provisions and forage they found, and they had +camp-fires to comfort them in the steady rain. The French had scanty +or no rations, and lay throughout the night in the grain-fields, +without fire or shelter. All told, Wellington had sixty-eight thousand +men; ten miles on his right, at Hal, lay eighteen thousand more; ten +miles on his left, twelve from his headquarters at Waterloo, was +Blücher. Wellington, who had informed the Prussian commander that +unless support reached him he would fall back to Brussels, at two +o'clock in the morning had assurance of Blücher's coöperation. There +is an unsupported statement of Napoleon's that he twice sent to +Grouchy on the night of the seventeenth, by two separate officers, a +definite order to detach seven thousand men from his camp at Wavre +(where the Emperor affected to believe that Grouchy was), and make +connection by St. Lambert with the right of the main army. This would +entirely cut off Blücher from Wellington. The <span class="pagenum"><a id="page191" name="page191"></a>(p. 191)</span> motive of this +statement is transparent—with the allies separated, they were +outmanœuvered; with the possibility of their union, and an +understanding between them to that effect, he was himself +outmanœuvered.</p> + +<p>Grouchy denied having received this order; neither of the officers +intrusted with it ever revealed himself; the original of it has never +been found; and in subsequent orders issued next day there is no +mention of, or reference to, any such message. Either the declaration, +twice made at St. Helena, was due to forgetfulness, being an account +of intentions not carried out, or else it was put forward to explain +the result of the campaign as due to his lieutenant's inefficiency. +Grouchy must have had an uneasy conscience, since for thirty years he +suppressed the text of the Bertrand order, which was not on the +order-book because it had not been dictated to Soult; and when, after +falsely claiming for the duration of an entire generation that he had +acted under verbal instructions, he did publish it, he gave, at the +same time, a mutilated version of his own report from Gembloux, sent +on the night of the seventeenth, changing his original language so as +to show that he had never looked upon the separation of the allies as +his chief task, but that what was uppermost in his mind was an attack +on the Prussians.</p> + +<p>It was two in the morning of the eighteenth when the letter of +Grouchy, written about four hours earlier, arrived at Napoleon's +headquarters. Both the Emperor and Soult knew by that time that the +whole of Blücher's army was moving to Wavre; yet they did not give +this information, nor any minute directions, to the returning +messenger. Grouchy, therefore, was left to act on his own discretion, +his superior doubtless believing that the inferior would by that time +himself be fully informed, and would hasten to throw himself, like an +impenetrable <span class="pagenum"><a id="page192" name="page192"></a>(p. 192)</span> wall, between the Prussians and the +Anglo-Belgian army. By the defenders of Napoleon Grouchy is severely +criticized for not having marched early in the morning of the +eighteenth to Moustier, where, if energetic, he could have carried +over his army to the left bank of the river by eleven o'clock, thus +placing his force within the sphere of Napoleon's operations. Perhaps +he would have been able to prevent the union of the opposing armies, +or, if not that, to strengthen Napoleon in his struggle. It is proved +by Marbot's memoirs that this is what Napoleon expected. On the other +hand, excellent critics present other very important considerations: +the line to Moustier was over a country so rough and miry that after a +torrential rain the artillery would have been seriously delayed, and +Prussian scouts might well have brought down a strong Prussian column +in time to oppose the crossing there or elsewhere. Grouchy, moreover, +could not know that Wellington would offer battle in front of the +forest of Soignes—a resolution which, in the opinion of Napoleon and +many lesser experts, was a serious blunder. He appears to have been +positive that the two armies were aiming to combine for the defense of +Brussels; finally, when from Walhain the sound of the firing at +Waterloo was distinctly heard, and Gérard fiercely urged an immediate +march toward the field of battle, Grouchy was acting strictly within +the limits of the Bertrand order, and according to what he then held +to be explicit instructions, when he pressed on to concentrate at +Wavre, and thus, if Napoleon had already defeated Wellington, to +prevent any union between Wellington and the Prussian army. It is +almost certain that Grouchy would in no way have changed the event by +marching direct to Mont St. Jean, for the cross-roads were soaked, his +troops were already exhausted, and the distance was approximately +fourteen and a half <span class="pagenum"><a id="page193" name="page193"></a>(p. 193)</span> miles as the crow flies: the previous day +he had been able to make somewhat less than half that distance in nine +hours.</p> + +<p>Napoleon himself did not apparently expect the Prussians to rally as +they did. He spent the hours from dawn, when the rain ceased, in +careful reconnoitering. The mud was so thick in places that he +required help to draw his feet out of his own tracks. At breakfast, +according to a contemporary anecdote, he expressed himself as having +never been more favored by fortune; and when reminded that Blücher +might effect a union with the English, he replied that the Prussians +would need three days to form again. This opinion is in accord with +his exaggerated but reiterated estimates of the disaster produced in +Blücher's ranks after Ligny, and taken in connection with the +difficulty of moving artillery, which is not a sufficient explanation +in itself, affords the only conceivable reason for his delay in +attacking on the eighteenth. It also explains his remissness in +leaving Grouchy to exercise full discretion as to his movements. At +eight the plan of battle was sketched; at nine the orders for the day +were despatched throughout the lines; about ten the weary but +self-confident Emperor threw himself down and slept for an hour; at +eleven he mounted, and rode by the Brussels highway to the farm of +Belle Alliance. It was probably during the Emperor's nap that Soult +forwarded to Grouchy a despatch, marked ten in the morning, +instructing that general to manœuver toward the main army by way of +Wavre. Although, according to Marbot, Napoleon expected Grouchy in the +afternoon by way of Moustier, at one o'clock a second despatch, of +which the Emperor certainly had cognizance, was forwarded to Grouchy, +expressing approval of his intention to move on Wavre by +Sart-à-Walhain, but instructing him "always to manœuver in our +direction." <span class="pagenum"><a id="page194" name="page194"></a>(p. 194)</span> The postscript of this second order enjoins +haste, since it was thought Bülow was already on the heights of St. +Lambert.</p> + +<p>The one central idea of Napoleon and Soult was clearly to leave a wide +discretion for Grouchy, provided always that he kept his +communications with the main army open, and that his general direction +was one which would insure easy connection, in order either to cut off +or check the Prussians. But, however this may be, the hours of +Napoleon's inactivity were precious to his enemies; by twelve Bülow +was at St. Lambert, and at the same hour two other Prussian corps were +leaving Wavre. These movements were apparently tardy, but Gneisenau, +feeling that Wellington had been a poor reliance at Ligny, and very +much doubting whether he really intended to stand at Waterloo, was +unwilling that Blücher should despatch his troops until it was certain +that the Prussian army would not again be left in the lurch. Should +the Anglo-Dutch retreat to Brussels, the Prussians must either retreat +by Louvain, or be again defeated. Anxiety was not dispelled until the +roar of cannon was heard between eleven and twelve. Then the Prussians +first exerted themselves to the utmost; it was about four when they +were within striking distance, ready to take Napoleon's army on its +flank. When Grouchy reached Wavre, at the same hour, he found there +but one of Blücher's corps, the rear under Thielemann.</p> + +<a id="img007" name="img007"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<a href="images/img007.jpg"> +<img src="images/img007tb.jpg" width="300" height="442" alt="" title=""></a> +<p>Campaign of 1815.<br> +June 15th to 19th.</p> +</div> + +<p>From Belle Alliance Napoleon returned, and took his station on the +height of Rossomme. In front was a vale something less than a mile in +width. The highway stretched before him in a straight line until it +skirted the large farmstead of La Haye Sainte on the opposite side; +then, ascending by a slant to the first crest, it passed the hamlet +of Mont St. Jean, only to ascend still <span class="pagenum"><a id="page195" name="page195"></a>(p. 195)</span> higher to the top of +the ridge before falling again into a second depression. At Mont St. +Jean was Wellington's center. The road from Nivelles to Brussels +crosses the valley about a quarter of a mile westward, and on it, +midway between the two slopes, lay another farm-house, with its barns, +that of Hougomont. More than half a mile eastward, in the direction +from which the Prussians were expected, lay scattered the farm +buildings of Papelotte, La Haye, Smohain, and Frischermont. The valley +was covered with rich crops. Unobstructed by ditches or hedges, it was +cut longitudinally about the middle by a cruciform ridge, with spurs +reaching toward Belle Alliance on one side, and past Hougomont on the +other; the road passed by a cut through the longitudinal arm. +Hougomont was almost a fortress, having strong brick walls and a moat; +it stood in a large orchard, which was surrounded by a thick hedge. +The house at La Haye Sainte was brick also, and formed one side of a +quadrangle, inclosed further by two brick barns and a strong wall of +the same material; though not as large or solid as Hougomont, it was a +strong advance redoubt for Mont St. Jean.</p> + +<p>The right and center of Wellington were thus well protected, the left +was admirably screened by the places already enumerated. His army was +deployed in three lines, the front plainly visible to the French, the +second partly concealed by the crest of the hill, and the third +entirely so. His headquarters were two miles north, at Waterloo; his +lines of retreat, though broken by the forest of Soignes, were open +either toward Wavre or toward the sea. The latter line was well +protected by the troops at Hal. Uneasy about the character of his +Dutch-Belgian troops, the duke had carefully disposed them among the +reliable English and Germans, in order to preclude the possibility of +a panic.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page196" name="page196"></a>(p. 196)</span> In the foreground of Napoleon's position was the French army, +also deployed in three lines. The front, extending from the mansion of +Frischermont to the Nivelles road, consisted of two infantry corps, +one on each side of Belle Alliance, and of two corps of cavalry, one +on the extreme right wing, one on the left; of this line Ney had +command. The second was shorter, its wings being cavalry, and its +center in two divisions, of cavalry and infantry respectively. The +third, or reserve, was the guard. Each of the lines had its due +proportion of artillery, stationed in all three along the road. This +disposition gave the French array, as seen from beyond, a fan-like +appearance, the sticks, or columns, converging toward the rear. The +array was brilliant; every man and horse was in sight; the number was +superior by about four thousand to that of the enemy; the ground was, +by eleven, almost dry enough to secure the fullest advantage from +superiority in artillery; deserters from the foe came in from time to +time. Surely the moral effect of such a scene upon the somewhat motley +throng across the valley must be very powerful. Yet the road to +Charleroi was the single available line of retreat, and it passed +through a deep cut; the soldiers were tired and not really first-rate, +fifty per cent. of the line being recruits, and nearly a quarter of +the guard untrained men; the tried officers had all been promoted, and +those who replaced them needed such careful watching that deep +formations had been adopted, and these must not merely diminish the +volume of fire, but present vulnerable targets; the cavalry had been +hastily gathered, and was far from being as efficient as the British +veterans of the German legion.</p> + +<p>For some moments after reaching his position Napoleon stood impassive. +He was clad in his familiar costume of cocked hat and gray surtout. +Throughout his <span class="pagenum"><a id="page197" name="page197"></a>(p. 197)</span> lines he had been received with enthusiasm, +and his presence was clearly magnetic, as of old. The direction of +affairs in this momentous crisis was his, and he dreamed of two +implacable enemies routed, of appeasing the two who were less directly +interested, of glory won, of empire regained. Reason must have told +him how empty was such a vision; for, since the armistice of +Poischwitz, Austria and Russia had been quite as bitter, and more +tortuous, than the other powers. His expression mirrored pain, both +physical and intellectual; his over-confidence and consequent delay +were signs of degenerate power; his exertions for three days past had +been beyond any human strength, especially when the faculties of body +and mind had previously been harassed for more than two months, as his +had been.</p> + +<p>It was the first day of the week, but there was a calm more profound +than that of the Sabbath; the sky was dull, the misty air was heavy +with summer heat; but there was the expectant silence of a great host, +the deep determination of two grim and obstinate armies. Wellington, +with his western lines protected, would be safe when the Prussian army +should appear where he knew its van already was, and he must +manœuver eastward to keep in touch. Napoleon must crush the British +center and left, and roll up the line to its right, in order to +separate the parts of his dual foe. To this end he had determined to +make a feint against Hougomont; should Wellington throw in his +reserves at that point on his right, one strong push might create +confusion among the rest, and hurl the whole force westward, away from +Brussels. It was a simple plan, great in its simplicity, as had been +every strategic conception of Napoleon from the opening of the +campaign. But its execution was like that of every other movement +attempted since the first great march of concentration—tardy, slack, +and feeble. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page198" name="page198"></a>(p. 198)</span> Personal bravery was abundant among the French, +but the orderly coöperation of regiment, division, and corps in all +the arms, the courage of self-restraint, and the self-sacrifice of +individuals in organized movement, with the invigorating ubiquity of a +master mind—these were lacking from the first.</p> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page199" name="page199"></a>(p. 199)</span> CHAPTER XVII</h3> + +<h4>Waterloo<a id="footnotetag24" name="footnotetag24"></a><a href="#footnote24" title="Go to footnote 24"><span class="smaller">[24]</span></a></h4> + +<p class="summary">Hougomont — La Haye Sainte — d'Erlon Repulsed — Ney's Cavalry + Attack — Napoleon's One Chance Lost — Plancenoit — Union of + Wellington and Blücher — Napoleon's Convulsive Effort — Charge + of the Guard — The Rout — Napoleon's Flight.</p> + +<p>Napoleon's salute to Wellington was a cannonade from a hundred and +twenty guns. The fire was directed toward the enemy's center and left, +but it was ineffectual, except as the smoke partially masked the first +French movement, which was the attack on Hougomont by their left, the +corps of Reille. This was in three divisions, commanded respectively +by Bachelu, Foy, and the Emperor's brother Jerome, whose director was +Guillemenot. Preceded by skirmishers, the column of Jerome gained +partial shelter in a wood to the southwest of their goal, but the +resistance to their advance was vigorous; on the skirts of the grove +were Nassauers, Hanoverians, and a detachment of the English guards, +all picked men, and behind, on higher ground, was an <span class="pagenum"><a id="page200" name="page200"></a>(p. 200)</span> English +battery. The two other divisions pressed on behind, and for a time +their gains were apparently substantial. But, checked in front by +artillery fire, and by a murderous fusillade from loopholes cut in the +walls of Hougomont, the besiegers hesitated. Their fiery energy was +not scientifically directed; but such was their zeal, and so great +were their numbers, that one brigade doubled on the rear of the +fortalice, drove back the English guards from before the entrance to +the courtyard on the north, and charged for the opening. Some of the +French actually forced a passage, and the success of Napoleon's first +move was in sight when five gallant Englishmen, by sheer physical +strength, shut the stout gate in the face of the assailants. A +fearless French grenadier scaled the wall, but he and his comrades +within were killed. A second assault on the same spot failed; so, too, +a third from the west, and still another from the east, all of which +were repelled by the English guards, who moved down from above, and +drove the French into the wood, where they held their own. These close +and bloody encounters were contrary to Reille's orders, but in the +thick of combat his various detachments could not be restrained.</p> + +<a id="img008" name="img008"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/img008.jpg" width="300" height="436" alt="" title=""> +<p class="small">From the collection of W. C. Crane</p> +<p class="smcap">Napoleon Francis Charles Joseph, Duke of Reichstadt, etc., etc.,<br> Son +of Napoleon Bonaparte.</p> +</div> + +<p>The second division of the battle was the main attack on Wellington's +left by d'Erlon's corps. Between twelve and one a Prussian hussar was +captured with a message from Blücher to Wellington announcing the +Prussian advance. At once the postscript was added to the second +despatch to Grouchy, already mentioned, and Napoleon made ready for +his great effort. Unable to sit his horse, he had dismounted, and, +seated at the table on which his map was spread, had been frequently +seen to nod and doze. Ney and d'Erlon, left to their own judgment, had +evolved a scheme of formation so complex that when tried, as it now +was, it proved unworkable. The confusion was veiled by a terrific, +continuous, and destructive <span class="pagenum"><a id="page201" name="page201"></a>(p. 201)</span> artillery fire. After some delay, +and a readjustment involving preparations against the possible flank +attack of the Prussians, d'Erlon's corps advanced in four columns, +under Donzelot, Allix, Marcognet, and Durutte respectively. Opposed +was Picton's decimated corps, with Bylandt's Dutch-Belgian brigade, +which had been all along a target for the strongest French battery, +one of seventy-eight guns,<a id="footnotetag25" name="footnotetag25"></a><a href="#footnote25" title="Go to footnote 25"><span class="smaller">[25]</span></a> and was now to bear the first onset of +the French troops. Bylandt's men had stood firm under the awful +artillery fire, but their uniforms were like those of the French, and +in a mêlée this fact might draw upon them the fire of their own +associates, as later in the day at Hougomont it actually did, and they +grew very uneasy. Durutte, on the extreme right, seized Papelotte, but +lost it almost immediately. The conflict then focused about La Haye +Sainte, where the garden and orchard were seized by an overwhelming +force. The buildings had been inadequately fortified, but Major +Baring, with his garrison, displayed prodigies of valor, and held +them.</p> + +<p>The assailants, supported hitherto by batteries firing over their +heads, now charged up the hill; as they reached the crest, their own +guns were silenced, but their yells of defiance rent the air. The +Dutch-Belgians of the first rank harkened an instant, and, followed by +the jeers and menaces of the British grenadiers and Royal Scots, fled +incontinently until they reached a place of safety, when they reformed +and stood. Picton was thus left unsupported, but at that decisive +moment Donzelot tried the new tactics again, and his ranks fell into +momentary confusion. Picton charged, the British artillery opened, and +though the English general fell, mortally wounded, his men hurled back +the French. This first success enabled Wellington to bring in more of +his infantry, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page202" name="page202"></a>(p. 202)</span> with the Scots Greys, and to throw in his +cavalry, the First Royal Dragoons and the Enniskillens, for action +against a body of French riders, under Roussel, which, having swept +the fields around La Haye Sainte, was now coming on. His order was for +Somerset and Ponsonby to charge. The shock was terrific, the French +cavalry yielded, and the whole of d'Erlon's line rolled back in +disorder. Efforts were made by the daring Englishmen to create +complete confusion, but they were not entirely successful, for +Durutte's column maintained its formation, while the French lancers +and dragoons wrought fearful havoc among the British infantry somewhat +disorganized by victory. Ponsonby fell among his men, and it was due +to Vandeleur's horse that the French advance was checked. This ended +the effort upon which Napoleon had based his hope of success; there +was still desultory fighting at Hougomont, and the Prussians, though +not visible, were forming behind the forest of Paris.</p> + +<p>There was a long and ominous pause before the next renewal of +conflict. Wellington used it to repair his shattered left and brought +in Lambert's Peninsular veterans, twenty-two hundred strong. Napoleon +quickly formed a corps, under Lobau, intended to repel the flank +attack of the Prussians. Ney was determined to redeem his repulse by a +second front attack, and Napoleon, either by word or silence, gave +consent. While the batteries kept up their fire, the marshal gathered +in the center the largest mass of horsemen which had ever charged on a +European battle-field—twelve thousand men, light and heavy cavalry. +His aim was to supplement Reille, still engaged at Hougomont, and dash +in upon the allied right center. Donzelot's column, now reformed, was +hurled directly against La Haye Sainte, and the mass of the cavalry +surged up the hill. The gunners of Wellington's artillery, +unprotected even by <span class="pagenum"><a id="page203" name="page203"></a>(p. 203)</span> breastworks, stood to their pieces until +the attacking line was within forty yards; then they delivered their +final salvo, and fled. Wavering for an instant, the French advanced +with a cheer. Before them stood the enemy in hollow squares, four +ranks deep, the front kneeling, the second at the charge, the two +others ready to fire. The horsemen dared not rush on those bristling +lines. In and out among the serried ranks they flowed and foamed, +discharging their pistols and slashing with their sabers, until, +discouraged by losses and exhausted by useless exertion, their efforts +grew feeble. Dubois's brigade, according to a doubtful tradition, +dashed in ignorance over the brow of a certain shallow ravine, men and +horses rolling in horrid confusion into the unsuspected pit. The +hollow was undoubtedly there at the time, although it has since been +filled up, and, it is believed, was likewise the grave of the fifteen +hundred men and two thousand horses that were eventually collected +from round about. The British reserve cavalry, supported by the +infantry fire and a few hastily collected batteries, completed the +defeat of Ney's first charge. A second was repulsed in the same way. +The undaunted marshal then waited for reinforcements. No fewer than +thirty-seven squadrons came in, Napoleon sending Kellermann's heavy +dragoons as a last resort. Guyot's division of the heavy cavalry of +the guard was also there—some say they had been summoned by Ney, +others that they came of their own accord; the question arises +because, in the next stage of the battle, their absence from the +station assigned to them was a serious matter. Another time, and still +another, this mighty force moved against the foe. Pouring in and out, +backward and forward, among the squares, they lost cohesion and force +until, in the very moment of Wellington's extremity, they withdrew, as +before, exhausted and spent.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page204" name="page204"></a>(p. 204)</span> The energy and zeal of the English commander had been in +strange contrast to Napoleon's growing apathy; Wellington had further +strengthened his line by two Brunswick regiments and Mercer's battery, +and at the last by Adam's brigade with the King's Germans under +Dupont. This done, his stand had been superb to the last. Yet he was +now at the end of his resources. It was six, and to his repeated +messages calling for Blücher's aid there had been no response. +Although a portion of Bülow's men had been fighting for more than an +hour, yet the Prussian army was not yet fully engaged and he himself, +having no reinforcement nor relief, seemed face to face with defeat. +Baring had held La Haye Sainte with unsurpassed gallantry; his calls +for men had been answered, but his requisitions for ammunition were +strangely neglected. Ney, seeing how vain his cavalry charges were, +withdrew before the last one took place, arrayed Bachelu's division, +collected a number of field-pieces, and fell furiously, with cannonade +and bayonet charge, upon the farm-house. His success was complete; the +garrison fled, his pursuit was hot, and, leading in person, he broke +through the opposing line at its very heart. Had he been supported by +a strong reserve, the battle would have been won. Müffling, +Wellington's Prussian aide, dashed away to the Prussian lines, and, as +he drew near the head of Ziethen's division, shouted: "The battle is +lost if the corps do not press on and at once support the English +army." Ney's adjutant, demanding infantry to complete the breach he +had made, was received by Napoleon with petulance. One brigade from +Bülow's corps had attacked at about half-past four; repulsed at first, +their onset was growing fiercer, for two other brigades had come in. +Soult had opposed Ney's waste of cavalry. But the latter was +desperate, and with the other generals was displaying a wilfulness +bordering on <span class="pagenum"><a id="page205" name="page205"></a>(p. 205)</span> insubordination. A portion of the guard had just +been detached for Lobau's support. To Ney's demand for infantry the +Emperor replied: "Where do you expect me to get them from? Am I to +make them?" In truth, his mind and energies were now more concerned +with Blücher than with Wellington, and he was already fighting the +advance of Bülow in his plans. But had the old Bonaparte spirit moved +the chieftain to put himself at the head of what remained of the guard +infantry, and to make a desperate dash for Ney's support, a temporary +advantage would almost certainly have been won; then, with a remnant +flushed by victory, he could have turned to Lobau's assistance before +the main Prussian army came in. Thus was lost Napoleon's one chance to +deal Wellington a decisive blow.</p> + +<p>It was to prevent a dangerous flank movement of the enemy—the +advance, namely, of Bülow, with the cavalry corps of Prince William, +upon Plancenoit—that Napoleon had detached the young guard, under +Duhesme, a third of his precious reserve, for the support of Lobau's +right; Durutte being in the rear of his left, that portion was already +as strong as it could be made. Nevertheless the Prussians seized +Plancenoit; at once the French rallied, and drove them out; Blücher +threw in eight fresh battalions, and these, with the six already +engaged, dashed for the ravine leading to the village. The passage was +lined with French, and for a time it was like the valley of Hinnom; +but the Prussians pressed on, and the young guard reeled. Napoleon +sent in two battalions of the old guard, under Morand and Pelet; their +firmness restored that of their comrades, and the place was cleared, +two thousand dead remaining as the victims of that furious charge and +countercharge. At seven Bülow was back again in his first position, +awaiting the arrival of Pirch's corps to restore his riddled ranks. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page206" name="page206"></a>(p. 206)</span> Napoleon had now left only twelve of the twenty-three +battalions of the guard reserve, less than six thousand men. +Wellington had repaired the breach made by Ney, and, though still hard +pressed on his right, Ziethen had made good the strength of his left, +whence some of his cavalry, the brigades of Vivian and Vandeleur, had +been detached to repair other weak spots in the line. At this moment +Ziethen conceived that Bülow was further giving way, and hesitated in +his advance. The brief interval was noted by Durutte, and with a last +desperate effort he carried Papelotte, La Haye, and Smohain, hoping to +prevent the fatal juncture. It was half an hour before Ziethen +retrieved his loss, and thus probably saved Wellington's left. By that +time Pirch had come up, and with this reinforcement Bülow, behind the +heavy fire of his powerful batteries, charged Lobau, and advanced on +the guard at Plancenoit. Lobau, the hero of Aspern, stood like a rock +until Durutte's men and the remnants of d'Erlon's corps, flying past +his flank, induced a panic in his ranks. Thereupon the whole French +right fell into confusion: all except the guard, who stood in the +churchyard of Plancenoit until surrounded and reduced in number to +about two hundred and fifty men; then, under Pelet's command, they +formed a square, placed their eagle in the midst, drove off the +cavalry which blocked their path, and reached the main line of retreat +with scarcely enough men to keep their formation. The name of Ziethen +must stand in equal renown with that of Colborne among the annals of +Waterloo. The rout of the French left was the beginning of Napoleon's +calamity, as that of his right under Colborne was its consummation.</p> + +<p>Before the combined armies of Wellington and Blücher the French could +not stand; but, in spite of inferior numbers and the manifest signs +of defeat, General <span class="pagenum"><a id="page207" name="page207"></a>(p. 207)</span> Bonaparte might have conducted an orderly +retreat. The case was different with Napoleon the Emperor, even though +he were now a liberator; to retreat would have been merely a +postponement of the day of reckoning. Accordingly, the great +adventurer, facing his destiny on the height at Rossomme, determined, +in a last desperate effort, to retrieve the day, and stake all on a +last cast of the dice. For an instant he appears to have contemplated +a change of front, wheeling for that purpose by Hougomont, where his +resistance was still strong; but he finally decided to crush the +Anglo-Belgian right, if possible; roll up both armies into a confused +mass, so that, perchance, they might weaken rather than strengthen +each other; and then, with Grouchy's aid, strike for victory. Though +indifferent to Ney's demands, he had set in array against Bülow the +very choicest troops of his army; surely they might stand firm while +his blow elsewhere was delivered. But he did not reckon in this with +Wellington's reserve power; though the dramatic stories of the duke's +mortal anxiety rest on slight foundation, there is no doubt that he +felt a great relief when the Prussians entered the combat, for +immediately he turned his attention, not to rest, but to the reforming +of his line. Officers and men, English or German, knew nothing of +Bülow's or Blücher's whereabouts when Napoleon took his resolution; +but, sensible of having been strengthened, they displayed at half-past +seven that evening the same grim determination they had shown at +eleven in the morning. Though Wellington's task of standing firm until +Blücher's arrival was accomplished, and though, perhaps, his soldiers +heard the distant firing of the Prussian guns, yet nothing could be +seen across the long interval, the noise attracted little attention, +and neither he nor they could know what was yet before them. It was, +therefore, splendid courage in <span class="pagenum"><a id="page208" name="page208"></a>(p. 208)</span> general and army which kept +them ever ready for any exertion, however desperate.</p> + +<p>Against this army, in this temper, Napoleon despatched what was left +of that force which was the peculiar product of his life and genius, +the old and middle guard. Most of its members were the children of +peasants, and had been born in ante-Revolution days. Neither +intelligent in appearance nor graceful in bearing, they nevertheless +had the look of perfect fighting-machines. Their huge bearskin caps +and long mustaches did not diminish the fierceness of their aspect. +They had been selected for size, docility, and strength; they had been +well paid, well fed, and well drilled; they had, therefore, no ties +but those to their Emperor, no homes but their barracks, and no +enthusiasm but their passion for imperial France. They would have +followed no leader unless he were distinguished in their system of +life; accordingly, Ney was selected for that honor; and as they came +in proud confidence up the Charleroi road, their Emperor passed them +in review. Like every other division, they had been told that the +distant roar was from Grouchy's guns; when informed that all was ready +for the finishing-stroke, that there was to be a general advance along +the whole line, and that no man was to be denied his share in certain +victory, even the sick, it is said, rose up, and hurried into the +ranks. The air seemed rent with their hoarse cheers as their columns +swung in measured tread diagonally across the northern spur of the +cruciform elevation which divided the surface of the valley.</p> + +<p>Wellington, informed of the French movement, as it is thought by a +deserter, issued hurried orders to the center, ordered Maitland's +brigade to where the charge must be met, and posted himself, with +Napier's battery, somewhat to its right. While yet his words of +warning were scarcely uttered, the head of the French column <span class="pagenum"><a id="page209" name="page209"></a>(p. 209)</span> +appeared. The English batteries belched forth a welcome; but although +Ney's horse, the fifth that day, was shot, the men he led suffered +little, and with him on foot at their side they came steadily onward. +The British guards were lying behind the hill-crest, and the French +could discern no foe—only a few mounted officers, of whom Wellington +was one. Astonished and incredulous, the assailants pressed steadily +on until within twenty yards of the English line. "Up, guards! make +ready!" rang out the duke's well-known call. The British jumped up and +fired; about three hundred of Ney's gallant soldiers fell. But there +was no confusion; on both sides volley succeeded volley, and this +lasted until the British charged. Then, and then only, the French +withdrew. Simultaneously Donzelot had fallen upon Alten's division; +but he was leading a forlorn hope, and making no impression.</p> + +<p>As Ney fell back, a body of French cuirassiers advanced upon the +English batteries. Their success was partial, and behind them a second +column of the guard was formed. Again the assault was renewed; but the +second attempt fared worse than the first. To the right of Maitland, +Adam's brigade, with the Fifty-second regiment, had taken stand; +wheeling now, these drove a deadly flank fire into the advancing +French, while the others poured in a devastating hail of bullets from +the front. The front ranks of the French replied with spirit, but when +the British had completed their manœuver, Colborne gave the order, +his men cheered in response, and the countercharge began. "Vive +l'Empereur!" came the responsive cheer from the thinning ranks of the +assailants, and still they came on. But in the awful crash they +reeled, confusion followed, and almost in the twinkling of an eye the +rout began. A division of the old guard, the two battalions under +Cambronne, retreated in fair order to the center of the valley, where +they made <span class="pagenum"><a id="page210" name="page210"></a>(p. 210)</span> their last gallant stand against the overwhelming +numbers of Hugh Halkett's German brigade. They fought until but a +hundred and fifty survived. From far away the despairing cry of "Sauve +qui peut!" seemed to ring on their ears. To the first summons of +surrender the leader had replied with dogged defiance; the second was +made soon after, about three in the afternoon, and to this he yielded. +He and his men filed to the English rear without a murmur, but in deep +dejection. This occurrence has passed into tradition as an epic event; +what Cambronne might well have said, "The guard dies, but never +surrenders," was not uttered by him, but it epitomizes their +character, and in the phrase which seems to have been shouted by the +men themselves in their last desperate struggle, they and their leader +have found immortality.</p> + +<p>The last charge of what remained of the guard took place almost at the +moment when Durutte was finally routed. Wellington then sent in the +fresh cavalry brigades of Vivian and Vandeleur against the column of +Donzelot and the remnants of the French cavalry. These swept all +before them, and then the duke gave the order for a general advance. +The French left fell into panic, and fled toward Belle Alliance. +Before La Haye Sainte stood two squares of French soldiers, the +favored legion chosen to protect the imperial headquarters. In the +fatal hour it splendidly vindicated the choice, and amid the chaos +stood in perfect order. Throughout the famous charge of his devoted +men Napoleon rode hither and thither, from Rossomme to Belle Alliance. +His looks grew dark, but at the very last he called hoarsely to the +masses of disorganized troops that came whirling by, bidding them to +stand fast. All in vain; and as the last square came on he pressed +inside its serried wall. It was not too soon, for the Prussians +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page211" name="page211"></a>(p. 211)</span> had now joined the forward movement, and in the supreme +disorder consequent the other square dissolved. Napoleon's convoy +withstood the shock of a charge from the Twelfth British light +dragoons, and again of a Prussian charge at Rossomme, where Gneisenau +took up the fierce pursuit. Though assaulted, and hard beset by +musketry, the square moved silently on. There were no words except an +occasional remark addressed by Napoleon to his brother Jerome, or to +one of the officers. At eleven Genappe was reached; there, such was +the activity of the pursuers, all hope of an orderly retreat vanished, +and the square melted away. Napoleon had become an object of pity—his +eyes set, his frame collapsed, his great head rolling in a drowsy +stupor. Monthyon and Bertrand set him as best they could upon a horse, +and, one on each side, supported him as they rode. They had an escort +of forty men. At Quatre Bras they despatched a messenger to summon +Grouchy, bidding him to retire on Namur. The Prussians were only one +hour behind. At daybreak the hunted Emperor reached Charleroi, but his +attendants dared not delay; two rickety carriages were secured, and it +was not until the wretched caravan reached Philippeville that the +fugitives obtained a few hours' repose.</p> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page212" name="page212"></a>(p. 212)</span> CHAPTER XVIII</h3> + +<h4>The Surrender<a id="footnotetag26" name="footnotetag26"></a><a href="#footnote26" title="Go to footnote 26"><span class="smaller">[26]</span></a></h4> + +<p class="summary">Nature of Napoleon's Defeat — Its Political Consequences — + Napoleon's Fatal Resolution — The State of Paris — Napoleon at + the Élysée — His Departure for Rochefort — Thoughts of Return + — Procrastination — Wild Schemes of Flight — A Refuge in + England — His Only Resource — The White Terror and the Allies.</p> + +<p>The battle of Waterloo is so called because Wellington's despatch to +England was dated from his headquarters at that place. The world-wide +celebrity of the fight was due to the failure of a tremendous cause +and the extinction of a tremendous genius. That genius had been so +colossal as to confuse human judgment. Even yet mankind forgets that +its possessor was a finite being and attributes his fall to any cause +except the true one. Western Europe had paid dearly for the education, +but it had been educated, learning his novel and original methods in +both war and diplomacy. We have followed the gradual decline of the +master's ability, physical, mental, and moral; we have noted the rise +of the forces opposed to him, military, diplomatic, and national. +Waterloo is a name of the highest import because it marks the final +collapse of personal genius, the beginning of reaction toward an order +old in name but new in spirit. Waterloo was not great by reason of the +numbers engaged, for on the side of the allies were about a hundred +and thirty thousand men, on the other seventy-two <span class="pagenum"><a id="page213" name="page213"></a>(p. 213)</span> thousand +approximately; nor was there any special brilliancy in its conduct. +Wellington defended a strong position well and carefully selected. But +he wilfully left himself with inferior numbers; he did not heartily +coöperate with Blücher; both were unready; Gneisenau was suspicious; +and the battle of Ligny was a Prussian blunder. Napoleon committed, +between dawn and dusk of June eighteenth, a series of petty mistakes, +each of which can be explained, but not excused. He began too late; he +did not follow up his assaults; he did not retreat when beaten; he +could attend to only one thing at a time; he failed in control of his +subordinates; he was neither calm nor alert. His return from Elba had +made him the idol of the majority in France, but his conduct +throughout the Hundred Days was that of a broken man. His genius +seemed bright at the opening of his last campaign, but every day saw +the day's task delayed. His great lieutenants grew uneasy and +untrustworthy, though, like his patient, enduring, and gallant men, +they displayed prodigies of personal valor. Ney and Grouchy used their +discretion, but it was the discretion of caution most unlike that of +Desaix at Marengo, or of Ney himself at Eylau. Their ignorance cannot +be condoned; Grouchy's decision at Walhain, though justified in a +measure by Soult's later order, was possibly the immediate cause of +final disaster. But such considerations do not excuse Napoleon's +failure to give explicit orders, nor his nervous interference with +Ney's formation before Quatre Bras, nor his deliberate iterations +during his captivity that he had expected Grouchy throughout the +battle. Moreover, the interest of Waterloo is connected with its +immediate and dramatic consequences rather than with its decisive +character. If Napoleon had won on that day, the allies would have +been far from annihilation; both Wellington and Blücher <span class="pagenum"><a id="page214" name="page214"></a>(p. 214)</span> had +kept open their respective lines of retreat. The national uprising of +Europe would have been more determined than ever; 1815 would have been +but a repetition of 1814. Finally, the losses, though terrible, were +not unparalleled. Grouchy won at Wavre, and, hearing of the disaster +at Mont St. Jean, first contemplated falling on the Prussian rear as +they swept onward in pursuit. But he quickly abandoned this chimerical +idea, and on receipt of Napoleon's order from Quatre Bras, withdrew to +Namur, and thence, by a masterly retreat, conducted his army back into +France. Including those who fell at Wavre, the allies lost about +twenty-two thousand five hundred men, of whom seven thousand were +British and a like number Prussians. The records at Paris are very +imperfect, but they indicate that the French losses were about +thirty-one thousand.</p> + +<p>The booty captured after Waterloo was unimportant; but the political +spoils were immense, and they belonged to the Prussians. Their high +expectation of seizing Napoleon's person was disappointed; but the one +great result—the realization, namely, of all the tyrannical plans +formed at Vienna for the humiliation of liberal France—that they +secured by their instant, hot pursuit. It is hard to discern the facts +in the dust of controversy. Prussia, Austria, Russia, and Great +Britain have each the national conviction of having laid the Corsican +specter; France has long been busy explaining the facts of her defeat, +but seems to have at last completed the task; the most conspicuous +monument on the battle-field is that to the Dutch-Belgians!</p> + +<p>Napoleon was fully aware that at Waterloo he had made the last cast of +the dice and that he had lost. It cannot be proven, but the charge is +made, that far earlier he had ceased to reckon with facts and had +begun to juggle with unrealities. The return from Elba has <span class="pagenum"><a id="page215" name="page215"></a>(p. 215)</span> +all the elements of romance, but events proved that it was based on a +sound judgment. Had the allied powers been willing to give France the +privilege of choosing her own government, which in spite of all that +had occurred was hers by every principle known to international law, +Europe would have enjoyed some years of repose, at any rate; +considering Napoleon's shattered health and premature old age, France +might for a long period have ceased to be a disturber of the public +peace, working out then as now, perhaps in equal tribulation, the +enduring principles of the Revolution; forty years of turmoil might +have been spared to the Continent and the gory floods poured on the +ground at Quatre Bras, Ligny, and Waterloo might have coursed +unmolested in the veins of the innocent men from which they welled +out. The responsibility for all the blood which was shed after the +first treaty of Paris must be shared with Napoleon by dynastic Europe, +in particular by the diplomatists who represented the hate of Russia, +Austria, and Prussia and suffered it to find an outlet in a war of +revenge; a portion too belongs to the factious bitterness which +reigned supreme in the various French parties, awakening civil strife +and endangering French nationality. From first to last there had been +little consistency or continuity in Napoleon's character—it is by no +means certain that he might not well have played, and perhaps +magisterially, the rôle of a national ruler; it is of course also +possible that he might have remained the same untamed, cosmopolitan +adventurer to the end. In view of the political history of France +during the Hundred Days, the former is more probable. But after +Waterloo he was clearly aware that he could no longer be either the +one or the other. It was not to be expected that every instinct would +disappear at once, that he would resign himself to obscurity without +an effort.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page216" name="page216"></a>(p. 216)</span> After a short rest at Philippeville, Napoleon composed the +customary bulletins concerning his campaign, and despatched them to +the capital, together with a letter counseling Joseph to stand firm +and keep the legislature in hand. If Grouchy had escaped, he wrote, he +could already array fifty thousand men on the spot; with the means at +hand, he could soon organize a hundred and fifty thousand; the troops +in regimental depots, together with the national guard, would raise +the number to three hundred thousand. These representations were based +on a habit of mind, and not on genuine conviction. He believed +Grouchy's force to have been annihilated, and though he paused at Laon +as if to reorganize an army, he went through the form of consulting +such officers as he could collect, and then, under their advice, +pressed on to Paris. The officers urged that the army and the majority +of the people were loyal, but that the aristocracy, the royalists, and +the liberal deputies were utterly untrustworthy. "My real place is +here," was the response. "I shall go to Paris, but you drive me to a +foolish course." This was the voice of reason, but he obeyed the +behest of inclination. Yet he halted at the threshold, and, entering +the city on the night of June twenty-first, made no public +announcement of his presence. On the contrary, he almost slunk into +the silent halls of the Élysée, where a sleepy attendant or two +received the unexpected guest without realizing what had happened. He +must have felt that the moral effect of Waterloo had been his undoing; +unlike any other of his defeats, it had not ruined him as general +alone, nor as ruler alone: his prestige as both monarch and soldier +was gone.</p> + +<p>The news of Ligny had been received in the city with jubilations; at +the instant of Napoleon's arrival the truth about Mont St. Jean was +passing all too swiftly <span class="pagenum"><a id="page217" name="page217"></a>(p. 217)</span> on the thousand tongues of rumor from +quarter to quarter throughout the town, creating consternation +everywhere. Early in the morning, Davout, fully aware of public +sentiment, and true to his instincts, advised the shrinking Emperor to +prorogue the chambers, and throw himself on the army; Carnot believed +the public safety required a dictatorship, and urged it; Lucien was +strongly of the same opinion. But the old Napoleon was no more; +vacillating almost as if in partial catalepsy, murmuring empty phrases +in quick, indistinct utterance, he refused to decide. Members of the +council began to gain admittance, and, waxing bolder as Napoleon grew +more silent, the word "abdication" was soon on every tongue. At last a +decision was taken, and such a one! Lucien was sent to parley with the +chambers, and Fouché was summoned. The latter, with insidious +eloquence, argued that in the legislature alone could Napoleon find a +support to his throne. The talk was reported, as if by magic, in the +assembly halls, and Lafayette, supported by Constant, put through a +motion that any attempt to dissolve the chambers would be considered +treason. Lucien pleaded in vain for a commission to treat with the +invaders in his brother's name; the deputies appointed a committee of +public safety, and adjourned.</p> + +<p>Broken in spirit, Napoleon spent the evening in moody speculation, +weighing and balancing, but never deciding. Should he appear at dawn +before the Tuileries, summon the troops already in Paris, and prorogue +the hated chambers, or should he not? The notion remained a dream. +Early in June the court apothecary, Cadet de Gassicourt, had been +ordered by the Emperor to prepare an infallible poison. This was done, +and during this night of terrible vacillation the dose was swallowed +by the desperate fugitive. But, as before at Fontainebleau, the +theory of the philosopher was weaker than his instincts. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page218" name="page218"></a>(p. 218)</span> In +dreadful physical and mental agony, the would-be suicide summoned his +pharmacist, and was furnished with the necessary antidotes. But the +morning brought no courage, and when the chambers met at their +accustomed hour, on the motion of an obscure member they demanded the +Emperor's abdication. The message was borne by the military commander +of the Palais Bourbon, where the legislature, which had now usurped +the supreme power, was sitting, and he asserted of his own motion +that, if compliance were refused, the chambers would declare Napoleon +outlawed. The Emperor at first made a show of fierce wrath, but in the +afternoon he dictated his final abdication to Lucien. No sooner was +this paper received than the wild excitement of the deputies and peers +subsided, and at once a new Directory, consisting of Carnot, Fouché, +Caulaincourt, and Quinette, took up the reins of government. The city +acquiesced, and hour after hour nothing interrupted the deep seclusion +of the Élysée, except occasional shouts from passing groups of +working-men, calling for Napoleon as dictator.</p> + +<p>But there was a change as the stragglers from Waterloo began to +arrive, vowing that they still had an arm for the Emperor, and +denouncing those whom they believed to have betrayed him. The notion +of sustaining Napoleon by force began to spread, and when the soldiers +who were coming in, after suppressing the insurrection in Vendée, +added their voices to those of their comrades from Waterloo, the new +authorities feared Napoleon's presence as a menace to their power. +Davout had been the first to suggest an appeal to force, but when +Napoleon recurred at last to the idea, the marshal opposed it. On June +twenty-fifth, therefore, the fallen man withdrew to Malmaison; where, +in the society of Queen Hortense and a few faithful friends, during +three days <span class="pagenum"><a id="page219" name="page219"></a>(p. 219)</span> he abandoned himself for long intervals to the sad +memories of the place. But he also wrote a farewell address to the +army, and, in constant communication with a committee of the +government, completed a plan for escaping to the United States, "there +to fulfil his destiny," as he himself said. For this purpose two +frigates were put at the disposal of "him who had lately been +Emperor." All was ready on the twenty-ninth. That day a passing +regiment shouted, "Long life to the Emperor," and, in a last +despairing effort, Napoleon sent an offer of his services, as a simple +general, to save Paris, and defeat the allies, who, though approaching +the capital, were now separated. Fouché returned an insulting answer +to the effect that the government could no longer be responsible for +the petitioner's safety. Then, at last, Napoleon knew that all was +over in that quarter. Clad in civilian's clothing, and accompanied by +Bertrand, Savary, and Gourgaud, he immediately set out for Rochefort. +General Becker led the party as commissioner for the provisional +government.</p> + +<p>It was the exile's intention to hurry onward, but at Rambouillet he +halted, and spent the evening composing two requests, one for a supply +of furniture from Paris, the other for the library in the Petit +Trianon, together with copies of Visconti's "Greek Iconography" and +the great work on Egypt compiled from materials gathered during his +ill-starred sojourn in that country. Next morning a courier arrived +from Paris with news. "It is all up with France," he exclaimed, and +set out once more. Crowds lined the highways; sometimes they cheered, +and they were always respectful. Such was the enthusiasm of two +cavalry regiments at Niort that Becker was induced to send a despatch +to the government, pleading that an army, rallied in Napoleon's name, +might still exert an important influence in public affairs. Just as +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page220" name="page220"></a>(p. 220)</span> the general was closing the document there arrived the news +of the cannonade heard before the capital on the thirtieth. Napoleon +dictated a postscript: "We hope the enemy will give you time to cover +Paris and bring your negotiations to an issue. If, in that case, an +English cruiser stops the Emperor's departure, you can dispose of him +as a common soldier."</p> + +<p>By a strange coincidence, English cruisers had, as a matter of fact, +appeared within a few days in the offing before Rochefort. Whatever +the relation between this circumstance and his suggestion, Napoleon +studied every possible means of delaying his journey, and actually +opened a correspondence with the commanders in Bordeaux and the +Vendée, with a view to overthrowing the "traitorous" government. It +was July third when he finally reached Rochefort. Again for five days +he procrastinated. But the allies were entering Paris; Wellington was +bringing Louis XVIII back to his throne; in forty-eight hours the +monarchs of the coalition would arrive. Blücher had commissioned a +Prussian detachment to seize and shoot his hated opponent, wherever +found. On the eighth, therefore, the outcast Emperor embarked; but for +two days the frigates were detained by unfavorable winds. On the +tenth, English cruisers hove in sight, and on the eleventh Las Cases, +who had been appointed Napoleon's private secretary, was sent to +interview Captain Maitland, of the <i>Bellerophon</i>, concerning his +instructions from the British government. The envoy returned, and +stated that the English commander would always be ready to receive +Napoleon, and conduct him to England, but he could not guarantee that +the ex-Emperor could settle there, or be free to betake himself to +America.</p> + +<p>This language was almost fatal to the notion of a final refuge in +England, which Napoleon had begun to discuss <span class="pagenum"><a id="page221" name="page221"></a>(p. 221)</span> and consider +during the days spent in Rochefort; so Las Cases sought a second +interview. According to his account, Maitland then changed his tone, +remarking that in England the monarch and his ministers had no +arbitrary power; that the generosity of the English people, and their +liberal views, were superior to those entertained by sovereigns. To +the speaker this was a platitude; to the listeners it was a weighty +remark. A prey to uncertainty, Napoleon entertained various schemes. +He bought two small, half-decked fishing-boats, with a view to +boarding a Danish ship that lay outside, but the project was quickly +dropped. Two young officers of the French frigate suggested sailing +all the way to New York in the little craft. Napoleon seriously +considered the possibility, but recalling that such vessels must get +their final supplies on the coasts of Spain or Portugal, rejected the +plan, for he dared not risk falling into the hands of embittered foes. +Word was brought that an American ship lay near by, in the Gironde. +General Lallemand galloped in hot haste to see whether an asylum for +the outlawed party could be secured under her flag. He returned with a +reply that the captain would be "proud and happy to grant it."</p> + +<p>But in the interim Napoleon had determined to throw himself on the +"generosity of England." On the thirteenth Gourgaud was sent to +London, with a request to the Prince Regent that the Emperor should be +permitted to live unknown in some provincial English place, under the +name of General Duroc. On the fifteenth Napoleon embarked on the +<i>Bellerophon</i>, where he was received with all honors; next day the +vessel sailed, and on the twenty-fourth she cast anchor in Torbay. +During the voyage the passenger was often somnolent, and seemed +exhausted; but he was affable in his intercourse with the officers, +and to Maitland, who unwisely yielded <span class="pagenum"><a id="page222" name="page222"></a>(p. 222)</span> the expected +precedence. To his kindly keeper, in a sort of beseeching confidence, +the prisoner showed portraits of his wife and child, lamenting with +tender sensibility his enforced separation from them. The scenes in +Torbay were curious. Crowds from far and near lined the shores, and +boats of all descriptions thronged the waters; the sight-seers dared +everything to catch a glimpse of the awful monster under the terrors +of whose power a generation had reached manhood. If, perchance, they +succeeded, the air was rent with cheers. After two days the ship was +ordered round into Plymouth Sound, but the reckless sensation-seekers +gathered there in still greater numbers.</p> + +<p>Many have wondered at Napoleon's surrender of his person to the +English. There was no other course open which seemed feasible to a +broken-spirited man in his position. His admirers are correct in +thinking that it was more noble for him to have survived his greatness +than to have taken his own life. To have entered on a series of +romantic adventures such as were suggested—concealment on the Danish +vessel, flight in open boats, concealment in a water-cask on an +American merchantman, and the like—would have been merely the +addition of ignominy to his capture; for his presence under the +American flag would have been reported by spies, and at that day the +standard of the United States would have afforded him little immunity. +It is possible that on the morrow of Waterloo Napoleon might, with +Grouchy's army, the other survivors, and the men from Vendée, have +reassembled an army in Paris, but it is doubtful. Nothing in +Revolutionary annals can surpass the horror of royalist frenzy, known +as the White Terror, which broke out in Provence and southern France +on receipt of the news from Waterloo. The ghastly distemper spread +swiftly, and when Napoleon embarked the tricolor <span class="pagenum"><a id="page223" name="page223"></a>(p. 223)</span> was floating +only at Rochefort, Nantes, and Bordeaux; his family was proscribed, +Ney and Labédoyère were imprisoned and doomed to execution. To have +surrendered either to Wellington or Blücher would have been seeking +instant death; to have collected such desperate soldiers as could be +got together would have been an attempt at guerrilla warfare. To take +refuge with the officers of England's navy was the only dignified +course with any element of safety in it, since Great Britain was the +only land in Europe which afforded the privileges of asylum to certain +classes of political offenders. Naturally, the negotiators did not +proclaim their extremity. Considering the date of Gourgaud's embassy, +it is clear they were in no position to demand formal terms, and +Maitland's character forbids the conclusion that he made them. It is +unfortunate that he did not commit to writing all his transactions +with Lallemand, Savary, and Las Cases; perhaps he was injudiciously +polite, but it is certain that, contrary to their representations, he +made no promise, even by implication, that under England's flag +Napoleon should find a refuge, and not a prison.</p> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page224" name="page224"></a>(p. 224)</span> CHAPTER XIX</h3> + +<h4>St. Helena<a id="footnotetag27" name="footnotetag27"></a><a href="#footnote27" title="Go to footnote 27"><span class="smaller">[27]</span></a></h4> + +<p class="summary">Embarrassment of the English Ministry — A Strange Embassy — + Napoleon's Attitude — The Transportation — The Prison and its + Governor — Occupations of the Prisoner — Napoleon's Historical + Writings — Failing Health and Preparations for Death — His Last + Will and Testament — The End — Imprisoned Genius — The St. + Helena Period — The Insatiate Curiosity of Europe — First + Communications from the Island — Napoleon's Appeal — Gourgaud + in Europe — His Undeserved Notoriety — Futile Efforts of Las + Cases — O'Meara's Activities — Confusion During the Last Years + — Documentary Evidence — The Legend as a Historical Force.</p> + + +<a id="img009" name="img009"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/img009.jpg" width="500" height="366" alt="" title=""> +<p><span class="smcap">Napoleon sleeping by Las Cases on board the Bellerophon</span><br> +<span class="smaller">In red chalk by Lépicié.</span></p> +</div> + +<p class="sidenote">1815-21</p> + +<p>The ministry of Lord Liverpool, though ultra-Tory, was nevertheless +embarrassed by the course of affairs. On June twentieth the premier +wrote to Castlereagh that he wished Napoleon had been captured by +Louis XVIII, and executed as a rebel. This amazing suggestion was the +result of the progress made within a year by the doctrine of +legitimacy. Although Talleyrand had observed the Hundred Days from the +safe seclusion of Carlsbad, and was coldly received by his +"legitimate" sovereign when he returned to Paris under Wellington's +ægis, yet there was no one equally able to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page225" name="page225"></a>(p. 225)</span> restore a +"legitimate" government, and, with the aid of Wellington, who assumed +without question the chief place in reconstructing France, he was soon +in full activity. In strict logic, the allies reasoned that Napoleon +was their common prisoner, and, as the chief malefactor, he should +meet the fate which was to be Ney's, and later that of Murat. By long +familiarity with such notions, the Czar had finally been converted to +the once abhorrent idea of legitimacy, and was hatching the scheme of +the Holy Alliance; even he would have made no objection. But English +opinion, however irritated, would not tolerate the idea of death as a +penalty for political offenses. Whatever ministers felt or said, they +dared consider no alternative in dealing with Napoleon except that of +imprisonment. Accordingly, St. Helena, the spot suggested at Vienna as +being the most remote in the habitable world, was designated and the +island was borrowed from the East India Company. Acts of Parliament +were passed which established a special government for it, and cut it +off from all outside communication, "for the better detaining in +custody Napoleon Bonaparte." The Continental allies, therefore, on +August second, declared the sometime Emperor to be their common +prisoner. To England they yielded the right to determine his place of +detention, but to each of themselves—Austria, Russia, and +Prussia—was reserved the right of sending thither a commissioner +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page226" name="page226"></a>(p. 226)</span> who should determine the fact of actual imprisonment.</p> + +<p>It was in Torbay that the newspapers brought on board the +<i>Bellerophon</i> first announced what was under consideration. On July +thirty-first, with inconsistent ceremony, the determination was +formally announced by an embassy consisting of Lord Keith, the +admiral; Sir Henry Bunbury, an under-secretary of state; and Mr. +Meike, secretary to the admiral. To whom did this highest official +authority address itself? To General Bonaparte, a private citizen! +Their message was read in French, and Napoleon displayed perfect +self-control. Asked if he had anything to say, the ex-Emperor, without +temper or bitterness, appealed against the judgment of governments +both to posterity and to the British people. He was, he said, a +voluntary guest; he wished to be received as such under the law of +nations, and to be domiciled as an English citizen (<i>sic</i>). During the +interval before naturalization he would dwell under superintendence +anywhere in England, thirty leagues from any seaport. He could not +live in St. Helena; he was accustomed to ride twenty miles a day; what +could he do on that little rock at the end of the world? He could have +gone to his father-in-law, or to the Czar, but while the tricolor was +still flying he had confided in British hospitality. Though defeated, +he was still a sovereign, and deserved to be treated as such. With +emphasis he declared that he preferred death to St. Helena.</p> + +<p>The embassy withdrew in silence from the moving scene. Lord Keith had +previously expressed gratitude to Napoleon for personal attentions to +a young relative who had been captured at Waterloo. Him, therefore, +the imperial prisoner now recalled, and asked if there were any +tribunal to which appeal might be made. The answer was a polite +negative, with the assurance that <span class="pagenum"><a id="page227" name="page227"></a>(p. 227)</span> the British government +would mitigate the situation as far as prudence would permit. "How +so?" said Napoleon. "Surely St. Helena is preferable to a smaller +space in England," answered Keith, "or being sent to France, or +perhaps to Russia." "Russia!" exclaimed Napoleon, taken off his guard. +"God preserve me from it!" This was the only moment of excitement; the +witnesses of the long and trying scene have left on record the +profound impression made on them by Napoleon's dignity and admirable +conduct throughout. Subsequently the prisoner composed a written +protest appealing to history. An enemy who for twenty years had waged +war against the English people had come voluntarily to seek an asylum +under English laws; how did England respond to such magnanimity? In +his own mind, at least, he instituted and therefore wrote a comparison +between-himself and Themistocles, who took refuge with the Persians, +and was kindly treated. The parallel broke down in that the great +Greek had never forced his enemy into entangling alliances, as +Napoleon had forced England into successive coalitions for +self-preservation. Moreover, his surrender was not voluntary: his life +would not have been worth a moment's purchase either in France or +elsewhere on the Continent, to have fled by sea would have been to +invite capture. "Wherever," as he himself repeatedly said—"wherever +there was water to float a ship, there was to be found a British +standard." Still there were many in England who took his view; much +sympathy was aroused, and some futile efforts for his release were +made.</p> + +<p>For the journey to St. Helena, Napoleon was transferred to Admiral +Cockburn's ship, the <i>Northumberland</i>. The suite numbered thirty, and +was chosen by Napoleon himself. Its members were Bertrand, Montholon, +and Las Cases, with their families, together with Gourgaud <span class="pagenum"><a id="page228" name="page228"></a>(p. 228)</span> +and, following in a later ship, a Pole of doubtful duty and dubious +personality, the self-styled Colonel Piontkowski. There were sixteen +servants, of whom twelve were Napoleon's. The voyage was tedious and +uneventful. The admiral adhered to English customs, and discarded the +etiquette observed toward crowned heads; but he remained on the best +of terms with his illustrious prisoner. There were occasional +misunderstandings, and sometimes ill-natured gossip, in which the +admiral was denounced behind his back as a "shark"; but such little +gusts of temper passed without permanent consequences. Napoleon had +secured the excellent library he desired, and every day read or wrote +during most of the morning; the evenings he devoted to games of hazard +for low stakes, or to chess, which he played very badly. He was +careful as to his diet, took abundant regular exercise, and, since his +health was excellent, he appeared in the main cheerful and resigned.</p> + +<p>The island of St. Helena is the craggy summit of an ancient volcano, +rising two thousand seven hundred feet above the sea, and contains +forty-five square miles. Its shores are precipitous, but it has an +excellent harbor, that of Jamestown, which was then a port of call on +the voyage from England, by the Cape of Good Hope, to India. It lies +four thousand miles from London, one thousand one hundred and forty +from the coast of Africa, one thousand one hundred and eighty from the +nearest point in South America. There were a few thousand inhabitants +of mixed race, and the tropical climate, though moist and enervating, +is fairly salubrious. Under the act passed by Parliament, England +increased the territorial waters around the island to a ring three +times the usual size, and policed them by "hovering" vessels, which +made the approach of suspicious craft virtually impossible. This, +with numerous other precautionary <span class="pagenum"><a id="page229" name="page229"></a>(p. 229)</span> measures of minor +importance, made St. Helena an impenetrable jail. It was October +sixteenth, 1815, when Napoleon landed on its shores.</p> + +<p>The residence provided for the imperial captive was a rather ordinary +farm-house in the center of the island, on a plateau two thousand feet +high. The grounds were level, and bounded by natural limits, so that +they were easy to guard, and could be observed in all their extent by +sentries; eventually a circuit of twelve miles was marked out, and +within this the prisoner might move at will; if he wished to pass the +line, he must be attended by an English officer. Considering the +conceptions of state and chivalry then prevalent, the place was mean; +long after, when enlarged and repaired, the house was thought not +unsuitable for the entertainment of an imprisoned Zulu chieftain. +Longwood, for this is the familiar name, might at a pinch have +sufficed for the lodging of General Bonaparte; it was certainly better +than a dungeon; but its modest comfort was far from the luxurious +elegance which had become a second nature to the Emperor Napoleon. +Such as it was to be, however, it was still uninhabitable in October, +and its destined occupant was, until December ninth, the guest of a +hospitable merchant, Mr. Balcombe, at his villa known as The Briars. +The sentinels and patrols remained six hundred paces from the door +during the day; at night the cordon of guards was drawn close around +the house; twice in twenty-four hours the orderly must assure himself +of the prisoner's actual presence, and human ingenuity could devise no +precaution which was not taken by land and sea to make impossible any +secret communication, inward or outward. Cockburn's serene good-nature +rendered it out of the question for the captive to do more than +declare his policy of protest and exasperation, until April, 1816, +when the admiral departed, and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page230" name="page230"></a>(p. 230)</span> was replaced by Sir Hudson +Lowe. The latter was a vulnerable foe. A creature of routine, and +fresh from a two years' residence as English commissioner in Blücher's +camp, he had thoroughly absorbed the temper both of the Tory ministry +and of the Continental reactionaries. Neither irascible, severe, nor +ill-natured, he was yet punctilious, and in no sense a match for the +brilliant genius of his antagonist. With the arrival of this +unfortunate official properly begins the St. Helena period of +Napoleon's life—a period considered by many to be instructive; but, +as regards the talk and futile calculations in which he indulged, +comparable only to that of his ineffectual agitations in Corsica.</p> + +<a id="img010" name="img010"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/img010.jpg" width="300" height="390" alt="" title=""> +<p class="small">From the collection of W. C. Crane<br> Engraved by S. W. Reynolds</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Napoleon At St. Helena</span><br> +<span class="smaller">Painted by Horace Vernet.</span></p> +</div> + +<p>Napoleon, the prisoner, had a double object—release and +self-justification. The former he hoped to gain by working on the +feelings of the English Liberals; the latter by writing an +autobiography which, in order to win back the lost confidence of +France, should emphasize the democratic, progressive, and beneficent +side of his career, and consign to oblivion his tyrannies and +inordinate personal ambitions. The dreary chronicle of the quarrel +between a disarmed giant and a potent pygmy is uninteresting in +detail, but very illuminating in its large outlines. The routine of a +court was instituted and for a time was rigidly observed at Longwood. +The powerless monarch so successfully simulated the wisdom and +judgment of a chastened soul that the accounts which reached the +distant world awakened a great pity among the disinterested. As on +shipboard and at The Briars, he gave his mornings to literature, clad +in a studied, picturesque dishabille. The afternoon he devoted to +amusement and exercise; but a distaste for more physical exertion than +was actually essential to health grew steadily, until he became +sluggish and corpulent. At table he was always abstemious; his sleep +was <span class="pagenum"><a id="page231" name="page231"></a>(p. 231)</span> irregular and disturbed. The evenings he spent with +favorite authors, Voltaire, Corneille, and Ossian; frequently, also, +in reading the Bible. The opinions he expressed were in the main those +of his pseudoscientific days; among other questions discussed was that +of polygamy, which he upheld as an excellent institution +theoretically. Much time was spent by the household in abusing +Longwood, and so effectually that a wooden house was constructed in +England, and erected near by; but the prisoner made difficulties about +every particular, and never occupied it. There were continuous +schemings for direct intercourse with friends in France, and partial +success ended in the dismissal of Las Cases. Gourgaud, too, departed, +ostensibly because of a quarrel with Montholon, really, as he +represented, to agitate with Alexander, Francis, and Maria Louisa for +Napoleon's release. The exile confessed, in an unguarded moment, that +no man alive could have satisfied him in the relation of governor of +St. Helena, but yet he was adroit and indefatigable in his efforts to +discredit Lowe. The "Letters from the Cape of Good Hope," published in +England anonymously, but now incorporated in the official edition of +Napoleon's works as the thirty-first volume, abuse the climate of St. +Helena, depict the injustice of the imprisonment, and heap scorn on +the governor. The book was widely read, and furnished the Whigs in +Parliament with many shafts of criticism. This success emboldened the +author, and further compositions by his hand were mysteriously +published in Europe.</p> + +<p>For three years Napoleon's self-appointed task as a historian was +unremittingly pursued, and the results, while he had the assistance of +Las Cases and Gourgaud, were voluminous; thereafter the output was a +slender rill. Most of the volumes which record his observations and +opinions bear the names of the respective memorialists, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page232" name="page232"></a>(p. 232)</span> +Montholon, Las Cases, Gourgaud, O'Meara, and Antommarchi, the two +latter his attendant physicians. The period he took pains to elucidate +most fully in these writings was that between Toulon and Marengo. Over +his own name appeared monographs on Elba, the Hundred Days, and +Waterloo. His professional ability is shown by short studies on the +"Art and History of War," on "Army Organization," and on +"Fortification"; likewise by his full analyses of the wars waged by +Cæsar, Turenne, and Frederick the Great. These are not unworthy of the +author's reputation; his versatility is displayed in a few commonplace +notes—some on Voltaire's "Mahomet," some on suicide, and others on +the second book of the Æneid. A widely circulated treatise, the +"Manuscript from St. Helena," was long attributed to him, but was a +clever forgery. As will be explained, its effect on history was +important.</p> + +<p>For nearly four years Napoleon's health was fair. O'Meara, the +physician appointed to attend him, was assiduous and skilful, but when +he became his patient's devoted slave he was dismissed by Lowe. +Thereupon certain disquieting symptoms, which had been noted from time +to time, became more pronounced, and the prisoner began to brood and +mope in seclusion. In the autumn of 1819, Dr. Antommarchi, a Corsican +physician chosen by Fesch, was installed at Longwood. For a time, as +he claimed, he had some success in ameliorating the ex-Emperor's +condition, and to what the writer records as their confidential talks +we owe our knowledge of Napoleon's infancy. But from month to month +the patient's strength diminished, and the ravages of his mysterious +disease at length became very apparent. The obstinacy of Lowe in +carrying out the letter of his instructions, by intruding on the +sufferer to secure material for a daily report, seriously aggravated +Napoleon's <span class="pagenum"><a id="page233" name="page233"></a>(p. 233)</span> miseries. Two priests accompanied Antommarchi: one +only remained for some time, and after his arrival mass was celebrated +almost every morning in the chapel adjoining the sick-room. "Not every +man is an atheist who would like to be," was a remark Napoleon dropped +to Montholon. Yet, though preparing for death, he was making ready +simultaneously to speed his Parthian arrow.</p> + +<p>His testament displays his qualities in their entirety. The language +sounds simple and sincere; there is a hidden meaning in almost every +line. His religion had been outwardly that of a deist; he now +professed a piety which he always felt but rarely practised. During +his life France had been caressed and used as a skilful artificer +caresses and uses his tools; the last words of his will suggest a +passionate devotion. To his son he recommended the "love of right, +which alone can incite to the performance of great deeds"; for his +faithless wife he expressed the tenderest sentiments, and probably +felt them. It was his hope that the English people would avenge itself +on the English oligarchy, and that France would forgive the traitors +who betrayed her—Marmont, Augereau, Talleyrand, and Lafayette—as he +forgave them. Louis he pardoned in the same spirit for the "libel +published in 1820; it is full of falsehoods and falsified documents." +The blame for Enghien's murder he took to himself. The second portion +of the document is a series of munificent-sounding bequests to a list +of legatees which includes every one who had done the testator any +important service since his earliest childhood. France under the +Bourbons confiscated the imperial domain of about a hundred and eighty +millions, which Napoleon had estimated at over two hundred and twenty. +When the nation passed again under the Bonapartes it appropriated +eight millions toward the unpaid legacies. In <span class="pagenum"><a id="page234" name="page234"></a>(p. 234)</span> the end his +executors collected three and a half millions of francs wherewith to +pay bequests amounting on their face to over nine and a half. In a +codicil he remembers a certain Cautillon, who had undergone trial for +an alleged attempt to assassinate Wellington. "Cautillon had as much +right to assassinate that oligarch as he [Wellington] to send me to +the rock of St. Helena to perish there." Such was the nature and +substance of an appeal to a generous, forgiving nation, and to +posterity, by one who wrote in the same document that he wished to die +in the bosom of the Christian church, whose central doctrine is love, +and whose ethic is forgiveness of enemies.</p> + +<p>"I closed the abyss of anarchy and brought order out of chaos. I +cleansed the Revolution, ennobled the people, and made the kings +strong. I have awakened all ambitions, rewarded all merit, and +enlarged the borders of glory." These were the words of Napoleon in +1816; he Lived in this hallucination to the end. In the autumn of 1820 +he realized his condition, and throughout the winter he was feeble and +depressed. In February, 1821, he began to fail rapidly, and the +symptoms of his disease, cancer in the stomach, multiplied; but, in +spite of feebleness, he faced death with courage. On May third two +English physicians, recently arrived, came in for consultation; they +could only recommend palliatives, and under the influence of that +treatment the imperial patient kept an uncertain hold on his +faculties. Two days later a violent storm of wind and rain set in. A +spreading willow, under which Napoleon had spent many hours, was +overturned; the trees planted by his hands were uprooted; and a +whirlwind devastated the garden in which he had worked for exercise. +The death of the sufferer was coincident, and scarcely less violent. +The last words uttered were caught by listening ears as the sun rose; +they were <span class="pagenum"><a id="page235" name="page235"></a>(p. 235)</span> "Tête ... armée." Mme. Bertrand and her children +were present; at the sight of their friend's suffering the boy fainted +and the little girls broke into loud lamentation. At eleven in the +morning the supreme agonies began; a little before six in the evening +the heart put forth its last convulsive effort, and ceased to beat. +The mournful band of watchers within bowed their heads. Without the +door another watch was set—that of the orderly. During the first +outburst of grief among those at the bedside two officers entered +silently, felt the cold limbs, marked the absence of life, and left +without a word. England's prisoner had escaped.</p> + +<p class="p2">It requires a complex environment to develop a man of any sort; for +the exhibition of his personality and identity he must live in family, +church, and state, and beyond all these surroundings even the meanest +of mankind is subject to some cosmopolitan influence. How much more +true is this of a historical and political personage, who is and can +be himself only under the conditions which permit the play of his +powers. Removed from these, his soul and spirit sicken, his character +becomes morbid, his capacities are crippled, his identity is +distorted. Nothing could be more fatuous and simple than the effort to +read the true character of Napoleon Bonaparte from his talk and +behavior when an exile; a prisoner of time and space, as world +communications then were; an exhausted body; a crippled, outraged +spirit, reduced for attack and defense to the weapons of the pen and +the tongue wielded on and over an immensity of apartness. Yet exactly +this has been the self-imposed task of many investigators and writers. +The literature of his prison-house has grown to vast dimensions, and +readers feel cheated when the bald outline of <span class="pagenum"><a id="page236" name="page236"></a>(p. 236)</span> all that may +even be considered history is offered for their consideration. The +narrative of the St. Helena epoch in his life just given is probably +accurate, and there are portions of it that rest on historical +evidence both objective and internal, as trustworthy as most of what +passes for history.</p> + +<p>But when this is said the statement must be carefully guarded, for the +reason that substantially all our evidence is virtually such as would +be given about himself by a convict behind the bars, his sympathizing +accomplices, his jailer, and his prosecutors. The simile is not +strained. The surgeon of the <i>Northumberland</i>, ignorant of French, +gathered from those of Napoleon's attendants who spoke English such +scraps regarding the prisoner as he could, published them, and lost +his government employment. The book was widely read and proved a very +lucrative enterprise. Outside its pages there was profound silence and +complete ignorance in Europe regarding the now mysterious convict, +buried to the world. Craving for information was universal and +insatiate; if only Napoleon himself would speak! It appeared as if the +longing were satisfied in a published "Manuscript arrived from St. +Helena by unknown means." The volume was difficult to procure, +although edition followed edition in swift succession; many a precious +copy was used in reading circles and there are still in existence a +considerable number of the very numerous reproductions made at the +time with pen and ink. One of these was actually sold not long ago to +an unsuspecting editor in the United States and published in his +magazine as a rarity. It fell flat because so many knew the truth: +that it was apocryphal, the merry jest of a Genevese gentleman, Lullin +de Châteauvieux, who lived to see his sport a dangerous element in +the falsification of history. It was not <span class="pagenum"><a id="page237" name="page237"></a>(p. 237)</span> only Napoleonic in +style, but too Napoleonic; and, considered as an imperialist pamphlet, +an anti-royalist pronunciamento, brought into being the embryo of a +legend such as men crave and which the loyal efforts of many +historians have utterly failed to destroy. Its contents, of course, +are utterly worthless except as a comedy, a mask of literature which +influenced public opinion.</p> + +<p>The first known opportunity of the Napoleon court for communication +with the outside world was afforded by the British government. The +guarding and maintenance of Napoleon proved a source of great +expenditure. The garrison and military staff, the hovering vessels of +the navy, the entertainment of the continental commissioners, and +especially the allowance for the establishment of Longwood, miserable +as it was—the total cost appeared to the London authorities +exorbitant. Prices of supplies at St. Helena were enormous because of +its remoteness. So the subordinates of the ministry, with the assent +of their superiors, determined upon reductions, and they began with +the household of the Emperor, issuing orders that four of its members +should be dismissed. These were, first, the Polish adventurer +Piontkowski, part gentleman, part domestic, and wholly emissary and +spy, who had been sent out by the English government in a vessel which +followed the <i>Northumberland</i>, for reasons best known to themselves. +He appears to have accepted a charge from Napoleon; that, namely, of +laying before the Czar a formal protest against the treaties which +made Napoleon the joint prisoner of the allies, entrusted to the +charge of Great Britain. The next to leave were Archambaud and +Rousseau, one a huntsman, one a chief butler; they were to visit +Joseph Bonaparte in the United States and give him the fullest +information. The fourth <span class="pagenum"><a id="page238" name="page238"></a>(p. 238)</span> was the chamberlain Santini, a +Corsican, and, though a soldier, utterly illiterate. To him was +confided a protest for use either in London or in Italy, as the event +should determine. A copy was made in Chinese ink on white satin ribbon +for concealment about his person, but the chief reliance was, that +"verbally and literally" he was drilled in its repetition until he +could neither forget nor mistake in its recital. The faithful servants +reached Joseph's home in America, the Pole on arrival in England +styled himself Count and Colonel, became the hero of a social season +in London, and vanished from history as mysteriously as he entered it. +But Santini with Italian adroitness gained not only the presence of +Lord Holland but his attentive ear; his recital was translated into +English and published, the matter was brought before Parliament by +interpellation of the great Whig statesman and caused great excitement +throughout the world.</p> + +<p>Napoleon's "Appeal to the English Nation," as printed from Santini's +copy, recited the stupidity of his jailer, the unhealthiness of the +climate, the expense and difficulty of living. His statements were not +merely confirmed, the conditions of life on St. Helena were +monstrously exaggerated by Montchenu, the French commissioner, in a +private letter which was published soon after the arrival of Santini +in London. This, too, was circulated all abroad. Public opinion was +further agitated. The allied dynasties were made to feel ashamed by +their subjects, and in Great Britain there was a fierce surge of +reprobation, the resonance of which has not yet died away. The exile +was chained to a horrid rock, in a climate Europeans could not endure, +his miserable existence in hovels overrun with vermin must be eked out +by loans from friends and the sale of his silver tableware, he was +put to needless shame by <span class="pagenum"><a id="page239" name="page239"></a>(p. 239)</span> the stupid regulations of a stupid +government, stupidly enforced by a stupid governor, he was sick of +body and heart, very sick and might die. Whose was the responsibility +for this disgrace to civilization? Somewhat in this way men talked and +questioned; soon his faults were forgotten in the pitiful recital of +his woes; the legend was further advanced, once more the glory of +Napoleon's epoch became a powerful force in Europe.</p> + +<p>On the fourteenth of March, 1818, there arrived in England a member of +the St. Helena court, whose name and fame bid fair to rival if not to +obliterate those of all his companions in exile, though most +undeservedly. This was General Gourgaud, styled Master of Ordinance. +He was thirty-five years old and had been a soldier for sixteen, +winning promotion for intelligence and intrepidity, securing +Napoleon's affection by personal charm and by services which once at +least, and probably twice, directly saved the Emperor's life, until at +last he was a baron, a general at Waterloo, and a companion in St. +Helena. This all seems passing strange because he was a high officer +of Louis XVIII before Napoleon's return from Elba; made obeisance to +established authority as soon as he returned from captivity, and +during the successive governments of France to his death in 1852 found +favor with each in turn. Whatever he was before and after, his life in +St. Helena was that of a sentimental, jealous, sensitive child, +scarcely a male at that. Every word and every act of every one gave +him such pangs of wounded vanity that at last his presence was +intolerable and by the influence of the Montholons it was arranged +that he should leave. No sooner was the dust of Longwood shaken from +his feet than within sight of its doors he accepted the kindly +attentions of his former jailers with eagerness, and no sooner were +those feet ashore in England than he began <span class="pagenum"><a id="page240" name="page240"></a>(p. 240)</span> to woo the +ministry, to make advances to the Bourbons, and to fawn on the Holy +Alliance itself. It was not until he experienced certain chills and +got his groping finger on the pulse of public opinion that he found +himself utterly mistaken and in danger of mortal error. He then wrote, +and gave to the public prints, a curious letter, addressed to Marie +Louise, asserting that Napoleon was dying in the torments of a +frightful agony. This amounted to a recantation. In consequence he was +banished from England under the Alien Bill. At once he hurried away to +Prince Eugène (Napoleon's treasurer) and from him reclaimed and +received, for four years certainly, his arrears of imperial pay and +pension. In 1822 he was permitted to return to France.</p> + +<p>The notoriety of his name is due to two sets of circumstances. Sir +Walter Scott told the truth about his conduct, just when the noble +general was beginning to swim in the refulgence of the Napoleonic +legend. There ensued a wordy warfare. The weapons on one side were +official papers; on the other denials, insinuations, and finally the +assertion of some vague commission or another given by the great +captive, impossible of fulfilment in any way other than by the +mysterious course of the plenipotentiary. This mystery is still +unsolved and the commission undiscovered, but in France at least the +conflict still rages. As late as 1908 a caustic critic was challenged +to a duel by the testy and furious family head of the Gourgauds. The +other set of circumstances is equally curious. Gourgaud left behind +him a journal of his St. Helena life. Its contents are certainly +authentic evidence of the writer's character, and as there is no means +of checking the authenticity of what is recorded about Napoleon and +his Longwood household, the record may possibly be and probably is +accurate. The sore spirit of the writer required a confidant, and +since <span class="pagenum"><a id="page241" name="page241"></a>(p. 241)</span> there was no congenial soul to receive his outpourings +he relieved himself as other sentimental egoists have done in the +pages of a journal. From these the most conscientious efforts have +been made to construct a psychology of the Emperor. The result is a +morbid psychology of a caged falcon, the revival of bitter controversy +as to the treatment of the great prisoner by a Tory ministry, and +generally of a rather abstracted but intense interest in the +Napoleonic legend. Hence the prolonged vogue of a celebrity which +should have been ephemeral. The general is in no proper sense a +historical factor except as the influence of his behavior in Europe +served to quicken the existing lively interest in Napoleon. As far as +his earliest testimony went, and many inclined to heed it, the master +he had served was in excellent health, was kindly treated, and in +general was better off than could have been expected. This of course +lashed the imperialists to fury; their information was to the +diametrically opposite effect.</p> + +<p>Antecedent to Gourgaud's departure was that of Las Cases, but his +journey was so impeded, his health so shaken, and his devotion so +discounted, that whatever he accomplished in molding public opinion +was logically subsequent to the work of the general. Spanish by +origin, French by six centuries of devotion, his family was of the +higher nobility. He himself had been an emigrant, but had returned to +become a member of the Council of State. As a great civil official he +had learned to love Napoleon and deliberately chose exile with him +rather than honors and service under the restored Bourbons. In 1816 he +wrote, and endeavored to forward secretly, letters containing his +views as to the disgraceful treatment of Napoleon. These were +intercepted and the writer was condemned in Lowe's first fury to +depart. On second thought the governor begged <span class="pagenum"><a id="page242" name="page242"></a>(p. 242)</span> him to remain +under certain restrictions; these Las Cases would not accept, possibly +because he saw himself of greater use in Europe than in St. Helena. He +reached the Cape of Good Hope in January, 1817, was there detained +eight months, was then forwarded to England, where he was forbidden to +land, thence to Belgium, and finally, in December, a physical +derelict, he found shelter in Frankfort-on-the-Main, where he lived +for a time under the strictest surveillance. His faculties were soon +restored to a certain rather impaired activity, and in 1818 he laid a +powerful protest against the treatment of Napoleon before the Congress +of Aix-la-Chapelle. No less a person than the Emperor's mother was his +agent and intermediary. A meeting of reactionary sovereigns and their +ministers, terrified by the throes of a revolutionary spirit more and +more personified in Bonaparte, could in no case be receptive to such a +remonstrance, and was utterly cold and scornful in the face of +Gourgaud's evidence to the well-being and kind treatment of Napoleon, +already published. Even with the most enlightened and liberal public +of Europe, that of Great Britain, Las Cases' controversial +publications fell rather flat. Readers were weary of the theme, since +O'Meara was now and had been for some time past in possession of the +Napoleonic field.</p> + +<p>Dr. O'Meara, the Emperor's body-physician, was a warm-hearted +Irishman, faithful, able, and devoted. That he received substantial +gratuities from his patient is no longer questioned, and these +transfers of money have been called by a harsh name; yet it is easy +for a loyal but illogical devotee to confuse salary, gifts, fees, +bribes, each with each, and one with the other; the crime was not +quite so heinous with a man of his character as it would have been in +persons of severer quality and mold. It seems equally certain that +the stern <span class="pagenum"><a id="page243" name="page243"></a>(p. 243)</span> pedant acting as governor would gladly have +employed the same inducements to secure him as a spy. At least he did +not qualify as the channel of a double espionage, and for that reason +fell under the grave suspicion of authority. The diagnosis of +Napoleon's malady as very grave, which he had made, was confirmed in +January, 1819, by Stokoe, the ship's surgeon of the <i>Conqueror</i>, the +British flag vessel then in the harbor. But from O'Meara it was not +accepted; he was dismissed from service and on July twenty-fifth, +1818, sailed homeward. On August seventeenth the London "Morning Post" +began to print communications sent from St. Helena by him, and shortly +after he landed, in October, there appeared a pamphlet by him +attacking Sir Hudson Lowe. His voluminous "Voice from St. Helena" was +not published until after Napoleon's death. Like the rest of the +contemporary memoirs and memorials, the value of his writings lies in +their effect on the liberal sentiment of the world. The Metternich +system of repression and intervention, which worked its will in +dynastic government for a generation after Napoleon, engendered a +newer liberalism which forgot the tyranny of Napoleonic imperialism +and remembered the Consulate as expressing a well-organized form of +government, adapted superbly for crushing systems, dynastic or +aristocratic or plutocratic, which oppressed mankind by denying the +only possible equality, equality of opportunity, the Napoleonic +"carrière ouverte aux talents." By all sympathetic nationalists, +constitutionalists, and radicals these books were literally devoured, +and in France particularly their effect was lasting. There could never +have been a second Napoleon except as he was thought likely to +reproduce the Consulate; when his rule had proved to be imperialistic +the country was disenchanted. Liberty with order is so ardently +desired! but too often the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page244" name="page244"></a>(p. 244)</span> devices to secure it beget license +with chaos. The literal correctness of O'Meara's reporting, like that +of the rest, cannot be controverted by any rebutting testimony, but +the nature portrayed is the same morbid, sensational, +notoriety-seeking, unwholesome, and pathological specimen as that +furnished by the others.</p> + +<p>Dr. Stokoe was speedily disgraced because it was now certain that any +bulletin of serious illness was evidence of conspiracy by the Emperor +and his friends for his escape. It is still affirmed that this second +physician yielded to the Emperor's blandishments and disobeyed Lowe's +orders. His successor, Dr. Verling, was Lowe's man, and, finding his +position intolerable, resigned with the insinuation that he could not +accept bribes. The party strife demanded either that Napoleon must be +entirely well and well treated, or else utterly moribund and +abominably used. Neither was the case, but a mortal disease had +declared itself, his grand marshal was seriously alarmed, and the +members of the Bonaparte family in Europe were dreaming of Napoleon's +escape or planning the renewal of his household by fresh blood. The +Bertrands and the Montholons, though faithful and devoted, were simply +worn out. A Corsican physician, Dr. Antommarchi, and an Italian +priest, Buonavita, were added to the household in September, 1819. +Mme. Montholon with her child was already at home seeking substitutes, +having departed from St. Helena in July. Neither event had any special +consequences. Mme. Montholon found a possible successor to the grand +marshal in the person of Planat, an officer of the Hundred Days. +Negotiations for his sailing were protracted; such was Napoleon's +condition before they were concluded that Montholon would not consider +deserting his post, though Bertrand was quite willing to see Planat +supplant himself. Buonavita was ill and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page245" name="page245"></a>(p. 245)</span> returned to Europe. +Antommarchi was detested by his patient, a new priest and a new doctor +were found, and the faithful Pauline desired to join her exiled +brother. By this time the year 1820 had passed and the fateful spring +of 1821 was well advanced. All preparations for relieving the +household and the guard at St. Helena were now, of course, futile. +Three years of suffering had culminated in the death of the exile.</p> + +<p>The documentary material for the St. Helena epoch is very scanty. The +"Mémorial" of Las Cases and the "Voice" of O'Meara are both valuable +as works but not as transcripts. Of Gourgaud's "Journal" the value is +greater, but the medium of transmission most abnormal. The volumes of +Mrs. Abell and Lady Malcolm furnish very slight material; the papers +of the outsiders like Montchenu, Balmain, and Sturmer, like even Lowe +himself, furnish side-lights only; the souvenirs of Mme. Montholon are +trifling and cannot bear critical examination. The recitals of +Montholon were thought of importance until careful scrutiny showed how +he had drawn on Las Cases and O'Meara, how scanty, scrappy, and +confused his own notes were, and finally, when his letters to his wife +were printed, how completely these unfalsified documents contradicted +the other publications in the few interesting points on which they +touch, both in the English edition of Colburn and the carefully edited +and reedited French edition. The more the slight authentic material is +examined the more certain it appears that it is hopeless to read from +it Napoleon's character, even in the unnatural environment of St. +Helena, least of all for the years of real life. Conduct is the only +test of belief, not the invalid lamentations or cynical banter of +dreary, hopeless imprisonment. And when all this talk of a man in +anguish is dubiously reported, distorted by the medium of a +heart-sick listener, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page246" name="page246"></a>(p. 246)</span> or by the transcription of men bored to +extinction, its value is obviously still further diminished. The story +has been briefly narrated of how the legend was engendered, of how it +was planted and watered on the continent of Europe, and its influence +on subsequent generations has been indicated. This is the sum total of +what history finds as its material during the closing years of +Napoleon's life. The souvenirs of Bertrand and Marchand are as yet +inaccessible, if indeed they exist. Some day their possible +publication may shed a few rays of new light on minor points: they +cannot greatly enlarge or substantively reconstruct the slight +historical material we have been able to discover. For valuable +generalizations we must fall back on the many abundant facts of +Napoleon's long career, on the very few facts of his conduct when +mewed and exasperated at St. Helena, on the effects which these in sum +have produced in history. The world at large marvels at the general, +the statesman, the conqueror, the emperor; it is apt to pass unnoticed +the judge and tamer of two epochs, the mediator between a ruined past, +a chaotic present, and a future, orderly at least, though streaked +with the stains of tyranny.</p> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page247" name="page247"></a>(p. 247)</span> CHAPTER XX</h3> + +<h4>Soldier, Statesman, Despot</h4> + +<p class="summary">Questionings — The Industrious Burgher — The Industrious + Sovereign — End of the Marvelous — Public Virtue and Private + Weakness — The Man and The Age — Latin and German — First + Struggles — Usurpation of Power — Political Theories — The + Napoleonic System — Its Foundation — Stimulus to Despotism — + The Surrender of France — The Master Soldier.</p> + +<p class="sidenote">Review</p> +<p>The tomb of Erasmus in Basel is marked by a stone slab on which are an +epitaph, an effigy, and then the pathetic word "Terminus." Should +these fateful syllables be written over the mortal remains of Napoleon +Bonaparte? No. Beyond his death there was more, far more than the work +he wrought during his life. Men ever love a seeming mystery, and while +they do, a favorite theme of speculation will be the career of the +great Corsican in its historical aspect. Before our long study can be +brought to a close, two questions must be considered, or rather two +sides of one question must be viewed. Why did he rise, and what did he +accomplish? The answers will be as various as the investigators who +give them. But the man as seen in the preceding pages certainly +displays these recognizable characteristics: he was a man of the +people, he had a transcendent military genius, he was indefatigable, +and he had unsurpassed energy.</p> + +<p>No mere man, even the most remarkable, can climb without supports of +some kind, however unstable they may be. Napoleon Bonaparte did not +soar, he rose on <span class="pagenum"><a id="page248" name="page248"></a>(p. 248)</span> the ladder of power by stages easily +traceable: first by the protection of the Robespierres; then by the +necessities and velleities of Barras and the Directory; afterward by +the encouragement of all France, which was sick of the inefficient +Directory; and still later by the army, which adored a leader who +frankly repaid devotion in the hard cash of booty, and bravery in the +splendid rewards of that glory which was a national passion. With such +opportunities, Bonaparte unfolded what was certainly his supereminent +quality—the quality which endeared him to the French masses as did no +other, the quality which above all others distinguished him from the +hated tyrants under whom they had so long suffered, the quality which +even the meanest intellect could mark as distinctively middle-class, +in opposition to its negation in the upper class—the quality, namely, +of untiring industry; laborious, self-initiated, self-guided, +self-improving industry. This burgher quality Napoleon possessed as no +burgher ever did. It was no exaggeration, but the simple truth, when +he said to Roederer: "I am always working. I think much. If I appear +always ready to meet every emergency, to confront every problem, it is +because, before undertaking any enterprise, I have long considered it, +and have thus foreseen what could possibly occur. It is no genius +which suddenly and secretly reveals to me what I have to say or do in +some circumstance unforeseen by others: it is my own meditation and +reflection. I am always working—when dining, when at the theater; I +waken at night in order to work." How profoundly this was impressed +upon those intimately associated with Napoleon can be traced in their +memoirs on many a page. It was Soult who said, most sapiently: "What +we call an inspiration is nothing but a calculation made with +rapidity."</p> + +<p>Generally there is no mystery in the power of domination: <span class="pagenum"><a id="page249" name="page249"></a>(p. 249)</span> he +rules who is indispensable. The Jacobins needed a man, they found him +in the unscrupulous Bonaparte; the Directory needed a man, they found +him in the expert artillerist; France needed a man, she found him in +the conqueror of Italy. And having risen, he did not intermit his +industry for a moment. Rehearsing his coronation by means of puppets, +or studying with painful care the complicated accounts of his fiscal +officers, or absorbing himself in whatever else it might be, he was +always the man who knew more about everything than any one else. +Throughout his reign he was the fountainhead of every governmental +activity: the council of state sharpened not their own, but his +thoughts; his secretaries were his pocket note-book; his ministers +were the executors of his personal designs; pensions and presents were +given by him to his friends, and not to those who served the state as +they themselves thought best; every French community received his +personal attention, and every Frenchman who came to his general +receptions was treated with rude jocularity. In all this he was +perfectly natural. At times, however, he felt compelled to +attitudinize; perhaps, in the theatrical poses which he assumed for +self-protection or for the sake of representing a personified, +unapproachable imperial majesty, he copied Talma, with whom he +cultivated a sort of intimacy. Possibly, too, his violent sallies were +considered dramatic by himself. "Otherwise," he once said, "they would +have slapped me on the shoulder every day." "It is sad," remarked +Roederer, apropos of a certain event. "Yes, like greatness," was +Napoleon's rejoinder.</p> + +<p>Napoleon's preëminence lasted just as long as this effective personal +supremacy continued. When his faculties refused to perform their +continuous, unceasing task, he began to decline; when the material of +his calculations transcended all human power, even his own, the +descent <span class="pagenum"><a id="page250" name="page250"></a>(p. 250)</span> grew swifter; and the crash came when his abilities +worked either intermittently or not at all. Ruin was the consequence +of feebleness; the imagination of the world had clothed him with +demoniac qualities, but it ceased so to do just in proportion as his +superiority to others in plan and execution began to diminish. "There +is no empire not founded on the marvelous, and here the marvelous is +the truth." These were the words of Talleyrand, addressed to the First +Consul on June twenty-first, 1800, just after the news of Marengo had +reached Paris. The marvel of the absolute monarchy was the divine +right of kings: when men ceased to hold the doctrine, the days of +absolutism were numbered. The marvel of Napoleon was his unquestioned +human supremacy: when that declined his empire fell.</p> + +<p>In the truest sense of that word so dear to modern times, Napoleon was +a self-made man. By his extraordinary energy he made a deficient +education do double duty; and those of his natural gifts which in a +sluggish man would have been mediocre, he paraded so often, and in +such swift succession, that they appeared miraculous. This fiery +energy, it cannot too often be repeated, was the man's most +distinctive characteristic; when it failed he was undone. Was +consistency, as generally understood, to be expected in this +personage; is it, indeed, found in most great men? Nowhere does the +theory of evolution writhe to sustain itself more than in psychology; +nowhere does it discover a greater complexity—a complexity which +makes doubtful its sufficiency. Admitting that Napoleon was selfish; +that he was lustful; that once, at least, he was criminal; that at +various times—yes, even frequently—he was unpopular, and dared not +in extremity call for a national uprising to sustain his cause; that +he had pitiful limitations in dealing with religion, politics, and +finance; supposing him to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page251" name="page251"></a>(p. 251)</span> have displayed on occasion the +qualities of a resurrected medieval free-lance, or of the Borgias, or +of other historical monsters; confessing that he was launched upon the +fiery lake of revolution by the madness of extreme Jacobinism; +sustaining the awful indictment in each detail—was there no reverse +to the medal, no light to the shadow, no general result except +negations? Was the work of Alexander the Great worthless because of +his debaucheries? Was Catharine II of Russia a mere damned soul +because of her harlotries? Did Talleyrand's duplicity and meanness +render less valuable or permanent the work he did in thwarting the +coalition at Vienna? The answer of history is plain: what the great of +the earth have wrought for others or against them is to be recorded +and judged with impartiality; how they sinned against themselves is to +be told as an awful warning, and then to be left for the decision of +the Great Tribunal. Modern philosophy requires such complicated and +yet such minute knowledge in every department of science that the +specialist has supplanted the general scholar and the system-maker; +the man who aspires to create a plan displaying the unity of either +the objective or the subjective world, or any harmony of one with the +other, is generally regarded as either an antiquated imbecile or a +charlatan. Yet in the examination of historical characters a +symmetrical consistency capable of being grasped by the meanest +intellect is imperiously demanded by all readers and critics. This is +natural, but not altogether reasonable: symmetry cannot be found in +the commonest human being on our globe, much less in those who rise +supereminent. The greater the man, the more impossible to connect in a +mathematical diagram the different phases of his conduct. The search +for mediocre consistency in the character of Napoleon is like the +Cynic philosopher's quest for a man.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page252" name="page252"></a>(p. 252)</span> This personage strove, and with considerable success, to +think and act for an entire nation—ay, more, for western Europe. In +order to render this conceivable, he first took command of his own +body—sleeping at will, and never more than six hours; eating when and +what he would, but always with extreme moderation; waking from +profound slumber and rousing his mind instantaneously to the highest +pitch, so that he then composed as incisively as in the midst of +active ratiocination. He was able to train his secretaries and +servants into instruments destitute of personal volition—even his +great generals, who were taught to act for themselves within certain +limits, never transcended the fixed boundary, and grew inefficient +when deprived of his impulse. He never failed to reward merit or to +gratify ambition for the sake of securing an able lieutenant, and +nascent devotion he quickened into passion by the display of suitable +familiarity. A thoughtful, self-contained, self-sufficient worker, he +was sometimes a trifle uneasy in social intercourse, perhaps always so +beneath his mask of good breeding, when he wore one; but he played his +various rôles in public with consummate skill, except that he made +nervous movements with his eyes, hands, and ears. His little tricks of +rolling his right shoulder, tugging at his cuffs, and the like; his +inability to write, and his generally clumsy movements when irritated, +were due to deficient training in early childhood. Forbidding in his +intercourse with ambitious women and other self-seekers, he was +considerate with the suffering, and found it difficult, if not +impossible, to refuse the petitions of the needy. Loving rough and +ready ways in those busied about his person,—as, for instance, when +his valet rubbed him down in the morning with a coarse towel,—he was +yet so sensitive that he had to have his hats worn by others before +he could set them on his own <span class="pagenum"><a id="page253" name="page253"></a>(p. 253)</span> head. It is useless to seek even +homely physical consistency in a man thus constituted.</p> + +<p>It is equally useless to ask whether Napoleon could have been as great +a man in another epoch as he was in his own. In any epoch of warfare +he would have been great; it is likely that in any epoch of peace he +would have reached eminence as a legislator and administrator. The +real historical question is this: How did he, being what he was, and +his age, being what it was, interact one upon the other; and what was +the resultant? There was as little consistency in his age as in +himself; the sinuosities of each fitted strangely into those of the +other, and the result was a period of twenty years on which common +consent fixes the name of the Napoleonic age. Does his personality +throw any light on the antecedent period—does his career influence +the succeeding years?</p> + +<p>The age of the Revolution has such intimate connection with the +movements of French society that it is very generally called in other +countries the French Revolution. But while the movement developed +itself more easily and took more radical forms in France than +elsewhere, it was due to the condition of civilization the world +around. France has been in a peculiar sense the teacher of Europe; for +in language, literature, laws, and institutions she is the heir of +Rome. In spite of Roman Catholicism, or perhaps in consequence of the +Roman hierarchy, her inheritance has been pagan rather than Christian; +her ethics have been Hellenic, her literature Augustan, her laws +imperial, her temperament a combination of the Stoic and Epicurean +which is essentially Latin, her language elegant, elliptical, and +precise like that of Livy or Tacitus. The Teuton in general, the +Anglo-Saxon in particular, may give his days and nights to classical +studies: he is never so imbued with their <span class="pagenum"><a id="page254" name="page254"></a>(p. 254)</span> spirit as the Gaul. +"It is with his Bible in one pocket and his Shakspere in another," +said an eminent Frenchman not long since, "that the Anglo-Saxon goes +forth to reduce the world in the interests of his commerce, his +civilization, and his religion. The most enlightened has neither the +cold worldliness of Horace nor the calculating zeal of Cæsar, but he +has the persistency of faith in himself and his nation which, whatever +may be his personal belief, is a constituent element in his blood, or, +better still, the controlling member of that complex organism to which +he belongs." I venture to believe, on the other hand, that the +Frenchman espouses his cause from an unselfish impulse begotten of +pure reason, an ethereal ichor percolating through society by channels +of sympathy, which diminishes the historic pressure for continuous +national consistency and natural unity, but emphasizes the great +uplifting movements of society. The French armies of the Revolution +went forth to scour Europe for its deliverance from feudalism, +absolutism, and ecclesiasticism, because the French people had renewed +their youthful and pristine vigor in their enthusiasm for pure +principle without regard to experience or expediency. Napoleon +Bonaparte had all their doctrine, with something more: a consuming +ardor unconscious of any physical limitations to the nervous strength +of himself or others, and a readiness for any fate which would +transmute his dull, unsuccessful, commonplace existence into +excitement. When he found his opportunity to heap Pelion upon Ossa, to +supplement himself by the splendors of French devotion, he did indeed +come near to transcending even the Olympians and storming the seat of +Kronos.</p> + +<p>It was a long, discouraging, heartbreaking struggle by which he gained +his first vantage-ground. This was no exceptional experience; for +every adventurer knows <span class="pagenum"><a id="page255" name="page255"></a>(p. 255)</span> that it is more troublesome to make +the start than to continue the advance. It is harder to save the first +small capital than to conduct a prosperous business. It is more +difficult, apparently, in human life to overcome the inertia of +immobility than that of motion; at least psychological laws seem in +this respect to contravene those of physics. It is not true that the +armies of the Republic were those of the Bourbons: the transition may +have been gradual, but it was radical. It is also untrue that the +armies of Napoleon were those of the Revolution: they differed as the +zenith from the nadir, being recruited on a new principle, animated by +new motives, and led by an entirely different class of men. A supreme +command having been attained by means curiously compounded of +chivalric romance and base scheming, the man of action did not +hesitate a moment to put every power in motion. Throwing off all +superior control, he set himself to every task in the revolution of +Italy—conquest, political and religious; constructive politics and +administration; social and financial transformation. Winning the +devotion of his troops by intoxicating successes, as a leveler he was +permanently successful; but this typical burgher had no permanent +success in building up a democratic-imperial society out of the royal, +princely, and aristocratic elements which had so long monopolized the +ability of the peninsula; what he wrought outlasted his time, but the +country had to undergo another revolution before its middle classes +were ready for the heavy burden of independence and self-government. +Yet the struggle for what was accomplished appears to have created a +climacteric in the doer. Before the days of Italy his ambitions were +petty enough: employment in the service of Russia or England, +supremacy in Corsica or military promotion in France; but afterward +they enlarged by leaps and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page256" name="page256"></a>(p. 256)</span> bounds: Italian principalities, +Austrian dukedoms, Lombard confederations, the primacy of France in +some form, Oriental dominion—one such concept took form in the +morning, to be swept away at night and replaced by ever more luxurious +growths of fantasy. The realization of these dreams was still more +amazing than their misty formation. The Revolutionary doctrines of the +passing age had stimulated France to over-exertion; her leaders were +discredited, her people exhausted. The same agitation had stupefied +the Italians; but whatever their political disintegration may have +been, the Roman chair and throne retained its moral influence as the +bond and mainspring of society throughout the whole peninsula; and now +the successor of St. Peter was humbled to the dust, willing to escape +with the mere semblance of either secular or ecclesiastical +independence. It was an exceptional moment, a vacillating, +retrogressive hour in the history of Austria, of France, and of Italy. +The exceptional man, the vigorous citizen of a new political epoch, +the inspired strategist of a new military epoch, the unscrupulous +doubter of a new religious epoch—this typical personage was at hand +to take advantage of the situation; and he did so, hastening the +disintegrating processes already at work, seizing every advantage +revealed by the crumbling of old systems, and reaping the harvest of +French heedlessness. The opportunity gave the man his chance, but the +chance once seized, the man enlarged his sphere with each successive +year.</p> + +<p>This he did by means which were as remarkable as the personage who +devised them—and remarkable, too, not for their negative, but for +their constructive quality. Broadly stated, the Revolution utterly +expunged all the governmental and social guarantees of the preceding +monarchy, destroying not merely the absolute power <span class="pagenum"><a id="page257" name="page257"></a>(p. 257)</span> of one +man with its sanction of divine right, but all the checks upon it to +be found either in the ancient traditions of the people or in their +ancient institution of parliaments. It will be clear to the careful +student of the Revolutionary governments that while there was a +gradual clarifying of opinion antecedent to the Consulate, and a vague +longing for guarantees of individual rights higher than the acts of +any assembly, however representative it claimed to be, nevertheless +great ideas, great conceptions, great outlines, had all remained in +their inchoate state, and that of the several succeeding constitutions +each had been more worthless than the one before. Almost any kind of a +constitution will serve an enlightened nation which has confirmed +political habits, if it chooses to support a fundamental law not +hostile to them; and none, however ingenious, can stand before +recalcitrant populations. The Revolutionary constitutions of France, +excepting perhaps that of 1791, were alike feeble; and in the stress +applied to the one democratic land of Europe by her dynastic enemies +all around, they were not worth the paper and ink used to record them. +Under each had developed a pure despotism of one kind or another, on +the plea that in war there must be a single head, either an executive +committee or an executive man. These persons or person had, on pleas +of necessity or expediency, gradually arrogated to the executive all +the powers of government, befooling the people more or less completely +by the specious formalities of various kinds through which the popular +will was supposed to find expression. No one understood this fact +better than Napoleon Bonaparte; and since it seemed that the supreme +power had to be in the hands of some one man or clique, he was easily +tempted to grasp it for himself when it became clear that the +profligate and dishonest Directory had run its course. He did not +make <span class="pagenum"><a id="page258" name="page258"></a>(p. 258)</span> the situation, but he used it. History does not record +that the French nation was shocked or discouraged by the events of the +eighteenth of Brumaire; on the contrary, the occurrences in Paris and +at St. Cloud seemed commonplace to a storm-tossed people, and the +results were welcomed by the majority in every class.</p> + +<p>The reasons for this general satisfaction varied, of course; for the +conservative and progressive royalists, the conservative and radical +republicans of every stripe, had widely different expectations as to +the next act in the drama. But the chief actor was concerned only for +himself and the nation; partizans he neither honored nor feared, +except as he was anxious not to be identified with them. To him, as a +man of the people, it seemed that in the Revolution the third estate +had asserted itself; that the third estate must be pacified; that the +third estate must be prosperous; that the third estate, for all these +purposes, needed only to be confirmed in their simple theory of +government, which was that the power could be delegated by them to any +one fit to wield it, and this once done, the delegate might without +harm to the state be left undisturbed to manage the public business, +while the people should give their undivided attention to their +private affairs. How successful the Consulate was in this respect is +universally known and admitted. With consummate cleverness the First +Consul summoned to his assistance all the giants of his time, whether +they were scholars with their theories and knowledge, administrators +with their tact and experience, political managers with their easy +consciences and oiled feathers, or skilful demagogues with their +greedy followers and insatiate self-interest. These he either enticed +or bullied into his service, according as he read their characters; a +few—a very few—like Barère, he found obdurate, and drove into +provincial exile. At no <span class="pagenum"><a id="page259" name="page259"></a>(p. 259)</span> time did he make a finer display of +his astounding capacity for molding strong men by his still stronger +will than during the early days of the Consulate; and the manifest +reason for his success was that he had a fine instinct for character +and for putting the right man in the right place.</p> + +<p>What he thus accomplished has been told. The foundations he then laid +rest solid to-day; the now antiquated edifice he erected on them, +though altered and repaired, still retains its identity. The +Revolution had overthrown the old régime completely, and the ruins of +society were without form and void. From this chaos Napoleon painfully +gathered the substantial materials of a new structure, and out of +these reconstructed the family, the state, and the church. He revived +the domestic spirit, made marriage a solid institution, and +reëstablished parental authority while destroying parental despotism. +In civil society he restored the right of property and fixed the +sanctity of contract, thus assuring respect for the individual and the +ascendancy of the law. The finances he reformed by an equitable system +of taxation, and by the establishment of an ingenious treasury system +comparable to that devised by Alexander Hamilton for the United +States. In the Concordat he went as far, probably, as France could +then go in emancipating religion and the church; Protestantism has +prospered under the regulations he laid down, and by his treatment of +the Jews they have been changed from despised and down-trodden social +freebooters into prosperous and patriotic citizens. Upon every class +of men then living he imposed by an iron will a system of his own. The +leading survivors of Jacobinism, extreme royalists, moderate +republicans, proscribers and proscribed, men of the bourgeoisie—all +bowed to his sway and accepted his rewards. It is said that they +yielded to the superior <span class="pagenum"><a id="page260" name="page260"></a>(p. 260)</span> force of his police and his +pretorians. Be it so. The fivefold police system he established was a +system of checks and counter-checks within itself, within the +administration, and even within the army—a body without which, as he +firmly believed, the beginnings of social transformation could not be +made. He professed, and no doubt honestly, that he would divest +himself of this police service as opportunity served, and deluded both +himself and his followers into the belief that the process was almost +complete before the close of his era. Through the perspective of a +century we can see the faults of Napoleon's plan. The Gallic Church is +still Roman, in spite of his intention that the Roman Church should +become French; the extreme centralization of his administrative system +still throttles local free government and makes both oligarchic rule +and political revolution easier in France than in any other free land; +the educational scheme which he formed, although more fully changed +than any other of his institutions, and but recently embarked, let us +hope, on a course for ultimate independence, nevertheless suffers in +its present complete dependence on state support, and in the +consequent absence of private personal enthusiasm which might make its +separate universities and schools rich in opportunities and strong in +the loyalty of their sons. But we must remember that the Consulate was +a hundred years since, and that for its day it wrought so beneficently +that Bonaparte, First Consul, remains one of the foremost among all +lawgivers and statesmen. And that, too, precisely for the reasons +which some cite as condemning him. He took the revolutionary ideas of +political, civil, and religious emancipation: with these he commingled +both his own sound sense and the experience of advisers from every +class, realizing as much of civil liberty and good order as appears +to have been practical at the moment.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page261" name="page261"></a>(p. 261)</span> But in one respect he failed miserably, and that failure +vitiated much of the substantial gain which seemed to have been made. +He failed in curbing his own ambition. The majestic ridge of his +achievement was the verge of the precipice over which he fell. In the +first place, his signal success as a lawgiver was due entirely to the +dazzling splendors of his victories. Marengo was the climax to a +series of such achievements as had not so far been wrought on the +tented field within the bounds of French history. It is easy to assert +that the French were intoxicated because they were French: there is +not the slightest reason to suppose that any other nation under +similar circumstances would have behaved differently. The Seven Years' +War turned the heads of the English people completely, and they lost +their American colonies in consequence; Rome lost her political +liberty when she became mistress not only of the Latin, but of the +Greek and Oriental shores of the Mediterranean; the distant military +expeditions of Alexander the Great prepared the fall of his +ill-assorted empire. In each case the careful student will admit that +social exaltation was the forerunner of division and of subsequent +despotism in some form. Even in the little states of Greece and +southern Italy the tyrants always arose from the disintegration of +legal government, and by the assertion of some form of power—mind, +money, or military force.</p> + +<p>It was, therefore, as a military despot that the First Consul +promulgated beneficent codes, founded an enduring jurisprudence, +created an efficient magistracy, and established social order. In this +process he completed the work of the Revolution by exalting the third +estate to ascendancy in the nation. The whole work, therefore, was not +only recognized as his in the house of every French burgher: he was +considered at every fireside to be the consummator of the Revolution +for <span class="pagenum"><a id="page262" name="page262"></a>(p. 262)</span> which France had so long suffered in an agony of bloody +sweat. Was it therefore any wonder that not only he himself, but even +the most enlightened leaders of European thought, considered the +safety and renovation of European society to depend upon the extension +of his work? It is hard for us to appreciate this, because in France +Napoleon's institutions have remained almost as he left them, and +well-nigh stationary, while for a century the processes of ruthless +reform have been continuously working in other European lands, and +some neighboring peoples have outstripped the French in the matter of +a national unity consistent with local freedom. The First Consul felt +that in order to become great he had been forced to become strong; we +can understand that he could easily deceive himself into concluding +that in order to be greater he must become stronger. It was in these +days that he exclaimed, in the intimacy of familiar intercourse: "I +feel the infinite in me." Thereafter democracy in any form, even the +mildest, was offensive. Such men as Roederer were sent to Naples, +Berg—anywhere out of France. The times were not far removed from +those of the beneficent despots, except that this one ruled, not by +hereditary divine right, but by military force. Bonaparte's imperfect +training in politics and history made it possible for such visions as +those which now arose to haunt his brain. The beneficence he had +displayed already; for despotism he had had the finest conceivable +training, first among the sluggish populations of the Italian states +which he had reorganized, then in the myth of Egyptian conquest which +he had created and felt bound to maintain, and lastly in the national +disorders of a France shuddering at the possibility of a return either +to the hideous excesses of the Terror or to the intolerable abuses of +ecclesiasticism and absolute monarchy.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page263" name="page263"></a>(p. 263)</span> Among other dreadful curses incident to revolution and civil +war is the stimulation of fanaticism. In his seizure of the supreme +power the purpose of the First Consul was justified to himself, and +his procedure was rendered tolerable to the nation at large by the +scandalous intrigues and complots which were hatched like cockatrices' +eggs in every foul cranny of the land. The conspirators stopped at +nothing: bad faith, subornation, murder of every variety, from the +dagger to the bowl. This gave the First Consul his chance to become +himself the arch-intriguer, and as such he overmatched all his +opponents, ultramontanes, radicals, and royalists. Finally only a few +unreconstructed reactionaries were left from each of these classes, +who, though exhausted and panting, still had the strength to be noisy, +and occasionally to make a feint of activity. But in the various +localities and classes of France each of the factions had numerous +silent and inactive sympathizers who had surrendered only as they felt +unable to keep up the uneven conflict. The flames of the volcano were +quenched, and the gulf of the crater was bridged by a crust, but the +lava of sedition boiled and seethed below. It is a well-known nostrum +for civil dissension to stir up foreign conflict, and then to call +upon the patriotism of men from all parties. To this the First Consul +dared not openly resort. In fact, the indications are that if his +enemies in France and his foes abroad had consented peaceably to the +fulfilment of his now manifest ambitions, he would himself have been +glad enough to secure without further fighting what he had gained by +war, and to extend the influence of a Bonapartist France by steady +encroachments rather than by exhausting hostilities. The word of every +man has exactly the value which his character gives it, and treaties +are worth the good faith of those who make them, not a tittle more. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page264" name="page264"></a>(p. 264)</span> Neither of the parties to the general peace was exhausted, +neither was really earnest. It was a bellicose age: war was then in +the air, as peace is now. The rupture of the treaty made at Amiens was +quite as much the work of George III as it was of Bonaparte the First +Consul, and the two nations over which they ruled were easily led to +renew the struggle. Nothing goes to prove that there was long +premeditation on the part of either; but at the time and since, were +it not for the widespread distrust in Bonaparte's character, popular +opinion would have put the blame of renewed war more upon his opponent +than on him. Thus far the angel and the devil which struggle for +possession of every man had waged a fairly even conflict, and the +blame and praise of what is stigmatized as Bonaparte's conduct must be +meted out to his foes in even measure. He and his times had interacted +one upon the other to a remarkably even degree. But once launched on +the career of personal aggrandizement, every hindrance to consuming +ambition was ruthlessly cast aside. Until 1812 the responsibility for +inordinate bloodshed is all his own.</p> + +<p>It is needless to dwell upon the period of the Empire in order to +study Napoleon's character. It shines forth effulgent, but noxious. He +remained personally what he had always been—imperious, laborious, +unprincipled; but, on the other hand, kindly, generous, sensitive to +the popular movements. His thirst for power became predominant; his +lavish contempt for men and money displayed the recklessness of a +desperate parvenu; his passion for war burst all its bounds. Personal +ambition eclipsed principle, expediency, shrewdness—in short, every +quality which makes for self-preservation. The reason was not +conscious despair, but unconscious desperation. Politically he had +fought and won an easy but a decisive battle. Imperialism was firmly +seated. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page265" name="page265"></a>(p. 265)</span> The behavior of the French people was natural enough, +but they lent themselves to his purposes with complete surrender. In +this the world learned a lesson which should never be forgotten: that +democracy is an excellent workhorse, but a poor charger; a good hack, +but an untrustworthy racer. The interest of the plain man is in his +daily life, his family, his business, his advancement. He cannot be an +expert in foreign or domestic politics, in public law, or in warfare; +expertness requires the exclusive devotion of a lifetime. Make the +common person a theorist, and he is an ardent democrat, but a poor +administrator. Hence the necessity in transition epochs for a wise +constitution. It was not difficult to convince the French burgher +that, all other forms of democratic administration having had a chance +and having failed in times of war, the only one so far untried—that +of delegating power to a single superior man—should have a fair +trial, the more as the excellent man was at hand. Even in times of +peace the hard-worked citizen either neglects his political duties +altogether, or, performing them in a thoughtless routine, longs for +some one he can trust to do his thinking and acting: in war, as far as +we have had the opportunity to observe in ancient and modern times, +his imperialism is avowed, and he demands a dictator. We have no +reason to suppose that there is any democracy which could outlast +twenty years of a herculean struggle for national life or death, and +such the Franco-English wars which introduced the last century seemed +to the Frenchman of that time to be.</p> + +<p>From the soldier's point of view, Napoleon had likewise such an easy +triumph as has fallen to the lot of few commanders. His opponents were +so conservative that their ideas were antiquated, his own strategy was +so new and revolutionary that it dumfounded them. A favorite method +of detraction is illustrated by the familiar story <span class="pagenum"><a id="page266" name="page266"></a>(p. 266)</span> of +Columbus's egg. What is once done, anybody can do. The strategic +reputation of Frederick the Great is in our day first attacked by the +so-called comparative method—that is, by comparing it with the +achievements and system, not of his contemporaries, but of Napoleon, +his successor; and then the strategic reputation of Napoleon is +diminished by sneering at that of Frederick, with whose antiquated +method the new one came into comparison and contact, to the complete +disaster of the former. This vicious circle may be dismissed with +contempt. Napoleon's strategic genius was, unlike any other talent he +possessed, constructive and original. No doubt he studied Cæsar; no +doubt he studied Maillebois; no doubt he studied the work of Turenne +and of the great Frederick; no doubt he was a pupil of the giant +soldiers who inaugurated and carried on the wars of the Revolution; +but while others had pursued the same studies, it remained for him to +devise and put into operation a strategy based upon past experience, +but subversive of accepted dogmas, new, adapted to its ends, and +founded on theories which, though modified in practice by the +discoveries of an intervening century, have, when properly understood, +never, not even to-day, been shaken in principle. His triumphs as a +soldier, therefore, are his own; and it was not until all Europe had +learned the lessons which he taught her generals by a series of object +demonstrations lasting twenty years, that the teacher began to +diminish in success and splendor. The persistent critics of Frederick +have been asking and reiterating questions such as these: Why did not +the king begin early in July, 1756? Why did he not storm the camp of +Pirna? Why did he not continue the war in October? Why did he not +renew hostilities the following year until forced to it? And so on, +and so on. By this method they have shrunk the horizon <span class="pagenum"><a id="page267" name="page267"></a>(p. 267)</span> to +their own dimensions, and have imprisoned their victim within the pale +of his faults; but a wider view and the historic background display +his strategy in large outline, as illuminated by the light of his age; +and thus the defeats of Kolin and Kunersdorf, as well as the victories +of Leuthen, Rossbach, Zorndorf, and Torgau, exhibit the Prussian +general as the great genius which he was. It was not until Napoleon +had taught his rivals what fighting ought to be that men could also +pick and nag at him by asking why Waterloo did not begin four hours +earlier, why more explicit directions were not given to Grouchy, why +in 1814 the desperate man chose to cut off the line of his enemies' +communications rather than withdraw into Paris and call the nation to +arms; and so on to infinity. Judged either historically or +theoretically, the strategy of Napoleon is original, unique, and +unexcelled. It is his greatest achievement, because his most +creative.</p> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page268" name="page268"></a>(p. 268)</span> CHAPTER XXI</h3> + +<h4>Napoleon and the United States</h4> + +<p class="summary">A Decisive Epoch — Britain Dominates the Sea — Napoleon's + Policy — Trade and Western Empire — To the West Indies — Needs + of the Empire — Great Britain's Sea Rival — The Imperial Policy + Revealed — Tempestuous Times in the United States — Party + Government — Livingston's Efforts — Louisiana Purchased — + Effect on American Life — Change in Constitutional Attitude — + The Kaleidoscope of Party Politics — Preponderance of the South + and West — The Louisiana Purchase and the Nation.</p> + +<p>A decisive epoch was that of the eighteenth-century revolutions, a +crisis reached after long, slow preparation, precipitated by social +and religious bigotry, dizzy in its consummation, wild and headlong in +its flight, precipitous in its crash. Of this important time the +results have been so permanent that they are the commonplaces of +contemporary history; in what Carlyle called the revolutionary loom +the warp and woof were spun from the past, and the fabric is that from +which our working-clothes are cut. Within those years appeared the +great dominating soul of modern humanity, who displayed first and last +every weakness and every sordid meanness of mankind, but in such giant +dimensions that even his depravity inspires awe. His virtues were +equally portentous because they worked on the grand scale, with +materials that had been threshed and winnowed in the theory and +experience of five generations of mankind. It was well within this +stupendous age and by the act of this representative <span class="pagenum"><a id="page269" name="page269"></a>(p. 269)</span> man +that Louisiana was redeemed from Spanish misrule and incorporated with +the territories of the United States. Nor was this all. A careful +examination of the general political situation at that time will +exhibit the elemental and almost ultimate fact that the sale of +Louisiana was coincident with the turn of the age.</p> + +<p>The substance of the treaty of Amiens was that Great Britain +ostensibly abandoned all concern with the continent of Europe, and +that France, ostensibly too, should strictly mind her own affairs in +her colonies and the remoter quarters of the globe. George III removed +from his escutcheon the fleur-de-lis, and from his ceremonial title +the style of king of France. Events narrated in another connection +proved the whole negotiation to have been on both sides purely +diplomatic, an exchange of public and hollow courtesies in order to +gain time for the realities in the struggle for supremacy between the +world powers of the period, a struggle begun with modern history, +renewed in 1688, and destined to last until the exhaustion of one of +the contestants in 1815. Neither party to the treaty had the slightest +intention of observing either its spirit or its letter. While the +paper was in process of negotiation Bonaparte was consolidating French +empire on the Continent, and after its signature he did not pause for +a single instant to show even a formal respect for his obligations. +The reorganization of Holland in preparation for its incorporation +into the French system, the annexation of Piedmont and the defiance to +Russia in the matter of her Italian protégés, the Act of Moderation in +Switzerland, and finally, the contemptuous rearrangement of Germany, +were successive steps which reduced England to despair for her +continental trade. To her it seemed as if there could be no question +about two things: first, that the old order must be restored, in +order to safeguard her <span class="pagenum"><a id="page270" name="page270"></a>(p. 270)</span> commerce; and second, that her +colonial policy must be more aggressive than ever.</p> + +<p>It was Samuel Adams who first sneered at his fatherland as a people of +shopkeepers. The winged word soon became a commonplace to all +outsiders, but as it flew every nation that used the gibe girded +itself to enter the struggle for the same goal. France above all was +determined to be a nation of shopkeepers, and the First Consul of what +was still a shaky experiment in government knew well that rather than +abandon that ambition, he must sacrifice every other. After all, a +colonial empire has value only as the home nation has accessible +ports, manufactories for colonial products, and wares to exchange with +the producers. France had neither factories nor manufactures, and was +destitute of nearly the whole machinery of exchange. Her merchant +vessels sailed only by grace of the British fleet. Her home market was +dependent on British traders even in times of war. Bonaparte's +foremost thought, therefore, was for concentration of energy. The +sea-power of the world was Britain's, and her tyranny of the seas +without a real check; even the United States could only spit out +defiant and revengeful threats when her merchantmen were treated with +contempt on the high seas by British men-of-war. Therefore with swift +and comprehensive grasp he framed and announced a new policy. The +French envoy in London was informed that France was now forced to the +conquest of Europe—this of course for the stimulating of French +industries—and to the restoration of her Occidental empire. This was +most adroit. The embers of French patriotism could be fanned into a +white heat by these well-worn but never exhausted expedients—a blast +against perfidious Albion and a sentimental passion for the New France +beyond the Atlantic. The motions were a feint against England by the +formation of a second <span class="pagenum"><a id="page271" name="page271"></a>(p. 271)</span> camp at Boulogne, where a force really +destined for Austria was assembled, and the wresting of Louisiana from +the weak Spanish hands which held it. As an incident of the agitation +it seemed best that the French democracy should have an imperial +rather than a republican title, and the style of emperor and empire +was exhumed from the garbage heap of the Terror for use in the +pageantry of a court.</p> + +<p>In Europe thus, as in the neighboring continents, the rearrangement of +politics, territorial boundaries, social, economic, and diplomatic +relations, a change which has made possible the modern system, was +really dependent on the events which led to the adoption of the policy +just described. But this policy involved a reversal of every sound +historical principle in Bonaparte's plans. For twelve years longer he +was to commit blunder upon blunder; to trample on national pride; to +elevate a false system of political economy into a fetish; to conduct, +as in the Moscow campaign, great migrations to the eastward in +defiance of nature's laws; to launch his plain, not to say vulgar and +weak, family on an enterprise of monarchical alliances for which they +had no capacity; to undo, in short, as far as in him lay, every +beneficent and well-conceived piece of statesmanship with which he had +so far been concerned. It has been well said that had he died in +midsummer, 1802, his glory would have been immaculate and there would +have been no spots on his sun. The Napoleonic work in Europe was +destined to have its far-reaching and permanent results, but the man +was ere long almost entirely eliminated from control over them. The +very last of his great constructions was the sale of Louisiana. He +needed the purchase-money, he selected his purchaser and forced it on +him, with a view to upbuilding a giant rival to the gigantic power of +Great Britain.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page272" name="page272"></a>(p. 272)</span> When we turn therefore to America, we shall at once observe +on how slender a thread a great event may depend, how great a fire may +be kindled by a spark adroitly placed. While yet other matters were +hanging in the balance, he selected his own brother-in-law, General +Leclerc, such was his deep concern, to conduct an expedition to the +West Indies. There were embarked 35,000 men, and these the very flower +of the republican armies, superb fighters, but a possible thorn in the +side of a budding emperor at home. Their goal was San Domingo, where a +wonderful negro, Toussaint Louverture, noting the attractive example +of the benevolent despots in Europe, had, under republican forms, not +only abolished slavery, but had made himself a beneficent dictator. +The fine but delicate structure of his negro state was easily crushed +to the earth, but the fighting was fierce and prolonged, the climate +and the pest were enabled to inaugurate and complete a work of +slaughter more baleful than that of war, and two-thirds of the French +invaders, including the commander and fifteen of his generals, fell +victims to the yellow fever. The French were utterly routed, the sorry +remnant sailed away, and the blacks fell into the hands of the +worthless tyrant Dessalines, whose misrule killed the germs of order +planted by Toussaint. One of our historians thinks this check of +France by black soldiers to have been a determinative factor in +American history, for thereafter there could be no question of a Gulf +and Caribbean empire for France. Louisiana, he indicates, became at +once a superfluous dependency, costly and annoying. This is a +far-fetched contention: great as have been the services of the negro +to the United States since he first fought on the battle-field of +Monmouth under Washington, the failure of France in San Domingo was +not through the sword of the blacks, but was an act of God through +pestilence.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page273" name="page273"></a>(p. 273)</span> The circumstances that forced Louisiana upon the United +States, then a petty power with revenues and expenditures less than +those of many among the single states which now compose the +federation, arose from Napoleon's European necessities. The cession +from Spain included all that Spain had received from France, the whole +Gulf coast from St. Mary's to the Rio Grande, and the French +pretensions not only northwestward to the Rockies but even to the +Pacific. The return made to Spain was the insignificant kingdom of +Etruria and a solemn pledge that, should the First Consul fail in his +promise, Louisiana in its fullest extent was to be restored to Spain. +France therefore might not otherwise alienate it to any power +whatever. The exacting and suspicious spirit shown both by Charles IV +and his contemptible minister Godoy, Prince of the Peace, had +exasperated Bonaparte beyond endurance. The Spanish Bourbons were +doomed by him to the fate of their kinsfolk in France; a pledge to a +vanishing phantom of royalty was of small account. It was during the +delay created by the punctilio of Godoy that the failure of the San +Domingo expedition extinguished all hope of making Louisiana the sole +entrepôt and staple of supplies for the West Indies. And +simultaneously it grew evident that the truce negotiated at Amiens as +a treaty could not last much longer, that either France must endure +the humiliation of seeing her profits therefrom utterly withheld, or +herself declare war, or goad Great Britain into a renewal of +hostilities. This last, as is well known, was the alternative chosen +by Napoleon.</p> + +<p>Our government had been in despair. The establishment of French empire +in the West Indies would have destroyed our lucrative trade with the +islands. It was trying enough that a feeble power like Spain should +command the outlet of the Mississippi basin, but intolerable that +such a mastery of the continent should fall <span class="pagenum"><a id="page274" name="page274"></a>(p. 274)</span> into the hands of +a strong and magisterial power like France. We were in dismay, even +after the departure of the French from San Domingo. Bonaparte, +however, was scarcely less disturbed; for Jefferson, despite his +avowed Gallicism, spiritedly declared both to the First Consul and to +Livingston, our minister to Paris, that the occupation of Louisiana by +the great French force organized to that end could only result in an +alliance of the two English-speaking nations which would utterly +banish the French flag from the high seas. Bonaparte preserved an +outward calm for those about him and went his way apparently +unperturbed. But inwardly his mind seethed, and without long delay he +took his choice between the courses open to him. It was the first +exhibition to himself and his family of the imperial despot soon to be +known as Napoleon I, Emperor of the French. If Britain was the tyrant +of the seas, he would be despot of the land. To French empire he would +reduce Germany, Italy, and Spain in subjection, and with all the +maritime resources of the Continent at his back he would first shut +every important port to English commerce, and then with allied and +dependent fleets at his disposal try conclusions with the British +Behemoth for liberty of the seas and a new colonial empire. By the +second camp at Boulogne and the occupation of Hanover, Napoleon threw +England into panic, while simultaneously he began the creation of his +grand imperial army and thereby menaced Austria, the greatest German +power, in her coalition with Russia, Sweden, Naples, and Great +Britain. The latter, he was well aware, could face a hostile +demonstration on her front with courage, if not with equanimity; and +he determined to add a double stroke—to gain a harvest of gold and on +her rear to strengthen her exasperated transatlantic sea rival by +selling Louisiana to the United States.</p> + +<a id="img011" name="img011"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/img011.jpg" width="300" height="448" alt="" title=""> +<p class="small">Photograph in the collection of Dr. Charles J. Cooper</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Napoleon I</span><br> +<span class="smaller">From the bust by Chaudet, after the death-mask. The bust marks the +place where stood the bed on which Napoleon died.</span></p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page275" name="page275"></a>(p. 275)</span> That determination was the turning-point in his career, just +as the sudden wheel and about-face of the splendid force at Boulogne, +when he hurled it across Europe at Vienna, displayed at last the +turning-point in his policy. His brother Lucien had been an +influential negotiator with Spain and plumed himself on the +acquisition of the great domain which had been for long the brightest +jewel in the crown of France. His brother Joseph had negotiated the +treaty of Amiens as a step preparatory to regaining a magnificent +colonial empire for his country, an empire of which an old and +splendid French possession was to be the corner-stone. Both were +stunned and then infuriated when they learned their brother's +resolution, sensations which were intensified to fury when they heard +him announce that he would work his will in spite of all +constitutional checks and balances. There is no historic scene more +grotesque than that depicted by Lucien in his memoirs when he and +Joseph undertook to oppose Napoleon. The latter was luxuriating in his +morning bath on April seventh, 1803, in the Tuileries when the +brothers were admitted. After a long and intimate talk on general +politics the fateful subject was finally broached by Napoleon, as he +turned from side to side and wallowed in the perfumed water. Neither +of the brothers could control his feelings, and the controversy grew +hot and furious from minute to minute until Joseph, leaning over the +tub, roared threats of opposition and words of denunciation. Brother +Napoleon, lifting himself half-way to the top, suddenly fell back and +clenched his arguments by splashing a full flood in the face and over +the body of Joseph, drenching him to the skin. A valet was summoned, +entered, and, paralyzed by the fury of the scene, fell in a dead +faint. New aid was called and, the fires of passion being quenched for +the time, the conflict ended until Napoleon and Joseph were decently +clothed, when <span class="pagenum"><a id="page276" name="page276"></a>(p. 276)</span> it was renewed in the office of the secretary +Bourrienne. Ere long hot words were again spoken, violent language was +succeeded by violent gestures, until at last Napoleon in a theatrical +rage dashed his snuff-box on the floor, and the contestants separated. +Disjointed and fierce as was the stormy argument, it revealed the +whole of the imperial policy.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile events in America, if not so picturesque and majestic, were +equally tempestuous. The peace policy of Jefferson was rapidly going +to pieces in the face of a westward menace, the Federalists were +jubilant, and in the Senate James Ross, of Pennsylvania, called for +war. When the intendant of Spain at New Orleans denied Americans the +storage rights they had enjoyed in that city since 1795, the French +politics of the President fell into general disrepute and contempt, +for men reasoned <i>a fortiori</i>, if such things be done in the green +tree, what shall be done in the dry? It mattered not that Spain's +highest official, the governor, disavowed the act, the fire was in the +stubble. The intendant was stubborn and the fighting temper waxed hot. +Both the governor and the Spanish envoy at Washington disavowed the +act again and rebuked the subordinate. Congress was soothed, but not +so the people of the West and South. They were fully aware, as have +been all our frontiersmen and pioneers from the beginning, that the +Mississippi and all the lands it waters are the organic structure of +unity and successful settlement on this continent. The Pacific and +Atlantic coast strips, even the great but bleak valley of the St. +Lawrence, are mere incidents of territorial unity and political +control when compared with the great alluvion of the Mississippi. This +was unknown, utterly unknown, and worse yet, entirely indifferent to +our statesmen. Madison certainly, and possibly Jefferson, believed +that western immigration <span class="pagenum"><a id="page277" name="page277"></a>(p. 277)</span> would pause and end on the east bank +of the Father of Waters.</p> + +<p>Yet party government was a necessity under the American system, and +Jefferson's ladder, the Republican party, would be knocked into its +component parts should the West and South, noisy, exacting, and +turbulent, desert and go over to the expiring faction of the +Federalists; nay, worse, it might be forced into almost complete +negation of its own existence by a forced adoption of the Federalist +policy, alliance with Great Britain—monarchic and +aristocratic—rather than with radical and democratic France. What +could a distracted partizan do? Jefferson was adroit and inventive. He +sent James Monroe to negotiate with Bonaparte for the purchase of New +Orleans and both Floridas at the price of two millions, or upward to +ten, for all or part, whatever he could get; he was not even to +disdain the deposit or storage right, if nothing else could be had, +and if he could get nothing, he was to await instructions. With such +credentials he sailed on March eighth, 1803. A peace-lover must +sometimes speak low and small, even as cowards sometimes do. Three +weeks later appeared in New Orleans Laussat, the advance agent of +French occupation; Victor and his troops were to follow. It is not +possible to conceive that a foreign policy could be more perplexing, +confused, or uncertain than that of the philosophic theorist who is +the hero of the strict-constructionist party in these United States.</p> + +<p>Robert R. Livingston, the regular American envoy at Paris, had, under +his instructions from home, worked with skill and zeal on the +spoliation claims and incidentally on the question of the Mississippi +and the Floridas. While the colonization schemes of Bonaparte seemed +feasible, Livingston made no headway whatever, except to extort an +admission that the spoliation claims were <span class="pagenum"><a id="page278" name="page278"></a>(p. 278)</span> just. Neither +Talleyrand nor Livingston was much concerned about the great +Northwest. The American was clear that the importance of any control +lay in the possession of New Orleans, and on April eleventh, 1803, he +said so to the French minister, vigorously and squarely declaring +further that a persistent refusal of our request would unite us with +Great Britain to the serious discomfiture of France in her colonial +aspirations. This was said with some asperity, for Livingston had been +aware that the First Consul wanted all negotiation transferred to +Washington under the guidance of a special envoy, the wilful +Bernadotte, sent for the purpose; and now, worse yet, he himself was +to be superseded by Monroe. He had been a diligent and even +importunate negotiator; it was a ray of comfort in later days to +recall that the first suggestion for the sale of all Louisiana was +made to him in that momentous interview.</p> + +<p>What had occurred Livingston could not know. It was this. On the +morning of that very day there reached the Tuileries despatches giving +in full detail an account of the tremendous preparations making in +England for the renewal of war both by land and sea. Bonaparte's +impatience knew no bounds. Hitherto he had concealed his true policy +of sale behind a scheme to spend the purchase-money on internal +improvements in France, and he had on his work-table map-outlines for +five great canals. Now, at daybreak, he summoned Barbé-Marbois, +sometime French consul-general in the United States, an official of +state with a thorough knowledge of our affairs, and ordered that a +negotiation for the sale, not of the Floridas and New Orleans, but of +all Louisiana, should immediately be opened with Livingston. He fixed +the price at fifty million francs. The envoy could of course do +nothing, but he thought thirty millions enough. Next day Monroe +arrived at Havre, and reaching Paris <span class="pagenum"><a id="page279" name="page279"></a>(p. 279)</span> on the thirteenth, that +very same day Barbé-Marbois and our two great statesmen began to +treat. Upon Monroe and Livingston devolved a momentous responsibility. +To Monroe by a most indefinite implication was left a certain liberty, +for under no circumstances whatsoever was he to end a negotiation if +once it was begun. And here, instead of minimizing terms, was, so to +speak, a great universe of land tender. But we had not so easily +thrown off the bright and glistening garment of righteousness as had +Napoleon Bonaparte, and in the minds of both Americans was the +question, non-existent for the First Consul, as he himself squarely +said, of whether the inhabitants of the district, men and women, human +souls, could be dealt in as chattels are.</p> + +<p>Livingston had already seen darkly as in a glass what possession of +the west might do for the United States. Bonaparte's contributions to +the discussion were terse and trenchant. If he did not transfer the +title right speedily, a British fleet would take possession almost in +a twinkling; the transfer, he said, might in three centuries make +America the rival of Europe; why not? it was a long way ahead; but, on +the other hand, there never had been an enduring confederation, and +this one in America was unlikely to begin the series; finally, he +wanted the cash, as the United States wanted the land. Let there be no +delay. And there was none. The terms of the sale and the facts of the +transfer do not concern us here. In Bonaparte the United States had no +friend; but what the ancient régime began in helping to establish +American independence, the First Consul completed; for, thanks to him, +the war of 1812 was fought for commercial liberty, while the +exploitation of Louisiana has made the nation what it is to-day. The +great territory, with all its responsibilities and possibilities, made +the United States a world power; a puny enough power at first, but it +has <span class="pagenum"><a id="page280" name="page280"></a>(p. 280)</span> grown. Jefferson and his agents were primarily statesmen +for the purpose of existing conditions, and in Monroe's mission +desired a remedy solely and entirely for party evils. They had, +however, the courage to accept the fortune forced upon them, even +though in their case, as in that of Bonaparte, it entailed, we repeat, +a complete reversal of all the political and party principles of the +platform on which they had hitherto stood.</p> + +<p>The change wrought by the Louisiana purchase in American life and +culture was simply revolutionary. Hitherto in our weakness we had +faced backward, varying between two ideas of European alliance. We +virtually had British and French parties. Jefferson, who represented +the latter, thought of no other alternative in his trouble than to +strike hands with England. With Louisiana on our hands, we turned our +faces to our own front door. The Louisiana we bought had no Pacific +outlet in reality, but the Lewis and Clark expedition gave it one, and +that we have broadened by war and by purchase until we control the +western shore of the continent. Under such engrossing cares we ceased +to think of either French or British ties, except as exasperating, and +became not merely Americans, but, realizing Washington's aspirations, +turned into real continentals, with a scorn of all entanglements +whatever. In the occupation and settlement of Louisiana the slavery +question became acute, and the struggle to expand that system over +Louisiana soil precipitated the Civil War.</p> + +<p>But if the change in national outlook was radical, that in +constitutional attitude was even more so. The constitutions of our +original states were the expression of political habits in a +community, the Federal Constitution was in the main a transcript of +those elements which were common in some degree to all the British +colonies. It was an age of written constitutions, because <span class="pagenum"><a id="page281" name="page281"></a>(p. 281)</span> +the flux of institutions was so rapid that men needed a mooring for +the substantial gains they had made. The past was so recent that +statesmen were timid, and they wanted their metes and bounds to be +fixed by a monument. Nothing was more natural than to pause and fall +back on the record thus made permanent, and strict construction was +and long continued to be a political fetish. The Louisiana purchase +was a circumstance of the first importance in party struggle. Yet +neither Federalist nor Republican dared, after mature deliberation, to +urge the question of constitutional amendment as essential to meet the +crisis thus precipitated. The enormous price entailed what was felt to +be an intolerable burden of taxation, and in the uproar of spoken and +printed debate played no small part. But the vital question was +whether the adjustment of new relations was constitutional.</p> + +<p>Never did the kaleidoscope of politics display a more surprising +reversal of effect. The loose-construction party lost its wits +entirely, while the strict constructionists suddenly became the +apostles not of verbal but of logical construction. Jefferson violated +his principles in signing the treaty, but he was easily persuaded that +amendment was not necessary, that on the contrary the treaty-making +power covered the case completely. This was not conquest, which would +have been covered by the war power, but purchase, which is covered by +the treaty power, surrendered, like the other, by the states to the +federal government. The Federalists were represented in the House by +Gaylord Griswold; in the Senate by Ross and Pickering. Their +resistance was identical in both factious to the highest degree. They +contended that the executive had usurped the powers of Congress by +regulating commerce with foreign powers and by incorporating foreign +soil and foreign people with the United States, this last being a +power which it was doubtful <span class="pagenum"><a id="page282" name="page282"></a>(p. 282)</span> whether Congress possessed. +Supposing, however, that New Orleans became American, how could a +treaty be valid which gave preferential treatment to that single port +in admitting French and Spanish ships on equal terms with those owned +by Americans? The treaty, they asseverated, was therefore +unconstitutional and, even worse, impolitic, because we were unfitted +and did not desire to incorporate into our delicately balanced system +peoples different in speech, faith, and customs from ourselves. They +were, however, only mildly opposed to expansion; they were determined +and captious in the interpretation of the Constitution. The party in +power were avowedly expansionist; their retort was equally dialectic +and vapid. The whole discussion would have been empty except for +Pickering's contention that there existed no power to incorporate +foreign territory into the United States, as was stipulated by the +treaty. The House had resolved, ninety to twenty-five, to provide the +money and had appointed a committee on provisional government; the +Senate ratified the treaty, twenty-six to five.</p> + +<p>What made the debates and action of Congress epochal was the +Federalist contention that Thomas Jefferson as provisional and interim +governor was nothing more or less than an American despot in +succession to a Spanish tyrant. Where was the Constitution now; where +would it be when in appointing the necessary officials—executive, +judicial, and legislative—he would usurp not merely Spanish despotism +but the powers of both the other branches of the federal government? +The Republicans quibbled, too; to appoint these three classes of +officials was not to exercise their powers. But they confirmed in +unanswerable logic a distinction thus far only mooted in our political +history—that between states and territories. Already presidential +appointees were <span class="pagenum"><a id="page283" name="page283"></a>(p. 283)</span> exercising all three powers in Mississippi +and Indiana. This clenched the contentions of the Republicans, and the +bill for provisional government passed by an overwhelming vote on +October thirty-first. Both parties throughout the struggle had tacitly +abandoned the position that Congress possessed merely delegated powers +and nothing further except the ability to carry them into effect. Both +therefore admitted the possible interpretation of the Constitution +under stress of necessity, and the Federalists in their quibbling +contentions lost hold everywhere except in New England. That section +saw its influence eclipsed by the preponderance of Southern and +Western power and ere long was ripe for secession.</p> + +<p>Volumes have been written and more will be on the romance of the +Louisiana purchase; Josiah Quincy threatened the dismemberment of the +Union when the present state of Louisiana was admitted in 1812; but +for Jefferson's wisdom in exploration it might have remained a +wilderness long after settlement began; Great Britain coveted it in +1815 when Jackson saved it; Aaron Burr probably coveted an empire +within it; Napoleon III had dreams of its return to the new France he +was to found in Mexico. Excluding the Floridas, which Spain would not +concede as a part of it, and the Oregon country, the territory thus +acquired was greater than that of Great Britain, Germany, France, +Spain, Portugal, and Italy combined. Its agricultural and mineral +resources were, humanly speaking, inexhaustible. No wonder it excited +the cupidity as it stirred the imagination of mankind; no wonder if +men avid to retain their power were dismayed at the preponderance it +was sure to exert eventually in a federal union of states. At the +present moment fourteen of our commonwealths, with a population of +about sixteen millions and a taxable wealth of seven billions, occupy +its soil. By the time we are fifty <span class="pagenum"><a id="page284" name="page284"></a>(p. 284)</span> years older, at the +present rate of settlement, these will contain about a third of the +power in the Union as determined by numbers and prosperity. All of +them, however, were from the first administrative districts, never +states, and by the retroactive influence of this fact state +sovereignty has thus been made an empty phrase.</p> + +<p>And this leads us to remember that, if the Louisiana purchase +revolutionized our national outlook, our constitutional attitude, and +our sectional control, it quite as radically changed our national +texture. From that hour to this we have called to the masses of Europe +for help to develop the wilderness, and they have come by millions, +until now the men and women of Revolutionary stock probably number +less than fifteen millions in the entire country. These later +Americans have, like the migrations of the Norsemen in central and +southern Europe, proved so conservative in their Americanism that they +outrun their predecessors in loyalty to its essentials. They made the +Union as it now is, in a very high sense, and there is no question +that in the throes of civil war it was their blood which flowed at +least as freely as ours in its defense. It is they who have kept us +from developing on colonial lines and have made us a nation separate +and apart. This it is which has prevented the powerful influence of +Great Britain from inundating us, while simultaneously two +English-speaking peoples have reacted one upon the other in their +radical differences to keep aflame the zeal for exploration, +beneficent occupation, and general exploitation of the globe in the +interests of a high civilization. The localities of the Union have +been stimulated into such activities that manufactures and agriculture +have run a mighty race; commerce alone lags, and no wonder, for +Louisiana gave us a land world of our own, a home market more valuable +than both the Indies or the continental mass of the Far East.</p> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page285" name="page285"></a>(p. 285)</span> CHAPTER XXII</h3> + +<h4>Napoleon's Place in History</h4> + +<p class="summary">Exhaustion — The Change in Napoleon's Views — Intermitting + Powers — Their Extinction — Common Sense and Idealism — The + Man and the World — The Philosophy of Expediency — A Mediating + Work — French Institutions — Transformation of France — + Napoleon and English Policy — His Work in Germany — French + Influence in Italy and Eastern Europe — Napoleon and the Western + World.</p> + +<p class="sidenote">Summary</p> + +<p>If Napoleon's qualities as usurper, statesman, and warrior be as +remarkable as they appear, why was his time so short, what were the +causes of his decline, and what is his place in history? The causes of +his decline may be summed up in a single word—exhaustion. There +exists no record of human activity more complete than is that of +Napoleon Bonaparte's life. In its beginnings we can see this worshiper +of power stimulating his immature abilities in vain until, with +reckless desperation, he closed the period of training and made his +scandalous bargain with Barras; then, grown suddenly, inexplicably +rich, becoming with better clothing, food, and lodging physically more +vigorous, he seems mercilessly to drive the rowels into his own flanks +until initiative, ingenuity, and ruthlessness are displayed with +apparently superhuman dimensions. The period of achievement is short, +but glorious in politics; the age of domination is long and exciting. +Throughout both there is the same wanton physical excess and +intellectual dissipation. Then comes the turn. Every human age has in +it the germs of the next; we begin to die at birth, and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page286" name="page286"></a>(p. 286)</span> the +characteristic qualities and powers of one period diminish as those of +the next increase. So it was with Napoleon. He compressed so much, +both as regards the number and importance of events, into so short a +space that his times are like those wrinkled Japanese pictures which +are made by shriveling a large print into a small compass—intense and +deep, but unreal. To change the metaphor, he found the ship of state +dashing onward, with her helm lashed and no one daring to take the +task of the steersman in hand. He cut the lashings and laid hold. His +unassisted efforts as a pilot gave the vessel a new course; but he had +no steam or other mechanical power, no <i>deus ex machinâ</i>, to aid him; +and, as the storm increased, exhaustion followed; he seemed to be +steering when, in reality, his actions were under the compulsion of +events he was not controlling; and this continued until the wreck.</p> + +<p>But the inertia of his powers resembled their rise so perfectly as to +represent continuous growth, and thus to deceive observers: in a few +years he had ordered the Revolutionary chaos of western Europe to his +liking, and the resultant organization worked by the principles he had +infused into it. As he saw his imperfect and shallow theories of +society successively confounded, he had no vigor left to reconstruct +them and adapt himself to new situations. His efforts at the rôle of +liberator throughout the Hundred Days deserve careful study. He simply +could not yield or adapt himself, except in non-essentials. The shifts +to which he had resort would have been ridiculous had they not been +pathetic. The governmental forms attempted by the Revolution had been +successively destroyed by the furious energy of Jacobinism: the +Directory was but a compromise, and when it took refuge for safety in +the army its performances seemed to the masses sure to bring back the +Terror; <span class="pagenum"><a id="page287" name="page287"></a>(p. 287)</span> the Consulate was only a disguised monarchy founded +on military force; and as royalism was impossible, there seemed to +vast numbers no other alternative than the Empire. That there was no +other alternative was due to Napoleon's imperious character, now +developed to its utmost extent. He was selfish, hardened, and, though +active like his symbolic bee, without capacity for further +development. His mother knew that he could not hold out; she said it, +and saved money for a rainy day. He himself had haunting premonitions +of this truth. His passion to perpetuate himself by founding a dynasty +was the real basis for his warlike ardor. Profoundly moved, in fact +awe-stricken, by the imperishable hatred of the older dynasties, and +yet reveling in his military genius, he waged war ruthlessly and with +zest, enjoying the discomfiture of his foes, and delighting in the +exercise of his powers. But, after all, war was but a means. He +frequently dwelt on the advantages of hereditary succession; he +lingered with suspicious frequency over the satisfaction a dynastic +ruler must feel in the devotion or, if not that, in the submissiveness +of his people; he was hypersensitive to the slightest popular +disturbance; and he must have foreboded his own fall, since he was +accustomed to wear poison in an amulet around his neck, so that when +the great crisis should arrive he might take his own life. "Ah! why am +I not my grandson?" he longingly ejaculated.</p> + +<p>This single cause of Napoleon's fall can be better seen in the record +of his second captivity than in any other portion of his life. There +is no such thing as absolute exhaustion short of death. But +intermittent and flickering exertion is symptomatic of failing powers +in a jaded horse; it forebodes the end in a worn-out man. Cheerful and +busy at first, because recruited by a long and favorable sea-voyage, +he set out in St. Helena at a racing <span class="pagenum"><a id="page288" name="page288"></a>(p. 288)</span> gait to write history +and mold the public opinion of Europe. Playful and energetic, he +caught together the scanty remnants of his momentary grandeur, and +emulated the masters of ceremony at the Tuileries in organizing a +court and issuing edicts for the conduct of its little affairs. His +life was to be that of a caged lion—caged, but yet a lion. The plan +would not work. In the affairs of Longwood there were, as everywhere, +hitches and irregularities. To Napoleon these soon became not the +incidents, but the substance of life. With the departure of his +secretaries the business of biographical composition became first +irksome, then impossible, and the poor muse of history was finally +turned out of doors. To regular exercise succeeded spasmodic +over-exertion; complaint became the subject-matter for the exercise of +both mind and tongue; daily association with kindly but second-rate +persons checked the flow of great ideas; the combinations of +Austerlitz and Wagram gave place to the small moves in a game of spite +with a bureaucratic British governor. From the days of his boyhood +until his alliance with Barras the exile had been a dreamy, vague, +indefinite, unsuccessful fellow; his powers were not quickly +developed. While he had France and Europe to work upon, he showed the +extraordinary qualities repeatedly outlined, mind and hand, thought +and deed, working together. Already jaded, his stupendous capacity +became intermittent after the fatal armistice of Poischwitz; but it +worked, for it still had the raw material of grand strategy and great +politics to work on. This continued until after Waterloo. That battle, +not a great one in itself, was nevertheless epic, both in its effects +upon the world and in its ruin of the brains which had swayed the +destinies of Europe for twenty years. Between the flight to Charleroi +and the escape to the <i>Bellerophon</i>, Napoleon shows no pluck and no +brains.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page289" name="page289"></a>(p. 289)</span> In actual captivity his mind was without a sufficient task +and under no pressure from necessity. It consequently, though somewhat +invigorated at first, intermitted more and more toward the close, +working, when it did work, awkwardly and with friction, until the +physical collapse came, and the end was reached. The attempts to +remodel history, the efforts to delineate his own and others' motives, +the specious summaries of his career and its epochs, the fragmentary +expositions of his philosophy in ethics, politics, and psychology—all +the stately volumes which bear his name, his literary remains, in +fact, present a pitiful sight when closely examined. They are but the +scoriæ of a burnt-out mind, but dust and ashes; a splendid mass, but +an extinct volcano. It was only natural that his successors and +admirers should seek to erect a more enduring foundation for his fame +by collecting and carefully editing what he had written when at his +best, when acting according to his momentary, normal impulse, and +when, therefore, he had the least pose and the greatest sincerity. But +it is a proof of their shrewdness that they selected and published +less and less after Erfurt, and that out of the voluminous pen-product +of St. Helena they chose a hundred and fifty pages which the +"Correspondence," intended to be the most splendid monument to the +Emperor's glory, could present as authentic biographical material.</p> + +<p>If, then, Napoleon was after all but a plain man, how did he become a +personage? Simply because he was the typical man of his day, less the +personal mediocrity; the typical burgher in personal character, the +typical soldier in war, the typical despot in peace, and the typical +idealist in politics; capable in all these qualities of analysis; +capable, consequently, of being understood; capable of exhaustion and +of being overwhelmed by combinations. In other words, he was really +great because <span class="pagenum"><a id="page290" name="page290"></a>(p. 290)</span> he was the shrewd common-sense personage of his +age, considering the ideal social structure as a level of comfort in +money, in shelter, in food, in clothes, in religion, in morality, in +decency, in domestic good-nature, in the commonplace good things +fairly divided as far as they would go round. This was the side of his +nature which in a period of social exhaustion planted him four-square +as a social force, presented him to France as the rock against which +the "red fool-fury" of Jacobinism had dashed itself to pieces, and +gave him for a time command of all hearts. Thus established, he at +once fell heir to French tradition—that is, to the continuous policy +of the nation in foreign and domestic affairs; which was that France +should be the Jupiter in the Olympus of European nations by reason of +her excellence both in beauty and in strength. Here was a temptation +not to be resisted, the superlative temptation like that of the +serpent and the woman, the chance to transcend by knowledge, the +opportunity to "hitch his wagon to a star," to commingle the glory of +France with his own until the elements were no longer separable. Into +this snare, great as he was in his representative plainness, he fell, +and in the ensuing confusion he not only destroyed himself, but +brought the proud and splendid nation which had cherished him to the +very verge of destruction. He could not sway one emancipated people +without swaying an emancipated Europe, and this after Austerlitz he +determined to do. Then he lost his head: his wisdom turned out to be +nothing but adoration of mere expediency; his strength proved weakness +when, with his imperial idealism, he braved in Spain the idealism of a +true nation; his vaunted physical endurance disappeared with +self-indulgence, the golden head and brazen loins fell in a crash as +the feet of clay disintegrated before the storm of national +uprisings.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page291" name="page291"></a>(p. 291)</span> This being true, we have in his career every element of epic +greatness: a colossal man, a chaotic age, the triumph of principle, +the reëstablishment of historical equilibrium by means of a giant cast +away when no longer needed. And this epic quality, which is not in the +man alone nor in the age alone, appears when the two are combined, and +then only. Looking at him in our cold light, he has every attribute of +the commonplace adventurer; looking at the France of 1786 with our +perspective, the people and the times appear almost mad in their +frantic efforts to accomplish the work of ages in the moments of a +single lifetime. Yet combine the two, and behold the man of the third +estate rising, advancing, reflecting, and then planting himself in the +foreground as the most dramatic figure of public life, and you have a +scene, a stage, and actors which cannot be surpassed in the range of +history. To the end of the Consulate the action is powerful, because +it represents reality: a nation unified, a people restored to +wholesome influences, peace inaugurated, constitutional government +established. There is so far no tawdry decoration, no fine clothes, no +posing, no ranting. But with the next scene, that of the Empire, the +spectator becomes aware of all these annoyances, and more. The leading +actor grows self-conscious, identifies himself with the public +interest for personal ends and to the detriment of the nation, +displays no moral or artistic self-restraint, and soon arranges every +element so as to make his studied personal ambitions appear like the +resultants of ominous forces which act from without, and against which +he is donning the armor of despotism for the public good. The play +becomes a human tragicomedy, and, verging to its close, ends, like the +tragedies of the Greeks, with a people betrayed and the force of the +age chained to a torrid rock as the sport of the elements.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page292" name="page292"></a>(p. 292)</span> Was this the end, and did Napoleon have no place in history, +as many historians have lately been contending? Far from it. From his +couch of porphyry beneath the gilded dome on the banks of the Seine, +the Emperor, though "dead and turned to clay," still exercises a +powerful sway. The actual Napoleonic Empire had, as we have before +remarked, a striking resemblance to those of Alexander and +Charlemagne. Based, as were these, upon conquest, and continued for a +little life by the idealism of a single person, it seemed like a +brilliant bubble on the stream of time. But Alexander hellenized the +civilization of his day, and prepared the world for Christianity; +Charlemagne plowed, harrowed, and sowed the soil of barbaric Europe, +making it receptive for the most superb of all secular ideals, that of +nationality; Napoleon tore up the system of absolutism by the roots, +propagated in the most distant lands of Europe the modern conception +of individual rights, overthrew the rotten structure of the +German-Roman empire, and in spite of himself regenerated the +long-abused ideas of nationality and fatherland. It must be confessed +that his own shallow political science, the second-hand Rousseauism he +had learned from his desultory reading, had little to do with this, +except negatively. One by one he saw his faiths made ridiculous by the +violent phases of Jacobinism after it took control of the +Revolutionary movement. His heart, his conscience, his intellect, all +undisciplined, then revolted against the metaphysic which had misled +him, and "ideologist" became his most contemptuous epithet. Controlled +by instinct and ambition, he nevertheless remained throughout his +period the one thorough idealist among the men of action, Goethe being +the superlative, transcendent genius of idealism among the thinkers. +Each successive day saw his scorn of physical limitations increase, +his impatience of language, customs, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page293" name="page293"></a>(p. 293)</span> laws, of local +attachment, personal fidelity, and national patriotism grow. The +result was a fixed conviction that for humanity at large all these +were naught. At last he planted himself upon the burgher philosophy of +utility and expediency, putting his faith in the loyalty of his +family, in homely dependence upon matrimonial alliance, in the passion +of humanity for physical ease and earthly well-being. This was the +concert by which he sought to create a federation of beneficent +kingdoms that would win all men to the prime mover. Space and time +rebelled; the lofty ideals of humanity and philosophy would not down; +selfishness proved impotent as a support; the dreamer recognized that +again he had been deceived. Haggard and exhausted, he finally turned, +in the rôle of Napoleon Liberator, to the notion of nationality and of +government swayed by popular will in all its phases. But it was too +late. Instead of being the leader of a van, he had forgotten, in his +own phrase, to keep pace with the march of ideas, and was a straggler +in the rear, without a moral status or a devoted following.</p> + +<p>All this is true; but it is equally true that much of his work endured +both in France and in the civilized world. In France, indeed, the work +he did has been in some details only too enduring. History is there to +tell us that the test of high civilization is not necessarily in great +dimensions. Those histories of the ancient world in which humanity +seems strange and distasteful, of Egypt, Phenicia, Babylon, and +Assyria, were wide in extent and long in duration: those of Greece and +Rome, whose poets, statesmen, legislators, and warriors are our +despair, were small in proportion and comparatively short in duration, +while they were normal and healthy; the world-empires of both were +neither natural nor admirable. It will not do, therefore, to judge +Napoleon <span class="pagenum"><a id="page294" name="page294"></a>(p. 294)</span> by the length of his career, nor by the standards of +other times and different circumstances. The centralization of +administration in the commonwealth which he rescued from the clutches +of anarchy was probably essential to the rescue; the expediency which +he deliberately cultivated in the Concordat, in the laws of the family +and inheritance, and in the fatal Continental System, was possibly a +statesman's palliative for momentary political disease. His artificial +aristocracy, his system of great fiefs, his financial shifts—who +dares to say that these institutions did not meet a temporary want? +Moreover, it is worth considering whether a direct reaction to +moderate, sane republicanism from extreme and furious Jacobinism was +possible at all, and whether a reaction from Napoleon's imperial +democracy was not easier and the results more permanent. In other +words, is it likely that the third French republic could have been the +direct successor of the first? The question is certainly debatable. No +pen can so delineate the sufferings of France under Napoleonic +institutions as that of Taine has so ably and scathingly done; his +wonderful etching powerfully exhibits painful truths. But who is to +blame if a nation is hampered by its administration, by a +centralization it no longer needs, by social regulations which it has +outgrown, by political habits which do not suit the age? Not alone the +man who inaugurated them, for ends partly selfish but also partly +statesmanlike; the people who timidly endure are responsible for the +doom which will certainly overtake any nation living in a social and +political structure antiquated and unsuitable.</p> + +<p>One thing at least the new France has done with magisterial style: she +has introduced into her political machinery respect for political +habit. The French government of to-day is distinctly an outgrowth of +conditions, and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page295" name="page295"></a>(p. 295)</span> not of theories. Its constitution has none of +the fatal marks of completeness which her other republican +constitutions have borne; on the contrary, there never was a period in +modern times when to the outsider French institutions seemed as +crescive as they do to-day. And they have abundant material on which +to work. There are signs that the system of nations as armed camps, +for which Napoleon set the example, is breaking by its own weight; +modern armies are mostly national schools controlled by scientific +inquisitiveness and permeated by a civic spirit; the pacific federal +system of the great European powers sometimes seems feeble and +rickety, but it is in existence. Alliances are now federations for +peace; the Triple Alliance continues to be a federation for peace; so +too the Sextuple Alliance, so energetic and persistent in its support +of Turkey, has been a federation for peace. Perhaps the day is nearer +than we think when the Hague tribunal shall develop a vigorous, +practical working system of international understandings, without +appeal to war. Then certainly, but long before, let us hope, France +may anchor her liberties in a bill of rights, destroy judicial +inquisition, begin to slacken the bonds of her prefectoral system, +emancipate her universities and academies, regenerate public feeling +as to the increase of population by modifying her laws of the family, +and go on not only to populate her own fertile fields, but to make the +magnificent colonies which she has acquired the future homes of +countless children, a field for exerting her superfluous energy—in +short, when she may slough off her now superfluous Napoleonic +institutions.</p> + +<p>It would be utterly unjust, however, to plead a justification of +Napoleon solely by such a monumental fact as that he was in all +likelihood the forerunner of modern France. Even when the country +adopted him, his positive, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page296" name="page296"></a>(p. 296)</span> direct influence for good was +great. The Concordat whatever its faults, partly secured a free church +and a free state, separating thus what God had never joined together +in holy wedlock; his splendid codes—for no matter who pondered and +shaped them, they were his in execution—have guaranteed the +perpetuity of civil equality not only in France, but, as the sequel +has shown, throughout great expanses of Europe; the questions of a +nation's right to its chosen ruler and government, agitated in a new +form during the Hundred Days, were those with which succeeding +generations were concerned until they were answered in the +affirmative. The difference between the France of 1802 and that of +1815 is on one side painful, but on another side it is remarkably +significant. The former was transitional and chaotic; the latter had +that amazing but completed social union, stronger than any ever known +in history, which has saved the country in succeeding storm-periods. +In it there was respect for persons, for contract, for property; the +administration was unitary, homogeneous, and active; the finances, +though not regulated, were restored to vigor; and the processes were +inaugurated by which the great cities of France have become healthful +and beautiful, while at the same time the internal improvements of the +country have been systematized and rendered splendid in their +efficiency. Revolutionary concepts were so modified and assimilated +that the efforts of the dynasties, when put to the test of public +opinion, failed because they were felt to be absurd by the masses. It +was one of Napoleon's aphorisms that "to have the right of using +nations, you must begin by serving them well." Like a good burgher, he +made his servants comfortable and happy. His example, moreover, was +reflected abroad throughout Europe; and to the millions of plain and +not very shrewd inhabitants of other lands, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page297" name="page297"></a>(p. 297)</span> the Revolution, +as Napoleon had shaped it, lost many of the horrors with which +Jacobinism, to the everlasting damnation of both the thing and its +name, had clothed it. It is a question whether there was in existence +a strong liberal France, such as idealists depict, that could +pacifically have done this wonderful work. Examining and duly weighing +the desperation of dynastic absolutism, it looks as if nothing but the +counter-poison of Napoleon's militarism could have prevented its +annihilating French liberalism. Without Napoleon the conservative +liberalism of to-day would have been impossible.</p> + +<p>Turning to the field of general history, there are certain facts, +admittedly Napoleon's doing, which quite as certainly are among the +most important factors of contemporary politics. Of themselves these +would suffice to give him a high place in constructive history. In the +first place, he deprived England of the monopoly in what had long been +essentially and peculiarly her political ideal. What was the basis of +the long conflict between England and France to which Napoleon fell +heir? Was the struggle of these two glorious and enlightened sister +nations a struggle for territorial ascendancy in Europe? Not entirely. +Was it a life-and-death struggle for ascendancy in the western world? +No. The Seven Years' War had decided that question against France, and +the American war for independence had in a sense evened the score in +its decision against England; for the prize had been awarded to a new +people. No; the conflict did not rage over this. What, then, was the +cause? Nothing less than a passion for the ascendancy of one of these +highest forms of civilization throughout the globe, including both +Europe and America. This Anglo-Saxon political, commercial, religious, +and social conception was, after the Napoleonic wars, no longer +confined to Great Britain. Thence onward the great powers of <span class="pagenum"><a id="page298" name="page298"></a>(p. 298)</span> +Europe have been chiefly concerned, aside from their care for +self-preservation, in partitioning Africa and Asia among themselves; +and this process is no sooner complete than they begin to murmur about +the Monroe doctrine and to cast longing eyes toward Central and South +America. The state system which was once European has become +coextensive with the sphere on which we live, and this notion of +world-domination, so denounced when held by Napoleon, has become the +motive-power of every great modern civilization.</p> + +<p>If we consider the national politics of Europe beyond the boundaries +of France, history again becomes a record of influences started by +Napoleon's works, either of commission or of omission. Russia's +grandeur as a European power appears to be largely due to the +temporary extinction of Poland's hope for national resurrection. Had +Napoleon, instead of playing his doubtful game with the grand duchy of +Warsaw, turned into an autonomous permanency the scarcely known +provisional government of Poland, which he actually inaugurated and +which worked for a considerable time, and had he restored to its sway +both the Prussian and Austrian shares in the shameless partition, we +might have seen quite another result to the military migration of +1812. We can scarcely doubt, moreover, that Poland, restored under +French protection, would have been a buffer state between Russia, +Prussia, and Austria, rendering the crushing coalition an +impossibility in 1813, while in 1814 the allies could probably never +have crossed the French frontier, if indeed they had dared to go even +so far in their march across Europe. But his positive achievement was +quite as important. The Germany of to-day is a great federal state +guided, but not dominated, by Prussia. What are its other important +members? Bavaria, Würtemberg, and Baden—all three in their present +extent and influence <span class="pagenum"><a id="page299" name="page299"></a>(p. 299)</span> the creations of Napoleon; the nice +balance of powers in the German Empire is due to his arrangement of +the map. There is even a sense in which all Germany, as we know it, +sprang full armed from his head. He not merely taught the peoples of +central Europe their strategy, tactics, and military organization: it +was he who carried the standard of enlightenment (in his own interest, +of course, but still he carried it) through the length and breadth of +their territories, and made its significance clear to the meanest +intellect of their teeming millions. Thereafter the longings for +German unity, for German fatherland, for the organization of German +strength into one movement, could never be checked. The swarm of petty +tyrants who had modeled their life and conduct on the example of Louis +XIV, and who in struggling to vie with his villainies had debauched +themselves and their peoples, was swept away by Napoleon's +ruthlessness, to give place to the larger, more wholesome nationality +of the nineteenth century, which was destined in the end to inspire +the surrounding nations with the new concept of respect, not alone for +one's own nationality, but for that of others.</p> + +<p>What French influence effected in Italy is a topic so recondite as to +require separate discussion; for the results were not so immediate or +so dramatic as they were in Germany. But the destruction of petty +governments was as ruthless as in the north; the ideas which marched +in Bonaparte's ranks found at least a large minority of intelligent +admirers among the invaded; and Italian unity, though won by a family +he feared and abused, is in no doubtful sense indebted for its +existence, not merely to Napoleon's age, but to the ideas he +disseminated and to the efforts at a practical beginning which he +made. As to Austria-Hungary, the new historical epoch which makes her +essentially the empire of the lower Danube <span class="pagenum"><a id="page300" name="page300"></a>(p. 300)</span> takes its rise +from Napoleon's time and influence. The relaxation of her grasp on +Italy has thrown her across the Adriatic for the territorial expansion +essential to her position as a great power. It has been her mission to +rescue by moral influence some of the fairest lands in the Balkan +peninsula from waste and anarchy. Mere proximity is a powerful factor; +the turbulence of Austrian local patriotism has been the seed of +wholesome discontent among the Christian populations of Turkey, whose +first awakening was largely due to the emissaries sent by Napoleon to +fire the hearts of the oppressed and suffering subjects of that +distracted land. Servia is one example of this; and in a sense the +national awakening of Greece began with the hopes similarly aroused.</p> + +<p>The astounding magic of his name in the United States is partly due to +a quality of the American mind which makes its possessor the +passionate and indiscriminating adorer of greatness in every form. The +Americans are more French than the French in their admiration of +power. But, after all, this is not the main reason for their interest +in Napoleon. They are, dimly at least, aware of certain facts which +have determined their history and made them an independent nation; +though already stated and discussed, we may be pardoned for +recapitulating them in this connection. Their first war for +independence left them tributary to the mother-country both +industrially and commercially. It was Napoleon who pitilessly, though +slyly and indirectly, launched them into the second war with Great +Britain, from which they emerged with some glory and some sense of +defeat, but, after all, with the tremendous and permanent gain of +absolute commercial independence. In the second place, their purchase +of Louisiana, though understood by only a few at the moment, +revolutionized their national system both inside and outside. That +momentous step destroyed <span class="pagenum"><a id="page301" name="page301"></a>(p. 301)</span> the literal interpretation of the +constitution, hitherto enslaving a congeries of jarring little +commonwealths in the bondage of verbalism, because, though manifestly +beneficent and necessary, it could be justified before the law only by +an appeal to the spirit and not to the letter. Thenceforward Americans +have steadily been enlarging their constitutional law by +interpretation, and the apparent timidity of amendment which they +display is simply due to the absence of necessity for revision as long +as expansion by interpretation continues. But certainly quite as +important as this was also the displacement, by the acquisition of +that vast territory, of what may be called the national center of +gravity. Until then the aspirations of Americans had been toward +Europe; the public opinion of the country had, until then, demanded +the largest possible intercourse with that continent compatible with +freedom from political entanglement. Thereafter there was a change in +their spirit: a continent of their own was open to their energies. For +two generations their history has been concerned with exploration, +with mechanical invention, and with solving the great problem of how +to prevent an extension of slavery corresponding to the extension of +territory. But nevertheless, steadily and vigorously two correlated +concepts were propagating themselves: neglect of Europe, in order to +expand and assimilate their recent acquisition; industrial +exclusiveness, for the sake of this great home market which +immigration, settlement, and the formation of new commonwealths were +creating, not at the front door, but in the rear of the states +stretching along the Atlantic. This resulted in a temporary +"about-face" of the nation; and it is only now, when the prize of +material greatness and of territorial unity has been secured, that the +people turn once more toward the rising sun, in order to get from +older lands everything <span class="pagenum"><a id="page302" name="page302"></a>(p. 302)</span> germane to its own civilization, and +to assimilate these acquisitions, if possible, in realizing its own +ideals of moral grandeur.</p> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page303" name="page303"></a>(p. 303)</span> HISTORICAL SOURCES</h3> + + +<p>In making this book I had access to the following original sources:</p> + +<p>I. Unpublished Documents: <i>a</i>, The papers of the French Ministry of +Foreign Affairs during the years of Napoleon's life, including those +of the "Fonds Napoléon." <i>b</i>, The unpublished correspondence of +Napoleon kept in the French Ministry of War, including the "Volumes +Rouges" and the "Dossier de l'Empereur." This is as voluminous at +least as the published correspondence, but of personal and technical +rather than political interest. I have also consulted the archives of +the General Staff in the same building concerning many events +connected with Napoleon's career. <i>c</i>, The papers of Napoleon's youth +known as the Ashburnham papers, but now owned by the Italian +government, and kept in the Laurentian Library at Florence. Since I +used them they have been published by Masson and Biagi, but the +editors have corrected the text to an extent which is in our day not +considered scientific. <i>d</i>, The despatches of American diplomatists +resident abroad during Napoleon's career. <i>e</i>, Certain papers from the +Record Office in London relating to Napoleon's surrender and his life +in St. Helena. <i>f</i>, Certain papers of Henri Beyle containing +characterizations of Napoleon and contemporary anecdotes concerning +him. These were translated by Jean de Mitty from a cipher manuscript +in the public library at Grenoble. <i>g</i>, A considerable number of +Napoleon's letters, kindly put at my disposal by various collectors.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page304" name="page304"></a>(p. 304)</span> II. Published Official Papers. Within the last few years +original documents concerning the Napoleonic epoch have been printed +very extensively. Nearly all the important books are based on archival +research, and the respective authors generally print a certain number +of despatches or reports in justification of their conclusions. The +following collections are the most important: <i>a</i>, The Correspondence +of Napoleon. <i>b</i>, Official Papers of the Helvetic Republic. <i>c</i>, +Diplomatic Correspondence between Prussia and France, 1795-97. <i>d</i>, +Lord Whitworth's despatches. <i>e</i>, Ducasse's Supplement to Napoleon's +Correspondence. <i>f</i>, The Papers of Gentz and Schwarzenberg. <i>g</i>, The +Papers of Metternich. <i>h</i>, Napoleon's Letters to Caulaincourt. <i>i</i>, +Napoleon's Letters to King Joseph. <i>j</i>, The Letters of King Jerome, +Queen Catharine, and King Frederick of Würtemberg. <i>k</i>, The Papers of +Castlereagh, Banks, Jackson, and other English statesmen of the time. +<i>l</i>, Diplomatic Correspondence between Russia and France. <i>m</i>, The +Archives of Count Woronzoff. <i>n</i>, Diplomatic Correspondence of the +Sardinian ambassadors at St. Petersburg. <i>o</i>, Diplomatic +Correspondence of the ministers of the republic and kingdom of Italy. +<i>p</i>, Lecestre's Unpublished Letters of Napoleon. This list might be +extended almost indefinitely by adding such collections as Ducasse's +Memoirs of King Joseph, Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, the +Correspondence of Eugène, etc., etc.; but these older books are too +well known to require enumeration, and, though authentic, are only +semi-official or personal publications.</p> + +<p>III. Contemporary Memoirs. Those titles given in the bibliography are, +with a few exceptions, the most valuable. The positive, literal truth +of the so-called memoirs attributed to Bourrienne, Constant, +Caulaincourt, Barras, Fouché, and Avrillon is very slender. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page305" name="page305"></a>(p. 305)</span> +They are all made by skilful patchwork and must be read with the +utmost caution. In fact, it is doubtful whether, with the exception of +Barras's scandalous record, they have, strictly speaking, any right to +the names they bear. This much negative value they have: that they +show how history can be falsified in one interest or another.</p> + +<p>During the fourteen years which have elapsed since the book was +completed for magazine publication, and the twelve since it was +revised to the form of four volumes, great numbers of what were then +manuscript journals, memoirs, or letters have been printed and +published; of these proper use has been made in this edition, and +their titles are given in the bibliography. The author may be pardoned +for remarking that few details of importance have been found +incorrect, wherever experts agree, and that his many critics have made +no demand for the reconstruction of his characterization in its broad +outlines, however opposed they may be to his portrayals or +discussions.</p> + +<p>This list of books makes no pretense to completeness. It is a +conservative estimate that there are two hundred thousand titles of +books relating to Napoleon and his age. What is here given is +sufficient to assure the reader a complete view of Napoleon and his +times from the best sources.</p> + +<p class="right10 smcap">Wm. M. Sloane.</p> +<p><i>New York, August 1, 1910.</i></p> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page307" name="page307"></a>(p. 307)</span> GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY</h3> + +<h4>BIBLIOGRAPHIES</h4> + +<div class="listes"> +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Brière, G.</b>; <b>Caron, P.</b>; et <b>Maistre, H.</b></span> Répertoire Méthodique de +l'histoire moderne et contemporaine de la France. Paris, 1898 (one +vol. yearly).</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Cambridge Modern History</b></span>. New York and London, 1906. Vol. IX, +Napoleon.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Catalogue de l'Histoire de France</b></span>. 15 v.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Dahlmann, E. C.</b>, and <b>Waitz, G.</b></span> Quellenkunde der deutschen Geschichte.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Fournier, A.</b></span>, ed. Bourne, E. G. New York, 1903.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Gardiner, S. R.</b>, and <b>Mullinger, J. B.</b></span> Introduction to English History. +London, 1894.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Kircheisen, F.</b></span> Bibliography of Napoleon. Leipzig, 1902.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Kircheisen, F.</b></span> Bibliographie du temps de Napoléon. Paris, Geneva, +London, 1908.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lumbroso, A.</b></span> Saggio di una bibliografia ragionata per servire alla +storia dell' epoca Napoleonica. Modena, 1894-96. Parts 1-5.</p> +</div> + +<h4>EUROPE</h4> + +<div class="listes"> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Alison, Sir A.</b></span> History of Europe from the commencement of the French +Revolution in 1789 to the Restoration of the Bourbons in 1815. London, +1841-42. 10 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bredow, G. G.</b></span> Chronik des XIX<sup>ten</sup> Jahrhunderts. 2 v. Altona, 1801. +Continued by C. Venturini. 20 v. Altona, 1809-28.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Delbrück, H.</b></span> Historische u. politische Aufsätze. Berlin, 1887. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Faguet, E.</b></span> Politiques et moralistes du 19<sup>e</sup> siècle. Paris, 1891. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Froidevaux, H.</b></span> La politique coloniale de Napoléon I<sup>er</sup>. In Revue des +questions historiques, tom. 68, pp. 608-620. Paris, I<sup>er</sup> avril, 1901.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Heeren, A. H. L.</b></span> Handbuch der Geschichte des europäischen +Staatensystems und seiner Colonieen. Göttingen, 1819.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Houssaye, H.</b></span> 1814. 7 éd. Paris, 1888. 16<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Houssaye, H.</b></span> 1815. Paris, 1899.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Houssaye, H.</b></span> 1815. Waterloo et la Terreur Blanche. Paris, 1899.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lavisse, E.</b>, et <b>Rambaud, A.</b></span> Histoire générale du IV<sup>me</sup> siècle à nos +jours. 12 v. Paris, 1893-1901. (Vol. IX, 1800-15. Bibliography.)</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Mahan, A. T.</b></span> Influence of Sea Power upon History. London, 1889. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Mahan, A. T.</b></span> The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution +and Empire. 2 v. London, 1893.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page308" name="page308"></a>(p. 308)</span> <b>Montgaillard, J. G. M. Rocques de</b>.</span> De la France et de +l'Europe sous le gouvernement de Bonaparte. Paris et Lyon, an XII +(1804).</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Plotho, C.</b></span> v. Der Krieg des Verbündet. Europa gegen Frankreich im +Jahre 1815. Berlin, 1818. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Pölitz, K. H. L.</b></span> D. Europäischen Verfassungen seit d. Jahre 1789 bis +auf die neueste Zeit. Mit geschichtl. Einleit. u. Erläuter. 2<sup>te</sup> neu +geordn., berichtigte u. ergänzte Aufl. Leipzig, 1833. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Rambaud, A.</b>, et <b>Lavisse, E.</b></span> Histoire générale. v. Lavisse.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Rocke, P.</b></span> Die Kontinentalsperre. Naumb., 1894. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Schlegel, A. W.</b></span> Über d. Continentalsystem u. d. Einfluss desselben auf +Schweden. Leipzig, 1814. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Schulz, K. G.</b></span> Geschichte d. Kriege in Europa seit dem Jahre 1792. +Berlin, 1827-53. 15 Bände in 23 Theilen.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Sorel, A.</b></span> L'Europe et la Révolution française (1789-1815). 8 v. Paris, +1885-1904.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Sorel, A.</b></span> Essais historiques et critiques. Paris, 1894.</p> +</div> + +<h4>TREATIES</h4> + +<div class="listes"> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Angeberg, d'</b></span>. Le Congrès de Vienne et les traités de 1815, précédé et +suivi des actes diplomatiques, avec intr. hist. par M. Capefigue. +Paris, 1864. 2 v.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Barral-Montferrat, Marquis de</b></span>. Dix ans de paix armée entre la France +et l'Angleterre, 1783-1793. I<sup>er</sup> v. Paris, 1893. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bowman, H. M.</b></span> Die englisch-französische Friedensverhandlung (Dez., +1799, bis Jan., 1800). Leipzig, 1899.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Garden, G. de</b>.</span> Histoire générale des traités de paix et autres +transactions principales entre les puissances de l'Europe depuis la +paix de Westphalie. Paris, 1848-59. 14 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Laperouse, A.</b></span> Le Congrès de Châtillon. Châtillon-sur-Seine, 1865. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Leclercq, A.</b></span> Recueil des traités de la France. Publ. sous les auspices +du ministre des affaires étrangères. Paris, 1864-72. 10 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Martens, G. F. de</b>.</span> Recueil des principaux traités d'alliance, de paix, +de trève, etc., conclus par les puissances de l'Europe, tant entre +elles qu'avec les puissances et états dans d'autres parties du monde +depuis 1761 jusqu'à présent (1801). Paris, 1791-1801. 7 v. 8<sup>o</sup>. Suppl. +to 1807. Paris, 1802-08. 2 éd. Paris, 1817-35. 8 v. 8<sup>o</sup>. (Continued by +his nephew to the present time.)</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Pons, André, Comte de Rio</b>.</span> Known as Pons de l'Hérault. Le Congrès de +Châtillon. Paris, 1825. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Weiss, J. B. von</b>.</span> Weltgeschichte (vols. XIX-XXII, 1795-1815). Leipzig, +1896-98.</p> +</div> + +<h4>DIPLOMATIC HISTORY AND INTERNATIONAL LAW</h4> + +<div class="listes"> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bailleu, P.</b></span> Preussen und Frankreich von 1795 bis 1807: diplomatische +Correspondenzen. Leipzig, 1881-87. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>. (Publ. a. d. K. preuss. +Staatsarchiv. Bde. 8, 29.)</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bignon, L. P.</b></span> Souvenirs d'un diplomate (La Pologne, 1811-13), +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page309" name="page309"></a>(p. 309)</span> précédés d'une notice hist. sur la vie de l'auteur par M. +Mignet. Paris, 1864.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Buchez, P. J. B.</b></span> Histoire parlementaire de la Révolution française. 2 +éd., revisée et entièrement remaniée par l'auteur, en collaboration +avec MM. Jules Bastide, E. S. de Bois-le-Comte et Q. Ott. Paris, +1845-47. 6 v. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Constant de Rebecque, H. B.</b></span> Cours de politique const.; ou, Coll. des +ouvrages publ. sur le gouvernement représentatif, avec une intr. et +des notes par Éd. Laboulaye. Paris, 1861. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Du Casse, P. E. A.</b></span> Histoire des négociations diplomatiques relatives +aux traités de Mortfontaine, de Lunéville et d'Amiens. Paris, 1855. 3 +v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Dufraisse, M.</b></span> Histoire du droit de guerre et de paix (1789-1815). +Paris, 1867.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Fournier, A.</b></span> Der Congress von Châtillon. Die Politik im Kriege von +1814. Eine historische Studie. 8<sup>o</sup>. Wien u. Prag, 1900. Tempsky.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Fournier, A.</b></span> Gentz u. Cobenzl. Geschichte d. österreich. Diplomatie in +den Jahre 1801-05. Nach neuen Quellen. Wien, 1880. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Gardane, A. de</b>.</span> Mission du Gén. Gardane en Perse sous le premier +Empire. Documents historiques. Paris, 1865. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Gardane, Comte G.</b></span> De histoire générale des traités de paix depuis la +paix de Westphalie (to 1813). 14 v. Paris, 1849-59.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Goldsmith, L.</b></span> Secret history of the cabinet of Bonaparte. London, +1810. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Greppi</b>.</span> Révélations diplomatiques sur les relations de la Sardaigne +avec l'Autriche et la Russie. Paris, 1859. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Kiesselbach, W. D.</b></span> Continentalsperre in ihrer Oekonomisch-Polit. +Bedeutung. Ein Beitrag z. Handelsgeschichte. Stuttgart, 1850. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Kleist, Heinr. v.</b></span> Politische Schriften und andere Nachträge zu seinen +Werken. Mit einer Einleitung zum ersten Male herausg. von R. Kopke. +Berlin, 1862. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Klinkowström, Clem. v.</b></span> Aus d. alten Registratur d. Staatskanzlei. +Briefe Polit. Inhalts von u. an Frdr. v. Gentz aus den Jahren +1799-1827. Wien, 1870. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lefebvre, A.</b></span> Histoire des cabinets de l'Europe pendant le consulat et +l'Empire. Paris, 1866-69.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Léouzon-le-Duc, L. A.</b>,</span> Éd. Correspondance diplomatique du baron de +Staël Holstein et de son successeur le baron Brinkman: documents inéd. +sur la Révolution (1783-99), recueillis aux archives royales de Suède +et publiés avec une introduction par L. Léouzon-le-Duc. Paris, 1881. +8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Maistre, J. de</b>.</span> Correspondance diplomatique, 1811-17. Éd. par A. +Blanc. Paris, 1860. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Masson, F.</b></span> Le département des affaires étrangères pendant la +Révolution (1787-1804). Paris, 1877.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Montgaillard, J. G. M. Roques</b>,</span> known as Comte de. Mémoires +diplomatiques 1805-1819, extraits du ministère de l'intérieur et +publiés, avec une introduction et des notes, par Clément de Lacroise. +Paris, 1896. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page310" name="page310"></a>(p. 310)</span> <b>Napoléon I.</b></span> Collection générale et complète de lettres, +proclamations, discours, rédigée d'après le Moniteur, classée suivant +l'ordre du temps 1796-1807, accompagnée de notes historiques, publiée +par C. A. Fischer. Leipzig, 1808-13. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Pingaud, L.</b></span> Un agent secret sous la Révolution et l'Empire: le comte +d'Antraigues. Paris, 1893. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Pozzo di Borgo, Comte</b>.</span> Correspondance diplomatique du C<sup>te</sup> Pozzo di +Borgo et du C<sup>te</sup> de Nesselrode depuis la Restauration.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Pradt, D. D. de</b>.</span> Histoire de l'ambassade dans le grand duché de +Varsovie en 1812. 5 éd. rev. et corr. Paris, 1815. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Stewarton</b>.</span> Secret history of the court and cabinet of St. Cloud. In a +series of letters. Anon. 4th American ed. New York, 1807. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Tratchefski, A.</b></span> Relations diplomatiques de la Russie avec la France à +l'époque de Napoléon I. Saint-Pétersbourg, 1890-93. 4 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Ulmann, H.</b></span> Russisch-preussische Politik unter Alexander I und +Friedrich Wilhelm III bis 1806, urkundlich dargestellt. 8<sup>o</sup>. Leipzig, +1899. Duncker.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Vandal, A.</b></span> Négociations avec la Russie relatives au second mariage de +Napoléon. In Revue historique, tom. 44, pp. 1-42. Paris, 1900.</p> +</div> + +<h4>MILITARY HISTORY</h4> + +<div class="listes"> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Aster, K. H.</b></span> D. Kriegsereignisse zwischen Peterswalde, Pirna, +Königstein u. Priesten im Aug., 1813, u. die Schlacht bei Kulm. +Dresden, 1845. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Aster, K. H.</b></span> Gefechte u. Schlachten bei Leipzig im October, 1813. 2 +Ausg. Dresden, 1852-53. 2 Bde. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Aster, K. H.</b></span> Schilderung d. Kriegsereignisse in und vor Dresden, vom 7 +März bis 28 August, 1813. 2 Ausg. Leipzig, 1856. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Barral, Georges</b>.</span> L'épopée de Waterloo: narration nouvelle des cent +jours et de la campagne de Belgique en 1815. Paris, 1895. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Beauchamp, A. de</b>.</span> Histoire des campagnes de 1814-15. Paris, 1815-17. 4 +v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Beauharnais, le Prince Eugène de</b>.</span> Mémoires et correspondance politique +et militaire. Publ., annotés et mis en ordre par A. du Casse. Paris, +1858-60. 10 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Beiträge</b></span> zur Geschichte d. Krieges von 1806-07, oder Bemerk. +Berichtigungen u. Zusätze zu d. in Theile des Werkes: Geschichte d. +Kriege in Europa seit d. Jahre 1792 als Folgen d. Staatsveränderung in +Frankreich unter Ludwig XVI, etc. Berlin, 1834. Breslau, 1836.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Beiträge</b></span> zur Geschichte d. Krieges vom Jahre 1806 u. 1807, oder +Bemerk. Berichtigungen u. Zusätze zu d. in Theile des Werkes, etc. +Breslau, 1836. (Contains the memoirs of Oginski, Eugen's von +Würtemberg, and Bennigsen.)</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Beiträge</b></span> zur Geschichte d. Französ.-russ. Feldzügs im Jahre 1812. +Breslau, 1814. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Beiträge</b></span> zur Geschichte d. Feldzüge 1814-15 in Frankreich, in besond. +Beziehung auf d. Commando d. Kronprinzen v. Würtemberg, herausg. v. d. +Offizieren d. Würtemb. Gen. Quart. Staabs. Stuttgart, 1818. 3 Hefte, +mit 12 Plänen.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page311" name="page311"></a>(p. 311)</span> <b>Beiträge</b></span> zur Geschichte d. Feldzüge v. 1813-14, von e. +Offizier d. alliirten Armee. Berlin, 1815. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bernays, Guillaume</b>.</span> Schicksale d. Grossherzogth. Frankfurt u. seiner +Truppen. Eine kulturhistor. u. militär. Studie aus der Zeit d. +Rheinbundes. Berlin, 1882. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Berthezène, P.</b></span> Souvenirs militaires de la République et de l'Empire +[1798-1815]; publ. par son fils. Paris, 1855. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bertin, G.</b></span> La campagne de 1814, d'après des témoins oculaires. 8<sup>o</sup>. +Paris, 1897. Flammarion.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bertrand, E.</b></span> Les marins de la garde (1803-1815). 8<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1895. +Baudin.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bleibtreu, K.</b></span> Geschichte und Geist der europäischen Kriege unter +Friedrich dem Grossen und Napoleon. Leipzig, 1893.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Borcke, J. v.</b></span> Kriegerleben. 1806-15. Nach dessen Aufzeichng. bearb. +von Leszczynski. Berlin, 1888. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bourgeois, R.</b></span> Relation fidèle et détaillée de la dernière campagne de +Bonaparte terminée par la bataille de Mont Saint-Jean, dite de +Waterloo ou de la Belle Alliance, par un témoin oculaire. Paris, 1815. +8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bourgoing, P. de</b>.</span> Itinéraire de Napoléon I de Smorgoni à Paris, +épisode de la guerre de 1812. Premier extrait des mém. militaires et +politiques inédits. Paris, 1862.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bustelli, G.</b></span> L'Enigma di Ligny e di Waterloo (15-18 giugno, 1815) +studiato e sciolto. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>. Viterbo, 1897. Agnesotti.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Buturlin</b>.</span> Hist. militaire de la campagne de Russie en 1812. Paris, +1824. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>. Atlas 4<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Chabot-Arnault</b>.</span> Histoire des flottes militaires. Paris, 1889. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Charras, J. B. A.</b></span> Histoire de la campagne de 1815. Waterloo. Avec un +atlas. 6 éd. Paris, 1869. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Chesney, C. C.</b></span> Étude de la campagne de 1815: Waterloo. Bruxelles, +1870. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Chesney, C. C.</b></span> Waterloo lectures. 2 ed. London, 1869. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Chevalier, Éd.</b></span> Histoire de la marine française sous le Consulat et +l'Empire. Paris, 1886. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Clausewitz, C.</b></span> v. Hinterlassene Werke ü. Krieg u. Kriegführung. +Berlin, 1862-89. 10 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Colin, J.</b></span> Études sur la campagne de 1796-97 en Italie. 8<sup>o</sup>. Av. carte +et croquis. Paris, 1897. Baudoin.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Colomb, E.</b></span> v. Blücher in Briefen aus den Feldzügen 1813-15. Stuttgart, +1876. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Corte</b>.</span> Battaglie di S. Michele e Mondovi. Torino, 1846.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Damitz, K. von</b>.</span> Geschichte des Feldzugs von 1815 in den Niederlanden +u. Frankreich. Berlin, 1837-38. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Danielson, J. R.</b></span> Finska kriget och Finlands krigare (1808-1809). +Stockholm, 1898. Wahlstrom.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Danilewsky, M.</b></span> Darstellung d. Feldzuges in Frankreich im Jahre 1814. +In's deutsche übertr. v. C. v. Kotzebue. Riga, 1837-38. 2 Bde.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Danilewsky, M.</b></span> Geschichte des Krieges im Jahre 1812. Mit 33 Plänen. +Riga, 1840. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Danilewsky, M.</b></span> Geschichte des Vaterland. Krieges im Jahre 1812, auf +Allerhöchsten befehl des Kaisers von Russland verfasst. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page312" name="page312"></a>(p. 312)</span> Aus +d. Russ. übersetzt von C. R. Goldhammer. Riga, 1840. 4 Thle.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Danilewsky, M.</b></span> Relation de la campagne de 1805 (Austerlitz). Tr. du +russe par le gén. L. Narischkine. Paris, 1846. 8<sup>o</sup>. 1 carte et 1 plan.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Davout, L.</b>,</span> Prince d'Eckmühl. Opérations du 3<sup>e</sup> corps, 1806-07. +Rapport publié par son neveu le général Davout, duc d'Auerstädt. +Paris, 1896. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Dechent</b>.</span> Beiträge z. Gesch. des Feldzuges von 1806, nach Quellen des +Archivs Marburg. Berlin, 1887. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>De Cugnac</b>.</span> Campagnes de l'armée de réserve en 1800. Tom. I: Passage du +grand Saint-Bernard. Tom. II: Marengo. Av. 21 cartes et croquis. +Paris, 1900-01. Chapelot.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Delauney</b>.</span> Napoléon et la défense des côtes. Extrait du "Mémorial de +l'artillerie de la marine." Paris, 1895. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Denniée</b>,</span> Baron. Itinéraire de l'Empereur Napoléon pendant la campagne +de 1812. Paris, 1842. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Desbrière, E.</b></span> 1793-1805. Projets et tentatives de débarquement aux +îles britanniques. Av. 60 cartes et croquis. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1901-02. +Chapelot.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Ditfurth, M.</b></span> D. Schlacht bei Borodino am 7 Sept., 1812. Mit besond. +Rücksicht auf die Theilnahme d. deutschen Reitercontingente. Marburg, +1887.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Doisy de Villargennes, A. J.</b></span> Reminiscences of Army Life under Napoleon +Bonaparte. Cin., 1884. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Dörr, J. D.</b></span> Schlacht von Hanau am 30 Oktbr., 1813. Cassel, 1851. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Doublet, P. J. L. O.</b></span> Mémoires historiques sur l'invasion et +l'occupation de Malte par une armée française en 1798. Publ. pour la +première fois par le comte de Panisse-Passis. Paris, 1883. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Dumas, M.</b></span> Précis des événements militaires; ou, Essai historique sur +les campagnes de 1799 à 1814. Paris, 1816-26. 19 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Durdent, R. J.</b></span> Campagne de Moscou en 1812. Paris, 1814. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Duruy, A.</b></span> Études d'histoire militaire sur la Révolution et l'Empire. +Paris, 1888. 8<sup>o</sup>. (First chapter is La conspiration du Gén. Malet.)</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Du Teil, B<sup>on</sup> J.</b></span> Napoléon Bonaparte et les généraux du Teil (1788-94). +L'École d'artillerie d'Auxonne et le siège de Toulon. Une famille +militaire au XVIII<sup>e</sup> siècle.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Eniden, F.</b></span> Erinnerungen eines österreichischen Ordonnanzoffiziers aus +dem Feldzuge 1812. 8<sup>o</sup>. Wien, 1898. Seidel.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Fabvier, C. N.</b></span> Journal des opérations du sixième corps pendant la +campagne de 1814 en France. Paris, 1819. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Fezensac, R. E. P. J. de Montesquiou, duc de</b>.</span> Souvenirs militaires de +1804 à 1814. 4 éd. Paris, 1870. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Foucart, P.</b></span> Bautzen (une bataille de 2 jours), 20-21 mai, 1813. Paris, +1897. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Foucart, P.</b></span> Campagne de Prusse (1806), d'après les archives de la +guerre: Jena. Paris, 1887. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Französische</b></span> Armee im Jahre 1813, ein Beitrag zur Geschichte d. +Befreiungs Kriege. Berlin, 1889. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page313" name="page313"></a>(p. 313)</span> <b>Friant Comte</b>.</span> Vie militaire du lieutenant-général comte +Friant. Paris, 1857. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Gachot, E.</b></span> Histoire militaire de Masséna. Paris, 1901.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Gamot</b>.</span> Réfutation en ce qui concerne le M<sup>al</sup> Ney de l'ouvrage ayant +pour titre "Campagne de 1815 ... par le G<sup>al</sup> Gourgaud." Paris, 1818. +8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Gardner, D.</b></span> Quatre-Bras, Ligny, Waterloo: Narrative of the campaign in +Belgium, 1815. London, 1882. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Gérard, E. M., Comte</b>.</span> Quelques documents sur la bataille de Waterloo, +propres à éclairer la question portée devant le public par M. le +Marquis de Grouchy. Paris, 1829. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Giraud, P. F. F. J.</b></span> Campagne de Paris en 1814, précédée d'un coup +d'œil sur celle de 1813; ou, Précis historique et impartial des +événements depuis l'invasion de la France par les armées étrangères +jusqu'à la capitulation de Paris, la déchéance et l'abdication de +Buonaparte inclusivement. Paris, 1814. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Gleig, G. R.</b></span> Story of the battle of Waterloo. New York, 1847.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Gouvion Saint-Cyr, L., Marquis de</b>.</span> Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire +militaire sous le Directoire, le Consulat et l'Empire, 1798-1813. +Paris, 1831. 4 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Grenier, P.</b></span> Étude sur 1807 Manœuvres d'Eylau et Friedland. Av. +croquis. Paris, 1901. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Grouchy, Gen.</b></span> Observations sur la relation de la campagne de 1815, +pub. par le Gén. Gourgaud; et réfutation de quelques-unes des +assertions d'autres écrits relatifs à la bataille de Waterloo. Paris, +1819. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Grouchy, Marquis de</b>.</span> Mémoires du M<sup>al</sup> de Grouchy. Paris, 1873-74. 5 v. +8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Guillaume, F., dit Guillaume de Vaudoncourt</b>.</span> Histoire des campagnes de +1814 et 1815 en France. Paris, 1826. 5 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Guillon, E.</b></span> Les complots militaires sous le consulat et l'empire, +d'après les documents inédits des archives. 12<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1894. Plon.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Guillon, E.</b></span> Nos écrivains militaires. Études de littérature et +d'histoire militaire. 2<sup>e</sup> sér. Depuis la Révolution jusqu'à nos jours. +12<sup>o</sup>. Paris. Plon.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Hamilton, Captain Thomas</b>.</span> Annals of the Peninsular campaigns from 1808 +to 1816. Edinburgh, 1829. 3 v. 18<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Helfert</b>.</span> D. Schlacht bei Kulm, 1813. Wien, 1863. Gr. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Helldorff</b>.</span> Zur Geschichte d. Schlacht bei Kulm. Aufklärung +verschiedener bis jetzt unrichtig darg. Thatsachen über die Tage vom +25-30 August, 1813. Berlin, 1856. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Heymès</b>.</span> Relation de la campagne de 1815, dite de Waterloo, pour servir +à l'histoire du Maréchal Ney. Paris, no date. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Histoire</b></span> des sociétés secrètes de l'armée et des conspirations +militaires qui ont eu pour objet la destruction du gouvernement de +Bonaparte. Paris, 1815. [Anon.]</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Hofmann, G. W. v.</b></span> Die Schlacht bei Borodino mit einer Uebersicht des +Feldzugs von 1812. Koblenz, 1846. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Hooper, G.</b></span> Waterloo, the downfall of the first Napoleon. London, 1890. +16<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Höpfner, Ed. v.</b></span> D. Krieg von 1806 u. 1807. Beiträge zur <span class="pagenum"><a id="page314" name="page314"></a>(p. 314)</span> +Geschichte d. preuss. Armee nach d. Quellen d. Kriegs-Archivs bearb. +Berlin, 1850-51. 4 v. 8<sup>o</sup>. Mit Schlacht u. Gefechts Plänen u. +Beilagen.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Houssaye, H.</b></span> 1815. Waterloo. 8<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1898. Perrin. Trad. en allem. +par A. Ostermeyer. 8<sup>o</sup>. London, 1900. Grant Richards.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Jomini, H. de</b>.</span> Portable atlas of the fields of Waterloo and Ligny. +Brussels, 1851. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Jomini, H. de</b>.</span> Histoire crit. et militaire des guerres de la +Révolution, 1792-1803. Nouv. éd. Paris, 1820-24. 15 v. 8<sup>o</sup> and atlas +fol.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Jomini, H. de</b>.</span> Précis politique et militaire des campagnes de 1812 à +1814, extr. des souvenirs inéd., avec une notice biog. et des cartes, +plans et légendes, publ. F. Lecomte. Lausanne, 1886. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Jomini, H. de</b>.</span> Précis politique et militaire de la campagne de 1815, +pour servir de supplément et de rectification à la vie politique et +militaire de Napoléon, racontée par lui-même. Paris, 1839. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Jurien de la Gravière, J. B. E.</b></span> Guerres maritimes sous la République +et l'Empire, avec les plans des batailles navales ... et une carte du +Sund ... 3<sup>e</sup> éd. Paris, no date. 2 v. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Koch, J. B. F.</b></span> Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de la campagne de +1814. Paris, 1819. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Krebs, L.</b>, et <b>Morris, H.</b></span> Campagnes dans les Alpes pendant la +Révolution, d'après les archives des états-majors français et +austro-sarde (1794-1796). 8<sup>o</sup>. Av. 2 cartes et 7 croquis. Paris, 1895. +Plon.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lacroix, D.</b></span> Les maréchaux de Napoléon. 12<sup>o</sup>. Av. grav. Paris, 1896. +Garnier.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Larrey, D. J.</b></span> Mémoires de chirurgie militaire et campagnes. (In his +Mém. de méd. et de chirur. militaire. 4 v. 8<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1813-18.)</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>La Tour d'Auvergne, E. de</b>.</span> Waterloo. Étude de la campagne de 1815. +Avec cartes et plans. Paris, 1870. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lecène, P.</b></span> Les marins français, 1793-1815. Nouv. éd. Paris, 1885. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Legler, Th.</b></span> Denkwürdigkeiten a. d. russischen Feldzuge vom Jahr 1812. +Jahrb. des hist. Vereins des Kantons Glarus, 1868.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Leissnig, W. S.</b></span> Märsche u. Kriegsereignisse, Terrain Bemerkungen, u. +s. w., eines Königl. Sächs. Dragoner Offiziers bei d. französ. Armee +auf dem Zuge nach Moskau im Jahre 1812. I. Th. Marsch aus Lausitz, +durch Polen, Preussen, Litthauen bis Moskau. Leipzig, 1828. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lewal</b>.</span> La veillée d'Jena. Étude de stratégie de combat. 8<sup>o</sup>. Paris, +1899. Chapelot.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Leydolph, E.</b></span> Die Schlacht bei Jena. Mit 2 Karten. 2 Aufl. 8<sup>o</sup>. Jena, +1901. Bräunlich.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Loben-Sels, E. von</b>.</span> Précis de la campagne de 1815 dans les Pays-Bas. +La Haye, 1849. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Loir, M.</b></span> Gloires et souvenirs maritimes d'après les mémoires et les +récits de Baudin, Bonaparte, de l'admiral P. Bouvet, du vice-admiral +Courbet, etc. 4<sup>o</sup>. Avec plans. Paris, 1900. Hachette.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page315" name="page315"></a>(p. 315)</span> <b>Loir, M.</b></span> Brueys à Aboukir (1<sup>er</sup> août, 1798). 8<sup>o</sup>. Paris, +1900. Chapelot. Extrait de la "Revue militaire."</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Loir, M.</b></span> Études d'histoire maritime (Révolution; Empire; +Restauration). 16<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1901. Berger-Levrault.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Loir, M.</b></span> Gloires et souvenirs maritimes. Paris, 1895. 4<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lossau, v.</b></span> Charakteristik der Kriege Napoleons. (Mit Plänen u. +Karten.) Karlsruhe, 1843-47. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>. Atlas fol.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lumbroso, B<sup>on</sup> A.</b></span> La campagne de Murat en 1815. Précis militaire et +politique de la campagne de J. Murat en Italie contre les Autrichiens. +8<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1899.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Maag, A.</b></span> Die Schicksale der Schweizer-Regimenter in Napoleons I +Feldzug nach Russland, 1812. 8<sup>o</sup>. Biel, 1890. Kuhn. 3 Aufl. 8<sup>o</sup>. Biel, +1900. Kuhn.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Malachowski, v.</b></span> Üb. die Entwickelung der Leitenden Gedanken zur ersten +Campagne Bonapartes. Ein Vortrag. Berlin, 1884.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Malo, C.</b></span> Champs de bataille de l'armée française (Belgique, Allemagne, +Italie) (Genappe, Fleurus, Ligny, Steinkerque, Neerwinden, Malplaquet, +Waterloo, Jena, Auerstädt, Eylau, Friedland, Lützen, Dresde, Leipzig, +etc.). Avec illustr. 4<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1901. Hachette.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Martinien, A.</b></span> Liste des officiers généraux tués ou blessés sous le +premier Empire. Paris, 1895. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Masson, F.</b></span> Cavaliers de Napoléon. Paris, 1895. Fol.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Menge, A.</b></span> Die Schlacht von Aspern am 21 und 22 Mai, 1809. Eine +Erläuterung der Kriegsführung Napoleons I und des Erzherzogs Carl von +Oesterreich. 8<sup>o</sup>. Berlin, 1900. Stilke.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Miller, M. v.</b></span> Darstellung d. Feldzugs d. Französ. verbündeten Armee +gegen d. Russ. im Jahre 1812, mit besond. Rücksicht auf d. Theilnahme +d. K. Würtembergischen Truppen. Stuttgart, 1823. 2 Thle. 4<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Morris, W. O'C.</b></span> Napoleon, warrior and ruler, and the military +supremacy of revolutionary France. New York, 1893. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Mudford, W.</b></span> Historical account of the battle of Waterloo. London, +1817. 4<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Müffling, A. G. v.</b></span> (genannt Weiss). Stratégie napoléonienne. La +campagne d'automne de 1813 et les lignes intérieures. 8<sup>o</sup>. Paris, +1897. Baudoin.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Müffling, C. v.</b></span> Geschichte d. Feldzuges d. Armee unter Wellington u. +Blücher im Jahre 1815. Nebst d. Plänen d. Schlachten von Ligny, +Quatre-Bras u. Belle-Alliance. Stuttgart, 1817. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Müffling, D.</b></span> Operationsplan der Preussisch-sächsischen Armee. 1806. +Schlacht von Auerstädt, Rückzug bis Lübeck. Weimar, 1807. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Müffling, C. v.</b></span> Histoire de la campagne de l'armée anglaise et de +l'armée prussienne en 1815. Stuttgart, 1817. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Müller, P.</b></span> L'Espionnage militaire sous Napoléon I<sup>er</sup>. C. Schulmeister. +12<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1896. Berger-Levrault.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Napier, Sir Wm.</b></span> History of the War in the Peninsula and the South of +France, 1807-14. London, 1828.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Napoléon I.</b></span> Correspondance avec le ministre de la marine depuis 1804 +jusqu'en avril, 1815. Extrait d'un portefeuille de S<sup>te</sup> Hélène. +Paris, 1837. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page316" name="page316"></a>(p. 316)</span> <b>Ney, M. L. F., duc d'Elchingen</b>.</span> Documents inédits sur la +campagne de 1815. Paris, 1840. 8<sup>o</sup>. See also Dumoulin.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Nösfelt, F. A.</b>, und <b>Löbell, J. W.</b></span> Kriegsgeschichten aus d. Jahren 1812 +u. 13, oder Darstellungen a. d. Feldzügen d. Franzosen u. verbündeten +Truppen, u. s. w. mit dem Plan d. Schlacht bei Leipzig. Breslau, +1814-16. 4 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Oman</b>.</span> History of the Peninsular War. London, 1903. 3 v.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Oncken, W.</b></span> D. Zeitalter d. Revolution d. Kaiserreiches u. d. +Befreiungskriege. Berlin, 1884-86. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Pascallet, E.</b></span> Notice biog. sur M. le maréchal marquis de Grouchy, pair +de France, avec des éclaircissements et des détails hist. sur la +campagne de 1815 ... et sur la bataille de Waterloo. 2 éd. Paris, +1842. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Pelet, J. J. G.</b></span> Réponse aux observations du Gén. Müffling sur la +campagne de 1813. (Extrait du "Spectateur militaire.") <b> Pelet, J. J. +G., Baron</b>. Des principales opérations de la campagne de 1813. Paris, +1826. 8<sup>o</sup>. (Extrait du "Spectateur militaire.")</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Pelet, J. J. G.</b></span> Tableau de la grande armée en sept. et oct., 1813. +(Extrait du "Spectateur militaire.")</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Pelleport, le gén. vicomte Pierre de</b>.</span> Souvenirs militaires et intimes +de 1793 à 1853. Publ. par son fils sur manuscrits originaux, lettres, +notes et documents officiels laissés par l'auteur. Bordeaux, 1857. 2 +v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Petzel</b>.</span> Die Operationen Napoleons von La Rothière bis Bar-sur-Aube vom +1-25 Febr., 1814. 8<sup>o</sup>. Berlin, 1900. Mittler.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Pfalz, A.</b></span> Die Marchfeldschlachten von Aspern und Deutsch-Wagram im +Jahre 1809. 2 Aufl. Kornenburg, 1900. Kühkopf.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Pfister, A.</b></span> Aus dem Lager der Verbündeten, 1814 und 1815. Stuttgart +und Leipzig, 1897. Deutsche Verlagsanstalt.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Picard, C.</b></span> La cavalerie dans les guerres de la Révolution et de +l'Empire. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>. Saumur, 1895-96. Milon.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Pièces</b></span> diverses relatives aux opérations militaires et politiques du +général Bonaparte. Paris, an VIII. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Pion des Loches, A. A. F.</b></span> Mes campagnes (1792-1815). Notes et +correspondance, mises en ordre et publiées par M. Chipon et L. +Pingaud. Paris, 1889. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Plotho, C. v.</b></span> Tagebuch während d. Krieges zwisch. Russland u. Preussen +in d. Jahren 1806 u. 7. Mit 2 Plänen. Berlin, 1811. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Pönitz, C. E.</b></span> Militärische Briefe eines Verstorbenen, an seine noch +lebenden Freunde; historischen, wissenschaftlichen, kritischen u. +humoristischen Inhalts. Zur unterhaltenden Belehrung f. Eingeweihte +und Laien im Kriegswesen. Adorf, 1841-45. 5 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Porter, Sir R. Ker.</b></span> Hist. de la campagne de Russie pendant l'année +1812, contenant des détails puisés dans des sources officielles ou +provenant de récits français interceptés et inconnus jusqu'à ce jour, +traduit de l'anglais sur la 6<sup>e</sup> éd. M.... avec des notes. Paris, 1817. +8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Poyen, H. de</b>.</span> Les guerres des Antilles de 1793 à 1815. 8<sup>o</sup>. Av. +cartes. Paris, 1896. Berger-Levrault. Extr. du Mémorial de +l'artillerie de la marine.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Quinet, E.</b></span> Histoire de la campagne de 1815. Paris, 1862. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Radetzky, Graf</b>.</span> Denkschriften militärisch-politischen Inhalts aus d. +handschriftlichen Nachlass. Stuttgart, 1858.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page317" name="page317"></a>(p. 317)</span> <b>Roloff, G.</b></span> Politik und Kriegführung während des Feldzuges von +1814. 8<sup>o</sup>. Berlin, 1891. Mayer.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Ropes, J. C.</b></span> Campaign of Waterloo. A Military History. 2d éd., with +atlas. New York, 1893. 8<sup>o</sup>. Atlas fol.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Ropes, J. C.</b></span> First Napoleon. A sketch political and military. Boston, +1895. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Roth v. Schreckenstein</b>.</span> D. Kavallerie in d. Schlacht an der Moskwa +(von d. Russen Schlacht bei Borodino genannt) am 7 Sept., 1812. Nebst +einigen ausführlichen Nachrichten u. d. Leistungen des 4 +Kavallerie-corps unter d. Anführung d. Gen. Latour-Maubourg. Münster, +1858. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Roussel</b>.</span> Les maitres de la guerre. Frédéric II, Napoléon, Moltke. +Essai critique, d'après des travaux inédits du G<sup>al</sup> Bonnal. 18<sup>o</sup>. +Paris, 1899. Montgredien.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Rousset, C.</b></span> La grande armée de 1813. Paris, 1871. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Rousset, C.</b></span> Les volontaires, 1791-94. Paris, 1870. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Rühle v. Lilienstern, J. J. v.</b></span> Reise eines Malers mit der Armee im +Jahre 1809. Rudolstadt, 1809-11. 3 v.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Rühle v. Lilienstern, Th. Jak.</b></span> Bericht von Augenzeugen v. d. Feldzug +im Oct., 1806. 2 Thle. Tübingen, 1809.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Rühle v. Lilienstern, Th. Jak.</b></span> Pallas: e. Zeitschr. f. Staats. u. +Kriegskunst. Jahrg. 1808-10. 12 Hefte. (Battle of Wagram.)</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Rüstow, W.</b></span> D. Krieg von 1805 in Deutschland u. Italien. Als Anleitung +zu kriegshistorischen Studien bearb. Fraunfeld, 1853. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Sargent, H. H.</b></span> Campaign of Marengo, with comments. 8<sup>o</sup>. London, 1897. +Paul.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Sargent, H. H.</b></span> Napoleon Bonaparte's first campaign, with comments. +8<sup>o</sup>. London, 1895. Paul.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Saski</b>.</span> Campagne de 1809 en Allemagne et en Autriche. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>. Paris, +1899, 1900. Berger-Levrault.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Sauzey</b>.</span> Iconographie du costume militaire de la Révolution et de +'Empire, contenant de courtes notices historiques sur plus de deux +cent corps de troupes, et huit mille références à plus de cinq mille +planches d'uniformes coloriés. Av. preface par H. Bouchot. 16<sup>o</sup>. +Paris, 1901. Dubois.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Schleiffer, A. D.</b></span> Schlacht bei Hohenlinden am 3 Dezbr., 1800, u. d. +vorausgegangenen Heeresbewegungen. Nach d. besten Quellen bearb. Mit +e. Legende u. color. Karte. Rathenow, 1885. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Ségur, P. P. de</b>.</span> Histoire de Napoléon et de la grande armée pendant +l'année 1812. 16<sup>e</sup> éd. Paris, 1852. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Sérurier, Baron</b>.</span> Mémoires militaires, mis en ordre et rédigés par son +ami M. le Miere de Corvey. Avec une introduction de J. Turquan. Paris, +1894. 18<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Siborne, W.</b></span> History of the War in France and Belgium in 1815. 3d ed. +London, 1848. 8<sup>o</sup>. Atlas fol.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Smekal, G.</b></span> Die Schlacht bei Aspern und Esslingen, 21 und 22 Mai, 1809. +8<sup>o</sup>. Wien, 1899. Seidel.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Soltyk, Comte R.</b></span> Napoléon en 1812. Mém. hist. et militaires sur la +campagne de Russie. Paris, 1836. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Souvenirs militaires</b>.</span> Napoléon à Waterloo, ou précis rectifié de +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page318" name="page318"></a>(p. 318)</span> la campagne de 1815, avec des documents nouveaux et des +pièces inédites, par un ancien officier de la garde impériale qui est +resté près de Napoléon pendant toute la campagne. Paris, 1866. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Stewart, C. W. V.</b></span> Histoire de la guerre de 1813 et 1814 en Allemagne +et en France. Paris, 1833. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Stuhr, P. F.</b></span> D. drei letzten Feldzüge gegen Napoleon, Krit. historisch +dargestellt. Lemgo, 1832. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Tondu-Nangis</b></span> père. La bataille de Montereau (18 févr., 1814). Av. +notes, etc. 16<sup>o</sup>. Montereau, 1900. Zanote.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Treuenfeld, v.</b></span> D. Tage von Ligny u. Belle-Alliance. Hann., 1880. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Wedel, C. A. W., Graf von</b>.</span> Geschichte eines offiziers im Kriege gegen +Russland, 1812, etc. Berlin, 1897. Asher.</p> +</div> + +<h4>NAPOLEON<br> +<i>a.</i> <span class="smcap">Memoirs</span></h4> + +<div class="listes"> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Abell, Mrs. L. E. B.</b></span> Recollections of the Emperor Napoleon on the +Island of St. Helena. 3d ed., rev. by her daughter, Mrs. C. Johnston. +London, 1873. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Allonville, Comte d'</b>.</span> Mémoires secrets de 1770 à 1830. Paris, 1838-45. +6 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Anglemont, E. d'</b>.</span> Le Duc d'Enghien, histoire-drame. Paris, 1832. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Arnault, A. V.</b></span> Souvenirs d'un sexagénaire. Paris, 1833. 4 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Audiffret-Pasquier, E. D., Duc d'</b>.</span> Histoire de mon temps: Mémoires +publ. par le Duc d'Audiffret-Pasquier. 5 éd. Paris, 1894. 6 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Audiffret-Pasquier, E. D., Duc d'</b>.</span> History of my time: Memoirs, ed. +by the Duc d'Audiffret-Pasquier, tr. by C. E. Roche. The Revolution, +the Consulate, the Empire. New York, 1893-94. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Avrillon, Mme.</b></span> Mémoires sur la vie privée de l'Imp. Joséphine, sa +famille, et sa cour. Paris, 1833. 2 v. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Barante, A. G. P. Brugière de</b>.</span> Études historiques et biographiques. +Nouv. éd. Paris, 1858. 2 v. 18<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Barante, A. G. P. Brugière de</b>.</span> Souvenirs, 1782-1866. Publ. par son +petit-fils C. de Barante. Paris, 1890-95. 5 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Barbé-Marbois, F. de</b>.</span> Journal d'un déporté non jugé; ou, Déportation, +en violation des lois, décrétée le 18 fructidor an V. (4 Sept., 1797). +Paris, 1834. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Barras, P. F. J. N., Comte de</b>.</span> Mémoires. Pub. avec une introduction +générale, des préfaces et des appendices par G. Duruy. Paris, 1895. 4 +v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Baudouin, A.</b></span> Anecdotes historiques du temps de la Restauration, +suivies de recherches sur l'origine de la presse, son développement, +son influence sur les esprits, ses rapports avec l'opinion publique, +les mesures restrictives apportées à son exercise. Paris, 1853. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bausset, L. F. J. de</b>.</span> Mémoires anecdotiques sur l'intérieur du +palais. 1805-14. 2 éd. Paris, 1827. 4 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page319" name="page319"></a>(p. 319)</span> <b>Belliard, A. D.</b></span> Mémoires (1792-1831), recueillis et mis en +ordre par M. Vinet. Paris, 1842. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bellune, Claude Victor Perrin</b>,</span> duc de, pair et maréchal de France. +Mémoires mis en ordre par son fils aîné, Victor St. Perrin. Paris, +1847. v. 1. (No more published.)</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Béranger, P. J. de</b>.</span> Ma biographie, suivie d'un appendice. 3 éd. Paris, +1859. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bertin, G. La</b></span> campagne de 1812, d'après des témoins oculaires. Paris +n. d. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Beugnot, Comte J. C.</b></span> Mémoires (1783-1815), publ. par le comte A. +Beugnot, son petit-fils. 3 éd. Paris, 1889. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bigarré, Général</b>.</span> Mémoires, 1775-1813. Paris, 1893. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bonaparte, Lucien</b>,</span> et ses mémoires (1775-1840), ed. by T. Jung. Paris, +1882. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bonaparte, Lucien</b>.</span> Réponse aux mémoires du général Lamarque sur les +faits relatifs à 1815. London, 1835. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bourrienne, L. A. F. de</b>.</span> Mémoires sur Napoléon, le Directoire, le +Consulat, l'Empire et la Restauration. 1829.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Broglie, A. C. L. V., Duc de</b>.</span> Souvenirs. 1785-1870. Paris, 1886-87. 4 +v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Buloz, A., Éd.</b></span> Bourrienne et ses erreurs volontaires et involontaires; +ou, Obs. sur ses mémoires par Belliard, Gourgaud, d'Aure, de +Survilliers, Méneval, Bonacossi, d'Eckmühl, Massias, Boulay de la +Meurthe, de Stein, Cambacérès. Paris, 1830. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Cadoudal, S. G. de</b>.</span> Georges Cadoudal et la Chouannerie. Paris, 1887. +8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Carnot, S. H.</b></span> Mémoires, par son fils. Paris, 1861-64. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Castellane, B. E. V. E., le Maréchal de</b>.</span> Journal ... 1804-62. 2 éd. +Paris, 1895-97. 5 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Caulaincourt</b>.</span> Souvenirs du duc de Vicence. Recueillis et publiés par +Charlotte de Sor (Mme. Oilleaux-Désormeaux). 4 éd. Paris, 1837. 2 v. +8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Chaptal, J. A., Comte de Chanteloup</b>.</span> Mes souvenirs sur Napoléon. Publ. +par A. Chaptal. Paris, 1893. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Chastenay, Mme. de</b>.</span> Mémoires. Publiés par Roserot. Paris, 1896.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Chateaubriand, M. le Vicomte de</b>.</span> Mémoires d'outre-tombe. Paris, n. d. +6 v. 8<sup>o</sup>. (Œuvres.)</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Chateaubriand, F. A. de</b>.</span> Mémoires de Bonaparte. Paris, 1860. 8<sup>o</sup>. +(Œuvres, v. 3.)</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Consalvi, H., Cardinal</b>.</span> Mémoires, avec une intr. et des notes par J. +Crétineau-Joly. Ces mém. publ. pour la première fois sont enrichis du +fac-simile de 8 autographes précieux. Paris, 1864. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Constant de Rebecque, B.</b></span> Mémoires sur les Cent Jours. Paris, 1820-22. +2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Courier, P. L.</b></span> Collection des lettres et articles publ. jusqu'à ce +jour. Paris, 1824. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Davout</b>.</span> Life. By Count Vigier. 2 v. Paris, 1898.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Davout, L., Prince d'Eckmühl</b>.</span> Mémoire au roi. Paris, 1814. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Dieffenbach, L. F.</b></span> Karl Ludwig, Schulmeister, d. Hauptspion, +Parteigänger, Polizeipräfekt u. geheimer Agent Napoleons I. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page320" name="page320"></a>(p. 320)</span> +Eine mit benützung zahlreicher, bisher unbekannter amtl. Aktenstücke +angestellte histor. Untersuchung. Leipzig, 1879.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Du Casse, P. E. A.</b></span> Le Général Arrighi de Casanova, duc de Padoue. +Paris, 1866. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Du Casse, P. E. A.</b></span> Le Général Vandamme et sa correspondance. Paris, +1870. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Dufort, J. N.</b></span> Mémoires sur les règnes de Louis XV et Louis XVI et sur +la Révolution. Publ. avec une intr. et des notes par R. de +Crèvecœur. Paris, 1886. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Dumas, C.</b></span> Memoirs of his own time, including the Revolution, the +Empire, and the Restoration. Philadelphia, 1839. 2 v. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Dumoulin</b>.</span> Procès du maréchal Ney. Paris, 1815. 2 v.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Ernouf, A. A.</b></span> Le Gén. Kléber: Mayence et Vendée, Allemagne, expédition +d'Égypte. 2 éd. Paris, 1870. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Ernouf, A. A.</b></span> Maret, Duc de Bassano. 2 éd. Paris, 1884. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Fain, A. J. F.</b></span> Manuscrit de 1812, contenant le précis des événements +de cette année pour servir à l'histoire de Napoléon. Paris, 1827. 2 v. +8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Fain, A. J. F.</b></span> Manuscrit de 1813, pour servir à l'histoire de +l'empereur Napoléon. 3 éd. Paris, 1829. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Fain, A. J. F.</b></span> Manuscript of 1814: A history of events which led to +the abdication of Napoleon. London, 1823. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Fleury de Chaboulon, P. A. E., Baron</b>.</span> Mémoires pour servir à l'hist. +de la vie privée, du retour, et du règne de Napoléon en 1815. London, +1820. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Fouché, F.</b></span> Memoirs of his public life, comprising letters to Napoleon, +Wellington, Blücher, etc. London, 1818. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Gaëte, Duc de</b>.</span> Mémoires, souvenirs, opinions et écrits. Paris, 1826. 2 +v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Garat</b>.</span> Éloge funèbre des généraux Kléber et Desaix, prononcé le 1<sup>er</sup> +vendémiaire an IX à la Place des Victoires. Paris, an IX. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Geffroy, A.</b></span> Notices et extraits des manuscrits concernant l'histoire +ou la littérature de France qui sont conservés dans les archives ou +bibliothèques de Suède, Danemark et Norvège. Paris, 1856. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Gentz, F. de</b>.</span> Mémoires et lettres inédits. Publ. par G. Schlesier. +Stuttgart, 1841.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Gérando, M. A. de Rathsamhausen, baronne de</b>.</span> Lettres, suivies de +fragments d'un journal écrit par elle de 1800 à 1804. Paris, 1880. +12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Grouchy, Marquis de</b>.</span> Le M<sup>al</sup> de Grouchy du 16 au 19 juin, 1815, avec +documents historiques inédits et réfutation de M. Thiers. Paris, 1864. +18<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Hobhouse, J. C.</b></span> Letters by an Englishman at Paris during the last +reign of the Emperor Napoleon I. Philadelphia, 1816. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Home, G.</b></span> Memoirs of an Aristocrat and Reminiscences of the Emperor +Napoleon. London, 1838. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Junot, L. P., Duchesse d'Abrantès</b>.</span> Memoirs. London, 1831-35. 8 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Junot, L. P., Duchesse d'Abrantès</b>.</span> Mémoires; ou, Souvenirs historiques +sur Napoléon et la Révolution, le Directoire, le Consulat, l'Empire +et la Restauration. 2 éd. Paris, 1835. 12 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page321" name="page321"></a>(p. 321)</span> <b>Kotzebue, A. F. F. v.</b></span> Erinnerungen aus Paris im Jahre 1804. +Berlin, 1804. 2 v.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Kotzebue, A. F. F. v.</b></span> Souvenirs de Paris en 1804. Trad. de l'all. avec +des notes. Paris, 1805. 2 v. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lafayette, G. M. de</b>.</span> Memoirs, correspondence and manuscripts. Publ. by +his family. London, 1837. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lafayette, G. M. de</b>.</span> Mes rapports avec le Premier Consul (1797-1805). +(V. 5 of his Mémoires.)</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lamarque, M.</b></span> Mémoires et souvenirs. Paris, 1835-36. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lamothe-Langon, Baron E. L. de</b>.</span> Mémoires et souvenirs d'une femme de +qualité sur le Consulat et l'Empire. Paris, 1830. 4 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Landrieux, J.</b></span> Mémoires, 1795-97, avec une intr. biog. et hist. par L. +Grasilier. Tome 1<sup>er</sup>. Paris, 1893. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Larévellière-Lepeaux, L. M.</b></span> Mémoires. Publ. par son fils, sur le MS. +autographe de l'auteur, et suivis des pièces justificatives et de +corresp. inédites. Paris, 1895. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Laskey, J. C.</b></span> Description of the series of medals struck by order of +Napoleon Bonaparte. London, 1818. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lavalette, Comte de</b>.</span> Mémoires et souvenirs. Publ. par sa famille et +sur ses manuscrits, 1789-1829. Paris, 1831. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lejeune, L. F., Baron, Général</b>.</span> Mémoires publiés par M. G. Bapst. +Paris, 1895. 2 v. 16<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lemann, J.</b></span> Napoléon 1<sup>er</sup> et les Israélites. La prépondérance juive. +2<sup>me</sup> partie: Son organisation (1806-1815). 8<sup>o</sup>. Lyon, 1894, Vitte; +Paris, Lecoffre.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Libri-Carrucci</b>.</span> Souvenirs de la jeunesse de Napoléon. Paris, 1842. +8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Macdonald, E. J. J. A., Duc de Tarente</b>.</span> Souvenirs, avec une +introduction par M. C. Rousset. Paris, 1892. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Mahon, Patrice</b></span> (Art Roë, Papa Felix). Trois Grenadiers de l'an VIII. +Paris, 1897. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Maistre, J. de</b>.</span> Mémoires politiques et correspondance diplomatique. +Avec explications et commentaires historiques, par A. Blanc. 2<sup>e</sup> éd. +1859. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Malouet, P. V.</b></span> Mémoires. Publ. par son petit-fils. 2 éd. augm. de +lettres inédites. Paris, 1874. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Marbot, Baron M. de</b>.</span> Mémoires. Paris, 1891. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Marmont, A. F. L. Viesse de, Duc de Raguse</b>.</span> Mémoires. 1792-1841. +Paris, 1857. 9 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Masséna, A., Duc de Rivoli, Prince d'Essling, Maréchal de France</b>.</span> +Mémoires, rédigés d'après les documents qu'il a laissés et sur ceux du +dépôt de la guerre et du dépôt des fortifications, par le général +Koch. Paris, 1848-50. 7 v. and atlas.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Masson, F.</b></span> Napoléon chez lui. Paris, 1894.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Melzi, d'Eril F., Duca di Lodi</b>.</span> Memoire, documenti e lettere inedite +di Napoleone 1<sup>o</sup> e Beauharnais. Ed. G. Melzi. Milano, 1865. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Mémoires</b></span> et souvenirs d'un pair de France, ex-membre du Sénat +conservateur. Paris, 1829-30. 4 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Mémoires</b></span> tirés des papiers d'un homme d'état, sur les causes secrètes +qui ont déterminé la politique des cabinets dans la <span class="pagenum"><a id="page322" name="page322"></a>(p. 322)</span> guerre de +la Révolution, depuis 1792 jusqu'en 1815. Paris, 1828-38. 13 v. 8<sup>o</sup>. +(Par le comte A. F. d'Allonville, A. de Beauchamp et A. Schubart.)</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Méneval, C. F., Baron de</b>.</span> Memoirs illustrating the history of Napoleon +I from 1802 to 1815. Ed. by his grandson, Napoleon Joseph de Méneval +(tr. by Robert H. Sherard). New York, 1894. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Miot de Melito</b>.</span> Mémoires (1788-1815). 2 éd. Paris, 1873. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Mollien, N. F., Comte</b>.</span> Mémoires d'un ministre du trésor public, +1780-1815. Paris, 1845. 4 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Montégut, E.</b></span> Le Maréchal Davout, son caractère et son génie. Paris, +1882. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Muralt, C. v.</b></span> Hans v. Reinhard, Bürgermeister d. Eidgenossischen +Standes Zürich u. Landammann d. Schweiz. Beitrag z. Gesch. d. Schweiz +während d. letzten Jahrzehnte; bearb. nach Reinhards nachgelassenen +Denkschriften, Tagebüchern u. Briefwechsel. Zürich, 1838.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Napoléon I.</b></span> Memoirs of the history of France. Hist. miscellanies. +London, 1823. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>. (Dictated to the Count de Montholon.)</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Napoléon I.</b></span> Memoirs of the history of France during the reign of +Napoleon, dictated by him at St. Helena. London, 1823-4. 4 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Nasica, T.</b></span> Mémoires sur l'enfance et la jeunesse de Napoléon I jusqu'à +l'âge de 23 ans. Paris, 1852. 8<sup>o</sup>. 2<sup>e</sup> édit., 1865. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Neuville, J. G. Hyde de</b>.</span> Mémoires et souvenirs. Paris, 1890. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Ney, M. L. F., Duc d'Elchingen</b>.</span> Mémoires. Publiés par sa famille. +Paris, 1833. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Nodier, C. E.</b></span> Souvenirs, Portraits, Épisodes de la Révolution et de +l'Empire. 7 éd. doublée par l'adjonction de morceaux nouveaux et +accompagnée de notes. Paris, 1863. 2 v. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Nougarède de Fayet, A.</b></span> Notice sur la vie et les travaux de M. le comte +Bigot de Préameneu, ministre des cultes sous l'Empire, l'un des trois +rédacteurs du Projet de Code Civil. Paris, 1843. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Odeleben, E. O. I., Freiherr von</b>.</span> Napoleon's Feldzug in Sachsen im +Jahre 1813. 3 Aufl. Dresden, 1840. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Pajol, C. P. V., C<sup>te</sup></b>.</span> Kléber, sa vie, sa correspondance. Paris, 1877. +8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Pelet, J. J. G.</b></span> Mém. sur la guerre de 1809 en Allemagne, avec les +opérations particulières des corps d'Italie, de Pologne, de Saxe, de +Naples et de Walcheren. Paris, 1824-26. 4 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Peyrusse, G. J. R., Baron</b>.</span> 1809-15: Mémorial et archives de M. le B<sup>on</sup> +Peyrusse, trésorier-général de la couronne pendant les Cent Jours. +Vienne, Moscou, Île d'Elbe. Carcassonne, 1869. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Pontécoulant, L. G. D., Comte de</b>.</span> Souvenirs historiques et +parlementaires, extraits de ses papiers et de sa correspondance, +1764-1848. Paris, 1861-65. 4 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Rapp, Gén.</b></span> Mémoires des contemporains pour servir à l'histoire de la +République et de l'Empire. I<sup>ère</sup> livraison. Mémoires du gén. Rapp. +Publiés par sa famille. Paris, 1823. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page323" name="page323"></a>(p. 323)</span> <span class="biblio"><b>Récamier, M<sup>me</sup> J. F. J. A. B.</b></span> Souvenirs et correspondance +tirés des papiers de M<sup>me</sup> Récamier (par M<sup>me</sup> Lenormant). 3e éd. Paris, +1860. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Récamier, J. F. J. A. B.</b></span> Memoirs and correspondence. Tr. and ed. by I. +M. Luyster. London, 1867. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Rémusat, C. E. J. G. de V. de</b>.</span> Mémoires, 1802-08. Publiés par Paul de +Rémusat. Paris, 1880. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Rémusat, C. E. J. G. de V. de</b>.</span> Lettres, 1804-14. Publiées par Paul de +Rémusat. Paris, 1881. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Rieu, J. L.</b></span> Mémoires. Genève, 1871. 18<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Roederer, P. L., Comte</b>.</span> Œuvres, publ. par son fils, A. M. Roederer. +Paris, 1853-59. 8 v. 4<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Saint-Elme, Ida</b></span>. Mémoires d'une contemporaine; ou, Souvenirs d'une +femme sur les principaux personnages de la République, du Consulat, de +l'Empire, etc. (1792-1824). Paris, 1827-28. 8 v.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Savary, A. J. M. R., Duc de Rovigo</b>.</span> Mémoires pour servir à l'hist. de +l'Empereur Napoléon. Paris, 1828. 8 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Ségur, P. P., Comte de</b>.</span> Histoire et mémoires. Paris, 1873. 7 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Ségur, P. P., Comte de</b>.</span> Mélanges. Paris, 1873. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Staël-Holstein, Madame de</b>.</span> Considérations sur la Révolution française: +Ouvrage posthume publ. en 1818 par M. de Broglie et M. de Staël. Nouv. +éd. Paris, 1861. 2 v. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Stedingk, C. B. L. C., Comte de</b>.</span> Mémoires posthumes: rédigés sur des +lettres, dépêches et autres pièces authentiques, laissées à sa +famille, par le Gén. de Bjornstjerna. Paris, 1845-48. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Talleyrand-Périgord, C. M. de, Prince de Bénévent</b>.</span> Extraits des +Mémoires de. Recueillis et mis en ordre par Madame la comtesse O ... +du C ... (le baron Lamothe-Langon), auteur des Mémoires d'une femme de +qualité. Paris, 1838. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Talleyrand-Périgord, C. M. de, Prince de Bénévent</b>.</span> Mémoires, publ. +avec une préf. et des notes par le Duc de Broglie. Paris, 1891. 4 v. +8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Talleyrand-Périgord, C. M. de, Prince de Bénévent</b>.</span> Correspondance +diplomatique: le ministère de Talleyrand sous le Directoire. Avec +intr. et notes par G. Pallain. Paris, 1891. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Thibaudeau, A. C.</b></span> Mémoires sur la Convention et le Directoire. 2<sup>e</sup> éd. +Paris, 1827. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Thibaudeau, A. C.</b></span> Mémoires sur le Consulat de 1799 à 1804, par un +ancien conseiller d'état. Paris, 1827. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Thiébault, P. C. F. A. H. D., Baron</b>.</span> Mémoires, publ. sous les auspices +de sa fille, M<sup>lle</sup> C. Thiébault, d'après le MS. orig. par F. +Calmettes, 1769-1813. Paris, 1893-95. 5 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Vauthier, G.</b></span> Essai sur la vie et les œuvres de Népomucène +Lemercier. Toulon, 1886. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Villèle, Comte de</b>.</span> Mémoires et correspondance. Paris, 1888-90. 5 v. +8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Vitrolles, E. d'Arnaud, Baron de</b>.</span> Mémoires et relations politiques: +publ. par E. Forgues, 1814-1830. Paris, 1884. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Waldburg, G. T. v.</b></span> Nouvelle relation de l'itinéraire de Napoléon de +Fontainebleau à l'île d'Elbe. Trad. de l'allemand. Paris, 1815. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Welschinger, H.</b></span> Le Duc d'Enghien, 1772-1804. Paris, 1888. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page324" name="page324"></a>(p. 324)</span> <span class="biblio"><b>Wiehr, E.</b></span> Napoleon und Bernadotte in Herbstfeldzuge 1813. +Berlin, 1893. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Wilson, Sir R. T.</b></span> Private diary during the campaigns of 1812-14; from +the invasion of Russia to the capture of Paris; ed. by H. Randolph. +London, 1861. 2 v.</p> +</div> + +<h4>NAPOLEON<br> +<i>b.</i> <span class="smcap">His Correspondence</span></h4> + +<div class="listes"> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Davout, L., Prince d'Eckmühl</b>.</span> Correspondance: ses commandements, son +ministère, 1801-1815. Avec intr. et notes par Ch. de Mazade. Paris, +1885. 4 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Driault, E.</b></span> Napoléon à Finkenstein (avril-mai, 1807), d'après la +correspondance de l'empereur, les archives du ministère des affaires +étrangères, les archives nationales. In Revue d'histoire diplomatique, +tom. XIII, pp. 404-462. Paris, 1899.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Du Casse, P. E. A.</b></span> Supplément à la correspondance de Napoléon I: +lettres curieuses omises par le comité de publication, rectifications. +Paris, 1887. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Fiévée, J.</b></span> Correspondance et relations avec Bonaparte. Paris, 1837. 3 +v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Fournier, A.</b></span> Zur Textkritik der Korrespondenz Napoleons I. (Archiv. +für Österr. Gesch., vol. 93.) Vienna.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Guillois, A.</b></span> Napoléon: l'homme, le politique, l'orateur, d'après sa +corresp. et ses œuvres. Paris, 1889. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lecestre, Léon</b>.</span> Lettres inédites sur Napoléon I<sup>er</sup> (an VIII-1815). +Paris, 1897. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Le Vasseur</b>.</span> Commentaires de Napoléon; suivis d'un résumé des principes +de stratégie du Prince Charles. Paris, 1851-52. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Livre IX</b>.</span> Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de France en 1815, avec le +plan de la bataille de Mont Saint-Jean. Paris, 1820. 8<sup>o</sup>. This is the +"Second manuscrit venu de Sainte-Hélène." It was attributed to +Napoleon and not repudiated by him.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Marmottan, P.</b></span> Bonaparte et la république de Lucques. Paris, 1896. +12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Mauduit, H. de</b>.</span> Les derniers jours de la grande armée; ou, Souvenirs, +documents, et correspondance inédite de Napoléon en 1814 et 1815. 2 +éd. Paris, 1847-48. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Napoléon I.</b></span> Commentaires. Paris, 1867. 6 v. 4<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Napoleon I</b>.</span> Confidential correspondence with his brother Joseph. Sel. +and tr. with notes from the "Mém. du roi Joseph." New York, 1856. 2 v. +12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Napoléon I.</b></span> Correspondance. Publ. par ordre de l'Empereur Napoléon +III. Paris, 1858-1870. 32 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Napoléon I.</b></span> Correspondance militaire, extrait de la corresp. générale. +Paris, 1876-77. 10 v. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Napoléon I</b>.</span> Lettres à Joséphine et lettres de Joséphine à Napoléon et +à sa fille. Paris, 1833. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Napoléon I.</b></span> Lettres inédites de. (An VII-1815.) Paris, 1897. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Napoléon I.</b></span> Letters to Caulaincourt. Published by A. Vandal in the +"Revue bleue," mars—avril, 1895.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page325" name="page325"></a>(p. 325)</span> <b>Napoleon I.</b></span> New letters omitted from the edition publ. under +the auspices of Napoleon III. Transl. by Lady M. Lloyd. London, 1897. +Heinemann.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Napoléon I.</b></span> Œuvres littéraires. Publ. d'après les originaux et les +meilleurs textes, avec une intr., des notes historiques et littéraires +et un index par T. Martel. Paris, 1888. 4 v. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Napoléon I.</b></span> Œuvres litt. et politiques. Nouvelle éd. (Ed. par P. +Lacroix.) Paris, 1840. 18<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Napoléon I.</b></span> Recueil, par ordre chronologique, de ses lettres, +proclamations, bulletins, discours sur les matières civiles et +politiques, etc., formant une histoire de son règne, écrite par +lui-même et accompagnée de notes historiques par M. Kermoysan. Paris, +1853-1865. 4 v. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Napoleon I.</b></span> Selection from his letters and despatches. With explan. +notes by D. A. Bingham. London, 1884. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Napoléon I.</b></span> Opinions sur divers sujets de politique et +d'administration recueillies par un membre de son conseil d'état (B<sup>on</sup> +Pelet) et récit de quelques événements de l'époque. Paris, 1833. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Pelet de la Lozère, J.</b></span> Opinions de Napoléon sur divers sujets de +politique et d'administration, recueillies par un membre de son +conseil d'état et récit de quelques événements de l'époque. Paris, +1833. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Sassenay, Marquis de</b>.</span> Napoléon I et la fondation de la République +Argentine. Jacques de Liniers et le marquis de Sassenay (1808-1810). +Paris, 1892. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Talleyrand-Périgord, C. M. de, Prince de Bénévent</b>.</span> Correspondance avec +le Premier Consul pendant la campagne de Marengo. Publiée par le Comte +Boulay de la Meurthe. Extrait de la "Revue d'histoire diplomatique." +Laval, 1892. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Talleyrand-Périgord, C. M. de, Prince de Bénévent</b>.</span> Lettres inédites à +Napoléon (1800-1809), publ. d'après les originaux conservés aux +archives des affaires étrangères. Avec une intr. et des notes par P. +Bertrand. 2<sup>e</sup> éd. Paris, 1889. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> +</div> + +<h4>NAPOLEON<br> +<i>c.</i> <span class="smcap">His Family</span></h4> + +<div class="listes"> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>d'Arzuzon, C.</b></span> Hortense de Beauharnais. 12<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1897. Lévy.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>d'Arzuzon, C.</b></span> M<sup>me</sup> Louis Bonaparte. 8<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1901. Lévy.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Aubenas, J. A.</b></span> Histoire de l'Impératrice Joséphine. Paris, 1857-58. 2 +v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Beauharnais, Eugène de</b>.</span> Mémoires et correspondance politique et +militaire. Edited by A. du Casse. 10 v. Paris, 1858-60.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Becker, A.</b></span> Der Plan der zweiten Heirat Napoleons. In Mittheilungen des +Instituts für oesterreichische Geschichtsforschung, tom. 19, pp. +92-156. Innsbruck, 1898.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Du Casse, P. E. A.</b></span> Les rois frères de Napoléon I; documents inédits +relatifs au premier Empire. Paris, 1883. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Ducrest</b>.</span> Mémoires sur l'Impératrice Joséphine. Paris, 1828. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Durand, Madame</b>.</span> Napoleon and Marie-Louise (1810-14). A memoir. +London, 1886. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page326" name="page326"></a>(p. 326)</span> <b>Herisson, M., Comte de</b>.</span> Le cabinet noir: Louis XVII, +Napoléon, Marie-Louise. 14 éd. Paris, 1887. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lamothe-Langon, B<sup>on</sup> E.L. de</b>.</span> Napoléon, sa famille, ses amis, ses +généraux, ses ministres et ses contemporains; ou, Soirées secrètes du +Luxembourg, des Tuileries, de Saint-Cloud, de la Malmaison, de +Fontainebleau, etc., par M. le ... ex-ministre de S.M. Impériale et +Royale. Paris, 1840. 5 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Marie-Louise</b>.</span> Correspondance, 1799-1847. Lettres intimes et inédites à +la comtesse de Colloredo et à Mlle de Poutet, depuis 1810 comtesse de +Crenneville. Paris, 1887. 18<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Marmottan, P.</b></span> Elisa Bonaparte. 12<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1898. Champion.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Masson, F.</b></span> Napoléon et sa famille. (1769-1802.) Paris, 1896. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Mémoires</b></span> sur l'Impératrice Joséphine, ses contemporains, la cour de +Navarre et de la Malmaison (par Mme G.D. Bochsa, nièce de Mme de +Genlis). Paris, 1828. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>. (Attribués par M. Delacourt à Mme +Durand.)</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Méneval, C.F., Baron de</b>.</span> Napoléon et Marie-Louise: souvenirs +historiques. 2 éd., cor. et augm. Paris, 1844-45. 3 v. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Montesquiou, Abbé de</b>.</span> Le divorce de Napoléon et l'abbé de Montesquiou. +Auch., 1895. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Turquan, J.</b></span> Souveraines et grandes dames. L'Impératrice Joséphine +d'après les témoignages des contemporains. Paris, 1896. 16<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Welschinger, H.</b></span> Le divorce de Napoléon. Paris, 1889. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Wertheimer, E.</b></span> Die Heirat der Erzherzogin Marie Louise mit Napoleon I. +Wien, 1882.</p> +</div> + +<h4>NAPOLEON<br> +<i>d.</i> <span class="smcap">His Marshals And Generals.</span> See also <span class="smcap">Memoirs</span></h4> + +<div class="listes"> +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Berthier, Marshal</b>.</span> Life. by Gen. Derrécagaix (Part I, to 1804). Paris, +1894.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bessières, Marshal</b>.</span> By A. Rabel. Paris, 1903.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Blocqueville, A.L. d'Eckmühl</b>.</span> Le Maréchal Davout, Prince d'Eckmühl, +raconté par les siens et par lui-même. Paris, 1879-80. 4 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Davout, Marshal</b>.</span> Correspondance (1801-05). Edited by C. de Mazade. 4 +v. Paris, 1885.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Desaix, General</b>.</span> By J. Desaix and La Folliot. Paris, 1879.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Dumas, Général Comte M.</b></span> Souvenirs (1770-1836). Edited by his son. 3 v. +Paris, 1839.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Goecke, R.</b></span> Das Grossherzogth. Berg unter Joachim Murat, Napoleon I u. +Louis Napoleon, 1806-1813. Ein Beitrag zur gesch. der französ. +Fremdherrschaft auf dem rechten Rheinufer. Meist nach den Acten d. +Düsseldorfer Staats-Archivs. Köln, 1877. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Grouchy, Marshal</b>.</span> Mémoires. Edited by the Marquis de Grouchy. 5 v. +Paris, 1873-74.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Jourdan, Marshal</b>.</span> Mémoires militaires. 2 v. Paris, 1899.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lefebvre, Marshal</b>.</span> By J. Wirth. Paris, 1904.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Kläber, H.</b></span> Leben und Thaten des französischen Generals J.B. Kléber. +Dresden, 1900.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Maret, Marshal</b>.</span> Life, by A. A. Ernouf. Paris, 1891.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page327" name="page327"></a>(p. 327)</span> <b>Moreau, J. V.</b>,</span> Vie politique, militaire et privée du Général. +By A. de Beauchamp. Paris, 1814.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Martha-Beker, F., Comte de Mons</b>.</span> Études historiques sur le général +Desaix. Clermont-Ferrand, 1852. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> +</div> + +<h4>NAPOLEON<br> +<i>e</i>. <span class="smcap">His Biography</span></h4> + +<div class="listes"> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Ashton, J.</b></span> English caricature and satire on Napoleon I. London, 1884. +2 v. New ed., 1888.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Barni, J.</b></span> Napoléon I et son historien M. Thiers. Paris, 1865. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Batjin, N.</b></span> Histoire de l'Empereur Napoléon I<sup>er</sup>. London, 1867. 2 v. +8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Baudus</b>.</span> Études sur Napoléon. Paris, 1841. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Belloc, Mme. L. Swanton</b>.</span> Bonaparte et les Grecs. Paris, 1826. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Beyle, H.</b></span> (<b>Stendhal</b>, <i>pseud.</i>). Vie de Napoléon: fragments. 2 éd. +Paris, 1877. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Böhtlingk, A.</b></span> Napoléon Bonaparte: seine Jugend und sein Emporkommen +(1769-1801). 2 Ausg. Leipzig, 1883. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bois, M.</b></span> Napoléon Bonaparte, lieutenant d'artillerie à Auxonne; vie +militaire et privée. 12<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1898. Flammarion.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bonaparte, N. Joseph C. P., Prince</b>.</span> Napoleon and his Detractors. Tr. +and ed. with a biog. sketch and notes by R. S. de Beaufort. London, +1888. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bondois, P.</b></span> Napoléon et la société de son temps (1793-1821). 8<sup>o</sup>. +Paris, 1895. Alcan.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bonnal de Ganges</b>.</span> La génie de Napoléon. Paris, 1896. 2 v. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bourrienne, L. A. F. de</b>.</span> Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte. Ed. with pref. +and notes by R. W. Phipps. New York, 1889. 4 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Chalamet, A.</b></span> Guerres de Napoléon, 1800-07, racontées par des témoins +oculaires. Paris, 1895. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Channing, W. E.</b></span> Remarks on the life and character of Napoleon +Bonaparte. Edinburgh, 1837. 16<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Chuquet, A.</b></span> La jeunesse de Napoléon. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1897-99. Colin. +I. Brienne. II. La Révolution. III. Toulon.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Colin, J.</b></span> L'Éducation militaire de Napoléon. Paris, 1900. Chapelot.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Coquelle, P.</b></span> Napoléon et l'Angleterre, 1803-15. Paris, 1904.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Coston, F. G., Baron de</b>.</span> Biographie des premières années de Napoléon +Bonaparte, c'est-à-dire depuis sa naissance jusqu'à l'époque de son +commandement-en-chef de l'armée d'Italie, avec un appendice renfermant +des documents inédits ou peu connus postérieurs à cette époque. Paris, +1840. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Dayot, A.</b></span> Napoléon raconté par l'image. Paris, 1894. 4<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Des Armoises, O.</b></span> Avant la gloire. Napoléon enfant. Napoléon et ses +compatriotes. 18<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1898. Librairie illustrée.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Ducéré, E.</b></span> Napoléon à Bayonne. Bayonne, 1897. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Dumouriez, C. F. D.</b></span> Jugement sur Bonaparte. (In his Mémoires, v. 4.)</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Fischer, A.</b></span> Goethe und Napoleon. Eine Studie. 8<sup>o</sup>. Frauenfeld, 1899. +Huber. Aufl. mit Anhang: Weimar und Napoleon. 8<sup>o</sup>. Ibid. 1900. Ibid.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page328" name="page328"></a>(p. 328)</span> <b>Fournier, A.</b></span> Napoleon I. Eine Biographie. Leipzig, 1888-89. 3 +v. 8<sup>o</sup>. (Das Wissen d. Gegenwart. v. 67, 71, 72.) Eng. trans. New +York, 1903. (Bibliography.)</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Gadobert, B.</b></span> La jeunesse de Napoléon I. De 1786 au siège de Toulon. +(Relation inédite.) 12<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1897. Chamuel.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Gallois, Léon</b>.</span> Histoire de Napoléon d'après lui-même. 5<sup>e</sup> éd. Paris, +1829. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Garsou, J.</b></span> Béranger et la légende napoléonienne. 8<sup>o</sup>. Bruxelles, 1897. +Weissenbruch.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Garsou, J.</b></span> Les créateurs de la légende napoléonienne. Barthélemy et +Méry. Bruxelles, 1899.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Gautier, Paul</b>.</span> Madame de Staël et Napoléon. Paris, 1903.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Geoffroy de Grandmaison, C. A.</b></span> Napoléon et ses historiens. 12<sup>o</sup>. +Paris, 1896. Perrin.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Germond de Lavigne, L. A. G.</b></span> Les pamphlets de la fin de l'Empire, des +Cent Jours et de la Restauration. Catalogue raisonné. Paris, 1879. +12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Grand-Cartaret, J.</b></span> Napoléon en images. Estampes anglaises. (Portraits +et caricatures.) 4<sup>o</sup>. Avec 130 reproductions. Paris, 1895. +Firmin-Didot.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Hazlitt, W.</b></span> Life of Napoleon Buonaparte. 2 ed. London, 1852. 4 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Holzhausen, P.</b></span> Der erste Konsul Bonaparte und seine deutschen +Besucher. 8<sup>o</sup>. Bonn, 1900. Holzhausen.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Jorissen, T.</b></span> Napoléon I et le roi de Hollande, 1806-1813, d'après des +documents authentiques et inédits. (La Haye, M. Nighoff.) Paris, 1868. +8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Jung, Th.</b></span> Bonaparte et son temps (1769-1799), d'après les documents +inédits. Paris, 1880-81. 3 v. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lanfrent</b>.</span> Histoire de Napoléon I. Paris, 1867-75. 5 v. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Laurent, P. M.</b></span> History of Napoleon. London, 1840. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Laurent de l'Ardèche, P. M.</b></span> Histoire de l'Empereur Napoléon. Illustrée +par H. Vernet. Paris, 1849. Gr. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lemoine, A.</b></span> Napoléon I<sup>er</sup> et les Juifs. 18<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1900. Fayard.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lettow-Vorbeck, O. von</b>.</span> Napoleons Untergang, 1815. Berlin, 1904.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lévy, M.</b></span> Bonaparte à Valence. 8<sup>o</sup>. Tournon, 1898. Boyer.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lévy, A.</b></span> Napoléon intime. 5 éd. Paris, 1893. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lockhart, J. G.</b></span> History of Napoleon Bonaparte. 3 ed. London, 1835. 2 +v. 16<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lumbroso, A.</b></span> Miscellanea Napoleonica. Roma, 1895, 1896, 1897. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lumbroso, A.</b></span> Napoleone I e l'Inghilterra. Roma, 1897. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Maitland, Sir F. L.</b></span> Relation concernant l'embarquement et le séjour de +l'Empereur Napoléon à bord du <i>Bellérophon</i>. Paris, 1826. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Masson, F.</b></span> Les débuts des Bonapartes. Paris, 1896. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Masson, F.</b></span> Napoléon chez lui: la journée de l'Empereur aux Tuileries. +Paris, 1894. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Masson, F.</b></span> Napoléon et les femmes. I. L'Amour. Paris, 1894. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Masson, F.</b></span> Napoléon inconnu. Papiers inédits (1786-93). Publiés par F. +Masson et G. Biagi. Accompagnés de notes sur la jeunesse de Napoléon +(1769-93). Paris, 1895. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page329" name="page329"></a>(p. 329)</span> <b>Monier, A.</b></span> Une année de la vie de l'Empereur Napoléon; ou, +Précis historique de tout ce qui s'est passé depuis le 1 avril, 1814, +jusqu'au 21 mars, 1815 ... par A. D. B. M. 3 éd. rev. Paris, 1815. +12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Napoléon I<sup>er</sup>.</b></span> La République, le Consulat, l'Empire, Sainte-Hélène, +d'après les peintres, les sculpteurs et les graveurs. Album oblong. +Av. 80 planches et 500 gravures. Paris, 1895. Hachette.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Norvins, J. M. de</b>.</span> Histoire de Napoléon. 5 éd. Paris, 1834-36. 4 v. +8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Paris</b></span> zur Zeit d. Kaiserkrönung. Nebst e Schilderung d. Hauptpersonen +bei diesem Merkwürd. Feste u. Napoleons Bildn. Leipzig, 1805. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Pélissier, L. G.</b></span> Le registre de l'île d'Elbe. Lettres et ordres +inédits de Napoléon I<sup>er</sup>, 28 mai, 1814,-22 févr., 1815. 12<sup>o</sup>. Paris, +1897. Fontemoing.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Peyre, R.</b></span> Napoléon I et son temps: histoire militaire, gouvernement +intérieur, lettres, sciences et arts. Paris, 1888. 4<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Pingaud, L.</b></span> Bernadotte, Napoléon et les Bourbons. Paris, 1901.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Poullet, P.</b></span> La Belgique et la chute de Napoléon I. Extrait de la +"Revue générale." Bruxelles, 1895. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Prentout, H.</b></span> L'Île de France sous Decaen, 1803-10. 8<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1901. +Hachette.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Remacle, C<sup>te</sup> de</b>.</span> Bonaparte et les Bourbons. Relations secrètes des +agents de Louis XVIII à Paris sous le Consulat (1802-03). 8<sup>o</sup>. Paris, +1900. Plon.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Révérend, V<sup>te</sup> A.</b></span> Armorial du premier Empire. Titres, majorats et +armoiries concédés par Napoléon I<sup>er</sup>. 4 v. 4<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1897. Champion.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Riols, J. de</b>.</span> Napoléon peint par lui-même, anecdotes, souvenirs, +caractère, appréciations, etc. Paris, 1895. 18<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Rocquain, F.</b></span> Napoléon I et le roi Louis, d'après les documents +conservés aux archives nationales. Paris, 1875. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Roloff, G.</b></span> Napoleon I. 8<sup>o</sup>. Berlin, 1900. Bondi. Coll. Vorkampfer des +Jahrhunderts.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Rose, J. H.</b></span> Napoleon and English Commerce. In English Historical +Review, v. VIII, pp. 704-725. London, 1893.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Rose, J. H.</b></span> The Life of Napoleon I, including new materials from the +British official records. London, 1902.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Saint-Hilaire, Marco</b>.</span> Histoire populaire, anecdotique et pittoresque +de Napoléon et la grande armée. Paris, 1843. Gr. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Scott, Sir Walter</b>.</span> Life of Napoleon Bonaparte, with a preliminary view +of the French Revolution. Edinburgh, 1827. 9 v. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Scott, Sir Walter</b>.</span> Vie de Napoléon Buonaparte, précédée d'un tableau +préliminaire sur la Révolution franç. Paris, 1827. 9 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Seeley, J. R.</b></span> Short History of Napoleon I. London, 1886. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Seeley, J. R.</b></span> Courte histoire de Napoléon I. Trad. Paris, 1887. 18<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Ségur, P. P. de</b>.</span> Geschichte Napoleons und der grossen Armee im Jahre +1812. Stuttgart, 1841. 2 v. 16<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Sepet, M.</b></span> Napoléon, son caractère, son génie, son rôle historique. +Paris, 1894. 16<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page330" name="page330"></a>(p. 330)</span> <b>Sorel, A.</b></span> Bonaparte et Hoche en 1797. Paris, 1896. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Tatistcheff, S.</b></span> Alexandre I et Napoléon (1801-12), d'après leur +correspondance inédite. Paris, 1891.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Thibaudeau, A. C.</b></span> Histoire générale de Napoléon Bonaparte, de sa vie +privée et publique, de sa carrière politique et militaire, de son +administration et de son gouvernement. Paris, 1827-28. 6 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Vallaux, C.</b></span> Les campagnes des armées françaises (1792-1815). Av. 17 +cartes. 18<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1899. Alcan.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Vandal, A.</b></span> L'Avènement de Bonaparte. Paris, 1902.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Vandal, A.</b></span> Napoléon et Alexandre I<sup>er</sup>: l'alliance russe sous le +premier Empire. Paris, 1893-96. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Whately, R.</b></span> Historic doubts relative to Napoleon Buonaparte. With +intr. by H. Morley. New York, no date. 16<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Yorck v. Wartenburg</b>.</span> Napoleon als Feldherr. 2 Aufl. Berlin, 1887-88. 2 +v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> +</div> + +<h4>NAPOLEON<br> +<span class="smcap">In Elba</span></h4> + +<div class="listes"> +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Campbell, Sir N.</b></span> Napoleon at Fontainebleau and Elba. 1814-1815. +London, 1869. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Fabre, J.</b></span> De Fontainebleau à l'île d'Elbe. Paris, 1887. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Foresi, E.</b></span> Napoleone I all' isola dell' Elba. Firenze.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Gourgaud et Montholon</b>.</span> Mémoires p. s. à l'histoire de France sous +Napoléon, écrits à Sainte-Hélène par les généraux qui ont partagé sa +captivité, et publ. sur le manuscrit entièrement corrigés de la main +de Napoléon. 8 v. 8<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1822-25. Didot. Bossange. Trad. en +allem., espagn., angl. et dan.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Helfert, J. A.</b></span> Napoleon I Fahrt von Fontainebleau nach Elba, +April-Mai, 1814. Mit Benützung der ämtlichen Reiseberichte des +kaiserlich österreichischen Commissars Gen. Koller. Wien, 1874. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lancelotti</b>.</span> Napoleon auf Elba. Dresden, 1815.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Livi, G.</b></span> Napoleone all' isola d'Elba. Milano, 1888.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Pélissier, L. G.</b></span> L'Île d'Elbe au commencement du XIX<sup>e</sup> siècle. In +Bulletin de la Société languedocienne de géographie, 1897.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Pellet, E. A. M.</b></span> Napoléon à l'île d'Elbe: mélanges historiques. Paris, +1888. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Pichot, A.</b></span> Napoléon à l'île d'Elbe: chronique des événements de +1814-15, d'après le journal du Col. Sir Neil Campbell, le journal d'un +détenu et autres doc. inédits ou pen connus, pour servir à l'hist. du +premier Empire et de la Restauration, accompagné d'une gravure en +taille douce. Paris, 1873. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Waldburg, G. T. v.</b>,</span> Ed. Napoleon Buonaparte's Reise von Fontainebleau +nach Fréjus, vom 17 bis 29 April, 1814. Einzigrechtmässig. Ausg. +Berlin, 1815. 16<sup>o</sup>.</p> +</div> + +<h4>FRANCE</h4> + +<div class="listes"> +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Anti-Jacobin, or Weekly Examiner</b>.</span> 1st ed. London, 1797-98. 2d ed., +1799.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Aucoc, L.</b></span> Conférences sur l'administration et le droit administratif, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page331" name="page331"></a>(p. 331)</span> faites à l'École des Ponts et Chaussées. 3 éd. Paris, +1885-86. 2v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Aucoc, L.</b></span> Le conseil d'état avant et depuis 1789, ses transformations, +ses travaux, et son personnel: Étude hist. et bibliographique. Paris, +1876. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Aulard, F. A.</b></span> Le Directoire exécutif (in Rambaud et Lavisse, Histoire +générale, t. VIII). Paris, 1898. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bailac, J. B.</b></span> Nouvelle chronique de la ville de Bayonne, par un +Bayonnais. Bayonne, 1827-28. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Barante, A. G. P. Brugière de</b>.</span> Histoire du Directoire de la République +française. Paris, 1855. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Beiträge</b></span> zur Geschichte d. Ruckzugs d. Franzosen nach d. Schlacht bei +Leipzig. Leipzig, 1815. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bertrand, A.</b></span> L'Organisation française: le gouvernement, +l'administration. Paris, 1882. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bignon, L. P.</b></span> Histoire de France sous Napoléon, rédigée et terminée +par A. Ernouf. Paris, 1838-50. v 14. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Biré, E.</b></span> Causeries historiques. Les historiens de la Révolution et de +l'Empire. 8<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1897. Bloud.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Blanc, A. E.</b></span> Napoléon I<sup>er</sup>: Ses institutions civiles et +administratives. Paris, 1880. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Blanc, L.</b></span> Histoire de la Révolution française. Paris, 1847-62. 12 v. +8<sup>o</sup>. Nouvelle éd. ornée de 600 gravures. Paris, 1881. 2 v. 4<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bogdanowitsch, M.</b></span> Geschichte d. Krieges 1814 in Frankreich u. d. +Sturzes Napoleons I, nach d. zuverlässigsten Quellen. Aus d. Russ. von +G. Baumgarten. Leipzig, 1866. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Boissonnade, J. F.</b></span> Critique littéraire sous le premier Empire. Publ. +par F. Colincamp. Paris, 1863. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bosse, R. H. B. von</b>.</span> Übersicht d. französischen Staatswirthschaft. +Braunschw., 1806. 2 Thle.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Boulay de la Meurthe, Comte de</b>.</span> Les dernières années du Duc d'Enghien. +(1801-1804.) Paris, 1886. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Brunetière, F.</b></span> Études critiques sur l'histoire de la littérature +française. Paris, 1880-93. 5 v. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Buchez, P. B. J., et Roux-Lavergne, P. C.</b></span> Histoire parlementaire de la +Révolution française; ou, Journal des assemblées nationales depuis +1789 jusqu'en 1815. Paris, 1833-1838. 40 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Chuquet, A.</b></span> L'Alsace en 1814. 8<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1900. Plon.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Corréard, F.</b></span> La France sous le consulat. 8<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1899. May. Coll. +Bibliothèque d'histoire militaire.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Cobbett, W.</b></span> Facts and observations relative to the peace with +Bonaparte. Philadelphia, 1802. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Debidour, A.</b></span> Études critiques sur la Révolution, l'Empire et la +période contemporaine. 12<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1886. Charpentier.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Debidour</b>.</span> Histoire des rapports de l'église et de l'état en France +(1789-1870). Paris, 1898. Alcan.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Dejob</b>.</span> L'Instruction publique en France et en Italie au XIX<sup>e</sup> siècle. +12<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1894. Colin.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Delplace, L.</b></span> La Belgique sous la domination française. 2 v. Louvain, +1896.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Des Granges, C. M.</b></span> Geoffroy et la critique dramatique sous le +Consulat et l'Empire (1800-14). (Thèse.) Paris, 1897. Hachette.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page332" name="page332"></a>(p. 332)</span> <b>Desmarets, C.</b></span> Témoignages historiques, ou quinze ans de haute +police sous Napoléon. Paris, 1833. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Dontenville, J.</b></span> Le Général Moreau, 1763-1813. Paris, 1899.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Duruy, A.</b></span> L'Instruction publique et la Révolution. Paris, 1882. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Duvergier de Hauranne, P.</b></span> Histoire de gouvernement parlementaire en +France, 1814-1848; précédée d'une intr. Paris, 1857-65. 7 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Faber, T.</b></span> Notices sur l'intérieur de la France, écrites en 1806. +St.-Pétersbourg, 1807. 8<sup>o</sup>. (La paix de Tilsit arrêta la publication +d'un second vol. qui devait paraître. Le premier vol. n'a pas été +répandu dans le public que par une réimpression faite à Londres, dans +le recueil intitulé: "Offrandes à Bonaparte par trois étrangers." +1810.)</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Fauchille, P.</b></span> Du blocus maritime. Paris, 1882. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Fauchille, P.</b></span> La question juive en France sous le premier Empire, +d'après des documents inéd. Paris, 1884. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Fauriel, C.</b></span> Les derniers jours du Consulat, manuscrit inéd. Publ. et +annot. par L. Lalanne. Paris, 1885.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Fescourt</b>.</span> Histoire de la double-conspiration de 1800 contre le +gouvernement consulaire et de la déportation qui eut lieu dans la +deuxième année du Consulat; contenant des détails authentiques et +curieux sur la machine infernale et les déportés. Paris. 1818. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Fiévée, J.</b></span> Correspondance polit, et administrative, commencée au mois +de mai, 1814. 3 v. Paris, 1815-28. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Forneron, H.</b></span> Hist. générale des émigrés pendant la Révolution +française. 4 éd. rev. et corr. Paris, 1884. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Fortescue</b>.</span> The manuscripts of J. B. Fortescue, Esq. Preserved at +Dropmore. London, 1894.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Goncourt, E. et J. de</b>.</span> Histoire de la société française pendant le +Directoire. Nouv. éd. Paris, 1892. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Gourgaud, G.</b></span> Campagne de 1815, ou relation des opérations militaires +qui out eu lieu en France et en Belgique pendant les Cent Jours. +Paris, 1818. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Grouchy, Gén.</b></span> Fragments historiques relatifs à la campagne de 1815 et +à la bataille de Waterloo. Paris, 1829. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Hamel, E.</b></span> Hist. des deux conspirations du Gén. Malet. Nouv. éd. rev., +corr. et augm. d'une nouvelle préface. Paris, 1873. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Hahn, L.</b></span> D. Unterrichtswesen in Frankreich mit einer Geschichte der +Pariser Universität. Breslau, 1848. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Hélie, F. A.</b></span> Les constitutions de la France. Ouvrage contenant, outre +les constitutions, les principales lois relatives au culte, à la +magistrature, aux élections, à la liberté de la presse, de réunion et +d'association, à l'organisation des départements et des communes, avec +un commentaire. Paris, 1875-79. 4 facs.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Houssaye, H.</b></span> 1815, la première Restauration, le retour de l'île +d'Elbe, les Cent Jours. 15 éd., rev. Paris, 1894. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Hüffer, H.</b></span> Quellen zur Geschichte des Zeitalters der französischen +Révolution. Leipzig, 1900. Teubner.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Julien, B.</b></span> Histoire de la poésie française à l'époque impériale. +Paris, 1844. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Jullien, M. A.</b></span> Entretien politique sur la situation actuelle de la +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page333" name="page333"></a>(p. 333)</span> France et sur les plans du nouveau gouvernement. Paris, an +VIII (1800). 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Labaume, E.</b></span> Histoire de la chute de l'empire de Napoléon, ornée de +huit plans ou cartes pour servir au récit des principales batailles +livrées en 1815-16. Paris, 1820. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lacombe, P.</b></span> Essai d'une bibliographie des ouvrages relatifs à +l'histoire religieuse de Paris pendant la révolution (1789-1802). +Paris, 1884. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lacretelle, C. J. D. de</b>.</span> Dix années d'épreuves pendant la Révolution. +Paris, 1842. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lafon, J. B. H.</b></span> Hist. de la conjuration du Gén. Malet, avec des +détails officiels sur cette affaire. 2 éd., rev., corr. et augm. des +pièces offic. des procès; recueillies à la com. militaire, etc. Paris, +1814.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lamartine, A. M. L. de</b>.</span> Histoire de la Restauration. Paris, 1851-52. +8v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lamartine, A. M. L. de</b>.</span> History of the restoration of monarchy in +France. New York, 1851-53. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lamothe-Langon, Baron E. L. de</b>.</span> Les après-dîners de S. A. S. +Cambacérès, second consul, ou révélations de plusieurs grands +personages sur l'ancien régime, le Directoire, l'Empire et la +Restauration, recueillies et publiées par le b<sup>on</sup> E. L. de +Lamothe-Langon. Paris, 1837. 4 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lanzac de Laborie, de</b>.</span> La domination française en Belgique, 1795-1814. +Paris, 1895. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lavallée, J.</b></span> Histoire de l'origine, du progrès et de la décadence des +diverses factions qui ont agité la France depuis le 14 juillet, 1789, +jusqu'à l'abdication de Napoléon. London, 1816. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lavisse, E.</b>,</span> et <b>Rambaud, A</b>., Histoire générale du IV<sup>e</sup> siècle jusqu'à +nos jours, ouvrage publié sous la direction de. Paris, 1893-97. 8 v. +8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lubis, F. P.</b></span> Histoire de la Restauration (1814-1830). 2<sup>e</sup> éd. Paris, +1848. 6 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lubis, F. P.</b></span> Résumé de l'histoire des Cent Jours. Paris, 1843. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Mahan, A. T.</b></span> Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and +Empire, 1793-1812. London, 1893. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Martel, Comte A. de</b>.</span> Historiens fantaisistes (M. Thiers). Paris, 1883. +2 v. 18<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Merlet, G.</b></span> Tableau de la littérature française (1800-1815). Paris, +1877-84. 3v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Meyer, Fr. J. L.</b></span> Briefe aus d. Haupstadt u. dem innern Frankreichs +unt. d. Consular-regierung. Stuttgart, 1802. 2 Thle. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Montglave, G. de</b>.</span> Les souvenirs d'un grognard de la vieille. Paris, +1842. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Mortimer-Ternaux</b>.</span> Histoire de la Terreur (1792-1794). Paris, +1862-1881. 8 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Nicolas, Ch.</b></span> Les Budgets de la France depuis le commencement du XIX<sup>e</sup> +siècle. Tableaux budgétaires. Paris, 1882. 4<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Nougarède de Fayet, A.</b></span> Recherches hist. sur le procès et la +condamnation du Duc d'Enghien. Paris, 1844. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Pajol, C<sup>te</sup></b>.</span> Pajol, général en chef, par le gén. de division C<sup>te</sup> +Pajol, son fils aîné. Paris, 1874. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page334" name="page334"></a>(p. 334)</span> <b>Panckoucke, P.</b></span> La République considérée dans ses divers +gouvernements, ou la France comme elle est après ce qu'elle a été. +Essai d'observations impartiales et instructives sur les événements et +les hommes pendant la Révolution. Paris, an IV (1801). 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Passy, L.</b></span> Frochot, préfet de la Seine. Hist. administrative, +1789-1815. Paris, 1867. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Peuchet, J.</b></span> Essai d'une statistique générale de la France. Paris. +1802. 4<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Pfuel, E. v.</b></span> D. Rückzug der Franzosen aus Russland. Hrsg. von F. +Förster. Berlin, 1867. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Picaud, A.</b></span> Carnot, l'organisateur de la victoire, 1753-1823. Nouv. éd. +Paris, no date. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Pisani, Abbé P.</b></span> La Dalmatie de 1797 à 1815. Épisode des conquêtes +napoléoniennes. Paris, 1893. Gr. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Pradt, D. D. de</b>.</span> Récit historique sur la restauration de la royauté en +France le 31 mars, 1814. Par l'auteur du "Congrès de Vienne," etc. 2<sup>e</sup> +éd. Paris, 1822. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Procès</b></span> instruit par la cour de justice criminelle contre Georges, +Pichegru, Moreau et autres prévenus de conspiration contre la personne +du Premier Consul. Paris, 1804. 8 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Rapetti, P. N.</b></span> La défection de Marmont en 1814, ouvrage suivi d'un +précis des jugements de Napoléon I<sup>er</sup> sur le maréchal Marmont, d'une +notice bibliog., avec extraits de tous les ouvrages publ. sur le même +sujet, etc. Paris, 1858. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Regnault-Warin, J. B. J. I. P.</b></span> Introduction à l'histoire de l'empire +français; ou, Essai sur la monarchie de Napoléon. Paris, 1820. 2 v. +8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Rochechouart, Général Comte de</b>.</span> Souvenirs sur la Révolution, l'Empire +et la Restauration. Mémoires inédits publiés par son fils. Paris, +1889. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Rocquain, F.</b></span> État de la France au 18 brumaire d'après les rapports des +conseillers d'état chargés d'une enquête sur la situation de la +république, avec pièces inédites, de la fin du directoire, publiées +pour la première fois et précédées d'une préface et d'une +introduction. Paris, 1874. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Rodriguez, J. A.</b></span> Relation historique de ce qui s'est passé à Paris à +la mémorable époque de la déchéance de Napoléon Buonaparte, écrite en +espagnol et traduite en français par l'auteur. Paris, 1814. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Sainte-Beuve, C. A.</b></span> Chateaubriand et son groupe littéraire sous +l'Empire. Nouv. éd., cor. Paris, 1889. 2 v. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Schaeffner, W.</b></span> Geschichte d. Rechtsverfassung Frankreichs. 2 Ausg. +Frankfurt-am-Main, 1859. 4 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Schlarendorf, G. v.</b></span> Napoleon u. das französische Volk unter seinem +Consulate. Hrsg. von J. F. Reichardt. Germanien., 1804. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Schlarendorf, G. v.</b></span> Bonaparte and the French people under his +consulate. 5 American ed. New York, 1804. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Schmidt, A.</b></span> Paris pendant la Révolution, d'après les rapports de la +police secrète, 1789-1800. Trad. franç. accompagnée d'une préface par +P. Viollet. Paris, 1880-90. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Schmidt, A.</b></span> Parizer Zustände während d. Revolutionszeit von +1789-1800. Jena, 1874-76. 3 v. in 1. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page335" name="page335"></a>(p. 335)</span> <b>Schmidt, A.</b></span> Tableaux de la Révolution française. Publ. sur +les papiers inédits du département de la police secrète de Paris. +Leipzig, 1867-70. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Schoelcher, V.</b></span> Vie de Toussaint Louverture. Paris, 1889. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Schoell, F.</b></span> Recueil de pièces officielles sur les événements qui se +sont passés depuis quelques années. Paris, 1814. 4 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Sorel, A.</b></span> L'Europe et la Révolution française. Paris, 1893-95. 4v. +8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Stourm, R.</b></span> Les finances de l'ancien régime et de la Révolution, +origines du système financier actuel. Paris, 1885. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Sybel, H. von</b>.</span> Geschichte d. revolutionszeit von 1789-1800. Neue Ausg. +Stuttgart, 1882. 5 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Taine, H.</b></span> Les origines de la France contemporaine. Paris, 1890-93. 5 +v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Talleyrand-Périgord, C. M.</b></span> Correspondance inédite du prince de +Talleyrand et du roi Louis XVIII pendant le congrès de Vienne, publiée +sur les manuscrits conservés au dépôt des affaires étrangères, avec +préface, éclaircissements et notes par G. Pallain. Paris, 1881. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Thibaudeau, A. C.</b></span> Le Consulat et l'Empire; ou, Histoire de France et +de Napoléon Bonaparte de 1789 à 1815. Paris, 1834-35. 10 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Thiers, A.</b></span> Histoire du Consulat et de l'Empire (1799-1815). Paris, +1845-62. 20 v. 8<sup>o</sup>. Atlas fol.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Thiers, A.</b></span> History of the Consulate and the Empire of France under +Napoleon. Tr. by D. F. Campbell. London, 1845-62. 20 v. Also Atlas +fol. 1859.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Toulongeon, F. E.</b></span> Histoire de France depuis la Révolution de 1789. +Paris, 1801-06. 4 v. 4<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Vaulabelle, A. T. de</b>.</span> Histoire de deux restaurations jusqu'à +l'avènement de Louis-Philippe de jan., 1815, à oct., 1830. Nouv. éd. +Paris, 1874. 11 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Véron, L. D.</b></span> Mémoires d'un bourgeois de Paris, comprenant la fin de +l'Empire, la Restauration, la Monarchie de juillet, la République +jusqu'au rétablissement de l'Empire. Paris, 1856-57. 5 v. 16<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Villemain, A. F.</b></span> Souvenirs contemporains d'histoire et de littérature. +Paris, 1855-56. 2 parts. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Vührer, A.</b></span> Histoire de la dette publique en France. Paris, 1886. 8 v.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Walsh, R.</b></span> Letter on the genius and dispositions of the French +government. Philadelphia, 1810. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Welschinger, H.</b></span> La censure sous le premier Empire. Paris, 1882. 1 v. +8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Williams, H. M.</b></span> Narrative of the events which have taken place in +France, with an account of the present state of society and public +opinion. 2 ed. London, 1816. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> +</div> + +<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page336" name="page336"></a>(p. 336)</span> THE CODE</h4> + +<div class="listes"> +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Colmet de Santerre</b>.</span> Le divorce de l'empereur et le code Napoléon. 8<sup>o</sup>. +Paris, 1894.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Des Gilleuls, A.</b></span> De l'esprit du droit public sous le Consulat et +l'Empire. 8<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1896. Picard.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Jac, E.</b></span> Bonaparte et le code civil. De l'influence personnelle exercée +par le premier consul sur notre législation civile. 8<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1898. +Rousseau.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Locré de Roissy, J. G., Baron de</b>.</span> Procès-verbaux du conseil d'état, +cont. la discussion du projet de code civil. Années IX-XII. Paris, an +XII (1803-04). 5 v. 4<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Pérouse, H.</b></span> Napoléon I et les lois civiles du Consulat et de l'Empire. +Paris, 1866. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Rehberg, A. W.</b></span> Ueber den Code Napoleon u. dessen Einführung in +Deutschland. Hannover, 1814. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Roloff, G.</b></span> Die Kolonialpolitik Napoleons I. Karte. München, 1899. +Oldenbourg, Coll. Historische Bibliothek.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Sévin, F.</b></span> Étude sur les origines révolutionnaires des codes Napoléon. +Nouv. éd. Paris, 1879. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Thézard, L.</b></span> De l'influence des travaux de Pothier et du chancelier +d'Aguesseau sur le droit civil moderne. Paris, 1866. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> +</div> + +<h4>GREAT BRITAIN</h4> + +<div class="listes"> +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Adolphus, J.</b></span> History of England from the accession to the decease of +King George III. London, 1840-45. 7 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Alison, Sir A.</b></span> Lives of Lord Castlereagh and Sir Charles Stewart, the +2d and 3d marquesses of Londonderry; with annals of contemporary +events. Edinburgh, 1861. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Auckland</b>.</span> Journal and correspondence of William, Lord Auckland. +London, 1861. 4 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bisset, R.</b></span> The History of the Reign of George III to the termination +of the late war. London, 1803. 6 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Brougham.</b></span> Historical sketches of statesmen who flourished in the time +of George III. Paris, 1839.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Browning, O.</b></span> England and Napoleon in 1803, being the despatches of +Lord Whitworth and others, now first printed. London, 1887. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Buckingham</b>.</span> Memoirs of the court and cabinets of George III, by the +Duke of Buckingham and Chandos. London, 1853-55. 4 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Burghersh, Lord</b>.</span> (John Fane, Earl of Westmoreland.) Memoir of the +operations of the allied armies under Prince Schwarzenberg and Marshal +Blücher, 1813-14. London, 1822. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Castlereagh, Lord</b>.</span> Correspondence, despatches and other papers. Ed. by +C. W. Vane. London, 1851-53. 8 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Charlemont, James, First Earl of</b>.</span> Manuscripts and correspondence. +London, 1894. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Cockburn, Henry</b>.</span> Memorials of his time. New ed. Edinburgh, 1874. 16<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Cornwallis</b>.</span> Correspondence, ed. by Charles Ross. London, 1859. 3 v. +8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page337" name="page337"></a>(p. 337)</span> <b>Cottin, P.</b></span> Toulon et les Anglais en 1793, d'après des +documents inédits. Avec 3 planches et 4 dessins. 8<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1898. +Ollendorf.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Cottin, P.</b></span> L'Angleterre devant ses alliés (1793-1814): Toulon (1793), +Anvers et Nimègue (1794), Quiberon (1795), Guadeloupe (1795), Égypte +(1798-1800), Naples (1799), Cadix et Cabrera (1808-14). 8<sup>o</sup>. Paris, +1893. Aux bureaux de la Revue rétrospective.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Elliot, Sir G., Earl of Minto</b>.</span> Life and Letters, 1751-1806. Ed. by the +Countess of Minto. London, 1874. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Fox, C. J.</b></span> Memorials and correspondence, Ed. by Lord J. Russell. +London, 1853-57. 4 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Fox, Henry R.</b>,</span> Lord Holland. Foreign reminiscences. Ed. by his son. +New York, 1851. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Henry, W.</b></span> Events of a military life. London, 1843. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Jackson, Sir G.</b></span> Diaries and letters from the peace of Amiens to the +battle of Talavera. Ed. by Lady Jackson. Paris, 1872. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Jackson, Sir G.</b></span> The Bath Archives. A further selection from [his] +diaries and letters from 1809-16. Ed. by Lady Jackson. London, 1873. 2 +v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>James, W.</b></span> Naval history of Great Britain. London, 1860. 6 v.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Laughton, J. K.</b></span> Life of Nelson. London, 1894. 2d ed. 1900.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Laughton, J. K.</b></span> The Nelson Memorial. Nelson and his companions in +arms. London, 1896. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Liverpool, Earl of (R. B. Jenkinson)</b>.</span> Memoirs. London, 1827.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Mahan, A. T.</b></span> Life of Nelson. London, 1897. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Malmesbury, Lord</b>.</span> Diaries and Correspondence. London, 1844. 4 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Massey</b>.</span> A History of England during the reign of George III. London, +1855-63. 4 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Maxwell, W. H.</b></span> Life of the Duke of Wellington. 4th ed. 1845. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Morris, Gouverneur</b>.</span> Diary and Letters. New York, 1888. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Paget, Sir Arthur</b>.</span> The Paget Papers. London, 1896. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Parliamentary History</b>.</span> Vols. XXXVI <i>et seq</i>. London, 1803 <i>et seq.</i></p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Romilly, Sir Samuel</b>.</span> Memoirs and Correspondence. London, 1847. 3 v. +8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Rose, G.</b></span> Diaries and Correspondence. Ed. by L. V. Harcourt. London, +1859. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Ségur, P. P. de</b>.</span> History of the expedition to Russia in 1812. +Philadelphia, 1825. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Sidmouth</b>.</span> Life and correspondence of Henry Addington, first Viscount +Sidmouth. Ed. by G. Pellew. London, 1847. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Sinclair, Sir J.</b></span> Correspondence, with reminiscences of the most +distinguished characters in Great Britain and in foreign countries +during the last fifty years. London, 1831. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Stanhope</b>.</span> Life of the Right Honorable William Pitt. London, 1861-62. 4 +v. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Stewart, C. W. V.</b>,</span> first Earl Vane and third marquis of Londonderry. +Narrative of the war in Germany and France in 1813-14. London, 1830. +4<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page338" name="page338"></a>(p. 338)</span> <b>Wellesley, A., Duke of Wellington</b>.</span> Civil Correspondence and +Memoranda. London, 1860. 5 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Wellesley, A., Duke of Wellington</b>.</span> Despatches from 1799-1818. New ed. +London, 1837-38. 9 v. 8<sup>o</sup>. (Vols. 4-12 of Coll. Despatches.)</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Windham, W.</b></span> The diary of William Windham, 1784-1810. Ed. by Mrs. Henry +Baring. London, 1866. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Yonge, C. D.</b></span> Life and administration of Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2d +earl of Liverpool (1786-1820). London, 1868. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> +</div> + +<h4>ITALY</h4> + +<div class="listes"> +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Besancenet, A. de</b>.</span> Le Général Dommartin en Italie et en Égypte. Ordres +de service. Correspondance, 1789-1799. Paris, 1880. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Botta, C.</b></span> Storia d'Italia dal 1789 al 1814. Torino, 1824. 8 v.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bouvier, F.</b></span> Bonaparte en Italie (1796). 8<sup>o</sup>. Av. cartes. Paris, 1899. +Cerf.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Cantù, C.</b>,</span> Ed. Corrispondenze di diplomatici della repubblica e del +regno di Italia 1796-1814. Compilazione archivistica. Vol. I<sup>o</sup>. +Milano, 1884. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Castro</b>.</span> Milano durante la dominazione napoleonica. Milano, 1880. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Castro</b>.</span> Storia d'Italia dal 1799 al 1814. Milano, 1881. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Coignet, Capitaine</b>.</span> Les cahiers (1799-1815), publ. d'après le MS. +orig. par L. Larchey. Nouv. éd., rev. et cor. Paris, 1889. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Coletta, P.</b></span> Storia del reame di Napoli dal 1734 al 1825. Paris, 1835. +8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Coppi</b>.</span> Annali d'Italia dal 1750 al 1807. Rome, 1849. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Dandolo, G.</b></span> La caduta della republica di Venezia ed i suoi ultimi +cinquant'anni. Studii, storici, ed appendice. Venezia. 1855-57. 2 v. +8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Dejob</b>.</span> M<sup>me</sup> de Staël et l'Italie (avec une bibliographie de +l'influence française en Italie, 1796-1814). Paris, 1890.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Einsiedel, A. A. v.</b></span> Die Feldzüge d. Oesterreicher in Italien im Jahre +1805. Mit 1 Schlachtplan u. 1 Karte. Weimar, 1812. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Fabry, G.</b></span> Histoire de l'armée d'Italie (1796-97). De Loano à févr., +1796. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1900. Champion. Tom. 3. 8<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1901. +Chapelot.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Gachot, E.</b></span> La deuxième campagne d'Italie, 1800. 16<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1898. +Perrin.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Gaffarel, Paul</b>.</span> Bonaparte et les républiques italiennes 1796-1799. +Paris, 1895. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Graham, Colonel T.</b></span> Despatches on the Italian campaign of 1796-97. Ed. +by J. H. Rose. In English Historical Review, vol. 14, pp. 111-124, +321-331. London, 1900.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Helfert, J. A.</b></span> Königin Karolina von Neapel u. Sicilien im Kampfe gegen +die französische Weltherrschaft, 1790-1814. Mit Benützung von +Schriftstücken des K. K. Haus-Hof-u. Staats-Archivs. Wien, 1878. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Johnston, R. M.</b></span> The Napoleonic Empire in Southern Italy. 2 v. London, +1904. (Bibliography.)</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>La Folie, C. J.</b></span> (Coraccini, <i>pseud.</i>) Histoire de l'administration +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page339" name="page339"></a>(p. 339)</span> du royaume d'Italie pendant la domination française. Paris, +1823. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>La Folie, C. J.</b></span> (Coraccini, <i>pseud.</i>) Storia dell'amministrazione del +regno d'Italia durante il dominio francese. Lugano, 1823.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Liebenstein, T. E. F. v.</b></span> D. Krieg Napoleons gegen Russland in d. Jahre +1812 u. 13. Frankfurt-am-Main, 1888. 2 Thle.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Litta Biumi, A.</b></span> Della Battaglia di Montenotte. Milano, 1846. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lucchesini</b>.</span> Historische Entwickelung der Ursachen und Wirkungen des +Rheinbundes. Aus dem Italienischen. Leipzig, 1822. 2 Thle. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Nani-Mocenigo, Conte</b>.</span> Venezia durante la dominazione napoleonica. +Venezia, 1896. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Pellet, E. A. M.</b></span> Bonaparte en Toscane en 1796. Paris, 1887. 12<sup>o</sup>. +(Extrait de la "Revue bleue.")</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Reumont, A. v.</b></span> Beiträge zur Italienischen Geschichte. Berlin, 1853-57. +6 Bde.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Rolhenburg, v.</b></span> Die Schlacht bei Rivoli. Leipzig, 1845.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Romanin, F.</b></span> Storia documentata di Venezia. Venezia, 1853-61. 10 v.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Sforza, G.</b>,</span> Ed. Sull' occupazione di Massa di Lunigiana da' Francesi +nel 1796, lettere d'un Giacobino. Lucca, 1880. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Trolard, E.</b></span> Pélerinage aux champs de bataille français d'Italie, v. 1. +De Montenotte au pont d'Arcole. v. 2, 3. De Rivoli à Marengo et à +Solferino. Paris, 1893. 4 v. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Welschinger, H.</b></span> Le roi de Rome, 1811-32. Paris, 1897. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> +</div> + +<h4>THE PAPACY</h4> + +<div class="listes"> +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Artaud de Montor, F.</b></span> Histoire des souverains pontifes romains. Paris, +1847-49. 8 v. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Boulay de la Meurthe, Comte de</b>,</span> Ed. Documents sur la négociation du +concordat. Paris, 1891-95. 4 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Chotard, H.</b></span> Le pape Pie VII à Savone, d'après les minutes des lettres +inéd. du gén. Berthier au prince Borghèse et d'après les mémoires +inéd. de M. de Lebseltern, conseiller d'ambassade autrichien. Paris, +1887. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Geoffroy de Grandmaison</b>.</span> Napoléon et les cardinaux noirs, 1810-14. +Paris, 1895. 16<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Giucci, G.</b></span> Storio de Pio VII. Rome, 1857-64.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Haussonville, J. O. B. de Cleron d'</b>.</span> L'Église romaine et le premier +Empire, 1800-1814; avec notes, correspondances dipl. et pièces +justificatives, entièrement inédites. 3e éd. Paris, 1870. 5 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Mejer, O. Z.</b></span> Geschichte der römisch-deutschen Frage. Rostock, 1871-74. +3 Thle.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Pradt, D. D. de</b>.</span> Les quatre concordats; suivis de considérations sur +le gouvernement de l'Église en général et sur l'Église de France en +particulier depuis 1515. Paris, 1818. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Séché, L.</b></span> Les origines du concordat. I. Pie VI et le directoire. II. +Pie VII et le consulat. Paris, 1894. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Theiner, A.</b></span> Hist. des deux concordats de la république française et +de la république cisalpine conclus en 1801-1803 entre Napoléon +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page340" name="page340"></a>(p. 340)</span> Bonaparte et le Saint-Siège; suivie d'une relation de son +couronnement comme empereur des Français par Pie VII, d'après des doc. +inéd. extraits des archives du Vatican et de celles de France. Paris, +1869-70. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> +</div> + +<h4>SWITZERLAND</h4> + +<div class="listes"> +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Amtliche Sammlung</b></span> der Acten aus d. Zeit d. Helvetischen Republik +(1798-1803) in Anschluss an d. Sammlung d. ältern. eidg. Abschiede. +Hrsg. auf Anordng. d. Bundesbehörden. Bearb. v. J. Strickler. Bern, +1886-89. 3 Bde. 4<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Luginbühl, R.</b></span> Ph. Alb. Stapfer, helvetischer Minister d. Künste u. +Wissenschaften (1766-1840). Ein Lebens u. Kulturbild. Basel, 1887. +8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Oechsli, W.</b></span> Die Schweiz in den Jahren 1798 und 1799. 8<sup>o</sup>. Zürich, +1899. Schulthess.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Rutsche, P.</b></span> Der Kanton Zürich zur Zeit der Helvetik (1798-1803). 8<sup>o</sup>. +Zürich, 1900. Fasi.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Schweizer, P.</b></span> Geschichte der Schweizerischen Neutralität.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Senfft, F. C. L., Comte de</b>.</span> Mémoires: organisation politique de la +Suisse, 1800-1813. Leipzig, 1863. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Vulliemin, L.</b></span> Geschichte der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft. +Deutsch v. J. Keller. Aarau, 1877. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Vulliemin, L.</b></span> Histoire de la confédération suisse. Éd. révisée et +corrigée. Lausanne, 1879. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> +</div> + +<h4>SPAIN AND PORTUGAL</h4> + +<div class="listes"> +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Barkhausen, G. H.</b></span> Tagebuch eines Rheinbund-Offiziers aus dem Feldzuge +gegen Spanien und während spanischer und englischer +Kriegsgefangenschaft. 1808-14. Hrsg. von seinem Enkel. 8<sup>o</sup>. Wiesbaden, +1900. Bergmann.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Baumgarten, H.</b></span> Geschichte Spaniens vom Ausbruch d. französisch. +Revolution bis auf unsere Tage. Leipzig, 1865-71. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>. +(Staatengesch. d. neuesten Zeit. Bde. 9, 17.)</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Boppe, P.</b></span> La légion portugaise, 1807-13. 8<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1897.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Boppe, P.</b></span> Les Espagnols à la grande armée. Le corps de la Romana +(1807-08); le régiment Joseph-Napoléon (1809-13). 8<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1899.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Grolmann, E. v.</b></span> Tagebuch eines deutschen Offizier üb. seinen Feldzug +in Spanien, 1808. Hrsg. v. P. T. Rehfues. Nürnberg, 1814.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Hitzigrat, H.</b></span> Hamburg und die Kontinentalsperre. 4<sup>o</sup>. Hamburg, 1900. +Herold (Programm).</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Joseph-Napoléon, King of Spain</b>.</span> Mémoires et correspondance politique +et militaire, publ., annot. et mis en ordre par A. du Casse. 2 éd. +Paris, 1854-55. 10 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lafuente y Zamálloa, M.</b></span> Historia-general de España, desde los tiempos +mas remotos hasta nuestros dias. Madrid, 1850-67. 30 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Moore, J.</b></span> Narrative of the campaign of the British army in Spain +commanded by Sir John Moore. 2d ed. London, 1809. 4<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page341" name="page341"></a>(p. 341)</span> <b>Rehfues, P. J.</b></span> Spanien nach eigner Ansicht im Jahre 1808 his +auf die neueste Zeit. Frankfurt-am-Main, 1813. 4 Bde.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Southey, R.</b></span> Hist. of the Peninsular War. London, 1823-32. 3 v. 4<sup>o</sup>.</p> +</div> + +<h4>GERMANY, INCLUDING RUSSIA AND AUSTRIA</h4> + +<div class="listes"> +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Adam, A.</b></span> Aus dem Leben eines Schlachtenmalers, Selbstbiographie nebst +e. Anh. Hrsg. v. H. Holland. Stuttgart, 1886. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Baader, J.</b></span> Streiflichter auf die Zeit d. tiefsten Erniedrigung +Deutschlands oder die Reichsstadt Nürnberg in d. Jahren 1801-1806. +Nürnberg, 1878.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Beaulieu-Marconnay, Karl Frhr. v.</b></span> Karl v. Dalberg u. seine Zeit, zur +Charakteristik d. Fürsten Primas. Weimar, 1879. 2 Bde. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Beer, A.</b></span> Geschichte des Welthandels im XIX Jahrhunderte. Wien, +1864-84. 2 Bde.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Beer, A.</b></span> Zehn Jahre österreichischer Politik, 1801-1810. Leipzig, +1877. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Beiträge</b></span> zur Geschichte d. Jahres 1813, von einem höhern Offizier d. +preuss. Armee. Potsdam, 1843. 2 Bde. mit Beilagen.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Beitzke, H.</b></span> Geschichte d. deutschen Freiheitskriege in den Jahren +1813-14. 4 neu bearb. Aufl. v. P. Goldschmidt. Bremen, 1883. 2 Bde. +8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Blumenthal, M.</b></span> Der preussische Landsturm von 1813. Auf archivalischen +Grundlagen dargestellt. 8<sup>o</sup>. Berlin, 1900. Schröder.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bockenheimer, C. E.</b></span> Erinnerungen an die Geschichte d. Stadt Mainz in +d. Jahren 1813 u. 14. Mainz, 1863. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bogdanowitsch, M.</b></span> Geschichte des Feldzuges im Jahre 1812, nach den +zuverlässigsten Quellen. Aus d. Russ. v. G. Baumgarten. Leipzig, +1862-63. 3 Bde. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Böhtlingk, A.</b></span> Napoleon Bonaparte u. d. Rastatter Gesandtenmord: ein +Wort an meine Herren Kritiker. Leipzig, 1883. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bouvier, F.</b></span> Les premiers combats de 1814. Prologue de la campagne de +France dans les Vosges. Paris, 1895. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Boyen, H. V.</b></span> Erinnerungen aus dem Leben d. Gen. Feldmarschalls H. v. +B. aus seinen Nachlass im Auftrage d. Familie, hrsg. v. F. Nippold. 3 +Thle. Leipzig, 1889-90. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Brandt, Heinrich</b>.</span> Aus dem Leben des Generals der Infanterie von +Brandt, 2<sup>te</sup> Auflage. 3 Thle. Berlin, 1870-82.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Burghersh, Lord</b>.</span> Memoiren üb. d. Operationen d. verbündeten Heere +unter dem Fürsten Schwarzenberg u. dem Feldmarschall Blücher während +des Endes 1813 u. 1814. Aus d. Engl. von J. W. Schreiber. Berlin, +1844. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Buturlin</b>.</span> Tableau de la campagne d'automne de 1813 en Allemagne. 2<sup>e</sup> +éd. rev. Paris, 1818. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Cadet de Gassicourt, Ch. L.</b></span> Voyage en Autriche, en Moravie et en +Bavière, fait à la suite de l'armée française en 1809. Paris, 1818. +8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Cerini, Cl. F. X. v.</b></span> D. Feldzüge d. Sachsen in d. Jahre 1812 u. 1813. +Aus d. bewährt. Quellen gezogen u. dargestellt von e. Stabsoffizier. +Dresden, 1821. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Charras, J. B. A.</b></span> Histoire de la guerre de 1813 en Allemagne. +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page342" name="page342"></a>(p. 342)</span> Derniers jours de la retraite de Russie. Insurrection de +l'Allemagne. Armements. Diplomatie. Entrée en campagne. 2 éd. Paris, +1870. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Clair, C.</b></span> André Hofer et l'insurrection du Tyrol en 1809. 3 éd. Paris, +1880. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Clausewitz, C. v.</b></span> Nachrichten über Preussen in seiner grossen +Katastrophe. Berlin, 1888. 2 v.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Colomb, F. A. von</b>.</span> Aus dem Tagebuche. Streifzüge, 1813-14. Berlin, +1854. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Dahlmann, F. C.</b></span> Waitz, G. Quellenkunde d. deutschen Geschichte. 5<sup>te</sup> +Aufl. Quellen und Bearbeitungen der Deutschen Geschichte neu +Zusammengestellt von G. Waitz. 3<sup>te</sup> Aufl. Göttingen, 1883. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Darmstaedter, P.</b></span> Das Grossherzogtum Frankfurt. Ein Kulturbild aus der +Rheinbundszeit. 8<sup>o</sup>. Frankfurt-am-Main, 1900. Baer.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Dechend</b>.</span> Die pr.-hess. Waffenbruderschaft im Jahre 1805. Jahrbücher +für die deutsche Armee und Marine. 1885. July, Oct., Nov.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Delbrück, H.</b></span> Das Leben d. Feldmarschalls Grafen Neithardt v. +Gneisenau. Berlin, 1882. 2 Bde. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Droysen, J. G.</b></span> D. Leben d. Feldmarschalls Grafen York v. Wartenburg. +10 Aufl. Leipzig, 1890. 2 Thle.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Duncker, M. W.</b></span> Abhandlungen aus der neueren Geschichte. Leipzig, 1887. +8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Eckardt, J.</b></span> Yorck u. Paulucci, Aktenstücke u. Beiträge z. Geschichte +d. Convention von Taurogge (18-20 Dezbr., 1812). Leipzig, 1865. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Egger, Jos.</b></span> Geschichte Tirols von den ältesten Zeiten bis in die +Neuzeit. Innsbruck, 1871-76. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Ernouf, A. A.</b></span> Les Français en Prusse (1807-08), d'après des documents +contemporains recueillis en Allemagne. Paris, 1872. 18<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Escoiquiz, Don Juan</b>.</span> Wahrhafte darstell. d. Gründe, welche den König +Ferdinand VII im April d. Jahre 1808, zur Reise nach Bayonne bewogen +haben. Aus d. Span, übersetzt. Wien, 1816.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Eugen, Herzog v. Württemberg</b>.</span> Memoiren. Frankfurt-an-der-Oder, 1862. 3 +v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Euler, C.</b></span> Friedrich Ludwig Jahn; sein Leben u. Wirken. Stuttgart, +1881. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Eyssenhardt, F.</b></span> Barthold Georg Niebuhr: ein biog. Versuch. Gotha, +1886. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Fichte</b>.</span> Der geschlossene Handelstadt. Wien, 1801. 16<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Fisher, H.</b></span> Studies in Napoleonic Statesmanship: Germany. Oxford, 1903.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Förster, F.</b></span> Geschichte d. Befreiungskriege, 1813-15. Nach Theilweise +ungedruckten Quellen u. mündlichen Aufschlussen bedeutender +Zeitgenossen. Leipzig, 1856-58. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Foucart, P.</b></span> Campagne de Prusse (1806), d'après les archives de la +guerre. Prenzlow-Lübeck. Paris, 1890. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Fournier, A.</b></span> Historische Studien u. Skizzen. Prague, 1885. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Friccius, C.</b></span> Geschichte des Krieges in den Jahren 1813 u. 1814. Mit +besond. Rücksicht auf Ostpreussen u. d. Königsberg'sche +Landwehrbataillon. Berlin, 1843. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page343" name="page343"></a>(p. 343)</span> <b>Funck, K. W. F.</b></span> Erinnerungen aus d. Feldzüge des Sächsischen +Corps unter d. Gen. Reynier im Jahre 1812, aus Papieren d. +Verstorbenen. Dresden, 1829.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Gagern, F. H. E.</b></span> Mein Antheil an der Politik. I: Unter Napoleons +Herrschaft. II: Nach Napoleons Fall—d. Congress zu Wien. III: D. +Bundestag. Stuttgart, 1822-30.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Gentz, F. de</b>.</span> Oesterreichs Theilnahme an den Befreiungskriegen. Nebst +einem Anhang "Briefwechsel zwischen den Fürsten Schwarzenberg und +Metternich." Wien, 1887. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Gentz, F. de</b>.</span> Tagebücher. Aus dem Nachlass Varnhagen's v. Ense. +Leipzig, 1873-74. 4 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Gildemeister, J. K. F.</b></span> Fink's u. Berger's Ermordung. Beitr. zur +Charakteristik d. französ. Herrschaft in Deutschland. Bremen, 1814.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Goecke, R.</b></span> D. Königr. Westphalen. 7 Jahre französ. Fremdherrschaft im +Herzen Deutschlands, 1807-1813. Nach den Quellen dargestellt vollendet +u. hrsg. von Th. Ilgen. Düsseldorf, 1888. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Goltz-Colmar, Frhr. v.</b></span> Rossbach u. Jena: Studien üb. die Zustände u. +das geistige Leben in der preuss. Armee während der Übergangszeit vom +XVIII zum XIX Jahrh. Berlin, 1883.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Grolmann, E. v.</b></span> Geschichte des Feldzuges von 1814 in dem östlichen u. +nördlichen Frankreich bis z. Einnahme v. Paris, als Beitrage z. +neueren Kriegsgeschichte. Hrsg. von Major v. Damitz. Berlin, 1842-43. +4 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Guretzky-Cornitz, H. v.</b></span> Geschichte d. Ersten Brandenburgischen +Ulanen-Regiments (Kaiser v. Russland) vom Jahre 1809-1859. Berlin, +1866. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Häusser, L.</b></span> Deutsche Geschichte vom Tode Friedrichs des Grossen bis +zur Gründung des deutschen Bundes. Berlin, 1854-57. 4 Thle. 2 +veränderte u. vermehrte Aufl. Berlin, 1858.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Havemann, Wilh.</b></span> D. Kurfürstenthum Hannover unter Zehnjähnger +Fremdherrschaft, 1803-1813. Jena, 1867. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Heilmann, J.</b></span> Feldmarschall Fürst Wrede. Leipzig, 1881. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Heinrich, P.</b></span> Erzherzog Johann. Vienna, 1901.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Helfert, J. A., Frhr. von</b>.</span> Zur Lösung der Rastatter +Gesandtenmordfrage. Gesammelte Aufsätze. 8<sup>o</sup>. Stuttgart und Wien, +1900. Roth.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Helfert, J. A.</b></span> Joachim Murat, seine letzten Kämpfe u. sein Ende. Wien, +1878. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Helfert, J. A.</b></span> Maria Karolina v. Oesterreich, Königin v. Neapel u. +Sicilien. Anklagen u. Vertheidigg., mit Benützg. v. Schriftstücken d. +K. K. Haus-Hof-u. Staats-Archivs. Wien, 1884. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Helfert, J. A.</b></span> Maria Louisa, Erzherzogin v. Oesterreich, Kaiserin d. +Franzosen. Mit Benützg. v. Briefen an ihre Æltern u. v. Schriftstücken +d. K. K. Haus-Hof-u. Staats-Archivs. Prague, 1873. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Henckel von Donnersmark, W. L. V., Graf</b>.</span> Erinnerungen aus meinem +Leben. Zerbst, 1847. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Hofmann, G. W. v.</b></span> Zur Geschichte des Feldzuges von 1813. 2 neu. bearb. +u. verm. Aufl. Berlin, 1843. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Hofmann, G. W. v.</b></span> Zur Geschichte des Feldzuges von 1815 bis <span class="pagenum"><a id="page344" name="page344"></a>(p. 344)</span> +nach d. Schlacht von Belle-Alliance. Koblenz, 1849. 2 Aufl. Berlin, +1851.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Holzhausen, P.</b></span> Davout in Hamburg. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Jahre +1813-14. Von einem Freunde historischer Wahrheit. Deutsche Ausgabe. +8<sup>o</sup>. Mülheim a. d. Ruhr, 1892. Zeigenhirt.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Hormayr, J. F.</b></span> D. Heer von Inneröstreich unter den Befehlen d. +Erzherzogs Johann im Kriege von 1809 in Italien, Tyrol u. Ungarn. +Durchgehends aus Offiziellen Quellen, aus d. erlass. Befehlen, +Operations Journalen. Leipzig, 1848. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Hormayr, H. v.</b></span> Lebensbilder aus dem Befreiungskriege. Piece aus den +"Politischen Predigten des Dr. Faber." Leipzig, 1844. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Horn, G.</b></span> Das Buch der Königin Luise. Mit Portraits u. Illustr. nach +gleichzeit. Originalen. 2 Aufl. Berl., 1884. Fol.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Hüffer, H.</b></span> Die Politik der deutschen Mächte im Revolutionskriege bis +zum Abschluss des Friedens von Campo-Formio. (Dipl. Verhandlungen a. +d. Zeit d. Französisch. Rev. Bd. i.)</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Hüffer, H.</b></span> Oestreich u. Preussen gegenüber der Französischen +Revolution bis zum Abschluss des Friedens von Campo-Formio. +Vornehmlich nach ungedr. Urkunden d. Archivs in Berlin, Wien u. Paris. +Bonn, 1868. 8<sup>o</sup>. (Dipl. Verhandlungen a. d. Zeit d. Französisch. Rev. +Bd. i.)</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Hüffer, H.</b></span> D. Rastatter Congress u. d. Zweite Coalition. Bonn, +1878-79. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>. (Dipl. Verhandlungen a. d. Zeit d. Französisch. +Rev. Bd. i.)</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Knesebeck, E. v.</b></span> Leben des Freiherrn Hugh v. Halkett, k. +Hannoverischer General d. Infanterie. Stuttgart, 1865. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Koberstein, K.</b></span> Preussisches Bilderbuch. Leipzig, 1887. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Krauss, Th.</b></span> Geschichte d. bayerischen Heeresabtheilung im Feldzug +gegen Russland, 1812. Augsburg, 1857. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Krones, R. v. Marchland, Frz.</b></span> Zur Geschichte Oesterreichs im Zeitalter +d. französischen Kriege u. d. Restauration, 1792-1816. Mit besond. +Rücksicht auf das Berufsleben d. Staatsmannes Frhrn. Ant. v. Baldacci. +Gotha, 1886. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Ledebur, A. L. v.</b></span> Erlebnisse aus den Kriegsjahren 1806-07. Ein Zeit u. +Lebensbild zusammengestellt aus den hinterlassenen Papieren, etc. +Nebst einigen kurzen Notizen über das Leben des Verewigten. Berlin, +1855.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lehmann, M.</b></span> Freiherr vom Stein. Vols. I and II, 1757-1808. Leipzig, +1903.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lehmann, M.</b></span> Knesebek u. Schön: Beitrage zur Gesch. d. Freiheitskriege. +Leipzig, 1875. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lettow-Vorbeck, O. v.</b></span> D. Krieg v. 1806-1807. Berlin, 1891-96. 4 v. +8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lombard, J. G.</b></span> Matériaux pour servir à l'histoire des années 1805-07, +dédiés aux Prussiens par un ancien compatriote. Paris, 1808. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lützow, Adf.</b></span> Freikorps in den Jahre 1813 u. 1814 von K. v. L. +gegenüber d. in d. preuss. Jahrbücher, hrsg. v. H. v. Treitschke, auf +genommenen Darstellung v. A. Koberstein. Berl., 1884. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Mallet du Pan, J.</b></span> Correspondance inédite avec la cour de Vienne +(1794-98), publ. d'après les MSS. conservés aux archives de Vienne par +A. Michel; avec une préface de H. Taine. Paris, 1884. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page345" name="page345"></a>(p. 345)</span> <b>Matériaux</b></span> pour servir à l'histoire de la bataille +d'Austerlitz, recueillis par un militaire. Weimar, 1806. 8<sup>o</sup>. With a +map of the battle-field.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Meerheimb, F. v.</b></span> Die Schlachten bei Bautzen am 20 u. 21 Mai, 1813. +Vortrag geh. in d. militär. Gesellschaft zu Berlin am 2 Novbr., 1872. +Berlin, 1873. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Metternich, C. W. N. L., Fürst v. Metternich-Winneburg</b>.</span> Aus +nachgelassenen Papieren (1773-1859). Hrsg. von R. +Metternich-Winneburg; geord. von A. v. Klinkowström. Wien, 1880-84. 8 +v. in 7. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Metternich-Winneburg, R.</b>,</span> Ed. Österreichs Theilnahme an den +Befreiungskriegen: ein Beitrag z. Gesch. d. Jahre 1813-15 nach +Aufzeichngn. von Frdr. v. Gentz, nebst e. Anh. Briefwechsel zwischen +den Fürsten Schwarzenberg u. Metternich, geordnet u. zusammengestellt +von A. v. Klinkowström. Wien, 1887. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Meyer</b>.</span> Erinnerungen aus Hannover u. Hamburg aus den Jahren 1803-1813. +Nebst einem Anhang mit Bemerkungen. Von einem Zeitgenossen. Hannover, +1843. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Mirus, R. D.</b></span> Treffen bei Wartenburg am 3 Okt., 1813. Berlin, 1863.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Monckeberg, C.</b></span> Hamburg unter dem Drucke d. Franzosen, 1806-1814. Hist. +Denkwürdigkeiten. Hamburg, 1863. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Montgelas, Max, Graf v.</b></span> Denkwürdigkeiten (1799-1817) im Auszug aus dem +Französ. Original übers. von Max Frhrn. v. Freyberg-Eisenberg u. hrsg. +v. Ludg. Grafen v. Montgelas. Stuttgart, 1887. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Müffling, F. C. F., Frhr. v.</b></span> (sonst <b>Weiss</b> genannt). Aus meinem Leben. +2 Thle. Berlin, 1851. 8<sup>o</sup>. Aus meinem Leben. Berlin, 1855. 2 Thle. +8<sup>o</sup>. (Untrustworthy.)</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Müffling, C. v.</b></span> D. Preussisch-russische Campagne im Jahre 1813 bis zum +Waffenstillstande. Breslau, 1813. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Müller, F. v.</b></span> Erinnerungen aus den Kriegszeiten v. 1806-1813. +Braunschw., 1851. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Natzmer, G. E.</b></span> Aus dem Leben der Gen. Oldwig v. Natzmer: Ein Beitrag +z. preuss. Geschichte. Berlin, 1876.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Naumann, R. D.</b></span> Völkerschlacht bei Leipzig. Nebst Nachrichten von +Zeitgenossen u. Augenzeugen über Dieselbe. Karte des Schlachtfeldes u. +Plane d. Stadt Leipzig von 1813. Leipzig, 1863. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Neumann, L.</b>,</span> et <b>Plason, A. de</b>. Recueil des traités et conventions +conclus par l'Autriche avec les puissances étrangères depuis 1763 +jusqu'à nos jours. Leipzig, 1855-59. 6 v. 8<sup>o</sup>. Nouvelle suite. Vienne, +1877-91. 12 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Ompteda, F. v.</b></span> Zur deutschen Gesch. in dem Jahrzehnt vor den +Befreiungskriegen.</p> + +<ul> +<li>I: D. Überwältigung Hannovers durch die Franzosen. Eine hist, + polit. Studie. Hannover, 1866.</li> + +<li class="p1">II u. III: Politischer Nachlass des hannoverschen Staats u. + Cabinet-ministers Ludw. von Ompteda aus den Jahren 1804-1813. + Veröffentlicht von F. v. Ompteda. Jena, 1869.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Oncken, W.</b></span> Oesterreich und Preussen im Befreiungskriege: urkundliche +Aufschlüsse über d. politische Geschichte des Jahres 1813. Berlin, +1876-79. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page346" name="page346"></a>(p. 346)</span> <b>Perthes, C. T.</b></span> Politische Zustände u. Personen in Deutschland +z. Zeit d. franz. Herrschaft. Das südliche u. westliche Deutschland. 2 +Aufl. Gotha, 1863. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Pertz, G. H.</b></span> D. Leben den Feldmarschalls Graf en Neithardt v. +Gneisenau, 1760-1815. Schluss Bd. von H. Delbrück. Berlin, 1864-81. 5 +Bde. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Pertz, G. H.</b></span> D. Leben des Ministers Freiherrn von Stein, 1757-1831. +Berlin, 1849-55. 6 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Pfister</b>.</span> Aus dem Lager des Rheinbundes, 1812-13. Stuttgart, 1897.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Plotho, C. v.</b></span> D. Krieg in Deutschland u. Frankreich in d. Jahren +1813-15. Berl., 1817. 4 Thle. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Pohl, J. G. v.</b></span> Denkwürdigkeiten a. meinen Leben u. aus meiner Zeit. +1840.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Prokesch, A. v.</b></span> Denkwürdigkeiten aus dem Leben des Feldmarschalls +Fürsten Carl zu Schwarzenberg. Neue Ausg. Wien, 1861. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Ranke, L. von</b>.</span> Hardenberg u. d. Gesch. d. preussischen Staates von +1793-1813. 2 Aufl. Leipzig, 1879-81. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>. (Sämmt. Werke. Bde. +46-48.)</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Reichardt, J. F.</b></span> Vertraute Briefe aus Paris, geschrieben in den Jahren +1802-3. 2 Ausg. Hamburg, 1805. 3 Thle. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Reiche, L. v.</b></span> Memoiren, hrsg. von L. v. Weltzien. Leipzig, 1857. 2 +Thle. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Rist, J. G.</b></span> Lebenserinnerungen, herausg. von G. Poel. Gotha, 1880. 2 +Th.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Roos, H. U. L. v.</b></span> Ein Jahr aus meinem Leben, oder Reise von den westl. +Ufern d. Donau an die Nara, südl. von Moskwa u. zurück an die Beresina +mit d. grossen Armee Napoleons im Jahre 1812. St. Petersburg, 1832. +8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Schimpff, G. v.</b></span> 1813. Napoleon in Sachsen. Nach des Kaisers +Korrespondenz. Dresden, 1894. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Schlitter, H.</b></span> Kaiser Franz I u. die Napoleoniden vom Sturze Napoleons +bis zu dessen Tode. Wien, 1888. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Schlossberger, A. v.</b>,</span> Ed. Briefwechsel der Königin Katharina u. d. +Königs Jérome v. Westphalen, so wie d. Kaisers Napoleon I m. dem König +Friedrich v. Württemberg, vom 8 Oktbr., 1801, bis 22 Dezbr., 1810. +Stuttgart, 1886. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Schlossberger, A. v.</b>,</span> Ed. Politische u. militärische Correspondenz +König Friedrichs von Württemberg mit Kaiser Napoleon I. 1805-1813. +Stuttgart, 1889.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Schmölzer, H.</b></span> A. Hofer und seine Kampfgenossen. 8<sup>o</sup>. Innsbruck, 1900. +Wagner.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Seeley, J. R.</b></span> The Life and Times of Stein, or Germany and Prussia in +the Napoleonic age. Cambridge, 1878. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Ségur, P. P., Comte de</b>.</span> Napoléon à Moscou, un passage de la Beresina. +(From Hist. de Napoléon et de la grande armée pendant l'année 1812. +Comment by A. Hemme.)</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Servieres, G.</b></span> L'Allemagne française sous Napoleon I. Paris, 1904.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Staps, Fr.</b></span> Erschossen zu Schönbrunn bei Wien, auf Napoleons Befehl im +Oktober, 1809. Eine Broch. aus d. hinterlass. Papieren seines Vaters... +Berlin, 1843. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page347" name="page347"></a>(p. 347)</span> <b>Steffens, H.</b></span> Was ich erlebte. Aus d. Erinnerung +niedergeschrieben. Breslau, 1840-44. 10 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Steffens, H.</b></span> Zur Erinnerung: aus Briefen an seinen Verleger. Hrsg. v. +M. Tietzen. Leipzig, 1871. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Stern, Alfr.</b></span> Abhandlungen u. Aktenstücke zur Geschichte d. +preussischen Reformzeit 1807-1815. Leipzig, 1885. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Strippelmann, F. G. L.</b></span> Beiträge zur Gesch. Hessen-Cassels, Hessen, +Frankreich, 1791-1814. Marburg, 1877. 1 Heft. 2 Heft. Gesch. d. +Napoleonschen Usurpation Kurhessens u. Achtserklärung, im Jahre 1806. +Marburg, 1877.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Stutterheim, K. v.</b></span> La bataille d'Austerlitz par un militaire, témoin +de la journée du 2 Décembre, 1805. Hamburg, 1806. 8<sup>o</sup>. (This work was +tr. by P. Coffin into English in 1807.)</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Stutterheim, K. v.</b></span> La guerre de l'an 1809 entre l'Autriche et la +France, par un officier autrichien. Vienne, 1811. 8<sup>o</sup> and atlas.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Thielen, M. F.</b></span> D. Feldzug d. verbündeten Heere Europas 1814 in +Frankreich unter dem Oberbefehle des K. K. Feldmarschalls Fürsten Carl +zu Schwarzenberg. Wien, 1856. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Thielen, M. v.</b></span> Erinnerungen aus dem Kriegerleben eines 82 Jährigen +Veteranen d. Oesterreichischen Armee, mit besonderer Bezugnahme auf +die Feldzüge d. Jahre 1805, 1809, 1813-15; nebst einem Anhang d. +Politik Oesterreichs vom Jahre 1809-1814 betr. Wien, 1863. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Thugut, Frhr. v.</b></span> Vertrauliche Briefe. Hrsg. v. A. v. Vivenot. Wien, +1872. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Thürheim, A.</b></span> Ludwig, Fürst Starhemberg, Ehemaliger K. K. a. o. +Gesandter an den Höfen in Haag, London u. Turin, etc. Graz, 1889. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Tournon, de</b>.</span> Die Provinz Bayreuth unter französischer Herrschaft +(1806-10). Mit Karte. Aus dem Französischen übersetzt von L. von +Fahrmbacher. 12<sup>o</sup>. Wunsiedel, 1900. Köhler.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Vivenot, A. v.</b></span> Thugut, Clerfayt und Wurmser. Original-Dokumente aus +dem K. K. Haus-Hof-und Staats-Archivs in Wien vom Juli, 1794, bis +Februar, 1797. Wien, 1869. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Vivenot, A. v.</b></span> Zur Geschichte des Rastatter Congresses. Wien, 1871. +8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Voss, Sophie Marie, Gräfin v.</b></span> 69 Jahre am preussischen Hofe. Aus den +Erinnergn. Leipzig, 1876.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Welden, L. v.</b></span> D. Feldzug d. Oesterreicher gegen Russland im Jahre +1812. Wien, 1870.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Welden, L. F. v.</b></span> D. Krieg v. 1809 zwischen Österreich u. Frankreich +von Anfang Mai bis zum Friedensschlusse. Aus offiziellen Quellen. Mit +e. (lith.) Übersichtskarte d. Marchfeldes (in mp. fol.). Wien, 1872.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Wertheimer, E.</b></span> Geschichte Österreichs u. Ungarns im ersten Jahrzehnt +d. XIX<sup>ten</sup> Jahrh. Nach ungedr. Quellen. Leipzig, 1884-1890. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Wigger, F.</b></span> Geschichte d. Familie v. Blücher. Schwerin, 1870-79. 2 Bde. +8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Winkopp, P. A.</b>,</span> Ed. D. Rheinische Bund. Frankfurt, 1806-12.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Wohlwill, A.</b></span> D. Befreiung Hamburgs am 18 März, 1813. Hamburg, 1888.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page348" name="page348"></a>(p. 348)</span> <b>Wolzogen, L. v.</b></span> Memoiren, aus dessen Nachlass unter Beifügung +offizieller militär. Denkschriften mitgetheilt v. A. v. Wolzogen. +Leipzig, 1851. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Wuttke, H.</b></span> D. Völkerschlacht bei Leipzig. Berlin, 1863. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Ziehlberg, A. v. Ferdinande v. Schmettau</b>.</span> Eine Erinnerg. aus dem Jahre +1813. Dessau, 1886. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Zwiedineck-Südenhorst, H. v.</b></span> Erzherzog Johann v. Österreich im +Feldzüge v. 1809. Mit Benützg. der v. ihm hinterlassenen Acten u. +Aufzeichngn., amtl. u. Privat-correspondenzen dargestellt. Mit 3 +Plan-skizzen. Graz, 1829. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> +</div> + +<h4>RUSSIA AND POLAND</h4> + +<div class="listes"> +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bernhardi, Th. v.</b></span> Denkwürdigkeiten a. d. Leben des kaiserl. russ. +Generals v. d. Infanterie Carl Frdr. Grafen v. Toll. 2 verm. Aufl. +Leipzig, 1865. 4 Bde.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bernhardi, Th. v.</b></span> Geschichte Russlands u. der europäisch. Politik, +1814 bis 1831. Leipzig, 1863-77. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>. (Staatengesch. d. neuesten +Zeit. Bde. 7, 21, 23.)</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bloch, J. de</b>.</span> Les finances de la Russie au XIX<sup>e</sup> siècle. Historique et +statistique. 2 vol. 8<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1900. Guillaumin.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bogdanowitsch, M.</b></span> Geschichte d. Krieges im Jahre 1813 für Deutschlands +Unabhängigkeit. Aus d. Russ. mit Genehmigung d. Autors von A. S. St. +Petersburg, 1863-69. 2 Bde.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bonaparte, Louis</b>.</span> Documents historiques et réflexions sur le +gouvernement de la Hollande. (Nouv. éd.) Paris, 1820. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bourgeois, R.</b></span> Tableau de la campagne de Moscou en 1812. Paris, 1814. +8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bréaut, J., des Marlots</b>.</span> 1812. Lettre d'un capitaine de cuirassiers +sur la campagne de Russie. Publiée par J. A. Léher. Paris, 1885. 18<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Burkersroda, v.</b></span> D. Sachsen in Russland: ein Beitrag z. Geschichte des +russ. Feldzugs im Jahre 1812, besond. im Bezug a. d. Schicksal d. K. +Sächs. Truppen-Abtheil. bei d. grossen französ. Armee. Naumburg, 1846. +8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Chambray, G.</b></span> Histoire de l'expédition de Russie, 1812. 3 éd. Paris, +1839. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Choiseul-Gouffier, Comtesse de</b>.</span> Reminiscences sur l'empereur Alexandre +I et sur l'empereur Napoléon I. Paris, 1862. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Czartoryski, A. G., Prince</b>.</span> Memoirs and correspondence, with documents +relative to the Prince's negotiations with Pitt, Fox, and Brougham, +and an account of his conversations with Lord Palmerston and other +Eng. statesmen in London, 1832. Ed. by A. Gielgud. 2 ed. London, 1888. +2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Czartoryski, A. G., Prince</b>.</span> Mémoires et correspondance avec l'empereur +Alexandre I. Préf. de Ch. de Mazade. Paris, 1887. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Förster, F.</b></span> Napoleon I russischer Feldzug, 1812. 3 Aufl. 1857.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Foucart, P.</b></span> La campagne de Pologne: Pultusk et Golymin, nov., +1806,-jan., 1807, d'après les archives de la guerre. Paris, 1882. 2 v. +12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Gentz, F. de</b>.</span> Dépêches inédites du chevalier de Gentz aux hospodars +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page349" name="page349"></a>(p. 349)</span> de Valachie, pour servir à l'histoire de la politique +européenne (1813 à 1828), publiées par le comte Prokesch-Osten fils. +Paris, 1876-77. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>George, H. B.</b></span> Napoleon's Invasion of Russia. London, 1899. Unwin.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Goethe, Thdr.</b></span> Aus d. Leben eines sächsischen Husaren u. aus dessen +Feldzugen, 1809, 1812-13 in Polen u. Russland. Leipzig, 1853. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Gourgaud, G.</b></span> Napoléon et la grande armée en Russie, ou examen critique +de l'ouvrage de M. le Comte Ph. de Ségur. 4<sup>e</sup> éd. Paris, 1827. 2 v. +8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Guillaume, F.</b>,</span> dit <b>Guillaume de Vaudoncourt</b>. Mémoires pour servir à +l'histoire de la guerre entre la France et la Russie en 1812. London +et Paris, 1816 et 1817. 4<sup>o</sup>, et un petit vol. de planches.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Helldorf</b>.</span> Aus dem Leben des kaiserlich. russischen Generals d. +Infanterie, Prinzen Eugen v. Württemberg, aus dessen eigenhändigen +Aufzeichnungen so wie aus dem schriftlichen Nachlass seiner Adjuanten +gesammelt u. hrsg. Berlin, 1861-62. 4 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Joyneville, C.</b></span> Life and Times of Alexander I, Emperor of All the +Russias. London, 1875. 3 v. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Kobeko, D.</b></span> La jeunesse d'un tsar. Paul I<sup>er</sup> et Catherine II. Éd. +Dimitri de Benckendorff. Paris, 1896. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Labaume, E.</b></span> Circumstantial narrative of the campaign in Russia, with +plans of the battle of Moskwa and Malojaroslavetz, 1812. Tr. E. Boyce. +7 ed. London, 1816. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Labaume, E.</b></span> Relation circonstantiée de la campagne de Russie en 1812. +Ouvrage orné des plans de la bataille de la Moscowa et du combat de +Malojaroslavetz. Paris, 1814. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Léher, J. A.</b>,</span> Éd. de Bréaut des Marlots, J. Lettre d'un capitaine de +cuirassiers sur la campagne de Russie, 1812. Paris, 1885. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lehmann, M.</b></span> Scharnhorst. 2 Thl. seit dem Tilsiter Frieden. Leipzig, +1887. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lossberg, H. v.</b></span> Briefe in d. Heimat geschrieben während des Feldzuges +1812 in Russland: ein Beitrag z. Geschichte dieses Feldzuges. Cassel, +1844. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Margueron</b>.</span> Campagne de Russie. 8<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1897. Charles-Lavauzelle.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Meerheim, R. v.</b></span> Erlebnisse eines Veteranen d. grossen Armee während +des Feldzuges in Russland in 1812. Herausg. v. dessen Sohne R. v. +Meerheim. Dresden, 1860. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Miliutin</b>.</span> Geschichte des Krieges Russlands mit Frankreich im Jahre +1799. München, 1856. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Minckwitz, A. v.</b></span> D. Brigade Thielmann in dem Feldzuge von 1812 in +Russland. Hierzu ein (lith.) Situationsplan vom Schlachtfelde d. +Schlacht an der Moskwa am 7 Sept., 1812. Dresden, 1879. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Oginski, M. v.</b></span> Denkwürdigkeiten üb. Polen u. die Polen im Jahre +1788-1815. Deutsch v. F. Gleich. Leipzig, 1827. 2 Thle. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Oginski, M. v.</b></span> Mémoires sur la Pologne et les Polonais depuis 1788 +jusqu'à la fin de 1815. Paris, 1826-27. 4 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Porter, Sir R. Ker.</b></span> Narrative of the Campaign in Russia during 1812. +London, 1815.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page350" name="page350"></a>(p. 350)</span> <span class="biblio"><b>Puibusque, L. G.</b></span> Lettres sur la guerre de Russie en 1812, sur +la ville de St.-Pétersbourg, les mœurs et les usages des habitants +de la Pologne. 2 éd. Paris, 1817. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Rambaud, A.</b></span> History of Russia from the earliest times to 1877. Tr. by +L. B. Lang. London, 1879. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Röder, Frz.</b></span> D. Kriegszug Napoleons gegen Russland im Jahre 1812. Nach +den besten Quellen u. seinen eigenen Tagebüchern dargestellt, nach d. +Zeitfolge d. Begebenheiten, hrsg. v. K. Röder. Leipzig, 1848. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Röder v. Bomsdorf, O. W. K.</b></span> Mittheil. aus d. Feldzug in Russland 1812, +an einen Offizier des Generalstabes. Leipzig, 1816. 2 Thle. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Rostopchin</b>,</span> or <b>Rostoptchine, F.</b> Vérité sur l'incendie de Moscou. +Paris, 1823.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Rüstow, W.</b></span> D. Krieg gegen Russland. Politisch-militärisch Bearb. +Zürich, 1885. 2 Bde. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Surruges, Abbé</b>.</span> Lettres sur l'incendie de Moscou, écrites de cette +ville au R. P. Bouvet. 2 éd. Paris, 1823. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Tatistcheff, S.</b></span> Alexandre I et Napoléon, d'après leur correspondance +inédite. 1801-12. Paris, 1891. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Tchitchagoff, P.</b></span> Mémoires inédits. Campagnes de la Russie, 1812, +contre la Turquie, l'Autriche et la France. Berlin, 1855. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Tolstoi, L.</b></span> Physiologie de la guerre. Napoléon et la campagne de +Russie. Tr. par M. Delines. Paris, 1887. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Wilson, Sir R.</b></span> Narrative of events during the invasion of Russia by +Napoleon Bonaparte, and the retreat of the French army, 1812. Ed. by +G. H. Randolph. London, 1860. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Woronzow, S. R., Comte de</b>.</span> Arkhiv kniazia Vorontsova, viii, ix. +Boumagi gr. S. R. Vorontsova. Moskva, 1876. 3 t. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> +</div> + +<h4>NETHERLANDS</h4> + +<div class="listes"> +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Grolmann, E. von</b>.</span> Geschichte des Feldzugs von 1815 in den Niederlanden +u. Frankreich, als Beitrag z. Kriegsgeschichte d. neueren Kriege. +Hrsg. von Major v. Damitz. Berlin, 1837. 12 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Kampen, van</b>.</span> Geschichte der Niederlande. Hamburg, 1831-33. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Legrand, L.</b></span> La révolution française en Hollande: la république Batave. +Paris, 1894.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Paquet, Syphorien</b>.</span> Voyage historique et pittoresque fait dans les +Pays-Bas et dans quelques départements voisins pendant les années +1811, 1812 et 1813. Paris, 1813. 2 v. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> +</div> + +<h4>SCANDINAVIAN POWERS</h4> + +<div class="listes"> +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Hochschild, C. F. L.</b></span> Désirée, reine de Suède et de Norvège. Paris, +1888. 16<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Schinkel, B. v.</b></span> Minnen ur Sveriges nyare historia. I<sup>ra</sup> afd. Bihang, +1, 2, 3. Upsala, 1881-83. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Schmidt, Fr.</b></span> Schweden unter Karl XIV Johann. Heidelberg, 1842. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page351" name="page351"></a>(p. 351)</span> <b>Swederns, G.</b></span> Schwedens Politik u. Kriege in dem Jahre +1808-1814 vorzüglich unter Leitung des Kronprinzen Carl Johan. +Deutsche, von dem verf. gänzlich umgearb. Ausg. aus dem Schwed. von C. +F. Frisch. Leipzig, 1866. 2 Thle. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Thorsoë, A. D.</b></span> Danske stats-politiske historie fra 1800-1864. I. +Tidsrummet, 1800-14. Kiobenhavn, 1873. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Touchard-Lafosse, G.</b></span> Histoire de Charles XIV (Jean Bernadotte), roi de +Suède et de Norvège. Paris, 1838. 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> +</div> + +<h4>EGYPT</h4> + +<div class="listes"> +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Abdurrahman Gabarti</b>.</span> Journal pendant l'occupation française en Égypte, +suivi d'un précis de la même campagne par Mou'allem Nicolas-el-Turki, +tr. de l'arabe par A. Cardin. Paris, 1838. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bertrand, Général H. G.</b>,</span> Ed. Guerre d'Orient. Campagnes d'Égypte et de +Syrie. Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de Napoléon dictés par +lui-même à Sainte-Hélène et publiés par le Gén. Bertrand. Paris, 1847. +2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>. Atlas fol.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Boulay de la Meurthe, Comte</b>.</span> Le directoire et l'expédition d'Égypte: +Étude sur les tentatives du directoire pour communiquer avec +Bonaparte, le secourir et le ramener. Paris, 1885. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Copies</b></span> of original letters from the army of Gen. Bonaparte in Egypt, +with an Eng. tr. London, 1798-1800. 3 parts. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>La Jonquière, C.</b></span> L'Expédition d'Égypte (1798-1801). 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>. Av. +cartes. Paris, 1900-1901. Charles Lavauzelle.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Nakoula-el-Turk</b>.</span> Histoire de l'expédition des Français en Égypte. Tr. +et publ. par Desgranges. Paris, 1839. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Pièces</b></span> officielles de l'armée d'Égypte. 2<sup>e</sup> partie. Par., an IX. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Simon, E. T.</b></span> Correspondance de l'armée française en Égypte, +interceptée par l'escadre de Nelson. Trad. en franç. Paris, an VII. +8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Richardot, C.</b></span> Nouveaux mémoires sur l'armée française en Égypte et en +Syrie, ou la vérité mise au jour sur les principaux faites et +événements de cette armée, la statistique du pays, les usages et les +mœurs des habitants, avec le plan de la côte d'Aboukir à Alexandrie +et à la tour des Arabes. Paris, 1848. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Villiers du Terrage, E. de</b>.</span> Journal et souvenirs sur l'expédition +d'Égypte (1798-1801); publ. par le B<sup>on</sup> M. de Villiers du Terrage. +8<sup>o</sup>. Av. cartes et gravures. Paris, 1899. Plon.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Wilson, Sir R. T.</b></span> History of the British expedition to Egypt. 2 ed. +London, 1803. 4<sup>o</sup>.</p> +</div> + +<h4>THE BALKAN STATES</h4> + +<div class="listes"> +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Beer, A.</b></span> D. Orientalische Politik Oesterreichs seit 1774. Prague, +1883. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Boppe, A.</b></span> Documents inédits sur les relations de la Serbie avec +Napoléon I, 1809-14. Extrait de l'Otatchbina, livres XIX et XX. +Belgrade, 1888. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Zinkeisen</b>.</span> Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches. Gotha, 1859. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> +</div> + +<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page352" name="page352"></a>(p. 352)</span> SAINT HELENA</h4> + +<div class="listes"> +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Abell, Mrs. L. E. B.</b></span> Recollections of the emperor Napoleon during the +first three years of his captivity. London, 1845. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>A Diary of St. Helena</b></span> (1816-1817). The journal of Lady Malcolm, +containing the conversations of Napoleon with Sir P. Malcolm, ed. by +Sir A. Wilson. 16<sup>o</sup>. London, 1899. Innes.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Antommarchi, F.</b></span> Mémoires; ou, Les derniers moments de Napoléon. +Bruxelles, 1825. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Bingham, Gen. G. R.</b></span> Diary of Napoleon's Voyage to St. Helena. +Blackwood's Magazine, Oct., 1896.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Forsyth, W.</b></span> History of the captivity of Napoleon at St. Helena: from +the letters and journals of Sir H. Lowe. London, 1853 3 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Gourgaud, Gén. G. de</b>.</span> Sainte-Hélène: Journal inédit de 1815 à 1818. 2 +v. 8<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1899. Flammarion. Trad. en allem. par H. Conrad. 8<sup>o</sup>. +Stuttgart, 1901. Lutz. Coll. Memoiren-Bibliothek.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Las Cases, E. A. D. M. J., Marquis de</b>.</span> Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène; ou, +Jour. où se trouve consigné, jour par jour, ce qui a dit et fait +Napoléon durant dix-huit mois. Paris, 1823-24. 8 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lullin de Châteauvieux, J. F.</b></span> Manuscripts transmitted from St. Helena +by an unknown channel. New York, 1817. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Lullin de Châteauvieux, J. F.</b></span> Manuscrit venu de Sainte-Hélène d'une +manière inconnue. 4 éd. Lond., 1817. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Maitland, Sir F. L.</b></span> Narrative of the surrender of Buonaparte and of +his residence on board the <i>Bellerophon</i>. 2 ed. London, 1826. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Masson, F.</b></span> Autour de Sainte-Hélène. Paris, 1909.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Melliss, J. C.</b></span> St. Helena: a phys., hist., and topog. description of +the island, incl. its geology, fauna, flora, and meteorology. London, +1875. 4<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Montchenu, Marquis de</b>.</span> La captivité de Sainte-Hélène, d'après les +rapports inédits, par G. Firmin-Didot. Paris, 1894. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Montholon, C<sup>tesse</sup> de</b>.</span> Souvenirs de Sainte-Hélène (1815-1816); publ. +sous les auspices du V<sup>te</sup> du Couedic de Kergoualer, son petit-fils, +par le C<sup>te</sup> Fleury. Av. gravures. 18<sup>o</sup>. Paris, 1901. Paul.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Montholon-Sémonville, C. T. de</b>.</span> History of the captivity of Napoleon +at St. Helena. London, 1846-47. 4 v. 8<sup>o</sup>. American ed., Philadelphia, +1847. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Montholon-Sémonville, C. T. de</b>.</span> Récits de la captivité de l'Empereur +Napoléon à Sainte-Hélène. Paris, 1847. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Napoléon I.</b></span> Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de France sous le règne +de Napoléon, écrits à Sainte-Hélène par les généraux Gourgaud et +Montholon, qui ont partagé sa captivité. 2e éd., disposée dans un +nouvel ordre et augmentée de chapitres inédits, etc. Paris, 1830. 9 v. +8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>O'Meara, B. E.</b></span> Napoléon dans l'exil; ou, Une voix de Sainte-Hélène. +Trad, par A. Roy. London, 1823. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>O'Meara, B. E.</b></span> Napoléon in Exile; or, A Voice from St. Helena +(1815-18). 2 ed. New York, 1853. 2 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><span class="pagenum"><a id="page353" name="page353"></a>(p. 353)</span> <b>Recueil de pièces authentiques sur le captif de +Sainte-Hélène</b>,</span> de mémoires et documents écrits ou dictés par +l'Empereur Napoléon, suivis de lettres de MM. le grand maréchal C<sup>te</sup> +Bertrand, le C<sup>te</sup> de Las Cases, le Gén. B<sup>on</sup> Gourgaud, le Gén. C<sup>te</sup> +Montholon. Paris, 1821-25. 12 v. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Schlitter, H.</b></span> D. Berichte d. K. K. Commissars Bartholomäus v. Stürmer +aus St. Helena zur Zeit d. dortigen Internirung Napoleon Bonapartes, +1816-18. 8<sup>o</sup>. Wien, 1886. 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> + +<p><span class="biblio"><b>Warden, W.</b></span> Conduct and conversations of Napoleon Buonaparte and his +suite during the voyage to St. Helena, and some months there. Albany, +1817. 12<sup>o</sup>.</p> +</div> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page355" name="page355"></a>(p. 355)</span> INDEX</h3> + +<div class="index"> +<h5>A</h5> + +<p><span class="name"><b>Aachen</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> court at, ii. 329, 339, 350.<br> +<span class="name"><b>Aalen</b>,</span> the French position at, ii. 365.<br> +<span class="name"><b>Abdullah Pasha</b>,</span> routed at Esdraelon, ii. 71, 72.<br> +<span class="name"><b>Aben, River</b>,</span> military operations on the, iii. 207.<br> +<span class="name"><b>Abensberg</b>,</span> Lefebvre defeats the Austrians at, iii. 207;<br> +<span class="entry">Oudinot ordered to,</span> 208;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of,</span> 211.<br> +<span class="name"><b>Aberdeen, Lord</b>,</span> English envoy at Vienna, iii. 422.<br> +<span class="name"><b>Abo</b>,</span> Alexander's hint to Bernadotte at, iv. +<a href="#page055">55</a>.<br> +<span class="name"><b>Aboukir</b>,</span> battle of, ii. 77-80, 97;<br> +<span class="entry">trophies from, deposited at the Invalides,</span> 147.<br> +<span class="name"><b>Aboukir Bay</b>,</span> battle of, ii. 62, 63.<br> +<span class="name"><b>Abrantès</b>,</span> Junot at, iii. 121.<br> +<span class="name"><b>Abrantès, Duchesse d'</b>,</span> friendship with <i>N.</i>, i. 178, 283.<br> +<span class="name"><b>Absolutism</b>,</span> its growth in Europe, i. 67;<br> +<span class="entry">its decline and abolition,</span> 106-110, 119, 151;<br> + iv. +<a href="#page162">162</a>, +<a href="#page250">250</a>, +<a href="#page292">292</a>.<br> +<span class="name"><b>Academy, The</b>,</span> ordered to occupy itself with literary criticism, iii. 26.<br> +<span class="name"><b>Acken</b>,</span> military operations near, iv. +<a href="#page021">21</a>, +<a href="#page022">22</a>, +<a href="#page025">25</a>.<br> +<span class="name"><b>Acqui</b>,</span> military operations at, i. 354.<br> + +<a id="acre" name="acre"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Acre</b>,</span> Phélippeaux at, i. 65;<br> +<span class="entry">siege of, ii.</span> 47, 70-76;<br> +<span class="entry">the key of Palestine,</span> 73;<br> +<span class="entry">relief expedition from Constantinople to,</span> 73-75;<br> +<span class="entry">parley between Phélippeaux and <i>N.</i> at,</span> 79;<br> +<span class="entry">compared with Smolensk, iii.</span> 340.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Act of Mediation, the</b>,</span> ii. 234.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Acton, Sir J. F. E.</b>,</span> rule of, in Naples, ii. 357.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Adam, Albrecht</b>,</span> on the French advance into Russia, iii. 337.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Adam, Sir F.</b>,</span> in battle of Waterloo, iv. +<a href="#page209">209</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Adda, River</b>,</span> military operations on the, i. 359, 381;<br> + ii. 172.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Addington, Henry</b>,</span> succeeds Pitt in the ministry, ii. 208;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiates for peace,</span> 210;<br> +<span class="entry">belief in the peace of Amiens,</span> 213;<br> +<span class="entry">holds England to be arbiter of the Continent,</span> 263;<br> +<span class="entry">Continental policy,</span> 263, 266, 267;<br> +<span class="entry">appoints Lord Whitworth ambassador to Paris,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">his influence undermined by Pitt,</span> 292;<br> +<span class="entry">driven from power,</span> 337.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Addison, Joseph</b>,</span> on England's insular position, ii. 263.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Additional Act, the</b>,</span> iv. +<a href="#page160">160</a>, +<a href="#page161">161</a>, +<a href="#page166">166</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Aderklaa</b>,</span> Austrian advance through, iii. 219.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Adige, River</b>,</span> military operations on, i. 371, 379, 383-391, 406-414, 434, 442;<br> + ii. 87, 91, 193, 368;<br> + iii. 201;<br> + iv. +<a href="#page039">39</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">cession to Austria of lands on, ii.</span> 21;<br> +<span class="entry">boundary of the Cisalpine Republic,</span> 21;<br> +<span class="entry">boundary of Austria in Italy,</span> 193;<br> +<span class="entry">Eugène to collect troops on,</span> 362.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Adrial, M.</b>,</span> member of the council of state, ii. 222;<br> +<span class="entry">reviser of the Code,</span> 222.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Adriatic Sea</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> threatens to seize, i. 404;<br> +<span class="entry">French fleet in, ii.</span> 18;<br> +<span class="entry">cession to Austria of lands on,</span> 21;<br> +<span class="entry">marriage of,</span> 24;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> control of, iii.</span> 110;<br> +<span class="entry">the highway to India,</span> 111.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Æetes</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> likened to, iv. +<a href="#page387">387</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Æneid</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> notes on the, iv. +<a href="#page232">232</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Afghanistan</b>,</span> projected rising against England in, iii. 21.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Africa</b>,</span> proposed military operations in northern, iii. 114;<br> +<span class="entry">the partition of, iv.</span> +<a href="#page298">298</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Agamemnon," the</b>,</span> at siege of Bastia, i. 260; ii. 62.<br> + +<span class="name">"<b>Agathon</b>,"</span> iii. 175.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Agricultural laborers</b>,</span> condition at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 102, 105, 109.<br> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page356" name="page356"></a>(p. 356)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Agriculture</b>,</span> encouragement of, ii. 220.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Aigues-Mortes</b>,</span> the canal of, ii. 349.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Aisne, River</b>,</span> military movements on the, iv. +<a class="grey" href="#page077">77</a>, +<a class="grey" href="#page093">93</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Aix</b>,</span> Fesch at, i. 44;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at,</span> 141; iv. +<a href="#page139">139</a>, +<a href="#page154">154</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">arrest of Corsican commissioners at, i.</span> 204;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> sickness at, iv.</span> +<a href="#page139">139</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">bitter feeling against <i>N.</i> at,</span> +<a href="#page138">138</a>, +<a href="#page154">154</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ajaccio</b></span> made a seat of government, i. 25;<br> +<span class="entry">the Bonaparte family in,</span> 26-35;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at,</span> 81-90, 118, 128, 135, 159, 193, 203<br> +<span class="entry">prepares plans for its defense,</span> 91;<br> +<span class="entry">political parties in,</span> 116;<br> +<span class="entry">patriotic schemes,</span> 118;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> assumes leadership in,</span> 118;<br> +<span class="entry">the democratic club at,</span> 118, 123, 127, 128, 145, 184;<br> +<span class="entry">withdrawal of French troops from,</span> 121;<br> +<span class="entry">reorganizing the municipal government,</span> 123, 127;<br> +<span class="entry">attack on <i>N.</i> in,</span> 128;<br> +<span class="entry">disorders in,</span> 128-130, 166-172, 180, 191;<br> +<span class="entry">claims to be capital of Corsica,</span> 134;<br> +<span class="entry">political movements in,</span> 163-170;<br> +<span class="entry">election of officers in,</span> 165, 166;<br> +<span class="entry">popular feeling against <i>N.</i> in,</span> 170, 171;<br> +<span class="entry">embarkation of Sardinian expedition at,</span> 191;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> demands allegiance to France from,</span> 199;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> plot against the citadel at,</span> 201-209;<br> +<span class="entry">expedition from St. Florent against,</span> 204-207;<br> +<span class="entry">outburst against the Bonapartes in,</span> 205;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> cave at,</span> 210;<br> +<span class="entry">weakness of,</span> 257;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> last visit to, ii.</span> 82.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Albania</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> offers the country to England, ii. 404.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Albuera</b>,</span> battle of, iii. 289.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Albufera, Duke of</b>.</span> <i>See</i> <a href="#suchet"><b>Suchet</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Alessandria</b>,</span> opening of the road to, i. 257;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations near,</span> 352;<br> +<span class="entry">in French hands,</span> 373;<br> +<span class="entry">Melas rallies his army at, ii.</span> 174, 177;<br> +<span class="entry">topography of the country,</span> 177, 178;<br> +<span class="entry">Melas retires to,</span> 180;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> concedes to the allies at Châtillon, iv.</span> +<a href="#page087">87</a>.<br> + +<a id="alexander1" name="alexander1"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Alexander I</b>,</span> succeeds Paul I, ii. 210;<br> +<span class="entry">waives claim to Malta,</span> 210;<br> +<span class="entry">liberates English ships,</span> 210;<br> +<span class="entry">his bloody title to the throne, ii.</span> 210, 317; iii. 36, 37; iv. +<a href="#page114">114</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">abandons the neutrality policy, ii.</span> 263;<br> +<span class="entry">personal relations between <i>N.</i> and,</span> 263; iii. 34, 37, 40, 43, 52-53, 64, 73, 97, 105, 107, 116, 118, 248, 255, 310, 408, 411;<br> +<span class="entry">pacification of, ii.</span> 265;<br> +<span class="entry">ruptures diplomatic relations with France,</span> 311;<br> +<span class="entry">animus toward France,</span> 330;<br> +<span class="entry">greed for Oriental empire,</span> 330, 331, 347, 348, 357, 406, 418; iii. 33, 176, 236, 245; iv. +<a href="#page067">67</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude on the death of Enghien, ii.</span> 330, 348;<br> +<span class="entry">demands indemnity for King of Sardinia,</span> 330;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> words of warning to,</span> 347;<br> +<span class="entry">demands indemnity for Piedmont,</span> 348;<br> +<span class="entry">undertakes peace negotiations,</span> 356;<br> +<span class="entry">his scheme of redistribution of Europe,</span> 355;<br> +<span class="entry">England's negotiations with,</span> 355;<br> +<span class="entry">character and personality,</span> 356; iii. 41-43, 117, 171, 310, 351, 420; iv. +<a href="#page006">6</a>, +<a href="#page068">68</a>, +<a href="#page132">132</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">recalls his peace envoy, ii.</span> 357;<br> +<span class="entry">brings Prussia into the coalition,</span> 376, 377;<br> +<span class="entry">at Berlin,</span> 376, 377;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with Frederick William III,</span> 377; iii. 57, 107, 195;<br> +<span class="entry">prefers one of Paul I's assassins, ii.</span> 380;<br> +<span class="entry">at Olmütz,</span> 380;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> opens negotiations with,</span> 380;<br> +<span class="entry">forces the battle of Austerlitz,</span> 382;<br> +<span class="entry">after the battle,</span> 389;<br> +<span class="entry">deserts Francis I,</span> 390;<br> +<span class="entry">interview with <i>N.</i>,</span> 391;<br> +<span class="entry">retreats to Poland,</span> 391;<br> +<span class="entry">evacuates Naples,</span> 405;<br> +<span class="entry">conscienceless concerning territories of others,</span> 405;<br> +<span class="entry">breaks off negotiations with <i>N.</i>,</span> 418;<br> +<span class="entry">rejects the Oubril treaty,</span> 421;<br> +<span class="entry">uncertain attitude,</span> 420;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> insinuations concerning Queen Louisa and, iii.</span> 57;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> doubts about his movements,</span> 1;<br> +<span class="entry">activity after Jéna,</span> 1;<br> +<span class="entry">offers rewards for French prisoners,</span> 9;<br> +<span class="entry">devotion of the army to,</span> 9, 10;<br> +<span class="entry">interest in Constantinople,</span> 28;<br> +<span class="entry">meeting with <i>N.</i> at Tilsit,</span> 34 et seq., 49, 53;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> proposals to,</span> 36;<br> +<span class="entry">reminded of Paul I's death,</span> 36;<br> +<span class="entry">invited to make a separate peace,</span> 36;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page357" name="page357"></a>(p. 357)</span> <span class="entry">accepts <i>N.'s</i> terms,</span> 37;<br> +<span class="entry">promises to aid France against England,</span> 41;<br> +<span class="entry">deserts Prussia,</span> 42;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed visit to Paris,</span> 51;<br> +<span class="entry">proposes a treaty with Turkey,</span> 51;<br> +<span class="entry">on European politics,</span> 51;<br> +<span class="entry">opinion of Louis XVIII,</span> 52;<br> +<span class="entry">claims concessions from <i>N.</i>,</span> 55;<br> +<span class="entry">saves Silesia to Prussia,</span> 56;<br> +<span class="entry">acquires Bielostok,</span> 56;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses to seize Prussian territory,</span> 62;<br> +<span class="entry">parting from <i>N.</i> at Tilsit,</span> 63;<br> +<span class="entry">Savary's influence over,</span> 64;<br> +<span class="entry">hostility of Russian society to,</span> 64, 109, 118, 336;<br> +<span class="entry">enmity to England,</span> 70;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> proposes matrimonial unions to,</span> 93, 179, 181, 247, 248;<br> +<span class="entry">coquets with English agents,</span> 97;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of the treaty of Tilsit on,</span> 99;<br> +<span class="entry">apprehensions at England's actions,</span> 99;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks to abolish serfdom,</span> 99;<br> +<span class="entry">difficulties of his position,</span> 99;<br> +<span class="entry">demands reparation for Denmark,</span> 100;<br> +<span class="entry">declares war on England,</span> 102;<br> +<span class="entry">repudiates the agreement of Slobozia,</span> 105;<br> +<span class="entry">keeps faith with <i>N.</i>,</span> 105;<br> +<span class="entry">holds <i>N.</i> to his promises,</span> 106;<br> +<span class="entry">ambition to acquire the Danubian principalities,</span> 105, 116, 117, 176, 248;<br> +<span class="entry">appoints Tolstoi to negotiate with <i>N.</i>,</span> 107;<br> +<span class="entry">declines <i>N.'s</i> offers,</span> 108;<br> +<span class="entry">essays to effect the liberation of Prussia,</span> 108, 168;<br> +<span class="entry">continues his demands on <i>N.</i>,</span> 110;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> seeks further interviews with,</span> 113, 116;<br> +<span class="entry">court intrigue around,</span> 115;<br> +<span class="entry">receives presents from <i>N.</i>,</span> 116;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks to acquire Finland,</span> 115, 168, 176;<br> +<span class="entry">breaks off negotiations for interview with <i>N.</i>,</span> 116;<br> +<span class="entry">"stalemated,"</span> 117;<br> +<span class="entry">humiliation of,</span> 117, 310;<br> +<span class="entry">Joseph seeks his consent to acceptance of the Spanish crown,</span> 131;<br> +<span class="entry">uncertainty concerning <i>N.'s</i> plans,</span> 165;<br> +<span class="entry">approves <i>N.'s</i> course at Bayonne,</span> 166;<br> +<span class="entry">friendship with Caulaincourt,</span> 165, 168, 248;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed second meeting with <i>N.</i>,</span> 166, 168, 169;<br> +<span class="entry">informed of the capitulation of Baylen,</span> 166;<br> +<span class="entry">influence on Emperor Francis,</span> 167;<br> +<span class="entry">rewon by <i>N.'s</i> promises,</span> 166;<br> +<span class="entry">remonstrates with Austria,</span> 166, 168;<br> +<span class="entry">determines to exact the fruits of Tilsit,</span> 168;<br> +<span class="entry">intellectual pretensions,</span> 171;<br> +<span class="entry">meeting with <i>N.</i> at Erfurt,</span> 172 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">dramatic incident at performance of "Œdipe,"</span> 172;<br> +<span class="entry">apparent success of his demands at Erfurt,</span> 177;<br> +<span class="entry">hot words with <i>N.</i> at Erfurt,</span> 177;<br> +<span class="entry">approves of <i>N.'s</i> contemplated divorce,</span> 181;<br> +<span class="entry">relies on <i>N.</i> to gratify his ambitions,</span> 194;<br> +<span class="entry">at Königsberg,</span> 193, 194;<br> +<span class="entry">modifies his tone to Vienna,</span> 194;<br> +<span class="entry">neutrality of,</span> 225;<br> +<span class="entry">gives no support to Francis,</span> 236;<br> +<span class="entry">orders invasion of Galicia,</span> 236;<br> +<span class="entry">his observance of Franco-Russian treaties,</span> 238, 244;<br> +<span class="entry">advises peace,</span> 239;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> explains the treaty of Schönbrunn to,</span> 245;<br> +<span class="entry">hesitates to betroth his sister to <i>N.</i>,</span> 247, 248;<br> +<span class="entry">fears the loss of Moldavia and Wallachia,</span> 248;<br> +<span class="entry">chagrined at the Austrian war and its results,</span> 249;<br> +<span class="entry">anxiety for a French alliance,</span> 248;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude concerning <i>N.'s</i> second marriage,</span> 255, 316;<br> +<span class="entry">offers Norway to Sweden,</span> 281, 314, 321;<br> +<span class="entry">discriminates against France in customs duties,</span> 288;<br> +<span class="entry">action on <i>N.'s</i> occupation of the North Sea coast,</span> 287;<br> +<span class="entry">reserves his family rights over Oldenburg,</span> 288;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses to accept Erfurt,</span> 288;<br> +<span class="entry">liberal tendencies,</span> 309;<br> +<span class="entry">friendship with Czartoryski,</span> 309, 311, 383;<br> +<span class="entry">ambition for equality with <i>N.</i>, iii.</span> 310;<br> +<span class="entry">essays the rôle of European mediator,</span> 309;<br> +<span class="entry">disgusted with the old dynasties,</span> 309;<br> +<span class="entry">outwitted by <i>N.</i> in the Polish negotiations,</span> 310 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">impending rupture with <i>N.</i>,</span> 310 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">rupture with <i>N.</i> over the Polish question,</span> 311 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses to restore the integrity of Poland,</span> 312;<br> +<span class="entry">proposes to accept the crown of Warsaw,</span> 311;<br> +<span class="entry">virtual declaration of war against France,</span> 311;<br> +<span class="entry">hopes of the Poles in,</span> 313;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> offers the use of the "Moniteur" to,</span> 315;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> threatens action against,</span> 314;<br> +<span class="entry">prepares for war,</span> 315;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page358" name="page358"></a>(p. 358)</span> +<span class="entry">proves an untrustworthy ally,</span> 316;<br> +<span class="entry">determines on defensive warfare,</span> 316;<br> +<span class="entry">position as to the Continental System,</span> 316, 328;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> warns him of his military preparations,</span> 318;<br> +<span class="entry">hints an offer of the French crown to Bernadotte,</span> 321;<br> +<span class="entry">makes qualified alliance with Prussia,</span> 320;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of his policy on Prussia,</span> 320;<br> +<span class="entry">makes terms with Turkey,</span> 321;<br> +<span class="entry">personal connection with the war of 1812,</span> 328;<br> +<span class="entry">concessions by,</span> 328;<br> +<span class="entry">ultimatum to France,</span> 328, 329;<br> +<span class="entry">proposes counter-terms to <i>N.</i>,</span> 329;<br> +<span class="entry">demands better terms for Sweden,</span> 330;<br> +<span class="entry">invited to Dresden,</span> 331;<br> +<span class="entry">demands the evacuation of Prussia,</span> 330;<br> +<span class="entry">ukase of December, 1810,</span> 329;<br> +<span class="entry">his German advisers blamed,</span> 336;<br> +<span class="entry">allays trouble at St. Petersburg,</span> 326;<br> +<span class="entry">financial difficulties,</span> 336;<br> +<span class="entry">military policy,</span> 341;<br> +<span class="entry">replaces Barclay de Tolly by Kutusoff,</span> 343;<br> +<span class="entry">his advisers,</span> 351-352;<br> +<span class="entry">silent steadfastness,</span> 351-352;<br> +<span class="entry">religious spirit,</span> 351;<br> +<span class="entry">conduct after the capture of Moscow,</span> 352;<br> +<span class="entry">determines to continue the war,</span> 351;<br> +<span class="entry">friendship with Galitzin,</span> 351;<br> +<span class="entry">treatment of French prisoners,</span> 367;<br> +<span class="entry">makes terms with Prussia,</span> 382;<br> +<span class="entry">goes to Vilna,</span> 383;<br> +<span class="entry">project to become king of Poland,</span> 384;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks alliances with Prussia and Austria,</span> 384;<br> +<span class="entry">abandons the Polish idea,</span> 384;<br> +<span class="entry">ambition to pose as liberator of Europe,</span> 383;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with Stein,</span> 385, 396;<br> +<span class="entry">in correspondence with York,</span> 384;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiates treaty with Spain, July, 1812,</span> 391;<br> +<span class="entry">Metternich seeks to embroil him with Bernadotte,</span> 394;<br> +<span class="entry">advances against Eugène,</span> 395;<br> +<span class="entry">favors annexation of Saxony by Prussia,</span> 399;<br> +<span class="entry">importance of keeping him hostile to France,</span> 415;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> attempt to negotiate with,</span> 415;<br> +<span class="entry">secret meeting with Metternich,</span> 415;<br> +<span class="entry">fatalism of,</span> 420;<br> +<span class="entry">Francis seeks alliance with,</span> 420;<br> +<span class="entry">jealousy of Austria,</span> 424;<br> +<span class="entry">mediocrity in military affairs, iv.</span> +<a href="#page006">6</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">in military council at Trachenberg,</span> +<a href="#page006">6</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Leipsic,</span> +<a href="#page028">28</a>-34;<br> +<span class="entry">anxiety for the future of absolutism,</span> +<a href="#page040">40</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">distrust of his allies,</span> +<a href="#page040">40</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Jacobinism of,</span> +<a href="#page040">40</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">dissatisfied with Frankfort terms,</span> +<a href="#page040">40</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">desires revenge for Moscow,</span> +<a href="#page040">40</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">checks Bernadotte's ambitions,</span> +<a href="#page055">55</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">encourages Bernadotte's ambition,</span> +<a href="#page055">55</a>, +<a href="#page057">57</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">holds the balances in the coalition,</span> +<a href="#page057">57</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">ambition for European supremacy,</span> +<a href="#page058">58</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">predicts speedy entry into Paris,</span> +<a href="#page061">61</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">military blunder,</span> +<a href="#page063">63</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">designs to acquire Galicia,</span> +<a href="#page067">67</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">poses as a liberal,</span> +<a href="#page068">68</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">designs regarding Poland,</span> +<a href="#page067">67</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">desires to conquer France,</span> +<a href="#page067">67</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">forbids the restoration of Vaud to Bern,</span> +<a href="#page068">68</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">suspends the Congress of Châtillon,</span> +<a href="#page070">70</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">consents to re-opening the Congress,</span> +<a href="#page072">72</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">activity of,</span> +<a href="#page088">88</a>, +<a href="#page089">89</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">prepares for the entry into Paris,</span> +<a href="#page090">90</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">terror-stricken at Arcis,</span> +<a href="#page092">92</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude toward Austria,</span> +<a href="#page098">98</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">holds a military council,</span> +<a href="#page098">98</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">intrigues with Vitrolles,</span> +<a href="#page098">98</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">eagerness to annihilate <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page098">98</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">violates armistice before Paris,</span> +<a href="#page110">110</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">orders an assault,</span> +<a href="#page110">110</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">fears <i>N.'s</i> arrival at Paris,</span> +<a href="#page110">110</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Talleyrand sends a "blank check" to,</span> +<a href="#page113">113</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">leads the allies into Paris,</span> +<a href="#page113">113</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">schemes for French government,</span> +<a href="#page114">114</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the representative of legitimacy,</span> +<a href="#page114">114</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">presides at the council for peace,</span> +<a href="#page114">114</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">deceived by the Parisians' reception,</span> +<a href="#page113">113</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">approves the Bourbon restoration,</span> +<a href="#page114">114</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Caulaincourt seeks audience of,</span> +<a href="#page116">116</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Marmont's offer to,</span> +<a href="#page119">119</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">hears Talleyrand's remonstrance against the regency,</span> +<a href="#page125">125</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">presentation of <i>N.'s</i> abdication to,</span> +<a href="#page124">124</a>, +<a href="#page125">125</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">hatred for absolutism,</span> +<a href="#page126">126</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">hears of the defection of <i>N.'s</i> army,</span> +<a href="#page126">126</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">revulsion of feeling in favor of the Empire,</span> +<a href="#page126">126</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses to accept the abdication,</span> +<a href="#page129">129</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">generous impulses,</span> +<a href="#page132">132</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">proposes a home for <i>N.</i> in Russia,</span> +<a href="#page133">133</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">alleged indelicacy of his visit to the Empress at Rambouillet,</span> +<a href="#page135">135</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">boast as to his servants,</span> +<a href="#page138">138</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">protests to Talleyrand against violations of treaty obligations,</span> +<a href="#page153">153</a>;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page359" name="page359"></a>(p. 359)</span> +<span class="entry">determines to retain ascendancy in the coalition,</span> +<a href="#page169">169</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">converted to the legitimacy idea,</span> +<a href="#page224">224</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">besought for <i>N.'s</i> release,</span> +<a href="#page231">231</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">correspondence with:</span><br> + Galitzin, Prince, iii. 311;<br> + George III, iii. 181;<br> + Marmont, iv. +<a href="#page117">119</a>;<br> + Napoleon, iii. 111, 113, 165, 315, 350.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Alexander the Great</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> likened to, i. 423; iii. 319; iv. +<a href="#page292">292</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> admiration for, ii.</span> 15, 47, 147, 157;<br> +<span class="entry">his work for civilization,</span> 157; iv. +<a href="#page251">251</a>, +<a href="#page292">292</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">his ideal, iii.</span> 319;<br> +<span class="entry">the cause of his undoing, iv.</span> +<a href="#page261">261</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Alexandria</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> views concerning, ii. 47;<br> +<span class="entry">Nelson seeks the Egyptian expedition at,</span> 57;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> arrival at,</span> 57;<br> +<span class="entry">capture of,</span> 58;<br> +<span class="entry">the march to Cairo from,</span> 59;<br> +<span class="entry">Adm. Brueys ordered to,</span> 61;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at,</span> 66;<br> +<span class="entry">arrival of the Rhodes expedition at,</span> 77;<br> +<span class="entry">English fleet at,</span> 79;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> sails from,</span> 81;<br> +<span class="entry">England's occupation of,</span> 280.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Alfieri, Vittorio</b>,</span> sings of Italian freedom, ii. 232; iv. +<a href="#page039">39</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Alien Act</b>,</span> England's position with regard to, ii. 271.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Alkmaar</b>,</span> capitulation of the Duke of York at, ii. 93;<br> +<span class="entry">capitulation of,</span> 141.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Alle, River</b>,</span> military operations on the, iii. 29, 30.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Allemand</b>,</span> retreat of the French through, iv. +<a href="#page099">99</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Allenburg</b>,</span> Bennigsen collects his troops at, iii. 31.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Allix, J. A. F.</b>,</span> at Auxerre, iv. +<a href="#page102">102</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page201">201</a>.<br> + +<span class="name">"<b>All the Talents</b>,"</span> the ministry of, iii. 46.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Almeida</b>,</span> siege and capture of, iii. 284;<br> +<span class="entry">retaken by the English,</span> 289.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Alpon, River</b>,</span> military operations on the, i. 389, 391.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Alps, the</b>,</span> military operations in, i. 213, 412, 426, 433; ii. 160-173, 186, 187;<br> +<span class="entry">the keys of, i.</span> 342, 355;<br> +<span class="entry">French supremacy in, ii.</span> 96;<br> +<span class="entry">Suvaroff's disasters in,</span> 141;<br> +<span class="entry">Hannibal's passage of,</span> 169;<br> +<span class="entry">road across the Simplon,</span> 233;<br> +<span class="entry">France's "natural boundary," iv.</span> +<a href="#page041">41</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Alsace</b>,</span> Austria driven out of, i. 273;<br> +<span class="entry">royalists in, ii.</span> 301;<br> +<span class="entry">Duc d'Enghien's conspiracy in,</span> 301, 305;<br> +<span class="entry">regulations for Jews in, iii.</span> 77;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed cession of, to Austria, iv.</span> +<a href="#page067">67</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Alten, K. A. von</b>,</span> in battle of Waterloo, iv. +<a href="#page209">209</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Altenburg</b>,</span> peace negotiations at, iii. 237.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Altenkirchen</b>,</span> battle of, i. 385.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Alvinczy, Gen. Joseph</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> operations against, i. 350;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding Austrian forces for relief of Mantua,</span> 386-392;<br> +<span class="entry">defeats Masséna at Bassano and Caldiero,</span> 389;<br> +<span class="entry">operations against Verona,</span> 389-392;<br> +<span class="entry">retreats from Caldiero,</span> 390;<br> +<span class="entry">operations on the Adige,</span> 406-414;<br> +<span class="entry">the Rivoli campaign,</span> 406 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">defeat at Rivoli,</span> 414;<br> +<span class="entry">flees to the Tyrol,</span> 414.<br> + +<a id="america" name="america"></a> +<span class="name"><b>America</b>,</span> disquiet of the English colonies in, i. 22;<br> +<span class="entry">precedent for France's aid to English colonies in,</span> 23;<br> +<span class="entry">English measures against colonies in,</span> 24;<br> +<span class="entry">Raynal's question concerning the discovery of,</span> 137;<br> +<span class="entry">Marquis de Beauharnais in,</span> 314;<br> +<span class="entry">collapse of French schemes of colonization in, ii.</span> 237;<br> +<span class="entry">France looks to her possessions in,</span> 280;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme for a Bourbon monarchy in, iii.</span> 134, 141.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>American Embargo Act of 1807</b>,</span> iii. 101-102, 274-275.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Americas, Emperor of the Two</b>,</span> iii. 120.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Amiens</b>,</span> the treaty of, ii. 211, 230-236, 243, 262-264, 266-274, 280, 284, 332, 351, 400; iii. 47; iv. +<a href="#page264">264</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Amsterdam</b>,</span> asked for loan of ten millions, ii. 154;<br> +<span class="entry">smuggled commerce of, iii.</span> 265, 267;<br> +<span class="entry">Louis permitted to return to,</span> 271;<br> +<span class="entry">removal of the capital to,</span> 277;<br> +<span class="entry">march of French troops to,</span> 276;<br> +<span class="entry">sends deputation to Paris,</span> 380.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Amurrio</b>,</span> Gen. Victor at, iii. 183.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Anarchists</b>,</span> in France, ii. 134;<br> +<span class="entry">assassination schemes among,</span> 239.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Anarchy</b>,</span> the seed of "a pure democracy," i. 397.<br> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page360" name="page360"></a>(p. 360)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Ancients, Council of the</b>,</span> represent public sentiment, ii. 2;<br> +<span class="entry">members of, proscribed,</span> 8;<br> +<span class="entry">Sieyès president of,</span> 35;<br> +<span class="entry">join the Bonapartist ranks,</span> 100;<br> +<span class="entry">give banquet to <i>N.</i> in St. Sulpice,</span> 100;<br> +<span class="entry">share in Bonapartist plots,</span> 101;<br> +<span class="entry">plots of the 18th Brumaire,</span> 102 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">endeavor to postpone <i>N.'s</i> dictatorship,</span> 112;<br> +<span class="entry">pass vote of confidence in <i>N.</i>,</span> 114;<br> +<span class="entry">adopts the Consulate,</span> 123.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ancona</b>,</span> capture of, i. 422;<br> +<span class="entry">importance of,</span> 423;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at,</span> 423;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> proposes to seize,</span> 447;<br> +<span class="entry">rise of,</span> 447;<br> +<span class="entry">fall of, ii.</span> 142;<br> +<span class="entry">Austrian occupation of,</span> 182;<br> +<span class="entry">seized by French troops,</span> 396;<br> +<span class="entry">annexed to Italy, iii.</span> 69, 118.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Andalusia</b>,</span> Dupont advances toward, iii. 156;<br> +<span class="entry">withdrawal of troops from,</span> 188;<br> +<span class="entry">Soult ordered to,</span> 286.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Andernach</b>,</span> alteration of boundary at, ii. 21.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Andréossy, Gen. A. F.</b>,</span> service in Egypt, ii. 53;<br> +<span class="entry">accompanies <i>N.</i> on his return from Alexandria,</span> 81;<br> +<span class="entry">action on the 18th Brumaire,</span> 105;<br> +<span class="entry">ambassador to London,</span> 277;<br> +<span class="entry">despatch from <i>N.</i> to,</span> 284;<br> +<span class="entry">reports Austrian activity, iii.</span> 21;<br> +<span class="entry">influence in Vienna,</span> 23.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Angély, Regnault de St. Jean d'</b>,</span> dreads a new Terror, ii. 94;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the council of state,</span> 152;<br> +<span class="entry">prophesies the undoing of France, iii.</span> 325.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Angerburg</b>,</span> Lestocq at, iii. 8.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Anghiari</b>,</span> Provera crosses the Adige at, i. 410, 414.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Anglas, Boissy d'</b>,</span> quells riot at the National Convention, i. 283.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Anglo-Saxon</b></span> spirit of civilization, iv. +<a href="#page254">254</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Angoulême, Duchess of</b>,</span> affronts Madame Ney, iv. +<a href="#page148">148</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Angoulême, Duke of</b>,</span> proclaims Louis XVIII, at Bordeaux, iv. +<a href="#page087">87</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Anne, Grand Duchess</b>,</span> mentioned for marriage with <i>N.</i>, iii. 179, 181;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> seeks her hand in marriage,</span> 248, 250.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ansbach</b>,</span> Bernadotte's movements in, ii. 365, 376;<br> +<span class="entry">ceded to Bavaria,</span> 390;<br> +<span class="entry">Augereau commanding in,</span> 416;<br> +<span class="entry">French violation of territory, iii.</span> 59;<br> +<span class="entry">military movements near, iv.</span> +<a href="#page035">35</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Anselme, Gen.</b>,</span> i. 191.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Antibes</b>,</span> recruits for <i>N.'s</i> army from, iv. +<a href="#page155">155</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Antilles</b>,</span> scheme for population of the, ii. 236.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Antommarchi, Dr. F.</b>,</span> assists <i>N.</i> on his history, iv. +<a href="#page232">232</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> physician,</span> +<a href="#page232">232</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Antonelli, Cardinal</b>,</span> diplomatic duel with Portails, ii. 346.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Antraigues, Comte d'</b>,</span> exposes Pichegru's treachery, ii. 5, 6;<br> +<span class="entry">furnishes pen portrait of <i>N.</i>,</span> 28, 29.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Antwerp</b>,</span> commercial key to central Europe, iv. +<a href="#page042">42</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> "loses his crown for,"</span> +<a href="#page042">42</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">refused to France by the allies,</span> +<a href="#page067">67</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> refuses to give up,</span> +<a href="#page074">74</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> concedes, to the allies,</span> +<a href="#page087">87</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Aosta</b>,</span> arrival of Lannes at, ii. 171.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Apennines</b>,</span> military operations in the, i. 243, 352, 374; ii. 93.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Apolda</b>,</span> military movements near, ii. 432.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Apollonius of Tyana</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> compares Jesus Christ with, ii. 206.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Aqua tofana</b>,</span> plot to poison <i>N.</i> with, i. 418.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Arabia</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> attention turned toward, i. 78, 95.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Aragon</b>,</span> French occupation of, iii. 155;<br> +<span class="entry">military government of,</span> 279;<br> +<span class="entry">captured by Suchet,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">French possession of,</span> 377.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Aranjuez</b>,</span> the revolution at, iii. 135-144;<br> +<span class="entry">Charles IV's court at,</span> 135, 136, 138.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Arc de Triomphe</b>,</span> erection of the, iii. 74.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Arch-Chancellor of State</b>,</span> creation of the office of, ii. 322.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Arch-Chancellor of the Empire</b>,</span> creation of the office of, ii. 322.<br> + +<span class="name">"<b>Archive Russe</b>,"</span> cited, i. 216.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Arch-Treasurer</b>,</span> creation of the office of, ii. 322.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Arcis-sur-Aube</b>,</span> Blücher advances on, iv. +<a href="#page058">58</a>;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page361" name="page361"></a>(p. 361)</span> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> moves to,</span> +<a href="#page085">85</a>-88;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of,</span> +<a href="#page086">86</a>, +<a href="#page092">92</a>, +<a href="#page093">93</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed concentration of the allies at,</span> +<a href="#page089">89</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">retreat of the French from,</span> +<a href="#page093">93</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> retreat from,</span> +<a href="#page095">95</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">French capture of,</span> +<a href="#page096">96</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Arcole</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> at, i. 393;<br> +<span class="entry">the lessons of,</span> 394;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of,</span> 389, 390, 399; ii. 140.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ardennes Mountains</b>,</span> proposed boundaries for Germany, iii. 320;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations in the, iv.</span> +<a href="#page170">170</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ardon</b>,</span> loss of, iv. +<a href="#page079">79</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Aremberg, Duke of</b>,</span> marries Mlle. Tascher de la Pagerie, iii. 132.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Arena, Joseph</b>,</span> success of, in Isola Rossa, i. 119;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the National Assembly,</span> 133;<br> +<span class="entry">banished to Italy,</span> 162;<br> +<span class="entry">influence of,</span> 233;<br> +<span class="entry">charged with conspiracy, ii.</span> 235;<br> +<span class="entry">execution of,</span> 241.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Arenberg</b>,</span> member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Argenson, Comte d'</b>,</span> suggests the Suez Canal, ii. 46.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Argenteau, Gen.</b>,</span> defeated at Dego and Montenotte, i. 353.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Aristocrats</b>,</span> guillotining the, i. 251;<br> +<span class="entry">under the régime of the First Consul, ii.</span> 258.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Arles</b>,</span> the canal of, ii. 349.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Armed neutrality</b>,</span> the, ii. 209-212;<br> +<span class="entry">Russia abandons the,</span> 263.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Army</b></span> (French), its relation to the throne, i. 67;<br> +<span class="entry">demoralization and discontent in, and desertions from,</span> 67-69, 96, 112, 142, 173; iii. 4, 5, 224, 290, 291, 323, 326, 342, 360, 365, 372, 383, 402-404, 411, 412; iv. +<a href="#page004">4</a>, +<a href="#page007">7</a>, +<a href="#page012">12</a>, +<a href="#page013">13</a>, +<a href="#page019">19</a>, +<a href="#page020">20</a>, +<a href="#page022">22</a>, +<a href="#page036">36</a>, +<a href="#page062">62</a>, +<a href="#page063">63</a>, +<a href="#page069">69</a>, +<a href="#page073">73</a>, +<a href="#page083">83</a>, +<a href="#page099">99</a>, +<a href="#page101">101</a>, +<a href="#page118">118</a>, +<a href="#page122">122</a>, +<a href="#page146">146</a>, +<a href="#page147">147</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">changes in the, i.</span> 141-143;<br> +<span class="entry">compulsory service,</span> 142, 143, 213;<br> +<span class="entry">reorganization of the,</span> 149, 158, 159, 164;<br> +<span class="entry">regulations,</span> 287;<br> +<span class="entry">political sentiments in, and influence of,</span> 305, 347, 348, 426; ii. 4, 5, 102, 103, 235; iv. +<a href="#page118">118</a>, +<a href="#page126">126</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> relations with, care for, and reliance on, i.</span> 362, 365, 366; ii. 29, 140, 153, 196, 248, 318, 361, 408; iii. 50, 325, 379, 380, 386, 387; iv. +<a href="#page050">50</a>, +<a href="#page059">59</a>, +<a href="#page123">123</a>, +<a href="#page131">131</a>, +<a href="#page137">137</a>; +<a href="#page219">219</a>, +<a href="#page248">248</a>, +<a href="#page249">249</a>, +<a href="#page255">255</a>, +<a href="#page259">259</a>, +<a href="#page260">260</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">its prestige weakened by 18th Fructidor, ii.</span> 22;<br> +<span class="entry">its mainsprings of action,</span> 37;<br> +<span class="entry">importance of <i>N.'s</i> securing its adhesion,</span> 102;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> manifestos to,</span> 159, 160;<br> +<span class="entry">contempt for the Concordat,</span> 217;<br> +<span class="entry">quartered in foreign countries,</span> 141;<br> +<span class="entry">disappearance of discontent in the,</span> 318;<br> +<span class="entry">creation of marshals of France,</span> 321;<br> +<span class="entry">conciliating the,</span> 323;<br> +<span class="entry">its leaders,</span> 364;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of Trafalgar on,</span> 376;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of Austerlitz on,</span> 394;<br> +<span class="entry">the army chest,</span> 409, 410; iii. 295;<br> +<span class="entry">change in the personnel of the,</span> 3;<br> +<span class="entry">venality of contractors,</span> 4, 5;<br> +<span class="entry">improving the commissary,</span> 7;<br> +<span class="entry">strengthening the,</span> 22;<br> +<span class="entry">censorship of correspondence from the,</span> 25;<br> +<span class="entry">founding of military factories,</span> 25;<br> +<span class="entry">morale after Eylau,</span> 45;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> exhibitions of, to the Czar,</span> 50;<br> +<span class="entry">pension system,</span> 87;<br> +<span class="entry">military schools,</span> 91;<br> +<span class="entry">its lust for sack and booty,</span> 155, 224;<br> +<span class="entry">over-confidence in,</span> 231;<br> +<span class="entry">the cantinière of Busaco,</span> 291;<br> +<span class="entry">discipline in Spain,</span> 292;<br> +<span class="entry">"Marshal Stockpot's" deserters,</span> 291;<br> +<span class="entry">expense of maintenance,</span> 295, 305;<br> +<span class="entry">its equipment for the Russian campaign of 1812,</span> 333;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> address to, before the Russian campaign,</span> 334;<br> +<span class="entry">sufferings in Russia,</span> 337, 357 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">vitality,</span> 374;<br> +<span class="entry">wrath at <i>N.'s</i> desertion,</span> 375;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme for supporting,</span> 388;<br> +<span class="entry">quality of the new (1813),</span> 401;<br> +<span class="entry">juvenile soldiers in, iv.</span> +<a href="#page004">4</a>, +<a href="#page005">5</a>, +<a href="#page021">21</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">corruption in the,</span> +<a href="#page005">5</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">lack of pay for,</span> +<a href="#page005">5</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of long campaigning on the generals,</span> +<a href="#page007">7</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">dwindling numbers of,</span> +<a href="#page020">20</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">dearth of military supplies,</span> +<a href="#page050">50</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">ambition among the minor generals,</span> +<a href="#page118">118</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">revival of Bonapartist feeling among the,</span> +<a href="#page148">148</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">returns to <i>N.'s</i> standard,</span> +<a href="#page158">158</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">reorganization of,</span> +<a href="#page165">165</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">its morale at Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page198">198</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> farewell address to the,</span> +<a href="#page219">219</a>.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#conscription"><b>Conscription</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Army of Catalonia</b>,</span> service on the Rhine, iv. +<a href="#page055">55</a>.<br> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page362" name="page362"></a>(p. 362)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Army of Egypt</b>,</span> advances on Syria, ii. 68, 69;<br> +<span class="entry">abandoned by <i>N.</i> in Egypt,</span> 80;<br> +<span class="entry">Adm. Bruix sent to relieve the,</span> 79;<br> +<span class="entry">its desolate plight,</span> 80, 81.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Army of England, the</b>,</span> creation of, ii. 24;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> general of,</span> 24, 35;<br> +<span class="entry">on the watch at Boulogne,</span> 48;<br> +<span class="entry">the right wing of,</span> 51;<br> +<span class="entry">strength,</span> 290, 291;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to march to the eastward,</span> 362.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Army of Helvetia</b>,</span> incorporated into the Army of the Rhine, ii. 140.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Army of Holland</b>,</span> freed for active service, ii. 146.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Army of Italy</b>,</span> equipment of the, i. 196;<br> +<span class="entry">campaign in the Alps,</span> 213;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> service with and command of,</span> 216, 224, 237, 255, 318-22, 342;<br> +<span class="entry">question of its sustenance,</span> 239;<br> +<span class="entry">strength and organization,</span> 240, 241;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> plans for the,</span> 245;<br> +<span class="entry">Corsicans in the,</span> 252;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> monograph on,</span> 288;<br> +<span class="entry">promised booty,</span> 339, 340, 344;<br> +<span class="entry">the question of its employment,</span> 342, 343;<br> +<span class="entry">joined to that of the Pyrenees,</span> 343;<br> +<span class="entry">destitution of,</span> 344;<br> +<span class="entry">strength (1796),</span> 346;<br> +<span class="entry">pillage in the,</span> 351;<br> +<span class="entry">reinforced from Vendée,</span> 387;<br> +<span class="entry">popularity of,</span> 419;<br> +<span class="entry">growing arrogance of the, ii.</span> 4;<br> +<span class="entry">reinforced by the Army of the Alps,</span> 9;<br> +<span class="entry">speculations as to further employment,</span> 32;<br> +<span class="entry">restrained from pillage,</span> 42;<br> +<span class="entry">Moreau's service with,</span> 72;<br> +<span class="entry">division of, and disaster,</span> 87;<br> +<span class="entry">frauds in,</span> 91;<br> +<span class="entry">commanded by Masséna,</span> 140, 186;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme for raising money for,</span> 154;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> manifesto to,</span> 159, 160;<br> +<span class="entry">its line of operations,</span> 160;<br> +<span class="entry">service on the Rhine, iv.</span> +<a href="#page055">55</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Army of Silesia</b>,</span> contemplated movement against, iv. +<a href="#page024">24</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">contemplated movement of,</span> +<a href="#page025">25</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Army of the Alps</b>,</span> Napoleon's plans for the, i. 245;<br> +<span class="entry">combined with Army of Italy, ii.</span> 9.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Army of the Danube</b>,</span> under command of Jourdan, ii. 72.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Army of the East</b></span> (Allies), iv. +<a href="#page003">3</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Army of the Elbe</b>,</span> formation of, iii. 393.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Army of the Interior</b>,</span> the, i. 298;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> made second in command,</span> 305;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> reorganizes,</span> 308;<br> +<span class="entry">1796,</span> 345;<br> +<span class="entry">commanded by Augereau, ii.</span> 7.<br> + +<a id="armyofthemain" name="armyofthemain"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Army of the Main</b>,</span> formation of the, iii. 393.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Army of the Netherlands</b>,</span> service on the Rhine, iv. +<a href="#page055">55</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Army of the North</b>,</span> conquers the Austrian Netherlands, i. 273;<br> +<span class="entry">in 1796,</span> 347;<br> +<span class="entry">operations on the Rhine,</span> 434;<br> +<span class="entry">Barras's schemes in regard to, ii.</span> 6.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Army of the North</b></span> (Allies), in Brandenburg, iv. +<a href="#page003">3</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">contemplated movement against the,</span> +<a href="#page024">24</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Army of the Pyrenees</b>,</span> transferred to Maritime Alps, i. 342;<br> +<span class="entry">joined to that of Italy,</span> 344;<br> +<span class="entry">service on the Rhine, iv.</span> +<a href="#page055">55</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Army of the Reserve</b>,</span> ordered to Italy, ii. 163, 164;<br> +<span class="entry">expected to attack Melas,</span> 170;<br> +<span class="entry">crosses the Alps,</span> 169-173.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Army of the Rhine, the</b></span> (French), <i>N.</i> seeks to join, i. 216;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> fails of admission,</span> 224;<br> +<span class="entry">commanded by Citizen Beauharnais,</span> 314;<br> +<span class="entry">the question of its employment,</span> 342;<br> +<span class="entry">fails to support <i>N.</i> in Italy,</span> 435;<br> +<span class="entry">destitution of, ii.</span> 6;<br> +<span class="entry">Augereau commander of,</span> 7;<br> +<span class="entry">disbanded,</span> 35;<br> +<span class="entry">Moreau commanding,</span> 140;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> manifesto to,</span> 159;<br> +<span class="entry">contempt for the Concordat in,</span> 235;<br> +<span class="entry">the San Domingo expedition selected from,</span> 236;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> method of quelling opposition in,</span> 235-237;<br> +<span class="entry">weakened to ensure success in Italy,</span> 296.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Army of the Rhine</b></span> (Archduke Charles's), i. 425.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Army of the Sambre and Meuse</b>,</span> wins battle of Fleurus, i. 273;<br> +<span class="entry">campaigning in the Alps,</span> 425;<br> +<span class="entry">brought to Paris, ii.</span> 7.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Army of the South</b></span> (Allies), iv. +<a href="#page003">3</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">pursues Murat,</span> +<a href="#page026">26</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Augereau attempts to hinder,</span> +<a href="#page094">94</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Francis joins, at Lyons,</span> +<a href="#page097">97</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Army of the Tyrol</b></span> (Austrian), retreats to head waters of the Enns, iii. 216;<br> +<span class="entry">Archduke John ordered to join,</span> 216.<br> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page363" name="page363"></a>(p. 363)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Army of the Var</b>,</span> i. 191.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Army of the West, the</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> ordered to join, i. 263;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> refuses to serve in,</span> 279, 296;<br> +<span class="entry">under Hoche,</span> 346;<br> +<span class="entry">reinforces the Army of Italy,</span> 387;<br> +<span class="entry">freed for active service, ii.</span> 146.<br> + +<span class="name">"<b>Army Organization</b>,"</span> <i>N.'s</i> essay on, iv. +<a href="#page232">232</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Arnault, A. V.</b>,</span> reports <i>N.'s</i> speech to Barras, ii. 107;<br> +<span class="entry">"Memoirs" of, iii.</span> 298;<br> +<span class="entry">records interview between Mme. de Staël and <i>N.</i>,</span> 298.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Arndt, E. M.</b>,</span> member of the reform party in Prussia, ii. 416;<br> +<span class="entry">his war-cry of "Freedom and Austria," iii.</span> 195;<br> +<span class="entry">inspires to German unity,</span> 397.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Arrighi</b>,</span> Gen. J. T., wounded at Acre, ii. 76.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Art</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> plunder of works of, i. 368, 423, 446;<br> +<span class="entry">revival of, ii.</span> 259;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> advises encouragement of,</span> 347.<br> + +<span class="name">"<b>Art and History of War</b>,"</span> <i>N.'s</i> essay on, ii. 340.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Artillery</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> study and use of, i. 48; ii. 178;<br> +<span class="entry">condition in 1796,</span> 329;<br> +<span class="entry">its use at Wagram, iii.</span> 229;<br> +<span class="entry">use of, at Leipsic, iv.</span> +<a href="#page028">28</a>, +<a href="#page033">33</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Artisan class</b>,</span> at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 102.<br> + +<a id="artoiscountof" name="artoiscountof"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Artois, Count of</b>,</span> leads emigrant royalists against France, i. 298;<br> +<span class="entry">returns to England,</span> 304;<br> +<span class="entry">schemes for the restoration of, ii.</span> 239;<br> +<span class="entry">complicity in the Cadoudal conspiracy,</span> 298;<br> +<span class="entry">refrains from entering France,</span> 301;<br> +<span class="entry">doubtful courage of,</span> 301-303;<br> +<span class="entry">suspected of plotting in Paris,</span> 303;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> determines to seize,</span> 302;<br> +<span class="entry">his plots in Paris,</span> 311;<br> +<span class="entry">supposed capture of, iv.</span> +<a href="#page104">104</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">enters Paris,</span> +<a href="#page132">132</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">reception in Lyons,</span> +<a href="#page156">156</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Asia</b>,</span> France's interest in, ii. 16;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> schemes of conquest in,</span> 61;<br> +<span class="entry">Russia's ambition in,</span> 154, 193;<br> +<span class="entry">England's vulnerability in, iii.</span> 112;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed invasion of,</span> 113;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> scheme to drive Russia into,</span> 332;<br> +<span class="entry">the partition of, iv.</span> +<a href="#page298">298</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Asia Minor</b>,</span> proposed military operations in, iii. 114.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Aspern</b>,</span> the advantage of position at, ii. 179;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of, iii.</span> 218-225, 231, 232;<br> +<span class="entry">monument in churchyard of,</span> 223;<br> +<span class="entry">losses at,</span> 224;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations near,</span> 226;<br> +<span class="entry">captured by the Austrians,</span> 228.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Assembly of Notables</b>,</span> i. 105.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Assyria</b>,</span> the history of, iv. +<a href="#page293">293</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Asti</b>,</span> topography of country near, ii. 178.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Astorga</b>,</span> British troops at, iii. 186, 188;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at,</span> 188, 196;<br> +<span class="entry">Ney at,</span> 188.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Astrakhan</b>,</span> proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Asturias</b>,</span> rebellion in, iii. 154;<br> +<span class="entry">flight of Blake into,</span> 185.<br> + +<a id="asturiasprinceof" name="asturiasprinceof"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Asturias, Prince of</b>,</span> leads revolt against Godoy, iii. 70;<br> +<span class="entry">conspiracy of his father against his succession,</span> 71, 127;<br> +<span class="entry">arrest of,</span> 72, 126;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed French matrimonial alliance for,</span> 71, 125, 133, 144;<br> +<span class="entry">character, popularity, and following,</span> 124;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks <i>N.'s</i> aid,</span> 125, 126;<br> +<span class="entry">mentions his mother's shame,</span> 126;<br> +<span class="entry">commissions the Duke del Infantado,</span> 126;<br> +<span class="entry">trial and release,</span> 127;<br> +<span class="entry">pardoned by his father,</span> 127;<br> +<span class="entry">Charles IV, abdicates in favor of,</span> 136.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#ferdinand7"><b>Ferdinand VII</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Astyanax</b>,</span> the King of Rome likened to, iv. +<a href="#page091">91</a>, +<a href="#page108">108</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Atheists</b>,</span> in the National Convention, i. 250.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Athies</b>,</span> capture and recapture of, iv. +<a href="#page080">80</a>, +<a href="#page081">81</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Atlantic</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> mastery of ports on the, iii. 264.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Attila</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> likened to, i. 443.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Aube, River</b>,</span> military operations on the, iv. +<a href="#page058">58</a>, +<a href="#page060">60</a>, +<a href="#page074">74</a>, +<a href="#page085">85</a>, +<a href="#page086">86</a>, +<a href="#page091">91</a>, +<a href="#page093">93</a>, +<a href="#page096">96</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Aubry, François</b>,</span> royalist intrigues by, i. 278;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> vindictiveness toward,</span> 287, 289.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Auerstädt</b>,</span> battle of, ii. 430-434;<br> +<span class="entry">Prussia's humiliation at, iii.</span> 57;<br> +<span class="entry">Davout created Duke of,</span> 86.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#davout"><b>Davout</b></a>.<br> + +<a id="augereau" name="augereau"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Augereau, Gen. P. C. F.</b>,</span> a product of Carnot's system, i. 332;<br> +<span class="entry">general of division, Army of Italy,</span> 345;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page364" name="page364"></a>(p. 364)</span> +<span class="entry">defeats Austrians at Millesimo,</span> 353, 354;<br> +<span class="entry">at Lonato,</span> 381;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Bassano,</span> 388;<br> +<span class="entry">at Verona,</span> 388;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Arcole,</span> 380-391;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Lonato,</span> 393;<br> +<span class="entry">driven into Porto Legnago,</span> 409;<br> +<span class="entry">the Rivoli campaign,</span> 410, 414;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding Army of the Interior, ii.</span> 7;<br> +<span class="entry">takes command in Paris,</span> 7;<br> +<span class="entry">events of the 18th of Fructidor,</span> 8;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding Army of the Rhine,</span> 9;<br> +<span class="entry">opposes <i>N.</i>,</span> 35;<br> +<span class="entry">blunders in south-western Germany,</span> 37;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding in the Pyrenees,</span> 37, 44;<br> +<span class="entry">Jacobin candidate for supreme command,</span> 94;<br> +<span class="entry">fails to attend banquet at St. Sulpice,</span> 101;<br> +<span class="entry">offers services to <i>N.</i>,</span> 109;<br> +<span class="entry">position on the Main,</span> 190;<br> +<span class="entry">dangerous position after Hohenlinden,</span> 191;<br> +<span class="entry">at Concordat celebration at Notre Dame,</span> 215;<br> +<span class="entry">victory at Castiglione,</span> 323;<br> +<span class="entry">created marshal,</span> 323;<br> +<span class="entry">plan of naval expedition for,</span> 333;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding in Germany,</span> 364;<br> +<span class="entry">exasperates the people of Ansbach,</span> 416;<br> +<span class="entry">near Coburg,</span> 428;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Jéna,</span> 429-431;<br> +<span class="entry">at Golynim, iii.</span> 4;<br> +<span class="entry">strength in Poland,</span> 7;<br> +<span class="entry">in the Eylau campaign,</span> 13, 14-17;<br> +<span class="entry">wounded at Eylau,</span> 17;<br> +<span class="entry">created Duke of Castiglione,</span> 86;<br> +<span class="entry">income,</span> 87;<br> +<span class="entry">service in Spain,</span> 283;<br> +<span class="entry">in campaign of 1813,</span> 402;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Leipsic, iv.</span> +<a href="#page032">32</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">confronting Bubna at Geneva,</span> +<a href="#page056">56</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">sent to Eugène's assistance,</span> +<a href="#page056">56</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">waning loyalty of,</span> +<a href="#page056">56</a>, +<a href="#page059">59</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">repulses Bubna from Lyons,</span> +<a href="#page067">67</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">moral exhaustion of,</span> +<a href="#page072">72</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">letter from <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page072">72</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">driven back to Lyons,</span> +<a href="#page081">81</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">strength,</span> +<a href="#page094">94</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">incapacity,</span> +<a href="#page094">94</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">evacuates Lyons,</span> +<a href="#page094">94</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> kindness toward,</span> +<a href="#page094">94</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">contrasted with Suchet,</span> +<a href="#page094">94</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">strength, March, 1814,</span> +<a href="#page102">102</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">available forces,</span> +<a href="#page118">118</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">transfers allegiance to Louis XVIII,</span> +<a href="#page133">133</a>, +<a href="#page138">138</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">meeting with <i>N.</i> near Valence,</span> +<a href="#page138">138</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">alleges patriotism as cause of his desertion,</span> +<a href="#page138">138</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">attainted,</span> +<a href="#page157">157</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> forgiveness for,</span> +<a href="#page233">233</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Augsburg</b>,</span> military movements near, iii. 203, 205.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Augusta of Bavaria</b>,</span> marries Eugène de Beauharnais, ii. 399.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Aujezd</b>,</span> military operations at, ii. 388.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Aulic Council</b>,</span> i. 426, 430; ii. 160, 367.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Austerlitz</b>,</span> battle of, ii. 379 et seq., 423;<br> +<span class="entry">the lessons of,</span> 391, 392; iii. 341;<br> +<span class="entry">"the sun of," ii.</span> 392; iii. 343;<br> +<span class="entry">reception of the news in England, ii.</span> 393;<br> +<span class="entry">meeting of the sovereigns after, iii.</span> 38;<br> +<span class="entry">fruits of the battle,</span> 109;<br> +<span class="entry">Talleyrand's policy after,</span> 125;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> terms after,</span> 164;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander's pliableness after,</span> 351;<br> +<span class="entry">the battle compared with that at Leipsic, iv.</span> +<a href="#page037">37</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">interview between Francis and <i>N.</i> at,</span> +<a href="#page030">30</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Austerlitz, Bridge of</b>,</span> in Paris, iii. 74.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Austin, John</b>,</span> on the Napoleonic Code, ii. 223.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Austria</b>,</span> hampered by alliances, i. 22;<br> +<span class="entry">campaign against France,</span> 65;<br> +<span class="entry">France declares war against,</span> 172, 187;<br> +<span class="entry">relations (alliances and negotiations for mutual support) with Prussia,</span> 174; ii. 389, 414; iii. 225, 235, 320, 331;<br> +<span class="entry">captures Lafayette, i.</span> 179;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of military successes,</span> 194;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations against, in Piedmont,</span> 213;<br> +<span class="entry">partition of Poland,</span> 220, 425;<br> +<span class="entry">Masséna's campaign against,</span> 243;<br> +<span class="entry">opening of hostilities against,</span> 243;<br> +<span class="entry">enters Genoese territory,</span> 245;<br> +<span class="entry">cessation of operations against,</span> 261;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated at Weissenburg and Fleurus,</span> 273;<br> +<span class="entry">driven out of Alsace,</span> 273;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with England (alliances and negotiations with, and subsidies from),</span> 277, 434; ii. 156, 160, 187, 188, 351, 358, 369; iii. 104, 165, 194, 195, 198, 225, 422; iv. +<a href="#page076">76</a>, +<a href="#page145">145</a>, +<a href="#page164">164</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">armistice between France and, i.</span> 278;<br> +<span class="entry">French schemes against,</span> 293;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated by Prussia,</span> 325;<br> +<span class="entry">hostility to France,</span> 325;<br> +<span class="entry">relations (alliances and negotiations for mutual support) with Russia,</span> 325, 425; ii. 45, 61, 72, 312, 355, 357, 360, 363; iii. 178, 311, 328, 331, 385, 419;<br> +<span class="entry">question of military operations against, i.</span> 342;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page365" name="page365"></a>(p. 365)</span> +<span class="entry">operations in Piedmont in 1794,</span> 341;<br> +<span class="entry">plans for overthrow of,</span> 346;<br> +<span class="entry">forces of, separated from Sardinians,</span> 350;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> dictates terms to, at Leoben,</span> 350;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations in Lombardy,</span> 352-362;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated at Montenotte,</span> 353;<br> +<span class="entry">army separated from Piedmontese,</span> 354;<br> +<span class="entry">crushed at Lodi,</span> 360, 361;<br> +<span class="entry">violates Venetian neutrality,</span> 361, 371;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty with Venice,</span> 371;<br> +<span class="entry">outgeneraled by <i>N.</i> at Mantua,</span> 372;<br> +<span class="entry">the system of cabinet campaigning in vogue in,</span> 378;<br> +<span class="entry">interest in possession of Mantua,</span> 379;<br> +<span class="entry">losses in campaign before Mantua,</span> 383;<br> +<span class="entry">temporary cessation of hostilities between France and,</span> 392;<br> +<span class="entry">France's interest in the humiliation of,</span> 398;<br> +<span class="entry">military enthusiasm in,</span> 406;<br> +<span class="entry">fourth attempt to retrieve position in Italy,</span> 406;<br> +<span class="entry">Spain allied with France against,</span> 421;<br> +<span class="entry">precarious condition of foreign relations,</span> 424;<br> +<span class="entry">magnificence of her opposition to France,</span> 426;<br> +<span class="entry">covets Venetian territory,</span> 428;<br> +<span class="entry">reoccupies Triest and Fiume,</span> 435;<br> +<span class="entry">England blamed for trouble between France and,</span> 435;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty of Leoben,</span> 436-441;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks to retain Modena,</span> 270;<br> +<span class="entry">secures possession of Venetia,</span> 437-442; ii. 38;<br> +<span class="entry">proposes to recognize the French republic, i.</span> 439;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated by Hoche on the Rhine,</span> 439, 440;<br> +<span class="entry">rupture of the coalition with England,</span> 441;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> offers Venice to,</span> 446;<br> +<span class="entry">influence of <i>N.</i> in,</span> 448;<br> +<span class="entry">desires restoration of the Milanese,</span> 451;<br> +<span class="entry">schemes of European reorganization,</span> 451; iii. 22, 41, 50, 109, 195;<br> +<span class="entry">Gen. Clarke's mission to, i.</span> 451;<br> +<span class="entry">releases Lafayette,</span> 457;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> has free hand in negotiations with, ii.</span> 7;<br> +<span class="entry">final negotiations with,</span> 10;<br> +<span class="entry">activity of,</span> 9;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty of Campo Formio,</span> 19-21;<br> +<span class="entry">Carnot's desire for peace with,</span> 19;<br> +<span class="entry">Venice seeks to continue war with,</span> 24;<br> +<span class="entry">Congress of Rastatt,</span> 27, 89, 191, 264;<br> +<span class="entry">humiliation of,</span> 37, 265, 440; iii. 104, 211, 213, 251, 254-256;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude of Frederick the Great toward, ii.</span> 41;<br> +<span class="entry">acquisition of Swiss territory,</span> 40;<br> +<span class="entry">to be restrained from interference in Rome,</span> 42;<br> +<span class="entry">declines reciprocity with France,</span> 42;<br> +<span class="entry">favors secularization of ecclesiastical principalities,</span> 41;<br> +<span class="entry">disturbed feeling in,</span> 42, 43;<br> +<span class="entry">Bernadotte's embassy to,</span> 42, 43, 51;<br> +<span class="entry">France's demands on, concerning the Bourbons,</span> 43;<br> +<span class="entry">strained relations between France and,</span> 43;<br> +<span class="entry">alliance with Turkey,</span> 72;<br> +<span class="entry">violates the Helvetian Republic,</span> 72;<br> +<span class="entry">relations (strained or hostile) with Prussia,</span> 86, 264, 361; iii. 21, 44; iv. +<a href="#page041">41</a>, +<a href="#page057">57</a>, +<a href="#page058">58</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme to dismember Bavaria, ii.</span> 88;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations on the Adige,</span> 91;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations on the Rhine,</span> 91, 93;<br> +<span class="entry">joins the second coalition,</span> 90, 136, 142, 143;<br> +<span class="entry">defeats Masséna at Zürich, and Joubert at Novi,</span> 93;<br> +<span class="entry">incurs the ill-will of Paul I,</span> 142, 193, 209;<br> +<span class="entry">holdings in Italy,</span> 145;<br> +<span class="entry">duplicity with Russia,</span> 145;<br> +<span class="entry">Russia incensed at,</span> 154;<br> +<span class="entry">France's services to Prussia against,</span> 154;<br> +<span class="entry">military situation at beginning of 1800,</span> 160;<br> +<span class="entry">Moreau ordered to move against,</span> 164;<br> +<span class="entry">system of tactics pursued by,</span> 165;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated at Engen,</span> 166;<br> +<span class="entry">successes in Italy,</span> 170;<br> +<span class="entry">quality of her troops,</span> 178;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Marengo,</span> 178-185;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiates for peace,</span> 182, 187;<br> +<span class="entry">agrees to evacuate northern Italy,</span> 182;<br> +<span class="entry">armistice between France and,</span> 182, 188;<br> +<span class="entry">interest to abandon England,</span> 187;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> proposes general armistice to,</span> 187;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks concessions in Italy,</span> 189;<br> +<span class="entry">raises new troops,</span> 188;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> determines to prosecute the war with,</span> 189;<br> +<span class="entry">position behind the Inn,</span> 190;<br> +<span class="entry">signs peace of Lunéville,</span> 192;<br> +<span class="entry">her line in Italy, as fixed at Lunéville,</span> 193;<br> +<span class="entry">armistice of Steyer,</span> 192;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Hohenlinden,</span> 192;<br> +<span class="entry">signs separate peace,</span> 192;<br> +<span class="entry">loss of power,</span> 194;<br> +<span class="entry">the spiritual principalities in,</span> 193;<br> +<span class="entry">Russia's jealousy of,</span> 194;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page366" name="page366"></a>(p. 366)</span> +<span class="entry">aspirations concerning Bavaria,</span> 194;<br> +<span class="entry">ecclesiastical influence in,</span> 264;<br> +<span class="entry">share in redistributions of 1802,</span> 265, 266;<br> +<span class="entry">Ney's check on,</span> 272;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed occupation of Malta by,</span> 285;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> preparations for striking,</span> 291;<br> +<span class="entry">truckles to France,</span> 311;<br> +<span class="entry">withdraws troops from Swabia,</span> 311;<br> +<span class="entry">acquiesces in creation of French empire,</span> 320;<br> +<span class="entry">represented at <i>N.'s</i> court at Aachen,</span> 329;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> designs against,</span> 334, 336, 347;<br> +<span class="entry">recuperating,</span> 347;<br> +<span class="entry">pretext for war between France and,</span> 352;<br> +<span class="entry">Francis's title and powers curtailed,</span> 352;<br> +<span class="entry">the sanitary cordon,</span> 355;<br> +<span class="entry">popular dislike of Russia in,</span> 355;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander's scheme for compensating,</span> 355;<br> +<span class="entry">apprehensions of losing Venice,</span> 357;<br> +<span class="entry">falls into <i>N.'s</i> trap,</span> 358;<br> +<span class="entry">army reforms,</span> 358;<br> +<span class="entry">mobilizes troops,</span> 358;<br> +<span class="entry">her ambitions,</span> 358;<br> +<span class="entry">her disarmament demanded,</span> 361;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> threatens to march to Vienna,</span> 361;<br> +<span class="entry">abused in Paris newspapers,</span> 361;<br> +<span class="entry">declaration of war against,</span> 362;<br> +<span class="entry">declares war against France, Sept. 3, 1805,</span> 363;<br> +<span class="entry">strength,</span> 363;<br> +<span class="entry">her line of defense,</span> 365;<br> +<span class="entry">popular opinion of <i>N.</i> in,</span> 366;<br> +<span class="entry">capitulation of Ulm,</span> 367;<br> +<span class="entry">junction of troops at Marburg,</span> 367;<br> +<span class="entry">outgeneraled by <i>N.</i>,</span> 377;<br> +<span class="entry">drives the Elector of Bavaria from Munich,</span> 377;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Austerlitz,</span> 381 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">ill feeling between Russia and,</span> 381;<br> +<span class="entry">threatened with loss of Venetia and the Tyrol,</span> 389;<br> +<span class="entry">accepts <i>N.'s</i> terms for an armistice,</span> 389;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> scheme to crush,</span> 390;<br> +<span class="entry">suspected bribery of Talleyrand by,</span> 390;<br> +<span class="entry">pays war indemnity to France,</span> 390;<br> +<span class="entry">cessions by,</span> 390;<br> +<span class="entry">acquires Salzburg and Berchtesgaden,</span> 391;<br> +<span class="entry">surrenders Venice to France,</span> 390;<br> +<span class="entry">losses at Austerlitz,</span> 392;<br> +<span class="entry">stripped of leadership,</span> 394;<br> +<span class="entry">neutralization of her power,</span> 402;<br> +<span class="entry">Francis I declares himself hereditary emperor,</span> 404;<br> +<span class="entry">protector of Ragusa,</span> 405;<br> +<span class="entry">demoralization of the army,</span> 419;<br> +<span class="entry">rehabilitation of,</span> 440;<br> +<span class="entry">neutrality between Russia and Turkey,</span> 441;<br> +<span class="entry">anxiety concerning Polish lands,</span> 444;<br> +<span class="entry">offer of Silesia to,</span> 445; iii. 22;<br> +<span class="entry">resolves on neutrality, ii.</span> 445;<br> +<span class="entry">Turko-Persian alliance against, iii.</span> 20;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> proposes alliance with,</span> 21, 22;<br> +<span class="entry">hostile preparations,</span> 21;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal for a new coalition,</span> 21;<br> +<span class="entry">proposes to act as mediator,</span> 22;<br> +<span class="entry">shrewd attitude of,</span> 23;<br> +<span class="entry">throws troops on frontier of Galicia,</span> 23;<br> +<span class="entry">omitted from the Continental Olympus,</span> 41;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> object to humiliate,</span> 44;<br> +<span class="entry">interest in Poland,</span> 45;<br> +<span class="entry">partition of,</span> 49, 55;<br> +<span class="entry">her position after Tilsit,</span> 56;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed commercial war against England,</span> 55;<br> +<span class="entry">offended dignity of,</span> 65;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty of Fontainebleau, Oct. 10, 1807,</span> 104;<br> +<span class="entry">outward subserviency to France,</span> 104;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> attitude toward,</span> 104;<br> +<span class="entry">military reorganization of,</span> 103, 164, 166, 198, 199;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed neutralization of,</span> 113;<br> +<span class="entry">the situation in,</span> 117;<br> +<span class="entry">awakening of the national spirit in,</span> 137;<br> +<span class="entry">encouraged to revolt,</span> 159, 163-165, 178;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of the Bayonne negotiations on,</span> 163 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">hereditary rivalry with France,</span> 164;<br> +<span class="entry">belligerent tone in,</span> 165, 178, 193, 195;<br> +<span class="entry">necessity for her repression,</span> 167;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> and Alexander remonstrate with,</span> 167-169;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> proposes alliance with,</span> 169;<br> +<span class="entry">to be held in check by Russia,</span> 169;<br> +<span class="entry">compact between Russia and France against,</span> 169;<br> +<span class="entry">Russia urged to occupy part of,</span> 177;<br> +<span class="entry">transformation of,</span> 192 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">the German movement in,</span> 193;<br> +<span class="entry">opportunity to lead a revolt against <i>N.</i>,</span> 195;<br> +<span class="entry">failure of negotiations with France,</span> 198;<br> +<span class="entry">change of plan of campaign,</span> 198, 204;<br> +<span class="entry">Napoleonic ideas in,</span> 200;<br> +<span class="entry">Archduke Charles's proclamations,</span> 200;<br> +<span class="entry">intoxicated with success,</span> 201;<br> +<span class="entry">the fifth war with,</span> 202 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">her aggressions,</span> 213;<br> +<span class="entry">extinguishment of her hopes in Italy,</span> 215;<br> +<span class="entry">claims the battle of Aspern,</span> 223;<br> +<span class="entry">losses at Wagram,</span> 230;<br> +<span class="entry">plague in her army,</span> 237;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page367" name="page367"></a>(p. 367)</span> +<span class="entry">to reduce her army,</span> 238;<br> +<span class="entry">cession of territory,</span> 239;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> terms of peace,</span> 239;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> contemplates alliance with,</span> 238, 245, 249;<br> +<span class="entry">reduced to a second-class power,</span> 239, 251, 254, 255;<br> +<span class="entry">desire to assassinate <i>N.</i> in,</span> 240;<br> +<span class="entry">recognizes <i>N.'s</i> acquisitions in Spain, Portugal, and Italy,</span> 239;<br> +<span class="entry">joins the Continental System,</span> 239;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> chooses a matrimonial alliance with the House of,</span> 246;<br> +<span class="entry">necessity of placating,</span> 254;<br> +<span class="entry">good feeling toward France,</span> 254;<br> +<span class="entry">democratic tendencies in,</span> 256;<br> +<span class="entry">distribution of the lands taken from,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">brought into the Napoleonic system,</span> 268;<br> +<span class="entry">bankruptcy of,</span> 304;<br> +<span class="entry">alliance with France,</span> 310, 311;<br> +<span class="entry">interest in stirring up strife between France and Russia,</span> 313;<br> +<span class="entry">pro-Russian party in,</span> 313, 314;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> reply to Francis's request for assistance,</span> 314;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander seeks the favor of,</span> 316;<br> +<span class="entry">foments hostile feeling between Russia and France,</span> 316;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks territorial aggrandizement at expense of Turkey,</span> 316;<br> +<span class="entry">contemplates neutrality,</span> 320;<br> +<span class="entry">overawed by <i>N.'s</i> preparations,</span> 320;<br> +<span class="entry">contributes troops to the French army,</span> 320;<br> +<span class="entry">stipulates for territorial enlargement,</span> 320;<br> +<span class="entry">furnishes troops for Russian campaign of 1812,</span> 320;<br> +<span class="entry">agricultural distress in,</span> 328;<br> +<span class="entry">acquires Galicia,</span> 331;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude of her troops toward Russia,</span> 342;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> suspicious of,</span> 382;<br> +<span class="entry">narrow escape at Essling,</span> 383;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander seeks alliance with,</span> 384;<br> +<span class="entry">value of her alliance to France,</span> 390;<br> +<span class="entry">Roman Catholic influence in,</span> 390;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed surrender of Illyria to,</span> 392, 407, 415;<br> +<span class="entry">hostility to <i>N.</i> in,</span> 394, 395;<br> +<span class="entry">Saxony turns toward,</span> 394, 399;<br> +<span class="entry">Metternich's diplomatic schemes for,</span> 395;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses to enter coalition against France,</span> 396;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> offers to subsidize,</span> 395;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> seeks aid from, to check Kutusoff,</span> 395;<br> +<span class="entry">proposes to act as mediator,</span> 395, 407-411, 415, 416, 419, 420;<br> +<span class="entry">wooed for the coalition,</span> 398;<br> +<span class="entry">secret agreement with Saxony,</span> 399;<br> +<span class="entry">rejects <i>N.'s</i> offer of Silesia,</span> 400;<br> +<span class="entry">hostile neutrality of,</span> 403;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> attitude toward,</span> 403;<br> +<span class="entry">pivotal in European politics,</span> 403, 409, 411;<br> +<span class="entry">growing strength,</span> 403, 419-423;<br> +<span class="entry">abandoned by Saxony,</span> 407;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed surrender of Dalmatia to,</span> 407;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed rectification of her western frontier,</span> 407;<br> +<span class="entry">outwits <i>N.</i>,</span> 412, 424; iv. i, 13;<br> +<span class="entry">gathers troops in Bohemia, iii.</span> 413-414;<br> +<span class="entry">the allies' reliance on,</span> 415;<br> +<span class="entry">fear of <i>N.</i>,</span> 415;<br> +<span class="entry">Nesselrode demands her adherence to the coalition,</span> 415;<br> +<span class="entry">aggrandizement by royal marriages,</span> 416;<br> +<span class="entry">to be pledged never to side with France,</span> 415;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed enlargement of,</span> 416;<br> +<span class="entry">secret treaty of Reichenbach,</span> 415, 418, 422;<br> +<span class="entry">throws off the mask of mediator,</span> 419;<br> +<span class="entry">duplicity of,</span> 419;<br> +<span class="entry">regeneration of,</span> 419;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks to regain ascendancy in Germany and Italy,</span> 423;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> agents in,</span> 422;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> attempts to bribe,</span> 423, 424;<br> +<span class="entry">declares war,</span> 423;<br> +<span class="entry">Hamburg and Triest offered to,</span> 424;<br> +<span class="entry">takes the lead among the allies, iv.</span> +<a href="#page006">6</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">strength,</span> +<a href="#page006">6</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> seeks alliance with,</span> +<a href="#page013">13</a>, +<a href="#page017">17</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">saved by Schwarzenberg from invasion,</span> +<a href="#page018">18</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> offers terms to,</span> +<a href="#page021">21</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme to restore status of 1805,</span> +<a href="#page022">22</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">concludes alliance of Sept. 9, 1813,</span> +<a href="#page022">22</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks to regain predominance in Italy,</span> +<a href="#page030">30</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">rise of her Prussian rival,</span> +<a href="#page037">37</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">desires peace,</span> +<a href="#page041">41</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">demands Italian territory,</span> +<a href="#page041">41</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at the Congress at Frankfort,</span> +<a href="#page041">41</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">troops on the Rhine,</span> +<a href="#page054">54</a>-56;<br> +<span class="entry">forms alliance with Murat,</span> +<a href="#page056">56</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the Czar's designs to check,</span> +<a href="#page067">67</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">violates Swiss neutrality,</span> +<a href="#page068">68</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">suspicious slowness of her movements,</span> +<a href="#page068">68</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">eager for an armistice,</span> +<a href="#page070">70</a>, +<a href="#page071">71</a>, +<a href="#page075">75</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> endeavors to separate Russia from,</span> +<a href="#page075">75</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty of Chaumont,</span> +<a href="#page076">76</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the triple alliance,</span> +<a href="#page076">76</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude toward <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page089">89</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> dread of capture of the Empress by,</span> +<a href="#page091">91</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">party to the treaty of Fontainebleau (April, 1814),</span> +<a href="#page133">133</a>;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page368" name="page368"></a>(p. 368)</span> +<span class="entry">weight of her yoke in Italy,</span> +<a href="#page143">143</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiates secret treaty with England and France,</span> +<a href="#page145">145</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">invited to take part in the coronation of the King of Rome,</span> +<a href="#page157">157</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the Vienna Coalition,</span> +<a href="#page164">164</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">quota of troops,</span> +<a href="#page164">164</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses help to France,</span> +<a href="#page165">165</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the campaign of the Hundred Days,</span> +<a href="#page170">170</a> et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">claims the glory of annihilating <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page214">214</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">claims the right of overseeing the imprisonment of <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page215">215</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">loss of Italian territory,</span> +<a href="#page300">300</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Austria-Hungary</b>,</span> the rise of, iv, +<a href="#page299">299</a>, +<a href="#page300">300</a>.<br> + +<a id="austriannetherlands" name="austriannetherlands"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Austrian Netherlands, the</b>,</span> defeat of the French in, i. 172;<br> +<span class="entry">the revolutionary spirit in,</span> 187;<br> +<span class="entry">Dumouriez's successes in,</span> 194;<br> +<span class="entry">French conquest, of,</span> 273;<br> +<span class="entry">surrendered to France, ii.</span> 21.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#belgium"><b>Belgium</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Autun</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> at, i. 30, 46, 48-50; iv. +<a href="#page157">157</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the Buonapartes at, i.</span> 46;<br> +<span class="entry">Talleyrand bishop of, ii.</span> 33.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Auxerre</b>,</span> military movements near, iv. +<a href="#page060">60</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Imperial forces at,</span> +<a href="#page102">102</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Ney rejoins <i>N.</i> at,</span> +<a href="#page157">157</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Auxonne</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> at, i. 94, 96, 111, 112, 141, 144-147, 223;<br> +<span class="entry">disturbances in,</span> 111, 112, 152;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> seeks to be retained at,</span> 149.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Avignon</b>,</span> the Girondists at, i. 214;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> arrives before,</span> 214;<br> +<span class="entry">Jacobin siege of,</span> 214;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> life at,</span> 214, 215;<br> +<span class="entry">annexed to France,</span> 422;<br> +<span class="entry">the Pope asks compensation for the loss of, ii.</span> 216;<br> +<span class="entry">lost to the Pope at the peace of Tolentino,</span> 326;<br> +<span class="entry">residence of Pius VII at,</span> 391;<br> +<span class="entry">Augereau's neglected guns at, iv.</span> +<a href="#page094">94</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">plots to assassinate <i>N.</i> at,</span> +<a href="#page138">138</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Azanza, M. J. de</b>,</span> King Joseph's Spanish minister at Paris, iii. 282;<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Azara, Chevalier J. N. de</b>,</span> represents Spain at Amiens, ii. 262;<br> +<span class="entry">at the Tuileries, March 13, 1803,</span> 283.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Azores</b>,</span> proposition to deport the Emperor to, iv. +<a href="#page145">145</a>.</p> + + +<h5>B</h5> + +<p><span class="name"><b>Babylon</b>,</span> the history of, iv. +<a href="#page293">293</a>.<br> + +<a id="bacciocchi" name="bacciocchi"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Bacciocchi, Mme.</b>,</span> literary coterie, ii. 258;<br> +<span class="entry">acquires the duchy of Lucca,</span> 354.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#buonapartemarieanneelisa"><b>Buonaparte, Marie-Anne-Elisa</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bacciocchi, Pasquale</b>,</span> marries Elisa Buonaparte, i. 322.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bachelu</b> in battle of Waterloo,</span> iv. +<a href="#page199">199</a>, +<a href="#page204">204</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bacon, Francis</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> study of, ii. 53.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Badajoz</b>,</span> Soult's capture of, iii. 286;<br> +<span class="entry">English siege and storming of,</span> 289-291, 319.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Baden</b>,</span> violation of her neutrality, i. 179; ii. 331, 363;<br> +<span class="entry">makes peace with France (1796),</span> i. 385, 450;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with Russia,</span> ii. 266;<br> +<span class="entry">strengthening of,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">residence of the Duc d'Enghien in,</span> 301;<br> +<span class="entry">French expedition to,</span> 304;<br> +<span class="entry">news of the Duc d'Enghien's arrest in,</span> 305;<br> +<span class="entry">friendly relations with France,</span> 377;<br> +<span class="entry">acquires territory after Austerlitz,</span> 391;<br> +<span class="entry">subservience to France,</span> 394, 402;<br> +<span class="entry">created a separate kingdom,</span> 398;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the Confederation of the Rhine,</span> 403;<br> +<span class="entry">supplies contingent for <i>N.'s</i> army,</span> ii. 404; iii. 322;<br> +<span class="entry">allotment of Austrian lands to,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">turns from <i>N.</i> to the allies,</span> iv. +<a href="#page040">40</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">position in Germany,</span> +<a href="#page298">298</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bagration, Gen. Peter</b>,</span> holds Murat at Hollabrunn, ii. 379;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Austerlitz,</span> 387;<br> +<span class="entry">in campaign of Eylau,</span> iii. 14;<br> +<span class="entry">called in by Barclay de Tolly,</span> 335;<br> +<span class="entry">movements on the Dnieper and Pripet,</span> 336;<br> +<span class="entry">contemplated junction with Barclay,</span> 336;<br> +<span class="entry">establishes communication with Drissa,</span> 336;<br> +<span class="entry">driven east by Davout,</span> 338;<br> +<span class="entry">junction with Barclay at Smolensk,</span> 336, 338;<br> +<span class="entry">plan of junction with Barclay at Vitebsk,</span> 338;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Smolensk,</span> 339.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bailly, Jean Sylvain</b>,</span> mayor of Paris, i. 109.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Balcombe, Mr.</b>,</span> entertains <i>N.</i> at St. Helena, iv. +<a href="#page229">229</a>.<br> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page369" name="page369"></a>(p. 369)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Balearic Isles</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> offers them to England, ii. 404, 405.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Balkan Peninsula</b>,</span> Russia's ambitions in, iii. 310;<br> +<span class="entry">rescue of the people of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page300">300</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Baltic Sea, the</b>,</span> England's operations in and on, ii. 209, 210; iii. 24, 35, 36, 98, 117;<br> +<span class="entry">gateway of,</span> 69;<br> +<span class="entry">Spanish military movements on,</span> 149;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> mastery of ports on,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">efficient blockade of, impossible,</span> 280.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Baltimore</b>,</span> Jerome Bonaparte's residence in, ii. 257.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bamberg</b>,</span> Austrian troops at, ii. 365;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> military route through,</span> 422;<br> +<span class="entry">concentration of troops in,</span> iii. 203.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bank of England</b>,</span> suspends specie payments, i. 456;<br> +<span class="entry">scarcity of money in,</span> iii. 304.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bank of France</b>,</span> organization of, ii. 135, 219;<br> +<span class="entry">the Récamiers and the,</span> 411, 412;<br> +<span class="entry">compelled to lower its rate,</span> iii. 74;<br> +<span class="entry">plethora of silver in,</span> 304.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Barbary</b>,</span> plots of the pirates to seize <i>N.</i>, iv. +<a href="#page150">150</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Barbé-Marbois, F.</b>,</span> proscribed, ii. 8;<br> +<span class="entry">minister of finance,</span> 214;<br> +<span class="entry">state treasurer,</span> 220;<br> +<span class="entry">minister of the treasury,</span> 410.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Barbets</b>,</span> guerrilla bands of, i. 373.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Barcelona</b>,</span> French troops at, iii. 132;<br> +<span class="entry">Duhesme besieged in,</span> 183;<br> +<span class="entry">besieged by Vives,</span> 184.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Barclay de Tolly, M. A.</b>,</span> proposed movement against, iii. 335;<br> +<span class="entry">calls in Bagration,</span> 335;<br> +<span class="entry">retreats to Drissa,</span> 336;<br> +<span class="entry">junction with Bagration at Smolensk,</span> 336-338;<br> +<span class="entry">plans to meet Bagration at Vitebsk,</span> 338;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Smolensk,</span> 338-340;<br> +<span class="entry">takes stand behind the Uscha,</span> 340;<br> +<span class="entry">retreats toward Moscow,</span> 339;<br> +<span class="entry">charged with German bias,</span> 342;<br> +<span class="entry">succeeded by Kutusoff,</span> 343;<br> +<span class="entry">retained as military adviser,</span> 343;<br> +<span class="entry">restored to chief command,</span> 399, 410;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Bautzen,</span> 411;<br> +<span class="entry">with the Army of the South,</span> iv. +<a href="#page003">3</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Leipsic,</span> +<a href="#page028">28</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">advises pursuit of <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page098">98</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Barère, Bertrand</b>,</span> exiled, ii. 356.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Bargain of Famine,"</b> the,</span> i. 96, 101.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Barham, Adm.</b>,</span> naval administration of, ii. 370.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Baring, Major</b>,</span> in battle of Waterloo, iv. +<a href="#page201">201</a>, +<a href="#page204">204</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Barnabe</b>,</span> declares Brumaire illegal, ii. 235.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Barras, Jean-Paul-François-Nicolas</b>,</span> relations with <i>N.</i> and influence on his career, i. 225, 236, 289, 293, 296, 299, 319, 329; ii. 22, 31, 35; iv. +<a href="#page220">220</a>, +<a href="#page285">285</a>, +<a href="#page288">288</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">in siege of Toulon,</span> i. 231;<br> +<span class="entry">opposes Robespierre,</span> 251;<br> +<span class="entry">influence among the Thermidorians,</span> 254;<br> +<span class="entry">leader of military committee of the Convention,</span> 272;<br> +<span class="entry">a Dantonist,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">in social life,</span> 290, 329;<br> +<span class="entry">commander-in-chief of Convention forces,</span> 299;<br> +<span class="entry">claims the honors of the 13th Vendémiaire,</span> 301, 303;<br> +<span class="entry">resigns his command,</span> 305;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the Directory,</span> 309, 332;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> 309, 329; ii. 35, 91;<br> +<span class="entry">intimacy with Josephine Beauharnais,</span> i. 315;<br> +<span class="entry">connection with <i>N.'s</i> marriage,</span> 317;<br> +<span class="entry">bribed by Venetian ambassador,</span> 440;<br> +<span class="entry">dissatisfied with treaty of Leoben,</span> 441;<br> +<span class="entry">learns of Pichegru's treachery,</span> ii. 6;<br> +<span class="entry">plan to bring troops to Paris,</span> 6;<br> +<span class="entry">clamors for peace,</span> 19;<br> +<span class="entry">derides Carnot's suggestions,</span> 19;<br> +<span class="entry">responsibility for the 18th Fructidor,</span> 22;<br> +<span class="entry">responsibility for the 13th Vendémiaire,</span> 22;<br> +<span class="entry">approves the treaty of Campo Formio,</span> 24;<br> +<span class="entry">charged with tampering with Bernadotte,</span> 43;<br> +<span class="entry">intrigue with <i>N.</i>, Talleyrand, and Sieyès for a new constitution,</span> 49;<br> +<span class="entry">suggests that <i>N.</i> assume a dictatorship,</span> 49;<br> +<span class="entry">warns <i>N.</i> to leave France for Egypt,</span> 52;<br> +<span class="entry">resignation and fall of,</span> 101, 107, 115, 119;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> charges against, before the Ancients,</span> 113.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Barry, Mme. du</b>,</span> relations with Talleyrand, ii. 33.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bar-sur-Aube</b>,</span> military movements near, iv. +<a href="#page060">60</a>, +<a href="#page074">74</a>, +<a href="#page090">90</a>, +<a href="#page096">96</a>, +<a href="#page104">104</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">narrow escape of Francis at,</span> +<a href="#page095">95</a>;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page370" name="page370"></a>(p. 370)</span> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> march through,</span> +<a href="#page104">104</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bar-sur-Ornain</b>,</span> Oudinot at, iv. +<a href="#page103">103</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bartenstein</b>,</span> French occupation of, iii. 12;<br> +<span class="entry">military movements near,</span> 15;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty of,</span> iii. 22, 23, 36.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Barthélemy, F.</b>,</span> member of the Directory, ii. 1;<br> +<span class="entry">imprisonment of,</span> 8.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Basel</b>,</span> treaty of, i. 276; ii. 204; iii. 124;<br> +<span class="entry">alteration of boundary at,</span> ii. 21;<br> +<span class="entry">republican propaganda in,</span> 40;<br> +<span class="entry">invasion of France via,</span> iv. +<a href="#page057">57</a>, +<a href="#page058">58</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">headquarters of the allies at,</span> +<a href="#page066">66</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Schwarzenberg's communications with, threatened,</span> +<a href="#page095">95</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">tomb of Erasmus in,</span> +<a href="#page247">247</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bassano</b>,</span> defeat of Wurmser at, i. 384;<br> +<span class="entry">Alvinczy defeats Masséna at,</span> 386, 387;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of,</span> 386, 387;<br> +<span class="entry">creation of hereditary duchy of,</span> ii. 396;<br> +<span class="entry">Maret created Duke of,</span> iii. 87.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#maret"><b>Maret</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Basseville, N. J. H.</b>,</span> killed in Rome, i. 261, 375, 422.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bastia</b>,</span> made a seat of government, i. 25;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at,</span> 90;<br> +<span class="entry">radical influences in,</span> 116;<br> +<span class="entry">patriot success in,</span> 120;<br> +<span class="entry">tradition concerning <i>N.'s</i> connection with events at,</span> 120;<br> +<span class="entry">share in annexation of Corsica to France</span> 122;<br> +<span class="entry">Paoli's return to,</span> 125;<br> +<span class="entry">revolutionary movements in,</span> 131;<br> +<span class="entry">declared the capital of Corsica,</span> 134;<br> +<span class="entry">disorders in,</span> 162;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> sails from, May 2, 1792,</span> 171;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> flees to,</span> 202;<br> +<span class="entry">under domination of Salicetti,</span> 204;<br> +<span class="entry">French power in,</span> 207;<br> +<span class="entry">imprisonment of Corsicans in,</span> 252;<br> +<span class="entry">English capture of,</span> 260;<br> +<span class="entry">Nelson at,</span> ii. 62.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bastille, the</b>,</span> destruction of, i. 108, 109, 158;<br> +<span class="entry">celebrations of the storming of,</span> 174; ii. 195.<br> + +<a id="batavianrepublic" name="batavianrepublic"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Batavian Republic, the</b>,</span> formation of, i. 276;<br> +<span class="entry">an appanage of France,</span> 325;<br> +<span class="entry">naval defeat at Camperdown,</span> ii. 38;<br> +<span class="entry">dependence on France,</span> 38;<br> +<span class="entry">levy of troops and war material on,</span> 38;<br> +<span class="entry">Anglo-Russian force forced to evacuate,</span> 93;<br> +<span class="entry">loyalty to <i>N.</i>,</span> 146;<br> +<span class="entry">a new constitution for,</span> 233;<br> +<span class="entry">regains colonies,</span> 233, 262;<br> +<span class="entry">English efforts to discredit France in,</span> 264.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#holland"><b>Holland</b></a>; <a href="#netherlands"><b>Netherlands</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Battle of Dorking,"</b></span> ii. 290.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Battle of Five Days</b>,</span> iii. 210.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Battle of the Nations,"</b></span> iv. +<a href="#page037">37</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bautzen</b>,</span> battle of, iii. 410, 411; iv. +<a href="#page004">4</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">fatal results of the French victory at,</span> iii. 411;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> moves toward,</span> iv. +<a href="#page017">17</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the Young Guard ordered to,</span> +<a href="#page017">17</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> nicknamed from,</span> +<a href="#page020">20</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">boy soldiers at,</span> +<a href="#page021">21</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the armistice after,</span> +<a href="#page042">42</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Bautzen Messenger-Boy,"</b></span> the, iv. +<a href="#page020">20</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bavaria</b>,</span> treaty with France (1796), i. 450;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria's gaze on,</span> 325; ii. 194, 358, 363;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria's scheme to dismember,</span> 88;<br> +<span class="entry">Suvaroff driven from Italy to,</span> 142;<br> +<span class="entry">Moreau ordered to drive the Austrians into,</span> 164;<br> +<span class="entry">the campaign in,</span> 190 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiations with France,</span> 211;<br> +<span class="entry">acquires Passau,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with Russia,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander I's scheme of giving to Austria,</span> 356;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> threatens to enlarge,</span> 361, 390;<br> +<span class="entry">Austrian troops in,</span> 365;<br> +<span class="entry">the Elector driven from Munich by Austria,</span> 377;<br> +<span class="entry">friendly relations with, subservience and military support to France,</span> 377, 394, 402, 404, 422; iii. 3, 195, 203, 279, 322, 387;<br> +<span class="entry">acquires Ansbach,</span> ii. 390;<br> +<span class="entry">created a separate kingdom,</span> 389, 391, 398;<br> +<span class="entry">acquires territory after Austerlitz,</span> 390;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the Confederation of the Rhine,</span> 403;<br> +<span class="entry">joins in the war against Prussia,</span> 422;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated at Innsbruck,</span> iii. 201;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> success in,</span> 225;<br> +<span class="entry">Maria Louisa's progress through,</span> 256;<br> +<span class="entry">allotment of Austrian lands to,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">losses of her soldiers in Russia,</span> 337;<br> +<span class="entry">Roman Catholic influence in,</span> 390;<br> +<span class="entry">hesitates to furnish new levies,</span> 394;<br> +<span class="entry">Augereau commanding troops of,</span> 402;<br> +<span class="entry">national spirit in,</span> iv. +<a href="#page019">19</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">revulsion of feeling against France,</span> +<a href="#page019">19</a>, +<a href="#page022">22</a>, +<a href="#page026">26</a>, +<a href="#page040">40</a>, +<a href="#page056">56</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">part in the campaign at Leipsic,</span> +<a href="#page035">35</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">position in Germany,</span> +<a href="#page298">298</a>, +<a href="#page299">299</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Hanau,</span> +<a href="#page035">35</a>;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page371" name="page371"></a>(p. 371)</span> +<span class="entry">the campaign of Waterloo</span> +<a href="#page069">69</a>, et seq.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bayanne, Cardinal</b>,</span> at Paris, iii. 68;<br> +<span class="entry">his demands on behalf of the Pope,</span> 118.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Baylen</b>,</span> capitulation of, Dupont at, iii. 157, 159, 166.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bayonne</b>,</span> formation of new French army at, iii. 120, 126, 132;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> goes to,</span> 142;<br> +<span class="entry">Ferdinand VII at,</span> 144;<br> +<span class="entry">trial of Ferdinand at,</span> 145;<br> +<span class="entry">end of negotiations at,</span> 147;<br> +<span class="entry">convocation of Spanish notables at,</span> 149;<br> +<span class="entry">ultimate failure of <i>N.'s</i> work at,</span> 151;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at, Nov. 3, 1808,</span> 184;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of negotiations at,</span> 185;<br> +<span class="entry">the decree of 1808,</span> 274;<br> +<span class="entry">Soult shut up in,</span> iv. +<a href="#page040">40</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bayreuth</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> at, ii. 422;<br> +<span class="entry">Ney at,</span> 428;<br> +<span class="entry">Davout's force in,</span> iii. 202.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Beaucaire, the Supper of,"</b></span> i. 216, 219.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Beauderet</b>,</span> military movements near, iv. +<a href="#page185">185</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Beauharnais, Marquis Alexandre de</b>,</span> marriage to Josephine de la Pagerie, i. 313;<br> +<span class="entry">service in America,</span> 314;<br> +<span class="entry">separated from his wife,</span> 314;<br> +<span class="entry">commander of the Army of the Rhine,</span> 314;<br> +<span class="entry">partial reconciliation with Josephine,</span> 314;<br> +<span class="entry">elected to States-General,</span> 314;<br> +<span class="entry">president of National Assembly,</span> 314;<br> +<span class="entry">denunciation, imprisonment, and execution,</span> 314.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Beauharnais, Eugène de</b>,</span> birth of, i. 313;<br> +<span class="entry">early life,</span> 315;<br> +<span class="entry">interposes to reconcile Josephine and <i>N.</i>,</span> ii. 85;<br> +<span class="entry">viceroy at Milan,</span> 258;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to organize troops on the Adige,</span> 362;<br> +<span class="entry">marries Augusta of Bavaria,</span> 399;<br> +<span class="entry">expels the English from Leghorn,</span> iii. 67;<br> +<span class="entry">letter from <i>N.</i> to,</span> 68;<br> +<span class="entry">presents ultimatum to Pius VII,</span> 68;<br> +<span class="entry">formally adopted by <i>N.</i>,</span> 130;<br> +<span class="entry">viceroy of Italy,</span> 130;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated by Archduke John,</span> 201;<br> +<span class="entry">letter from <i>N.</i> to,</span> 208;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding in Italy,</span> 211;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> 211;<br> +<span class="entry">at Villach,</span> 217;<br> +<span class="entry">at Bruck,</span> 225;<br> +<span class="entry">drives Archduke John into Hungary,</span> 226;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Wagram,</span> 228;<br> +<span class="entry">guards the Marchfeld,</span> 235;<br> +<span class="entry">executes Hofer's sentence,</span> 241;<br> +<span class="entry">offers amnesty to the Tyroleans,</span> 241;<br> +<span class="entry">informs Josephine of the impending divorce,</span> 246;<br> +<span class="entry">share in the Austrian marriage negotiations,</span> 253;<br> +<span class="entry">acquires principality of Frankfort,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">viceroy of Italy,</span> 279;<br> +<span class="entry">a grand duchy created for,</span> 322;<br> +<span class="entry">strength of his corps, March, 1812,</span> 324;<br> +<span class="entry">contemplated movement by,</span> 336;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Borodino,</span> 344;<br> +<span class="entry">defeats Kutusoff at Malojaroslavetz,</span> 355;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Wiazma,</span> 360;<br> +<span class="entry">the hero of the retreat from Moscow,</span> 362, 363;<br> +<span class="entry">at Krasnoi,</span> 364;<br> +<span class="entry">junction with Ney,</span> 364;<br> +<span class="entry">succeeds Murat in command,</span> 385, 393;<br> +<span class="entry">reorganizes the army,</span> 393;<br> +<span class="entry">withdraws to Berlin,</span> 393;<br> +<span class="entry">retires behind the Elbe,</span> 393;<br> +<span class="entry">establishes headquarters at Leipsic,</span> 393;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> instructions to,</span> 393;<br> +<span class="entry">to guard Holland,</span> 393;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander advances against,</span> 395;<br> +<span class="entry">strength in the Saxon campaign of 1813,</span> 402;<br> +<span class="entry">junction with <i>N.</i>,</span> 404;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to raise a new army in Italy,</span> 407, 414;<br> +<span class="entry">driven over the Adige by Hiller,</span> iv. +<a href="#page039">39</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">checkmated in Italy,</span> +<a href="#page056">56</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Roverbello,</span> +<a href="#page056">56</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">concludes armistice,</span> +<a href="#page056">56</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Beauharnais, François de</b>,</span> French minister at Madrid, connection with Ferdinand's conspiracy, iii. 127;<br> +<span class="entry">conducts intrigues for the Portuguese throne,</span> 129;<br> +<span class="entry">opens the eyes of Godoy,</span> 132;<br> +<span class="entry">advises Ferdinand to go to Bayonne,</span> 142.<br> + +<a id="beauharnaishortense" name="beauharnaishortense"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Beauharnais, Hortense</b>,</span> birth of, i. 313;<br> +<span class="entry">early life,</span> 315;<br> +<span class="entry">interposes to reconcile Josephine and <i>N.</i>,</span> ii. 85;<br> +<span class="entry">marries Louis Bonaparte,</span> 257; iii. 269.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#buonapartehortense"><b>Buonaparte, Hortense</b></a>.<br> + +<a id="beauharnaisjosephine" name="beauharnaisjosephine"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Beauharnais, Josephine</b>,</span> social life in Paris, i. 290;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> infatuation for, and marriage,</span> 312-323; ii. 341;<br> +<span class="entry">birth and early life,</span> i. 313-315;<br> +<span class="entry">characteristics,</span> 313-320;<br> +<span class="entry">imprisonment,</span> 315;<br> +<span class="entry">returns to Martinique,</span> 313;<br> +<span class="entry">returns to France,</span> 314;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page372" name="page372"></a>(p. 372)</span> +<span class="entry">intimacy with Barras,</span> 315.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#bonapartejosephine"><b>Bonaparte, Josephine</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Beauharnais family</b>,</span> proposed alliance between Ferdinand VII and, iii, 125-128;<br> +<span class="entry">share in the Austrian marriage negotiations,</span> 253.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Beaulieu, J. P.</b>,</span> commanding Austrian army in Lombardy, i. 352-361;<br> +<span class="entry">attacks Laharpe at Voltri,</span> 352, 353;<br> +<span class="entry">falls back on Acqui,</span> 354;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> operations against,</span> 355-366;<br> +<span class="entry">military genius,</span> 358;<br> +<span class="entry">defense of Milan,</span> 358-361;<br> +<span class="entry">outflanked at Piacenza,</span> 359;<br> +<span class="entry">retreats to the Mincio,</span> 361;<br> +<span class="entry">seizes Peschiera,</span> 361, 372;<br> +<span class="entry">thwarts <i>N.'s</i> plan,</span> 361;<br> +<span class="entry">violates Venetian neutrality,</span> 372;<br> +<span class="entry">his army scattered,</span> 378.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Beaumont</b>,</span> military operations near, iv. +<a href="#page170">170</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Becker, Gen.</b>,</span> accompanies <i>N.</i> to Rochefort, iv. +<a href="#page219">219</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">urges <i>N.'s</i> value as a general,</span> +<a href="#page219">219</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Beet-root sugar</b>,</span> production encouraged, iii, 79;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> interest in,</span> 304.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Belce, Canon</b>,</span> vice-president of the Directory of Corsica, i. 133.<br> + +<a id="belgium" name="belgium"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Belgium</b>,</span> proposals to establish a republic in, i. 194;<br> +<span class="entry">plunder of works of art from,</span> 369;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> policy concerning,</span> 429;<br> +<span class="entry">ceded to France by treaty of Leoben,</span> 438;<br> +<span class="entry">England's efforts to release,</span> 450;<br> +<span class="entry">France's interest in,</span> 450;<br> +<span class="entry">England's concessions as to,</span> ii. 12;<br> +<span class="entry">incorporated with France,</span> 153;<br> +<span class="entry">the Code Napoléon in,</span> 223;<br> +<span class="entry">public works in,</span> 349;<br> +<span class="entry">visit of <i>N.</i> and Maria Louisa to,</span> iii. 269;<br> +<span class="entry">mediocrity of soldiers of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page020">20</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the allies refuse to give the country to France,</span> +<a href="#page067">67</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> entreated to abandon,</span> +<a href="#page070">70</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> refuses to give up,</span> +<a href="#page074">74</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">campaign of Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page169">169</a> et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">provisions for defense of,</span> +<a href="#page172">172</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">weakness of her troops,</span> +<a href="#page195">195</a>, +<a href="#page201">201</a>.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#austriannetherlands"><b>Austrian Netherlands</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Belle Alliance</b>,</span> French van at, iv. +<a href="#page190">190</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at,</span> +<a href="#page193">193</a>, +<a href="#page194">194</a>, +<a href="#page196">196</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">topography,</span> +<a href="#page195">195</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the French position at,</span> +<a href="#page196">196</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">fighting at,</span> +<a href="#page210">210</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bellegarde, Gen. H. de</b>,</span> supersedes Melas, ii. 188;<br> +<span class="entry">on the Mincio,</span> 188.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Bellerophon," the</b>,</span> Napoleon embarks on, iv. +<a href="#page220">220</a>, +<a href="#page221">221</a>, +<a href="#page222">222</a>, +<a href="#page287">287</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">sails for Torbay,</span> +<a href="#page221">221</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">goes to Plymouth Sound,</span> +<a href="#page222">222</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">in Torbay,</span> +<a href="#page227">227</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bellesca</b>,</span> organizes rebellion in favor of Don John, iii. 122.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Belleville</b>,</span> defense of, iv. +<a href="#page109">109</a>, +<a href="#page110">110</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Belliard, Gen. A. D.</b>,</span> carries the news of surrender of Paris to the Emperor, iv. +<a href="#page105">105</a>, +<a href="#page115">115</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">advises a return to Lorraine,</span> +<a href="#page116">116</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII,</span> +<a href="#page132">132</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bellingham, John</b>,</span> assassinates Mr. Perceval, iii. 378.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bellinzona</b>,</span> Austrian force at, ii. 170;<br> +<span class="entry">Moncey arrives at,</span> 172.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bellowitz</b>,</span> military operations near, ii. 386.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Belluno</b>,</span> Lusignan driven beyond, i. 432;<br> +<span class="entry">creation of hereditary duchy of,</span> ii. 395;<br> +<span class="entry">Victor created Duke of,</span> iii. 86.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#victor"><b>Victor</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Belt, the</b>,</span> difficulties of Bernadotte's crossing the, iii. 117.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Belbedere, Gen.</b>,</span> forces near Burgos, iii. 184.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Benevento</b>,</span> Talleyrand created Prince of, ii. 396<br> + (<i>see also</i> <a href="#talleyrand"><b>Talleyrand</b></a>);<br> +<span class="entry">destruction of magazines at,</span> iii. 188.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bennigsen, Gen. L. A. T.</b>,</span> assassin of Paul I, ii. 380;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding Russian forces at Breslau,</span> 380;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Pultusk,</span> iii. 4, 8;<br> +<span class="entry">general-in-chief of the Russian army,</span> 8, 9;<br> +<span class="entry">position at Szuczyn,</span> 8;<br> +<span class="entry">turns back Ney from Königsberg,</span> 8;<br> +<span class="entry">attempts to reach Dantzic,</span> 9;<br> +<span class="entry">attempts to destroy Ney,</span> 10;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated at Mohrungen,</span> 10;<br> +<span class="entry">military genius,</span> 9, 27;<br> +<span class="entry">campaign of Eylau,</span> 13 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">captures French courier at Eylau,</span> 14;<br> +<span class="entry">retreats to Königsberg,</span> 18;<br> +<span class="entry">hampered for men and funds,</span> 20;<br> +<span class="entry">moves against Ney on the Passarge,</span> 28;<br> +<span class="entry">retires behind the Alle,</span> 29;<br> +<span class="entry">strength, summer of 1807,</span> 28;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Heilsberg,</span> 29;<br> +<span class="entry">injurious delays by,</span> 30;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Friedland,</span> 31;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page373" name="page373"></a>(p. 373)</span> +<span class="entry">abandons Heilsberg,</span> 32;<br> +<span class="entry">confesses defeat,</span> 32;<br> +<span class="entry">retreats across the Niemen,</span> 31;<br> +<span class="entry">reinforcements for,</span> 32;<br> +<span class="entry">proposes an armistice,</span> 34, 36;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding in Poland,</span> iv. +<a href="#page003">3</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">reaches Teplitz,</span> +<a href="#page022">22</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Leipsic,</span> +<a href="#page032">32</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Berchtesgaden</b>,</span> apportioned to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, ii. 266;<br> +<span class="entry">ceded to Austria,</span> 391;<br> +<span class="entry">embodied in the Confederation of the Rhine,</span> iii. 239.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Beresina</b>,</span> battle of, compared with that of Friedland, iv. +<a href="#page037">37</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Beresina, River</b>,</span> the crossing of the, iii. 363, 366, 374.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Berg, Grand Duchy of</b>,</span> quota of men, ii. 404;<br> +<span class="entry">French seizure of lands near,</span> 420;<br> +<span class="entry">vassalage to France recognized at Tilsit,</span> iii. 54;<br> +<span class="entry">the Grand Duchess quarrels with Queen Hortense,</span> 179;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme to incorporate it with France,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">Louis Napoleon created Grand Duke,</span> 279;<br> +<span class="entry">the French regency of,</span> 421;<br> +<span class="entry">French influence in,</span> 423.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bergamo</b>,</span> the revolutionary movement in, i. 428, 436, 437.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bergen</b>,</span> battle of, ii. 93.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bergères</b>,</span> Blücher retreats to, iv. +<a href="#page065">65</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Berlier, M.</b>,</span> assists in preparation of the Code, ii. 222.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Berlin</b>,</span> consternation in (1797-98), ii. 41;<br> +<span class="entry">Sieyès' mission to,</span> 41;<br> +<span class="entry">French party in,</span> 155;<br> +<span class="entry">the visits of Alexander I to,</span> 376, 438;<br> +<span class="entry">war feeling in,</span> ii. 417;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> refuses to treat outside of,</span> 435;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> entry into,</span> 438;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> receives Polish deputation in,</span> 444;<br> +<span class="entry">French occupation of,</span> iii. 12;<br> +<span class="entry">centralization in,</span> 374;<br> +<span class="entry">Eugène at,</span> 393;<br> +<span class="entry">the Prussian court removed to Breslau from,</span> 396;<br> +<span class="entry">patriotism in the university,</span> 398;<br> +<span class="entry">defense of,</span> 399;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed allotment of, to Jerome,</span> 409;<br> +<span class="entry">threatened by Oudinot,</span> 413;<br> +<span class="entry">England's diplomacy in,</span> 417;<br> +<span class="entry">French demonstrations against,</span> iv. +<a href="#page002">2</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Bülow commanding at,</span> +<a href="#page003">3</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">overestimate of its strategical value,</span> +<a href="#page005">5</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Blücher's road to, blocked by Lauriston,</span> +<a href="#page008">8</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">failure of Oudinot and Macdonald in movements against,</span> +<a href="#page013">13</a>-20;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> determines to march on,</span> +<a href="#page017">17</a>, +<a href="#page018">18</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">possible movement toward,</span> +<a href="#page026">26</a>.<br> + +<a id="berlindecree" name="berlindecree"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Berlin Decree</b>,</span> the, ii. 441; iii. 45, 48, 49, 101, 119, 273, 321.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Berlin University</b>,</span> iii. 103.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bern</b>,</span> treaty of Leoben to be ratified at, i. 439;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed congress at,</span> ii. 19, 20;<br> +<span class="entry">capture of the city,</span> 40;<br> +<span class="entry">French intervention in,</span> 40;<br> +<span class="entry">the plundering of,</span> 40;<br> +<span class="entry">French military arrogance in,</span> 41;<br> +<span class="entry">attempt to restore the constitution of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page068">68</a>.<br> + +<a id="bernadotte" name="bernadotte"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Bernadotte, Gen. J. B. J.</b>,</span> military successes of, i. 273;<br> +<span class="entry">a product of Carnot's system,</span> 332;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding Army of the Sambre and Meuse,</span> 426;<br> +<span class="entry">storms Gradisca,</span> 433;<br> +<span class="entry">communicates Pichegru's treachery to Barras,</span> ii. 6;<br> +<span class="entry">ambassador to Austria,</span> 42, 51;<br> +<span class="entry">charges of venality concerning his mission,</span> 43;<br> +<span class="entry">recalled,</span> 43;<br> +<span class="entry">characteristics,</span> 43, 93; iii. 317; iv. +<a href="#page002">2</a>, +<a href="#page003">3</a>, +<a href="#page055">55</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">marries Désirée Clary,</span> ii. 43; iii. 280;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to the middle Rhine,</span> ii. 87;<br> +<span class="entry">develops the conscription schemes of Carnot,</span> 93;<br> +<span class="entry">secretary of war,</span> 93;<br> +<span class="entry">counterplots on the 18th Brumaire,</span> 109;<br> +<span class="entry">plans to head a force at St. Cloud,</span> 109;<br> +<span class="entry">created marshal,</span> 323;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to Göttingen,</span> 362;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding in Germany,</span> 365;<br> +<span class="entry">marches to Ingolstadt,</span> 365;<br> +<span class="entry">watches the Russian army,</span> 366;<br> +<span class="entry">violates Prussian neutrality at Ansbach,</span> 376;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Austerlitz,</span> 383-385;<br> +<span class="entry">Prince of Ponte Corvo,</span> 396; iii. 86;<br> +<span class="entry">at Lobenstein,</span> ii. 428;<br> +<span class="entry">defeats Hohenlohe at Schleiz,</span> 428;<br> +<span class="entry">at Naumburg,</span> 429;<br> +<span class="entry">absence from Jéna and Auerstädt,</span> 432;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with <i>N.</i>,</span> 432; iii. 280, 317;<br> +<span class="entry">at Apolda,</span> ii. 434;<br> +<span class="entry">defeats Prussians at Halle,</span> ii. 436;<br> +<span class="entry">sacks Lübeck,</span> ii, 440;<br> +<span class="entry">strength in Poland,</span> iii. 7;<br> +<span class="entry">position at Elbing,</span> 8;<br> +<span class="entry">action at Mohrungen,</span> 10;<br> +<span class="entry">escapes to Gilgenburg,</span> 10;<br> +<span class="entry">threatens Königsberg,</span> 10;<br> +<span class="entry">in campaign of Eylau,</span> 13;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page374" name="page374"></a>(p. 374)</span> +<span class="entry">threatens Denmark,</span> 69;<br> +<span class="entry">Denmark yields to,</span> 70;<br> +<span class="entry">income,</span> 87;<br> +<span class="entry">fails to join the Russian forces in Finland,</span> 117;<br> +<span class="entry">restrains Spanish operations on the Baltic,</span> 149;<br> +<span class="entry">his advance-guard of Spanish troops,</span> 159;<br> +<span class="entry">troops in Bremen, Hamburg, and Lübeck,</span> 202;<br> +<span class="entry">to concentrate in Dresden,</span> 203;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to Linz,</span> 216, 225;<br> +<span class="entry">relieved by Lefebvre at Linz,</span> 225;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Wagram,</span> 228, 230;<br> +<span class="entry">disgraced at Wagram,</span> 228, 237;<br> +<span class="entry">heads troops for service in the Netherlands,</span> 237;<br> +<span class="entry">kindly treatment of Pomerania,</span> 280;<br> +<span class="entry">failure on the Marchfeld,</span> 281;<br> +<span class="entry">chosen as successor to Charles XIII,</span> 280;<br> +<span class="entry">installation at Stockholm,</span> 281;<br> +<span class="entry">assumes title of Prince Charles John,</span> 280;<br> +<span class="entry">popularity in Sweden,</span> 280;<br> +<span class="entry">republicanism of,</span> 281;<br> +<span class="entry">ambition to acquire Norway,</span> 281, 399; iv. +<a href="#page055">55</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">changes from Roman Catholic to Lutheran,</span> iii. 317;<br> +<span class="entry">character of his rule,</span> 317;<br> +<span class="entry">eager to escape from French protection,</span> 317;<br> +<span class="entry">varied character of his life,</span> 317;<br> +<span class="entry">virtual king of Sweden,</span> 317;<br> +<span class="entry">unwillingly grants a liberal constitution,</span> 317;<br> +<span class="entry">ambition to acquire the French crown,</span> 321; iv. +<a href="#page002">2</a>, +<a href="#page003">3</a>, +<a href="#page014">14</a>, +<a href="#page015">15</a>, +<a href="#page026">26</a>, +<a href="#page055">55</a>, +<a href="#page057">57</a>, +<a href="#page085">85</a>, +<a href="#page114">114</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">temporizes with France and Russia,</span> iii. 321;<br> +<span class="entry">assists Russia against <i>N.</i>,</span> 350;<br> +<span class="entry">Metternich seeks to embroil him with Alexander,</span> 394;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> attempts to win over,</span> 399;<br> +<span class="entry">Pomerania offered to,</span> 399;<br> +<span class="entry">joins the coalition,</span> 399; iv. +<a href="#page002">2</a>, +<a href="#page003">3</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">his troops evacuate Hamburg,</span> +<a href="#page407">407</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding Army of the North,</span> +<a href="#page003">3</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">in military council at Trachenberg,</span> +<a href="#page006">6</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Grossbeeren,</span> +<a href="#page014">14</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Jüterbog,</span> +<a href="#page018">18</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Dennewitz,</span> +<a href="#page018">18</a>, +<a href="#page019">19</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">crosses the Elbe,</span> +<a href="#page022">22</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">contemplated movement against,</span> +<a href="#page023">23</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> seeks to engage,</span> +<a href="#page025">25</a>, +<a href="#page026">26</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed junction with Schwarzenberg,</span> +<a href="#page026">26</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Merseburg,</span> +<a href="#page027">27</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Oppin,</span> +<a href="#page028">28</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">offers terms to Davout,</span> +<a href="#page055">55</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to the lower Rhine,</span> +<a href="#page056">56</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Liège,</span> +<a href="#page085">85</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">receives flag of truce from Joseph,</span> +<a href="#page085">85</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the allies dread betrayal by,</span> +<a href="#page085">85</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bernadotte, Mme.</b>,</span> i. 294.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bernburg</b>,</span> French forces at, iii. 393.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Berneck</b>,</span> defeat of Junot by the Black Legion at, iii. 234.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Berner Klause</b>,</span> the, i. 412.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Berry</b>,</span> military movements near, iv. +<a href="#page077">77</a>, +<a href="#page078">78</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Berry, Charles Ferdinand, Duc de</b>,</span> doubtful courage of, ii. 301;<br> +<span class="entry">refrains from entering France,</span> 301;<br> +<span class="entry">suspected of plotting in Brittany,</span> 303.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Berry-au-Bac</b>,</span> abandoned by Marmont, iv. +<a href="#page081">81</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Marmont at,</span> +<a href="#page085">85</a>.<br> + +<a id="berthier" name="berthier"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Berthier, Gen. Alexandre</b>,</span> a product of Carnot's system, i. 332;<br> +<span class="entry">service in the Alps,</span> 346;<br> +<span class="entry">at Lodi,</span> 361;<br> +<span class="entry">in the Rivoli campaign,</span> 413;<br> +<span class="entry">carries treaty of Campo Formio to the Directory,</span> ii. 24;<br> +<span class="entry">plunders Venetia,</span> 38;<br> +<span class="entry">proclaims the Roman Republic,</span> 39;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to kill hostile tribesmen,</span> 70;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to prepare for triumphal entry into Cairo,</span> 76;<br> +<span class="entry">accompanies <i>N.</i> on his return from Alexandria,</span> 81;<br> +<span class="entry">action on the 18th Brumaire,</span> 104;<br> +<span class="entry">forms the army of reserve,</span> 140;<br> +<span class="entry">sent to Geneva,</span> 140;<br> +<span class="entry">method of computing his army,</span> 169;<br> +<span class="entry">plans for crossing the Alps,</span> 169;<br> +<span class="entry">urges capture of Fort Bard,</span> 171;<br> +<span class="entry">created marshal,</span> 323;<br> +<span class="entry">Master of the Hounds,</span> 324;<br> +<span class="entry">muzzles the press in Prussia,</span> 417;<br> +<span class="entry">letter from <i>N.</i>, Aug. 25, 1806,</span> 420;<br> +<span class="entry">personal attendance on <i>N.</i>,</span> 425;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Eylau,</span> iii. 16; iv. +<a href="#page174">174</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Tilsit,</span> iii. 52, 59;<br> +<span class="entry">income,</span> 87, 296;<br> +<span class="entry">created Prince of Neufchâtel,</span> 86, 96, 279;<br> +<span class="entry">appointed vice-constable,</span> 96;<br> +<span class="entry">at Bayonne,</span> 144;<br> +<span class="entry">chief of staff,</span> 203, 323, 402;<br> +<span class="entry">orders to,</span> iii. 203;<br> +<span class="entry">deficiency of military knowledge,</span> 204;<br> +<span class="entry">fails in execution of his orders,</span> 205;<br> +<span class="entry">charged with treachery,</span> 206;<br> +<span class="entry">on <i>N.'s</i> habit of work,</span> 210;<br> +<span class="entry">discovers attempt to assassinate <i>N.</i>,</span> 240;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> proxy to marry Maria Louisa,</span> 254-256;<br> +<span class="entry">created Prince of Wagram,</span> 256;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page375" name="page375"></a>(p. 375)</span> +<span class="entry">letter from Ney to, Nov. 5, 1812,</span> 360, 361;<br> +<span class="entry">informs Macdonald of the Russian disasters,</span> 384;<br> +<span class="entry">alleged hostility to Jomini,</span> iv. +<a href="#page002">2</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Dresden,</span> +<a href="#page011">11</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Nangis,</span> +<a href="#page073">73</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">receives flag of truce from Schwarzenberg,</span> +<a href="#page073">73</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">persuades <i>N.</i> to resume negotiations,</span> +<a href="#page074">74</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">capture of one of his couriers,</span> +<a href="#page096">96</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at council at St. Dizier,</span> +<a href="#page103">103</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">advises a return to Lorraine,</span> +<a href="#page116">116</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Marmont sends treasonable documents to,</span> +<a href="#page119">119</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at the abdication scene,</span> +<a href="#page121">121</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII,</span> +<a href="#page132">132</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">nicknamed "Peter,"</span> +<a href="#page147">147</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">faults at Eylau and Wagram,</span> +<a href="#page173">173</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Berthollet, C. L.</b>,</span> plunders Italian scientific collections, i. 369;<br> +<span class="entry">accompanies <i>N.</i> on his return from Alexandria,</span> ii. 81;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the senate,</span> 151.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Berton, L. S.</b>,</span> i. 61.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bertrand, Gen. H. G.</b>,</span> base conduct at Vienna, ii. 369;<br> +<span class="entry">in campaign of 1813,</span> iii. 402;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Bautzen,</span> 410;<br> +<span class="entry">beleaguers Schweidnitz,</span> 413;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Dennewitz,</span> iv. +<a href="#page018">18</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">driven by Blücher to Bitterfeld,</span> +<a href="#page022">22</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Leipsic,</span> +<a href="#page028">28</a>, +<a href="#page029">29</a>, +<a href="#page030">30</a>, +<a href="#page032">32</a>, +<a href="#page035">35</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">takes Weissenfels,</span> +<a href="#page035">35</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">defends the Rhine at Kastel,</span> +<a href="#page054">54</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">begs <i>N.</i> to abandon Belgium and the left bank of the Rhine,</span> +<a href="#page070">70</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at the abdication scene,</span> +<a href="#page121">121</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">accompanies <i>N.</i> to Elba,</span> +<a href="#page134">134</a>, +<a href="#page138">138</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">sends positive instructions to Grouchy,</span> +<a href="#page187">187</a>, +<a href="#page191">191</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">escorts <i>N.</i> from the field of Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page211">211</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">accompanies <i>N.</i> to Rochefort,</span> +<a href="#page219">219</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">accompanies <i>N.</i> to St. Helena,</span> +<a href="#page227">227</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bertrand, Mme.</b>,</span> present at <i>N.'s</i> death-bed, iv. +<a href="#page235">235</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bessarabia</b>,</span> alleged concession of, to Russia, iii. 55.<br> + +<a id="bessieres" name="bessieres"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Bessières, Gen. J. B.</b>,</span> service in Egypt, ii. 53;<br> +<span class="entry">created marshal,</span> 323;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Austerlitz,</span> 387;<br> +<span class="entry">in Eylau campaign,</span> iii. 15, 16;<br> +<span class="entry">created Duke of Istria,</span> 86;<br> +<span class="entry">income,</span> 87;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> 93;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> opinion of,</span> 93;<br> +<span class="entry">invades Spain,</span> 132, 134, 143;<br> +<span class="entry">instructions to, concerning Spanish policy,</span> 140;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to arrest Ferdinand,</span> 144;<br> +<span class="entry">besieges Santander,</span> 156;<br> +<span class="entry">defeats the Spaniards at Medina de Rio Seco,</span> 156;<br> +<span class="entry">occupies Old Castile and Aragon,</span> 155;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to connect with Junot,</span> 157;<br> +<span class="entry">at Miranda,</span> 183;<br> +<span class="entry">pursues Hiller,</span> 209;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Essling,</span> 220;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding the Young Guard,</span> 324;<br> +<span class="entry">killed at Rippach,</span> 404, 406;<br> +<span class="entry">importance of his loss to <i>N.</i>,</span> 404.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bethencourt, Gen.</b>,</span> crosses the Simplon, ii. 172;<br> +<span class="entry">near Domo d'Ossola,</span> 172.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Beugnot</b>,</span> regent of Berg, iii. 421;<br> +<span class="entry">anecdote concerning,</span> 421, 422.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Beurnonville, Marquis de</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> envoy to Prussia, ii. 156;<br> +<span class="entry">royalist intrigues of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page115">115</a>, +<a href="#page140">140</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Beys</b>,</span> the Egyptian, ii. 58.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Biberach</b>,</span> battle of, ii. 167.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Biberich</b>,</span> anecdote of <i>N.</i> at the castle of, iii. 422.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bible</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> study of the, iv. +<a href="#page231">231</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bicêtre, prison of</b>,</span> imprisonment of a milliner in, iii. 92.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bielostok</b>,</span> united to Russia, iii. 56, 62.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bilbao</b>,</span> Lefebvre near, iii. 183.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bisamberg</b>,</span> junction of Archduke Charles and Hiller at, iii. 212, 216;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations near,</span> 228, 229.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Biscay</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> contemplated movements in, iii. 184;<br> +<span class="entry">military government of,</span> 279.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bismarck, Prince Otto von</b>,</span> policy in, 1875, ii. 269.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bitterfeld</b>,</span> Bertrand driven by Blücher to, iv. +<a href="#page022">22</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Biville</b>,</span> landing of the Cadoudal conspirators at, ii. 298.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Black Elster, River</b>,</span> military movements on the, iv. +<a href="#page020">20</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Black Forest, the</b>,</span> Dessaix defeats the Austrians in, i. 4 +40;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations in,</span> ii. 166, 365.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Black Legion, the</b>,</span> organization of, iii. 234;<br> +<span class="entry">defeats Junot at Berneck,</span> 234;<br> +<span class="entry">defeats the Saxons at Nossen,</span> 234.<br> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page376" name="page376"></a>(p. 376)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Black Sea</b>,</span> proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Blake, Gen.</b>,</span> defeated at Medina de Rio Seco, iii. 156;<br> +<span class="entry">advances from Durango,</span> 184;<br> +<span class="entry">concerted French movement against,</span> 185;<br> +<span class="entry">driven back to Valmaseda,</span> 184;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> scheme to annihilate,</span> 184;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated at Espinosa,</span> 185;<br> +<span class="entry">joins La Romana, in Asturias,</span> 185;<br> +<span class="entry">annihilation of his army by Suchet,</span> 289.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Blankenburg</b>,</span> Louis XVIII retreats to, ii. 5.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Blankenhain</b>,</span> Prince Hohenlohe at, ii. 428.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Blasowitz</b>,</span> military operations near, ii. 385.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Blois</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> private treasure at, iv. +<a href="#page050">50</a>, +<a href="#page134">134</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">imperial regency established at,</span> +<a href="#page115">115</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">French garrison at,</span> +<a href="#page118">118</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">dissolution of the imperial government at,</span> +<a href="#page135">135</a>.<br> + +<a id="blucher" name="blucher"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Blücher, Marshal G. L. von</b>,</span> member of Prussian reform party, ii. 415;<br> +<span class="entry">Prussian commander,</span> 419;<br> +<span class="entry">military movements near Eisenach,</span> 427;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Auerstädt,</span> 433;<br> +<span class="entry">reaches Lübeck,</span> 437;<br> +<span class="entry">duplicity to Klein,</span> 436;<br> +<span class="entry">surrender of,</span> 437;<br> +<span class="entry">in campaign of 1813,</span> iii. 399;<br> +<span class="entry">at Striegau,</span> iv. +<a href="#page003">3</a>, +<a href="#page006">6</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">violates the armistice,</span> +<a href="#page003">3</a>, +<a href="#page006">6</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding the army of the East,</span> +<a href="#page006">6</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">gives <i>N.</i> an advantage,</span> +<a href="#page006">6</a>, +<a href="#page007">7</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">secures an independent command,</span> +<a href="#page006">6</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">pursued by <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page007">7</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Bunzlau,</span> +<a href="#page007">7</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">retreats behind the Deichsel,</span> +<a href="#page007">7</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">crosses the Katzbach,</span> +<a href="#page008">8</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Katzbach,</span> +<a href="#page015">15</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">pursues Macdonald,</span> +<a href="#page015">15</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Macdonald fails to hold,</span> +<a href="#page017">17</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">operations in Silesia,</span> +<a href="#page017">17</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">attacks Macdonald at Fischbach,</span> +<a href="#page018">18</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Macdonald ordered to check his advance,</span> +<a href="#page020">20</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">advances on Dresden,</span> +<a href="#page020">20</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">northward movement,</span> +<a href="#page021">21</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">marches to Kemberg,</span> +<a href="#page022">22</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">drives Bertrand to Bitterfeld,</span> +<a href="#page022">22</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">contemplated movement against,</span> +<a href="#page023">23</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> seeks to engage,</span> +<a href="#page025">25</a>, +<a href="#page026">26</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">joint movements with Bernadotte and Schwarzenberg,</span> +<a href="#page026">26</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">advances to Halle,</span> +<a href="#page026">26</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Leipsic,</span> +<a href="#page028">28</a>, +<a href="#page030">30</a>, +<a href="#page033">33</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">acquires two Swedish corps,</span> +<a href="#page056">56</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">crosses the Rhine,</span> +<a href="#page057">57</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">aims to annihilate <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page057">57</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">crosses the Saar,</span> +<a href="#page058">58</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">invests the Mosel fortresses,</span> +<a href="#page058">58</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">advances on Arcis,</span> +<a href="#page058">58</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">effects union with Schwarzenberg,</span> +<a href="#page060">60</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated at Brienne,</span> +<a href="#page060">60</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battles of La Rothière and Troyes,</span> +<a href="#page060">60</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">predicts a speedy entry into Paris,</span> +<a href="#page061">61</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">leads the advance down the Marne,</span> +<a href="#page062">62</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">attempts to cut off Macdonald,</span> +<a href="#page061">61</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">strength, Feb. 9, 1814,</span> +<a href="#page061">61</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">French movement from Sézanne against,</span> +<a href="#page062">62</a>, +<a href="#page063">63</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Montmirail,</span> +<a href="#page063">63</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">retreat across the Marne,</span> +<a href="#page063">63</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated at Vauchamps,</span> +<a href="#page064">64</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">retreats to Bergères,</span> +<a href="#page065">65</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">drives Marmont to Fromentières,</span> +<a href="#page064">64</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> deals him "a blow in the eye,"</span> +<a href="#page070">70</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Marmont ordered to hold,</span> +<a href="#page071">71</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Méry,</span> +<a href="#page073">73</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">collects his army at Châlons,</span> +<a href="#page073">73</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Oudinot sent against,</span> +<a href="#page073">73</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">pursued by <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page075">75</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">makes diversion in favor of main army,</span> +<a href="#page075">75</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">advances on Paris,</span> +<a href="#page076">76</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">letter from Frederick William III, Feb. 26, 1814,</span> +<a href="#page075">75</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> in pursuit of,</span> +<a href="#page076">76</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">moves on Meaux,</span> +<a href="#page076">76</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">recruits his forces at Soissons,</span> +<a href="#page077">77</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">retreats up the Ourcq,</span> +<a href="#page076">76</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">checked by Marmont and Mortier,</span> +<a href="#page076">76</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">crosses the Marne,</span> +<a href="#page076">76</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">cut off from Schwarzenberg,</span> +<a href="#page077">77</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">driven north,</span> +<a href="#page077">77</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Craonne,</span> +<a href="#page078">78</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">retreats from Craonne to Laon,</span> +<a href="#page078">78</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">dissensions in his army,</span> +<a href="#page077">77</a>-80, +<a href="#page084">84</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Laon,</span> +<a href="#page079">79</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">recalls York,</span> +<a href="#page080">80</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">regains communication with Schwarzenberg,</span> +<a href="#page080">80</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">dismayed at the capture of Rheims,</span> +<a href="#page084">84</a>, +<a href="#page085">85</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">besieges Compiègne,</span> +<a href="#page084">84</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">resumes the offensive,</span> +<a href="#page092">92</a>, +<a href="#page093">93</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Marmont's plan of operations against,</span> +<a href="#page093">93</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">crosses the Aisne,</span> +<a href="#page093">93</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">effects junction with Schwarzenberg,</span> +<a href="#page094">94</a>, +<a href="#page095">95</a>, +<a href="#page097">97</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">captures a courier to the Empress,</span> +<a href="#page096">96</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">advised of the movement on Paris,</span> +<a href="#page098">98</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">"Marshal Forward,"</span> +<a href="#page098">98</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">crosses the Marne,</span> +<a href="#page099">99</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">fears of, in Paris,</span> +<a href="#page108">108</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">captures Montmartre,</span> +<a href="#page111">111</a>;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page377" name="page377"></a>(p. 377)</span> +<span class="entry">desires to take the field,</span> +<a href="#page169">169</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">plan of the campaign of Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page169">169</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">quality of his troops,</span> +<a href="#page171">171</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> position with regard to Wellington and,</span> +<a href="#page171">171</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">relative strength in Waterloo campaign,</span> +<a href="#page172">172</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">awaits developments,</span> +<a href="#page173">173</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with Wellington,</span> +<a href="#page176">176</a>, +<a href="#page177">177</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">possible change of strategy,</span> +<a href="#page176">176</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">defensive movements,</span> +<a href="#page178">178</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Fleurus,</span> +<a href="#page179">179</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">retires from Fleurus,</span> +<a href="#page180">180</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">his tactics criticized by Wellington,</span> +<a href="#page181">181</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">meeting with Wellington at Bry,</span> +<a href="#page180">180</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Ligny,</span> +<a href="#page181">181</a>, +<a href="#page182">182</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">gets "a —— good licking,"</span> +<a href="#page183">183</a>, +<a href="#page184">184</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">wounded at Ligny,</span> +<a href="#page185">185</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Grouchy's pursuit of,</span> +<a href="#page187">187</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">apprehended movement to join Wellington,</span> +<a href="#page187">187</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">promises support to Wellington,</span> +<a href="#page190">190</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Grouchy aims to prevent union between Wellington and,</span> +<a href="#page191">191</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">movement to Wavre,</span> +<a href="#page191">191</a>-194;<br> +<span class="entry">disaster at Ligny,</span> +<a href="#page193">193</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">possible retreat via Louvain,</span> +<a href="#page194">194</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">fails to come to Wellington's assistance,</span> +<a href="#page204">204</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Wellington's faint-hearted coöperation with,</span> +<a href="#page213">213</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">his lines of retreat,</span> +<a href="#page214">214</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">determination to kill <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page220">220</a>, +<a href="#page223">223</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>character</i>: ambition,</span> iv. +<a href="#page007">7</a>;<br> + ardor and courage, +<a href="#page059">59</a>, +<a href="#page098">98</a>, +<a href="#page177">177</a>, +<a href="#page181">181</a>, +<a href="#page182">182</a>;<br> + desire for glory and revenge, +<a href="#page068">68</a>, +<a href="#page220">220</a>, +<a href="#page223">223</a>;<br> + duplicity, ii. 436;<br> + head-strong temper, iv. +<a href="#page006">6</a>, +<a href="#page007">7</a>, +<a href="#page014">14</a>;<br> + influence over troops, +<a href="#page171">171</a>, +<a href="#page172">172</a>;<br> + over-confidence, +<a href="#page062">62</a>, +<a href="#page063">63</a>;<br> + self-indulgence, +<a href="#page172">172</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bober, River</b>,</span> military movements on the, iv. +<a href="#page007">7</a>, +<a href="#page016">16</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bocognano</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> in hiding near, i. 202, 203.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bohemia</b>,</span> Archduke Ferdinand escapes into, ii. 366;<br> +<span class="entry">Archduke Ferdinand commanding in,</span> 380;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> line of retreat through,</span> 392;<br> +<span class="entry">plan of Austrian operations in,</span> iii. 199;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> reasons for not pursuing Archduke Charles into,</span> 210;<br> +<span class="entry">gathering of Austrian troops in,</span> 414;<br> +<span class="entry">boundary of a neutral zone,</span> 414;<br> +<span class="entry">beacons flash the declaration of war through,</span> 423;<br> +<span class="entry">Austro-Russian troops in,</span> iv. +<a href="#page003">3</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">advance of Russian troops toward,</span> +<a href="#page006">6</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the allies' communication with, threatened,</span> +<a href="#page009">9</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">guarding the passes from,</span> +<a href="#page018">18</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">refuge of the allies in,</span> +<a href="#page024">24</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">army of, moves on Paris,</span> +<a href="#page098">98</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bohemian Forest</b>,</span> military movements in the, iii. 204, 210, 216.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bois, Pierre du</b>,</span> proposes French seizure of Egypt, ii. 46.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bologna</b>,</span> seizure and ransom of, i. 374, 375;<br> +<span class="entry">the Pope prepares to recover,</span> 398;<br> +<span class="entry">armistice of,</span> 401;<br> +<span class="entry">new scheme of government for,</span> 402;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at,</span> 409, 419;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations at,</span> 409, 419;<br> +<span class="entry">surrendered to France,</span> 421;<br> +<span class="entry">ceded to Venice at Leoben,</span> 438;<br> +<span class="entry">corporated in the Cisalpine Republic,</span> ii. 21.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bonaparte</b>.</span> <i>See</i> <a href="#buonaparte"><b>Buonaparte</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Boniface, Pope</b>,</span> crowns Pepin, ii. 325.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bonifacio</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> at, i. 193.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bonnier, M.</b>,</span> member of the Congress of Rastatt, ii. 89;<br> +<span class="entry">killed at Rastatt,</span> 89.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bontemps, M.</b>,</span> arrest of, ii. 27.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bordeaux</b>,</span> condition in 1793, i. 222;<br> +<span class="entry">exempt from legislation concerning Jews,</span> iii. 78;<br> +<span class="entry">opens its gates to English troops,</span> iv. +<a href="#page087">87</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">proclamation of Louis XVIII.,</span> +<a href="#page087">87</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> seeks to rouse imperial feeling in,</span> +<a href="#page220">220</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">immunity from the White Terror,</span> +<a href="#page223">223</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Borghese, Prince</b>,</span> marries Pauline (Buonaparte) Leclerc, ii. 258;<br> +<span class="entry">separates from Pauline,</span> iv. +<a href="#page142">142</a>.<br> + +<a id="borgheseprincess" name="borgheseprincess"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Borghese, Princess Pauline (Buonaparte)</b>,</span> looseness of her life, iv. +<a href="#page142">142</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">acquires the duchy of Lucca,</span> ii. 354;<br> +<span class="entry">dismissed from Paris,</span> iv. +<a href="#page142">142</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">accompanies <i>N.</i> to Elba,</span> +<a href="#page139">139</a>-142;<br> +<span class="entry">alleged scandalous relations with <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page142">142</a>.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#buonapartepauline"><b>Buonaparte, Pauline</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Borghetto</b>,</span> battle of, i. 372.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Borgo, Pozzo di</b>.</span> <i>See</i> <a href="#pozzodiborgo"><b>Pozzo di Borgo</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bormida, River</b>,</span> road to Italy opened through the valley of, i. 257;<br> +<span class="entry">the country of,</span> ii. 177;<br> +<span class="entry">Melas crosses,</span> 178;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page378" name="page378"></a>(p. 378)</span> +<span class="entry">military operations on the,</span> 181.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Borodino</b>,</span> Bonaparte at, ii. 392;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of,</span> iii. 343, 344, 346-348;<br> +<span class="entry">rescuing the wounded from the field of,</span> 358.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Borrissoff</b>,</span> the French retreat through, iii. 363, 366, 370;<br> +<span class="entry">Russian plan of operation at,</span> 366;<br> +<span class="entry">captured by Tchitchagoff,</span> 367, 368;<br> +<span class="entry">battles at,</span> 369-372.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Borstell, Gen.</b>,</span> battle of Dennewitz, iv. +<a href="#page019">19</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bosporus</b>,</span> proposed expedition to the, iii. 113.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Botanical Garden</b>,</span> lecture system of the, i. 281.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bothnia</b>,</span> repulse of the Russians from, iii. 116.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bou, Mme.</b>,</span> i. 184.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Boudet, Gen. Jean</b>,</span> in battle of Essling, iii. 219, 220.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bouillé, Marquis F. C. A. de</b>,</span> i. 314.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Boulay de la Meurthe, Antoine</b>,</span> presents temporary plan of the Consulate, ii, 123;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the council of state,</span> 152;<br> +<span class="entry">reviser of the Code,</span> 222.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Boulogne</b>,</span> the Army of England, flotilla, and military preparations at, ii. 48, 290, 291, 331, 358;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at,</span> 48;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> ceremonial at, July, 1804,</span> 328;<br> +<span class="entry">real purpose of the flotilla,</span> 334;<br> +<span class="entry">distribution of Legion of Honor crosses at,</span> 360;<br> +<span class="entry">the army ordered east from,</span> 362.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bourbon-Condé, Louis-Antoine-Henri de</b>.</span> <i>See</i> <a href="#enghienducd"><b>Enghien, Duc d'</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bourbon-Hapsburg alliance</b>,</span> Corsica joins the, i. 21.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bourbons, the</b>,</span> influence of, i. 22;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> attitude toward,</span> 177; ii. 29, 194, 205, 271, 301, 312, 356; iv. +<a href="#page156">156</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">discredit royalty,</span> i. 268;<br> +<span class="entry">their motto,</span> 297;<br> +<span class="entry">France's demands on Austria concerning,</span> ii. 43;<br> +<span class="entry">hopes and rumors of restoration of, and plots therefore,</span> 94, 122, 158, 194, 255, 317; iv. +<a href="#page051">51</a>, +<a href="#page067">67</a>, +<a href="#page068">68</a>, +<a href="#page113">113</a>, +<a href="#page114">114</a>, +<a href="#page164">164</a>, +<a href="#page165">165</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Talleyrand's predilection for,</span> ii. 122;<br> +<span class="entry">England's attitude toward,</span> 143, 144, 271, 356; iv. +<a href="#page068">68</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">a blow at the,</span> ii. 207;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> complains of England's protection of,</span> 271, 356;<br> +<span class="entry">foster the Jacobin spirit of insurrection,</span> 300;<br> +<span class="entry">responsibility for the execution of Ney,</span> 300;<br> +<span class="entry">the Duc d'Enghien,</span> 301;<br> +<span class="entry">intrigues against <i>N.'s</i> life,</span> 304; iv. +<a href="#page141">141</a>, +<a href="#page144">144</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> attempt to fix death of Duc d'Enghien on,</span> ii. 312;<br> +<span class="entry">causes of the French dislike for,</span> 317;<br> +<span class="entry">their "divine right,"</span> 317;<br> +<span class="entry">their founder,</span> 350;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme to establish a monarchy in America,</span> iii. 134, 141;<br> +<span class="entry">Metternich's desire to restore the,</span> iv. +<a href="#page067">67</a>, +<a href="#page068">68</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">rising in Vendée,</span> +<a href="#page102">102</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">restoration of,</span> +<a href="#page109">109</a>, +<a href="#page113">113</a>-115, +<a href="#page132">132</a>, +<a href="#page146">146</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">enthusiasm for, in Paris,</span> +<a href="#page115">115</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">revulsion of feeling in France and by Alexander against,</span> +<a href="#page125">125</a>, +<a href="#page126">126</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">fickle imperialists support Louis XVIII,</span> +<a href="#page132">132</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">maintain spies in Elba,</span> +<a href="#page142">142</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> on the illegitimacy of their throne,</span> +<a href="#page156">156</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>The Neapolitan</b>,</span> impending downfall, ii. 357;<br> +<span class="entry">banished,</span> 390, 395, 401; iii. 214;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal that they retain power in Sicily,</span> ii. 401.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>The Spanish</b>,</span> scheme to emancipate Spain from rule of, ii. 44;<br> +<span class="entry">incapacity and degradation,</span> iii. 70;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> attitude toward,</span> 142;<br> +<span class="entry">deposed,</span> 145-148, 150, 164;<br> +<span class="entry">proposals to restore the throne to,</span> 271, 416.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bourgeoisie</b>,</span> the, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 101, 107;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> seeks the support of,</span> ii. 278.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bourmont, Gen.</b>,</span> deserts before Charleroi, iv. +<a href="#page174">174</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bourrienne, L. A. F. de</b>,</span> on the question of <i>N.'s</i> birth, i. 37;<br> +<span class="entry">shares mathematical honors with <i>N.</i>,</span> 56;<br> +<span class="entry">shares <i>N.'s</i> poverty in Paris,</span> 174;<br> +<span class="entry">obtains diplomatic position at Stuttgart,</span> 174;<br> +<span class="entry">anecdotes of <i>N.</i> by,</span> 175;<br> +<span class="entry">describes <i>N.'s</i> personality,</span> 284;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> friendship for,</span> 295;<br> +<span class="entry">improved fortunes of,</span> 295;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> confidences with,</span> ii. 51;<br> +<span class="entry">on <i>N.'s</i> plans of escaping from Egypt,</span> 83;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> expresses his satisfaction to, concerning the 18th Brumaire,</span> 110;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page379" name="page379"></a>(p. 379)</span> +<span class="entry">rebukes <i>N.</i> at St. Cloud,</span> 113;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> 277;<br> +<span class="entry">dismissed,</span> 277;<br> +<span class="entry">on Mme. de Staël,</span> iii. 298;<br> +<span class="entry">venality of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page106">106</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bourse</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> failure to govern the, ii. 410;<br> +<span class="entry">rise in values after the Austrian marriage,</span> iii. 264.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bowles, Col. Geo.</b>,</span> conversation with Wellington, iv. +<a href="#page184">184</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Boyer, Gen. J. P.</b>,</span> prepares a "triumphal" return to Cairo, ii. 76.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Brabant</b>,</span> visit of <i>N.</i> and Maria Louisa to, iii. 269;<br> +<span class="entry">French occupation of,</span> 270;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> offer to exchange it for Hanseatic towns,</span> 270.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Braganza, House of</b>,</span> decline of, iii. 119;<br> +<span class="entry">flight to Brazil,</span> 134;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> proposes to restore Portugal to,</span> 319.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Brandenburg</b>,</span> proposed allotment of, to Jerome, iii. 409;<br> +<span class="entry">the Army of the North in,</span> iv. +<a href="#page002">2</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">contemplated operations in,</span> +<a href="#page007">7</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Brandenburg, House of</b>,</span> the imperial crown for the, ii. 420;<br> +<span class="entry">owes its safety to the Czar,</span> iii. 73.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Braunau</b>,</span> the Austrian camp at, ii. 365;<br> +<span class="entry">captured by Lannes,</span> 367;<br> +<span class="entry">Russian troops at,</span> 368;<br> +<span class="entry">French occupation of,</span> 405.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bray</b>,</span> Macdonald before, iv. +<a href="#page072">72</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Brazi</b>,</span> Don John embarks for, iii. 121.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Breisgau</b>,</span> grant to Grand Duke of Tuscany in, ii. 193;<br> +<span class="entry">Duc d'Enghien prepares to retire to the,</span> 302, 303;<br> +<span class="entry">part of, acquired by Baden,</span> 391;<br> +<span class="entry">Würtemberg acquires part of,</span> 391.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Breitenlee</b>,</span> Austrian advance through, iii. 220.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bremen</b>,</span> closed to British commerce, ii. 287;<br> +<span class="entry">laid under contribution,</span> 287;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal to give it to Prussia,</span> 400;<br> +<span class="entry">Bernadotte's force in,</span> iii. 202;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme to incorporate with France,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">position in the French empire,</span> 279;<br> +<span class="entry">French forces at,</span> 393.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Brenta, River</b>,</span> military operations on the, i. 384, 390-392, 406.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Brescia</b>,</span> seized by France, i. 371;<br> +<span class="entry">the French position at,</span> 379;<br> +<span class="entry">captured by Quasdanowich,</span> 380;<br> +<span class="entry">evacuated by the enemy,</span> 381;<br> +<span class="entry">the revolutionary movement in,</span> 428, 435.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Breslau</b>,</span> Russian troops at, ii. 380;<br> +<span class="entry">the Prussian court moves from Berlin to,</span> iii. 396;<br> +<span class="entry">patriotism in the university,</span> 398;<br> +<span class="entry">French occupation of,</span> 413;<br> +<span class="entry">pursuit of the allies to,</span> 413;<br> +<span class="entry">French evacuation of,</span> 414, 415;<br> +<span class="entry">military movements near,</span> iv. +<a href="#page003">3</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Brest</b>,</span> naval preparations at, ii. 48, 68, 333, 359, 360, 441;<br> +<span class="entry">blockade of,</span> iii. 48;<br> +<span class="entry">junction of Nelson and Cornwallis before,</span> ii. 359;<br> +<span class="entry">the fleet ordered to the English Channel from,</span> 359;<br> +<span class="entry">Villeneuve's mission to relieve,</span> 360;<br> +<span class="entry">the squadron ordered to the Mediterranean,</span> iii. 111;<br> +<span class="entry">imprisonment of Schill's followers in,</span> 233;<br> +<span class="entry">naval station at,</span> 380.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Brest-Litovski</b>,</span> military operations near, iii. 353.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Briars, The,"</b></span> <i>N.</i> a guest at, iv. +<a href="#page229">229</a>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bribery</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> first lesson in, i. 203.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bridge of Arts</b>,</span> the, iii. 74.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Brienne</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> at, i. 37, 46-59, 146, 210; iv. +<a href="#page060">60</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> mock battles at,</span> i. 53; iv. +<a href="#page060">60</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Lucien Buonaparte at,</span> i. 81;<br> +<span class="entry">Lucien quits, and Louis remains at,</span> 88;<br> +<span class="entry">Louis fails of admission to,</span> 96;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> garden at,</span> 210;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> contemporaries at,</span> 216;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page060">60</a>, +<a href="#page061">61</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">military movements near,</span> +<a href="#page095">95</a>, +<a href="#page096">96</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Brienne, Mme. Loménie de</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> early friend, i. 52, 105.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Brigandage</b>,</span> suppression of, in Corsica, i. 14, 15.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Brigido, Col.</b>,</span> at battle of Arcole, i. 390.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Brindisi</b>,</span> embargo on, ii. 287.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Brinkmann</b>,</span> on <i>N.'s</i> influence in France, ii. 133.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Brissot, J. P.</b>,</span> leader of the Girondists, i. 189.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Brittany</b>,</span> foundation of the Jacobin Club in, i. 107;<br> +<span class="entry">violence and civil war in,</span> 207, 222, 277, 305; ii. 91, 146;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page380" name="page380"></a>(p. 380)</span> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> conciliates,</span> 146;<br> +<span class="entry">suspected plot of the Duc de Berry in,</span> 303.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Brixen</b>,</span> Joubert at, i. 434;<br> +<span class="entry">apportioned to the Grand Duke of Tuscany,</span> ii. 266;<br> +<span class="entry">ceded to Bavaria,</span> 391.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Broglie, Duc de</b>,</span> on the Emperor's court at Fontainebleau, iii. 245.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Broussier, Gen.</b>,</span> marches to relief of Paris, iv. +<a href="#page102">102</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bruck</b>,</span> Prince Eugène at, iii. 225.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Brueys d'Aigalliers, Vice-Adm. François-Paul</b>,</span> commanding French fleet in the Adriatic, ii, 18;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to Corfu,</span> 62;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to Alexandria,</span> 62;<br> +<span class="entry">in the battle of the Nile,</span> 62-66.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bruix, Adm. E.</b>,</span> sent to conquer the Mediterranean ii. 79;<br> +<span class="entry">interview with Barras,</span> 107;<br> +<span class="entry">argument in favor of the slave-trade,</span> 236.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Brumaire</b>,</span> the plot of the 18th of, ii. 102 et seq., 119 et seq., 315; iv. +<a href="#page258">258</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Brune, Gen. G. M. A.</b>,</span> plunders Bern, ii. 40;<br> +<span class="entry">military genius,</span> 88;<br> +<span class="entry">campaign in Holland,</span> 87, 93, 96, 323;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Bergen,</span> 93;<br> +<span class="entry">supersedes Masséna in Italy,</span> 190;<br> +<span class="entry">advances to Trent,</span> 192;<br> +<span class="entry">created marshal,</span> 323;<br> +<span class="entry">venality of,</span> iii. 81.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Brunet, Gen.</b>,</span> commanding the Army of Italy, i. 213.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Brünn</b>,</span> military operations near, ii. 367, 369, 379, 383-386; iii. 229;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> establishes headquarters at,</span> ii. 379.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Brunswick</b>,</span> French occupation of, ii. 443;<br> +<span class="entry">organization of the Black Legion,</span> iii. 234;<br> +<span class="entry">the Black Legion's escape through,</span> 234;<br> +<span class="entry">restored to its former ruler,</span> iv. +<a href="#page040">40</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Brunswick, Charles F. W., Duke of</b>,</span> commander-in-chief of the Prussian army, ii. 419, 424, 427;<br> +<span class="entry">at Naumberg,</span> 424;<br> +<span class="entry">decline of his influence,</span> 428;<br> +<span class="entry">at Erfurt,</span> 427;<br> +<span class="entry">plan of opposition to the French,</span> 428;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Jena,</span> 429-433;<br> +<span class="entry">death of,</span> 433, 443;<br> +<span class="entry">proclamation against the French republic,</span> 443;<br> +<span class="entry">appeals to <i>N.'s</i> mercy,</span> 443.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Brunswick, Frederick W., Duke of</b>,</span> deprived of his throne, iii. 234;<br> +<span class="entry">organizes the Black Legion,</span> 234;<br> +<span class="entry">exploits with the Black Legion,</span> 234;<br> +<span class="entry">escapes to England,</span> 234.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Brunswick, House of</b>,</span> Sieyès suspected of plotting with the, ii. 95.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bruslart</b>,</span> governor of Corsica, plots against <i>N.</i>, iv. +<a href="#page150">150</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Brussels</b>,</span> proposed invasion of France via, iv. +<a href="#page057">57</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">York retires to,</span> +<a href="#page080">80</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations near,</span> +<a href="#page170">170</a>, +<a href="#page179">179</a>, +<a href="#page180">180</a>, +<a href="#page190">190</a>, +<a href="#page192">192</a>, +<a href="#page194">194</a>, +<a href="#page195">195</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">topography of,</span> +<a href="#page195">195</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Brutus</b>,</span> statue at the Tuileries, ii. 147.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bruyères</b>,</span> killed at Reichenbach, iii. 410.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bry</b>,</span> meeting of Wellington and Blücher at, iv. +<a href="#page180">180</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bubna, Gen.</b>,</span> emissary from Francis to <i>N.</i>, iii. 238, 395; iv. +<a href="#page021">21</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">suggests an armistice,</span> iii. 408;<br> +<span class="entry">procrastinates,</span> 417;<br> +<span class="entry">confronting Augereau at Geneva,</span> iv. +<a href="#page057">57</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">in the campaign of 1814,</span> +<a href="#page062">62</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">driven from Lyons by Augereau,</span> +<a href="#page067">67</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Bucentaur," the</b>,</span> destruction of, ii. 24.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Bucentaure," the</b>,</span> at Trafalgar, ii. 374.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Budberg</b>,</span> Russian councilor, iii. 52.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Budweis</b>,</span> Archduke Charles at, iii. 216.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Buenos Ayres</b>,</span> English expedition against, iii. 100.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Buffer" states</b>,</span> ii. 402; iii. 55.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bug, River</b>,</span> proposed French occupation to the, ii. 442;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations on the,</span> iii. 2, 117, 358.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bulgaria</b>,</span> alleged concession of, to Russia, iii. 55.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bull-fights</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> proposes to introduce them into Paris, ii. 409.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bülow, Gen. F. W. von</b>,</span> junction of Bernadotte with, iii. 399;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding Army of the North,</span> iv. +<a href="#page003">3</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">holding Berlin,</span> iv. +<a href="#page003">3</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">strength,</span> +<a href="#page003">3</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">belittled by <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page005">5</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">military ability,</span> +<a href="#page014">14</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Grossbeeren,</span> +<a href="#page014">14</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Dennewitz,</span> +<a href="#page018">18</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">coöperates with Graham in the Netherlands,</span> +<a href="#page057">57</a>;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page381" name="page381"></a>(p. 381)</span> +<span class="entry">captures Soissons,</span> +<a href="#page077">77</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding reserve forces,</span> +<a href="#page177">177</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">in Waterloo campaign,</span> +<a href="#page177">177</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">near Beauderet,</span> +<a href="#page185">185</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at St. Lambert,</span> +<a href="#page194">194</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page204">204</a>-207.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bunbury, Sir Henry</b>,</span> on commission to notify <i>N.</i> of his sentence, iv. +<a href="#page226">226</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bunzlau</b>,</span> Blücher at, iv. +<a href="#page007">7</a>.<br> + +<a id="buonaparte" name="buonaparte"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Buonaparte, Carlo Maria di</b></span> (father of <i>N.</i>), early life of, i. 29, 30;<br> +<span class="entry">ennobled,</span> 29;<br> +<span class="entry">marriage,</span> 30;<br> +<span class="entry">submission and French naturalization,</span> 32;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> 22, 44;<br> +<span class="entry">death,</span> 34, 63;<br> +<span class="entry">ambitions and advancements,</span> 43-47, 57, 63;<br> +<span class="entry">mission to Versailles,</span> 44-47;<br> +<span class="entry">claim against the Jesuits,</span> 47, 63;<br> +<span class="entry">breaks down,</span> 57;<br> +<span class="entry">his "infamy,"</span> 97;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> renounces the royalist principles of,</span> 136;<br> +<span class="entry">his paternity of <i>N.</i> denied,</span> iv. +<a href="#page137">137</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Buonaparte, Caroline</b></span> (sister of <i>N.</i>), birth, i. 33;<br> +<span class="entry">at Nice,</span> 244;<br> +<span class="entry">early life,</span> 322;<br> +<span class="entry">gift to her brother on departure for Egypt,</span> ii. 53;<br> +<span class="entry">married to Murat,</span> 195, 258;<br> +<span class="entry">resents <i>N.'s</i> abuse of Murat,</span> iv. +<a href="#page056">56</a>.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#muratmme"><b>Murat, Mme</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Buonaparte, Princess Charlotte</b>,</span> proposal to marry her to the Prince of Asturias, iii. 129;<br> +<span class="entry">sent to Madame Mère,</span> 130.<br> + +<a id="buonapartehortense" name="buonapartehortense"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Buonaparte, Hortense</b>,</span> life in Holland, iii. 26;<br> +<span class="entry">death of her eldest son,</span> 52;<br> +<span class="entry">quarrels with the Grand Duchess of Berg,</span> 179;<br> +<span class="entry">share in the Austrian marriage negotiations,</span> 253;<br> +<span class="entry">Louis complains of,</span> 270;<br> +<span class="entry">criticized by Mme. de Staël,</span> 298.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#beauharnaishortense"><b>Beauharnais, Hortense</b></a>.<br> + +<a id="buonapartejerome" name="buonapartejerome"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Buonaparte, Jerome</b></span> (brother of <i>N.</i>), birth, i. 33, 64;<br> +<span class="entry">sent to school in Paris,</span> 309;<br> +<span class="entry">marriage to Elizabeth Patterson,</span> ii. 257;<br> +<span class="entry">residence in the United States,</span> 257;<br> +<span class="entry">deserts his wife Elizabeth,</span> 257;<br> +<span class="entry">service in the West Indies,</span> 257;<br> +<span class="entry">fails to secure divorce from his American wife,</span> 396;<br> +<span class="entry">marries Catherine of Würtemberg,</span> 399; iii. 93, 94;<br> +<span class="entry">assists in the sack of Poland,</span> ii. 440;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding corps of Würtembergers and Bavarians,</span> iii. 3;<br> +<span class="entry">King of Westphalia,</span> 56, 279;<br> +<span class="entry">Pius VII refuses to annul his marriage,</span> 68;<br> +<span class="entry">assumes the title of Napoleon,</span> 82;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with <i>N.</i>,</span> 82;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to raise levies in Westphalia,</span> 132;<br> +<span class="entry">at the Erfurt conference,</span> 171;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated by the Black Legion,</span> 234;<br> +<span class="entry">deprived of part of Hanover,</span> 278;<br> +<span class="entry">supplies quota to <i>N.'s</i> army,</span> 322;<br> +<span class="entry">in the Russian campaign,</span> 336;<br> +<span class="entry">at Grodno,</span> 336;<br> +<span class="entry">military blunders and incompetence,</span> 336;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed allotment of Brandenburg and Berlin to,</span> 409;<br> +<span class="entry">flees to France,</span> iv. +<a href="#page040">40</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">takes refuge in Switzerland,</span> +<a href="#page135">135</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">assigned to the House of Peers,</span> +<a href="#page160">160</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page199">199</a>, +<a href="#page211">211</a>.<br> + +<a id="buonapartejoseph" name="buonapartejoseph"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Buonaparte, Joseph</b></span> (grandfather of <i>N.</i>), ennobled, i. 28.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Buonaparte, Joseph</b></span> (brother of <i>N.</i>), childish relations with <i>N.</i>, i. 40;<br> +<span class="entry">educated for the priesthood,</span> 44, 55;<br> +<span class="entry">goes to Autun,</span> 44;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> 49; iii. 130, 131; iv. +<a href="#page106">106</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">desire for military service,</span> i. 55;<br> +<span class="entry">search for a career,</span> 55, 57, 79, 83, 89, 96, 134, 140, 288, 292-295;<br> +<span class="entry">attends his father in his last illness,</span> 58, 63;<br> +<span class="entry">his politics,</span> 83;<br> +<span class="entry">studies law at Pisa,</span> 89;<br> +<span class="entry">early struggles,</span> 96;<br> +<span class="entry">claims share in framing Corsican appeal to National Assembly,</span> 118;<br> +<span class="entry">appointed mayor's secretary at Ajaccio,</span> 123;<br> +<span class="entry">at Marseilles,</span> 127;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the Constituent Assembly at Orezza,</span> 131, 134;<br> +<span class="entry">represents Ajaccio in district Directory,</span> 134;<br> +<span class="entry">disappointments to,</span> 134;<br> +<span class="entry">political offices and schemes,</span> 140, 144;<br> +<span class="entry">member of Corsican Directory,</span> 161;<br> +<span class="entry">reminiscences of, conversations, confidences, and relations with <i>N.</i>,</span> 178; iii. 45, 82, 109, 140, 148, 149, 190;<br> +<span class="entry">leaves Corsica for Toulon,</span> i. 207;<br> +<span class="entry">trades on his brother's commission in the National Guard,</span> 208;<br> +<span class="entry">made commissary-general,</span> 238;<br> +<span class="entry">marriage of,</span> 254;<br> +<span class="entry">deprived of employment,</span> 284, 287;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page382" name="page382"></a>(p. 382)</span> +<span class="entry">settles in Genoa,</span> 288, 291;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed land speculation for,</span> 288;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> correspondence with,</span> 290-297, 312; ii. 66; iii. 18, 184, 299; iv. +<a href="#page061">61</a>, +<a href="#page073">73</a>, +<a href="#page077">77</a>, +<a href="#page091">91</a>, +<a href="#page216">216</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">plans for diplomatic appointment,</span> i. 292, 294;<br> +<span class="entry">marriage,</span> 295;<br> +<span class="entry">enamoured of Désirée Clary,</span> 312;<br> +<span class="entry">receives diplomatic appointment,</span> 309;<br> +<span class="entry">French minister at Rome,</span> ii. 28, 39;<br> +<span class="entry">demands Provera's dismissal from Rome,</span> 39;<br> +<span class="entry">demands his passports,</span> 39;<br> +<span class="entry">sends information to <i>N.</i> in Egypt,</span> 80;<br> +<span class="entry">political and social preferment,</span> 96;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the Five Hundred,</span> 95;<br> +<span class="entry">plenipotentiary to negotiate with Cobenzl,</span> 188;<br> +<span class="entry">France's representative at Lunéville,</span> 193;<br> +<span class="entry">his skilful diplomacy,</span> 256;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiates the treaty of Amiens,</span> 263;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> confides the Duc d'Enghien's case to,</span> 307;<br> +<span class="entry">at Malmaison,</span> 308;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks clemency for the Duc d'Enghien,</span> 308;<br> +<span class="entry">coolness between <i>N.</i> and,</span> 308;<br> +<span class="entry">the right of imperial succession in his family,</span> 322;<br> +<span class="entry">created Elector and imperial prince,</span> 322;<br> +<span class="entry">on his brother's strength with the army,</span> 334;<br> +<span class="entry">at <i>N.'s</i> coronation,</span> 342;<br> +<span class="entry">declines the crown of Italy,</span> 352;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Austerlitz,</span> 387;<br> +<span class="entry">made king of Naples,</span> 395;<br> +<span class="entry">dominion over Sicily,</span> 401;<br> +<span class="entry">advised to show himself terrible at first,</span> 439;<br> +<span class="entry">reports <i>N.'s</i> Indian scheme,</span> 442;<br> +<span class="entry">Pius VII refuses to recognize his sovereignty,</span> iii. 68;<br> +<span class="entry">assumes the title of Napoleon,</span> 82;<br> +<span class="entry">residence at Naples,</span> 129;<br> +<span class="entry">interview with <i>N.</i> at Venice,</span> 129-131;<br> +<span class="entry">the crown of Spain offered to,</span> 131;<br> +<span class="entry">reform of Neapolitan politics,</span> 130;<br> +<span class="entry">ambition,</span> 131;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to Bayonne,</span> 149;<br> +<span class="entry">king of Spain,</span> 150, 169, 142, 279, 382, 421;<br> +<span class="entry">assumes government at Madrid,</span> iii. 154;<br> +<span class="entry">entreats <i>N.</i> assistance in Spain,</span> 158;<br> +<span class="entry">lacks male descendants,</span> 160;<br> +<span class="entry">asserts his sovereignty,</span> 190;<br> +<span class="entry">driven from Madrid,</span> 190;<br> +<span class="entry">the Spaniards swear allegiance to,</span> 191, 192;<br> +<span class="entry">accompanies <i>N.</i> on his second marriage journey,</span> 258;<br> +<span class="entry">his Spanish territory contracted,</span> 278;<br> +<span class="entry">signs a conditional abdication,</span> 282;<br> +<span class="entry">bickerings with Soult,</span> 287;<br> +<span class="entry">Wellington moves to Madrid against,</span> 290;<br> +<span class="entry">temporary government at Valencia,</span> 377;<br> +<span class="entry">acting regent in Paris,</span> iv. +<a href="#page058">58</a>, +<a href="#page061">61</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">gives up hope,</span> +<a href="#page081">81</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">sends flag of truce to Bernadotte,</span> +<a href="#page085">85</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">enjoined to save the Empress and her son from Austrian capture,</span> +<a href="#page091">91</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the Empress-Regent's council,</span> +<a href="#page106">106</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">proclaims his brother's approach to Paris,</span> +<a href="#page109">109</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">prepares for defense of Paris,</span> +<a href="#page109">109</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">deputy emperor,</span> +<a href="#page111">111</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">overtakes the Empress at Chartres,</span> +<a href="#page111">111</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">empowers Marmont to treat for surrender,</span> +<a href="#page111">111</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Napoleon's rage at,</span> +<a href="#page115">115</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">takes refuge in Switzerland,</span> +<a href="#page135">135</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">assigned to the House of Peers,</span> +<a href="#page160">160</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">president of the council of state,</span> +<a href="#page169">169</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">advised to hold the legislature in hand,</span> +<a href="#page216">216</a>.<br> + +<a id="bonapartejosephine" name="bonapartejosephine"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Buonaparte, Josephine</b>,</span> marital relations with <i>N.</i>, i. 452-455; ii. 66, 84, 198, 256, 328; iii. 11, 26, 27, 160, 161, 179-181, 246, 247, 252-253;<br> +<span class="entry">character, licentious conduct, jealousy, etc.,</span> i. 452-455; ii. 55, 84; iii. 11, 27, 92, 246, 247;<br> +<span class="entry">domestic and social life, the imperial court, etc.,</span> i. 452-455; ii. 254-257, 279; iii. 91-94, 145;<br> +<span class="entry">the divorce, its causes and decretal,</span> i. 453, 454; ii. 66, 84, 256, 328; iii. 99, 160, 161, 179-181, 245-247, 252, 253;<br> +<span class="entry">letters from <i>N.</i>,</span> i. 320, 452, 455; iii. 43, 60, 110;<br> +<span class="entry">visits Rome,</span> ii. 28;<br> +<span class="entry">joins <i>N.</i> in Paris, Dec., 1797,</span> 28;<br> +<span class="entry">royalist intrigues with,</span> 36;<br> +<span class="entry">bids farewell to <i>N.</i> at Toulon,</span> 55;<br> +<span class="entry">influence over Gohier,</span> 97;<br> +<span class="entry">in pecuniary straits,</span> 122;<br> +<span class="entry">brings about marriage between Hortense and Louis Bonaparte,</span> 257;<br> +<span class="entry">fear of Talleyrand,</span> 308;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude in the Duc d'Enghien's case,</span> 308;<br> +<span class="entry">accompanies <i>N.</i> to Boulogne,</span> 328;<br> +<span class="entry">ecclesiastically married to <i>N.</i>,</span> 341;<br> +<span class="entry">the coronation,</span> 342-346;<br> +<span class="entry">forbidden to follow her husband to Poland,</span> iii. 27;<br> +<span class="entry">reproaches <i>N.</i> with his amours,</span> 27;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page383" name="page383"></a>(p. 383)</span> +<span class="entry">travels through France,</span> 74;<br> +<span class="entry">accompanies <i>N.</i> to Bayonne,</span> 142;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> harsh treatment at Fontainebleau,</span> 179;<br> +<span class="entry">self-abasement of,</span> 246;<br> +<span class="entry">withdraws to Malmaison,</span> 247;<br> +<span class="entry">conducts negotiations for <i>N.'s</i> Austrian marriage,</span> 253;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> visits, after the divorce,</span> 257;<br> +<span class="entry">never preferred to power,</span> 327.<br> + +<a id="buonaparteletizia" name="buonaparteletizia"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Buonaparte, Letizia</b>,</span> death of, i. 34;<br> +<span class="entry">tradition concerning birth of <i>N.</i>,</span> 39, 40;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> 40; iv. +<a href="#page137">137</a>, +<a href="#page287">287</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">letter from <i>N.</i> to,</span> i. 64;<br> +<span class="entry">vicissitudes of fortune,</span> 64, 65, 80, 96, 225, 291; ii. 95; iv. +<a href="#page287">287</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">her opinion of <i>N.</i>,</span> i. 84;<br> +<span class="entry">settles near Toulon,</span> 262;<br> +<span class="entry">disapproves <i>N.'s</i> marriage,</span> 321;<br> +<span class="entry">social influence,</span> ii. 96;<br> +<span class="entry">remark of Mme. Permon to,</span> 130;<br> +<span class="entry">distrusts <i>N.'s</i> elevation,</span> 258;<br> +<span class="entry">residence in Corsica,</span> 258;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses to attend the coronation,</span> 342;<br> +<span class="entry">Princess Charlotte's sojourn with,</span> iii. 130;<br> +<span class="entry">attacks on her good name,</span> iv. +<a href="#page137">137</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">visits <i>N.</i> at Elba,</span> +<a href="#page142">142</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">thrift,</span> +<a href="#page287">287</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">knowledge of <i>N.'s</i> limitations,</span> +<a href="#page287">287</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Buonaparte, Louis</b></span> (brother of <i>N.</i>), birth, i. 33;<br> +<span class="entry">prospects,</span> 80;<br> +<span class="entry">loses appointment to artillery school,</span> 88;<br> +<span class="entry">remains at Brienne,</span> 88;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> aids and protects,</span> 89, 96, 140, 144, 147, 149, 150;<br> +<span class="entry">fails to secure admission to Brienne,</span> 96;<br> +<span class="entry">certificate to his republicanism,</span> 136;<br> +<span class="entry">confirmed,</span> 147;<br> +<span class="entry">follows his brother's fortunes,</span> 159, 263;<br> +<span class="entry">idle career,</span> 184;<br> +<span class="entry">promoted adjutant-general of artillery,</span> 238;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to Châlons as a cadet,</span> 238;<br> +<span class="entry">officer of home guard at Nice,</span> 254;<br> +<span class="entry">falls from favor,</span> 254;<br> +<span class="entry">lieutenant of artillery,</span> 262;<br> +<span class="entry">deprived of employment,</span> 284;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to Châlons,</span> 288, 291;<br> +<span class="entry">promoted,</span> 309;<br> +<span class="entry">marries Hortense Beauharnais,</span> ii. 257; iii. 269;<br> +<span class="entry">his son Napoleon,</span> ii. 282;<br> +<span class="entry">created Constable of France,</span> 323; iii. 96;<br> +<span class="entry">at <i>N.'s</i> coronation,</span> ii. 342;<br> +<span class="entry">declines the crown of Italy for his son,</span> 352;<br> +<span class="entry">made king of Holland,</span> 397; iii. 25, 96, 269;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to hold the Rhine,</span> ii. 424;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> iii. 25;<br> +<span class="entry">reprimanded by <i>N.</i> for economy,</span> 25;<br> +<span class="entry">character of his reign,</span> 25, 148, 270, 271, 276-278;<br> +<span class="entry">letters from <i>N.</i>,</span> 140, 148, 276;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with <i>N.</i>,</span> 82;<br> +<span class="entry">assumes title of Louis Napoleon,</span> 82;<br> +<span class="entry">the Spanish crown offered to,</span> 140;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses the crown,</span> 140, 207;<br> +<span class="entry">loyalty to the Dutch,</span> 140;<br> +<span class="entry">violates the Continental System,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> affection for,</span> 269;<br> +<span class="entry">promoted general,</span> 269;<br> +<span class="entry">made councilor of state,</span> 269;<br> +<span class="entry">share in the Italian and Egyptian campaigns,</span> 269;<br> +<span class="entry">arrogates the royal dignity to himself,</span> 270;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> quarrel with,</span> 269-277;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> offers to exchange the Hanseatic towns for Brabant and Zealand,</span> 270;<br> +<span class="entry">contemplates resistance to <i>N.</i>,</span> 270;<br> +<span class="entry">reduced to the position of a French governor,</span> 270, 271;<br> +<span class="entry">prepares to defend Holland,</span> 271;<br> +<span class="entry">summoned to Paris,</span> 270;<br> +<span class="entry">complains of his queen Hortense,</span> 270;<br> +<span class="entry">virtually a prisoner in France,</span> 270;<br> +<span class="entry">submits to <i>N.</i>,</span> 271;<br> +<span class="entry">permitted to return to Amsterdam,</span> 271;<br> +<span class="entry">opens negotiations with England,</span> 271;<br> +<span class="entry">continues to oppose <i>N.</i>,</span> 275, 276;<br> +<span class="entry">flight to Teplitz,</span> 276.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Buonaparte, Louis Napoleon</b></span> (nephew of <i>N.</i>, son of Louis; crown prince of Holland), created Grand Duke of Berg, iii. 279.<br> + +<a id="buonapartelucien" name="buonapartelucien"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Buonaparte, Lucien</b></span> (great-uncle of <i>N.</i>), condition, i. 40;<br> +<span class="entry">affection for his family,</span> 65;<br> +<span class="entry">illness of,</span> 79, 84-89;<br> +<span class="entry">political opinions,</span> 115;<br> +<span class="entry">death,</span> 161.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Buonaparte, Lucien</b></span> (brother of <i>N.</i>), birth, i. 33;<br> +<span class="entry">goes to Autun,</span> 43;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with <i>N.</i>,</span> 55, 89, 115;<br> +<span class="entry">advancement for,</span> 57;<br> +<span class="entry">at Brienne,</span> 81;<br> +<span class="entry">turns toward the priesthood,</span> 81;<br> +<span class="entry">leaves Brienne,</span> 88, 115;<br> +<span class="entry">efforts to enter at Aix,</span> 96;<br> +<span class="entry">memoirs of <i>N.</i>,</span> 97, 98, 207, 316-319; ii. 265;<br> +<span class="entry">independence of,</span> i. 140;<br> +<span class="entry">radical leader at Ajaccio,</span> 184;<br> +<span class="entry">letter to Costa,</span> 187;<br> +<span class="entry">in diplomatic service,</span> 197;<br> +<span class="entry">denounces Paoli,</span> 197;<br> +<span class="entry">at Toulon,</span> 207;<br> +<span class="entry">appropriates <i>N.'s</i> birth certificate,</span> 208;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page384" name="page384"></a>(p. 384)</span> +<span class="entry">in commissary department,</span> 208, 225;<br> +<span class="entry">"the little Robespierre,"</span> 238;<br> +<span class="entry">marriage,</span> 254;<br> +<span class="entry">deprived of employment,</span> 284;<br> +<span class="entry">destitution of,</span> 288, 289;<br> +<span class="entry">imprisoned at Aix,</span> 291;<br> +<span class="entry">liberated,</span> 309;<br> +<span class="entry">foments quarrels in Italy,</span> ii. 87;<br> +<span class="entry">political and social preferment,</span> 95;<br> +<span class="entry">member and president of the Five Hundred,</span> 97, 105, 114-118;<br> +<span class="entry">on the 19th Brumaire,</span> 115-118;<br> +<span class="entry">makes a dramatic scene at St. Cloud,</span> 116;<br> +<span class="entry">summons Bonapartist members of the Five Hundred to meet,</span> 118;<br> +<span class="entry">harangues the mutilated chambers,</span> 123;<br> +<span class="entry">minister of the interior,</span> 131;<br> +<span class="entry">suggests plebiscite on the question of life consulship,</span> 245;<br> +<span class="entry">declines to marry the queen of Etruria,</span> 257;<br> +<span class="entry">exiled,</span> 257;<br> +<span class="entry">second marriage,</span> 257;<br> +<span class="entry">democracy of,</span> 257;<br> +<span class="entry">in literary society,</span> 257;<br> +<span class="entry">at summit of his career,</span> 257;<br> +<span class="entry">French minister to Madrid,</span> 257;<br> +<span class="entry">dispute between <i>N.</i> and Joseph concerning marriage of,</span> 308;<br> +<span class="entry">the savior of <i>N.'s</i> fortunes on the 18th Brumaire,</span> 315;<br> +<span class="entry">the right of imperial succession in his family,</span> 322;<br> +<span class="entry">created an imperial prince,</span> 322;<br> +<span class="entry">at Rome during <i>N.'s</i> coronation,</span> 342;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal that he take the crown of Etruria,</span> iii. 129;<br> +<span class="entry">opposes hereditary consulate for <i>N.</i>,</span> 129;<br> +<span class="entry">residence at Rome,</span> 129;<br> +<span class="entry">marries Mme. de Jauberthon,</span> 129;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses kingly honors,</span> 129, 130;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses to divorce his wife,</span> 129, 130;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> 129, 135;<br> +<span class="entry">interview with <i>N.</i> at Mantua,</span> 129, 130;<br> +<span class="entry">sails to the United States,</span> 277;<br> +<span class="entry">captured by the English,</span> 277;<br> +<span class="entry">Mme. de Staëls complaint of <i>N.</i> to,</span> 298, 299;<br> +<span class="entry">fosters revolution in Rome,</span> iv. +<a href="#page144">144</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">assigned to the House of Peers,</span> +<a href="#page160">160</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the council of state,</span> +<a href="#page169">169</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">advises a dictatorship after Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page217">217</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">endeavors to solve the difficulties after Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page217">217</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> dictates his abdication to,</span> +<a href="#page218">218</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Buonaparte, Maria-Anna</b></span> (sister of <i>N.</i>), i. 33.<br> + +<a id="buonapartemarieanneelisa" name="buonapartemarieanneelisa"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Buonaparte, Marie-Anne-Elisa</b></span> (sister of <i>N.</i>), birth, i. 33;<br> +<span class="entry">educated at Saint-Cyr,</span> 55, 60, 62, 71;<br> +<span class="entry">defective education,</span> 71, 182;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> visits at St. Cyr,</span> 176;<br> +<span class="entry">quits St. Cyr and returns to Corsica,</span> 182, 184;<br> +<span class="entry">at Nice,</span> 244;<br> +<span class="entry">suitor for,</span> 291;<br> +<span class="entry">marriage to Felice Bacciocchi,</span> 322; ii. 258;<br> +<span class="entry">acquires Massa-e-Carrara and Garfagnana,</span> 395;<br> +<span class="entry">created Grand Duchess of Tuscany and Princess of Lucca and Piombino,</span> iii. 279.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#bacciocchi"><b>Bacciocchi, Princess</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Buonaparte, Nabulione</b>,</span> i. 33, 36;<br> +<span class="entry">forms of the name,</span> 38, 39.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Buonaparte, Napoleon</b>.</span> <i>See</i> <a href="#napoleon"><b>Napoleon</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Buonaparte, Napoleon Louis Charles</b></span> (nephew of <i>N.</i>, son of Louis), <i>N.'s</i> partiality for, ii. 282; iii. 269;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal to create him king of Italy,</span> ii. 352;<br> +<span class="entry">death of,</span> iii. 52, 160, 269.<br> + +<a id="buonapartepauline" name="buonapartepauline"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Buonaparte, Pauline</b></span> (sister of <i>N.</i>), birth of, i. 33;<br> +<span class="entry">at Nice,</span> 244;<br> +<span class="entry">suitor for,</span> 291;<br> +<span class="entry">flirtation with Fréron,</span> 322;<br> +<span class="entry">marries Gen. Leclerc,</span> ii. 236;<br> +<span class="entry">marries Prince Borghese,</span> 258;<br> +<span class="entry">acquires Guastalla,</span> 395;<br> +<span class="entry">adviser to Maria Louisa,</span> iii. 257;<br> +<span class="entry">created Duchess of Guastalla,</span> 279.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#leclercmme"><b>Leclerc, Mme.</b></a>; <a href="#borgheseprincess"><b>Borghese Princess</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Buonaparte family, the</b>,</span> i. 8, 20-34;<br> +<span class="entry">ennobling and coat armor of,</span> 28;<br> +<span class="entry">vicissitudes of fortune,</span> 35, 58, 63, 65, 80, 83-90, 96, 114, 115, 134, 161, 164, 184, 185, 205, 215, 236, 284, 288, 291, 322;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> regards himself as head of,</span> 88, 161, 211, 309, 322;<br> +<span class="entry">claim against the government,</span> 89, 115;<br> +<span class="entry">the "infamy" of,</span> 97;<br> +<span class="entry">Salicetti's influence over,</span> 116;<br> +<span class="entry">influence in Corsica,</span> 139, 202;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> devotion to,</span> 140, 161, 244;<br> +<span class="entry">outburst against,</span> in Ajaccio, 205;<br> +<span class="entry">driven from their estates,</span> 205;<br> +<span class="entry">leave Corsica for Toulon,</span> 208;<br> +<span class="entry">residence in Toulon,</span> 208, 212;<br> +<span class="entry">flight to Marseilles,</span> 212;<br> +<span class="entry">driven from Toulon,</span> 216;<br> +<span class="entry">social diplomacy of,</span> 262;<br> +<span class="entry">news of <i>N.'s</i> return from Egypt brought to,</span> ii. 83;<br> +<span class="entry">political preferment among members of,</span> 95;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page385" name="page385"></a>(p. 385)</span> +<span class="entry">meeting to consider the hereditary consulship,</span> 244;<br> +<span class="entry">the women of,</span> 258;<br> +<span class="entry">domestic life,</span> 279;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with the First Consul,</span> 279;<br> +<span class="entry">social triumph of,</span> iii. 93;<br> +<span class="entry">urge divorce from Josephine,</span> 125;<br> +<span class="entry">allotment of crowns among,</span> 133, 139;<br> +<span class="entry">consolidation of Italy under,</span> 167;<br> +<span class="entry">agree on the Austrian marriage,</span> 254;<br> +<span class="entry">arrogance of its members,</span> 270, 278;<br> +<span class="entry">fraternal instincts,</span> 322;<br> +<span class="entry">Austrian discovery of their royal descent,</span> iv. +<a href="#page044">44</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">proscribed,</span> +<a href="#page223">223</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">France again under,</span> +<a href="#page233">233</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Burgau</b>,</span> ceded to Bavaria, ii. 391.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Burgos</b>,</span> Murat assumes command at, iii. 134;<br> +<span class="entry">Ferdinand VII at,</span> 143;<br> +<span class="entry">siege and fall of,</span> 183, 185;<br> +<span class="entry">French movement toward,</span> 185;<br> +<span class="entry">failure of Marmont to capture,</span> 290.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Burgundy</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> visits, i. 146.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Burke, Edmund</b>,</span> influence of his oratory, i. 195;<br> +<span class="entry">on Malmesbury's mission to Paris,</span> 449.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Burrard, Gen. H.</b>,</span> defeats Wellesley's plans at Vimeiro, iii. 157;<br> +<span class="entry">retired from active service,</span> 186.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Busaco</b>,</span> battle of, iii, 284, 285;<br> +<span class="entry">the <i>cantinière</i> of,</span> 291.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Buttafuoco, Matteo</b>,</span> treachery of, i. 17, 22;<br> +<span class="entry">invites Rousseau to Corsica,</span> 19;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with Choiseul,</span> 21;<br> +<span class="entry">represents Corsica at Versailles,</span> 115;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude toward Corsican patriots,</span> 117;<br> +<span class="entry">popular hatred of,</span> 121, 133, 135;<br> +<span class="entry">succeeded by Salicetti,</span> 133, 136;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> diatribe against,</span> 133, 136;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> "Letters" to,</span> 145;<br> +<span class="entry">his marriage condemned by <i>N.</i>,</span> 311.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Buxhöwden, Gen.</b>,</span> advance of Russian troops under, ii. 367;<br> +<span class="entry">joins Kutusoff at Wischau,</span> 379.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Bylandt, Count de</b>,</span> advises Holland to defy France, iii. 271;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Waterloo,</span> iv. +<a href="#page201">201</a>.</p> + + +<h5>C</h5> + +<p><span class="name"><b>Cabanis</b>,</span> influence on the Consulate, ii. 195.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cabarrus, Jeanne M. I. T.</b>,</span> i. 315.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#fontenayemmede"><b>Fontenaye, Mme. de</b></a>; <a href="#tallienmme"><b>Tallien, Mme.</b></a><br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cadiz</b>,</span> Nelson loses an eye at, ii. 62;<br> +<span class="entry">Villeneuve makes for,</span> 359, 371;<br> +<span class="entry">Collingwood blockades,</span> 371;<br> +<span class="entry">Nelson's fleet off,</span> 373;<br> +<span class="entry">threatened invasion by England,</span> iii. 133, 155;<br> +<span class="entry">seizure of a French fleet at,</span> 155;<br> +<span class="entry">Soult before,</span> 286, 289;<br> +<span class="entry">Soult abandons,</span> 290;<br> +<span class="entry">becomes the capital of the nationalists,</span> 290.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cadore</b>,</span> creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 395;<br> +<span class="entry">Champagny created Duke of,</span> iii. 87.<br> + <i>See</i> <a href="#champagny"><b>Champagny</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cadoudal, Georges</b>,</span> complaints of England's harboring of, ii. 271;<br> +<span class="entry">conspiracy to seize <i>N.</i>,</span> 297 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">leader of the Chouans,</span> 297;<br> +<span class="entry">arrest and execution,</span> 299, 303;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> clemency toward his co-conspirators,</span> 328;<br> +<span class="entry">funeral mass celebrated for,</span> iv. +<a href="#page146">146</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cæsar, Augustus</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> likened to, iii. 43.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cæsar, Julius</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> study of and admiration for, resemblances between <i>N.</i> and, i. 161, 395, 423; ii. 147, 158, 159, 230; iii. 319; iv. +<a href="#page130">130</a>, +<a href="#page232">232</a>, +<a href="#page266">266</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> disclaims the rôle of,</span> ii. 112, 117;<br> +<span class="entry">his work for civilization,</span> 157; iii. 319.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Caffarelli, Gen.</b>,</span> bearer of <i>N.'s</i> letter to Pius VII, ii. 339;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Austerlitz,</span> 387.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cagliari</b>,</span> expedition against, i. 191.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cahors</b>,</span> birthplace of Murat, ii. 195.<br> + +<span class="name">"<b>Caia</b>,"</span> and "<b>Caius</b>," ii. 329.<br> + +<span class="name">"<b>Ça Ira</b>,"</span> i. 244, 266.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cairo</b>,</span> military operations at, i. 352; ii. 60;<br> +<span class="entry">Magallon consul at,</span> 47;<br> +<span class="entry">the march from Alexandria to,</span> 59;<br> +<span class="entry">capture of,</span> 61;<br> +<span class="entry">failure of the promised plunder at,</span> 61;<br> +<span class="entry">fortification of,</span> 67;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at,</span> 69, 76;<br> +<span class="entry">retreat of the army from Acre to,</span> 75;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> "triumphal" return to,</span> 76;<br> +<span class="entry">surrender of,</span> 211.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Calahorra</b>,</span> the Spanish forces near, iii. 184, 185.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Calais</b>,</span> parallel between Magdeburg and, iii. 62.<br> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page386" name="page386"></a>(p. 386)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Calder, Adm. Sir Robert</b>,</span> encounters Villeneuve off Cape Finisterre, ii. 359;<br> +<span class="entry">reinforces blockade of Brest,</span> 359;<br> +<span class="entry">encounter with Villeneuve,</span> 371.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Caldiero</b>,</span> occupied by Alvinczy, i. 388;<br> +<span class="entry">Alvinczy retreats from,</span> 390.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Calendar, the Republican</b>,</span> i. 248.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Calonne, C. A. de</b>,</span> taxation problems of, i. 105.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Calotte</b>,</span> the constitution of the, i. 94.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Calvi</b>,</span> French influence and power in, i. 116, 207;<br> +<span class="entry">the Buonapartes seek asylum in,</span> 205;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at,</span> 205;<br> +<span class="entry">imprisonment of Corsicans in,</span> 252;<br> +<span class="entry">English capture of,</span> 261.<br> + +<a id="cambaceres" name="cambaceres"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Cambacérès, J. J. R.</b>,</span> dreads a new Terror, ii. 93;<br> +<span class="entry">appointed consul,</span> 130;<br> +<span class="entry">minister of justice,</span> 130;<br> +<span class="entry">organizer of the Code Napoléon,</span> 222, 226;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme for reform of the tribunate,</span> 242;<br> +<span class="entry">suggests plebiscite on question of life consulship,</span> 244;<br> +<span class="entry">Chancellor of France,</span> 323;<br> +<span class="entry">at <i>N.'s</i> coronation,</span> 342;<br> +<span class="entry">demurs to action against the Duc d'Enghien,</span> 304;<br> +<span class="entry">created Duke of Parma,</span> iii. 86;<br> +<span class="entry">salary,</span> 96;<br> +<span class="entry">arch-chancellor,</span> 96;<br> +<span class="entry">on <i>N.'s</i> appearance after the treaty of Schönbrunn,</span> 245;<br> +<span class="entry">member of extraordinary council on <i>N.'s</i> second marriage,</span> 253;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the Empress-Regent's council,</span> iv. +<a href="#page106">106</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> +<a href="#page106">106</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">member of <i>N.'s</i> new cabinet,</span> +<a href="#page159">159</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cambronne, Gen. P. J. E.</b>,</span> aids in <i>N.'s</i> escape from Elba, iv. +<a href="#page153">153</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page209">209</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Campan, Mme.</b>,</span> appointment in the imperial court, ii. 324.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Campbell, Sir Neil</b>,</span> British commissioner at Fontainebleau, iv. +<a href="#page134">134</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> relations with,</span> +<a href="#page134">134</a>, +<a href="#page142">142</a>, +<a href="#page150">150</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">accompanies <i>N.</i> to Elba,</span> +<a href="#page140">140</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">ambassador to <i>N.'s</i> court at Elba,</span> +<a href="#page144">144</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">leaves Elba for Florence,</span> +<a href="#page150">150</a>, +<a href="#page153">153</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Camperdown</b>,</span> battle of, ii. 38.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Campo Formio</b>,</span> treaty of, i. 456; ii. 18-22, 24, 31, 37, 42, 145, 148, 187; iii. 329.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Canada</b>,</span> lost to France, i. 17, 22.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Canals</b>,</span> Bonaparte's scheme of, ii, 279.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Canino, Prince of</b>.</span> <i>See</i> <a href="#buonapartelucien"><b>Buonaparte, Lucien</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cannes</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> march through, on return from Elba, iv. +<a href="#page153">153</a>, +<a href="#page154">154</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Canning, George</b>,</span> denounces <i>N.</i>, ii, 144;<br> +<span class="entry">foreign secretary in Portland cabinet,</span> iii. 69;<br> +<span class="entry">responsibility for the bombardment of Copenhagen,</span> 70, 97;<br> +<span class="entry">despatches the fleet to the Baltic,</span> 98;<br> +<span class="entry">demands the secret articles of Tilsit,</span> 98;<br> +<span class="entry">fall of,</span> 272;<br> +<span class="entry">policy of action against <i>N.</i>,</span> 284;<br> +<span class="entry">enforces Orders in Council,</span> 378.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Canonical institution</b>,</span> the question of, iv. +<a href="#page390">390</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Canova, Antonio</b>,</span> makes statue of Empress Maria Louisa, iii. 300.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cantonal assemblies</b>,</span> ii. 247.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cape of Good Hope</b>,</span> taken by England from the Dutch, ii. 12, 38;<br> +<span class="entry">ceded to the Batavian Republic by treaty of Amiens,</span> 233;<br> +<span class="entry">England's rights in,</span> 262;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> ambitions concerning,</span> 289; iii. 308.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cape St. Vincent</b>,</span> battle of, i. 456; ii. 62.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cape Verd Islands</b>,</span> proposition to deport <i>N.</i> to, iv. +<a href="#page145">145</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Caprera</b>,</span> expedition against, i. 192.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Caprino</b>,</span> battle at, i. 412, 413.<br> + +<span class="name">"<b>Captain</b>,"</span> Nelson's ship in battle of Cape St. Vincent, ii, 62.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Capuchins</b>,</span> attempt to oust them from Corsican domains, i. 168.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Caraccioli, Adm. F. C.</b>,</span> execution of, ii. 300.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cardinals, the College of</b>,</span> transplanted to France, iii. 258, 263.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Carinthia</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> in, i. 434;<br> +<span class="entry">revolutionary sentiment in,</span> ii. 42;<br> +<span class="entry">part of, ceded to France,</span> iii. 239.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Carinthian Mountains</b>,</span> pursuit of Archduke John across the, iii. 212.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Carlsbad</b>,</span> Talleyrand at, iv. +<a href="#page224">224</a>.<br> + +<span class="name">"<b>Carmagnole</b>,"</span> the, i. 244, 266.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Carniola</b>,</span> Charles guards road into, i. 432;<br> +<span class="entry">ceded to France,</span> iii. 239.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Carnot, Lazare N. M.</b>,</span> minister of war, i. 233, 279;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page387" name="page387"></a>(p. 387)</span> +<span class="entry">favors <i>N.</i>,</span> 299, 320;<br> +<span class="entry">reorganizes the French army,</span> 240, 325, 332, 333, 379;<br> +<span class="entry">military policy of,</span> 249;<br> +<span class="entry">removal of,</span> 279;<br> +<span class="entry">escape of,</span> 285; ii. 8, 27;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the Directory,</span> i. 186, 330-333;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> 330-333;<br> +<span class="entry">at battle of Maubeuge,</span> 332;<br> +<span class="entry">plans the Italian campaign (1795),</span> 346;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> correspondence with, May, 1796,</span> 364;<br> +<span class="entry">advises restoring the Milanese to Austria,</span> 451;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with <i>N.</i>,</span> ii. 8;<br> +<span class="entry">desire for peace with Austria,</span> 19;<br> +<span class="entry">Barras derides his suggestions,</span> 19;<br> +<span class="entry">writes a justificatory pamphlet,</span> 91;<br> +<span class="entry">development of his conscription scheme,</span> 93;<br> +<span class="entry">reappointed minister of war,</span> 130, 153;<br> +<span class="entry">influence on the fall of the Directory,</span> 130;<br> +<span class="entry">military genius,</span> 153;<br> +<span class="entry">detaches Lecourbe's force from Moreau's army,</span> 168;<br> +<span class="entry">possible successor to <i>N.</i>,</span> 186;<br> +<span class="entry">influence on the Consulate,</span> 195;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the tribunate,</span> 243;<br> +<span class="entry">remonstrates against adulation of <i>N.</i>,</span> 295;<br> +<span class="entry">opposes the creation of the Empire,</span> 321;<br> +<span class="entry">pensioned,</span> iii. 297;<br> +<span class="entry">commissioned to write on fortification,</span> 297;<br> +<span class="entry">invited to join in insurrection,</span> iv. +<a href="#page149">149</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">member of <i>N.'s</i> new cabinet,</span> +<a href="#page159">159</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">advises a dictatorship for France after Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page217">217</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the new Directory,</span> +<a href="#page218">218</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Caroline, Queen of Naples</b>,</span> iii. 124;<br> +<span class="entry">on Maria Louisa's imprisonment at Schönbrunn,</span> iv. +<a href="#page143">143</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Carpentras</b>,</span> lost to the Pope at peace of Tolentino, ii. 326.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Carrier, J. B.</b>,</span> crimes of, i. 234;<br> +<span class="entry">opposes Robespierre,</span> 251.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Carrion-Nisas, A. H.</b>,</span> "Peter the Great," ii. 350.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cartagena</b>,</span> Villeneuve ordered to, ii. 371;<br> +<span class="entry">rebellion in,</span> iii. 154.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Carteaux, Gen.</b>,</span> seizes Valence, i. 214;<br> +<span class="entry">besieges Avignon,</span> 214;<br> +<span class="entry">takes Marseilles,</span> 220;<br> +<span class="entry">captures Ollioules,</span> 225;<br> +<span class="entry">besieges Toulon,</span> 224, 225;<br> +<span class="entry">ignorance of military affairs,</span> 227;<br> +<span class="entry">removed from command,</span> 228.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cassel</b>,</span> Blücher's military movements in, ii. 427;<br> +<span class="entry">restored to its former ruler,</span> iv. +<a href="#page040">40</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Castaños, Gen. F. X. de</b>,</span> causes Dupont's surrender at Baylen, iii. 156;<br> +<span class="entry">position on the Ebro,</span> 184, 185;<br> +<span class="entry">concerted French movement against,</span> 185;<br> +<span class="entry">collects his troops at Siguenza,</span> 185.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Casteggio</b>,</span> battle of, ii. 176.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Castellane</b>,</span> journal of, iii. 361.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Castelnuovo</b>,</span> disarmament of, i. 442.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Castiglione</b>,</span> battle of, i. 382; ii. 140;<br> +<span class="entry">Augereau's victory at,</span> 323;<br> +<span class="entry">celebration of the battle of,</span> 228;<br> +<span class="entry">Augereau created Duke of,</span> iii. 86.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#augereau"><b>Augereau</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Castile</b>,</span> French occupation of, iii. 286;<br> +<span class="entry">weakness of French forces in,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">reinforcements for Masséna ordered from,</span> 289.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Castlereagh, Lord</b>,</span> secretary for war in Portland cabinet, iii. 69;<br> +<span class="entry">policy of action and bitterness against <i>N.</i>,</span> 284; iv. +<a href="#page145">145</a>, +<a href="#page162">162</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">prime minister of England,</span> iii. 328;<br> +<span class="entry">inspires action by Bernadotte,</span> 350;<br> +<span class="entry">becomes foreign secretary,</span> 378, 417, 422;<br> +<span class="entry">dissatisfied with the Frankfort terms,</span> iv. +<a href="#page042">42</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> +<a href="#page042">42</a>, +<a href="#page067">67</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at headquarters of the allies at Basel,</span> +<a href="#page066">66</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">influence in European councils,</span> +<a href="#page067">67</a>, +<a href="#page068">68</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">under Metternich's influence,</span> +<a href="#page068">68</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">uneasiness at <i>N.'s</i> message to Francis,</span> +<a href="#page075">75</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">on the European policy of 1814,</span> +<a href="#page089">89</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">protests against the use of the imperial style by <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page133">133</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiates secret treaty between England,</span> Austria, and France, +<a href="#page145">145</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">protests to Talleyrand against violation of treaty obligations,</span> +<a href="#page153">153</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">retires from Congress of Vienna,</span> +<a href="#page173">173</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">letter from Lord Liverpool, June 20, 1815,</span> +<a href="#page224">224</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Catalonia</b>,</span> French occupation of, iii. 156;<br> +<span class="entry">Duhesme evacuates,</span> 157;<br> +<span class="entry">military government of,</span> 279;<br> +<span class="entry">French possession of,</span> 377.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Catharine of Würtemberg</b>,</span> marries Jerome Bonaparte, ii. 399; iii. 93, 94.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cathcart, Gen. W. S.</b>,</span> besieges Copenhagen, iii. 70;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page388" name="page388"></a>(p. 388)</span> +<span class="entry">heads English embassy to Russia,</span> 351;<br> +<span class="entry">influences the armistice of Poischwitz,</span> 417;<br> +<span class="entry">English minister at St. Petersburg,</span> 417;<br> +<span class="entry">at Congress of Prague,</span> 423.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Catherine II</b>,</span> policy of, i. 22; iii. 51, 309;<br> +<span class="entry">death of,</span> i. 425, 452;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> shatters a gift of,</span> ii. 20;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> admiration for,</span> 347;<br> +<span class="entry">share in partition of Poland,</span> iii. 309;<br> +<span class="entry">her life and work,</span> iv. +<a href="#page251">251</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Catherine, Grand Duchess</b></span> (of Russia), mentioned for marriage with <i>N.</i>, iii. 180, 181;<br> +<span class="entry">marries the Duke of Oldenburg,</span> 181, 278, 310.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Catholic emancipation</b>,</span> the question of, ii. 208.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cato</b>,</span> statue at the Tuileries, ii. 147.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cattaro</b>,</span> Alexander I's scheme for acquiring, ii. 356;<br> +<span class="entry">Russian occupation of,</span> 405;<br> +<span class="entry">compensation for,</span> iii. 56.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Caulaincourt, A. A. L. de</b>,</span> leads expedition to Offenburg, ii. 304;<br> +<span class="entry">Master of the Horse,</span> 324, 425;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with <i>N.</i>,</span> 425; iii. 107; iv. +<a href="#page087">87</a>, +<a href="#page105">105</a>, +<a href="#page115">115</a>, +<a href="#page134">134</a>, +<a href="#page159">159</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">conducts negotiations with Russia,</span> iii. 87, 107-110, 113, 116-118, 165, 168, 169, 244, 310, 315, 318, 408-411;<br> +<span class="entry">connection with the d'Enghien murder,</span> iii. 107;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> instructions to,</span> 115;<br> +<span class="entry">discusses partition of Turkey,</span> 116;<br> +<span class="entry">explains Bernadotte's dilatoriness,</span> 117;<br> +<span class="entry">reproved by <i>N.</i>,</span> 165;<br> +<span class="entry">friendship with the Czar,</span> 165, 168;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to ventilate the divorce question,</span> 181;<br> +<span class="entry">conducts <i>N.'s</i> matrimonial negotiations in Russia,</span> 247, 248;<br> +<span class="entry">explains the Austrian marriage to Alexander,</span> 255;<br> +<span class="entry">recalled,</span> 318, 326;<br> +<span class="entry">knowledge of Russia,</span> 325, 326;<br> +<span class="entry">French commissioner at Poischwitz,</span> 414;<br> +<span class="entry">at Congress of Prague,</span> 423;<br> +<span class="entry">letter from Metternich, November, 1813,</span> iv. +<a href="#page042">42</a>, +<a href="#page045">45</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Minister of Foreign Affairs,</span> +<a href="#page042">42</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">letter to Metternich, Dec. 2, 1813,</span> +<a href="#page046">46</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">conducts negotiations at Châtillon,</span> +<a href="#page067">67</a>-71, +<a href="#page074">74</a>, +<a href="#page078">78</a>, +<a href="#page087">87</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">demands authority to treat after La Rothière,</span> +<a href="#page069">69</a>, +<a href="#page070">70</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">blamed for not saving his country at Châtillon,</span> +<a href="#page070">70</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">letter from Maret,</span> +<a href="#page087">87</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at council at St. Dizier,</span> +<a href="#page103">103</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks peace at any price,</span> +<a href="#page103">103</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks audience with Alexander,</span> +<a href="#page116">116</a>, +<a href="#page117">117</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at the abdication scene,</span> +<a href="#page121">121</a>, +<a href="#page122">122</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">on commission to present abdication to Alexander,</span> +<a href="#page124">124</a>, +<a href="#page125">125</a>, +<a href="#page126">126</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">urges the regency,</span> +<a href="#page126">126</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">transfers his allegiance,</span> +<a href="#page129">129</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> declaration to, concerning his generals,</span> +<a href="#page128">128</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">memoirs of,</span> +<a href="#page130">130</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">records <i>N.'s</i> first attempt at suicide,</span> +<a href="#page130">130</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">member of <i>N.'s</i> new cabinet,</span> +<a href="#page159">159</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the new Directory,</span> +<a href="#page218">218</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cautillon</b>,</span> attempt to assassinate Wellington, iv. +<a href="#page234">234</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> bequest to,</span> +<a href="#page234">234</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cavallos</b>,</span> defends Ferdinand's position, iii. 143.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cavalry</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> views on, and use of, i. 59; ii. 178.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cayenne</b>,</span> wholesale deportations to, ii. 8.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Celibacy</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> on, i. 138.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ceracchi</b>,</span> charged with conspiracy, ii. 235;<br> +<span class="entry">execution of,</span> 241.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ceraino</b>,</span> military operations near, i. 412.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cerbeau, Du</b>,</span> i. 143.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cervoni</b>,</span> i. 220, 233.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ceva</b>,</span> battle of, i. 352-335.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ceylon</b>,</span> retained by England, ii. 211, 262;<br> +<span class="entry">France guarantees its return to Holland,</span> 289.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Chaboulon, Fleury de</b>,</span> sent to Naples, iv. +<a href="#page152">152</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">reveals the state of France to <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page152">152</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Chabran, Gen.</b>,</span> forces in Savoy, ii. 169;<br> +<span class="entry">crosses the Little St. Bernard,</span> 171.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Chabrol</b>,</span> imperial prefect, iv. +<a href="#page106">106</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Chaillot</b>,</span> suspected plot of royalists at, ii. 303.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Châlons</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> leaves Paris for, iv. +<a href="#page053">53</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">French concentration at,</span> +<a href="#page058">58</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> reaches,</span> +<a href="#page058">58</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> plans pursuing Blücher to,</span> +<a href="#page065">65</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Blücher collects his army at,</span> +<a href="#page073">73</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> plans to attack Schwarzenberg at,</span> +<a href="#page077">77</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Marmont ordered to,</span> +<a href="#page091">91</a>, +<a href="#page093">93</a>;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page389" name="page389"></a>(p. 389)</span> +<span class="entry">the allies open new communications via,</span> +<a href="#page097">97</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cham</b>,</span> Archduke Charles makes a stand at, iii. 210, 216.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Chamartin</b>,</span> the French troops at, iii. 187, 189.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Chambers of Commerce</b>,</span> establishment of, ii. 220.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Chambéry</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> at, ii. 27, 30;<br> +<span class="entry">reinforcements for Augereau at,</span> iv. +<a href="#page094">94</a>.<br> + +<a id="champagny" name="champagny"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Champagny, L. A.</b>,</span> created Duke of Cadore, iii. 87;<br> +<span class="entry">appointed Minister of External Relations,</span> 96, 132;<br> +<span class="entry">plenipotentiary at Altenburg,</span> 238, 239;<br> +<span class="entry">succeeded in the Foreign Office by Maret,</span> 318;<br> +<span class="entry">mission to Francis at Dijon,</span> iv. +<a href="#page128">128</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Champaubert</b>,</span> battle of, iv. +<a href="#page063">63</a>, +<a href="#page066">66</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Championnet, Gen.</b>,</span> overthrows the Neapolitan throne, ii. 87;<br> +<span class="entry">disgraceful conduct at Naples,</span> 92.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Channel tunnel</b>,</span> the, ii. 290.<br> + +<span class="name">"<b>Chant du Départ</b>,"</span> the, iv. +<a href="#page118">118</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Chaptal, J. A.</b>,</span> member of the council of state, ii. 152.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Chardon, Abbé</b>,</span> on <i>N.'s</i> boyhood, i. 45.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Charenton</b>,</span> Marmont and Mortier driven back to, iv. +<a href="#page099">99</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Charette</b>,</span> institutes royalist retaliation on republican prisoners, i. 277.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Charleroi</b>,</span> military operations near, iv. +<a href="#page171">171</a>, +<a href="#page173">173</a>-177, +<a href="#page179">179</a>, +<a href="#page180">180</a>, +<a href="#page196">196</a>, +<a href="#page208">208</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at,</span> +<a href="#page175">175</a>, +<a href="#page177">177</a>, +<a href="#page211">211</a>, +<a href="#page239">239</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Charles, Archduke</b>,</span> defeats Jourdan, i. 385;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated by Moreau,</span> 385;<br> +<span class="entry">campaign in the Tyrol,</span> 425, 428;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered into Friuli,</span> 426, 430;<br> +<span class="entry">military genius,</span> 426; iii. 215;<br> +<span class="entry">guards Carniola,</span> i. 432;<br> +<span class="entry">battle on the Tagliamento,</span> 432;<br> +<span class="entry">on the river Mur,</span> 434;<br> +<span class="entry">cut off from succor,</span> 436;<br> +<span class="entry">letter from <i>N.</i>,</span> 435;<br> +<span class="entry">defeats Jourdan at Ostrach and Stockach,</span> ii. 88;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of his successes,</span> 89;<br> +<span class="entry">defeats Masséna at Zürich,</span> 93;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated by Masséna at Zürich,</span> 141;<br> +<span class="entry">withdraws temporarily from service,</span> 160;<br> +<span class="entry">resumes command after Hohenlinden,</span> 192, 358;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding Austrian army in Italy,</span> 363;<br> +<span class="entry">reaches Marburg,</span> 367;<br> +<span class="entry">position on the Adige,</span> 367;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding Austrian troops from Italy,</span> 380;<br> +<span class="entry">the throne of Spain offered to,</span> iii. 166;<br> +<span class="entry">reorganizes the Austrian army,</span> 198;<br> +<span class="entry">declares war against France,</span> 199;<br> +<span class="entry">to operate in Bohemia,</span> 199;<br> +<span class="entry">plans to rouse the German people,</span> 199;<br> +<span class="entry">procrastinates,</span> 199;<br> +<span class="entry">offensive movement in the Danube valley,</span> 204;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> plan for meeting,</span> 203;<br> +<span class="entry">mistakes in the campaign of Eckmühl,</span> 204-207;<br> +<span class="entry">crosses the Isar,</span> 205;<br> +<span class="entry">a lost opportunity,</span> 204;<br> +<span class="entry">plan of offense,</span> 205;<br> +<span class="entry">marches against Davout,</span> 205;<br> +<span class="entry">marches on Ratisbon,</span> 205, 208;<br> +<span class="entry">force at Ludmannsdorf and Rohr,</span> 207;<br> +<span class="entry">force at Moosburg,</span> 207;<br> +<span class="entry">retires to Ratisbon,</span> 209;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Eckmühl,</span> 209;<br> +<span class="entry">retires before Davout,</span> 209;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> reasons for not pursuing after Eckmühl,</span> 210;<br> +<span class="entry">crosses the Danube,</span> 210;<br> +<span class="entry">makes a stand at Cham,</span> 210, 216;<br> +<span class="entry">sues for peace,</span> 211, 216;<br> +<span class="entry">junction with Hiller at Bisamberg,</span> 212, 216;<br> +<span class="entry">seizes Ratisbon,</span> 216;<br> +<span class="entry">at Budweis,</span> 216;<br> +<span class="entry">indecision of,</span> 216;<br> +<span class="entry">his line on the Danube,</span> 216;<br> +<span class="entry">advance toward Wagram,</span> 218;<br> +<span class="entry">attempts to break <i>N.'s</i> bridges,</span> 219;<br> +<span class="entry">in battles of Aspern and Essling,</span> 219-223;<br> +<span class="entry">conduct after Aspern,</span> 223-225;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks the offices of diplomacy,</span> 224;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Wagram,</span> 226-232;<br> +<span class="entry">withdraws toward Znaim,</span> 230;<br> +<span class="entry">orders Archduke John to attack,</span> 230;<br> +<span class="entry">pursued by <i>N.</i> and Marmont,</span> 235;<br> +<span class="entry">asks an armistice,</span> 235;<br> +<span class="entry">quarrels with the Emperor and John,</span> 235;<br> +<span class="entry">resigns his command,</span> 235;<br> +<span class="entry">at marriage of Maria Louisa,</span> 256.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Charles Emmanuel</b>,</span> succeeds Victor Amadeus, i. 356;<br> +<span class="entry">retires to Sardinia,</span> ii. 39, 87, 141.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Charles Emmanuel IV</b>,</span> invited by Russia to return to Turin, ii. 141.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Charles Ludwig Frederic, of Baden</b>,</span> marries Stephanie Napoleone, ii. 399.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Charles the Great</b>,</span> his work for civilization, ii. 157;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> emulation of,</span> 157; iii. 304, 306;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page390" name="page390"></a>(p. 390)</span> +<span class="entry">French longings for a modern,</span> ii. 214;<br> +<span class="entry">restoring the empire of,</span> 233;<br> +<span class="entry">reversion to state and titles of the reign of,</span> 323;<br> +<span class="entry">coronation of,</span> 325;<br> +<span class="entry">gift to the Papacy,</span> 346;<br> +<span class="entry">his system of "marches,"</span> iii. 55;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> resumes the grant of,</span> 118;<br> +<span class="entry">magnificence of his empire,</span> 131;<br> +<span class="entry">Spanish territory of,</span> 133, 134;<br> +<span class="entry">his donation to Hadrian I revoked by <i>N.</i>,</span> 215;<br> +<span class="entry">his ideal,</span> 319;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> compared with,</span> 319; iv. +<a href="#page292">292</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the second,</span> iii. 330;<br> +<span class="entry">imitation of his times,</span> iv. +<a href="#page165">165</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">influence on Europe,</span> +<a href="#page292">292</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Charles IV</b></span> (of Spain), attachment to Godoy, ii. 204;<br> +<span class="entry">king of Spain,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">subserviency to France,</span> and relations with <i>N.</i>, iii. 71, 126-128, 141;<br> +<span class="entry">conspires against his son's succession,</span> 71;<br> +<span class="entry">unites with <i>N.</i> in coercing Portugal,</span> 119;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme to acquire Portugal,</span> 120;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> 124;<br> +<span class="entry">announces his son's conspiracy,</span> 127;<br> +<span class="entry">blames the French minister at Madrid,</span> 127;<br> +<span class="entry">correspondence with <i>N.</i>,</span> 128, 131, 133;<br> +<span class="entry">pardons Ferdinand,</span> 127;<br> +<span class="entry">proposes to cut off Ferdinand's succession,</span> 127;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> reveals his policy to,</span> 133;<br> +<span class="entry">panic-stricken at the French invasion,</span> 133;<br> +<span class="entry">deposes Godoy,</span> 135;<br> +<span class="entry">last days of his kingdom,</span> 135;<br> +<span class="entry">abdicates,</span> 136;<br> +<span class="entry">repudiates his abdication,</span> 138, 145;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks Murat's protection,</span> 138;<br> +<span class="entry">virtual prisoner in the Escorial,</span> 142;<br> +<span class="entry">deposed,</span> 144-148;<br> +<span class="entry">summoned to Bayonne,</span> 145;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses Ferdinand's offer to surrender the crown,</span> 145;<br> +<span class="entry">pensioned,</span> 147;<br> +<span class="entry">restrains Gen. Solano's movements,</span> 149;<br> +<span class="entry">at Compiègne,</span> 148;<br> +<span class="entry">goes to Marseilles,</span> 149;<br> +<span class="entry">weakness of,</span> 150;<br> +<span class="entry">goes to Italy,</span> 149.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Charles V</b>,</span> magnificence of his empire, iii. 131.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Charles X.</b></span> <i>See</i> <a href="#artoiscountof"><b>Artois, Count of</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Charles XII of Sweden</b>,</span> military despotism of, ii. 118.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Charles XIII</b>,</span> king of Sweden, ii. 416;<br> +<span class="entry">succeeds Gustavus IV,</span> iii. 280;<br> +<span class="entry">makes Bernadette his successor,</span> 280;<br> +<span class="entry">under <i>N.'s</i> protection,</span> 280;<br> +<span class="entry">feebleness of his rule,</span> 317.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Charters</b>,</span> destruction of feudal, i. 109, 110.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Chartres</b>,</span> flight of the Empress and Joseph through, iv. +<a href="#page111">111</a>.<br> + +<a id="chartresducde" name="chartresducde"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Chartres, Duc de</b></span> (Louis Philippe), scheme to place him on the French throne, iv. +<a href="#page148">148</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Chateaubriand, F. A.</b>,</span> friendship with Mme. Bacciocchi, ii. 258;<br> +<span class="entry">literary works,</span> 259;<br> +<span class="entry">envoy to Valais,</span> 260;<br> +<span class="entry">a disciple of Rousseau,</span> 259;<br> +<span class="entry">envoy to Rome,</span> 260;<br> +<span class="entry">supposed sponsor for the Concordat,</span> 260;<br> +<span class="entry">influence,</span> 260;<br> +<span class="entry">his name omitted from the honor list of 1810,</span> iii. 300;<br> +<span class="entry">on the new constitution,</span> iv. +<a href="#page160">160</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Château-Thierry</b>,</span> French occupation of, iv. +<a href="#page063">63</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Blücher's retreat through, and sack of,</span> +<a href="#page063">63</a>, +<a href="#page064">64</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Macdonald's failure at,</span> +<a href="#page072">72</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">military movements near,</span> +<a href="#page094">94</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Châtelet</b>,</span> military operations near, iv. +<a href="#page174">174</a>, +<a href="#page177">177</a>, +<a href="#page179">179</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Chatham, Earl of</b>,</span> compared with Carnot, i. 331;<br> +<span class="entry">policy toward France,</span> ii. 208.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Châtillon, Congress of</b>,</span> iv. +<a href="#page068">68</a>-75, +<a href="#page079">79</a>, +<a href="#page087">87</a>, +<a href="#page088">88</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Caulaincourt's carte blanche at,</span> +<a href="#page069">69</a>, +<a href="#page070">70</a>, +<a href="#page088">88</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">rumored preliminaries of peace at,</span> +<a href="#page073">73</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">sends ultimatum to <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page074">74</a>, +<a href="#page076">76</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">closes,</span> +<a href="#page076">76</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">capture of some of the diplomats of,</span> +<a href="#page095">95</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Chaumont</b>,</span> surrenders to one Würtemberg horseman, iv. +<a href="#page051">51</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty of,</span> +<a href="#page076">76</a>, +<a href="#page164">164</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations near,</span> +<a href="#page090">90</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Chemnitz</b>,</span> the Saxon army at, ii. 424;<br> +<span class="entry">contemplated movements at,</span> iv. +<a href="#page023">23</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Chénier, André</b>,</span> ii. 350.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Chénier, M. J.</b>,</span> driven from the tribunate, ii. 243;<br> +<span class="entry">"Cyrus,"</span> 350;<br> +<span class="entry">suppresses his writings,</span> iii. 88;<br> +<span class="entry">rewards for his literary work,</span> 297;<br> +<span class="entry">opposes the empire,</span> 300;<br> +<span class="entry">made inspector-general of the university,</span> 301.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cheops, Pyramid of</b>,</span> <i>N.</i>, in the, ii. 66.<br> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page391" name="page391"></a>(p. 391)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Cherasco</b>,</span> capture of, i. 354, 355.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Chevreuse, Mme. de</b>,</span> pert remark to <i>N.</i>, and banishment, iii. 94.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Chimay, Princess de</b>,</span> i. 315.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#tallienmme"><b>Tallien, Mme.</b></a><br> + +<span class="name"><b>China</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> attention turned toward, i. 78.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Chiusa Veneta</b>,</span> capture of fort at, i, 433.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Choiseul, C. A. G.</b>,</span> refuses protectorate to Corsica, i. 16;<br> +<span class="entry">his policy toward Corsica,</span> 20-22;<br> +<span class="entry">disgrace of,</span> 43;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> hatred for,</span> 50;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme of Egyptian conquest,</span> ii. 46.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Chouans, the</b>,</span> rebellion of, i. 277, 325, 449;<br> +<span class="entry">legislation against,</span> ii. 94;<br> +<span class="entry">the Cadoudal conspiracy,</span> 297 et seq.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Christian VII</b>,</span> imbecility of, iii. 70.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Christianity</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> confusion of ideas concerning, i. 76, 77.<br> + +<a id="church" name="church"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Church, the</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> attitude toward, and relations with, i. 76, 77, 146, 147, 264; ii. 159, 173, 205, 206, 215, 246, 258, 265, 398, 407; iii. 68, 69, 85, 89, 118, 119, 154, 190, 215, 242, 243, 249, 258, 259, 262-264, 305, 306, 315, 377, 390;<br> +<span class="entry">demands for reform of, in Corsica,</span> i. 116, 117;<br> +<span class="entry">enforced contributions by, at Ajaccio,</span> 127;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude of the French governments toward, and relations with the nation,</span> 244; ii. 91, 131, 216, 258, 325 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> study of the Gallican,</span> i. 150;<br> +<span class="entry">reorganization of its property,</span> 152;<br> +<span class="entry">changes in,</span> 162;<br> +<span class="entry">sequestration of lands of,</span> 161, 268, 269;<br> +<span class="entry">Louis XVI's support of,</span> 268;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> speculation in sequestered lands of,</span> 288;<br> +<span class="entry">plotting in,</span> 297;<br> +<span class="entry">question of allegiance of the clergy,</span> 401;<br> +<span class="entry">relation to education,</span> ii. 226-228;<br> +<span class="entry">influence in Austria and Germany,</span> 264;<br> +<span class="entry">reconstruction in France,</span> 318;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme for unity of,</span> in Germany, 402;<br> +<span class="entry">archbishops created counts,</span> iii. 87;<br> +<span class="entry">degradation in Spain,</span> 123;<br> +<span class="entry">pillaged in Spain,</span> 158;<br> +<span class="entry">repressed in the Tyrol,</span> 201;<br> +<span class="entry">the bishops' court pronounces <i>N.'s</i> first marriage null,</span> 253;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude toward <i>N.'s</i> second marriage,</span> 258, 259;<br> +<span class="entry">the College of Cardinals transplanted from Rome to Paris,</span> 258, 264.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cicero</b>,</span> statue at the Tuileries, ii. 147.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cintra</b>,</span> Junot surrenders at, iii. 157, 159, 186.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cisalpine Republic, the</b>,</span> formation of, ii. 10, 21;<br> +<span class="entry">pillage of,</span> 38;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty with France, March, 1798,</span> 38;<br> +<span class="entry">the Valtellina incorporated with,</span> 40;<br> +<span class="entry">recognized by Prussia,</span> 43;<br> +<span class="entry">dissolution of,</span> 83;<br> +<span class="entry">picks a quarrel with Sardinia,</span> 87;<br> +<span class="entry">reëstablishment of,</span> 173, 186, 231;<br> +<span class="entry">tribute levied on,</span> 186;<br> +<span class="entry">question of a president for,</span> 230;<br> +<span class="entry">English efforts to discredit France in,</span> 264.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cispadane Republic, the</b>,</span> i. 401, 402;<br> +<span class="entry">question of a constitution for,</span> ii. 10.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Citadella</b>,</span> battle of, i. 388.<br> + +<span class="name">"<b>Citizen</b>,"</span> use of the term in France, ii. 194.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Citizenship</b>,</span> liberty, equality, and fraternity in, i. 110;<br> +<span class="entry">the primary duty of,</span> 306.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ciudad Rodrigo</b>,</span> Spanish defense of, iii. 284;<br> +<span class="entry">storming of,</span> 290, 319.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Civil Code</b>,</span> introduced into Warsaw, iii. 67.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#code"><b>Code</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Civil liberty</b>,</span> developed in inverse ratio to political liberty, ii. 223.<br> + +<span class="name">"<b>Civism</b>,"</span> i. 170, 180, 315.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Clacy</b>,</span> captured by <i>N.</i>, iv. +<a href="#page079">79</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Clanship</b>,</span> i. 10.<br> + +<a id="clarke" name="clarke"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Clarke, Gen.</b>,</span> letter from <i>N.</i>, Nov. 19, 1796, i. 399, 400;<br> +<span class="entry">at Montebello,</span> 452;<br> +<span class="entry">meeting with <i>N.</i>,</span> 451;<br> +<span class="entry">mission to Vienna,</span> 451;<br> +<span class="entry">French agent in treaty of Campo Formio,</span> ii. 20;<br> +<span class="entry">recalled to Paris,</span> 20, 23;<br> +<span class="entry">forbidden to enter Vienna,</span> 42;<br> +<span class="entry">guardian to King Louis's widow,</span> 233;<br> +<span class="entry">drives British ships from Tuscan harbors,</span> 287;<br> +<span class="entry">created Duke of Feltre,</span> iii. 86;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to fortify the Spanish frontier,</span> 126;<br> +<span class="entry">minister of war,</span> iv. +<a href="#page106">106</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the Empress-Regent's council,</span> +<a href="#page106">106</a>, +<a href="#page108">108</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">advises the flight of the Empress,</span> +<a href="#page108">108</a>;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page392" name="page392"></a>(p. 392)</span> +<span class="entry">prepares for defense of Paris,</span> +<a href="#page109">109</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> rage at,</span> +<a href="#page115">115</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Clary, Eugénie Bernardine Désirée</b>,</span> proposal to wed <i>N.</i> to, i. 295, 312;<br> +<span class="entry">affianced to Duphot,</span> ii. 39, 43;<br> +<span class="entry">marries Bernadotte,</span> 43.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Clergy, the</b>,</span> position at outbreak of the revolution, i. 100, 101, 107;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude in Corsica,</span> 115, 116;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> attitude toward, and relations with,</span> 124, 146, 147, 422, 423; ii. 11;<br> +<span class="entry">revolution among the clergy of Dauphiny,</span> i. 143, 152;<br> +<span class="entry">constitutional reforms for,</span> 153;<br> +<span class="entry">upheaval among,</span> 162;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude of the Directory toward,</span> ii. 2, 36;<br> +<span class="entry">transported to Cayenne,</span> 8;<br> +<span class="entry">Talleyrand a leader among,</span> 33;<br> +<span class="entry">released from the Jacobin ban,</span> 131;<br> +<span class="entry">abolition of celibacy of,</span> 206;<br> +<span class="entry">conformists and nonconformists to the civil constitution,</span> 205, 215;<br> +<span class="entry">a "consecrated constabulary,"</span> 217;<br> +<span class="entry">restoration to the ecclesiastical fold,</span> 346;<br> +<span class="entry">encourage rebellion in Spain,</span> iii. 154.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#church"><b>Church</b></a>; <a href="#papacy"><b>Papacy</b></a>; <a href="#pius7"><b>Pius VII</b></a>; <a href="#rome"><b>Rome</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cleves</b>,</span> Prussia's price for, ii. 266;<br> +<span class="entry">ceded to France,</span> 390.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cleves and Berg</b>,</span> the Grand Duchy of, ii. 404;<br> +<span class="entry">French garrison in,</span> 404.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Clichy Club, the</b>,</span> ii. 3, 5, 7, 23.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Coalition of 1813</b>,</span> centrifugal forces in, iv. +<a href="#page055">55</a>-58.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cobenzl, Count L.</b>,</span> Austrian plenipotentiary at Campo Formio, ii. 20;<br> +<span class="entry">at Congress of Rastatt,</span> 28;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiates with France after Marengo,</span> 189;<br> +<span class="entry">on universal conquest,</span> iii. 43.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Coblentz</b>,</span> headquarters of French royalists, ii. 121.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Coburg</b>,</span> military operations near, ii. 428.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cockburn, Adm. Sir George</b>,</span> conveys <i>N.</i> to St. Helena, iv. +<a href="#page227">227</a>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>.<br> + +<a id="code" name="code"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Code Civil</b>,</span> its contravention by Jewish legislation, iii. 76.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Code Napoléon, the</b>,</span> ii. 221-225; iv. +<a href="#page296">296</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">introduced into Parma and Piacenza,</span> ii. 354;<br> +<span class="entry">abolition of the law of entail and primogeniture,</span> iii. 85;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> excuse for overruling,</span> 85;<br> +<span class="entry">introduced into Holland,</span> 277;<br> +<span class="entry">in Italy,</span> iv. +<a href="#page040">40</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Code of Commerce</b>,</span> the, ii. 224; iii. 74.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Code of Criminal Procedure, the</b>,</span> iii. 224.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Coignet, Private</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> friendly familiarity with, ii. 196.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Coignet</b>,</span> writes of the entry into Berlin, ii. 438;<br> +<span class="entry">on the march to Russia,</span> iii. 326;<br> +<span class="entry">reports demoralization after Dresden,</span> iv. +<a href="#page012">12</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Coigny, Mlle. de</b>,</span> married to Savary, ii. 412.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Coimbra</b>,</span> military movements near, iii. 285.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Colborne, Sir J.</b>,</span> in battle of Waterloo, iv. +<a href="#page209">209</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Col di Tenda</b>,</span> the French line at, ii. 160.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>College of Cardinals</b>,</span> increased French representation in the, iii. 118.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>College of France, the</b>,</span> ii. 226.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Colli, Gen.</b>,</span> commanding Piedmontese troops, i. 353, 354;<br> +<span class="entry">reinforcements for,</span> defeated, 354.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Collingwood, Adm. Cuthbert</b>,</span> his knowledge of the enemy's movements, ii. 370;<br> +<span class="entry">blockades Cadiz,</span> 371;<br> +<span class="entry">at Trafalgar,</span> 373.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cologne</b>,</span> Macdonald entrusted with defense of, iv. +<a href="#page054">54</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Colombier, Caroline du</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> first love, i. 77, 149.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Colombier, Mme. du</b>,</span> i. 75, 149.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Colonization</b>,</span> Talleyrand's views on, ii. 33.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Colonna</b>,</span> represents Corsica in the National Assembly, i. 117, 118;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the Directory of Corsica,</span> 133.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Colonna-Cesari</b>,</span> leads Corsican expedition against Sardinia, i. 192, 193.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Column of Vendôme</b>,</span> erection of the, iii. 74.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Comédie Française</b>,</span> members accompany <i>N.</i> to Erfurt, iii. 174.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Commerce</b>,</span> condition of, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 102;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page393" name="page393"></a>(p. 393)</span> +<span class="entry">influence on the social life of the world,</span> ii. 46;<br> +<span class="entry">encouragement of,</span> 220;<br> +<span class="entry">revived by the peace of Amiens,</span> 236;<br> +<span class="entry">improved condition of,</span> 259;<br> +<span class="entry">the scope of British,</span> 270.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Committee of Public Safety</b>,</span> usurps supreme power, i. 207;<br> +<span class="entry">aided by Carnot,</span> 223;<br> +<span class="entry">Corsicans denounced in,</span> 252;<br> +<span class="entry">keeps <i>N.</i> under surveillance,</span> 255, 256;<br> +<span class="entry">plans expedition against Rome,</span> 261;<br> +<span class="entry">abolished,</span> 279, 289;<br> +<span class="entry">the new,</span> 291, 292, 297;<br> +<span class="entry">appoints <i>N.</i> on military commission,</span> 292;<br> +<span class="entry">proposes to transfer <i>N.</i> to Constantinople,</span> 297;<br> +<span class="entry">considers policy of excluding English goods from the Continent,</span> ii. 441;<br> +<span class="entry">difficulties with Mme. de Staël,</span> iii. 297.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Communal list, the</b>,</span> ii. 126.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Compiègne</b>,</span> Spanish royal exiles at, iii. 148;<br> +<span class="entry">meeting of the Emperor with his Austrian bride at,</span> 257, 258, 261, 268;<br> +<span class="entry">Blücher besieges,</span> iv. +<a href="#page084">84</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Compignano, Countess of</b>.</span> <i>See</i> <a href="#buonapartemarieanneelisa"><b>Buonaparte, Marie-Anne-Elisa</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Compulsory loans</b>,</span> ii. 134.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Compulsory military service</b>,</span> i. 213.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Concordat, the</b>,</span> ii. 207, 215, 301, 326 et seq., 402; iv. +<a href="#page259">259</a>, +<a href="#page294">294</a>, +<a href="#page296">296</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">service in honor of,</span> ii. 215;<br> +<span class="entry">its effect in France,</span> 216;<br> +<span class="entry">"the vaccine of religion,"</span> 216;<br> +<span class="entry">contempt of the Army of the Rhine for,</span> 235;<br> +<span class="entry">the supposed sponsor for,</span> 260;<br> +<span class="entry">effect in Germany,</span> 264;<br> +<span class="entry">extension to Venice refused by Pius VII,</span> iii. 68;<br> +<span class="entry">Venetia admitted to,</span> 118;<br> +<span class="entry">undoing the work of,</span> 119;<br> +<span class="entry">rupture of,</span> 306.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Concordat of Fontainebleau</b>, the,</span> iii. 391, 392.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Condé</b>,</span> evacuation of, i. 222.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Condé, the Great</b>,</span> ii. 301.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Condé, Prince of</b>,</span> ii. 308.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Condorcet, J. A. N. de C.</b>,</span> believer in equality of the sexes, ii. 226.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Conegliano</b>,</span> creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396;<br> +<span class="entry">Moncey created Duke of,</span> iii. 86.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#moncey"><b>Moncey</b></a>.<br> + +<a id="confederationoftherhine" name="confederationoftherhine"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Confederation of the Rhine, the</b>,</span> organization of, ii. 401-406, 417;<br> +<span class="entry">Hesse-Cassel refused admission to,</span> 442;<br> +<span class="entry">levies of troops for France in,</span> iii. 21, 196, 203, 322, 387, 394;<br> +<span class="entry">recognized at Tilsit,</span> 54;<br> +<span class="entry">Saxony united with,</span> 56;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with France,</span> 73, 74, 279, 382;<br> +<span class="entry">additions to,</span> 239;<br> +<span class="entry">called to arms by Prussia,</span> 398;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed abandonment of French protectorate over,</span> 407;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed dissolution of,</span> 415;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed dynastic independence for sovereigns of,</span> 422;<br> +<span class="entry">purpose of the allies to free,</span> iv. +<a href="#page021">21</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">resolved into its elements,</span> +<a href="#page040">40</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">forced by allies to raise military contingents,</span> +<a href="#page054">54</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Confiscation</b>,</span> opposition to the reintroduction of, ii. 242;<br> +<span class="entry">principle of punishment by,</span> iii. 295, 296.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Coni</b>,</span> surrendered to France, i. 355.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Connewitz</b>,</span> military operations near, iv. +<a href="#page027">27</a>, +<a href="#page028">28</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Consalvi, Cardinal</b>,</span> negotiates the Concordat, ii. 207;<br> +<span class="entry">memorialist of Pius VII,</span> 347;<br> +<span class="entry">dismissed from the papal service,</span> 397.<br> + +<a id="conscription" name="conscription"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Conscription, the</b>,</span> i. 275, 379; ii. 87, 93, 248, 306, 362, 409, 422; iii. 3, 21, 24, 25, 76, 77, 126, 132, 198, 291, 323, 326, 386, 387, 390, 414; iv. +<a href="#page021">21</a>, +<a href="#page047">47</a>-51, +<a href="#page099">99</a>, +<a href="#page165">165</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">development of Carnot's scheme,</span> ii. 93;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> influence on the laws of,</span> 248;<br> +<span class="entry">how enforced,</span> 306;<br> +<span class="entry">Jewish evasions of the,</span> iii. 76;<br> +<span class="entry">Jews made subject to,</span> 77.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers</b>,</span> founded, i. 281.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Conservatory of Music</b>,</span> reorganization of, i. 281.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Constable</b>,</span> creation of the office of, ii. 322.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Constabulary</b>,</span> abolition of the, i. 142.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Constance, city of</b>,</span> ceded to Baden, ii. 391.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Constance, Lake</b>,</span> the Austrian camp on, ii. 365.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Constant</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> valet, iv. +<a href="#page134">134</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Constant de Rebecque, Henri-Benjamin</b>,</span> dreads a new Terror, ii. 94;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the tribunate,</span> 151, 242;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page394" name="page394"></a>(p. 394)</span> +<span class="entry">driven from the tribunate,</span> 243;<br> +<span class="entry">president of the council of state,</span> iv. +<a href="#page159">159</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">supports the chambers,</span> +<a href="#page217">217</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Constantine, Grand Duke</b>,</span> in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386, 387;<br> +<span class="entry">Bennigsen writes to,</span> after Friedland, iii. 32;<br> +<span class="entry">leader of the peace party,</span> 35;<br> +<span class="entry">at Tilsit,</span> 52;<br> +<span class="entry">with the Army of the South,</span> iv. +<a href="#page003">3</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Constantine the Great</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> likened to, ii. 329.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Constantinople</b>,</span> proposal to send <i>N.</i> to, i. 296;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> eye on,</span> 423;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed mission for Talleyrand to,</span> ii. 66;<br> +<span class="entry">Russia to aid in defense of,</span> 73;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> given leave to march on,</span> 72, 73;<br> +<span class="entry">fleet sent to relief of Acre from,</span> 73, 74;<br> +<span class="entry">Russian ambition to acquire,</span> 356; iii. 28, 64, 108, 113;<br> +<span class="entry">a British fleet at,</span> 20;<br> +<span class="entry">French influence at,</span> 33, 99;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed disposition of,</span> after Tilsit, 55;<br> +<span class="entry">revolution in,</span> 162;<br> +<span class="entry">England threatens to bombard,</span> 321.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Constitutional checks</b>,</span> i. 106.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Constitution of 1799</b>,</span> prohibition against First Consul's military leadership, ii. 162.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Consular Guard, the</b>,</span> at Marengo, ii. 179, 180;<br> +<span class="entry">strengthening of,</span> 277.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Consulate</b>,</span> proposed formation of a, ii. 102;<br> +<span class="entry">a disguised monarchy,</span> iv. +<a href="#page287">287</a>.<br> + +<a id="continentalsystem" name="continentalsystem"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Continental System, the</b>,</span> ii. 288, 375, 400; iii. 98, 101, 160, 165, 197, 239, 249, 255, 262-281, 283, 287, 294, 303, 304, 310, 316, 323, 328-330, 377, 409, 420, 425; iv. +<a href="#page294">294</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">England's policy against,</span> iii. 100-102.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Copenhagen</b>,</span> battle of, ii. 209;<br> +<span class="entry">bombardment of,</span> iii. 70, 97-100, 280.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Coppet</b>,</span> Mme. de Staël's residence at, ii. 411; iii. 298.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Corday, Charlotte</b>,</span> assassination of Marat, i. 234.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cordova</b>,</span> French capture and abandonment of, iii. 156.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Corfu</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> proposes to seize, i. 447;<br> +<span class="entry">France's jealous care of,</span> ii. 32;<br> +<span class="entry">Adm. Brueys ordered to,</span> 62;<br> +<span class="entry">blockade of,</span> 67;<br> +<span class="entry">Russian occupation of,</span> 353, 356, 357, 405;<br> +<span class="entry">French occupation of,</span> iii. 99, 109, 111;<br> +<span class="entry">English naval watch on,</span> 111;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed expedition to Egypt from,</span> 114.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Corizier</b>,</span> wounded at Acre, ii. 76.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Corneille, Pierre</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> study of, iii. 173; iv. +<a href="#page231">231</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cornet</b>,</span> starts the proceedings of the 18th Brumaire, ii. 103.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cornwallis, Lord Charles</b>,</span> character, ii. 263;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiates the treaty of Amiens,</span> 263.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cornwallis, Adm. William</b>,</span> junction of Nelson and, before Brest, ii. 359.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Corona</b>,</span> military operations at, i. 410, 414.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Correggio, A. A.</b>,</span> plunder of the works of, i. 369, 374.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Corsica</b>,</span> external relations, i. 8-16, 24, 26;<br> +<span class="entry">physical features and population,</span> 8-16, 39, 263;<br> +<span class="entry">Rousseau's views on,</span> 9, 19;<br> +<span class="entry">the Buonaparte family in,</span> 8, 27 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">feudalism in,</span> 9, 18;<br> +<span class="entry">Paoli's share in history of,</span> 15 et seq., 117-125, 127, 130, 132, 196-198, 204-207;<br> +<span class="entry">national heroes and patriotism in,</span> 14, 42, 115, 117;<br> +<span class="entry">Jews in,</span> 16;<br> +<span class="entry">French schemes concerning,</span> expeditions against, and occupations of, 16-25, 79, 120, 122, 125, 154, 165, 201-208, 261, 342, 403, 421;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> love for,</span> residences in, schemes concerning, and peculiar relations to, 17-19, 50-53, 58, 81, 82, 87-92, 96, 112, 116, 117, 122-124, 133, 160-170, 183-187, 209-211, 233, 253, 254, 257, 340, 341; ii. 158, 250;<br> +<span class="entry">Montesquieu's views on,</span> i. 19;<br> +<span class="entry">joins the Bourbon-Hapsburg alliance,</span> 21;<br> +<span class="entry">ceded by Genoa to France,</span> 22;<br> +<span class="entry">England's interests in,</span> protectorate over, conquest and abandonment of, 23, 119, 124, 196, 205-208, 256-262, 402, 421;<br> +<span class="entry">disaffection,</span> riots, and rebellion in, 25, 42, 83, 111-122, 139, 147, 166-170, 198, 254, 403;<br> +<span class="entry">compared with Sardinia,</span> 25;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> history of,</span> 76, 86, 91-98;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page395" name="page395"></a>(p. 395)</span> +<span class="entry">introduction of silkworm culture into,</span> 80;<br> +<span class="entry">the betrayal of,</span> 98;<br> +<span class="entry">the Revolution in,</span> 111-122;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme of liberation,</span> 112 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">plan for elective council in,</span> 114;<br> +<span class="entry">rival parties and classes,</span> schemes and intrigues in, 114-122, 162, 163, 166, 169-170, 185, 190, 199-210;<br> +<span class="entry">desired reforms for,</span> 116;<br> +<span class="entry">representation in the National Assembly,</span> 116-122;<br> +<span class="entry">the council of twelve nobles in,</span> 118;<br> +<span class="entry">Genoa's claims to,</span> 120, 121, 126;<br> +<span class="entry">ecclesiastical and religious troubles,</span> 128, 162, 168;<br> +<span class="entry">democracy in,</span> 131;<br> +<span class="entry">meeting of the constituent assembly at Orezza,</span> 131-134;<br> +<span class="entry">Bastia declared the capital,</span> 134;<br> +<span class="entry">the National Guard in,</span> 133, 139, 157-159, 185, 192;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> leaves for Auxonne,</span> 141;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> mobbed in,</span> 147;<br> +<span class="entry">customs in,</span> 158;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> leaves,</span> 170;<br> +<span class="entry">expedition against Sardinia from,</span> 189-193;<br> +<span class="entry">enforcement of the Convention's decrees in,</span> 197;<br> +<span class="entry">Salicetti deserts the cause of,</span> 201;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> appointed inspector-general of artillery for,</span> 202;<br> +<span class="entry">new commissioners sent to,</span> 204;<br> +<span class="entry">the Buonapartes leave,</span> 207;<br> +<span class="entry">success of revolt against the Convention,</span> 216;<br> +<span class="entry">Convention commission for,</span> 219;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> expedition against,</span> 233, 256-258, 262;<br> +<span class="entry">employment of refugees from,</span> 252;<br> +<span class="entry">Salicetti blamed for insurrection in,</span> 254;<br> +<span class="entry">wretched internal plight,</span> 260;<br> +<span class="entry">charges against refugees from,</span> 263;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> last visit to,</span> ii. 82.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Corsican Feuillants, the</b>,</span> i. 163.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Corsican Jacobins, the</b>,</span> i. 163.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Corso, Cape</b>,</span> Paoli's landing at, i. 125.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Corte</b>,</span> the town of, i. 15;<br> +<span class="entry">removal of seat of government from,</span> 25;<br> +<span class="entry">Carlo Buonaparte at,</span> 29-32;<br> +<span class="entry">a Paolist center,</span> 116;<br> +<span class="entry">Joseph Buonaparte at,</span> 161;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> ordered to,</span> 186, 203;<br> +<span class="entry">meeting between Paoli and <i>N.</i> at,</span> 190;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> a suspect at,</span> 202.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Corunna</b>,</span> the junta of, iii. 158;<br> +<span class="entry">Moore's retreat to,</span> and death at, 189;<br> +<span class="entry">England's tardiness at,</span> 192.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cossacks</b>,</span> military achievements of, iii. 9, 10, 13, 20;<br> +<span class="entry">harass the retreating French army,</span> 362, 364;<br> +<span class="entry">relieve Hamburg,</span> 402;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Leipsic,</span> iv. +<a href="#page029">29</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">in the campaign of 1814,</span> +<a href="#page062">62</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">advance to Nemours and Fontainebleau,</span> +<a href="#page072">72</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at the battle of Laon,</span> +<a href="#page079">79</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">fears of,</span> in Paris, +<a href="#page108">108</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Costa</b>,</span> letter from <i>N.</i> to, i. 186;<br> +<span class="entry">letter from Lucien to,</span> 186.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Council of Ancients</b>,</span> the, i. 270.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Council of Juniors</b>,</span> the, i. 270.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Council of State, the</b>,</span> ii. 127, 149-152;<br> +<span class="entry">stripped of its supremacy,</span> 247;<br> +<span class="entry">approves <i>N.'s</i> action against the Duc d'Enghien,</span> 305;<br> +<span class="entry">its functions,</span> iii. 83.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Count of Essex," the</b>,</span> i. 86.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Courier," the London</b>,</span> publishes Spanish manifesto of <i>N.</i>, iii. 283.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Coustou, Abbé</b>,</span> attends Carlo Buonaparte's death-bed, i. 64.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Coxe's "Travels in Switzerland,"</b></span> <i>N.'s</i> study of, i. 150.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cracow</b>,</span> ceded to the grand duchy of Warsaw, iii. 239;<br> +<span class="entry">Schwarzenberg seeks shelter in,</span> 393.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Crancé, Dubois de</b>,</span> i. 223;<br> +<span class="entry">reorganization of the French armies by,</span> 325;<br> +<span class="entry">organizes national conscription,</span> 379.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Craonne</b>,</span> battle of, iv. +<a href="#page078">78</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Crema</b>,</span> withdrawal of the Austrians from Milan to, ii. 173.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Croatia</b>,</span> Austrian recruiting in, i. 386;<br> +<span class="entry">part of,</span> ceded to France, iii. 239.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cromwell, Oliver</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> disclaims the rôle of, ii. 112, 117;<br> +<span class="entry">the need of a second,</span> in France, 119;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> compared with,</span> 230.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cronstadt</b>,</span> Alexander fears for, iii. 98.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Crôsne</b>,</span> Sieyès accepts the estate of, ii. 130.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Crottendorf</b>,</span> military operations near, iv. +<a href="#page028">28</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Crusades, the</b>,</span> ii. 46.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cuneo</b>,</span> associated with <i>N.</i> in Corsica, i. 117.<br> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page396" name="page396"></a>(p. 396)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Custine, Gen. A. P.</b>,</span> occupies Frankfort, i. 194;<br> +<span class="entry">defeat of,</span> 194.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Cyprus</b>,</span> Sir Sidney Smith puts into, ii. 82.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Cyrus,"</b></span> by Chénier, ii. 350.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Czartoryski, A. G.</b>,</span> memoirs of, ii. 356;<br> +<span class="entry">Russian minister of foreign affairs,</span> 356;<br> +<span class="entry">on the Russian policy in 1805,</span> 381;<br> +<span class="entry">friendship with Alexander I,</span> ii. 445; iii. 309, 383;<br> +<span class="entry">on the hereditary disease of the Romanoffs,</span> iii. 50;<br> +<span class="entry">retirement of,</span> 309;<br> +<span class="entry">schemes in regard to restoration of Poland,</span> 309, 315, 383;<br> +<span class="entry">transfers faith from Alexander to <i>N.</i>,</span> iii. 315.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Czernicheff, Count</b>,</span> aide-de-camp to Alexander I, iii. 329;<br> +<span class="entry"> <i>N.</i> offers terms to,</span> 329.</p> + + +<h5>D</h5> + +<p><span class="name"><b>Dagobert</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> in the iron chair of, ii. 328.<br> + +<a id="dalbergarchbishop" name="dalbergarchbishop"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Dalberg, Archbishop</b>,</span> scheme to unify the German Church, ii. 402;<br> +<span class="entry">Prince-Primate,</span> 402;<br> +<span class="entry">at the Erfurt conference,</span> iii. 171;<br> +<span class="entry">receives Ratisbon in exchange for Frankfort principality,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">his territory erected into a grand duchy for Eugène,</span> 322;<br> +<span class="entry">estimate of <i>N.'s</i> influence,</span> 322;<br> +<span class="entry">characterization of Talleyrand,</span> iv. +<a href="#page107">107</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at peace council in Paris,</span> +<a href="#page114">114</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the executive commission,</span> +<a href="#page114">114</a>, +<a href="#page115">115</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">attainted,</span> +<a href="#page157">157</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dalmatia</b>,</span> ceded to Austria at Leoben, i. 438;<br> +<span class="entry">alterations of boundaries near,</span> ii. 21;<br> +<span class="entry">ceded by Austria to Italy,</span> 391;<br> +<span class="entry">creation of hereditary duchy of,</span> 395;<br> +<span class="entry">assigned by <i>N.</i> to Italy,</span> 405;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> offers to exchange,</span> iii. 22;<br> +<span class="entry">French dominion recognized at Tilsit,</span> 54;<br> +<span class="entry">Soult created duke of,</span> 86<br> + (<i>see also</i> <a href="#soult"><b>Soult</b></a>);<br> +<span class="entry">French strength in,</span> 113;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed surrender of,</span> to Austria, iv. +<a href="#page407">407</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dalrymple, Sir H. W.</b>,</span> retired from active service, iii. 186.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Damascus</b>,</span> garrison of El Arish ordered to, ii. 69;<br> +<span class="entry">reinforcements for Acre from,</span> 71.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Danican, Auguste</b>,</span> royalist leader, i. 298;<br> +<span class="entry">the 13th Vendémiaire,</span> 302.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Danilevsky</b>,</span> on the allies reaching Paris, iv. +<a href="#page110">110</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Danton, G. J.</b>,</span> becomes head of the Jacobin commune, i. 187;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the National Convention,</span> 188;<br> +<span class="entry">dictator of France,</span> 194;<br> +<span class="entry">overawes the Girondists,</span> 234;<br> +<span class="entry">murder of,</span> 250.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dantzic</b>,</span> military movements near, iii. 7, 10, 13;<br> +<span class="entry">siege of,</span> 12, 19;<br> +<span class="entry">surrender of,</span> 22, 28;<br> +<span class="entry">freedom restored to,</span> 56;<br> +<span class="entry">independence of,</span> 73;<br> +<span class="entry">Lefebvre created Duke of,</span> 86<br> + (<i>see also</i> <a href="#lefebvre"><b>Lefebvre</b></a>);<br> +<span class="entry">Davout ordered to hold,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">French military stores in,</span> 333;<br> +<span class="entry">Murat's position at,</span> untenable, 385;<br> +<span class="entry">measures for the relief of,</span> 393;<br> +<span class="entry">held by the French,</span> 402;<br> +<span class="entry">Rapp commanding at,</span> 402;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed new capital for Prussia,</span> 409;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed division of the domain,</span> 409;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed cession of,</span> to Prussia, 415, 423.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Danube River, the</b>,</span> rebellion against Turkey on, ii. 48;<br> +<span class="entry">Kray retreats toward,</span> 166;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed Indian expeditions via,</span> 209;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations on,</span> 363, 366, 367, 441; iii. 105, 113, 117, 163, 202-204, 206, 210, 212, 213, 216-221, 226, 227, 314;<br> +<span class="entry">Mack essays to cross at Günzburg,</span> ii. 366;<br> +<span class="entry">the French march from the Rhine to,</span> 376;<br> +<span class="entry">annihilation of Mortier on,</span> 378;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> line of retreat to,</span> 425;<br> +<span class="entry">Russian successes on the lower,</span> iii. 20;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> plans redistribution of territories on,</span> 50;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed Russian acquisitions on,</span> 55;<br> +<span class="entry">topographical features,</span> 217;<br> +<span class="entry">the crossing at Lobau,</span> 217, 218, 221, 226, 227;<br> +<span class="entry">defeat of Russians by Turks on,</span> 248;<br> +<span class="entry">Russia warned not to cross,</span> 314;<br> +<span class="entry">Russian successes on,</span> 320;<br> +<span class="entry">withdrawal of Russian troops from,</span> 321;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of the rising of,</span> at Essling, 383.<br> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page397" name="page397"></a>(p. 397)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Danubian Principalities</b>,</span> proposed partition of, iii. 50;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander's ambition to acquire,</span> 105, 108, 116, 117;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> offers to exchange them for Silesia,</span> 106, 108, 112.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#moldavia"><b>Moldavia</b></a>; <a href="#wallachia"><b>Wallachia</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dardanelles, the</b>,</span> Alexander I's scheme for seizing, ii. 356.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Darmagnac, Gen.</b>,</span> invades Navarre, iii. 132;<br> +<span class="entry">seizes Pamplona,</span> 132.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Darmstadt</b>,</span> relations with Russia, ii. 266;<br> +<span class="entry">strengthening of,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">quota of men,</span> 404.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Daru, P. A. N.</b>,</span> advises wintering in Moscow, iii. 352.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Daunou, P. C. F.</b>,</span> dreads a new Terror, ii. 94;<br> +<span class="entry">ideas of government,</span> 127;<br> +<span class="entry">named as consul,</span> 130;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the tribunate,</span> 151;<br> +<span class="entry">influence on the Consulate,</span> 195;<br> +<span class="entry">driven from the tribunate,</span> 243;<br> +<span class="entry">attempt to admit him to the senate,</span> 243;<br> +<span class="entry">upholds Machiavelli's theses concerning the Church of Rome,</span> iii. 262.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dauphiny</b>,</span> the peasantry of, i. 143;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> travels in,</span> 143;<br> +<span class="entry">revolutionary feeling among the clergy of,</span> 143, 152;<br> +<span class="entry">anti-royalist feeling in,</span> iv. +<a href="#page154">154</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>David, Abbé</b>,</span> arrest of, ii. 296.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>David, Jacques L.</b>,</span> painter, ii. 351.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Davidowich, Gen. P.</b>,</span> defeated at Roveredo, i. 384, 385;<br> +<span class="entry">strength in the Tyrol,</span> 387;<br> +<span class="entry">defeats Vaubois,</span> 387, 388, 392;<br> +<span class="entry">retreats to the Tyrol,</span> 392.<br> + +<a id="davout" name="davout"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Davout, Gen. L. N.</b>,</span> service in Egypt, ii. 53, 323;<br> +<span class="entry">service in the Army of England,</span> 291;<br> +<span class="entry">created marshal,</span> 323;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> 364; iii. 93;<br> +<span class="entry">watches the Russian army,</span> ii. 366;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Austerlitz,</span> 380, 382, 386, 387;<br> +<span class="entry">at Nordhalben,</span> 428;<br> +<span class="entry">at Naumburg,</span> 429;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Jena,</span> 430-434;<br> +<span class="entry">captures Wittenberg,</span> 436;<br> +<span class="entry">sacks Poland,</span> 440;<br> +<span class="entry">at Golynim,</span> iii. 5;<br> +<span class="entry">strength in Poland,</span> 7;<br> +<span class="entry">in the Eylau campaign,</span> 13, 15-17;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Heilsberg,</span> 29;<br> +<span class="entry">pursues Lestocq from Friedland,</span> 31-33;<br> +<span class="entry">created Duke of Auerstädt,</span> 86;<br> +<span class="entry">income,</span> 87;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> opinion of,</span> 93;<br> +<span class="entry">recalled from Poland to Silesia,</span> 165;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding in Saxony,</span> 198;<br> +<span class="entry">Archduke Charles plans to attack,</span> 198;<br> +<span class="entry">his command in the fifth Austrian war,</span> 202;<br> +<span class="entry">forces in Stettin,</span> Bayreuth, Hanover, and Magdeburg, 202;<br> +<span class="entry">to concentrate at Bamberg,</span> 203;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding on the Isar,</span> 204;<br> +<span class="entry">Archduke Charles marches against,</span> 205;<br> +<span class="entry">to concentrate at Ingolstadt,</span> 204-207;<br> +<span class="entry">movements before Ratisbon,</span> 205;<br> +<span class="entry">on the Laber,</span> 207;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Eckmühl,</span> 208;<br> +<span class="entry">forces back Archduke Charles,</span> 208;<br> +<span class="entry">battles of Aspern and Essling,</span> 220-222;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Wagram,</span> 230, 231;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to hold Baltic positions,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">revenue of,</span> 296;<br> +<span class="entry">occupies Swedish Pomerania,</span> 321;<br> +<span class="entry">letter from <i>N.</i>,</span> 324;<br> +<span class="entry">strength, March, 1812,</span> 324;<br> +<span class="entry">reproved for his reports of Prussia,</span> 326;<br> +<span class="entry">slowness of action at opening of the Russian campaign,</span> 336;<br> +<span class="entry">drives Bagration eastward,</span> 338;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Borodino,</span> 344;<br> +<span class="entry">on the retreat from Moscow,</span> 357-359, 363;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Wiazma,</span> 359;<br> +<span class="entry">at Krasnoi,</span> 365;<br> +<span class="entry">division commander under Eugène,</span> 393;<br> +<span class="entry">in campaign of 1813,</span> 402;<br> +<span class="entry">occupies Hamburg,</span> 407, 413;<br> +<span class="entry">Vandamme goes to his assistance,</span> 413;<br> +<span class="entry">to threaten Berlin,</span> iv. +<a href="#page002">2</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> instructions to,</span> +<a href="#page005">5</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">mediocrity of his troops,</span> +<a href="#page020">20</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">besieged in Hamburg,</span> +<a href="#page055">55</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">invited to join in insurrection,</span> +<a href="#page149">149</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">member of <i>N.'s</i> new cabinet,</span> +<a href="#page159">159</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">advises <i>N.</i> after Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page217">217</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">suggests <i>N.'s</i> use of force,</span> +<a href="#page218">218</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Day of the Paris sections, the,"</b></span> i. 302-312.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Debry, J. A. J.</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> friendship with, i. 293; ii. 88, 89;<br> +<span class="entry">member of Congress of Rastatt,</span> 88;<br> +<span class="entry">wounded at Rastatt,</span> 88, 89;<br> +<span class="entry">accusations against,</span> 89.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>De Bussy</b>,</span> in the La Fère regiment, iv. +<a href="#page078">78</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">gives <i>N.</i> worthless information at Craonne,</span> +<a href="#page078">78</a>.<br> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page398" name="page398"></a>(p. 398)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Décadi</b>,</span> decadence of the festival, ii. 258.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Decrès, Adm.</b>,</span> French minister of marine, ii. 291;<br> +<span class="entry">letter from <i>N.</i>,</span> Sept. 13, 1805, 291;<br> +<span class="entry">warns <i>N.</i> against his career of conquest,</span> iii. 325;<br> +<span class="entry">member of <i>N.'s</i> new cabinet,</span> iv. +<a href="#page159">159</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Defermon, J.</b>,</span> ii. 214.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dego</b>,</span> battle of, i. 352, 353, 355; iv. +<a href="#page065">65</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Deichsel River</b>,</span> Blücher retreats behind the, iv. +<a href="#page007">7</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Delacroix</b>,</span> French minister of foreign affairs, i. 449;<br> +<span class="entry">French agent in the Netherlands,</span> ii. 38.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Demagogues</b>,</span> disgust with, in France, ii. 134.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>De Maistre</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> refutes his theory of social order, iii. 89;<br> +<span class="entry">on the supineness of Pius VII,</span> 264.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Democracy</b>,</span> a pure, i. 131, 397;<br> +<span class="entry">Germany's opposition to,</span> 247;<br> +<span class="entry">its good and bad qualities,</span> iv. +<a href="#page265">265</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Denfort</b>,</span> royalist intrigues of, iv. +<a href="#page107">107</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Denmark</b>,</span> joins the "armed neutrality," ii. 194; iii. 46, 66;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed commercial war against England,</span> 55;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> calls for alliance with,</span> 66;<br> +<span class="entry">importance of her sea power,</span> 69;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to declare war against England,</span> 69;<br> +<span class="entry">England offers to seize her fleet,</span> 69;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses England's offer,</span> 69;<br> +<span class="entry">yields to Bernadotte,</span> 70;<br> +<span class="entry">losses of Norway,</span> Schleswig, and Holstein, 70;<br> +<span class="entry">yields to England,</span> 70;<br> +<span class="entry">humiliation of,</span> 70;<br> +<span class="entry">vassalage to France,</span> 70, 279;<br> +<span class="entry">England seeks to conciliate,</span> 98;<br> +<span class="entry">bombardment of Copenhagen,</span> 97-100, 280;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander I demands reparation for,</span> 100;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> urges England's restoration of her fleet,</span> 104;<br> +<span class="entry">Spanish troops in,</span> 159;<br> +<span class="entry">seizure of American ships by,</span> 275;<br> +<span class="entry">hostility to England,</span> 280;<br> +<span class="entry">holds Norway,</span> 280;<br> +<span class="entry">friendly to France,</span> 281;<br> +<span class="entry">despatches troops to Hamburg,</span> 407;<br> +<span class="entry">shifts her assistance from Russia to France,</span> 407;<br> +<span class="entry">strengthening the alliance between France and,</span> 421.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dennewitz</b>,</span> battle of, iv. +<a href="#page018">18</a>, +<a href="#page019">19</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Denon, D. V.</b>,</span> accompanies <i>N.</i> on his return from Alexandria, ii. 81.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Departmental list, the</b>,</span> ii. 126.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>De Pradt</b>,</span> in charge of Polish affairs, iii. 375;<br> +<span class="entry">interview between <i>N.</i> and, at Warsaw,</span> 375, 382;<br> +<span class="entry">royalist intrigues of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page106">106</a>, +<a href="#page108">108</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Desaix, Louis-Charles-Antoine</b>,</span> a product of Carnot's system, i. 332;<br> +<span class="entry">crosses the Rhine near Strasburg,</span> 440;<br> +<span class="entry">defeats the Austrians in the Black Forest,</span> 440;<br> +<span class="entry">service in Egypt,</span> ii. 53, 60, 78, 81;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of the Pyramids,</span> 60;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to leave Egypt,</span> 81, 177;<br> +<span class="entry">reaches Stradella,</span> 177;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Marengo,</span> 176-186;<br> +<span class="entry">killed,</span> 181, 187;<br> +<span class="entry">contrasted with Ney,</span> iv. +<a href="#page213">213</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Desenzano</b>,</span> military operations near, i. 411.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Desgenettes, Dr.</b>,</span> heroism at Jaffa, ii. 75.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Des Mazis</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> friendship for, i. 62, 65;<br> +<span class="entry">appointed to the regiment of La Fère,</span> 66.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dessau</b>,</span> captured by Lannes, ii. 436.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dessolles, Gen.</b>,</span> ii. 164.<br> + +<span class="name">"<b>Destiny</b>,"</span> <i>N.'s</i>, i. 79.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Deutsch-Wagram</b>,</span> Archduke Charles advances to, iii. 218.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#wagram"><b>Wagram</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>D'Hilliers, Gen.</b>,</span> service in Egypt, ii. 53.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Dialogue on Love,"</b></span> by <i>N.</i>, i. 77, 145.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Diderot, Denis</b>,</span> co-author with Raynal, i. 75.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Diebitsch, Gen. H. K. F. A.</b>,</span> encounters a Prussian force, iii. 384;<br> +<span class="entry">military adviser to Alexander,</span> iv. +<a href="#page098">98</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dieppe</b>,</span> landing of the Cadoudal conspirators near, ii. 298.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Diet, the</b>,</span> reduction of Austria's power in, ii. 193.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Digeon, Gen. A. E. M.</b>,</span> seduced by Marmont, iv. +<a href="#page125">125</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Digne</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> march through, on return from Elba, iv. +<a href="#page154">154</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dijon</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> visits, i. 146;<br> +<span class="entry">formation of an army of reserve at,</span> ii. 140;<br> +<span class="entry">surrenders to the allies,</span> iv. +<a href="#page067">67</a>;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page399" name="page399"></a>(p. 399)</span> +<span class="entry">Francis in,</span> +<a href="#page113">113</a>, +<a href="#page128">128</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Diodorus Siculus</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> study of, i. 78.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Diplomacy</b>,</span> the language of, i. 21.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dippoldiswalde</b>,</span> military movements near, iv. +<a href="#page011">11</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Directory, the</b>,</span> establishment of, i. 270, 305, 309, 329-331;<br> +<span class="entry">social life under,</span> 280, 281;<br> +<span class="entry">Europe and,</span> 324-338;<br> +<span class="entry">financial war policy,</span> 340;<br> +<span class="entry">assumes to dictate military plans,</span> 348, 354;<br> +<span class="entry">plans to belittle <i>N.</i>,</span> 363, 372;<br> +<span class="entry">entrusts <i>N.</i> with diplomatic powers,</span> 364;<br> +<span class="entry">yields to <i>N.'s</i> plans,</span> 364, 373;<br> +<span class="entry">contributions sent to,</span> 366, 367;<br> +<span class="entry">plans for campaign in Germany,</span> 384;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude toward Italy,</span> 397-405;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> relations with,</span> 363-373, 397-405, 419, 422-427, 439, 441, 451; + ii. 7, 26, 30, 34-37, 42, 49-52, 67, 72, 80, 88-99, 108; + iv. +<a href="#page248">248</a>, +<a href="#page249">249</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">ratifies the treaty of Leoben,</span> i. 441;<br> +<span class="entry">letters from <i>N.</i>, April 19, 1792,</span> 441;<br> +<span class="entry">May 27, 1797,</span> 447;<br> +<span class="entry">Pitt's negotiations for peace with,</span> 449;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses to treat with England,</span> 450;<br> +<span class="entry">antagonism to the,</span> ii. 2;<br> +<span class="entry">plot of Louis XVIII and Pichegru against,</span> 5, 6, 7;<br> +<span class="entry">Moreau's relations with,</span> 6;<br> +<span class="entry">gains complete control on the 18th of Fructidor,</span> 8;<br> +<span class="entry">reliance on the army,</span> 8;<br> +<span class="entry">effects of the 18th Fructidor on,</span> 22;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude toward Italy and Venice,</span> 23;<br> +<span class="entry">approves the treaty of Campo Formio,</span> 24, 30;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with Talleyrand,</span> 34;<br> +<span class="entry">members of,</span> 35;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude toward emigrants,</span> 36;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude toward clergy,</span> 36, 41;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude toward royalists,</span> 36, 205;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude toward the German ecclesiastical principalities,</span> 41;<br> +<span class="entry">Eastern policy,</span> 47;<br> +<span class="entry">Jacobinism in,</span> 49, 94;<br> +<span class="entry">fails to secure alliance with Turkey,</span> 67;<br> +<span class="entry">misunderstanding between the United Irishmen and,</span> 67;<br> +<span class="entry">weakness,</span> 68, 91;<br> +<span class="entry">desires the escape of the army in Egypt,</span> 79;<br> +<span class="entry">reconstruction of,</span> 83, 91, 92;<br> +<span class="entry">blunders in Italy,</span> 87, 89;<br> +<span class="entry">corruption in,</span> 91, 92;<br> +<span class="entry">Gohier president of,</span> 97;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> pays official visit to,</span> on return from Egypt, 97;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with Moreau,</span> 100;<br> +<span class="entry">last days and downfall,</span> 103 et seq.; iv. +<a href="#page257">257</a>, +<a href="#page258">258</a>, +<a href="#page286">286</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Carnot's influence on its fall,</span> ii. 130;<br> +<span class="entry">suppresses freedom of the press,</span> 145;<br> +<span class="entry">incorporates Belgium with France,</span> 153;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude toward Prussia,</span> 155;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with Sieyès,</span> 155;<br> +<span class="entry">liberty of conscience under the,</span> 206;<br> +<span class="entry">suspends diplomatic relations with the United States,</span> 212;<br> +<span class="entry">pretensions toward the United States,</span> 211;<br> +<span class="entry">financial maladministration,</span> 219;<br> +<span class="entry">recourse to forced contributions,</span> 219;<br> +<span class="entry">plans for invading England,</span> 290;<br> +<span class="entry">system of licenses for English goods,</span> iii. 280;<br> +<span class="entry">difficulties with Mme. de Staël,</span> 297;<br> +<span class="entry">organization of a new,</span> iv. +<a href="#page218">218</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Divine right</b>,</span> kings by, ii. 407;<br> +<span class="entry">abolition of,</span> in France, iv. +<a href="#page257">257</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Divorce</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> share in codifying the law of, ii. 222;<br> +<span class="entry">under the Code,</span> 224;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> advocacy of easy,</span> 237.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dnieper River</b>,</span> military operations on the, iii. 315, 336, 338, 339, 342, 364.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dniester River</b>,</span> Turkish movements on the, ii. 441.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Doctoroff, Gen.</b>,</span> in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 388;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Eylau,</span> iii. 15.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dôle</b>,</span> publications of <i>N.'s</i> literary work at, i. 145.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dolgoruki, Prince</b>,</span> mission from Alexander I to <i>N.</i>, ii. 382.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dolgoruki, Princess</b>,</span> on <i>N.'s</i> receptions, ii. 196.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dölitz</b>,</span> military operations near, iv. +<a href="#page029">29</a>, +<a href="#page032">32</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Domination</b>,</span> the power of, iv. +<a href="#page248">248</a>, +<a href="#page249">249</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Domo d'Ossola</b>,</span> Bethencourt near, ii. 172.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Don, River</b>,</span> proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209;<br> +<span class="entry">the Cossacks of the,</span> iii. 13.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Donaueschingen</b>,</span> the Austrian headquarters at, ii. 160;<br> +<span class="entry">abandoned by Kray,</span> 166.<br> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page400" name="page400"></a>(p. 400)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Donauwörth</b>,</span> military movements near, iii. 203;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> reaches,</span> 205.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Donzelot, Gen F. X.</b>,</span> in battle of Waterloo, iv. +<a href="#page201">201</a>, +<a href="#page202">202</a>, +<a href="#page203">203</a>, +<a href="#page209">209</a>, +<a href="#page210">210</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dora Baltea River</b>,</span> Austrian force on the, ii. 170.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dora Ridaria River</b>,</span> Austrian force on the, ii. 170.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dornburg</b>,</span> military movements near, ii. 432, 434.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dorothea, Empress-Dowager of Russia</b>,</span> disapproves <i>N.'s</i> proposed marriage to Anne, iii. 248;<br> +<span class="entry">hatred of <i>N.</i>,</span> 248.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Douay</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> ordered to, i. 79, 80.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Doulaincourt</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> at, iv. +<a href="#page105">105</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Doulevant</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> at, iv. +<a href="#page104">104</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Doumerc, Gen. J. P.</b>,</span> moves from Sézanne against Blücher, iv. +<a href="#page062">62</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dover</b>,</span> scheme of naval demonstration off, ii. 332.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Drac, River</b>,</span> iv. +<a href="#page155">155</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Draft</b>,</span> use of, in France, ii. 93.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Drave, River</b>,</span> military movements on the, i. 435; iii. 217.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dresden</b>,</span> death of Moreau before, ii. 299;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at,</span> iii. 65, 66, 67, 375, 389, 394, 409, 416, 417, 423; + iv. +<a href="#page007">7</a>-10, +<a href="#page012">12</a>, +<a href="#page013">13</a>, +<a href="#page017">17</a>-21;<br> +<span class="entry">Bernadotte to concentrate in,</span> iii. 203;<br> +<span class="entry">Saxon troops in,</span> 203;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> strategy at,</span> 216;<br> +<span class="entry">seized by the Duke of Brunswick,</span> 234;<br> +<span class="entry">meeting of the allied sovereigns at,</span> 330;<br> +<span class="entry">the climax of the Napoleonic drama,</span> 330; iv. +<a href="#page016">16</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> incognito journey through,</span> iii. 375;<br> +<span class="entry">interview between <i>N.</i> and Metternich at,</span> 389;<br> +<span class="entry">interview between <i>N.</i> and Frederick Augustus at,</span> 394;<br> +<span class="entry">French forces at,</span> 393;<br> +<span class="entry">Eugène to hold,</span> 393-394;<br> +<span class="entry">welcomes Alexander and Frederick William III,</span> 399;<br> +<span class="entry">discontent at military occupation,</span> 399;<br> +<span class="entry">retreat of the allies behind,</span> 406;<br> +<span class="entry">destruction and rebuilding of the bridges at,</span> 406, 407;<br> +<span class="entry">French occupation of,</span> 408, 409;<br> +<span class="entry">defense of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page002">2</a>, +<a href="#page013">13</a>, +<a href="#page017">17</a>, +<a href="#page018">18</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">held by Saint-Cyr,</span> +<a href="#page007">7</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">French advance to Zittau from,</span> +<a href="#page006">6</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">menaced by the allies,</span> +<a href="#page007">7</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of,</span> +<a href="#page008">8</a>-13, +<a href="#page017">17</a>-19;<br> +<span class="entry">demoralization of the army after,</span> +<a href="#page012">12</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> mistakes after,</span> +<a href="#page014">14</a>-16;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> physical ailments at,</span> +<a href="#page012">12</a>, +<a href="#page016">16</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> successes at,</span> +<a href="#page020">20</a>, +<a href="#page021">21</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Schwarzenberg moves on,</span> +<a href="#page018">18</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Oudinot at,</span> +<a href="#page021">21</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Blücher advances on,</span> +<a href="#page020">20</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">boy soldiers at,</span> +<a href="#page021">21</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> retreat from,</span> +<a href="#page022">22</a>-24;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> scheme to hold,</span> +<a href="#page023">23</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Frederick's love for,</span> +<a href="#page025">25</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">French garrison in,</span> +<a href="#page025">25</a>-27;<br> +<span class="entry">Maret's influence over <i>N.</i> at,</span> +<a href="#page069">69</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> acknowledges his mistake in not making peace at,</span> +<a href="#page135">135</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Drissa</b>,</span> weakness of, iii. 336;<br> +<span class="entry">Bagration establishes communication with,</span> 336.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Drouot, Gen. A.</b>,</span> in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 387;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Leipsic,</span> iv. +<a href="#page028">28</a>, +<a href="#page032">32</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">advises a return to Lorraine,</span> +<a href="#page116">116</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">attachment to <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page118">118</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">strength after the surrender of Paris,</span> +<a href="#page118">118</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">accompanies <i>N.</i> to Elba,</span> +<a href="#page134">134</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">advises against the escape from Elba,</span> +<a href="#page153">153</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Düben</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> at, iv. +<a href="#page025">25</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dubois, Gen.</b>,</span> in battle of Waterloo, iv. +<a href="#page203">203</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Duclos's "Memoirs of the Reigns of Louis XIV and Louis XV,"</b></span> <i>N.'s</i> study of, i. 150.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Duero, River</b>,</span> military movements on the, iii. 157, 159, 290.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dufresne</b>,</span> ii. 214.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dugommier, Gen. J. F.</b>,</span> appointed commander-in-chief before Toulon, i. 229;<br> +<span class="entry">influence at Toulon,</span> 232.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dugua, Gen. C. F. J.</b>,</span> service in Egypt, ii. 53;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of the Pyramids,</span> 60.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Duhesme, Gen. P. G.</b>,</span> invades Spain, iii. 132;<br> +<span class="entry">at Barcelona,</span> 132;<br> +<span class="entry">occupies Catalonia,</span> 155, 156;<br> +<span class="entry">evacuates Catalonia,</span> 157;<br> +<span class="entry">besieged in Barcelona,</span> 183;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Waterloo,</span> iv. +<a href="#page205">205</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dulaure's "History of the Nobility,"</b></span> <i>N.'s</i> study of, i. 150.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dumanoir, Adm.</b>,</span> at Trafalgar, ii. 374.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dumolard, J. V.</b>,</span> interpellates the government as to <i>N.'s</i> independence, ii. 3.<br> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page401" name="page401"></a>(p. 401)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Dumoulin, Jean</b>,</span> comes to <i>N.'s</i> aid at Laffray, iv. +<a href="#page156">156</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dumouriez, Charles F.</b>,</span> takes part in the conquest of Corsica, i. 120;<br> +<span class="entry">on the northeastern frontier,</span> 184;<br> +<span class="entry">wins battle of Jemmapes,</span> 194;<br> +<span class="entry">defection of,</span> 198;<br> +<span class="entry">correspondence with Nelson,</span> ii. 303;<br> +<span class="entry">suspected of royalist plots,</span> 303, 305.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dünaburg</b>,</span> preparations for the siege of, iii. 333;<br> +<span class="entry">Ney advances toward,</span> 336.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Duncan, Adm. Adam</b>,</span> wins the battle of Camperdown, ii. 38.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dunette, Gen.</b>,</span> marches to relief of Paris, iv. +<a href="#page102">102</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dunkirk</b>,</span> besieged by Duke of York, i. 222.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Duphot, Gen. L.</b>,</span> affianced to Désirée Clary, ii. 39, 43;<br> +<span class="entry">killed at Rome,</span> 39.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dupont, Gen. Pierre</b>,</span> in battle of Friedland, iii. 31;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to invade Spain,</span> 128;<br> +<span class="entry">invades Spain,</span> 132;<br> +<span class="entry">advances on Andalusia,</span> 156;<br> +<span class="entry">holds the Tagus,</span> 156;<br> +<span class="entry">capitulates at Baylen,</span> 156, 157, 159, 167.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Durango</b>,</span> Blake advances from, iii. 184.<br> + +<a id="duroc" name="duroc"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Duroc, Gen. G. C. M.</b>,</span> wounded at Acre, ii. 76;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> aide-de-camp,</span> 101;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> envoy to Prussia,</span> 156, 282;<br> +<span class="entry">Grand Marshal of the Palace,</span> 324;<br> +<span class="entry">offers Hanover to Prussia,</span> 362;<br> +<span class="entry">personal attendance on <i>N.</i>,</span> 425;<br> +<span class="entry">proposes terms after Tilsit,</span> iii. 36;<br> +<span class="entry">blamed for Queen Louisa's failure,</span> 62;<br> +<span class="entry">proposes indemnity for Maria Louisa,</span> 67;<br> +<span class="entry">created Duke of Friuli,</span> 86;<br> +<span class="entry">at Bayonne,</span> 144;<br> +<span class="entry">foresees France's discontent,</span> 326;<br> +<span class="entry">killed at Reichenbach,</span> 410-411;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> grief for,</span> 411;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> contributes to monument to,</span> iv. +<a href="#page005">5</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> proposes to take the name of,</span> +<a href="#page221">221</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dürrenstein</b>,</span> destruction of Mortier's division at, ii. 368, 378.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Durutte, Gen. J. F.</b>,</span> sent to Ligny, iv. +<a href="#page181">181</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page201">201</a>, +<a href="#page202">202</a>, +<a href="#page205">205</a>, +<a href="#page206">206</a>, +<a href="#page210">210</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Düsseldorf</b>,</span> Jourdan's army at, i. 347;<br> +<span class="entry">Jourdan crosses the Rhine at,</span> 385.<br> + +<a id="dutchflanders" name="dutchflanders"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Dutch Flanders</b>,</span> ceded to France, i. 276.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Duteil</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> acquaintance with, i. 95;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> seeks aid from,</span> 157;<br> +<span class="entry">grants <i>N.</i> permission to sail for Corsica,</span> 180.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Duteil, Gen. J.</b>,</span> general of artillery before Toulon, i. 229;<br> +<span class="entry">on <i>N.'s</i> ability,</span> 232.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dutheil, N. F.</b>,</span> devises plan of campaign for Austria and England, i. 342.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dutot</b>,</span> takes <i>N.'s</i> place in the West, i. 293.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Duval's "William the Conqueror,"</b></span> ii. 350.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Duvernet's "History of the Sorbonne,"</b></span> <i>N.'s</i> study of, i. 150.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dwina, River</b>,</span> fortifications on the, iii. 315;<br> +<span class="entry">military movements on the,</span> 337, 341, 359. 361.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Dyle, River</b>,</span> military movements on the, iv. +<a href="#page188">188</a>, +<a href="#page190">190</a>.</p> + + +<h5>E</h5> + +<p><span class="name"><b>East, the</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> attention turned toward, i. 78;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> comparison of Europe with,</span> ii. 46;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> dreams of empire in.</span> <i>See also</i> <a href="#napoleon"><b>Napoleon</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>East Friesland</b>,</span> scheme to incorporate it with France, iii. 266.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>East Galicia</b>,</span> part of, ceded to Warsaw, iii. 239.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>East India Company</b>,</span> lends the island of St. Helena to the government, iv. +<a href="#page225">225</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>East Indies</b>,</span> England watches French policy concerning, ii. 267.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>East Prussia</b>,</span> Ney moves on, iii. 8.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ebelsberg</b>,</span> battle of, iii. 211.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ebrington, Lord</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> characterization of Cornwallis to, ii. 263;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> declaration to,</span> concerning the Duc d'Enghien, 311.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ebro, River</b>,</span> military movements on, iii. 133, 157, 159, 183;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed exchange of territory on,</span> 133;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page402" name="page402"></a>(p. 402)</span> +<span class="entry">boundary of French annexed territory,</span> 278.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ecclesiastical princes</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> on the status of, ii. 27.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ecclesiastical principalities</b>,</span> secularization of, on the Rhine, ii. 193.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ecclesiasticism</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> confusion of ideas concerning, i. 76.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Eckmühl</b>,</span> the campaign of, iii. 202 et seq.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Education</b>,</span> demands for, in Corsica, i. 117;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> interest in,</span> system and reforms of, 176; ii. 225-228, 318, 408; iii. 26, 89-91; iv. +<a href="#page260">260</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Égalité, Philip</b>,</span> member of the National Convention, i. 188.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Eglé, Mme.</b>,</span> guardian of the Beauharnais children, i. 314.<br> + +<a id="egypt" name="egypt"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Egypt</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> plans of conquest of, i. 424; ii. 17, 33, 46-54, 289; iii. 106;<br> +<span class="entry">scandals of Mameluke administration in,</span> ii. 17, 47;<br> +<span class="entry">French schemes of conquest,</span> 16, 46-54; iii. 112, 114;<br> +<span class="entry">importance of,</span> ii. 46;<br> +<span class="entry">rebellion in,</span> 47;<br> +<span class="entry">the expeditionary forces,</span> 48-54;<br> +<span class="entry">scholastic branch of the expedition,</span> 53;<br> +<span class="entry">plunder of,</span> 55-57, 67;<br> +<span class="entry">departure of expedition from Toulon,</span> 55;<br> +<span class="entry">character of the population,</span> 57;<br> +<span class="entry">the Mamelukes,</span> 58;<br> +<span class="entry">terrors of the campaign,</span> 59;<br> +<span class="entry">the army disheartened,</span> 61;<br> +<span class="entry">Nelson follows the French fleet to,</span> 62;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> rule in,</span> 65-67;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> religious masquerading in,</span> 65-67;<br> +<span class="entry">establishment of printing-presses in,</span> 66;<br> +<span class="entry">insurrection suppressed in,</span> 67;<br> +<span class="entry">establishment of an Institute in,</span> 66;<br> +<span class="entry">dearth of news from France,</span> 67, 78;<br> +<span class="entry">rumors of <i>N.'s</i> death in,</span> 68;<br> +<span class="entry">despatches from France, Feb., 1799,</span> 72;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> given leave to remain in,</span> 73;<br> +<span class="entry">importance of <i>N.'s</i> conquering,</span> 73;<br> +<span class="entry">Turkish preparations for the relief of,</span> 74;<br> +<span class="entry">attempted risings in,</span> 76;<br> +<span class="entry">Adm. Bruix sent to relieve the army in,</span> 79;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> returns from,</span> 80-85;<br> +<span class="entry">the colonial idea,</span> 81;<br> +<span class="entry">the turning-point of success in,</span> 81;<br> +<span class="entry">Kléber prepares to evacuate,</span> 143;<br> +<span class="entry">Desaix recalled from,</span> 177;<br> +<span class="entry">desperate situation of the French in,</span> 181;<br> +<span class="entry">Kléber's administration in,</span> 181;<br> +<span class="entry">assassination of Kléber,</span> 181;<br> +<span class="entry">French disasters in,</span> 210;<br> +<span class="entry">restored to Turkey,</span> 211;<br> +<span class="entry">England to evacuate,</span> 262;<br> +<span class="entry">Turkey's suzerainty over,</span> 262;<br> +<span class="entry">question of reëstablishing French colonies in,</span> 273;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> disclaims designs on,</span> 280;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> irritation at England's occupation of,</span> 280;<br> +<span class="entry">Davout's campaign in,</span> 323;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> immoralities in,</span> 328;<br> +<span class="entry">plan to allure Nelson to,</span> 331;<br> +<span class="entry">the object of the expedition against,</span> 337;<br> +<span class="entry">English commerce with,</span> iii. 48;<br> +<span class="entry">English expedition to seize,</span> 100;<br> +<span class="entry">French expedition against, in 1811,</span> 308;<br> +<span class="entry">the tactics of the army in,</span> adopted in Russia, 359;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> desertion of the army in,</span> likened to his conduct at Smorgoni, 375;<br> +<span class="entry">work on, compiled by <i>N.'s</i> order,</span> iv. +<a href="#page219">219</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">history of,</span> +<a href="#page293">293</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Eichstädt</b>,</span> portion of, acquired by Grand Duke of Tuscany, ii. 266;<br> +<span class="entry">ceded to Bavaria,</span> 391.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Eisdorf</b>,</span> fighting at, iii. 406.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Eisenach</b>,</span> military movements near, ii. 425, 427;<br> +<span class="entry">the allies outwitted at,</span> iv. +<a href="#page035">35</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>El Arish</b>,</span> siege and surrender of, ii. 69;<br> +<span class="entry">massacre of the garrison,</span> 70;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty between Sir Sidney Smith and Kléber at,</span> 181.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Elba</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> literary labors at, i. 177; iv. +<a href="#page159">159</a>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>-232;<br> +<span class="entry">secured to France,</span> ii. 204;<br> +<span class="entry">France to evacuate,</span> 262;<br> +<span class="entry">Countess Walewska follows <i>N.</i> to,</span> iii. 11; iv. +<a href="#page143">143</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the sentence of exile to,</span> iv. +<a href="#page129">129</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the monarch of,</span> +<a href="#page129">129</a>, +<a href="#page133">133</a>, +<a href="#page151">151</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> journey to,</span> +<a href="#page134">134</a>-141;<br> +<span class="entry">possibility of her not receiving the imperial exile,</span> +<a href="#page135">135</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">imperialist and royalist sentiment in,</span> +<a href="#page141">141</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> begins his new administration,</span> +<a href="#page141">141</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> life in,</span> +<a href="#page141">141</a> et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">Bourbon spies in,</span> +<a href="#page142">142</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">visitors to,</span> +<a href="#page143">143</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme to deport <i>N.</i> from,</span> +<a href="#page145">145</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> escape from,</span> +<a href="#page152">152</a>-154;<br> +<span class="entry">the naval patrol at,</span> +<a href="#page153">153</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> monograph on,</span> +<a href="#page232">232</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Elbe, River, the</b>,</span> the Prussian base on, ii. 428;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page403" name="page403"></a>(p. 403)</span> +<span class="entry">key to the valley of,</span> 437;<br> +<span class="entry">English blockade of,</span> 441; iii. 48;<br> +<span class="entry">western boundary of Prussia,</span> 56;<br> +<span class="entry">commanded by fortress of Magdeburg,</span> 56, 57;<br> +<span class="entry">the kingdom of Westphalia created on,</span> 56, 73;<br> +<span class="entry">preparations to oppose English landing on,</span> 72;<br> +<span class="entry">French occupation of the coast near,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">military movements on,</span> 393, 396, 406, 407; iv. +<a href="#page002">2</a>, +<a href="#page006">6</a>-9, +<a href="#page018">18</a>, +<a href="#page020">20</a>-26;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme of Hanoverian extension on,</span> +<a href="#page399">399</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">territory on,</span> offered to Sweden, +<a href="#page399">399</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">French recovery of the lower part,</span> +<a href="#page407">407</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">boundary of a neutral zone,</span> +<a href="#page414">414</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">exhaustion of the French on,</span> iv. +<a href="#page019">19</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">French garrisons on,</span> +<a href="#page035">35</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Elbing</b>,</span> military movements near, iii. 8, 13.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Elchingen</b>,</span> Ney created Duke of, iii. 86.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#ney"><b>Ney</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Elective Affinities,"</b></span> iii. 172.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Electoral Colleges</b>,</span> ii. 247.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Eliot, Sir Gilbert</b>,</span> viceroy of Corsica, i. 261.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Elliott</b>,</span> killed at Arcole, i. 399.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Elsfleth</b>,</span> escape of the Black Legion to, iii. 234.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Elster, River, the</b>,</span> military operations on, iii. 404, 405; iv. +<a href="#page020">20</a>-21, +<a href="#page027">27</a>-30, +<a href="#page033">33</a>-34.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Élysée, the</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> takes up residence at, iv. +<a href="#page159">159</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> returns from Waterloo to,</span> +<a href="#page216">216</a>, +<a href="#page218">218</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Embabeh</b>,</span> battle of, ii. 59.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Embargo</b>,</span> the, ii. 287, 389, 400, 441.<br> + +<a id="emigrants" name="emigrants"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Emigrants</b>,</span> plots by, i. 172, 277, 325; ii. 303;<br> +<span class="entry">confiscation of property of,</span> and harsh legislation against, i. 172, 305, 316; ii. 94, 219;<br> +<span class="entry">the aristocrats of the,</span> i. 213;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> speculation in lands of,</span> 288;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude of the Directory toward,</span> ii. 2, 36;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> secret dealings with,</span> 9;<br> +<span class="entry">Talleyrand among the,</span> 33;<br> +<span class="entry">encouraged to return,</span> amnesty to, and indemnity for, 130, 245, 324, 411;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> complains of England harboring,</span> 271;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> demands their expulsion from Naples,</span> 357;<br> +<span class="entry">return to France under Louis XVIII,</span> iv. +<a href="#page146">146</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">banished again from France,</span> +<a href="#page157">157</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Emigration, the</b>,</span> i. 109, 152, 155, 268.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Emperor of the Two Americas</b>,</span> the, iii. 120.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Empire</b>,</span> the French use of the term, ii. 248.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Empire of the West</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> threatens to resuscitate the, ii. 272.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Engen</b>,</span> battle of, ii. 166.<br> + +<a id="enghienducd" name="enghienducd"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Enghien, Duc d'</b>,</span> arrest and murder of, i. 179; ii. 241, 304-309, 312, 316, 331, 412; iii. 107; iv. +<a href="#page138">138</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">monarchical schemes and plots of,</span> ii. 239, 240, 301-305;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> 301;<br> +<span class="entry">married to Princess Rohan-Rochefort,</span> 301;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks service with England,</span> 302;<br> +<span class="entry">residence at Ettenheim,</span> 302-306;<br> +<span class="entry">prepares to retire to Freiburg,</span> 302;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> examines papers of,</span> 305;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> defends the execution of,</span> 310;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> blames Talleyrand for his murder,</span> 311; iii. 197;<br> +<span class="entry">statements concerning <i>N.'s</i> connection with his murder,</span> 196, 197;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> self-blame for murder of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page233">233</a>.<br> + +<a id="england" name="england"></a> +<span class="name"><b>England</b>,</span> France's emulation of, i. 22;<br> +<span class="entry">hampered by parliamentary opposition and American disquiet,</span> 22;<br> +<span class="entry">the American uprising against,</span> 23, 24;<br> +<span class="entry">Paoli's relations with,</span> asylum in, and aid from, 23, 124, 169, 196-198, 205-207, 260;<br> +<span class="entry">gives aid to,</span> establishes protectorate over, and takes possession of Corsica, 23, 119, 190, 205-207, 256-262;<br> +<span class="entry">transformation of parties in,</span> 24;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> study of history of,</span> 78, 95, 114, 156;<br> +<span class="entry">sympathy with France in,</span> 142;<br> +<span class="entry">French admirers of the constitution of,</span> 143;<br> +<span class="entry">constitutional government in,</span> 152;<br> +<span class="entry">closes the Scheldt,</span> 194;<br> +<span class="entry">republican ideas in,</span> 195;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of execution of Louis XVI in,</span> 195;<br> +<span class="entry">hostility between France and,</span> 195, 324; ii. 32, 35, 144, 208, 269, 273-285, 400, 401, 441; iii. 64, 110, 378;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> ideas of serving,</span> i. 207, 216, 317; ii. 15; iv. +<a href="#page255">255</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">subsidizes European powers,</span> i. 221; ii. 146, 187, 208, 263, 351, 358, 360, 375, 401, 421; iii. 284, 294, 398, 399, 417, 422-425; iv. +<a href="#page030">30</a>, +<a href="#page031">31</a>, +<a href="#page055">55</a>, +<a href="#page067">67</a>, +<a href="#page076">76</a>, +<a href="#page164">164</a>;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page404" name="page404"></a>(p. 404)</span> +<span class="entry">naval establishment,</span> expenses, and activity, i. 221, 421; ii. 209, 290; iii. 236, 237;<br> +<span class="entry">captures Ollioules,</span> i. 225;<br> +<span class="entry">in the defense and occupation of Toulon,</span> 230, 239;<br> +<span class="entry">naval operations and power on the Mediterranean (other than specifically mentioned items),</span> 239, 257; ii. 15-19, 56, 262; iii. 111, 112;<br> +<span class="entry">influence in Genoa,</span> i. 243;<br> +<span class="entry">prints counterfeit French money in Genoa,</span> 246;<br> +<span class="entry">fails to help the allies in Piedmont,</span> 257;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> attitude toward, Sept., 1794,</span> 257;<br> +<span class="entry">naval supremacy,</span> 257; ii. 15-17, 48, 63, 209, 290, 371, 375; iii. 47-49, 109-112, 267-268; iv. +<a href="#page041">41</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">alliances with Austria,</span> i. 276; ii. 156, 160, 188;<br> +<span class="entry">sends fleet to northern coast of France,</span> i. 298;<br> +<span class="entry">subsidizes French royalists,</span> 325;<br> +<span class="entry">the fleet driven from Leghorn,</span> 373;<br> +<span class="entry">seizes Porto Ferrajo,</span> 398;<br> +<span class="entry">insurrection in Corsica against rule of,</span> 402;<br> +<span class="entry">blamed by <i>N.</i> for embroiling France and Austria,</span> 435;<br> +<span class="entry">rupture of the coalition with Austria,</span> 441;<br> +<span class="entry">military condition in 1796,</span> 449;<br> +<span class="entry">desire for peace with France,</span> and negotiations leading thereto, 449, 456; ii. 12, 86; iii. 271, 415;<br> +<span class="entry">interest in the Netherlands and Belgium,</span> i. 450;<br> +<span class="entry">prestige, magnificence of empire, influence, independence, etc., of,</span> 456; ii. 45, 55, 73, 209, 264, 297, 394, 401; iii. 45-49, 110-112, 189, 318, 420; iv. +<a href="#page038">38</a>, +<a href="#page140">140</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">defeats Spain at Cape St. Vincent,</span> i. 456;<br> +<span class="entry">price of consols, March, 1797,</span> 456;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of the treaty of Leoben in,</span> ii. 12;<br> +<span class="entry">conquest of Dutch colonies,</span> 12, 38;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> personal hostility to,</span> 14, 16, 188, 280-285, 330, 441-444; iii. 49, 65, 66, 88, 109-114, 308-309, 329, 352, 408; iv. +<a href="#page075">75</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">speculations in Paris as to operations against,</span> ii. 32;<br> +<span class="entry">financial condition,</span> 32, 208;<br> +<span class="entry">Talleyrand expelled from,</span> 33;<br> +<span class="entry">defeats Holland at Camperdown,</span> 38;<br> +<span class="entry">acquires the Cape of Good Hope,</span> 38;<br> +<span class="entry">protects Sardinia,</span> 39;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> schemes of invasion of,</span> 48, 290-294, 328, 330-338, 358-362;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> views on political history of,</span> 50;<br> +<span class="entry">her Indian possessions,</span> and French and Russian schemes to strike her through them, 52, 194, 209, 263, 273; iii. 110, 112-114;<br> +<span class="entry">naval operations at Acre,</span> ii. 71, 73;<br> +<span class="entry">fleet at Alexandria,</span> 79;<br> +<span class="entry">joins the second coalition,</span> 90, 136, 143;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations in Holland,</span> 91, 92; iii. 236, 272, 284, 294;<br> +<span class="entry">completion of the work of the Revolution in,</span> ii. 139;<br> +<span class="entry">relations, negotiations, and alliances with Russia,</span> 141, 210, 356, 357, 401, 406, 420; iii. 41, 49, 55, 71, 98-100, 102, 105, 117, 315, 321, 351, 392, 417;<br> +<span class="entry">reception of Russian soldiers in,</span> after Alkmaar, ii. 141;<br> +<span class="entry">siege, capture, and occupation of Malta, and negotiations concerning its cession and tenure,</span> 141, 193, 210, 262, 267, 273, 280, 284, 289, 351, 352, 356, 401;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude toward the Bourbons,</span> 143;<br> +<span class="entry">declines to negotiate with <i>N.</i>,</span> 143;<br> +<span class="entry">prepares to invade France,</span> 143;<br> +<span class="entry">denounced by <i>N.</i> as author of the war of 1799,</span> 143;<br> +<span class="entry">debate in Parliament on <i>N.'s</i> accession as First Consul,</span> 143;<br> +<span class="entry">hatred of revolutionary excesses,</span> 143;<br> +<span class="entry">alliance with Portugal,</span> 154;<br> +<span class="entry">opposes spread of revolutionary ideas,</span> 157;<br> +<span class="entry">blockades Genoa,</span> 165;<br> +<span class="entry">formation of the "armed neutrality" against,</span> 194;<br> +<span class="entry">accused by Paul I of treachery,</span> 193;<br> +<span class="entry">the Continental System and the embargo,</span> <i>N.'s</i> commercial warfare against, 203, 205, 269, 287, 288, 347, 375, 389, 399, 441; iii. 45-49, 55, 64-65, 67, 71, 99, 102, 109, 165, 239, 265, 268, 280, 284, 293-294, 303, 304, 307, 328, 420<br> + (<i>see also</i> <a href="#berlindecree"><b>Berlin Decree</b></a>; <a href="#continentalsystem"><b>Continental System</b></a>; <a href="#milandecree"><b>Milan Decree</b></a>);<br> +<span class="entry">Portugal forced to withdraw from alliance with,</span> ii, 205;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page405" name="page405"></a>(p. 405)</span> +<span class="entry">reply to the "armed neutrality,"</span> 209;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> demands for colonial cessions,</span> 210;<br> +<span class="entry">concludes peace with France, Oct. 1, 1801,</span> 211;<br> +<span class="entry">retains Ceylon and Trinidad,</span> 211;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty of Amiens,</span> 210, 263, 266, 270, 273 et seq.; iv. +<a href="#page264">264</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty of commerce with the United States,</span> 1794, ii. 212;<br> +<span class="entry">recognizes neutrality of United States,</span> 212;<br> +<span class="entry">attempts to put down San Domingo insurrection,</span> 237;<br> +<span class="entry">surrender of Rochambeau to,</span> 237;<br> +<span class="entry">schemes for restoration of Charles X in,</span> 240;<br> +<span class="entry">to evacuate Egypt,</span> 262;<br> +<span class="entry">Paul I's antipathy to,</span> 263;<br> +<span class="entry">efforts to discredit France in Europe,</span> 264 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">disapproves <i>N.'s</i> reconstruction of Europe,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">appoints Lord Whitworth ambassador to Paris,</span> 267;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses to admit French consuls,</span> 270;<br> +<span class="entry">protests against the slave-trade,</span> 269;<br> +<span class="entry">commerce of,</span> 269, 276; iii. 46, 49, 120, 265-268, 280, 288, 294, 309, 316, 424; iv. +<a href="#page041">41</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">position with regard to the Alien Act,</span> ii. 171;<br> +<span class="entry">freedom of the press in,</span> 270;<br> +<span class="entry">complaints against, of harboring emigrants and Bourbons,</span> 271;<br> +<span class="entry">attacks of the French press on,</span> 271, 294;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> attempts to muzzle the press in,</span> 270, 356;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> answer to remonstrances from,</span> 272;<br> +<span class="entry">occupation of Alexandria,</span> 280;<br> +<span class="entry">suspects France's war preparations,</span> 280, 282;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> treatment of her representative,</span> 280;<br> +<span class="entry">the royal message of March 8, 1803,</span> 282;<br> +<span class="entry">the militia called out, March 10, 1803,</span> 282;<br> +<span class="entry">diplomatic rupture with France,</span> 285;<br> +<span class="entry">publication of Lord Whitworth's despatches in,</span> 284;<br> +<span class="entry">declares war against France, May 18, 1803,</span> 285;<br> +<span class="entry">declares embargo on French ships,</span> 287;<br> +<span class="entry">commencement of hostilities,</span> 287;<br> +<span class="entry">attacks Spanish commerce,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">panic in,</span> 290;<br> +<span class="entry">plans for defense,</span> 291, 329;<br> +<span class="entry">puts Caraccioli to death,</span> 300;<br> +<span class="entry">interest in Jacobin insurrection,</span> 300;<br> +<span class="entry">active diplomacy in,</span> 301;<br> +<span class="entry">the Duc d'Enghien seeks to enter the service of,</span> 302;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> attempt to fix the death of Duc d'Enghien on,</span> 311;<br> +<span class="entry">Pitt's return to power,</span> 329;<br> +<span class="entry">nature of the war with,</span> 329;<br> +<span class="entry">expulsion of her envoys from Stuttgart and Munich,</span> 330;<br> +<span class="entry">naval aid from Portugal,</span> 332;<br> +<span class="entry">war with Spain, Dec., 1804,</span> 332;<br> +<span class="entry">acquires Trinidad,</span> 332;<br> +<span class="entry">blockades Brest,</span> 333;<br> +<span class="entry">Addington succeeded by Pitt,</span> 337;<br> +<span class="entry">justice of the war with,</span> 352;<br> +<span class="entry">European alliances,</span> 351;<br> +<span class="entry">bad faith of,</span> 351;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> insists on no asylum for the Bourbons in,</span> 356;<br> +<span class="entry">fails to secure Prussia's alliance,</span> 358;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> policy toward,</span> 360;<br> +<span class="entry">author of the Third Coalition,</span> 360;<br> +<span class="entry">Mack's ideas of her invading France,</span> 365;<br> +<span class="entry">naval shortcomings,</span> 370;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Trafalgar,</span> 373-376;<br> +<span class="entry">reception of the news of Austerlitz in,</span> 393;<br> +<span class="entry">lethargy after Trafalgar,</span> 399;<br> +<span class="entry">declares war against Prussia,</span> 400;<br> +<span class="entry">Fox assumes power,</span> 400;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> considers peace with,</span> 400;<br> +<span class="entry">Lord Yarmouth's negotiations,</span> 404;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> offers European territory to,</span> 404, 405;<br> +<span class="entry">end of negotiations with,</span> 405;<br> +<span class="entry">alliance with Prussia and Russia,</span> 406;<br> +<span class="entry">demands the surrender of Sicily,</span> 405;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal to give Hanover to,</span> 418, 420;<br> +<span class="entry">state of war with Prussia,</span> 422;<br> +<span class="entry">her vulnerable point,</span> iii. 441;<br> +<span class="entry">"enemy's ships make enemy's goods,"</span> 441;<br> +<span class="entry">the soul of continental coalitions,</span> 441;<br> +<span class="entry">right of search and impressment,</span> ii. 441; iii. 48, 100;<br> +<span class="entry">Orders in Council,</span> ii. 441; iii. 48, 100, 101, 265, 267, 272, 321, 378;<br> +<span class="entry">Turkey declares war against,</span> iii. 20;<br> +<span class="entry">sends fleet to Constantinople,</span> 20;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses subsidy to Russia,</span> 20;<br> +<span class="entry">Afghanistan incited against,</span> 21;<br> +<span class="entry">Persia stirred up against,</span> 21;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal for a new coalition,</span> 22;<br> +<span class="entry">naval operations in the Baltic,</span> 24, 35, 36, 97, 98, 117;<br> +<span class="entry">withholds subsidies,</span> 35;<br> +<span class="entry">troops in Pomerania,</span> 36;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander promises to oppose,</span> 41;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page406" name="page406"></a>(p. 406)</span> +<span class="entry">opposed to Prussia's neutrality,</span> 44;<br> +<span class="entry">necessity for <i>N.'s</i> humbling,</span> 44-49;<br> +<span class="entry">France declares war against (1793),</span> 47;<br> +<span class="entry">"All the Talents" ministry,</span> 46;<br> +<span class="entry">Duke of Portland's ministry,</span> 46;<br> +<span class="entry">commercial rivalry with the United States,</span> 46;<br> +<span class="entry">the "rule of 1736,"</span> 46;<br> +<span class="entry">understanding with the United States,</span> 47;<br> +<span class="entry">declares blockade from Brest to the Elbe,</span> 42;<br> +<span class="entry">war with France (1803),</span> 47;<br> +<span class="entry">decline of manufactures,</span> 47;<br> +<span class="entry">failure of commercial negotiations with Sweden and Russia,</span> 48;<br> +<span class="entry">French demands on,</span> 55;<br> +<span class="entry">Russia to mediate between France and,</span> 55;<br> +<span class="entry">seizes the Portuguese fleet,</span> 67;<br> +<span class="entry">gains entrance to and is expelled from Leghorn,</span> 67;<br> +<span class="entry">offers to seize Denmark's fleet,</span> 69;<br> +<span class="entry">Denmark ordered to declare war against,</span> 69;<br> +<span class="entry">threatens to make Spanish South American colonies independent,</span> 71;<br> +<span class="entry">bombards Copenhagen,</span> 70;<br> +<span class="entry">enmity of Alexander I to,</span> 70;<br> +<span class="entry">Parliament compared with the French tribunate,</span> 83;<br> +<span class="entry">decadence of primogeniture in,</span> 84;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks to conciliate Denmark,</span> 98;<br> +<span class="entry">Egyptian expedition,</span> 100;<br> +<span class="entry">expedition to Buenos Ayres,</span> 100;<br> +<span class="entry">Russia declares war against,</span> 100, 102, 105;<br> +<span class="entry">retaliates on Russia by Orders in Council,</span> 100;<br> +<span class="entry">announces blockade of European ports,</span> 100, 101;<br> +<span class="entry">decline of trade with the United States,</span> 101;<br> +<span class="entry">the war of 1812,</span> 102, 322;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria's secret sympathy with,</span> 104;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> urges her restoration of the Danish fleet,</span> 104;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> desire for peace with,</span> 104, 112, 159, 271, 392; iv. +<a href="#page046">46</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">contempt for the blockade,</span> iii. 109;<br> +<span class="entry">withdraws troops from Sicily,</span> 111;<br> +<span class="entry">sends troops to Portugal,</span> 111, 120, 122, 157, 283, 284;<br> +<span class="entry">supposed assistance to Sweden,</span> 114;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed menace to,</span> 113;<br> +<span class="entry">blockades the Russian fleet,</span> 117;<br> +<span class="entry">promised coöperation of the Papal States against,</span> 118;<br> +<span class="entry">Portugal enforces the Berlin and Milan decrees against,</span> 119;<br> +<span class="entry">fate of her allies,</span> 121;<br> +<span class="entry">supports the House of Braganza,</span> 121;<br> +<span class="entry">outbreak of the Peninsular war,</span> 123;<br> +<span class="entry">benefits accruing from the troubles in Spain,</span> 131;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme to capture Cadiz,</span> 133, 155;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiations with Austria,</span> 163;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed humiliation of,</span> 170;<br> +<span class="entry">plans of <i>N.</i> and Alexander at Erfurt concerning,</span> 177;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> fears an alliance between Turkey and,</span> 177;<br> +<span class="entry">exasperated at the capitulation of Cintra,</span> 186;<br> +<span class="entry">supposed plan to abandon Portugal,</span> 187;<br> +<span class="entry">tardiness at Corunna,</span> 192;<br> +<span class="entry">offers to subsidize Austria,</span> 194;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria appeals for assistance to,</span> 225;<br> +<span class="entry">escape of the Duke of Brunswick to,</span> 234;<br> +<span class="entry">expedition to Flushing,</span> 236-237;<br> +<span class="entry">necessity of bringing her to terms,</span> 249;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> allegations against,</span> 260;<br> +<span class="entry">the lesson of Trafalgar,</span> 264;<br> +<span class="entry">paper blockade by,</span> 268;<br> +<span class="entry">the neutralization system,</span> 267;<br> +<span class="entry">licenses violations of the Orders in Council,</span> 267;<br> +<span class="entry">Louis opens negotiations with,</span> 271;<br> +<span class="entry">rejects Fouché's agent,</span> 271;<br> +<span class="entry">loss of trade with Portugal, Spain, and Triest,</span> 272;<br> +<span class="entry">threatened with loss of trade with Hanseatic towns and Holland,</span> 272;<br> +<span class="entry">United States prohibition of commercial intercourse with,</span> 274;<br> +<span class="entry">the Walcheren expedition,</span> 272, 284, 294;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> proposes that she withdraw the Orders in Council of 1807,</span> 272;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal that she send joint expedition with France to establish +Louis XVIII in America,</span> 271;<br> +<span class="entry">seizure of American ships by,</span> 273;<br> +<span class="entry">Fouché's English-Dutch conspiracy,</span> 273;<br> +<span class="entry">destruction of her wares on the French borders,</span> 279;<br> +<span class="entry">Denmark's hostility to,</span> 280;<br> +<span class="entry">divided councils in,</span> 284;<br> +<span class="entry">expedition to Sicily,</span> 284, 294;<br> +<span class="entry">finds support in Spanish popular feeling,</span> 283;<br> +<span class="entry">strength of forces in the Peninsula,</span> 284;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude toward affairs in the Peninsula,</span> 288;<br> +<span class="entry">depreciation of the currency,</span> 294;<br> +<span class="entry">expedition to Spain,</span> 294;<br> +<span class="entry">Mme. de Staël in,</span> 299;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page407" name="page407"></a>(p. 407)</span> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> hopes to meet her on the sea,</span> 304;<br> +<span class="entry">threatened with bankruptcy,</span> 304;<br> +<span class="entry">exchange of prisoners with,</span> 307;<br> +<span class="entry">her colonial interests,</span> 309;<br> +<span class="entry">Russia opens her ports to,</span> 316;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses <i>N.'s</i> offer of peace in Spain,</span> 319;<br> +<span class="entry">armistice with Russia,</span> 321;<br> +<span class="entry">threatens to bombard Constantinople,</span> 321;<br> +<span class="entry">under Castlereagh's leadership,</span> 328;<br> +<span class="entry">to be driven from Spain,</span> 328;<br> +<span class="entry">arouses Sweden against France,</span> 350;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiates peace between Turkey and Russia,</span> 350;<br> +<span class="entry">distracted condition of politics in,</span> 377;<br> +<span class="entry">naval defeats,</span> 378, 379;<br> +<span class="entry">United States declares war against,</span> 378;<br> +<span class="entry">assassination of Mr. Perceval,</span> 378;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiates treaty between Russia and Spain, July, 1812,</span> 392-393;<br> +<span class="entry">in grand European coalition against <i>N.</i>,</span> 392;<br> +<span class="entry">Metternich's negotiations with,</span> 395;<br> +<span class="entry">returns to Pitt's policy,</span> 399;<br> +<span class="entry">abandons Hanoverian schemes,</span> 399;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal to bleed her colonies,</span> 408;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed isolation of,</span> 408;<br> +<span class="entry">the allies' reliance on,</span> 422;<br> +<span class="entry">guarantees a war loan,</span> 417;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty with Prussia, June 14, 1813,</span> 417;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty with Russia, June 15, 1813,</span> 417;<br> +<span class="entry">issues paper money,</span> 417;<br> +<span class="entry">to be kept out of the continental peace,</span> 419;<br> +<span class="entry">Metternich proposes that she continue the war,</span> 419, 420;<br> +<span class="entry">commercial agreement with Sweden,</span> 424;<br> +<span class="entry">influence in Holland,</span> iv. +<a href="#page030">30</a>, +<a href="#page041">41</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">determination to crush France,</span> +<a href="#page031">31</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at the Congress of Frankfort,</span> +<a href="#page041">41</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal that she hand back French colonies,</span> +<a href="#page041">41</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">"maritime rights,"</span> +<a href="#page041">41</a>, +<a href="#page045">45</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">prolongation of the war in Spain,</span> +<a href="#page051">51</a>, +<a href="#page052">52</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">desire to establish equilibrium in Europe,</span> +<a href="#page067">67</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">signs treaty of Chaumont,</span> +<a href="#page076">76</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of the triple alliance on,</span> +<a href="#page076">76</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">troops occupy Bordeaux,</span> +<a href="#page087">87</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">party to the treaty of Fontainebleau (April, 1814),</span> +<a href="#page133">133</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">distinction in,</span> between the two Napoleons, +<a href="#page133">133</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> contemplates taking refuge in,</span> +<a href="#page135">135</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> eulogy of her civilization and chivalry,</span> +<a href="#page140">140</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiates secret treaty with Austria and France,</span> +<a href="#page145">145</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">regency in,</span> +<a href="#page161">161</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">lack of suitable leaders in,</span> +<a href="#page161">161</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">her dynastic alliances,</span> +<a href="#page161">161</a>, +<a href="#page162">162</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">effects of <i>N.'s</i> restoration on,</span> +<a href="#page162">162</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the Vienna Coalition,</span> +<a href="#page164">164</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">campaign of Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page170">170</a>-173;<br> +<span class="entry">losses at Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page214">214</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">claims the glory of annihilating <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page214">214</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">watches the harbor of Rochefort,</span> +<a href="#page220">220</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> throws himself on the generosity of,</span> +<a href="#page221">221</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">reasons for <i>N.'s</i> surrender to,</span> +<a href="#page222">222</a>-223, +<a href="#page227">227</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">asylum for political refugees,</span> +<a href="#page223">223</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">intolerance of death penalty for political offenses,</span> +<a href="#page225">225</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">resolves to banish <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page225">225</a>-229;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> desires to acquire citizenship in,</span> +<a href="#page226">226</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">sympathy for <i>N.</i> in,</span> +<a href="#page227">227</a>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">passes special acts for government of St. Helena,</span> +<a href="#page228">228</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> last wishes for,</span> +<a href="#page233">233</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the Seven Years' War,</span> +<a href="#page261">261</a>, +<a href="#page297">297</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">character of the wars with France,</span> +<a href="#page265">265</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> struggles with,</span> +<a href="#page297">297</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">wars with the United States,</span> +<a href="#page300">300</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>English Channel, the</b>,</span> marching French troops to, ii. 24;<br> +<span class="entry">naval operations in,</span> 52;<br> +<span class="entry">obstacles to <i>N.'s</i> crossing,</span> 291;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> hope to hold,</span> 332;<br> +<span class="entry">French plans for seizing,</span> 334;<br> +<span class="entry">Villeneuve ordered to,</span> 359;<br> +<span class="entry">Villeneuve's attempt to enter,</span> 371.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Enns, River</b>,</span> military operations on the, ii. 367; iii. 216.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Entail</b>,</span> restoration of the right of, iii. 82;<br> +<span class="entry">abolition of the law of,</span> 84.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Enzersdorf</b>,</span> military operations near, iii. 219, 220, 227.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Enzersfeld</b>,</span> military movements near, iii. 217.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Épernay</b>,</span> captured by the allies, iv. +<a href="#page094">94</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Epochs of My Life,"</b></span> i. 82.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Eppes</b>,</span> Marmont at, iv. +<a href="#page079">79</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Equality</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> affectation of love for, ii. 30;<br> +<span class="entry">one of the meanings of the word,</span> 221.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Equality of citizenship</b>,</span> decreed, i, 110.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Erasmus</b>,</span> tomb of, iv. +<a href="#page247">247</a>.<br> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page408" name="page408"></a>(p. 408)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Erding</b>,</span> battle of, iii. 211.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Erfurt</b>,</span> military movements near, ii. 425;<br> +<span class="entry">the Duke of Brunswick at,</span> 427;<br> +<span class="entry">fall of,</span> 436;<br> +<span class="entry">meeting of <i>N.</i> and Alexander at,</span> iii. 170 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty of,</span> 177, 236, 244, 248, 315;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> maladroitness at,</span> 177, 178;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> vacillation at,</span> 180, 181;<br> +<span class="entry">the conference at,</span> 193, 194;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander redeems his promise made at,</span> 236;<br> +<span class="entry">offered to Alexander and refused by him,</span> 288;<br> +<span class="entry">the throne of,</span> offered to the Duke of Oldenburg, 307;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander offers to exchange Oldenburg for,</span> 328;<br> +<span class="entry">French troops ordered to,</span> 328;<br> +<span class="entry">French forces at,</span> 393;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> goes to,</span> 401;<br> +<span class="entry">plan of winter quarters at,</span> iv. +<a href="#page023">23</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Saxon and Bavarian troops at,</span> +<a href="#page035">35</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Murat deserts at,</span> +<a href="#page056">56</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Erlon, Gen. d.</b>,</span> in the Waterloo campaign, iv. +<a href="#page170">170</a>, +<a href="#page176">176</a>, +<a href="#page186">186</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Quatre Bras,</span> +<a href="#page181">181</a>-187;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> expression of indignation at Ney to,</span> +<a href="#page187">187</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page200">200</a>, +<a href="#page202">202</a>, +<a href="#page206">206</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Erskine, Lord</b>,</span> on England's attitude with regard to France, ii. 144.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Escoiquiz, Canon</b>,</span> tutor to Ferdinand VII, iii. 124;<br> +<span class="entry">letter to <i>N.</i>, Oct. 12, 1808,</span> 124, 127;<br> +<span class="entry">defends Ferdinand's position,</span> 143;<br> +<span class="entry">notified by <i>N.</i> of Ferdinand's deposition,</span> 145;<br> +<span class="entry">infamy of,</span> 150.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Escorial</b>,</span> Godoy's intrigues at the, iii. 127;<br> +<span class="entry">Charles IV a virtual prisoner in,</span> 142.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Escudier, J. F.</b>,</span> commissioner of the National Convention, i. 219.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Esdraelon</b>,</span> battle on the plains of, ii. 72.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Esla, River</b>,</span> military movements on the, iii. 188.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Espagne, Gen. J. L. B.</b>,</span> in battle of Aspern, iii. 220.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Espinosa</b>,</span> defeat of Blake at, iii. 185.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Essarts, Ledru des</b>,</span> evacuates Meaux, iv. +<a href="#page099">99</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">seduced by Marmont,</span> +<a href="#page125">125</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Essay on Revolutions"</b></span> (Chateaubriand's), ii. 259.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Essen, Gen. H. H.</b>,</span> in campaign of Eylau, iii. 13.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Essenbach</b>,</span> military operations near, iii. 206.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Essling</b>,</span> battle of, iii. 219-222, 225-228, 232;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> exposes himself at,</span> 240-241;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of rising of the river at,</span> 383.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Essling, Prince of</b>.</span> <i>See</i> <a href="#massena"><b>Masséna</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Essonne, River</b>,</span> military operations on the, iv. +<a href="#page116">116</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Essonnes</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> at, iv. +<a href="#page105">105</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Marmont at,</span> +<a href="#page124">124</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Marmont's defection at,</span> +<a href="#page128">128</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Establishment of St. Louis</b>,</span> the female academy at St. Cyr, i. 182.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#stcyr"><b>St. Cyr</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Estates, the</b>,</span> meetings at Versailles, i. 96, 107.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Estates, the three</b>,</span> i. 44;<br> +<span class="entry">in the seventeenth century,</span> 107.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Estates-General</b>,</span> meetings of the, i. 86, 106, 107;<br> +<span class="entry">fusion of the three bodies,</span> 108;<br> +<span class="entry">troops ordered to control the,</span> 108.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Esterhazy, Prince</b>,</span> at the marriage of Maria Louisa, iii. 256.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Étoges</b>,</span> battle of, iv. +<a href="#page065">65</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">military movements near,</span> +<a href="#page064">64</a>, +<a href="#page094">94</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Etruria</b>,</span> creation of the kingdom of, ii. 205;<br> +<span class="entry">death of King Louis,</span> 233; iii. 67;<br> +<span class="entry">exchanged for Louisiana,</span> ii. 272;<br> +<span class="entry">under French protection,</span> 357;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> calls for alliance with,</span> iii. 66;<br> +<span class="entry">neutrality of,</span> 66;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme to incorporate in Italy,</span> 120;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal that Lucien take the crown of,</span> 129;<br> +<span class="entry">abdication of the Queen Regent,</span> 128;<br> +<span class="entry">incorporated into the kingdom of Italy,</span> 129;<br> +<span class="entry">the crown offered to Ferdinand VII,</span> 145;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> disposition of,</span> 164.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ettenheim</b>,</span> residence of the Duc d'Enghien at, ii. 302;<br> +<span class="entry">reputed emigrant conspiracy at,</span> 303;<br> +<span class="entry">Ordener's expedition to,</span> 304;<br> +<span class="entry">arrest of the Duc d'Enghien at,</span> 305;<br> +<span class="entry">Caulaincourt's mission to,</span> iii. 107.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Eulen Mountains</b>,</span> military movements near, iv. +<a href="#page413">413</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Euphrates</b>,</span> proposed military operations on the, iii. 113.<br> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page409" name="page409"></a>(p. 409)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Europe</b>,</span> movement of civilization in, i. 2;<br> +<span class="entry">the revolutionary epoch and spread of revolutionary ideas in,</span> 2, 100 et seq.; ii. 44, 86, 156;<br> +<span class="entry">absolutism, its decay and abolition,</span> i. 67; iii. 278; iv. +<a href="#page162">162</a>, +<a href="#page254">254</a>, +<a href="#page292">292</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">aroused feelings,</span> concerted movements, and coalitions against France, i. 142, 325, 441; ii. 51, 67, 86, 90, 136, 142, 145, 194, 209, 330, 348; iii. 72, 106, 377, 382, 394, 396, 400, 417; iv. +<a href="#page145">145</a>, +<a href="#page146">146</a>, +<a href="#page161">161</a>-163;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> on the sovereigns of,</span> i. 156;<br> +<span class="entry">the Directory and,</span> 324-338;<br> +<span class="entry">neutrality of northern,</span> 341;<br> +<span class="entry">conditions of civilization and warfare in (1796),</span> 349;<br> +<span class="entry">the destinies of,</span> dependent on fate of Italy, 351, 385;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> a citizen of,</span> 404;<br> +<span class="entry">schemes of reconstruction of the map of,</span> 425; ii. 265, 355, 402; iii. 51, 55, 56, 72, 73, 199, 399, 422; iv. +<a href="#page003">3</a>, +<a href="#page006">6</a>, +<a href="#page144">144</a>, +<a href="#page145">145</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">schemes of pacification of,</span> i. 447; ii. 203, 213, 356; iii. 307, 382, 408, 414, 415, 419-421; iv. +<a href="#page075">75</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">France's foreign policy,</span> in, ii. 2;<br> +<span class="entry">schemes of Napoleonic and French empire over,</span> 10, 29, 214, 272, 336, 354; iii. 108, 114, 408;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> on the freedom of,</span> ii. 31; iii. 82;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> relations to,</span> and influence on, ii. 37, 137, 213, 272; iii. 179; iv. +<a href="#page133">133</a>, +<a href="#page298">298</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">upheavals in the politics of,</span> ii. 40-45, 255;<br> +<span class="entry">compared by <i>N.</i> with the Orient,</span> 46;<br> +<span class="entry">general armament of (1798),</span> 68;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> visions of military domination in,</span> 73;<br> +<span class="entry">situation of affairs at close of 1799,</span> 86;<br> +<span class="entry">jealousy in,</span> concerning the Mediterranean, 136;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> the destroyer of,</span> 144;<br> +<span class="entry">influence of England in,</span> and her subsidies to the powers of, 145, 187, 209, 263, 351, 359, 360, 374, 400, 421; iii. 284, 294, 398, 417-425; iv. +<a href="#page030">30</a>, +<a href="#page031">31</a>, +<a href="#page055">55</a>, +<a href="#page068">68</a>, +<a href="#page076">76</a>, +<a href="#page164">164</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">situation of affairs at beginning of 1800,</span> ii. 152 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">efforts of the Directory to extend the French system in,</span> 155;<br> +<span class="entry">Prussia's place in,</span> 155; iii. 18;<br> +<span class="entry">military situation in (1800),</span> ii. 160;<br> +<span class="entry">the "armed neutrality,"</span> 194;<br> +<span class="entry">reduction of Austria as a power in,</span> 194;<br> +<span class="entry">the old dynasties and the dynastic idea in,</span> 194, 269, 317; iii. 65, 153, 162, 199, 200, 416; iv. +<a href="#page044">44</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">anxiety in,</span> as to permanency of peace of Amiens, ii. 261;<br> +<span class="entry">destruction of the balance of power,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> warning to, March 13, 1803,</span> 284;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> views on continental conquest,</span> 290;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> notification to,</span> in the murder of the Duc d'Enghien, 316;<br> +<span class="entry">the embargo,</span> blockades, and other commercial warfare in, 334, 347, 376, 441, 442; iii. 48, 49, 55, 98-102, 109, 140, 279, 280, 307, 328<br> + (<i>see also</i> <a href="#berlindecree"><b>Berlin Decree</b></a>; <a href="#continentalsystem"><b>Continental System</b></a>; <a href="#milandecree"><b>Milan Decree</b></a>);<br> +<span class="entry">outbreak of war in 1805,</span> ii. 348;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> arrayed against,</span> 351;<br> +<span class="entry">the price of the hegemony of,</span> 392;<br> +<span class="entry">Fox upholds existing sovereignties in,</span> 404;<br> +<span class="entry">necessity of colonial produce to,</span> 441;<br> +<span class="entry">Russia's ambition to be included in,</span> iii. 45;<br> +<span class="entry">general warfare in,</span> 47;<br> +<span class="entry">English monopoly of commerce,</span> 46;<br> +<span class="entry">law of colonial trade,</span> 46;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander I on politics of,</span> 52;<br> +<span class="entry">St. Petersburg holds the peace of,</span> 65;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> hopes of a coalition in,</span> against England, 65;<br> +<span class="entry">general Sanhedrim of,</span> 76;<br> +<span class="entry">influence of the peace of Tilsit on,</span> 95;<br> +<span class="entry">a moment of universal anarchy for,</span> 104;<br> +<span class="entry">the situation in,</span> 117, 118;<br> +<span class="entry">power of the word "legitimacy" in,</span> 148;<br> +<span class="entry">growth of the national idea in,</span> 154, 162, 200, 268; iv. +<a href="#page292">292</a><br> + (<i>see also</i> <a href="#germany"><b>Germany</b></a>; <a href="#prussia"><b>Prussia</b></a>);<br> +<span class="entry">the right of force in,</span> iii. 164;<br> +<span class="entry">the French idea of their great cause in,</span> 214;<br> +<span class="entry">views on <i>N.'s</i> second marriage,</span> 256;<br> +<span class="entry">publicity of <i>N.'s</i> domestic concerns throughout,</span> 277;<br> +<span class="entry">system of private confiscations,</span> 296;<br> +<span class="entry">rejoicings over the birth of the king of Rome,</span> 301, 302;<br> +<span class="entry">the condition of,</span> set forth in <i>N.'s</i> reply to the Paris Chamber of Commerce, 303-305;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> coast system of protection</span> 307;<br> +<span class="entry">apprehensions of war in,</span> 315, 318;<br> +<span class="entry">tendency toward rupture of the peace of,</span> 317;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page410" name="page410"></a>(p. 410)</span> +<span class="entry">the Russian march of French troops over,</span> 330;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> scheme for two powers in,</span> 329;<br> +<span class="entry">responsibility of Kutusoff for bloodshed in,</span> 374;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria a pivotal state in,</span> 403, 409, 411;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> desires to avoid the reprobation of,</span> 414;<br> +<span class="entry">a neutral zone for,</span> 414;<br> +<span class="entry">peace congress of,</span> 415;<br> +<span class="entry">nervousness among the allies,</span> iv. +<a href="#page005">5</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Prussia acquires the hegemony of continental,</span> +<a href="#page037">37</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">distrust among the allies,</span> +<a href="#page040">40</a>, +<a href="#page041">41</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the commercial key to central,</span> +<a href="#page042">42</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">struggle for manhood suffrage in,</span> +<a href="#page043">43</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">exactions of the allies in central,</span> +<a href="#page054">54</a>, +<a href="#page055">55</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the armed forces of, Jan. 1, 1814,</span> +<a href="#page055">55</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">jealousies among the powers,</span> +<a href="#page057">57</a>, +<a href="#page058">58</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">England's desire to establish equilibrium in,</span> +<a href="#page068">68</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">military outrages in,</span> +<a href="#page102">102</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">mobilization of troops,</span> +<a href="#page165">165</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">notified that the Empire means peace,</span> +<a href="#page165">165</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">possible consequences of <i>N.'s</i> success at Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page213">213</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the doctrine of legitimacy,</span> +<a href="#page224">224</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">France the teacher of,</span> +<a href="#page253">253</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">abolition of feudalism and ecclesiasticism,</span> +<a href="#page254">254</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">progress of reform in,</span> +<a href="#page263">263</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">a bellicose age in,</span> +<a href="#page264">264</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">influence of Charles the Great on,</span> +<a href="#page292">292</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the armies of modern,</span> +<a href="#page295">295</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the alliances of,</span> +<a href="#page295">295</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the national politics of,</span> +<a href="#page298">298</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Eutritzsch</b>,</span> military operations near, iv. +<a href="#page029">29</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Exagérés</b>,</span> the, i. 234.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Executive Council</b>,</span> establishment of the, i. 188;<br> +<span class="entry">military preparations by,</span> 194.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Exelmans, Gen. R. J. I.</b>,</span> corresponds with the Emperor, iv. +<a href="#page148">148</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">in Waterloo campaign,</span> +<a href="#page173">173</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Extravagance</b>,</span> at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 105.<br> + +<a id="eylau" name="eylau"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Eylau</b>,</span> the campaign of, iii. 12 et seq.; iv. +<a href="#page173">173</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the causes of <i>N.'s</i> weakness at,</span> iii. 26;<br> +<span class="entry">the grand army after,</span> 45;<br> +<span class="entry">the lessons of,</span> 341.</p> + + +<h5>F</h5> + +<p><span class="name"><b>Family relations</b>,</span> under the Code, ii. 223.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fanaticism</b>,</span> iv. +<a href="#page263">263</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fauvelet</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> school friend, i. 178.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Faypoult, G. C.</b>,</span> French political agent in Genoa, ii. 10.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Feltre</b>,</span> creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396;<br> +<span class="entry">Clarke created Duke of,</span> iii. 86.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#clarke"><b>Clarke</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Feraud</b>,</span> murder of, 284.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ferdinand, Archduke</b>,</span> commanding Austrian army in Germany, ii. 363;<br> +<span class="entry">escapes into Bohemia,</span> 366;<br> +<span class="entry">at Ulm,</span> 366;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding in Bohemia,</span> 380;<br> +<span class="entry">invades Poland and captures Warsaw,</span> iii. 199, 201;<br> +<span class="entry">vicissitudes in Poland,</span> 212;<br> +<span class="entry">evacuates Warsaw,</span> 212;<br> +<span class="entry">on the way to Charles's assistance,</span> 225.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ferdinand of Parma</b>,</span> ii. 205.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ferdinand I</b>,</span> King of Naples, ii. 357; iii. 319.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#ferdinand4"><b>Ferdinand IV</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ferdinand III</b>,</span> flees to Vienna, ii. 87.<br> + +<a id="ferdinand4" name="ferdinand4"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Ferdinand IV</b>,</span> position in 1797, i. 421;<br> +<span class="entry">evacuates the Papal States,</span> ii. 204;<br> +<span class="entry">compelled to restore plunder,</span> 204.<br> + +<a id="ferdinand7" name="ferdinand7"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Ferdinand VII</b></span> (<i>see also</i> <a href="#asturiasprinceof"><b>Asturias, Prince of</b></a>), letters to <i>N.</i>, iii. 137, 143, 149;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks <i>N.'s</i> favor,</span> 137, 150;<br> +<span class="entry">enters Madrid,</span> 138;<br> +<span class="entry">doubtful recognition of his throne,</span> 140;<br> +<span class="entry">hinted order that he go to Bayonne,</span> 142;<br> +<span class="entry">at Vitoria,</span> 143;<br> +<span class="entry">revulsion of Spanish feeling against,</span> 143;<br> +<span class="entry">goes to Bayonne,</span> 143, 144, 145;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> attitude toward,</span> 142-151;<br> +<span class="entry">orders for his arrest,</span> 144;<br> +<span class="entry">deposed,</span> 144-148;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> 146, 149, 150;<br> +<span class="entry">offers to surrender his crown,</span> 146;<br> +<span class="entry">the crown of Etruria offered to,</span> 145;<br> +<span class="entry">trial at Bayonne,</span> 146;<br> +<span class="entry">popularity in Spain,</span> 146, 154;<br> +<span class="entry">pension and grant to,</span> 147;<br> +<span class="entry">in virtual custody of Talleyrand,</span> 148;<br> +<span class="entry">cowed into submission,</span> 147, 151;<br> +<span class="entry">asks <i>N.'s</i> adoption and permission to appear at court,</span> 261;<br> +<span class="entry">release of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page052">52</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">relapses into absolutism and ecclesiasticism,</span> +<a href="#page052">52</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fère-Champenoise</b>,</span> the Emperor at, iv. +<a href="#page087">87</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">military movements near,</span> +<a href="#page091">91</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">retreat of the French through,</span> +<a href="#page099">99</a>.<br> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page411" name="page411"></a>(p. 411)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Fermo</b>,</span> consolidated with the kingdom of Italy, iii. 118.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ferrara</b>,</span> the Pope prepares to recover, i. 398;<br> +<span class="entry">new scheme of government for,</span> 402;<br> +<span class="entry">surrendered to France,</span> 422;<br> +<span class="entry">ceded to Venice at Leoben,</span> 438;<br> +<span class="entry">incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic,</span> ii. 21.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ferrol</b>,</span> reported junction of French and Spanish fleets at, ii. 359;<br> +<span class="entry">blockade of,</span> 359;<br> +<span class="entry">Villeneuve's retreat to,</span> 371;<br> +<span class="entry">supposed English schemes at,</span> iii. 187, 188.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fersen, Count</b>,</span> essays to represent Sweden at Congress of Rastatt, ii. 27.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fesch, Joseph</b>,</span> i. 32;<br> +<span class="entry">childhood with <i>N.</i>,</span> 40;<br> +<span class="entry">appointed to seminary at Aix,</span> 44;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> correspondence with,</span> 55, 79, 141;<br> +<span class="entry">enters the priesthood,</span> 64;<br> +<span class="entry">returns to Corsica,</span> 112;<br> +<span class="entry">literary collaborator with <i>N.</i>,</span> 124, 147;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the constituent assembly at Orezza,</span> 131;<br> +<span class="entry">custodian of <i>N.'s</i> papers,</span> 139;<br> +<span class="entry">supplanted as head of family by <i>N.</i>,</span> 161;<br> +<span class="entry">radical leader at Ajaccio,</span> 184;<br> +<span class="entry">leaves Corsica for Toulon,</span> 207;<br> +<span class="entry">in commissary department at Toulon,</span> 208;<br> +<span class="entry">storekeeper in commissary department,</span> 225;<br> +<span class="entry">escapes arrest,</span> 254;<br> +<span class="entry">at Aix,</span> 291;<br> +<span class="entry">conforms to the civil constitution,</span> ii. 206;<br> +<span class="entry">archbishop of Lyons and cardinal,</span> 258;<br> +<span class="entry">reënters the church,</span> 258;<br> +<span class="entry">Grand Almoner,</span> 324;<br> +<span class="entry">selects a physician for <i>N.</i>,</span> iv. +<a href="#page232">232</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Feudal System</b>,</span> in Corsica, i. 9, 18;<br> +<span class="entry">remnants of the,</span> 67;<br> +<span class="entry">absorption of its power in the French crown,</span> 100;<br> +<span class="entry">abolition of,</span> 110, 152, 193; ii. 224; iii. 85, 189, 190; iv. +<a href="#page254">254</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the oath of the Legion of Honor concerning,</span> ii. 246;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> influence on,</span> iii. 322;<br> +<span class="entry">French hatred of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page043">43</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Feuillants, the</b>,</span> i. 153;<br> +<span class="entry">form a ministry,</span> 174;<br> +<span class="entry">fall of the ministry,</span> 179.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fichte, J. G.</b>,</span> member of the reform party in Prussia, ii. 416;<br> +<span class="entry">influence on Prussian regeneration,</span> iii. 103.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fifth Regiment</b></span> (French), <i>N.</i> offers himself to the bullets of the, iv, +<a href="#page155">155</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fifty-second Regiment</b></span> (English), in battle of Waterloo, iv. +<a href="#page209">209</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Figueras</b>,</span> captured by the French, iii. 132.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Filangieri, Gaëtano</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> study of, i. 78.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Finance</b>,</span> an occult doctrine of, iii, 390.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Finisterre, Cape</b>,</span> Calder encounters Villeneuve off, ii. 359.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Finkenstein</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> at, iii. 18, 24, 25;<br> +<span class="entry">Persian envoy at,</span> 18.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Finland</b>,</span> Russian ambition to acquire, iii. 37, 98, 113, 168, 176;<br> +<span class="entry">Russia's claims to,</span> recognized at Tilsit, 55;<br> +<span class="entry">acquired by Russia,</span> 64, 236, 248, 268, 310, 316;<br> +<span class="entry">Russian invasion of,</span> 115, 116;<br> +<span class="entry">Russia threatened with the loss of,</span> 314;<br> +<span class="entry">offered to Sweden by <i>N.</i>,</span> 321.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fioravente, Gen.</b>,</span> captured at Verona, i. 443.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>First Consul</b>,</span> the office of the, ii. 127.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fischbach</b>,</span> military movements near, iv. +<a href="#page018">18</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fismes</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> aims to strike the Prussians at, iv. +<a href="#page077">77</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Marmont rallies his troops at,</span> +<a href="#page081">81</a>, +<a href="#page082">82</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">junction of Marmont and Mortier at,</span> +<a href="#page093">93</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Marmont retreats to,</span> +<a href="#page100">100</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fitz-James, Edward</b>,</span> royalist intrigues of, iv. +<a href="#page107">107</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fiume</b>,</span> reoccupied by Austria, i. 435;<br> +<span class="entry">seized by <i>N.</i>,</span> 434;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> proposes to cede,</span> iv. +<a href="#page423">423</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Five Hundred, the</b>,</span> i. 270;<br> +<span class="entry">their representation of public sentiment,</span> ii. 1;<br> +<span class="entry">inquiry in,</span> as to <i>N.'s</i> independence, 3;<br> +<span class="entry">its members proscribed,</span> 8;<br> +<span class="entry">Jacobin majority in,</span> 94, 97;<br> +<span class="entry">Bonapartes among,</span> 95;<br> +<span class="entry">Lucien Bonaparte elected president,</span> 97, 105;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at the meetings of,</span> 18th and 19th Brumaire, 106, 111-120;<br> +<span class="entry">counterplots against <i>N.</i> among,</span> 109;<br> +<span class="entry">opposition by,</span> 110-120;<br> +<span class="entry">meeting of Bonapartist members of,</span> 118;<br> +<span class="entry">adopts the Consulate,</span> 123;<br> +<span class="entry">deposition of members,</span> 125;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page412" name="page412"></a>(p. 412)</span> +<span class="entry">rewards among,</span> for complacency, 125.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Flahaut, Gen. A. C. J.</b>,</span> sent to seek Marmont's advice, iv. +<a href="#page116">116</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">advises a return to Lorraine,</span> +<a href="#page116">116</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">bearer of despatch from <i>N.</i> to Ney,</span> +<a href="#page186">186</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Flanders</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> in, i. 79;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> journey to,</span> iii. 312.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#austriannetherlands"><b>Austrian Netherlands</b></a>; <a href="#batavianrepublic"><b>Batavian Republic</b></a>; <a href="#dutchflanders"><b>Dutch Flanders</b></a>; <a href="#holland"><b>Holland</b></a>; <a href="#netherlands"><b>Netherlands</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fleurus</b>,</span> battle of, i. 273;<br> +<span class="entry">Jourdan's victory at,</span> ii. 323;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations near,</span> iv. +<a href="#page173">173</a>, +<a href="#page175">175</a>, +<a href="#page180">180</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at,</span> +<a href="#page180">180</a>, +<a href="#page185">185</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Florence</b>,</span> the Buonaparte family in, i. 27, 30, 44, 45;<br> +<span class="entry">position in the French empire,</span> iii. 279;<br> +<span class="entry">sends deputation to Paris,</span> iii. 380.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Flushing</b>,</span> Holland's indemnity for, ii. 154;<br> +<span class="entry">English capture of,</span> iii. 237;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> builds ships at,</span> 237.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fombio</b>,</span> battle of, i. 359.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fontainebleau</b>,</span> Pius VII, at, ii. 340;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty of,</span> iii. 70;<br> +<span class="entry">social vices at,</span> 92;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty of (Oct. 10, 1807),</span> 104;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> court at,</span> 108, 245, 301;<br> +<span class="entry">diplomatic negotiations at,</span> 118;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty of (Oct. 28, 1807), for partition of Portugal,</span> 119, 120, 121, 133, 149, 151;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> harsh treatment of Josephine at,</span> 179;<br> +<span class="entry">imprisonment of Pius VII at,</span> 243, 377, 390, 391;<br> +<span class="entry">the decree (of Oct. 18, 1810),</span> iii. 279;<br> +<span class="entry">the Concordat of,</span> 391, 392;<br> +<span class="entry">military movements near,</span> iv. +<a href="#page068">68</a>, +<a href="#page072">72</a>, +<a href="#page104">104</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at,</span> +<a href="#page105">105</a>, +<a href="#page116">116</a>, +<a href="#page158">158</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> reviews the Guard at,</span> +<a href="#page116">116</a>, +<a href="#page117">117</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">treasonable utterances of the marshals at,</span> +<a href="#page119">119</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">scene of <i>N.'s</i> abdication,</span> +<a href="#page120">120</a>-122;<br> +<span class="entry">council of war at,</span> +<a href="#page128">128</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty of (April, 1814),</span> +<a href="#page133">133</a>-136, +<a href="#page137">137</a>, +<a href="#page139">139</a>, +<a href="#page144">144</a>-146, +<a href="#page152">152</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> leaves,</span> for Elba, +<a href="#page139">139</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fontanes, Marquis de</b>,</span> oration on Washington by, ii. 148;<br> +<span class="entry">retires from presidency of the senate,</span> iii. 294;<br> +<span class="entry">grand master of the university,</span> 294.<br> + +<a id="fontenayemmede" name="fontenayemmede"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Fontenaye, Mme. de</b>,</span> i. 315.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#tallienmme"><b>Tallien, Mme</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Forchheim</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> base, ii. 424.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Forez Regiment</b>,</span> the, i. 143.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Forfait, P. A. L.</b>,</span> Secretary of the Navy, ii. 130.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Förstgen</b>,</span> military operations near, iv. +<a href="#page020">20</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fort Bard</b>,</span> ii. 171.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fort Carré</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> confinement in, i. 253-255.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fortification</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> essay on, iv. +<a href="#page232">232</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fort Luco</b>,</span> fires on French ship at Porto di Lido, i. 443, 446.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fort Mulgrave</b>,</span> capture of, i. 230.<br> + +<a id="fouche" name="fouche"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Fouché, Joseph</b>,</span> describes atrocities at Toulon, i. 233;<br> +<span class="entry">opposes Robespierre,</span> 251;<br> +<span class="entry">Minister of Police,</span> ii. 92, 323, 412;<br> +<span class="entry">joins the Bonapartist ranks,</span> 106;<br> +<span class="entry">detection of plots by,</span> 110;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> confidence in,</span> 149;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude toward the conspirators of Nivôse,</span> 241;<br> +<span class="entry">suspected of Jacobinism,</span> 241;<br> +<span class="entry">disgraced,</span> degraded, and banished, 241, 277; iii. 180, 275;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> ii. 277; iii. 193, 253, 267, 271; iv. +<a href="#page148">148</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">instigates Moreau's letter to <i>N.</i>,</span> ii. 299;<br> +<span class="entry">urges action against Bourbon plotters,</span> 304;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to supervise correspondence from the army,</span> iii. 25;<br> +<span class="entry">created Duke of Otranto,</span> 87;<br> +<span class="entry">licenses vice in Paris,</span> 92;<br> +<span class="entry">whips in the nobility to the imperial court,</span> 93;<br> +<span class="entry">favors Ferdinand VII,</span> 125, 126;<br> +<span class="entry">share in the matter of Josephine's divorce,</span> 179, 180;<br> +<span class="entry">raises national guards for service in the Netherlands,</span> 237;<br> +<span class="entry">on the second marriage of <i>N.</i>,</span> 253;<br> +<span class="entry">advocates alliance with Russia,</span> 253;<br> +<span class="entry">member of extraordinary council on <i>N.'s</i> second marriage,</span> 253;<br> +<span class="entry">raises troops to repel the Walcheren expedition,</span> 253;<br> +<span class="entry">the superserviceable Mephistopheles of the empire,</span> 271;<br> +<span class="entry">intervenes in Holland's negotiations with England,</span> 271;<br> +<span class="entry">English-Dutch conspiracy,</span> 275;<br> +<span class="entry">returns from exile in Italy,</span> 326;<br> +<span class="entry">memorializes against war,</span> 326;<br> +<span class="entry">warns <i>N.</i> of the fate of Charles XII,</span> 326;<br> +<span class="entry">recalled to active service,</span> 421;<br> +<span class="entry">double intrigues of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page149">149</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">neutrality of,</span> +<a href="#page157">157</a>;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page413" name="page413"></a>(p. 413)</span> +<span class="entry">member of <i>N.'s</i> new cabinet,</span> +<a href="#page159">159</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">military conspiracy of,</span> +<a href="#page161">161</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">plots against <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page165">165</a>, +<a href="#page166">166</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude after Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page217">217</a>, +<a href="#page218">218</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the new Directory,</span> +<a href="#page218">218</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses responsibility for <i>N.'s</i> safety,</span> +<a href="#page219">219</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fougé, Mme.</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> relations with, ii. 329.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fouquier-Tinville, A. Q.</b>,</span> execution of, i. 272.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fourcroy, A. F.</b>,</span> member of the council of state, ii. 152, 214;<br> +<span class="entry">organizer of the educational system of France,</span> 227, 228.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fourth Artillery</b>,</span> treason in the, i. 173.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fourth Regiment</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> service in the, i. 149, 159.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fox, Charles James</b>,</span> on French military successes, i. 275;<br> +<span class="entry">reports <i>N.</i> as favorable to peace,</span> ii. 273;<br> +<span class="entry">defends France in Parliament,</span> 273;<br> +<span class="entry">visits <i>N.</i> at Paris,</span> 273;<br> +<span class="entry">bias toward France,</span> 282;<br> +<span class="entry">lays aside French sympathies,</span> 292;<br> +<span class="entry">secretary of state,</span> 394;<br> +<span class="entry">becomes prime minister,</span> 399;<br> +<span class="entry">declares war against Prussia,</span> 400;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiations with <i>N.</i>,</span> 400, 404;<br> +<span class="entry">supposed peace policy of,</span> 401;<br> +<span class="entry">upholds the claims of existing sovereignties in Europe,</span> 404;<br> +<span class="entry">compelled to adopt Pitt's program,</span> 405;<br> +<span class="entry">death,</span> 405; iii. 46.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Foy, Gen. M. S.</b>,</span> Masséna's envoy to Paris, iii. 287, 289;<br> +<span class="entry">brings orders for reinforcements,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">in the Waterloo campaign,</span> iv. +<a href="#page171">171</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page199">199</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>France</b>,</span> convention with Genoa regarding Corsica, i. 17, 21;<br> +<span class="entry">emulation of England,</span> 22;<br> +<span class="entry">her colonial ambitions,</span> possessions, and losses, 21, 450; ii. 4, 237, 271, 281; iii. 55, 85; iv. +<a href="#page295">295</a>, +<a href="#page296">296</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">precedent for her aid to American colonies,</span> i. 23;<br> +<span class="entry">relation of the army to the throne,</span> 67;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> studies her history and politics,</span> 78, 95, 176;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> bitterness against,</span> 80, 81, 92, 122, 136;<br> +<span class="entry">outbreak of the Revolution of 1789 in,</span> 100 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">social conditions and customs,</span> the domestic relations, etc., 100-110, 193, 266, 290; ii. 45, 194-198, 200, 213, 223, 318; iii. 75-79, 87-90, 159-161, 388-390, 392; iv. +<a href="#page048">48</a>, +<a href="#page049">49</a>, +<a href="#page259">259</a>-262, +<a href="#page295">295</a>-296;<br> +<span class="entry">financial troubles,</span> issues of paper money, financial policies and reforms, i. 105, 289, 327; ii. 48, 134, 186, 219, 229, 318, 409-411; iii. 25, 74, 78, 79, 197, 294, 295, 304-305, 388-390; iv. +<a href="#page259">259</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">declared a limited monarchy,</span> i. 106;<br> +<span class="entry">the rise of popular government,</span> 109;<br> +<span class="entry">destruction of feudalism,</span> 110; iii. 85, 322;<br> +<span class="entry">adoption of the tricolor,</span> i. 109;<br> +<span class="entry">the end of absolutism,</span> 119;<br> +<span class="entry">the title and position of the king,</span> 119, 151, 158;<br> +<span class="entry">Corsica and Navarre joined to,</span> 120;<br> +<span class="entry">disorganization of the army,</span> 140;<br> +<span class="entry">changes in,</span> 140-144;<br> +<span class="entry">patriotism,</span> spirit of national unity, military enthusiasm, etc., 140, 155, 158, 195, 266-270, 326; ii. 146, 156, 225, 319; iii. 6, 7, 198, 323, 324, 386, 387; iv. +<a href="#page073">73</a>, +<a href="#page171">171</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the first stage of transformation in,</span> i. 150;<br> +<span class="entry">famine,</span> 151;<br> +<span class="entry">the problem of government,</span> 151-154, 158;<br> +<span class="entry">geographical reconstruction,</span> 152;<br> +<span class="entry">failure of reform,</span> 153;<br> +<span class="entry">split on the subject of monarchy,</span> 153;<br> +<span class="entry">the national oath,</span> 155;<br> +<span class="entry">fear of war,</span> 155;<br> +<span class="entry">vicissitudes of royalism in;</span><br> +<span class="entry">Bourbon and anti-Bourbon sentiment and intrigues,</span> 155, 268, 278, 297; ii. 8, 22, 95, 130, 235, 301; iv. +<a href="#page049">49</a>, +<a href="#page050">50</a>, +<a href="#page081">81</a>, +<a href="#page113">113</a>-115, +<a href="#page126">126</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">desertion of troops to Austria,</span> i. 173;<br> +<span class="entry">anarchy,</span> 173, 234;<br> +<span class="entry">outbreak of insurrection,</span> June 20, 1792, 174;<br> +<span class="entry">the republic,</span> 176;<br> +<span class="entry">expected coalition against,</span> 187;<br> +<span class="entry">efforts at and failures of constitutional government,</span> 187, 268; ii. 92, 101, 112, 121, 245; iii. 294, 295; iv. +<a href="#page157">157</a>, +<a href="#page159">159</a>, +<a href="#page166">166</a>, +<a href="#page257">257</a><br> + (<i>see also</i> specific constitutions mentioned infra);<br> +<span class="entry">abolition of the monarchy,</span> i. 189, 194, 267; ii. 317;<br> +<span class="entry">declaration of the republic,</span> i. 189;<br> +<span class="entry">establishment of an executive council,</span> 189;<br> +<span class="entry">political parties,</span> 188;<br> +<span class="entry">the republican calendar,</span> 188; ii. 258, 346, 406;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page414" name="page414"></a>(p. 414)</span> +<span class="entry">the dictatorship,</span> i. 194;<br> +<span class="entry">preparing for foreign war,</span> 194;<br> +<span class="entry">declares war against England,</span> 195;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> personal relations with and influence on;</span><br> +<span class="entry">the likes and dislikes of the French people for <i>N.</i>,</span> 209-211, 323, 369; + ii. 29, 97, 133, 142, 152, 185, 199, 215, 218, 272, 293, 329; + iii. 1, 2, 25, 65, 73-75, 79, 80, 160, 168, 315, 316, 379, 380, 386, 387; + iv. +<a href="#page041">41</a>-45, +<a href="#page048">48</a>-50, +<a href="#page053">53</a>, +<a href="#page054">54</a>, +<a href="#page101">101</a>, +<a href="#page102">102</a>, +<a href="#page123">123</a>, +<a href="#page124">124</a>, +<a href="#page131">131</a>-133, +<a href="#page146">146</a>, +<a href="#page147">147</a>, +<a href="#page150">150</a>, +<a href="#page152">152</a>, +<a href="#page233">233</a>, +<a href="#page255">255</a>, +<a href="#page256">256</a>, +<a href="#page259">259</a>, +<a href="#page260">260</a>, +<a href="#page263">263</a>, +<a href="#page293">293</a>, +<a href="#page298">298</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">civil war,</span> i. 212 et seq.; ii. 142, 145;<br> +<span class="entry">massacres,</span> i. 234;<br> +<span class="entry">militarism,</span> 249-251, 306; ii. 73; iii. 160;<br> +<span class="entry">difficulties of a new political program,</span> i. 267-271;<br> +<span class="entry">confiscation of lands,</span> 268;<br> +<span class="entry">adoption of ancient Roman governmental systems,</span> 270;<br> +<span class="entry">the Directory,</span> 270, et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">land and labor troubles,</span> 272;<br> +<span class="entry">purging of the army,</span> 275;<br> +<span class="entry">military successes,</span> 275;<br> +<span class="entry">territorial ambitions,</span> 276;<br> +<span class="entry">suspected influences in the army,</span> 278;<br> +<span class="entry">the constitution of 1795,</span> 278, 293, 297, 299, 304-308, 309, 330-333; ii. 1, 92, 96;<br> +<span class="entry">reaction in,</span> i. 280;<br> +<span class="entry">condition of the press,</span> 281; ii. 145, 254, 271, 294;<br> +<span class="entry">growth of science,</span> literature, and the arts, i. 281; iii. 26, 88-91, 297, 300;<br> +<span class="entry">woman in,</span> i. 290;<br> +<span class="entry">British views of affairs in,</span> 297;<br> +<span class="entry">English fleet on northern coast,</span> 298;<br> +<span class="entry">military dictatorship,</span> 305;<br> +<span class="entry">parties,</span> 305;<br> +<span class="entry">the regicides in,</span> 309;<br> +<span class="entry">coalitions against,</span> 324; ii. 40, 86, 90, 136;<br> +<span class="entry">cursed by absolutism,</span> i. 327;<br> +<span class="entry">the popular conception of its boundaries,</span> 327;<br> +<span class="entry">struggle for and achievement of liberty and civil rights,</span> 326-329; ii. 126, 136, 261, 293, 317; iii. 82, 83; iv. +<a href="#page038">38</a>, +<a href="#page160">160</a>, +<a href="#page295">295</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the 13th Vendémiaire,</span> i. 328;<br> +<span class="entry">foreign policy,</span> 329;<br> +<span class="entry">intestinal troubles,</span> 329;<br> +<span class="entry">military dictator of Europe,</span> 333;<br> +<span class="entry">condition at opening of 1796,</span> 333;<br> +<span class="entry">a new lease of national life for,</span> 340;<br> +<span class="entry">military strength and recuperative power,</span> 344-349; ii. 9, 13, 14, 160; iii. 27, 28, 323, 324, 387-389; iv. +<a href="#page047">47</a>, +<a href="#page048">48</a>, +<a href="#page050">50</a>, +<a href="#page059">59</a>, +<a href="#page060">60</a>, +<a href="#page102">102</a>, +<a href="#page103">103</a>, +<a href="#page105">105</a>, +<a href="#page148">148</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">vicissitudes of her naval power,</span> i. 345-349; ii. 331, 334, 359, 360, 370, 375; iii. 314, 315; iv. +<a href="#page075">75</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">apex of revolutionary greatness,</span> i. 351;<br> +<span class="entry">preëminence in Europe,</span> 351;<br> +<span class="entry">rejoicings over Lodi,</span> 361;<br> +<span class="entry">foreign populations well disposed toward,</span> 387;<br> +<span class="entry">Eastern policy,</span> 423; ii. 47;<br> +<span class="entry">dissatisfaction with treaty of Leoben,</span> i. 441;<br> +<span class="entry">desire for peace,</span> ii. 1, 140, 187, 243, 394; iii. 112, 197; iv. +<a href="#page019">19</a>, +<a href="#page052">52</a>, +<a href="#page157">157</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">suicide among naval officers,</span> ii. 3;<br> +<span class="entry">internal administration,</span> offices and office-holders, and public works, 3, 127, 149-159, 217-228, 271, 273; iii. 74, 91, 160, 249, 296, 297, 301; iv. +<a href="#page048">48</a>, +<a href="#page296">296</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the 18th of Fructidor,</span> ii. 8;<br> +<span class="entry">martial law in,</span> 8;<br> +<span class="entry">punctiliousness in exacting war indemnities,</span> 13;<br> +<span class="entry">exasperation at England's mastery of the seas,</span> 16;<br> +<span class="entry">aspirations toward "liberty of the seas,"</span> 16;<br> +<span class="entry">educational methods and reforms,</span> 34, 225-228; iii. 26, 89-91; iv. +<a href="#page261">261</a>, +<a href="#page296">296</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> constructive commander-in-chief,</span> ii. 36;<br> +<span class="entry">makes war only against tyrannical dynasties,</span> 42;<br> +<span class="entry">schemes of world-conquest,</span> 46;<br> +<span class="entry">popular ideas concerning the Egyptian campaign,</span> 67;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> summoned to take supreme command,</span> 80;<br> +<span class="entry">elections,</span> May, 1799, 91;<br> +<span class="entry">relations between Church and state,</span> religious sentiment, the clergy, etc., 91, 131, 205, 206, 215, 224, 227, 258, 318, 398; iii. 67, 90, 119, 306, 388, 391; iv. +<a href="#page147">147</a>, +<a href="#page160">160</a>, +<a href="#page253">253</a>, +<a href="#page259">259</a>, +<a href="#page296">296</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">fears of a revival of the Terror,</span> ii. 92;<br> +<span class="entry">the draft in,</span> 93; iii. 387<br> + (<i>see also</i> <a href="#conscription"><b>Conscription</b></a>);<br> +<span class="entry">arbitrary tariff in,</span> ii. 93;<br> +<span class="entry">thirst for glory and booty in,</span> 93, 105, 268, 361; iii. 6, 82, 323; iv. +<a href="#page049">49</a>, +<a href="#page248">248</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the constitution of 1799,</span> ii. 96, 100, 118, 126, 136, 148, 149, 150, 162, 242, 246, 261;<br> +<span class="entry">"the pear is ripe,"</span> 98, 103;<br> +<span class="entry">need of a Cromwell,</span> 119;<br> +<span class="entry">feelings of the various parties,</span> 122;<br> +<span class="entry">adoption of the Roman consular system,</span> 123;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page415" name="page415"></a>(p. 415)</span> +<span class="entry">the plebiscite of Dec. 15, 1799,</span> 128, 136;<br> +<span class="entry">the new charter,</span> 129;<br> +<span class="entry">compulsory loans,</span> 134;<br> +<span class="entry">disgust at demagogues,</span> 134;<br> +<span class="entry">results of the upheaval of Brumaire,</span> 133;<br> +<span class="entry">taxation methods and reforms,</span> 135, 153, 220, 349; iii. 78, 305, 389;<br> +<span class="entry">end of the provisional Consulate,</span> ii. 137;<br> +<span class="entry">two policies open to <i>N.</i>,</span> 137;<br> +<span class="entry">confidence in the new administration,</span> 140;<br> +<span class="entry">English preparations to invade,</span> 143;<br> +<span class="entry">the inveterate foe of England,</span> 146;<br> +<span class="entry">salaries of the First Consul,</span> consuls, and other officers, 150;<br> +<span class="entry">the legislative system,</span> 149-153, 242; iii. 83<br> + (<i>see also</i> titles of its various branches);<br> +<span class="entry">the judicial system,</span> and legal abuses and reforms, ii. 149-153, 222-224, 306, 319; iv. +<a href="#page260">260</a>, +<a href="#page295">295</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">isolation against England and Austria,</span> ii. 156;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> scheme of leadership among nations,</span> 156;<br> +<span class="entry">her fate identified with that of <i>N.</i>,</span> 158;<br> +<span class="entry">inefficiency of the department of war,</span> 165;<br> +<span class="entry">use of the term "citizen,"</span> 194;<br> +<span class="entry">public festivals,</span> 195;<br> +<span class="entry">use of the term "empire,"</span> 194, 248;<br> +<span class="entry">the center of a system of republics,</span> 205;<br> +<span class="entry">characteristics and temperaments of her people,</span> 205, 254, 261, 315; iii. 260; iv. +<a href="#page044">44</a>, +<a href="#page171">171</a>, +<a href="#page254">254</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">satisfaction with the peace of Amiens,</span> ii. 213;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> reorganization of,</span> 213 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">aspirations toward a European empire,</span> 214;<br> +<span class="entry">position in Europe in 1801,</span> 214;<br> +<span class="entry">political centralization,</span> 218, 293; iii. 160; iv. +<a href="#page092">92</a>, +<a href="#page097">97</a>, +<a href="#page260">260</a>, +<a href="#page294">294</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">usury in,</span> ii. 219; iii. 75, 77; iv. +<a href="#page048">48</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">speculation in,</span> ii. 219;<br> +<span class="entry">the Ministry of the Interior,</span> 218;<br> +<span class="entry">crime in,</span> 218;<br> +<span class="entry">confiscation of crown and emigrants' lands,</span> 219;<br> +<span class="entry">levy of forced contributions by,</span> 220;<br> +<span class="entry">revival of the public credit,</span> 220;<br> +<span class="entry">commerce,</span> agriculture, and industries in, 220, 272, 349; iii. 75, 76, 160, 249, 265, 295, 303, 304, 377; iv. +<a href="#page048">48</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">compared with the Roman empire,</span> ii. 222;<br> +<span class="entry">tendency toward one-man government,</span> 229;<br> +<span class="entry">discontent of the republicans,</span> 230;<br> +<span class="entry">tendency toward a paternal government,</span> 235;<br> +<span class="entry">the Consulate compared with the Roman empire,</span> 235;<br> +<span class="entry">plebiscite on question of hereditary consulship,</span> 245, 247;<br> +<span class="entry">prerogatives of the government,</span> 248;<br> +<span class="entry">her cup of satisfaction full,</span> 248;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> the personification of,</span> 251;<br> +<span class="entry">autocratic power of the government,</span> 254;<br> +<span class="entry">restoration of public confidence,</span> 259;<br> +<span class="entry">sanctions <i>N.'s</i> schemes of European reorganization,</span> 265;<br> +<span class="entry">arbitrary shipping regulation,</span> 270;<br> +<span class="entry">protective policy,</span> 270;<br> +<span class="entry">restores the slave-trade,</span> 270;<br> +<span class="entry">sequestrations of English property in,</span> 270;<br> +<span class="entry">influence of the bourgeoisie,</span> 278;<br> +<span class="entry">prepares naval armaments,</span> 280;<br> +<span class="entry">importation of English goods into,</span> forbidden, 288;<br> +<span class="entry">disregard for treaty stipulations,</span> 288;<br> +<span class="entry">seizure of English prisoners of war in,</span> 288;<br> +<span class="entry">declares embargo on British ships,</span> 287;<br> +<span class="entry">failure of the Revolution to give political freedom to,</span> 293;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of Moreau's fate on the moderate republicans,</span> 300;<br> +<span class="entry">police system,</span> 300, 412; iv. +<a href="#page260">260</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">law of treason in,</span> ii. 306;<br> +<span class="entry">indignation over the death of the Duc d'Enghien,</span> 311;<br> +<span class="entry">the days before the empire,</span> 317 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> conception of the empire,</span> 317, 318;<br> +<span class="entry">question of consular heredity,</span> 317;<br> +<span class="entry">reforms in,</span> 318;<br> +<span class="entry">creation of the empire,</span> 322 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">the constitution of 1804,</span> 322;<br> +<span class="entry">the question of hereditary empire,</span> 322;<br> +<span class="entry">imperial titles in,</span> 322;<br> +<span class="entry">creation of marshals,</span> 323;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> civil list,</span> 323;<br> +<span class="entry">the imperial heraldic device,</span> 323;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> distinction between the state and the empire,</span> 324, 396, 404;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme of a great empire,</span> 330;<br> +<span class="entry">her generals and admirals contrasted,</span> 334;<br> +<span class="entry">blockades European ports,</span> 334;<br> +<span class="entry">destruction of the Pope's hopes for ecclesiastical matters in,</span> 346;<br> +<span class="entry">restoration of the Gregorian calendar,</span> 346;<br> +<span class="entry">European apprehensions as to her assumptions,</span> 348;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page416" name="page416"></a>(p. 416)</span> +<span class="entry">decline in government bonds,</span> 349; iii. 24; iv. +<a href="#page048">48</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">union of the crowns of Italy and,</span> ii. 352;<br> +<span class="entry">position in the European balance,</span> 354; iii. 46;<br> +<span class="entry">military commanders,</span> ii. 364;<br> +<span class="entry">naval power shattered at Trafalgar,</span> 375;<br> +<span class="entry">preëminence of,</span> 393;<br> +<span class="entry">the court of (1806),</span> 406, 411;<br> +<span class="entry">the imperial catechism,</span> 408;<br> +<span class="entry">venality of officials,</span> 410; iii. 295;<br> +<span class="entry">continental conquests,</span> ii. 441;<br> +<span class="entry">right of search and impressment,</span> 441;<br> +<span class="entry">the supports of the empire,</span> iii. 24;<br> +<span class="entry">likened to a cephalopod,</span> 24;<br> +<span class="entry">founding of military factories,</span> 25;<br> +<span class="entry">declares war against England (1793),</span> 47;<br> +<span class="entry">colonial trade,</span> rule of 1756. 47;<br> +<span class="entry">closes harbors to English ships,</span> 47;<br> +<span class="entry">to mediate between Russia and Turkey,</span> 55;<br> +<span class="entry">desire for naval allies,</span> 66;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of the treaty of Tilsit in,</span> 72;<br> +<span class="entry">her European relations,</span> 73;<br> +<span class="entry">lays other countries under commercial tribute,</span> 74;<br> +<span class="entry">journeys of the Emperor and Empress through,</span> 74;<br> +<span class="entry">the Semitic question in,</span> 75-77; iv. +<a href="#page259">259</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">panic of 1805,</span> iii. 78;<br> +<span class="entry">appreciation of government bonds,</span> 79;<br> +<span class="entry">prosperity,</span> 80;<br> +<span class="entry">creation of hereditary legislators,</span> 82;<br> +<span class="entry">the right of entail,</span> 82, 85;<br> +<span class="entry">the aristocracy,</span> 85-87;<br> +<span class="entry">creation of a noble class,</span> 86, 87;<br> +<span class="entry">salaries of ministers and ambassadors,</span> 87;<br> +<span class="entry">the prefecture,</span> 89;<br> +<span class="entry">restriction of commerce with the United States,</span> 102;<br> +<span class="entry">lack of an heir to the throne,</span> 112;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed supremacy in Europe,</span> 114;<br> +<span class="entry">secret compact with Spain for partition of Portugal,</span> 119;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiates for rights in Spanish colonies,</span> 133;<br> +<span class="entry">welcome to the grand army in,</span> 182;<br> +<span class="entry">rival schools of history in,</span> 196;<br> +<span class="entry">the army and nation exhausted,</span> 224;<br> +<span class="entry">discontent in,</span> 233, 249, 325; iv. +<a href="#page049">49</a>-52;<br> +<span class="entry">cession of Austrian territory to,</span> iii. 239;<br> +<span class="entry">growing independence of the nobility,</span> 250;<br> +<span class="entry">absolutist tendency,</span> 256;<br> +<span class="entry">enthusiasm over <i>N.'s</i> second marriage,</span> 258-261;<br> +<span class="entry">transplantation of the ecclesiastical establishments from Rome to,</span> 258, 263;<br> +<span class="entry">creation of the papal departments of Rome and Trasimenus,</span> 262, 263;<br> +<span class="entry">overpowered by England at sea,</span> 264;<br> +<span class="entry">monopolies in,</span> 267;<br> +<span class="entry">violations of the Continental System in,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme to incorporate new lands into,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">seizure of American vessels by,</span> 275, 321;<br> +<span class="entry">part of the North Sea coast incorporated into the empire,</span> 278, 287;<br> +<span class="entry">enlargement of the empire,</span> 279;<br> +<span class="entry">vassal states,</span> 279;<br> +<span class="entry">a central bureaucracy in,</span> 279;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal to incorporate Spain into,</span> 282;<br> +<span class="entry">the natural extensions of,</span> 282;<br> +<span class="entry">principle of punishment by confiscation,</span> 295;<br> +<span class="entry">Russian discrimination against goods from,</span> 288;<br> +<span class="entry">enthusiasm in,</span> over birth of the King of Rome, 302;<br> +<span class="entry">the successor to the Frankish dominion of Charles the Great,</span> 304;<br> +<span class="entry">military expenses,</span> 305;<br> +<span class="entry">revenue from contributions,</span> 304;<br> +<span class="entry">the war method of replenishing the treasury,</span> 305, 308;<br> +<span class="entry">exchange of prisoners with England,</span> 307;<br> +<span class="entry">expeditions against Sicily,</span> Egypt, and Ireland, 308;<br> +<span class="entry">Russia's virtual declaration of war against,</span> 312;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of the Continental System on industry,</span> 323;<br> +<span class="entry">"flying columns,"</span> 323;<br> +<span class="entry">admiration for the empire in,</span> 323;<br> +<span class="entry">general confidence in,</span> 326;<br> +<span class="entry">intrigues leading to the Russian campaign of 1812,</span> 328-332;<br> +<span class="entry">scarcity of provisions in,</span> 329;<br> +<span class="entry">Malet's conspiracy,</span> 361, 376;<br> +<span class="entry">revolutionary spirit in,</span> 375, 376;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of the Russian failure in,</span> 377;<br> +<span class="entry">civil officials whipped into line,</span> 379;<br> +<span class="entry">relief for soldiers' families,</span> 379;<br> +<span class="entry">plan of regency for,</span> 380;<br> +<span class="entry">reception of stragglers from Russia in,</span> 386;<br> +<span class="entry">the stimulus of bad news in,</span> 386;<br> +<span class="entry">seizure of communal domains,</span> 389;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed "guard of honor,"</span> 390;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> threatens to abolish the legislature,</span> 390;<br> +<span class="entry">value of the Austrian alliance to,</span> 390;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page417" name="page417"></a>(p. 417)</span> +<span class="entry">possibility of <i>N.'s</i> becoming king of,</span> 400;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed territorial concessions by,</span> 408;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme to confine her to the west bank of the Rhine,</span> 423;<br> +<span class="entry">exhaustion of,</span> iv. 1;<br> +<span class="entry">demoralization of the marshals,</span> 13;<br> +<span class="entry">military reverses,</span> 19;<br> +<span class="entry">revulsion of feeling of Bavaria and Saxony regarding,</span> 19;<br> +<span class="entry">England's determination to crush,</span> 31;<br> +<span class="entry">death throes of the empire,</span> 37;<br> +<span class="entry">her "natural boundaries,"</span> 41;<br> +<span class="entry">the Frankfort proposals as to territorial changes,</span> 42-45;<br> +<span class="entry">hatred of dynastic rule,</span> 43;<br> +<span class="entry">failure of popular sovereignty,</span> 43;<br> +<span class="entry">hatred of feudalism,</span> 43;<br> +<span class="entry">movement for the expulsion of the invaders,</span> 44;<br> +<span class="entry">publication of the allies' proclamation in,</span> 45;<br> +<span class="entry">losses of the wars of 1812-1813,</span> 47;<br> +<span class="entry">the home guard,</span> 50;<br> +<span class="entry">radical agitation in,</span> 49;<br> +<span class="entry">"sedentary" volunteers,</span> 50;<br> +<span class="entry">panics,</span> 51;<br> +<span class="entry">imperialist sentiment in,</span> 52-55;<br> +<span class="entry">invaded by the allies,</span> 53 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">disaffection in the National Guard,</span> 53;<br> +<span class="entry">schemes of the allies for invasion of,</span> 54, 57, 68;<br> +<span class="entry">the allies determine to confine her to her royal limits,</span> 68;<br> +<span class="entry">the Czar's determination to conquer,</span> 68;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal that she continue the war with England,</span> 75;<br> +<span class="entry">attempt to confine <i>N.</i> to the boundaries of royal,</span> 77;<br> +<span class="entry">marauding excesses of the allies,</span> 85;<br> +<span class="entry">irregular warfare in,</span> 99;<br> +<span class="entry">empty arsenals in,</span> 106;<br> +<span class="entry">the dissolution of the empire,</span> 110;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed forms of government for,</span> 114;<br> +<span class="entry">under three forms of government,</span> 115;<br> +<span class="entry">the provisional government seeks the Emperor's death by assassination,</span> 119;<br> +<span class="entry">regeneration of,</span> 121;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed perpetuation of the empire,</span> 120;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> renounces the throne of,</span> 131;<br> +<span class="entry">pensions <i>N.</i>,</span> 131;<br> +<span class="entry">the virtue of the French burgher,</span> 141;<br> +<span class="entry">fails to pay <i>N.'s</i> pension,</span> 142, 144, 150;<br> +<span class="entry">formation of the new upper chamber,</span> 146;<br> +<span class="entry">restored to position of a great power,</span> 146;<br> +<span class="entry">Louis XVIII's constitution,</span> 146;<br> +<span class="entry">change of public opinion,</span> 146-150;<br> +<span class="entry">comparative expenses of the kingdom and the empire,</span> 147;<br> +<span class="entry">return of the emigrants to,</span> 147;<br> +<span class="entry">restriction of the suffrage,</span> 147;<br> +<span class="entry">release of prisoners of war,</span> 147;<br> +<span class="entry">"paternal anarchy" in,</span> 147, 149;<br> +<span class="entry">abolition of orphan asylums,</span> 148;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> march through,</span> on his return from Elba, 158-162;<br> +<span class="entry">visions of a reunited,</span> 157;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> plans for,</span> on returning from Elba, 157;<br> +<span class="entry">returned emigrants banished from,</span> 157;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> the "liberator" of,</span> 157;<br> +<span class="entry">the apostle of popular sovereignty in,</span> 159;<br> +<span class="entry">abolition of privilege and divine right,</span> 160, 257;<br> +<span class="entry">the new cabinet,</span> 159;<br> +<span class="entry">reconstruction of the House of Peers,</span> 160;<br> +<span class="entry">promulgation of the Additional Act,</span> 160;<br> +<span class="entry">plebiscite in,</span> 160;<br> +<span class="entry">the specter of war in,</span> 161, 166;<br> +<span class="entry">bitterness of the nobles,</span> 166;<br> +<span class="entry">pledged to self-defense only,</span> 168;<br> +<span class="entry">reconstituted corps of marshals,</span> 167;<br> +<span class="entry">the "French fury,"</span> 171;<br> +<span class="entry">Austrian and Prussian schemes for the humiliation of,</span> 214;<br> +<span class="entry">Carnot advises a dictatorship for,</span> 217;<br> +<span class="entry">organization of a new Directory,</span> 218;<br> +<span class="entry">demands for <i>N.'s</i> abdication,</span> 218;<br> +<span class="entry">appointment of committee of public safety,</span> 218;<br> +<span class="entry">the allies in,</span> 219;<br> +<span class="entry">the White Terror,</span> 222;<br> +<span class="entry">reconstruction,</span> 224;<br> +<span class="entry">confiscation of the imperial domain,</span> 233;<br> +<span class="entry">the Revolution in,</span> 253-255;<br> +<span class="entry">the teacher of Europe,</span> 254;<br> +<span class="entry">the heir of Rome,</span> 253;<br> +<span class="entry">enthusiasm for principle,</span> 254;<br> +<span class="entry">the Third Estate,</span> 259, 261;<br> +<span class="entry">overthrow of the old régime,</span> 260;<br> +<span class="entry">Protestantism in,</span> 259;<br> +<span class="entry">the new régime,</span> 260;<br> +<span class="entry">tendency toward revolution,</span> 261;<br> +<span class="entry">the Terror,</span> 262;<br> +<span class="entry">conspiracies in,</span> 263;<br> +<span class="entry">rupture of the treaty of Amiens,</span> 264;<br> +<span class="entry">trial of a single-headed government,</span> 265;<br> +<span class="entry">abandonment of the people to <i>N.'s</i> purposes,</span> 265;<br> +<span class="entry">character of the wars with England,</span> 265;<br> +<span class="entry">the French tradition,</span> 290;<br> +<span class="entry">present conditions of government,</span> 295;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page418" name="page418"></a>(p. 418)</span> +<span class="entry">hopes for the future,</span> 295;<br> +<span class="entry">progress between 1802 and 1815,</span> 296;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> the forerunner of modern,</span> 295;<br> +<span class="entry">the Seven Years' War,</span> 297.<br> +<span class="entry">See also names of persons or places connected with events in,</span> passim.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Francis I</b></span> (Emperor of Austria), scheme of territorial aggrandizement, i. 325;<br> +<span class="entry">opposes the army of the Rhine,</span> 342;<br> +<span class="entry">greed for Italian territory,</span> 425, 438; ii. 141;<br> +<span class="entry">prepares for flight into Hungary,</span> i. 437;<br> +<span class="entry">offers <i>N.</i> a principality and settled income,</span> ii. 19;<br> +<span class="entry">declines to send diplomatic agent to Paris,</span> 42;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> writes personal letter to,</span> 142;<br> +<span class="entry">military plans for 1800,</span> 160;<br> +<span class="entry">letter from <i>N.</i> to,</span> June, 1800, 187;<br> +<span class="entry">his claims of empire,</span> 329;<br> +<span class="entry">dismemberment of his empire,</span> 352;<br> +<span class="entry">advised of <i>N.'s</i> seizure of the crown of Italy,</span> 352;<br> +<span class="entry">declares war against France,</span> Sept. 3, 1805, 363;<br> +<span class="entry">attempts negotiations with <i>N.</i>,</span> 368;<br> +<span class="entry">inaugurates peace negotiations,</span> 381;<br> +<span class="entry">secures an armistice,</span> 389;<br> +<span class="entry">interview with <i>N.</i> after Austerlitz,</span> 389; iii. 38; iv. 30;<br> +<span class="entry">proposes to continue the war,</span> ii. 390;<br> +<span class="entry">abandons his Germanic crown,</span> 404;<br> +<span class="entry">outwitted by Andréossy,</span> 444;<br> +<span class="entry">resolves on neutrality,</span> 445;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude during the Eylau campaign,</span> iii. 21;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> offers Silesia to,</span> 22;<br> +<span class="entry">his "divine right,"</span> 38;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> 38;<br> +<span class="entry">the Czar's influence with,</span> 166;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> demands that he disarm,</span> 169;<br> +<span class="entry">compact between Russia and France against,</span> 176;<br> +<span class="entry">reproached by <i>N.</i> from Erfurt,</span> 178;<br> +<span class="entry">decides to strike <i>N.</i> during his Spanish difficulties,</span> 194;<br> +<span class="entry">abused by <i>N.</i>,</span> 213, 251;<br> +<span class="entry">treatment of Hungary,</span> 214;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks aid of Frederick William,</span> 225;<br> +<span class="entry">fails to secure advantage after Aspern,</span> 225;<br> +<span class="entry">obstinacy of,</span> 225;<br> +<span class="entry">his position after Wagram,</span> 232;<br> +<span class="entry">hopes of continuing the war,</span> 235;<br> +<span class="entry">assumes command of the army,</span> 235;<br> +<span class="entry">trusts to dilatory negotiations,</span> 236;<br> +<span class="entry">concedes <i>N.'s</i> demands,</span> 236;<br> +<span class="entry">gets no support from Alexander,</span> 236;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal that he abdicate,</span> 238, 251;<br> +<span class="entry">peace negotiations between <i>N.</i> and,</span> 238;<br> +<span class="entry">angered at the treaty of Schönbrunn,</span> 244;<br> +<span class="entry">at marriage of Maria Louisa,</span> 256;<br> +<span class="entry">asks aid against Russian aggression,</span> 314;<br> +<span class="entry">alarmed at Russian successes on the Danube,</span> 320;<br> +<span class="entry">acquires Galicia,</span> 331;<br> +<span class="entry">dean of the sovereigns at Dresden,</span> 330;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> seeks to hold his adhesion,</span> 375;<br> +<span class="entry">lukewarmness toward <i>N.</i>,</span> 385;<br> +<span class="entry">dread of <i>N.</i>,</span> 394;<br> +<span class="entry">letter from <i>N.</i>,</span> 395;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> reply to his peace proposals,</span> 408;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> dread of,</span> 413;<br> +<span class="entry">at Gitschin,</span> 415;<br> +<span class="entry">conference with Nesselrode,</span> 415;<br> +<span class="entry">political use of his daughter,</span> 416;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks alliance with Alexander,</span> 419;<br> +<span class="entry">letter from Metternich,</span> June 29, 1813, 420;<br> +<span class="entry">ratifies the treaty of Reichenbach,</span> 422;<br> +<span class="entry">reception of <i>N.'s</i> attempts to bribe Austria,</span> 423;<br> +<span class="entry">fears French invasion of Vienna,</span> iv. +<a href="#page003">3</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">letter from <i>N.</i>,</span> Sept., 1813, +<a href="#page021">21</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">declines to treat after Leipsic,</span> +<a href="#page031">31</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">anxiety for the future of absolutism,</span> +<a href="#page040">40</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">distrust of his allies,</span> +<a href="#page040">40</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">discovers the royal ancestry of the Buonapartes,</span> +<a href="#page044">44</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed cession of Alsace to,</span> +<a href="#page067">67</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">to Maria Louisa on the situation,</span> +<a href="#page068">68</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> demands the Frankfort proposals from,</span> +<a href="#page074">74</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">narrow escape from capture at Bar-sur-Aube,</span> +<a href="#page095">95</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">joins the Army of the South at Lyons,</span> +<a href="#page097">97</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with his allies,</span> +<a href="#page097">97</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">letter from <i>N.</i> to,</span> March 28, 1814, +<a href="#page104">104</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Dijon,</span> +<a href="#page113">113</a>, +<a href="#page128">128</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> seeks the aid of,</span> through Maria Louisa, +<a href="#page128">128</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Maria Louisa takes refuge with,</span> +<a href="#page135">135</a>, +<a href="#page143">143</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks the dissolution of his daughter's marriage,</span> +<a href="#page135">135</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">desires <i>N.'s</i> exile,</span> +<a href="#page138">138</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">keeps his daughter a virtual prisoner,</span> +<a href="#page143">143</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">besought for <i>N.'s</i> release,</span> +<a href="#page231">231</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Francisco, Don</b></span> (Infante of Spain), ordered to Bayonne, iii. 146.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Franconia</b>,</span> treaty with France, 1796, i. 450;<br> +<span class="entry">French occupation of,</span> ii. 405; iii. 165;<br> +<span class="entry">the campaign in,</span> 13;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page419" name="page419"></a>(p. 419)</span> +<span class="entry">exploits of the Black Legion in,</span> 234.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Frankfort-on-the-Main</b>,</span> occupied by Custine, i. 194;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the Confederation of the Rhine,</span> ii. 403;<br> +<span class="entry">French demonstrations near,</span> 424;<br> +<span class="entry">the principality transferred from Dalberg to Prince Eugène,</span> iii. 266;<br> +<span class="entry">furnishes new levies,</span> 394;<br> +<span class="entry">parley of the allies at,</span> iv. +<a href="#page040">40</a>-46; +<a href="#page067">67</a>, +<a href="#page070">70</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> adheres to the proposals of,</span> +<a href="#page070">70</a>, +<a href="#page073">73</a>, +<a href="#page075">75</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Frasnes</b>,</span> military operations at, iv. +<a href="#page176">176</a>, +<a href="#page184">184</a>, +<a href="#page189">189</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fraternity</b>,</span> decreed, i. 110.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Frederick VI</b>,</span> signs treaty of Fontainebleau, iii. 70;<br> +<span class="entry">hopes to acquire Sweden,</span> 280;<br> +<span class="entry">assists in the Continental System,</span> 280.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Frederick August I</b>,</span> Elector of Saxony, accepts French terms after Jena, ii. 443;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed exchange of Poland for Saxony,</span> iii. 50;<br> +<span class="entry">made king of Saxony,</span> 56;<br> +<span class="entry">acquires the grand duchy of Warsaw,</span> 56;<br> +<span class="entry">interview with <i>N.</i> at Dresden,</span> 394;<br> +<span class="entry">peculiar relations toward <i>N.</i>,</span> 375, 394, 408;<br> +<span class="entry">offers his troops to Austria,</span> 399;<br> +<span class="entry">difficult position of,</span> 399;<br> +<span class="entry">declares himself favorable to France,</span> 407;<br> +<span class="entry">love for his capital,</span> iv. +<a href="#page025">25</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">sent prisoner to Berlin,</span> +<a href="#page034">34</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">released by <i>N.</i> from his engagements,</span> +<a href="#page039">39</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Frederick the Great</b>,</span> opinion of Paoli, i. 18;<br> +<span class="entry">defeats Austria,</span> 324;<br> +<span class="entry">his military genius and principles of warfare,</span> 348, 379, 394; ii. 419; iv. +<a href="#page266">266</a>, +<a href="#page267">267</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">contrasted with <i>N.</i>,</span> i. 348, 394; ii. 163;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude toward Austria,</span> 41;<br> +<span class="entry">statue at the Tuileries,</span> 147;<br> +<span class="entry">territorial acquisitions,</span> 413;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> visit to,</span> and spoliation of the tomb of, 438;<br> +<span class="entry">self-coronation,</span> iii. 37;<br> +<span class="entry">end of his system,</span> 103;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> repudiates the military ideas of,</span> 154;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> analysis of the wars of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page232">232</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> study of,</span> +<a href="#page266">266</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Frederick William I</b>,</span> his civil and military administration, ii. 414;<br> +<span class="entry">school system of,</span> 414.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Frederick William II</b>,</span> reign of, ii. 414.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Frederick William III</b>,</span> Sieyès's mission to, ii. 41;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> offers the friendship of France to,</span> 155;<br> +<span class="entry">character and personality,</span> 155, 400, 414, 422, 442; iii. 44, 45, 52, 57, 62; iv. +<a href="#page006">6</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses to make alliance with <i>N.</i>,</span> ii. 194;<br> +<span class="entry">neutrality of,</span> 194, 311, 361, 414;<br> +<span class="entry">motive in joining the "armed neutrality,"</span> 194;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> threatening message to,</span> 282;<br> +<span class="entry">friendly to France,</span> 347;<br> +<span class="entry">letter to <i>N.</i>,</span> May, 1805, 356;<br> +<span class="entry">swears friendship with Alexander I,</span> 377;<br> +<span class="entry">joins the third coalition,</span> 376;<br> +<span class="entry">signs away Prussian independence,</span> 400;<br> +<span class="entry">threatens to abdicate,</span> 417;<br> +<span class="entry">proposes the organization of a North German Confederation,</span> 418;<br> +<span class="entry">mobilizes the army,</span> 420;<br> +<span class="entry">demands the French evacuation of Germany,</span> 421;<br> +<span class="entry">declares war,</span> 422;<br> +<span class="entry">at Naumburg,</span> 424;<br> +<span class="entry">reluctance for war,</span> 427, 428;<br> +<span class="entry">military blunders,</span> 429;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Auerstädt,</span> 433, 434;<br> +<span class="entry">sues for peace,</span> 435;<br> +<span class="entry">flight from Jena,</span> 436;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses to accept an armistice,</span> 442;<br> +<span class="entry">desperation of,</span> 442;<br> +<span class="entry">precarious situation at Königsberg,</span> iii. 9;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> opens negotiations with,</span> 18;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses <i>N.'s</i> overtures,</span> 18;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses to negotiate separate peace,</span> 36;<br> +<span class="entry">desperate situation,</span> 37;<br> +<span class="entry">his "divine right,"</span> 38;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> attitude toward,</span> 42, 44, 104;<br> +<span class="entry">armistice arranged with,</span> 42;<br> +<span class="entry">meeting with the Emperors at Tilsit,</span> 42-45, 49-52;<br> +<span class="entry">humiliation of,</span> 57;<br> +<span class="entry">calls on his queen for aid,</span> 57;<br> +<span class="entry">spoils interview between <i>N.</i> and his Queen,</span> 59;<br> +<span class="entry">death of,</span> 63;<br> +<span class="entry">residence at Memel,</span> 107;<br> +<span class="entry">in need of comforts,</span> 107;<br> +<span class="entry">sequestration of his Westphalian estates,</span> 162;<br> +<span class="entry">friendship with Alexander,</span> 194;<br> +<span class="entry">at St. Petersburg,</span> 194;<br> +<span class="entry">proposes alliance with Austria,</span> 225;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses aid to Francis,</span> 225;<br> +<span class="entry">secret armament by,</span> 225;<br> +<span class="entry">denounces Schill,</span> 233;<br> +<span class="entry">withdraws from offer of alliance,</span> 236;<br> +<span class="entry">sounds Austria,</span> 320;<br> +<span class="entry">offers alliance to Alexander,</span> 320;<br> +<span class="entry">at Dresden,</span> 330;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> seeks to hold his adhesion,</span> 375;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page420" name="page420"></a>(p. 420)</span> +<span class="entry">Prussian disregard of,</span> 382;<br> +<span class="entry">nominally degrades York,</span> 384;<br> +<span class="entry">forced to a decision,</span> 395;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiates with <i>N.</i>,</span> 396;<br> +<span class="entry">removes the court to Breslau,</span> 396;<br> +<span class="entry">grief at death of the Queen,</span> 397;<br> +<span class="entry">mobilizes the army,</span> 397;<br> +<span class="entry">declares war,</span> 398;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed allotment of territory to,</span> 409;<br> +<span class="entry">mediocrity in military affairs,</span> iv. +<a href="#page006">6</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">in military council at Trachenberg,</span> +<a href="#page006">6</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">anxiety for the future of absolutism,</span> +<a href="#page040">40</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">distrust of his allies,</span> +<a href="#page040">40</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">dissatisfied with the Frankfort terms,</span> +<a href="#page041">41</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks the retention of Prussian acquisitions,</span> +<a href="#page067">67</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">letter to Blücher,</span> Feb. 26, 1814, +<a href="#page075">75</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Congress of Châtillon,</span> +<a href="#page076">76</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude toward Francis,</span> +<a href="#page098">98</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">favors movement on Paris,</span> +<a href="#page098">98</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">violates armistice before Paris,</span> +<a href="#page110">110</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">his relations with Alexander,</span> +<a href="#page113">113</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">enters Paris,</span> +<a href="#page113">113</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at the peace council in Paris,</span> +<a href="#page114">114</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">approves the Bourbon restoration,</span> +<a href="#page114">114</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">deceived by the Parisians' reception,</span> +<a href="#page114">114</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">alleged indelicacy of his visit to the Empress at Rambouillet,</span> +<a href="#page135">135</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">system of promotion in the army,</span> +<a href="#page171">171</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Frederick William IV</b></span> (crown prince), a suitor for a Napoleonic princess, iii. 331;<br> +<span class="entry">persuades York to rejoin Blücher,</span> iv. +<a href="#page080">80</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Frederick, king of Würtemberg</b>,</span> at the Erfurt conference, iii. 172;<br> +<span class="entry">marries his daughter to Jerome Buonaparte,</span> ii. 399.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Free trade</b>,</span> demand for, in Corsica, i. 116.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Freiburg</b>,</span> Duc d'Enghien prepares to retire to, ii. 302;<br> +<span class="entry">military movements near,</span> ii. 430.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fréjus</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> lands at, ii. 83; iv. +<a href="#page139">139</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> triumphant progress to Paris from,</span> ii. 84;<br> +<span class="entry">place of <i>N.'s</i> embarkation changed from St. Tropez to,</span> iv. +<a href="#page139">139</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">arrival of <i>N.</i> at,</span> +<a href="#page139">139</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"French Citizen," the</b>,</span> change of name to "French Courier," iii. 88.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"French Courier," the</b>,</span> iii. 88.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>French Empire, the</b>,</span> the Emperor the head of, ii. 395;<br> +<span class="entry">distinguished from France,</span> 404.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>French language</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> use of the, i. 86.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Frère, Gen.</b>,</span> success at Segovia, iii. 156.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fréron, Louis S.</b>,</span> in siege of Toulon, i. 232, 233;<br> +<span class="entry">bloodthirsty character,</span> 233;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> friendship with,</span> 236;<br> +<span class="entry">opposes Robespierre,</span> 251;<br> +<span class="entry">influence among the Thermidorians,</span> 254;<br> +<span class="entry">social life in Paris,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">a Dantonist,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">uses influence in <i>N.'s</i> behalf,</span> 292, 296;<br> +<span class="entry">flirtation with Pauline Buonaparte,</span> 322;<br> +<span class="entry">commissioner at Marseilles,</span> 322.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Friant, Gen.</b>,</span> marches toward Ingolstadt, iii. 207;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Borodino,</span> 344.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fribourg</b>,</span> the plundering of, ii. 40.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Frick Valley</b>,</span> to be ceded to Austria, ii. 40.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Friedland</b>,</span> battle of, iii. 30-33;<br> +<span class="entry">the campaign reviewed,</span> 32-37;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander's pliableness after,</span> 351;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of,</span> compares with that at Beresina, iv. +<a href="#page037">37</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Friedrichshamn</b>,</span> treaty of, iii. 248.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Friedrichstadt</b>,</span> fighting at, iv. +<a href="#page009">9</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Friends of the Constitution, the</b>,</span> i. 154.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Frischermont</b>,</span> the farms of, iv. +<a href="#page195">195</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the French position at,</span> +<a href="#page196">196</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Friuli</b>,</span> retreat of Wurmser's troops through, i. 384;<br> +<span class="entry">Quasdanowich's strength in,</span> 386;<br> +<span class="entry">Archduke Charles in,</span> 425;<br> +<span class="entry">campaign in,</span> 430 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">ceded by Austria to Italy,</span> ii. 390;<br> +<span class="entry">creation of hereditary duchy of,</span> 395;<br> +<span class="entry">Duroc created Duke of,</span> iii. 86.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#duroc"><b>Duroc</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fromentières</b>,</span> military operations near, iv. +<a href="#page064">64</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fructidor, the 18th of</b>,</span> ii. 8;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> responsibility for,</span> 22, 31, 144;<br> +<span class="entry">Talleyrand's views of,</span> 34;<br> +<span class="entry">counterstroke to,</span> 92;<br> +<span class="entry">amnesty for the victims of,</span> 130;<br> +<span class="entry">ruptures negotiations at Lille,</span> 144.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fructidorians</b>,</span> attitude toward <i>N.</i>, ii. 22;<br> +<span class="entry">the radical wing of the,</span> 42.<br> + + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page421" name="page421"></a>(p. 421)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Fuenterrabia</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> seeks information concerning, iii. 128.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fulton, Robert</b>,</span> tries to interest <i>N.</i> in steam, ii. 335.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fuentes de Onoro</b>,</span> battle of, iii. 289.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Fusina</b>,</span> the French army at, i. 443.</p> + + +<h5>G</h5> + +<p><span class="name"><b>Gaëta</b>,</span> creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gaffori</b>,</span> i. 116;<br> +<span class="entry">fails to arouse enthusiasm in Ajaccio,</span> 118.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Galicia</b>,</span> Russian troops in, ii. 363;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria's forces on the frontier of,</span> iii. 23;<br> +<span class="entry">Russian invasion of,</span> 236;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> demands cession of,</span> 239;<br> +<span class="entry">part of,</span> ceded to Russia, 239;<br> +<span class="entry">territory of,</span> ceded to grand duchy of Warsaw, 239, 310, 311;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria stipulates for acquisition of,</span> 320;<br> +<span class="entry">ceded to Austria,</span> 331;<br> +<span class="entry">Poniatowski commanding in,</span> 402;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander proposes to exchange Alsace for,</span> iv. +<a href="#page067">67</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Galitzin, Prince</b>,</span> in battle of Eylau, iii. 15;<br> +<span class="entry">invades Galicia,</span> 236;<br> +<span class="entry">letter from Alexander I,</span> 311;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander's friendship with,</span> 351;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> 351.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gallican Church, the</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> study of, i. 150;<br> +<span class="entry">a voluntary,</span> ii. 206;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> threat to liberate it from Rome,</span> iii. 68;<br> +<span class="entry">regulation of its relations with Rome,</span> 262, 263;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> failure to change,</span> iv. +<a href="#page260">260</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gallo</b>,</span> Austrian plenipotentiary at Leoben, i. 437;<br> +<span class="entry">Austrian plenipotentiary in treaty of Campo Formio,</span> ii. 19;<br> +<span class="entry">bribed by <i>N.</i>,</span> 19.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gambling</b>,</span> suppression of, iii. 92.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ganteaume, Adm.</b>,</span> member of the council of state, ii. 152;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding at Brest,</span> 333;<br> +<span class="entry">plan of naval operations for,</span> 334;<br> +<span class="entry">fails to run the blockade of Brest,</span> 333.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gap</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> welcome at, on return from Elba, iv. +<a href="#page154">154</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Garat, D. J.</b>,</span> Bonapartist agent in Naples, ii. 89;<br> +<span class="entry">royalist intrigues of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page106">106</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Garda, Lake</b>,</span> military operations near, i. 372, 379-383, 412-414.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gareau</b>,</span> rapacity of, i. 376.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Garfagnana</b>,</span> given to Elisa (Buonaparte), ii. 395.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gasparin, A. E.</b>,</span> member of Convention commission for Corsica, i. 219.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gassendi</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> host in Nuits, i. 146.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gassicourt, Cadet de</b>,</span> story of Lannes's death-bed, iii. 224;<br> +<span class="entry">prepares poison for <i>N.</i>,</span> iv. +<a href="#page218">218</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gaudin, M. M. C.</b>,</span> appointed to the treasury, ii. 130, 220;<br> +<span class="entry">member of <i>N.'s</i> new cabinet,</span> iv. +<a href="#page159">159</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gaza</b>,</span> capture of, ii. 69.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gembloux</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> at, iv. +<a href="#page179">179</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">military movements near,</span> +<a href="#page185">185</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Grouchy ordered to,</span> +<a href="#page185">185</a>, +<a href="#page187">187</a>, +<a href="#page191">191</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Genappe</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> flight through, iv. +<a href="#page211">211</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gendarmerie</b>,</span> formation of the system of, i. 142.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Geneva</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> in, ii. 27;<br> +<span class="entry">to be ceded to France,</span> 40;<br> +<span class="entry">Berthier sent to,</span> 140;<br> +<span class="entry">Mme. de Staël's exile in,</span> iii. 26;<br> +<span class="entry">Augereau confronting Bubna at,</span> iv. +<a href="#page057">57</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">surrenders to the allies,</span> +<a href="#page067">67</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Geneva, Lake of</b>,</span> French forces on the, ii. 169.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Genius of Christianity"</b></span> (Chateaubriand's), ii. 259.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Genoa</b>,</span> relation of Corsica to, i. 10;<br> +<span class="entry">loses its hold on Corsica,</span> 15;<br> +<span class="entry">convention with France regarding Corsica,</span> 17, 20;<br> +<span class="entry">cedes Corsica to France,</span> 22;<br> +<span class="entry">the Buonaparte family in,</span> 28;<br> +<span class="entry">Paoli's fears concerning,</span> 116;<br> +<span class="entry">claims to Corsica,</span> 120, 126;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> relations with and attitude toward,</span> 122, 246-248, 253, 346; ii. 10, 15;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with France,</span> i. 239, 243-244;<br> +<span class="entry">English influence in,</span> 243;<br> +<span class="entry">seizure of French vessel in harbor of,</span> 243;<br> +<span class="entry">counterfeit French money in,</span> 246;<br> +<span class="entry">her neutrality violated,</span> 245;<br> +<span class="entry">preparations for war with,</span> 246-248, 253;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> scheme of operations against Sardinia and,</span> 247;<br> +<span class="entry">neutrality,</span> 248;<br> +<span class="entry">the road opened to,</span> 257;<br> +<span class="entry">reopening of commerce with Marseilles,</span> 257;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page422" name="page422"></a>(p. 422)</span> +<span class="entry">political status in 1796,</span> 345;<br> +<span class="entry">levy of enforced contributions from,</span> 345; ii. 153;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations against (1796),</span> i, 357;<br> +<span class="entry">French proposition to revolutionize,</span> 373;<br> +<span class="entry">guerrillas from,</span> 373;<br> +<span class="entry">coercive measures against,</span> 373;<br> +<span class="entry">makes alliance with the Directory,</span> 403;<br> +<span class="entry">disposition by treaty of Leoben,</span> 439;<br> +<span class="entry">French intervention in,</span> ii. 10;<br> +<span class="entry">sends an embassy to Montebello,</span> 11;<br> +<span class="entry">revolution in,</span> 11;<br> +<span class="entry">disappearance of Genoa the Superb,</span> 11;<br> +<span class="entry">commercial greatness,</span> 15;<br> +<span class="entry">plunder of,</span> 16;<br> +<span class="entry">transformed into the Ligurian Republic,</span> 21;<br> +<span class="entry">trampled under foot by <i>N.</i>,</span> 144;<br> +<span class="entry">the French line at,</span> 160;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria's plans against,</span> 160;<br> +<span class="entry">English expedition against,</span> 160, 164;<br> +<span class="entry">Masséna forced back into,</span> 165;<br> +<span class="entry">siege of,</span> 165, 169, 172, 175;<br> +<span class="entry">the key of,</span> 172;<br> +<span class="entry">surrender of,</span> 175;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> learns of Masséna's disaster at,</span> 176;<br> +<span class="entry">accepts a consular constitution,</span> 233;<br> +<span class="entry">contributes men to France in war of,</span> 1803, 289;<br> +<span class="entry">Masséna's defense of,</span> 323;<br> +<span class="entry">French acquisition of,</span> 355, 357;<br> +<span class="entry">position in the French Empire,</span> iii. 279.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gentili</b>,</span> member of the Directory of Corsica, i. 133;<br> +<span class="entry">delegate to the National Assembly,</span> 133;<br> +<span class="entry">places Ionian Islands under French protection,</span> ii. 16.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gentz, Friedrich von</b>,</span> manifesto against <i>N.</i>, iii. 200;<br> +<span class="entry">on the campaign of 1813,</span> iv. +<a href="#page040">40</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>George III</b>,</span> recalls Paoli to England, i. 261;<br> +<span class="entry">incurs the ill will of Paul I,</span> ii. 141;<br> +<span class="entry">receives personal letter from <i>N.</i>,</span> 142;<br> +<span class="entry">pasquinades on,</span> 146;<br> +<span class="entry">quarrel with Pitt over Catholic emancipation,</span> 208;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> 270;<br> +<span class="entry">fears for absolutism,</span> 270;<br> +<span class="entry">on treaty of Amiens,</span> 276;<br> +<span class="entry">message to Parliament, March 8, 1803,</span> 282;<br> +<span class="entry">Elector of Hanover,</span> 287;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of his imbecility,</span> 329;<br> +<span class="entry">letter from <i>N.</i>, Jan. 2, 1805,</span> 351;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiations for the return of Hanover to,</span> 400, 418, 420;<br> +<span class="entry">use of German troops in the American colonies,</span> 419;<br> +<span class="entry">ousts the "All the Talents" ministry,</span> iii. 46;<br> +<span class="entry">joint letter from <i>N.</i> and Alexander to (1808),</span> 181;<br> +<span class="entry">retirement of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page161">161</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">rupture of the treaty of Amiens,</span> +<a href="#page264">264</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>George IV</b></span> (Prince Regent), attitude toward France (1795), i. 297;<br> +<span class="entry">regency of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page161">161</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> +<a href="#page161">161</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">besought for asylum for <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page221">221</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Georgia</b>,</span> France undertakes to drive the Russians from, iii. 21.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gera</b>,</span> military movements near, ii. 432.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gérard, Gen. E. M.</b>,</span> created baron, iii. 297;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Borodino,</span> 344;<br> +<span class="entry">seizes Montereau,</span> iv. +<a href="#page073">73</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">moves toward Vitry,</span> +<a href="#page093">93</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">attachment to <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page118">118</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">strength after the surrender of Paris,</span> +<a href="#page118">118</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">in the Waterloo campaign,</span> +<a href="#page171">171</a> et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">at Châtelet,</span> +<a href="#page174">174</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">crosses the Sambre,</span> +<a href="#page174">174</a>, +<a href="#page179">179</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Ligny,</span> +<a href="#page181">181</a>, +<a href="#page183">183</a>, +<a href="#page190">190</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Walhain,</span> +<a href="#page192">192</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gerasdorf</b>,</span> military operations near, iii. 228;<br> +<span class="entry">Archduke Charles advances to,</span> 218.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>German Church</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> threat to liberate it from Rome, iii. 68.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Germanic Diet</b>,</span> Prussia's growing ascendancy in the, i. 425.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>German Empire</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> scheme to rival the, ii. 337;<br> +<span class="entry">abolished,</span> 391.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>German-Roman Empire</b>,</span> decadence of, ii. 41.<br> + +<a id="germany" name="germany"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Germany</b>,</span> honors to Paoli in, i. 23;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> study of,</span> 78;<br> +<span class="entry">opposition of,</span> to democracy, 247;<br> +<span class="entry">cedes the left bank of the Rhine to France,</span> 276;<br> +<span class="entry">growth of liberal ideas in southern,</span> 276;<br> +<span class="entry">neutrality of northern,</span> 276;<br> +<span class="entry">secularization of Church lands in,</span> 276; ii. 264;<br> +<span class="entry">republican schemes for,</span> i. 329;<br> +<span class="entry">to be forced to yield the Rhine frontier,</span> 334;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations in (1795),</span> 342;<br> +<span class="entry">Jourdan's disasters in,</span> 385;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> enters,</span> 434;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> influence in,</span> 448;<br> +<span class="entry">claim to Malta,</span> ii. 18;<br> +<span class="entry">Augereau's blundering in,</span> 37;<br> +<span class="entry">plundering in,</span> 38;<br> +<span class="entry">French military arrogance in,</span> 40;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude of the Directory toward the ecclesiastical principalities of,</span> 41;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page423" name="page423"></a>(p. 423)</span> +<span class="entry">anti-revolutionary sentiment in,</span> 43;<br> +<span class="entry">Jourdan ordered to command in,</span> 87;<br> +<span class="entry">Archduke Charles commanding in central,</span> 141;<br> +<span class="entry">the seat of liberalism in,</span> 155;<br> +<span class="entry">billeting of French troops in,</span> 156;<br> +<span class="entry">France's pecuniary demands upon,</span> 156;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> plan for a campaign in central,</span> 164;<br> +<span class="entry">Moreau levies contributions on,</span> 186;<br> +<span class="entry">adjustment of the temporal and spiritual principalities of,</span> 193, 264;<br> +<span class="entry">reduction of Austria's ascendancy in,</span> 193;<br> +<span class="entry">France's rights in,</span> according to Peace of Lunéville, 193;<br> +<span class="entry">Franco-Russian agreement concerning,</span> 211;<br> +<span class="entry">the Code Napoléon in,</span> 223;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of the Concordat in,</span> 264;<br> +<span class="entry">question of indemnifying displaced princes,</span> 264;<br> +<span class="entry">England's active diplomacy in,</span> 264 et seq.; 301;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> policy of reorganization in,</span> 265;<br> +<span class="entry">rearrangement of territories,</span> 265, 352, 391;<br> +<span class="entry">development of national spirit,</span> regeneration, and unification in, 265, 352; iii. 95, 161, 200, 213, 320, 330, 383, 385, 394, 397, 423; iv. +<a href="#page001">1</a>, +<a href="#page019">19</a>, +<a href="#page037">37</a>, +<a href="#page040">40</a>, +<a href="#page057">57</a>, +<a href="#page298">298</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">strength of the military party and anti-French sentiment in 1875,</span> ii. 269;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> eye to invasion of,</span> 291;<br> +<span class="entry">Moreau's levies on,</span> 296;<br> +<span class="entry">homage to <i>N.</i> by the princes of,</span> 329;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> claim to,</span> 354;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander I's scheme for partition of,</span> 356;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> threatens to invade,</span> 361;<br> +<span class="entry">Archduke Ferdinand commanding in,</span> 363;<br> +<span class="entry">high-handed proceedings of the French army in,</span> 376;<br> +<span class="entry">extension of the French empire in,</span> 398;<br> +<span class="entry">humiliation of,</span> 398 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">state of religion and morality in,</span> 398;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme for unity of the Church in,</span> 402;<br> +<span class="entry">good-will to <i>N.</i> in western,</span> 402;<br> +<span class="entry">the Germanic empire abolished,</span> 404;<br> +<span class="entry">French occupation of southern,</span> 405, 418;<br> +<span class="entry">Russia's pretensions in,</span> 418;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> intention to evacuate,</span> 421;<br> +<span class="entry">Frederick William demands the evacuation of,</span> 422;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria asks for rearrangement of,</span> iii. 22;<br> +<span class="entry">its composite character,</span> 56;<br> +<span class="entry">French nobility endowed with lands in,</span> 87;<br> +<span class="entry">liberal movement in,</span> 103;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria looks for indemnities in,</span> 195;<br> +<span class="entry">hopes of the Hapsburgs to regain lost territory in,</span> 199;<br> +<span class="entry">Archduke Charles's address to,</span> 199;<br> +<span class="entry">insurrections in,</span> 233;<br> +<span class="entry">hatred of <i>N.</i> in,</span> 240;<br> +<span class="entry">French occupation of the coast,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">French evacuation of southern,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">confiscation in,</span> 296;<br> +<span class="entry">Mme. de Staël's book on,</span> 300;<br> +<span class="entry">withdrawal of French troops from,</span> 307;<br> +<span class="entry">influence of Prussia in,</span> 320;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed new boundaries for,</span> 320;<br> +<span class="entry">feelings toward <i>N.</i> in,</span> 322;<br> +<span class="entry">withdrawal of the Hapsburgs from the leadership of,</span> 330;<br> +<span class="entry">conspiracies in,</span> 375;<br> +<span class="entry">revolutionary feeling in,</span> 382;<br> +<span class="entry">Russian proclamation to,</span> 398;<br> +<span class="entry">Sweden sends troops to,</span> 399;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria aims at recovering ascendancy in,</span> 423;<br> +<span class="entry">purpose of the allies to restore states in,</span> iv. +<a href="#page021">21</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the retreat from,</span> +<a href="#page035">35</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed influence for <i>N.</i> in,</span> +<a href="#page041">41</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Prussia's ambition for leadership in,</span> +<a href="#page088">88</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> influence in the creation of modern,</span> +<a href="#page299">299</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the federation of,</span> +<a href="#page298">298</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Germany in her Deepest Humiliation,"</b></span> ii. 417.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gernstädt</b>,</span> military operations near, ii. 433.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gerry, Elbridge</b>,</span> Talleyrand attempts to corrupt, ii. 34.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ghent</b>,</span> flight of Louis XVIII to, iv. +<a href="#page161">161</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Giacominetta</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> childish love, i. 41.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gibraltar</b>,</span> i. 22;<br> +<span class="entry">Nelson sails for,</span> ii. 359;<br> +<span class="entry">Nelson waters his ships at,</span> 372;<br> +<span class="entry">importance of,</span> iii. 111.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gibraltar, Straits of</b>,</span> Villeneuve ordered to, ii. 371.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Gilded Youth," the</b>,</span> i. 271.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gilgenburg</b>,</span> Ney and Bernadotte escape to, iii. 10;<br> +<span class="entry">military movements near,</span> 13, 14.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ginguené, P. L.</b>,</span> Bonapartist agent in Turin, ii. 89.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gironde, Department of the</b>,</span> exempt from legislation concerning Jews, iii. 77.<br> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page424" name="page424"></a>(p. 424)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Gironde, River</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> proposes to seek asylum on American ship in the, iv. +<a href="#page221">221</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Girondists, the</b>,</span> form a ministry, i. 172;<br> +<span class="entry">the fall from the ministry,</span> 174;<br> +<span class="entry">leaders of,</span> 189;<br> +<span class="entry">position in the National Convention,</span> 188;<br> +<span class="entry">struggle between the Jacobins and,</span> 189;<br> +<span class="entry">favor Louis XVI,</span> 194;<br> +<span class="entry">failure of their policy,</span> 212;<br> +<span class="entry">defeat the Jacobins in Marseilles,</span> 213;<br> +<span class="entry">movement of Marseillais on Paris,</span> 213;<br> +<span class="entry">retreat from Avignon,</span> 216;<br> +<span class="entry">their cause discussed in the "Supper of Beaucaire,"</span> 216, 219;<br> +<span class="entry">prepare Toulon for siege,</span> 221;<br> +<span class="entry">deliver the fleet at Toulon to Lord Hood,</span> 221;<br> +<span class="entry">murders of,</span> at Toulon, 233;<br> +<span class="entry">overawed by Danton and Marat,</span> 234;<br> +<span class="entry">effects of their policy,</span> 249;<br> +<span class="entry">failure of,</span> 266, 267;<br> +<span class="entry">their part in organizing the Directory,</span> 271;<br> +<span class="entry">influence on the new constitution,</span> 278;<br> +<span class="entry">royalism among,</span> 309.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Girzikowitz</b>,</span> military operations near, ii. 386.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gitschin</b>,</span> Francis I. at, iii. 415.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Glatz</b>,</span> siege of, iii. 20.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Glogau</b>,</span> held by the French, iii. 402;<br> +<span class="entry">relieved by Victor,</span> 413.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Glory</b>,</span> the French passion for, ii. 249, 361; iii. 6.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gneisenau, Gen. August</b>,</span> institutes military reforms in Prussia, iii. 103;<br> +<span class="entry">military ability,</span> iv. +<a href="#page014">14</a>, +<a href="#page059">59</a>, +<a href="#page183">183</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">spurs up Bernadotte at Leipsic,</span> +<a href="#page031">31</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">aims to annihilate <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page057">57</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">warns Blücher against over-confidence,</span> +<a href="#page062">62</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">in Waterloo campaign,</span> +<a href="#page172">172</a>, +<a href="#page177">177</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">orders the Prussian retreat to Wavre,</span> +<a href="#page183">183</a>, +<a href="#page184">184</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">his title to fame,</span> +<a href="#page182">182</a>, +<a href="#page183">183</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">holds Blücher's troops,</span> +<a href="#page194">194</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">doubts Wellington's ability to stand at Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page194">194</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page211">211</a>, +<a href="#page212">212</a>.<br> + +<a id="godoy" name="godoy"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Godoy, Manuel de</b>,</span> prime minister of Spain, ii. 204, 289;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with Queen Louisa,</span> 204, 289, 332; iii. 71, 124, 144, 150;<br> +<span class="entry">the "Prince of the Peace,"</span> ii. 289; iii. 124;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed kingdom for,</span> in Portugal, 67, 120;<br> +<span class="entry">Spanish revolt against,</span> 71;<br> +<span class="entry">treachery to <i>N.</i>,</span> 71;<br> +<span class="entry">ill-gotten wealth,</span> 124;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with <i>N.</i>,</span> 124, 131;<br> +<span class="entry">waning power and downfall of,</span> 124, 128, 134, 135, 146;<br> +<span class="entry">causes arrest of Ferdinand,</span> 126;<br> +<span class="entry">Ferdinand's charges against,</span> 126;<br> +<span class="entry">becomes aware of <i>N.'s</i> policy,</span> 132;<br> +<span class="entry">skill in diplomacy,</span> 131;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses to assent to French seizure of Portugal,</span> 133;<br> +<span class="entry">appalled at the French invasion,</span> 133;<br> +<span class="entry">contemplates a Bourbon monarchy in America,</span> 134;<br> +<span class="entry">clamor for his death,</span> 135;<br> +<span class="entry">capture of,</span> 135;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks protection of Ferdinand,</span> 136;<br> +<span class="entry">destruction of his property,</span> 135;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed trial of,</span> 135, 136, 144;<br> +<span class="entry">hinted order that he come to France,</span> 140, 141;<br> +<span class="entry">summoned to Bayonne,</span> 145;<br> +<span class="entry">popular hatred of,</span> 146;<br> +<span class="entry">at Compiègne,</span> 148;<br> +<span class="entry">infamy of,</span> 150.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Goethe, Johann W. von</b>,</span> meetings with <i>N.</i>, iii. 172;<br> +<span class="entry">decorated at Erfurt,</span> 176;<br> +<span class="entry">on <i>N.</i>,</span> 319, 322;<br> +<span class="entry">the idealist among thinkers,</span> iv. +<a href="#page242">242</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gohier, M.</b>,</span> member of the Directory, ii. 92;<br> +<span class="entry">represents Jacobin element in the Directory,</span> 94;<br> +<span class="entry">falls under Josephine's influence,</span> 97;<br> +<span class="entry">president of the Directory,</span> 97;<br> +<span class="entry">joins the Bonapartist ranks,</span> 97;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed resignation of,</span> 101;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks counsel with Barras,</span> 106;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses to resign,</span> 108;<br> +<span class="entry">imprisonment of,</span> 108, 115.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gohlis</b>,</span> military operations near, iv. +<a href="#page029">29</a>-32.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Goldbach, River</b>,</span> military operations on the, ii. 385-388, 392.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Golden Book, the</b>.</span> <i>See</i> <a href="#venice"><b>Venice</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Goltz</b>,</span> at Tilsit, iii. 49, 57;<br> +<span class="entry">interview with <i>N.</i>,</span> 60.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Golynim</b>,</span> military operations near, iii. 4.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Görz</b>,</span> ceded to France, iii. 239.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Göss</b>,</span> castle of, treaty of Leoben signed in, i. 437.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gosselies</b>,</span> military operations near, iv. +<a href="#page175">175</a>, +<a href="#page176">176</a>.<br> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page425" name="page425"></a>(p. 425)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Gotha</b>,</span> imprisonment of St. Aignan at, iv. +<a href="#page042">42</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Göttingen</b>,</span> Bernadotte ordered to, ii. 362;<br> +<span class="entry">patriotism in the university,</span> iii. 398.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gourgaud, Gen.</b>,</span> accompanies <i>N.</i> to Paris, iv. +<a href="#page105">105</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">advises a return to Lorraine,</span> +<a href="#page116">116</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">requests interview with Souham,</span> +<a href="#page126">126</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">accompanies <i>N.</i> to Rochefort,</span> +<a href="#page219">219</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">goes to London to seek English asylum for <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page223">223</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">accompanies <i>N.</i> to St. Helena,</span> +<a href="#page227">227</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">mission to secure <i>N.'s</i> release,</span> +<a href="#page231">231</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">assists <i>N.</i> on his history,</span> +<a href="#page232">232</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Government</b>,</span> Rousseau's views on, i. 8;<br> +<span class="entry">the centralization of,</span> ii. 218;<br> +<span class="entry">the mystery of,</span> iii. 389.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gradisca</b>,</span> storming of, i. 433.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Graham, Gen.</b>,</span> commanding English troops in the Netherlands, iv. +<a href="#page057">57</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Grain</b>,</span> monopoly of trade in, i. 105.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Grand army, the</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> distrust of, iii. 45;<br> +<span class="entry">passes from Prussia to Spain,</span> 182;<br> +<span class="entry">Murat commanding the remnants of,</span> 373;<br> +<span class="entry">demoralization of,</span> 373;<br> +<span class="entry">crosses the Niemen,</span> 384.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Grandmaison</b>,</span> charges plots among the Five Hundred, ii. 115.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Granville, Lord</b>,</span> on affairs in France, i. 297.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Grasse</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> march through, on return from Elba, iv. +<a href="#page154">154</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Graudenz</b>,</span> precarious situation of the garrison of, iii. 10;<br> +<span class="entry">Bennigsen attempts to succor,</span> 10;<br> +<span class="entry">demanded by <i>N.</i> as a pledge,</span> 36.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gravina, Adm.</b>,</span> escapes from Trafalgar, ii. 374.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Great Britain</b>,</span> the modern empire of, ii. 55.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#england"><b>England</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Great Elector,"</b></span> the office of, ii. 126, 322.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Great Görschen</b>,</span> fighting at, iii. 405.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Great Raigern</b>,</span> military operations near, ii. 382.<br> + +<a id="greatstbernard" name="greatstbernard"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Great St. Bernard Pass</b>,</span> the passage of the, ii. 169-171.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Great Terror," the</b>,</span> i. 250.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Greece</b></span> (<b>ancient</b>), influence on French art, iii. 88;<br> +<span class="entry">effects of ambition in,</span> iv. +<a href="#page261">261</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the history of,</span> +<a href="#page293">293</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Greece</b>,</span> Nelson seeks the French fleet at, ii. 61;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal that France take,</span> iii. 50;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> plans the liberation of,</span> 51;<br> +<span class="entry">the national awakening of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page300">300</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Grégoire, Henri</b>,</span> influence on the Consulate, ii. 195;<br> +<span class="entry">royalist intrigues of,</span> 195.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gregorian calendar</b>,</span> restoration of the, ii. 346.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gregory VII</b>,</span> ii. 340.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Grenadier Guards</b>,</span> in battle of Waterloo, iv. +<a href="#page201">201</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Grenier, Gen.</b>,</span> in battle of Hohenlinden, ii. 191;<br> +<span class="entry">division commander under Eugène,</span> iii. 393.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Grenoble</b>,</span> Pius VII a prisoner at, iii. 119, 242;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> march to,</span> on return from Elba, iv. +<a href="#page154">154</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">imperial proclamation at,</span> +<a href="#page156">156</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">obeys <i>N.'s</i> summons to surrender,</span> +<a href="#page156">156</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> welcome at,</span> +<a href="#page156">156</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at,</span> +<a href="#page165">165</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Grenville, Lord</b>,</span> letter to Talleyrand from, ii. 143;<br> +<span class="entry">on <i>N.'s</i> wickedness,</span> 144.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Grisons, the</b>,</span> quarrel between the Valtellina and, ii. 11;<br> +<span class="entry">Austrian violation of neutrality in,</span> 72;<br> +<span class="entry">Kray's communications via,</span> to be cut, 164.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Grodno</b>,</span> Jerome at, iii. 336.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gros, A. J.</b>,</span> painter, ii. 351;<br> +<span class="entry">created a baron,</span> 354.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Grosbois</b>,</span> residence of Barras, ii. 119.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Grossbeeren</b>,</span> battle of, iv. +<a href="#page014">14</a>, +<a href="#page016">16</a>, +<a href="#page019">19</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gross-Ebersdorf</b>,</span> military operations near, iii. 217.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Grouchy, Gen. E.</b>,</span> in battle of Hohenlinden, ii. 191;<br> +<span class="entry">at Tilsit,</span> iii. 52;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding cavalry in Russian campaign of 1812,</span> 324;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Vauchamps,</span> iv. +<a href="#page064">64</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">recreated marshal,</span> +<a href="#page167">167</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">movements and orders in the Waterloo campaign,</span> +<a href="#page170">170</a> et seq., +<a href="#page179">179</a>, +<a href="#page186">186</a>, +<a href="#page191">191</a>-194, +<a href="#page200">200</a>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>, +<a href="#page267">267</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">letter to <i>N.</i>,</span> June 17, 1815, +<a href="#page187">187</a>, +<a href="#page191">191</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">suspected unwillingness of,</span> +<a href="#page187">187</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Gérard to coöperate with,</span> +<a href="#page190">190</a>;<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page426" name="page426"></a>(p. 426)</span> +<span class="entry">uneasy conscience of,</span> +<a href="#page191">191</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">garbled account of Waterloo by,</span> +<a href="#page191">191</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Walhain,</span> +<a href="#page192">192</a>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">criticism of,</span> +<a href="#page192">192</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Wavre,</span> +<a href="#page194">194</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> reliance on,</span> +<a href="#page207">207</a>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to retire on Namur,</span> +<a href="#page211">211</a>, +<a href="#page214">214</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">responsibility for disaster at Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page213">213</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">victory at Wavre,</span> +<a href="#page214">214</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">leads his army back to France,</span> +<a href="#page214">214</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Guadarrama Mountains</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> crosses the, iii. 186-188.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Guadeloupe</b>,</span> French plans to strengthen, ii. 333.<br> + +<span class="name">"<b>Guardian Angel, The</b>,"</span> near Craonne, the Emperor's night at, iv. +<a href="#page078">78</a>, +<a href="#page079">79</a>.<br> + +<span class="name">"<b>Guard of honor</b>,"</span> the proposed, iii. 390.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Guards</b></span> (<b>English</b>), in battle of Waterloo, iv. +<a href="#page209">209</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Guastalla</b>,</span> given to Pauline (Buonaparte), ii. 395;<br> +<span class="entry">granted to Maria Louisa,</span> iv. +<a href="#page133">133</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Guastalla, Duchess of</b>,</span> Pauline created, iii. 279.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gudin, Gen.</b>,</span> in battle of Pultusk, iii. 4;<br> +<span class="entry">in the Eckmühl campaign,</span> 208.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Guérin, Pierre N.</b>,</span> created baron, iii. 297.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Guernsey</b>,</span> Russian soldiers transported to, ii. 141.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Guiana</b>,</span> Pichegru escapes from, ii. 161.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Guidai</b>,</span> engaged in Malet's conspiracy, iii. 376.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Guieu, Gen.</b>,</span> in the Rivoli campaign, i. 410, 414.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Guilleminot, Gen.</b>,</span> mediator between Russia and Turkey, iii. 105;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Waterloo,</span> iv. +<a href="#page199">199</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Guillotine, the</b>,</span> work of, i. 251.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Güldengossa</b>,</span> military operations near, iv. +<a href="#page028">28</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Günzburg</b>,</span> Mack essays to cross the Danube at, ii. 366.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gustavus Adolphus</b>,</span> scene of his defeat of Wallenstein, iii. 404.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gustavus IV</b>,</span> king of Sweden, hated by his subjects, iii. 35;<br> +<span class="entry">in Pomerania,</span> 36;<br> +<span class="entry">weakness of,</span> 36;<br> +<span class="entry">gives place to Charles XIII,</span> 280.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Guyot</b>,</span> battle of Waterloo, iv. +<a href="#page203">203</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gyuläi</b>,</span> Austrian diplomatic agent, ii. 381.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Gyulay, Gen.</b>,</span> battle of Leipsic, iv. +<a href="#page028">28</a>, +<a href="#page032">32</a>.</p> + + +<h5>H</h5> + +<p><span class="name"><b>Hadrian I</b>,</span> Charles the Great's donation to, revoked by <i>N.</i>, iii. 215.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hague, The</b>,</span> removal of the capital to Amsterdam from, iii. 277.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hal</b>,</span> Wellington's troops at, iv. +<a href="#page190">190</a>, +<a href="#page195">195</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Halberstadt</b>,</span> the Black Legion's escape through, iii. 234.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Halkett, Hugh</b>,</span> in battle of Waterloo, iv. +<a href="#page210">210</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Halle</b>,</span> Bernadotte's victory at, ii. 436;<br> +<span class="entry">the Black Legion's escape through,</span> iii. 234;<br> +<span class="entry">patriotism in the university,</span> 398;<br> +<span class="entry">Blücher's advance to,</span> iv. +<a href="#page026">26</a>, +<a href="#page027">27</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hamburg</b>,</span> negotiations between France and Prussia concerning, ii. 154;<br> +<span class="entry">laid under contribution,</span> 286, 287;<br> +<span class="entry">closed to British commerce,</span> 287;<br> +<span class="entry">seizure of Rumbold at,</span> 330;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal to give it to Prussia,</span> 400;<br> +<span class="entry">French occupation of,</span> 443;<br> +<span class="entry">Spanish troops in,</span> iii. 159;<br> +<span class="entry">Bernadotte's force in,</span> 202;<br> +<span class="entry">smuggled commerce of,</span> 265;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme to incorporate with France,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">position in the French Empire,</span> 279;<br> +<span class="entry">sends deputation to Paris,</span> 380;<br> +<span class="entry">rising against the French garrison,</span> 402;<br> +<span class="entry">captured by Vandamme,</span> 407;<br> +<span class="entry">Danish troops sent to,</span> 407;<br> +<span class="entry">occupied by Davout,</span> 413;<br> +<span class="entry">the status quo to be maintained in,</span> 414;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> offers the city to Austria,</span> 424;<br> +<span class="entry">end of <i>N.'s</i> defensive line,</span> iv. +<a href="#page001">1</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Davout besieged at,</span> +<a href="#page055">55</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hameln</b>,</span> attempt to besiege, ii. 416;<br> +<span class="entry">capitulation of,</span> 436.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hamilton, Alexander</b>,</span> U. S. treasury system, iv. +<a href="#page259">259</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hanau</b>,</span> Oudinot's command in, iii. 203;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page035">35</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">compared to Krasnoi,</span> +<a href="#page036">36</a>.<br> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page427" name="page427"></a>(p. 427)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Hannibal</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> allusion to, i. 357;<br> +<span class="entry">his passage of the Alps,</span> ii. 169, 186.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hanover</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> threatens to seize, ii. 282;<br> +<span class="entry">George III,</span> Elector of, 287;<br> +<span class="entry">French occupations of,</span> 287, 331, 418, 443, iii. 202, 266;<br> +<span class="entry">Prussia negotiates with France for,</span> ii. 356, 362;<br> +<span class="entry">the French garrison replaced by Prussians,</span> 362;<br> +<span class="entry">ceded to Prussia,</span> 390, 400, 405;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiations for its return to George III,</span> 400, 418, 420;<br> +<span class="entry">attempt to drive the French from,</span> 416;<br> +<span class="entry">troops in Pomerania,</span> iii. 36;<br> +<span class="entry">allotted to Jerome,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">Jerome deprived of part of,</span> 278;<br> +<span class="entry">excepted from the scheme of Prussian aggrandizement,</span> 398;<br> +<span class="entry">England abandons scheme for extension of,</span> 399;<br> +<span class="entry">Prussia promises to cede part of Saxony to,</span> 417;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed cession of Hildesheim to,</span> 417;<br> +<span class="entry">restored to its former ruler,</span> iv. +<a href="#page040">40</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">campaign of the Hundred Days,</span> +<a href="#page170">170</a> et seq.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hanover, the House of</b>,</span> ii. 317.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hanseatic towns</b>,</span> free cities, ii. 405;<br> +<span class="entry">Joachim I's aspirations concerning,</span> 416;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal to include in North German Confederation,</span> 418;<br> +<span class="entry">hesitate to reply to Prussia,</span> 420;<br> +<span class="entry">neutrality of,</span> iii. 46;<br> +<span class="entry">virtual dependence on France,</span> 66;<br> +<span class="entry">smuggled commerce of,</span> 265;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme to incorporate them with France,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> offers to evacuate,</span> 272;<br> +<span class="entry">offered to Louis for Brabant and Zealand,</span> 270;<br> +<span class="entry">England threatened with loss of trade with,</span> 272;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> refuses to cede points concerning,</span> 392;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal that France evacuate the,</span> 407;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed independence of the,</span> 415; iv. +<a href="#page030">30</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Happiness</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> on, i. 137.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hapsburg, House of</b>,</span> end of its policy of territorial expansion, ii, 193;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of the Bayonne negotiations on,</span> iii. 163 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks indemnity for lost domains,</span> 195;<br> +<span class="entry">hopes of regaining lost territory,</span> 199;<br> +<span class="entry">demoralization in,</span> 215;<br> +<span class="entry">matrimonial alliance with <i>N.</i>,</span> 249, 251; iv. +<a href="#page043">43</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">democratic blows at the dignity of,</span> iii. 256; iv. +<a href="#page037">37</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">withdraws from the leadership of Germany,</span> iii. 330.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Harcourt</b>,</span> on affairs in France, i. 297.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hardenberg, Prince K. A. von</b>,</span> aims at consolidation of Prussia, ii. 358;<br> +<span class="entry">dismissal of,</span> 400; iii. 42, 49, 50;<br> +<span class="entry">Prussian minister,</span> ii. 415. iii; 37;<br> +<span class="entry">at Tilsit,</span> 50;<br> +<span class="entry">proposes the partition of Turkey,</span> 50;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks refuge in Vienna,</span> 178;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of his reforms,</span> 319;<br> +<span class="entry">Metternich's negotiations with,</span> 394;<br> +<span class="entry">hostility to <i>N.</i>,</span> 396.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Harel</b>,</span> share in the execution of d'Enghien, ii. 310.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hassenhausen</b>,</span> engagement at, ii. 433.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hatzfeldt, Prince</b>,</span> court-martialed and sentenced to death, ii. 439;<br> +<span class="entry">the sentence commuted,</span> 439.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Haugwitz, Count</b>,</span> Prussian envoy to France, ii. 381, 399;<br> +<span class="entry">policy after Austerlitz,</span> 389;<br> +<span class="entry">concludes treaty with France,</span> 399;<br> +<span class="entry">demand for the disgrace of,</span> 417.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hauterive, Duhoux d'</b>,</span> royalist leader, i. 298;<br> +<span class="entry">reviews French situation in 1801,</span> ii. 214.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Havelburg</b>,</span> French troops at, iii. 393.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Havre</b>,</span> France's alleged naval preparations at, ii. 284.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hébert, J. R.</b>,</span> leader of the Exagérés, i. 234;<br> +<span class="entry">terrorist,</span> 250.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Heddersdorf</b>,</span> defeat of the Austrian, by Hoche at, i. 440.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Heidenheim</b>,</span> the French position at, ii. 365.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Heilsberg</b>,</span> Ney retreats from, iii. 10;<br> +<span class="entry">Bennigsen reaches,</span> 10, 14;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of,</span> 29;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> concentrates his army at,</span> 29;<br> +<span class="entry">the Russians abandon,</span> 32;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> peril at,</span> 33.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Heinrichsdorf</b>,</span> engagement near, iii. 30.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Heliopolis</b>,</span> battle of, ii. 181.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Helvetian Republic, the</b>,</span> alliance with France, ii. 40;<br> +<span class="entry">formation of,</span> 40, 86;<br> +<span class="entry">neutrality violated by Austria,</span> 72;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> Grand Mediator of the,</span> 234;<br> +<span class="entry">English efforts to discredit France in,</span> 264;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page428" name="page428"></a>(p. 428)</span> +<span class="entry">in vassalage to France,</span> iii. 279.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Henry, Prince of Prussia</b>,</span> ii. 415.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Henry III</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> likened to, ii. 340.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Henry IV</b>,</span> heads the Bourbon dynasty, i. 176;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> discerns likeness to himself,</span> ii. 350;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> emulates in uxoriousness,</span> iii. 258.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Herat</b>,</span> proposed Franco-Russian expedition via, ii. 194.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Herbois, Collet d'</b>,</span> member of the National Convention, i. 188, 233.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hercules, Pillars of</b>,</span> "the new," iii. 308.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hereditary nobility</b>,</span> abolished, ii. 223.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Heredity</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> on, i. 137.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Herodotus</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> study of, i. 78.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hesse</b>,</span> French march through, ii. 362;<br> +<span class="entry">furnishes contingent to <i>N.'s</i> army,</span> iii. 324.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hesse-Cassel</b>,</span> excluded from the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403, 442;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal to include in the Confederation,</span> 418;<br> +<span class="entry">hesitates to reply to Prussia,</span> 420;<br> +<span class="entry">French occupation of,</span> 443;<br> +<span class="entry">neutrality of,</span> 443;<br> +<span class="entry">organized into the kingdom of Westphalia,</span> iii. 56.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hesse-Cassel, House of</b>,</span> extinction of, ii. 443.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hesse-Darmstadt</b>,</span> member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403;<br> +<span class="entry">quota of men,</span> 404;<br> +<span class="entry">turns from <i>N.</i> to the allies,</span> iv. +<a href="#page040">40</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Heymès, Col.</b>,</span> records <i>N.'s</i> orders to Ney at Quatre Bras, iv. +<a href="#page176">176</a>, +<a href="#page184">184</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>High Admiral</b>,</span> creation of the office of, ii. 322.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Highways</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> scheme of, ii. 279.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hildesheim</b>,</span> apportioned to Prussia, ii. 265;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed cession of,</span> to Hanover, iii. 417.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hill, Lord</b>,</span> joins Wellington in the Peninsula, iii. 283;<br> +<span class="entry">occupies Bordeaux,</span> iv. +<a href="#page087">87</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">in Waterloo campaign,</span> +<a href="#page172">172</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hiller, Gen.</b>,</span> military operations on the inn, iii. 199;<br> +<span class="entry">movements to support,</span> 204;<br> +<span class="entry">movements before Ratisbon,</span> 208;<br> +<span class="entry">driven back to Landshut,</span> 208;<br> +<span class="entry">flees to Neumarkt,</span> 208;<br> +<span class="entry">Bessières pursues,</span> 209;<br> +<span class="entry">crosses the Danube at Mautern,</span> 212;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Ebelsberg,</span> 211;<br> +<span class="entry">defeats Wrede at Erding,</span> 211;<br> +<span class="entry">effects junction with Charles at Bisamberg,</span> 212, 216;<br> +<span class="entry">drives Eugène over the Adige,</span> iv. +<a href="#page039">39</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hilliers, Baraguey d'</b>,</span> capture of his command in Russia, iii. 359.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>History</b>,</span> the functions and study of, i. 1, 2; iv. +<a href="#page251">251</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> study and theory of,</span> i. 78, 127, 150.<br> + +<span class="name">"<b>History of Corsica</b>,"</span> i. 91, 93, 123, 126.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hoche, Gen. Lazare</b>,</span> defeats Wurmser at Weissenburg, i. 273;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding Army of the West,</span> 346;<br> +<span class="entry">military genius,</span> 350; ii. 181;<br> +<span class="entry">campaign in the Netherlands,</span> i. 427;<br> +<span class="entry">defeats Austria on the Rhine,</span> 439;<br> +<span class="entry">expedition to Ireland,</span> 449;<br> +<span class="entry">considered for minister of war,</span> ii. 6;<br> +<span class="entry">distrusted by the people,</span> 6;<br> +<span class="entry">death of,</span> 9.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hofer, Andreas</b>,</span> exploits in the Tyrol, iii. 234;<br> +<span class="entry">capture,</span> trial, and death of, 241;<br> +<span class="entry">his family ennobled,</span> 241, 242;<br> +<span class="entry">his patriotism and fame,</span> 241;<br> +<span class="entry">compared to Tell,</span> 242.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hohenems</b>,</span> acquired by Würtemberg, ii. 391.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hohenlinden</b>,</span> battle of, ii. 190-194.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hohenlohe, Prince of</b>,</span> commanding at Chemnitz, ii. 424;<br> +<span class="entry">at Blankenhain,</span> 427;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated by Bernadotte at Schleiz,</span> 428;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Jéna,</span> 433, 434;<br> +<span class="entry">retreats to Prenzlau,</span> 434;<br> +<span class="entry">surrender of,</span> 436.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hohen-Thann</b>,</span> military movements near, iii. 206.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hohenzollern</b>,</span> member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hohenzollern, House of</b>,</span> ii. 317;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> in the palace of the,</span> 437;<br> +<span class="entry">its territories,</span> 442;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> contemplates its extinction,</span> 442;<br> +<span class="entry">provisions for French evacuation of its lands,</span> iii. 62;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> attitude toward,</span> 106, 319;<br> +<span class="entry">humiliation of,</span> 163.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Holitsch</b>,</span> interview between Francis I and <i>N.</i> near, ii. 389.<br> + + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page429" name="page429"></a>(p. 429)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Hollabrunn</b>,</span> Bagration's stand at, ii. 379;<br> +<span class="entry">Soult at,</span> 379.<br> + +<a id="holland" name="holland"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Holland</b>,</span> honors to Paoli in, i. 23;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> study of the history of,</span> 156;<br> +<span class="entry">expected enmity of,</span> 187;<br> +<span class="entry">closes the Scheldt,</span> 194;<br> +<span class="entry">becomes the Batavian Republic,</span> 276;<br> +<span class="entry">conquest and occupation by France,</span> 324; ii. 5, 233;<br> +<span class="entry">republican schemes for,</span> i. 329;<br> +<span class="entry">plunder of works of art from,</span> 369;<br> +<span class="entry">organization of the Orange party in,</span> 499;<br> +<span class="entry">efforts to check democracy in,</span> 499;<br> +<span class="entry">English conquests of colonies from,</span> ii. 12;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal to make her a dependency of France,</span> 12;<br> +<span class="entry">loss of colonies by,</span> 38;<br> +<span class="entry">compulsory enrolment in the republican system,</span> 38;<br> +<span class="entry">Brune's campaign in,</span> 87, 93, 323;<br> +<span class="entry">loyalty to <i>N.</i>,</span> 146;<br> +<span class="entry">indemnity for Flushing,</span> 154;<br> +<span class="entry">the Code Napoléon in,</span> 223; iii. 277;<br> +<span class="entry">a new constitution imposed on,</span> ii. 233;<br> +<span class="entry">indemnity to House of Orange,</span> 262;<br> +<span class="entry">French guarantees to,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">share in the war of 1803,</span> 290;<br> +<span class="entry">independence of,</span> 354;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> claim to,</span> 354;<br> +<span class="entry">Prussia bound to secure the liberties of,</span> 377;<br> +<span class="entry">Louis made king,</span> 397; iii. 96, 269;<br> +<span class="entry">enlistments from,</span> under the French eagles, 3;<br> +<span class="entry">Louis's reign in,</span> 25, 270, 277;<br> +<span class="entry">vassalage to France recognized at Tilsit,</span> 54;<br> +<span class="entry">relations of France with,</span> 73;<br> +<span class="entry">smuggled commerce of,</span> 140, 265;<br> +<span class="entry">Louis's loyalty to the Dutch,</span> 148, 149;<br> +<span class="entry">Oudinot ordered to coerce,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">England's paper blockade of,</span> 267;<br> +<span class="entry">visit of <i>N.</i> to,</span> 268;<br> +<span class="entry">violates the Continental System,</span> 269-271;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> reduces Louis to the position of a French governor,</span> 271;<br> +<span class="entry">geographically a part of France,</span> 270, 282;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> scheme for the annexation of,</span> 271;<br> +<span class="entry">England threatened with loss of trade with,</span> 272;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> offers to evacuate,</span> 272;<br> +<span class="entry">opposition to <i>N.</i> in,</span> 275;<br> +<span class="entry">seizures of American ships in,</span> 275;<br> +<span class="entry">Fouché's English-Dutch conspiracy,</span> 275;<br> +<span class="entry">Louis abdicates,</span> 276;<br> +<span class="entry">removal of the capital to Amsterdam,</span> 277;<br> +<span class="entry">annexed to France,</span> 277;<br> +<span class="entry">popularity of Louis in,</span> 277;<br> +<span class="entry">prosperity under French rule,</span> 277;<br> +<span class="entry">the national movement in,</span> 278;<br> +<span class="entry">"the alluvium of France,"</span> 282;<br> +<span class="entry">English expedition to,</span> 294;<br> +<span class="entry">incorporated into the French Empire,</span> 294;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> refuses to cede any part of,</span> 392;<br> +<span class="entry">riots in,</span> 392;<br> +<span class="entry">Eugène to guard,</span> 393;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal that France evacuate,</span> 407;<br> +<span class="entry">mediocrity of soldiers of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page020">20</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> offers to restore independence of,</span> +<a href="#page030">30</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">English influence in,</span> +<a href="#page030">30</a>, +<a href="#page041">41</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">recalls the Prince of Orange,</span> +<a href="#page040">40</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed independence of,</span> +<a href="#page041">41</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Holland, Lord</b>,</span> advocates <i>N.'s</i> cause in Parliament, ii. 143.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Holstein</b>,</span> threatened French invasion of, iii. 69;<br> +<span class="entry">Denmark's loss of,</span> 70.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Holy Alliance, the</b>,</span> iii. 425; iv. +<a href="#page225">225</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Holy Inquisition</b>,</span> abolished in Spain, iii. 189.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Holy League, the</b>,</span> i. 177.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Holy Roman Empire</b>,</span> dismemberment of the, ii. 266;<br> +<span class="entry">abolition of,</span> 418;<br> +<span class="entry">desire to substitute a Western empire for,</span> 395;<br> +<span class="entry">title of the heir to,</span> iii. 261.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hood, Lord</b>,</span> seizure at Toulon, i. 221.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hortense, Queen</b>,</span> at Malmaison, iv. +<a href="#page218">218</a>. <br> +<i>See also</i> <a href="#beauharnaishortense"><b>Beauharnais, Hortense de</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hostage Law</b>,</span> the, ii. 94, 134.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hougomont</b>,</span> the farm-house of, iv. +<a href="#page195">195</a>, +<a href="#page197">197</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">fighting at,</span> +<a href="#page199">199</a>-202, +<a href="#page207">207</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hoyerswerda</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> moves toward, iv. +<a href="#page017">17</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hugo, Victor</b>,</span> on <i>N.</i>, i. 377;<br> +<span class="entry">at school in Madrid,</span> iii. 292.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Humanity</b>,</span> the cause of, i. 266.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hyères</b>,</span> retreat of the Corsican expedition to, i. 262.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hulin, Gen. P. A.</b>,</span> presides at trial of Duc d'Enghien, ii. 307-310;<br> +<span class="entry">transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII,</span> iv. +<a href="#page132">132</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Humboldt, William von</b>,</span> member of Prussian reform party, ii. 415;<br> +<span class="entry"> reorganizes the educational system of Prussia,</span> iii. 103;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page430" name="page430"></a>(p. 430)</span> +<span class="entry">at Congress of Prague,</span> iii. 422.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hundred Days</b>,</span> the campaign of the, iv. +<a href="#page171">171</a> et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> monograph on,</span> +<a href="#page232">232</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the political question of the,</span> +<a href="#page296">296</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Hungary</b>,</span> Francis I prepares for flight into, i. 437;<br> +<span class="entry">French machinations in,</span> ii. 42;<br> +<span class="entry">importance of securing to the allies,</span> 381;<br> +<span class="entry">Archduke John in,</span> iii. 213, 217, 225, 226, 230;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> policy of winning the people of,</span> 214;<br> +<span class="entry">Leopold II's reign,</span> 214;<br> +<span class="entry">Francis I's treatment of,</span> 214.</p> + + +<h5>I</h5> + +<p><span class="name"><b>Iberian Peninsula</b>,</span> proposed appropriation of, iii. 111.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ibrahim Bey</b>,</span> in the battle of the Pyramids, ii. 60;<br> +<span class="entry">fails to assist the Rhodes expedition,</span> 77.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Île Dieu</b>,</span> landing of Count of Artois on, i. 304.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Iller, Gen.</b>,</span> commanding in the Tyrol, ii. 188.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Iller, River</b>,</span> Austrian forces on the, ii. 363.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Illyria</b>,</span> Austrian recruiting in, i. 386;<br> +<span class="entry">Marmont in,</span> iii. 225;<br> +<span class="entry">constitution of,</span> 239;<br> +<span class="entry">military government of,</span> 279;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed surrender of,</span> to Austria, iii. 320, 392, 407, 415, iv. +<a href="#page030">30</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Imagination</b>,</span> <i>N's</i> prophetic utterance on a disordered, i. 138.<br> + +<a id="imperialguard" name="imperialguard"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Imperial Guard</b>,</span> at Kronach, ii. 428;<br> +<span class="entry">discontent among the,</span> iii. 5;<br> +<span class="entry">strength in Poland,</span> 6, 7;<br> +<span class="entry">at Eylau,</span> 15;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Heilsberg,</span> 29;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Friedland,</span> 30;<br> +<span class="entry">exclusiveness of,</span> 87;<br> +<span class="entry">service in Spain,</span> 133, 265, 283;<br> +<span class="entry">accompanies <i>N.</i> from Spain to Paris,</span> 189;<br> +<span class="entry">strength in March,</span> 1812, 323;<br> +<span class="entry">omission of <i>N.</i> to use them at Borodino,</span> 346;<br> +<span class="entry">at Smolensk,</span> 362;<br> +<span class="entry">at Krasnoi,</span> 363;<br> +<span class="entry">on march from Smolensk to Lithuania,</span> 5;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> address to,</span> near Orcha, 366;<br> +<span class="entry">demoralization of,</span> 365;<br> +<span class="entry">jealousy of the proposed "guard of honor,"</span> 390;<br> +<span class="entry">at Rippach,</span> 404;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Lützen,</span> 404;<br> +<span class="entry">the allies' belief in <i>N.'s</i> use of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page004">4</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Lauban,</span> +<a href="#page007">7</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">feat of marching,</span> +<a href="#page008">8</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Dresden,</span> +<a href="#page008">8</a>, +<a href="#page009">9</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">its losses,</span> +<a href="#page078">78</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> reviews the,</span> +<a href="#page117">117</a>, 118;<br> +<span class="entry">in Waterloo campaign,</span> +<a href="#page171">171</a>-211;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Ligny,</span> +<a href="#page183">183</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page196">196</a>, +<a href="#page207">207</a>, +<a href="#page208">208</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">personnel and morale,</span> +<a href="#page208">208</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">"dies but never surrenders,"</span> +<a href="#page210">210</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Imperial University</b>,</span> founding of the, iii. 89.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Imposts</b>,</span> the regulation of, i. 44.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Inconstant," the</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> escape from Elba in, iv. +<a href="#page153">153</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>India</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> attention turned toward, i. 78;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> aspirations for a career in,</span> 207, 216, 317; ii. 15;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> given leave to march on,</span> 73;<br> +<span class="entry">importance of <i>N.'s</i> conquering,</span> 73;<br> +<span class="entry">Russia's ambition in,</span> 154, 194, 263;<br> +<span class="entry">Franco-Russian plans for invasion of,</span> 194, 209;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> dreams of empire in,</span> 289; iii. 308, 352; iv. +<a href="#page256">256</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> plans for attacking England in,</span> ii. 334;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed French expedition to,</span> 441;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed Franco-Persian invasion of,</span> iii. 21;<br> +<span class="entry">England's vulnerable heel,</span> 109, 112-114;<br> +<span class="entry">the highway to,</span> 111.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Indus, River</b>,</span> the, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Industry</b>,</span> improved condition of, ii. 259;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> advises encouragement of,</span> 347.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Infantado, Duke del</b>,</span> leader of Ferdinand VII's party, iii. 124;<br> +<span class="entry">commissioned governor of New Castile,</span> 126.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Infantry</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> early views concerning, i. 56, 59.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Influence of the Passions,"</b></span> <i>N.'s</i> study of Mme. de Staël's, ii. 53.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ingolstadt</b>,</span> Bernadotte marches to, ii. 365;<br> +<span class="entry">Davout to concentrate at,</span> iii. 204-208.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Inn Quarter</b>,</span> ceded to Austria, ii. 40;<br> +<span class="entry">embodied in the Confederation of the Rhine,</span> iii. 239.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Inn, River, the</b>,</span> military movements on, ii. 190, 363, 367; iii. 199, 204, 211, 234.<br> + + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page431" name="page431"></a>(p. 431)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Innocent II</b>,</span> contrasted with <b>Pius VII</b>, iii. 264.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Innsbruck</b>,</span> seized by the Tyrolese, iii. 201;<br> +<span class="entry">garrisoned by Austrians,</span> 201;<br> +<span class="entry">Lefebvre drives Tyroleans from,</span> 213.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Inquisition, the Holy</b>,</span> blamed for disorders in Spain, iii. 158.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Institute of France</b>,</span> reorganization of, i. 281;<br> +<span class="entry">Talleyrand a member of,</span> ii. 33, 47;<br> +<span class="entry">elects <i>N.</i> a member,</span> 98, 335;<br> +<span class="entry">part of the educational system of France,</span> 226.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Institutions</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> study of, i. 78.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>International law</b>,</span> the law of colonial trade, iii. 46, 47, 48;<br> +<span class="entry">neutral ships and neutral goods,</span> 46-49;<br> +<span class="entry">the "rule of 1756,"</span> 46, 47;<br> +<span class="entry">right of search,</span> 47, 100;<br> +<span class="entry">contraband of war,</span> 47;<br> +<span class="entry">sanctity of all flags on high seas,</span> 55;<br> +<span class="entry">the law of neutrals,</span> 264, 267, 280;<br> +<span class="entry">use of "simulated papers,"</span> 267, 274.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>International understandings</b>,</span> a hoped-for system of, iv. +<a href="#page295">295</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Invalides, Hospital of the</b>,</span> trophies from Aboukir deposited at, ii. 147;<br> +<span class="entry">inauguration of the empire at,</span> 327;<br> +<span class="entry">distribution of Legion of Honor crosses at,</span> 361;<br> +<span class="entry">relics of Frederick the Great sent to,</span> 437.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ionian Islands</b>,</span> taken under French protection, ii. 16;<br> +<span class="entry">worship of <i>N.</i> in,</span> 16;<br> +<span class="entry">France retains,</span> 21;<br> +<span class="entry">suzerainty of Turkey over,</span> 262;<br> +<span class="entry">occupied by Russia,</span> 330;<br> +<span class="entry">compensation for,</span> iii. 56;<br> +<span class="entry">England's naval watchfulness over,</span> 112;<br> +<span class="entry">military government of,</span> 278.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ireland</b>,</span> Hoche's expedition to, i. 449;<br> +<span class="entry">plans of French invasion of,</span> ii. 49, 67, 354, 371;<br> +<span class="entry">arrest and dismissal of French consuls in,</span> 270;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> foments disturbance in,</span> 272;<br> +<span class="entry">volunteer forces in,</span> 291;<br> +<span class="entry">English troops sent to Portugal from,</span> iii. 122;<br> +<span class="entry">French expedition against (1811),</span> 308.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Iron Mask, the Man in the</b>,</span> i. 27.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Isar, River</b>,</span> military movements on the, ii. 190; iii. 205-209.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Isenburg</b>,</span> member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Iser Mountains</b>,</span> military movements near, iv. +<a href="#page007">7</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Islam</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> professes the religion of, ii. 66.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Isola Rossa</b>,</span> patriot success at, i. 119.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Isonzo, River</b>,</span> military operations on the, i. 433;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed boundary for Italy,</span> ii. 23.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Istria</b>,</span> ceded to Austria at Leoben, i. 438;<br> +<span class="entry">Austrian forces in,</span> ii. 170;<br> +<span class="entry">ceded by Austria to Italy,</span> 391;<br> +<span class="entry">creation of hereditary duchy of,</span> 396;<br> +<span class="entry">Bessières created Duke of,</span> iii. 86.<br> + <i>See</i> also <a href="#bessieres"><b>Bessières</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Italian Church</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> threat to liberate it from Rome, iii. 68.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Italian Republic</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> president of the, 252.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Italy</b>,</span> affinity with Corsica, i. 9, 10, 24, 25;<br> +<span class="entry">the root of the Buonaparte family in,</span> 27;<br> +<span class="entry">expected enmity of,</span> 187;<br> +<span class="entry">movements of the French fleet against,</span> 191;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> plan of campaign in,</span> 239, 244-246;<br> +<span class="entry">suspension of offensive operations in,</span> 256;<br> +<span class="entry">opening the roads into,</span> 257, 344;<br> +<span class="entry">uneasiness in,</span> at English proximity, 261;<br> +<span class="entry">French schemes against English influence in,</span> 261;<br> +<span class="entry">growth of liberal ideas in,</span> 276;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> claims the honors of the campaign in,</span> 292;<br> +<span class="entry">adoption of <i>N.'s</i> plan of campaign against (1795),</span> 293;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria's gaze on,</span> 325;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> peculiar relations to,</span> and knowledge of, 340-345, 368;<br> +<span class="entry">the battle-field of rival dynasties,</span> 345;<br> +<span class="entry">status in 1796,</span> 345;<br> +<span class="entry">revolutionary spirit in,</span> 345;<br> +<span class="entry">wealth,</span> 345, 368, 375;<br> +<span class="entry">cost of the war in,</span> 351;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> successes in (1796),</span> 351;<br> +<span class="entry">French pillage in,</span> 351, 423, 446; ii. 13, 17, 32;<br> +<span class="entry">the destinies of Europe dependent on fate of,</span> i. 351;<br> +<span class="entry">"an artichoke,"</span> 352;<br> +<span class="entry">the garden of,</span> 357;<br> +<span class="entry">crushed at Lodi,</span> 361;<br> +<span class="entry">levying contributions in,</span> 361, 366-369, 374, 375;<br> +<span class="entry">the fate of Europe dependent on campaign in,</span> 385;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page432" name="page432"></a>(p. 432)</span> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> personal views of his campaign in,</span> 394;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> negotiations with,</span> 397-404;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with France,</span> 397-404;<br> +<span class="entry">the campaign in,</span> 406 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria's fourth attempt to retrieve position in,</span> 406;<br> +<span class="entry">the key of,</span> 411;<br> +<span class="entry">Spain's mastery of,</span> 421;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria's greed for territory in,</span> 425;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria's determination to fight in,</span> 425;<br> +<span class="entry">spread of the revolutionary movement in,</span> 428;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> organization of native forces in,</span> 431;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme of a central republic for,</span> 438;<br> +<span class="entry">general disarmament of,</span> 442;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> has free hand in rearrangement of,</span> ii. 7;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> schemes to master,</span> 9;<br> +<span class="entry">lands in,</span> ceded to Austria, 21;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude of the Directory toward,</span> 23;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> reports on the people of,</span> 23;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> the deliverer of,</span> 26;<br> +<span class="entry">the enlightenment of,</span> 37;<br> +<span class="entry">France's policy toward,</span> 38;<br> +<span class="entry">keeping open gateways into,</span> 40;<br> +<span class="entry">Polish troops in,</span> 42;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> forces in,</span> 42;<br> +<span class="entry">reasons for success of revolutionary propaganda in,</span> 44;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed movements of the allies in,</span> 72;<br> +<span class="entry">Joubert's command in,</span> 72;<br> +<span class="entry">French disasters in,</span> 80, 140;<br> +<span class="entry">dissolution of the republics in,</span> 83;<br> +<span class="entry">France foments quarrels in,</span> 87;<br> +<span class="entry">Schérer's blunders in,</span> 88;<br> +<span class="entry">Russian military operations in,</span> 90, 92;<br> +<span class="entry">Francis I determined to hold northern,</span> 141;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> bad faith with the states of,</span> 144;<br> +<span class="entry">French and Austrian troops in,</span> 160;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> plan of campaign in,</span> (1800), 162 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">the reserve army ordered to,</span> 164;<br> +<span class="entry">Lecourbe ordered to,</span> 168;<br> +<span class="entry">Austrian successes and forces in,</span> 170;<br> +<span class="entry">open to <i>N.'s</i> armies,</span> 170;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria agrees to evacuate northern,</span> 182;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria seeks concessions in,</span> 189;<br> +<span class="entry">Masséna's maladministration in,</span> 190;<br> +<span class="entry">Murat commanding in central,</span> 190;<br> +<span class="entry">Brune's and Macdonald's movements in,</span> 192;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria's line in,</span> as fixed at Lunéville, 193;<br> +<span class="entry">alleged plans of <i>N.</i> to secure principality in,</span> 194;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> problems in,</span> 203 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">influence of France in,</span> 207;<br> +<span class="entry">Franco-Russian agreement concerning,</span> 211;<br> +<span class="entry">the Code Napoléon in,</span> 223; iv. +<a href="#page040">40</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">reorganization of the Cisalpine Republic,</span> ii. 233;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> grip on,</span> 263;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria's share in,</span> 265;<br> +<span class="entry">Moreau's soldiers drafted into,</span> 295;<br> +<span class="entry">the second campaign in,</span> 295;<br> +<span class="entry">restriction of the temporal power in,</span> 325;<br> +<span class="entry">necessity for reorganization,</span> 347;<br> +<span class="entry">union of the crowns of France and,</span> 352;<br> +<span class="entry">coronation of <i>N.</i> as king,</span> 353;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> scheme of independence for,</span> 355;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> ignores Russian interference in,</span> 356;<br> +<span class="entry">Prince Eugène Beauharnais viceroy of,</span> 358;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> sojourn in,</span> 357;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria's ambition concerning,</span> 358;<br> +<span class="entry">Eugène Beauharnais to organize troops in,</span> 362;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria's interest in,</span> 363;<br> +<span class="entry">Archduke Charles commanding in,</span> 363;<br> +<span class="entry">Prussia bound to secure the independence of,</span> 377;<br> +<span class="entry">Austrian troops withdrawn to Vienna from,</span> 380;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> proposes to add Venetia to,</span> 389;<br> +<span class="entry">acquires Friuli and Istria,</span> 391;<br> +<span class="entry">acquires Dalmatia,</span> 391, 405;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> exacts tribute from,</span> 396;<br> +<span class="entry">Venetia incorporated into,</span> 395, 405;<br> +<span class="entry">enlistments from,</span> under the French eagles, iii. 3;<br> +<span class="entry">French dominion recognized at Tilsit,</span> 54;<br> +<span class="entry">temporal appointment of bishops in,</span> 68;<br> +<span class="entry">ecclesiastical difficulties in,</span> 67, 305;<br> +<span class="entry">relations of France with,</span> 73;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal to lay under commercial tribute to France,</span> 74;<br> +<span class="entry">French nobility endowed with lands in,</span> 87;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> royal progress through,</span> 109;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> firm hold on,</span> 109;<br> +<span class="entry">as a highway to India,</span> 111;<br> +<span class="entry">lack of an heir to the throne,</span> 112;<br> +<span class="entry">abolition of the hostile strip between Naples and,</span> 118;<br> +<span class="entry">annexation of Papal States,</span> to, 68, 118;<br> +<span class="entry">Etruria incorporated with kingdom,</span> 120, 129;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> visits (Nov.,</span> 1808), 128;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> offers the crown to Lucien,</span> 129;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria looks for indemnities in,</span> 195;<br> +<span class="entry">hopes of the Hapsburgs to regain territory in,</span> 199;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page433" name="page433"></a>(p. 433)</span> +<span class="entry">defeat of Prince Eugène by Archduke John in,</span> 201;<br> +<span class="entry">Archduke John in,</span> 211;<br> +<span class="entry">consolidation of,</span> under the Napoleon family, 215;<br> +<span class="entry">extinguishment of Austria's hopes in,</span> 215;<br> +<span class="entry">the city of Rome incorporated with,</span> 242;<br> +<span class="entry">Machiavelli and Daunou on the attitude of the Church of Rome toward,</span> 262;<br> +<span class="entry">breaking the chains of ecclesiastical oppression in,</span> 264;<br> +<span class="entry">substitution of military despotism,</span> 264;<br> +<span class="entry">allotment of Austrian lands to,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">England's paper blockade of,</span> 267;<br> +<span class="entry">Eugène made viceroy of,</span> 279;<br> +<span class="entry">"the flank of France,"</span> 282;<br> +<span class="entry">confiscation in,</span> 296;<br> +<span class="entry">furnishes contingent to <i>N.'s</i> army,</span> 324;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> ruler of,</span> 382;<br> +<span class="entry">Roman Catholic influence in,</span> 391;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> refuses to cede any part of,</span> 392;<br> +<span class="entry">Eugène ordered to raise a new army in,</span> 408, 414;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal to liberate her from France,</span> 416;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria seeks to regain ascendancy in,</span> 423; iv. +<a href="#page030">30</a>, +<a href="#page041">41</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> offers to guarantee the unity of,</span> +<a href="#page030">30</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">sowing the seeds of unity for,</span> +<a href="#page037">37</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of the battle of Leipsic on,</span> +<a href="#page037">37</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">confusion in,</span> +<a href="#page039">39</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Alfieri's work in,</span> +<a href="#page039">39</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">humiliation of,</span> +<a href="#page039">39</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed independence of,</span> +<a href="#page041">41</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">fails to support <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page056">56</a>, +<a href="#page059">59</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">lost to France,</span> +<a href="#page056">56</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> renounces the throne of,</span> +<a href="#page131">131</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">feels the Austrian yoke,</span> +<a href="#page144">144</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">revulsion of feeling toward <i>N.</i> in,</span> +<a href="#page144">144</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">plots against <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page150">150</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">social reforms in,</span> +<a href="#page255">255</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">after-effects of the Revolution,</span> +<a href="#page255">255</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> task in,</span> +<a href="#page255">255</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">French influences in,</span> +<a href="#page299">299</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria driven from,</span> +<a href="#page300">300</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ivan</b>,</span> body physician to the Emperor, iv. +<a href="#page130">130</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ivrea</b>,</span> attacked by Lannes, ii. 171;<br> +<span class="entry">capture of,</span> 172.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Izquierdo</b>,</span> Spanish minister to France, iii. 120;<br> +<span class="entry">conducts negotiations between Spain and France,</span> 133;<br> +<span class="entry">reports failure of his mission,</span> 133.</p> + + +<h5>J</h5> + +<p><span class="name"><b>Jackson, Andrew</b>,</span> at New Orleans, iv. +<a href="#page169">169</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Jacobin Club, the</b>,</span> foundation of, i. 107;<br> +<span class="entry">influence,</span> 151, 153, 157;<br> +<span class="entry">letter from <i>N.</i> to,</span> 176;<br> +<span class="entry">closing of,</span> 271.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Jacobinism</b>,</span> in <i>N.'s</i> early life, i. 148;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> renounces,</span> 253;<br> +<span class="entry">its decline in France,</span> ii. 2;<br> +<span class="entry">French hatred of,</span> 36;<br> +<span class="entry">rising tide of (1799),</span> 94;<br> +<span class="entry">Pitt's delusion concerning <i>N.</i> and,</span> 143;<br> +<span class="entry">decadence and obliteration of,</span> 195, 235, 258, 261;<br> +<span class="entry">effect on <i>N.</i>,</span> iv. +<a href="#page251">251</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Jacobins, the</b>,</span> declare open hostility to Louis XVI, i. 171, 194;<br> +<span class="entry">Danton's leadership in,</span> 187;<br> +<span class="entry">struggle between the Girondists and,</span> 188;<br> +<span class="entry">position in the National Convention,</span> 188, 266;<br> +<span class="entry">connection of the Buonapartes with,</span> 212;<br> +<span class="entry">supremacy of,</span> 212, 236;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated by the Girondists in Marseilles,</span> 213;<br> +<span class="entry">intensity of their movement,</span> 220;<br> +<span class="entry">disorders of their rule,</span> 248;<br> +<span class="entry">decline of their power,</span> 266, 268, 297; ii. 2;<br> +<span class="entry">military successes,</span> i. 268;<br> +<span class="entry">influence among the Thermidorians,</span> 271;<br> +<span class="entry">tyranny of,</span> 273;<br> +<span class="entry">strive for the mastery,</span> 278;<br> +<span class="entry">reaction in favor of,</span> 283;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> relations with,</span> 183, 304;<br> +<span class="entry">influence in the Directory,</span> ii. 49;<br> +<span class="entry">activity in May elections (1799),</span> 91;<br> +<span class="entry">political faith,</span> 94;<br> +<span class="entry">influence in the Five Hundred,</span> 97;<br> +<span class="entry">suppression of their section of the press,</span> 96;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude on the 19th Brumaire,</span> 115;<br> +<span class="entry">end of the party,</span> 120, 125;<br> +<span class="entry">financial effects of their rule,</span> 134;<br> +<span class="entry">legislation against,</span> 134;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude toward the Church,</span> 205;<br> +<span class="entry">assassination schemes among,</span> 239, 241;<br> +<span class="entry">reputed rising in France,</span> 298;<br> +<span class="entry">England fosters the spirit of insurrection among the,</span> 300;<br> +<span class="entry">alienated from <i>N.</i>,</span> iv. +<a href="#page166">166</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">subservient to <i>N.'s</i> will,</span> +<a href="#page259">259</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Jaffa</b>,</span> bombardment of, ii. 69;<br> +<span class="entry">massacre and license at,</span> 70;<br> +<span class="entry">the French hospitals at,</span> 74, 75;<br> +<span class="entry">stories of <i>N.'s</i> inhumanity at,</span> 75;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page434" name="page434"></a>(p. 434)</span> +<span class="entry">the retreat from,</span> 76.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Jamestown, St. Helena</b>,</span> iv. +<a href="#page228">228</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Janina, Pasha of</b>,</span> rebellious spirit of, ii. 17.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Janizaries</b>,</span> rebellion of the, iii. 33, 163.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Jason</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> likened to, iii. 387.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Jauberthon, Mme. de</b>,</span> marries Lucien Buonaparte, iii. 129.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Jaucourt, ——</b>,</span> royalist intrigues of, iv. +<a href="#page107">107</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">letter of,</span> March 17, 1814, +<a href="#page107">107</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the executive commission,</span> +<a href="#page115">115</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Jay treaty, the</b>,</span> ii. 212.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Jemmapes</b>,</span> battle of, i. 194.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Jefferson, Thomas</b>,</span> his embargo policy, iii. 101, 102.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Jena</b>,</span> battle of, ii. 429-434;<br> +<span class="entry">moral effect upon Prussia,</span> 435;<br> +<span class="entry">practical results to the French,</span> 437;<br> +<span class="entry">Prussia's humiliation at,</span> iii. 57;<br> +<span class="entry">a royal hare-hunt on the field of,</span> 178;<br> +<span class="entry">immediate effects of the battle,</span> 190;<br> +<span class="entry">patriotism in the university,</span> 398;<br> +<span class="entry">the strategy of,</span> 404.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Jena, the bridge of</b>,</span> in Paris, iii. 74.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Jerome</b></span> (king of Westphalia), violates the Continental System, iii. 266;<br> +<span class="entry">acquires Hanover and Magdeburg,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">hesitates about furnishing new levies,</span> iv. +<a href="#page394">394</a>.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#buonapartejerome"><b>Buonaparte, Jerome</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Jesuits</b>,</span> Carlo Buonaparte's claims against the, i. 32, 43, 63;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander seeks their influence in Poland,</span> iii. 384.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Jesus Christ</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> compares Apollonius of Tyana with, ii. 206.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Jews</b>,</span> in Corsica, i. 16;<br> +<span class="entry">Paoli's relations with the,</span> 16;<br> +<span class="entry">rights and duties under the Code,</span> ii. 224;<br> +<span class="entry">the Semitic question in France,</span> iii. 75-78;<br> +<span class="entry">general Sanhedrim of,</span> 76;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> legislation concerning,</span> 85;<br> +<span class="entry">liable to military service,</span> 77;<br> +<span class="entry">regulations for Alsace,</span> 77;<br> +<span class="entry">present standing in France,</span> 77; iv. +<a href="#page259">259</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Jezzar</b>,</span> commanding Turkish troops in Syria, ii. 68-71;<br> +<span class="entry">N. reports his massacres to,</span> 70;<br> +<span class="entry">reinforcements from Damascus for,</span> 71.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Joachim I</b>,</span> grand duke of Cleves and Berg, ii. 403.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#murat"><b>Murat</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>John, Archduke</b>,</span> succeeds Kray in command, ii. 188;<br> +<span class="entry">forces of,</span> 188;<br> +<span class="entry">position on the Inn,</span> 191;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Hohenlinden,</span> 191;<br> +<span class="entry">reaches Marburg,</span> 367;<br> +<span class="entry">to excite revolt in the Tyrol,</span> iii. 199;<br> +<span class="entry">defeats Prince Eugène,</span> 201;<br> +<span class="entry">abandons the Tyrol,</span> 211;<br> +<span class="entry">escapes from Macdonald into Hungary,</span> 212;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to Linz,</span> 216;<br> +<span class="entry">at Völkermarkt,</span> 217;<br> +<span class="entry">in Hungary,</span> 225;<br> +<span class="entry">driven into Hungary by Eugène,</span> 226;<br> +<span class="entry">preparations to oppose,</span> 226;<br> +<span class="entry">advances toward Raab,</span> 226;<br> +<span class="entry">in Presburg,</span> 227, 228, 230;<br> +<span class="entry">turns to guard Hungary,</span> 231;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to attack,</span> 230;<br> +<span class="entry">accused of criminal negligence,</span> 230;<br> +<span class="entry">banished to Styria,</span> 230;<br> +<span class="entry">proposes to continue the war,</span> 235;<br> +<span class="entry">quarrels with Charles,</span> 235.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>John, Don</b>,</span> regent of Portugal, iii. 119;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> 119;<br> +<span class="entry">yields to demands of France,</span> 120;<br> +<span class="entry">plan to capture,</span> 121;<br> +<span class="entry">Bellesca organizes rebellion in favor of,</span> 122.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Jomini, Henri</b>,</span> on the Eckmühl campaign, iii. 210;<br> +<span class="entry">records <i>N.'s</i> warlike spirit,</span> 326;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> military confidences and conversations with,</span> 333, 338;<br> +<span class="entry">alleged hostility of Berthier to,</span> iv. +<a href="#page002">2</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">goes over to the allies,</span> +<a href="#page002">2</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">military genius,</span> +<a href="#page002">2</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Jouan, Gulf of</b>,</span> landing of <i>N.</i> on shores of, iv. +<a href="#page153">153</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Joubert, Gen. B. C.</b>,</span> in Rivoli campaign, i. 410-415;<br> +<span class="entry">occupies Rivoli,</span> 410;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations in the Tyrol,</span> 431, 435;<br> +<span class="entry">joins <i>N.</i>,</span> 435;<br> +<span class="entry">withdraws from the Tyrol,</span> 436, 442;<br> +<span class="entry">French agent in the Netherlands,</span> ii. 38;<br> +<span class="entry">to succeed <i>N.</i> in Italy,</span> 73;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated and killed at Novi,</span> 83, 92, 96;<br> +<span class="entry">succeeds Moreau,</span> 92;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with Sieyès,</span> 92;<br> +<span class="entry">statue at the Tuileries,</span> 147.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Jourdan, Gen. J. B.</b>,</span> defeats the Austrians at Fleurus, i. 273;<br> +<span class="entry">suspected of intrigue,</span> 278;<br> +<span class="entry">a product of Carnot's system,</span> 332;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page435" name="page435"></a>(p. 435)</span> +<span class="entry">saved from defeat at Maubeuge,</span> 332;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding forces at Düsseldorf,</span> 347;<br> +<span class="entry">military genius,</span> 350;<br> +<span class="entry">seizes Würzburg,</span> 385;<br> +<span class="entry">meets with disaster in Germany,</span> 385;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated near Ratisbon,</span> 385;<br> +<span class="entry">wins battle of Altenkirchen,</span> 385;<br> +<span class="entry">disgraced,</span> 450;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the Five Hundred,</span> ii. 72;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding Army of the Danube,</span> 72;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to central Germany,</span> 87;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated at Ostrach and Stockach,</span> 88;<br> +<span class="entry">succeeded by Lenouf,</span> 88;<br> +<span class="entry">carries out conscription measures,</span> 93;<br> +<span class="entry">Jacobin candidate for supreme command,</span> 94;<br> +<span class="entry">demands a vote of "public danger,"</span> 96;<br> +<span class="entry">fails to attend banquet at St. Sulpice,</span> 100;<br> +<span class="entry">warned to keep the peace,</span> 109;<br> +<span class="entry">legislation aimed against,</span> 134;<br> +<span class="entry">annexes Piedmont,</span> 233;<br> +<span class="entry">victory at Fleurus,</span> 323;<br> +<span class="entry">pacification of Piedmont,</span> 323;<br> +<span class="entry">created marshal,</span> 323;<br> +<span class="entry">military adviser to Joseph,</span> iii. 183;<br> +<span class="entry">goes over to Louis XVIII,</span> iv. +<a href="#page132">132</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">recreated marshal,</span> +<a href="#page167">167</a>.<br> + +<span class="name">"<b>Journal of Debates</b>,"</span> the, iii. 88.<br> + +<span class="name">"<b>Journal of the Empire</b>,"</span> the, iii. 88.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Joux</b>,</span> imprisonment and death of Toussaint Louverture in castle of, ii. 237.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Judicial administration, the</b>,</span> ii. 149-153.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Judiciary</b>,</span> reform of the, i. 152.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>July 14</b>,</span> celebration of, ii. 195.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Junot, Gen. Andoche</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> wins the admiration of, i. 237;<br> +<span class="entry">letters from <i>N.</i>,</span> 255; iii. 356, 357;<br> +<span class="entry">accompanies <i>N.</i> to Paris,</span> i. 263;<br> +<span class="entry">delivers <i>N.'s</i> terms to Venice,</span> 437;<br> +<span class="entry">escorts Josephine to Montebello,</span> 455;<br> +<span class="entry">formulates demand on the Venetian senate,</span> ii. 11;<br> +<span class="entry">service in Egypt,</span> 53;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Esdraelon,</span> 72;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to leave Egypt,</span> 81;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered with "corps of observation" to Portugal,</span> iii. 67;<br> +<span class="entry">his venality and greed,</span> 81, 122;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to invade Portugal,</span> 120;<br> +<span class="entry">reaches Abrantès,</span> 121;<br> +<span class="entry">garrisons Portuguese fortresses,</span> 121;<br> +<span class="entry">prepares for invasion of Spain,</span> 121;<br> +<span class="entry">reaches Lisbon,</span> 121;<br> +<span class="entry">military administration in Portugal,</span> 122;<br> +<span class="entry">goes to Oporto,</span> 122;<br> +<span class="entry">aspires to the crown of Portugal,</span> 122, 287;<br> +<span class="entry">revulsion of feeling in Portugal against,</span> 122;<br> +<span class="entry">appointed governor of Portugal,</span> 132;<br> +<span class="entry">strength in Portugal,</span> 156;<br> +<span class="entry">Bessières ordered to connect with,</span> 157;<br> +<span class="entry">precarious situation,</span> 157;<br> +<span class="entry">escapes to Cintra,</span> 157;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated at Vimeiro,</span> 158;<br> +<span class="entry">surrenders at Cintra,</span> 158, 159, 186;<br> +<span class="entry">returns to France,</span> 157;<br> +<span class="entry">forces in Spain,</span> 183;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated by the Black Legion at Berneck,</span> 234;<br> +<span class="entry">in Leon,</span> 283;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Borodino,</span> 344.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Junot, Mme.</b>,</span> i. 283;<br> +<span class="entry">opinions of <i>N.</i>,</span> ii. 197;<br> +<span class="entry">ancient lineage of,</span> iii. 122.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Jura Mountains</b>,</span> proposed boundary for Germany, iii. 320.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Jüterbog</b>,</span> Bernadotte at, iv. +<a href="#page018">18</a>.</p> + + +<h5>K</h5> + +<p><span class="name"><b>Kaja</b>,</span> fighting at, iii. 405.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Kalatscha, River</b>,</span> military operations on the, iii. 343-344.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Kalish, treaty of</b>,</span> Feb. 28, 1813, iii. 385, 398.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Kalkreuth, Gen.</b>,</span> Prussian commander, ii. 419;<br> +<span class="entry">defense of Dantzic,</span> iii. 22;<br> +<span class="entry">at Tilsit,</span> 49;<br> +<span class="entry">agreement to evacuate Prussia,</span> 99.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Kaluga</b>,</span> extension of the Russian lines toward, iii. 351;<br> +<span class="entry">French retreat toward,</span> 353.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Kamenski, Gen.</b>,</span> Russian general-in-chief, iii. 8;<br> +<span class="entry">mistake at battle of Pultusk,</span> 9;<br> +<span class="entry">retired,</span> 9.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Kandahar</b>,</span> projected rising against England in, iii. 21.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Kapzewitch, Gen.</b>,</span> reinforces Blücher at Montmirail, iv. +<a href="#page063">63</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Karl August</b>,</span> Duke of Saxe-Weimar, accepts French terms after Jena, ii. 443.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Karlings, the</b>,</span> the legitimacy of, ii. 325.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Kastel</b>,</span> Bertrand stationed at, iv. +<a href="#page054">54</a>.<br> + + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page436" name="page436"></a>(p. 436)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Katzbach, River</b>,</span> Blücher crosses the, iv. +<a href="#page007">7</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of,</span> +<a href="#page015">15</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Kehl</b>,</span> Moreau crosses the Rhine at, i. 385.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Keith, Adm. G. K. E.</b>,</span> expedition against Genoa, ii. 160;<br> +<span class="entry">gratitude to <i>N.</i> for favors,</span> iv. +<a href="#page226">226</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">announces the sentence of imprisonment to <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page226">226</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Kellermann, Gen. F. C.</b>,</span> defeats the allies at Valmy, i. 194;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding forces in the Alps,</span> 213, 347;<br> +<span class="entry">plans of the Directory regarding,</span> 363;<br> +<span class="entry">in Savoy,</span> 365;<br> +<span class="entry">receives subsidy from <i>N.</i>,</span> 365;<br> +<span class="entry">proposition that he organize republics in Italy,</span> 372.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Kellermann, Gen. F. E.</b>,</span> in battle of Marengo, ii. 180, 272;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Leipsic,</span> iv. +<a href="#page029">29</a>, +<a href="#page032">32</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII,</span> +<a href="#page132">132</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">recreated marshal,</span> +<a href="#page132">132</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">in the Waterloo campaign,</span> +<a href="#page172">172</a>, +<a href="#page173">173</a>, +<a href="#page182">182</a>, +<a href="#page203">203</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Quatre Bras,</span> +<a href="#page182">182</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Kemberg</b>,</span> Blücher's march to, iv. +<a href="#page022">22</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Keralio, M. de</b>,</span> commends <i>N.'s</i> ability, i. 56, 57.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Khiva</b>,</span> proposed Franco-Russian expedition via, ii. 194.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Kienmayer, Gen.</b>,</span> Austrian commandant in Franconia, iii. 234.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Kilmaine, Gen. C. J.</b>,</span> watches Venice, i. 431.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"King of the French," or "King of France,"</b></span> i. 119.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Kings</b>,</span> divine right of, iv. +<a href="#page250">250</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Kinzig</b>,</span> the Austrian line at, ii. 160.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Kinzig, River</b>,</span> military operations on the, iv. +<a href="#page036">36</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Kirchener, Gen.</b>,</span> killed at Reichenbach, iii. 411.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Klagenfurt</b>,</span> capture of, i. 434;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> in,</span> 435;<br> +<span class="entry">invasion of the Tyrol from,</span> iii. 234.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Kléber, Gen. J. B.</b>,</span> military successes of, i. 274;<br> +<span class="entry">a product of Carnot's system,</span> 332;<br> +<span class="entry">service in Egypt,</span> ii. 53 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">marches on Syria,</span> 69;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Esdraelon,</span> 71, 72;<br> +<span class="entry">at the siege of Acre,</span> 74;<br> +<span class="entry">in the battle of Aboukir,</span> 78;<br> +<span class="entry">appointed to chief command of army in Egypt,</span> 80;<br> +<span class="entry">instructions for evacuating Egypt,</span> 81;<br> +<span class="entry">protests against <i>N.'s</i> conduct,</span> 81;<br> +<span class="entry">deceived by <i>N.</i>,</span> 81;<br> +<span class="entry">prepares to evacuate Egypt,</span> 143;<br> +<span class="entry">military genius,</span> 189;<br> +<span class="entry">concludes treaty of El Arish,</span> 189;<br> +<span class="entry">his admirable administration,</span> 181;<br> +<span class="entry">assassination of,</span> 181, 211;<br> +<span class="entry">succeeded by Menou,</span> 181.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Klein, Gen.</b>,</span> in the Austerlitz campaign, ii. 380;<br> +<span class="entry">Blücher's duplicity to,</span> 436.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Kleist, Gen.</b>,</span> in battle of Bautzen, iii. 410;<br> +<span class="entry">Prussian commissioner at Poischwitz,</span> 415, 417;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Kulm,</span> iv. +<a href="#page015">15</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">reinforces Blücher at Montmirail,</span> +<a href="#page063">63</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">displaced,</span> +<a href="#page172">172</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Klenau, Gen.</b>,</span> at surrender of Mantua, i. 417;<br> +<span class="entry">threatens Augereau,</span> ii. 192;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding under Archduke John,</span> 188;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Wagram,</span> iii. 228;<br> +<span class="entry">march from Tharandt to Dresden,</span> iv. +<a href="#page010">10</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Knight of Malta, the</b>,</span> letters from the Czar to, i. 424;<br> +<span class="entry">death of,</span> ii. 18.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Knights of St. John of Malta, the</b>,</span> corruption among, ii. 56;<br> +<span class="entry">wars against the Turks,</span> 58;<br> +<span class="entry">Paul I seeks to head,</span> 154;<br> +<span class="entry">Malta restored to,</span> 262, 267.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Kobelnitz</b>,</span> military operations near, ii. 385.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Kolberg</b>,</span> Bennigsen attempts to succor, iii. 10;<br> +<span class="entry">siege abandoned,</span> 20;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> demands,</span> as a pledge, 36.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Kolin</b>,</span> battle of, iv. +<a href="#page267">267</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Koller, Gen.</b>,</span> Austrian commissioner at Fontainebleau, iv. +<a href="#page135">135</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">suggests an asylum for <i>N.</i> in England,</span> +<a href="#page135">135</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">accompanies <i>N.</i> to Elba,</span> +<a href="#page140">140</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">quits Elba,</span> +<a href="#page142">142</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Kollowrath, Gen.</b>,</span> in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to seize Linz,</span> iii. 216.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Königsberg</b>,</span> Lestocq's retreat to, ii. 435;<br> +<span class="entry">Ney's false move toward,</span> iii. 8;<br> +<span class="entry">Frederick William shut up in,</span> 9;<br> +<span class="entry">Bennigsen's defense of,</span> 14;<br> +<span class="entry">Bennigsen retreats to,</span> 18;<br> +<span class="entry">Russian retreat toward,</span> 30;<br> +<span class="entry">Lestocq driven into,</span> 31;<br> +<span class="entry">reinforcements for Bennigsen from,</span> 31;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> leaves Tilsit for,</span> 65;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page437" name="page437"></a>(p. 437)</span> +<span class="entry">the League of Virtue in,</span> 103;<br> +<span class="entry">popularity of Stein's measures at,</span> 193;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander I at,</span> 194;<br> +<span class="entry">Murat enters,</span> 384;<br> +<span class="entry">patriotism in the university,</span> 398;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed new capital for Prussia,</span> 409.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Korner, Theodor</b>,</span> incites Prussian patriotism, iii. 397.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Korneuburg</b>,</span> military operations near, iii. 217.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Korsakoff, Gen.</b>,</span> defeated by Masséna at Zürich, ii. 93, 142.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Kosciusko, Tadeusz</b>,</span> lack of faith in <i>N.</i>, ii. 444, 445.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Kösen</b>,</span> the allies outwitted at, iv. +<a href="#page035">35</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Kossuth, Louis</b>,</span> charges treachery against Maria Louisa, iii. 418.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Kottbus</b>,</span> ceded to Saxony, iii. 62.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Kourakine, Count</b>,</span> at Tilsit, iii. 49;<br> +<span class="entry">Russian ambassador to France,</span> 314;<br> +<span class="entry">injured by fire,</span> 314;<br> +<span class="entry">leaves Paris for St. Petersburg,</span> 315;<br> +<span class="entry">takes <i>N.'s</i> messages to Alexander,</span> 315.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Krasnoi</b>,</span> the French retreat through, iii. 363-366;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> coolness at,</span> 365;<br> +<span class="entry">compared to Hanau,</span> iv. +<a href="#page035">35</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Kray, Gen. Paul</b>,</span> commanding Austrian troops on the Rhine, ii. 161;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> plans to defeat,</span> 163;<br> +<span class="entry">abandons Donaueschingen,</span> 166;<br> +<span class="entry">outwitted by Moreau,</span> 166;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated by Moreau at Engen,</span> 167;<br> +<span class="entry">retreats toward the Danube,</span> 166;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated at Messkirch,</span> 167;<br> +<span class="entry">superseded by Archkude John,</span> 188.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Kremlin, the</b>,</span> iii. 345, 348;<br> +<span class="entry">French occupation of,</span> 345, 349;<br> +<span class="entry">pillaged,</span> 349;<br> +<span class="entry">failure to destroy,</span> 335, 356.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Krems</b>,</span> Kutusoff crosses the Danube at, ii. 367.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Kronach</b>,</span> the Imperial Guard at, ii. 428.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Krossen</b>,</span> proposed allotment of, to Saxony, iii. 409.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Kulm</b>,</span> battle of, iv. +<a href="#page014">14</a>, +<a href="#page015">15</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Kunersdorf</b>,</span> battle of, iv. +<a href="#page267">267</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Küstrin</b>,</span> capitulation of, ii. 436;<br> +<span class="entry">held by the French,</span> iii. 402;<br> +<span class="entry">relief of the French garrison in,</span> iv. +<a href="#page002">2</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Kutusoff, Gen. M. L. G.</b>,</span> moves toward Brünn, ii. 367;<br> +<span class="entry">crosses the Danube at Krems,</span> 367;<br> +<span class="entry">escapes from Murat,</span> 378;<br> +<span class="entry">pursued by the French,</span> 379;<br> +<span class="entry">at Schrattenthal,</span> 379;<br> +<span class="entry">outwits Murat at Hollabrunn,</span> 379;<br> +<span class="entry">joins Austrian and Russian troops' at Brünn,</span> 379, 380;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Austerlitz,</span> 386-390;<br> +<span class="entry">succeeds Barclay de Tolly,</span> iii. 343;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Borodino,</span> 343, 344;<br> +<span class="entry">flight from Borodino,</span> 345;<br> +<span class="entry">claims the victory,</span> 345, 347;<br> +<span class="entry">reinforcements for,</span> 350;<br> +<span class="entry">takes position at Tarutino,</span> 350;<br> +<span class="entry">menaces the French in Moscow,</span> 350;<br> +<span class="entry">refers Lauriston to St. Petersburg,</span> 351;<br> +<span class="entry">extends his line toward Kaluga,</span> 351;<br> +<span class="entry">feigned movement against,</span> 353-356;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated at Malojaroslavetz,</span> 355;<br> +<span class="entry">Russian failure to reinforce,</span> 359;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> plans an ambush for,</span> 360;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Wiazma,</span> 359;<br> +<span class="entry">his allies Want and Winter,</span> 360, 372;<br> +<span class="entry">at Krasnoi,</span> 364;<br> +<span class="entry">pursuit of the French army,</span> 366;<br> +<span class="entry">mistake as to <i>N.'s</i> movements,</span> 370;<br> +<span class="entry">responsibility for further bloodshed,</span> 374;<br> +<span class="entry">"the plain gentleman of Pskoff,"</span> 375;<br> +<span class="entry">bad generalship of,</span> 374, 384;<br> +<span class="entry">losses in the campaign,</span> 383;<br> +<span class="entry">enters Vilna,</span> 383;<br> +<span class="entry">desires peace,</span> 383;<br> +<span class="entry">advance through Poland,</span> 395;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> seeks Austrian aid to check,</span> 396;<br> +<span class="entry">issues proclamation to German princes,</span> 398;<br> +<span class="entry">death,</span> 399.</p> + + +<h5>L</h5> + +<p><span class="name"><b>Labanoff, Prince</b>,</span> comes to Bennigsen's aid after Friedland, iii. 32;<br> +<span class="entry">conducts negotiations with <i>N.</i>,</span> 37;<br> +<span class="entry">at Tilsit,</span> 49.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Labédoyère, Gen. C. A. H.</b>,</span> determines to support <i>N.</i>, iv. +<a href="#page156">156</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">imprisoned and condemned to death,</span> +<a href="#page223">223</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Laber, River</b>,</span> military operations on the, iii. 207, 208.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Laborde, Alexandre de</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> confidential agent in the treaty of Schönbrunn, iii. 252;<br> +<span class="entry">suggests the marriage of <i>N.</i> and Maria Louisa,</span> 252.<br> + + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page438" name="page438"></a>(p. 438)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Labouchere, Henry</b>,</span> mission from Holland to England, iii. 271.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>La Carolina</b>,</span> defeat of Dupont at, iii. 156.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lacombe-Saint-Michel, J. P.</b>,</span> secures <i>N.'s</i> appointment to the Army of the West, i. 263;<br> +<span class="entry">member of Committee of Safety,</span> 263.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>La Cour de France</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> at, iv. +<a href="#page105">105</a>, +<a href="#page116">116</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>La Cuesta, Gen.</b>,</span> defeated at Medina de Rio Seco, iii. 156.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>La Favorita</b>,</span> battle of, i. 415, 416.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lafayette, Marquis de</b>,</span> commands the National Guard, i. 110;<br> +<span class="entry">endeavors to calm the National Assembly,</span> 174, 176;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> on,</span> 176;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding armies in the North,</span> 179;<br> +<span class="entry">pronounces against popular excesses,</span> 179;<br> +<span class="entry">flight,</span> and capture by the Austrians, 179;<br> +<span class="entry">released from Austrian prison,</span> 456; ii. 148, 247;<br> +<span class="entry">possible successor to <i>N.</i>,</span> 186;<br> +<span class="entry">influence on the Consulate,</span> 195;<br> +<span class="entry">remonstrates against <i>N.'s</i> life consulship,</span> 247;<br> +<span class="entry">supports the chambers,</span> iv. +<a href="#page217">217</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> forgiveness for,</span> +<a href="#page233">233</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>La Fère</b>,</span> the regiment of, i. 66;<br> +<span class="entry">the regiment at Douay,</span> 81;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered on special service,</span> 86;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> service in,</span> 94, 144;<br> +<span class="entry">mutiny in,</span> 112;<br> +<span class="entry">transformed into the First Regiment,</span> 149.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>La Ferté-sous-Jouarre</b>,</span> military movements near, iv. +<a href="#page063">63</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> rapid march to,</span> +<a href="#page071">71</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Laffont</b>,</span> royalist leader, i. 298;<br> +<span class="entry">on the 13th Vendémiaire,</span> 303;<br> +<span class="entry">executed,</span> 304.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Laffray</b>,</span> dramatic welcome to the returned Emperor at, iv. +<a href="#page156">156</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> offers himself to the bullets of the Fifth Regiment at,</span> +<a href="#page155">155</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>La Flèche</b>,</span> the military school at, i. 48.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>La Force</b>,</span> imprisonment of Malet in, iii. 376.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lagrange, Gen.</b>,</span> moves against Castaños, iii. 185;<br> +<span class="entry">transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII,</span> iv. +<a href="#page132">132</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lagrange, J. L.</b>,</span> created baron, iii. 297.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Laharpe, Gen.</b>,</span> general of division, Army of Italy, i. 345;<br> +<span class="entry">attacked by Beaulieu at Voltri,</span> 353, 354;<br> +<span class="entry">retreats to Savona,</span> 353;<br> +<span class="entry">killed at Fombio,</span> 359;<br> +<span class="entry">tutor to Alexander I,</span> iii. 118.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>La Haye</b>,</span> the farms of, iv. +<a href="#page194">194</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"> fighting at,</span> +<a href="#page206">206</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>La Haye Sainte</b>,</span> the farm-house of, iv. +<a href="#page194">194</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">fighting at,</span> +<a href="#page201">201</a>-204, +<a href="#page210">210</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lahorie, Gen. V.</b>,</span> engaged in Malet's conspiracy, iii. 376.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Laine, J. H. J.</b>,</span> radical member of the senate, iv. +<a href="#page114">114</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lajolais, Gen. F.</b>,</span> plots of, in the Cadoudal conspiracy, ii. 298;<br> +<span class="entry">implicates Moreau,</span> 298.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>La Junquera</b>,</span> Saint-Cyr at, iii. 183.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lakanal, Joseph</b>,</span> provides for mixed schools, ii. 226.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lake Constance</b>,</span> Kray's communications via, to be cut, ii. 164.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lallemand, Gen. C. F. A.</b>,</span> proposes asylum for <i>N.</i> on an American ship, iv. +<a href="#page221">221</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiations with Capt. Maitland,</span> +<a href="#page223">223</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lallemant, M.</b>,</span> French republican agent in Venice, i. 445; ii. 10.<br> + +<span class="name">"<b>L'Ambigu</b>,"</span> published in London, ii. 270;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> lampooned in,</span> 270.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lambrecht</b>,</span> royalist intrigues of, iv. +<a href="#page106">106</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>La Mortilla</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> prepares plans for its defense, i. 91.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>La Mure</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> welcome at, on return from Elba, iv. +<a href="#page155">155</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Land</b>,</span> tenure at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 16, 102, 105, 109.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Landes, Department of the</b>,</span> exempt from legislation concerning Jews, iii. 77.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Landgrafenberg</b>,</span> military operations at, ii. 429.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Landsberg</b>,</span> engagement at, iii. 14.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Landshut</b>,</span> military movements near, iii. 206-209, 216;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at,</span> 208;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of,</span> 210;<br> +<span class="entry">Archduke Charles's military mistake at,</span> 216.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Langeron, Gen. Andrault</b>,</span> in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 388;<br> +<span class="entry">captures Rheims,</span> iv. +<a href="#page080">80</a>;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page439" name="page439"></a>(p. 439)</span> +<span class="entry">on the dissensions in Blücher's army,</span> +<a href="#page080">80</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">on the terror of <i>N.'s</i> name,</span> +<a href="#page084">84</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Langres</b>,</span> military movements near, iv. +<a href="#page058">58</a>, +<a href="#page068">68</a>, +<a href="#page095">95</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lanjuinais, Jean D.</b>,</span> president of House of Deputies, iv. +<a href="#page167">167</a>.<br> + +<a id="lannes" name="lannes"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Lannes, Gen. Jean</b>,</span> recommended for promotion, i. 357;<br> +<span class="entry">threatens Genoa,</span> 373;<br> +<span class="entry">service in Egypt,</span> ii. 53;<br> +<span class="entry">wounded at Acre,</span> 76;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Aboukir,</span> 79;<br> +<span class="entry">accompanies <i>N.</i> on his return from Alexandria,</span> 81;<br> +<span class="entry">action on the 18th Brumaire,</span> 105;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding at the Tuileries,</span> 108;<br> +<span class="entry">crosses the St. Bernard,</span> 169-171;<br> +<span class="entry">attacks Ivrea,</span> 171;<br> +<span class="entry">hesitates at Fort Bard,</span> 171;<br> +<span class="entry">reaches Aosta,</span> 171;<br> +<span class="entry">defeats Ott at Casteggio,</span> 177;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding corps at Marengo,</span> 176-180;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Montebello,</span> 196;<br> +<span class="entry">restored to favor,</span> 277;<br> +<span class="entry">created marshal,</span> 323;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> 364; iii. 208, 223;<br> +<span class="entry">captures Braunau,</span> ii. 367;<br> +<span class="entry">pursues the Russians,</span> 378;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Austerlitz,</span> 386, 388;<br> +<span class="entry">at Coburg,</span> 427;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Jena,</span> 429;<br> +<span class="entry">seizes Dessau,</span> 436;<br> +<span class="entry">pursues Hohenlohe,</span> 436;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to the Narew,</span> iii. 3;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Pultusk,</span> 4;<br> +<span class="entry">strength in Poland,</span> 7;<br> +<span class="entry">sickness,</span> 13;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Heilsberg,</span> 29;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Friedland,</span> 30;<br> +<span class="entry">created Duke of Montebello,</span> 86;<br> +<span class="entry">familiarity with <i>N.</i>,</span> 93;<br> +<span class="entry">moves against Castaños,</span> 185;<br> +<span class="entry">movements before Ratisbon,</span> 208;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Eckmühl,</span> 209;<br> +<span class="entry">at the crossing of the Danube at Lobau,</span> 217;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Essling,</span> 220, 223;<br> +<span class="entry">mortally wounded,</span> 223;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> grief at loss of,</span> 223;<br> +<span class="entry">reproaches <i>N.</i> for his ambition,</span> 223;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> saves him from drowning,</span> 241;<br> +<span class="entry">warns <i>N.</i> against treachery,</span> 325;<br> +<span class="entry">characterization of Talleyrand,</span> iv. +<a href="#page107">107</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lanusse, Gen. F.</b>,</span> recommended for promotion, i. 357.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Laon</b>,</span> battle of, iv. +<a href="#page076">76</a>-81, +<a href="#page084">84</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at,</span> +<a href="#page216">216</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Laplace, P. S.</b>,</span> Minister of the Interior, ii. 131;<br> +<span class="entry">succeeded by Lucien Buonaparte,</span> 131;<br> +<span class="entry">created baron,</span> iii. 297.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lapoype, Gen. J. F.</b>,</span> feeling against in Marseilles, i. 239;<br> +<span class="entry">acquitted by the Convention,</span> 240.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Larevellière-Lépeaux, Louis-Marie de</b>,</span> member of the Directory, i. 309, 330, 331; ii. 35;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> i. 310;<br> +<span class="entry">dissatisfied with treaty of Leoben,</span> 441;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> relations with,</span> ii. 23;<br> +<span class="entry">resigns from the Directory,</span> 92.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>La Rochejaquelein, Gen. L. du V.</b>,</span> killed, iv. +<a href="#page166">166</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>La Romana, Gen. P. C.</b>,</span> revolts in Denmark, iii. 159;<br> +<span class="entry">at Valmaseda,</span> 184;<br> +<span class="entry">at Santander,</span> 184;<br> +<span class="entry">joined by Blake,</span> 185.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>La Rothière</b>,</span> battle at, iv. +<a href="#page060">60</a>, +<a href="#page069">69</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lasalle Gen. A. C.</b>,</span> captures Stettin, ii. 436;<br> +<span class="entry">success near Valladolid,</span> iii. 156;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Aspern,</span> 220;<br> +<span class="entry">killed at Wagram,</span> 230.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Las Cases, E. A. D.</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> intimacy with, i. 146;<br> +<span class="entry">memoirs of <i>N.</i>,</span> 232;<br> +<span class="entry">recounts the story of the "day of the sections,"</span> 307;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> conversations with,</span> ii. 292;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> declaration to,</span> concerning the Duc d'Enghien, 311;<br> +<span class="entry">appointed private secretary to <i>N.</i>,</span> iv. +<a href="#page220">220</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiates with Capt. Maitland for <i>N.'s</i> passage to England,</span> +<a href="#page221">221</a>, +<a href="#page223">223</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">accompanies <i>N.</i> to St. Helena,</span> +<a href="#page227">227</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">assists <i>N.</i> on his history,</span> +<a href="#page231">231</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">dismissed,</span> +<a href="#page232">232</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Latouche-Tréville, Adm. L.</b>,</span> scheme of naval operations for, ii. 331;<br> +<span class="entry">death of,</span> 332.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Latour-Maubourg, Gen. M.</b>,</span> commanding cavalry in Russian campaign of 1812, iii. 324;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Dresden,</span> iv. +<a href="#page008">8</a>, +<a href="#page009">9</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Leipsic,</span> +<a href="#page029">29</a>, +<a href="#page032">32</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII,</span> +<a href="#page132">132</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lauban</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> at, iv. +<a href="#page006">6</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lauderdale, Lord</b>,</span> British envoy to France, ii. 404, 405;<br> +<span class="entry">demands his passports,</span> 420;<br> +<span class="entry">reopens negotiations,</span> 421.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Laudon, Gen. G. E.</b>,</span> commanding forces in the Tyrol, i. 434;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page440" name="page440"></a>(p. 440)</span> +<span class="entry">at Verona,</span> 442.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lauriston, Gen. A. J.</b>,</span> splendid artillery work at Wagram, iii. 229;<br> +<span class="entry">replaces Caulaincourt at St. Petersburg,</span> 318;<br> +<span class="entry">mission to Kutusoff's camp,</span> 351;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding division under Eugène,</span> 393;<br> +<span class="entry">in campaign of 1813,</span> 402;<br> +<span class="entry">occupies Leipsic,</span> 405;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Lützen,</span> 405;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Bautzen,</span> 405;<br> +<span class="entry">beleaguers Schweidnitz,</span> 413;<br> +<span class="entry">confronts Blücher at the Bober,</span> iv. +<a href="#page006">6</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">detailed to block Blücher's road to Berlin,</span> +<a href="#page008">8</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Leipsic,</span> +<a href="#page028">28</a>, +<a href="#page033">33</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">captured at Leipsic,</span> +<a href="#page034">34</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lausanne</b>,</span> ovation to <i>N.</i> at, ii. 27;<br> +<span class="entry">French forces near,</span> 169;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at,</span> May 10, 1800, 169.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>La Valette, Gen.</b>,</span> formulates demands on the Genoese senate, ii. 11;<br> +<span class="entry">postmaster-general at Paris,</span> letter to <i>N.</i>, March, 1814, iv. +<a href="#page104">104</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lawyers</b>,</span> status at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 101.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lazaref</b>,</span> Russian grenadier, decorated by <i>N.</i> at Tilsit, iii. 63.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>League of Virtue</b>,</span> the, iii. 103, 397.<br> + +<a id="lebrun" name="lebrun"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Lebrun, Charles F.</b>,</span> appointed third consul, ii. 130, 222;<br> +<span class="entry">revises the Code,</span> 222;<br> +<span class="entry">evades responsibility concerning the Duc d'Enghien,</span> 304;<br> +<span class="entry">Treasurer of France,</span> 323;<br> +<span class="entry">at <i>N.'s</i> coronation,</span> 343;<br> +<span class="entry">created Duke of Piacenza,</span> iii. 86;<br> +<span class="entry">Arch-Treasurer,</span> 96;<br> +<span class="entry">salary of,</span> 96;<br> +<span class="entry">at Krasnoi,</span> 364.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lech, River</b>,</span> military operations on the, ii. 164; iii. 204.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Leclerc, Victor-Emmanuel</b>,</span> conducts expedition against San Domingo, ii. 237;<br> +<span class="entry">marries Pauline Buonaparte,</span> 236;<br> +<span class="entry">death of,</span> 237.<br> + +<a id="leclercmme" name="leclercmme"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Leclerc, Mme.</b>,</span> accompanies her husband to San Domingo, ii. 236;<br> +<span class="entry">marries Prince Borghese,</span> 258.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lecourbe, Gen. C. J.</b>,</span> commanding in the Alps, ii. 164;<br> +<span class="entry">captures Memmingen,</span> 167;<br> +<span class="entry">captures Stockach,</span> 166;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to Italy,</span> 169.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Leers</b>,</span> Gen. Reille at, iv. +<a href="#page170">170</a>.<br> + +<a id="lefebvre" name="lefebvre"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Lefebvre, Gen. F. G.</b>,</span> commander of the Paris garrison, ii. 104;<br> +<span class="entry">joins the Bonapartist ranks,</span> 104;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Jena,</span> 429, 431;<br> +<span class="entry">strength in Poland,</span> iii. 8;<br> +<span class="entry">besieges Dantzic,</span> 20, 21;<br> +<span class="entry">created Duke of Dantzic,</span> 86;<br> +<span class="entry">besieges Saragossa,</span> 156;<br> +<span class="entry">success at Tudela,</span> 156;<br> +<span class="entry">near Bilbao,</span> 183;<br> +<span class="entry">rash movements by,</span> 184;<br> +<span class="entry">in movement against Madrid,</span> 186;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding Bavarian troops at Münich,</span> 203;<br> +<span class="entry">in campaign of Eckmühl,</span> 206;<br> +<span class="entry">defeats the Austrians at Abensberg,</span> 207;<br> +<span class="entry">at Salzburg,</span> 211;<br> +<span class="entry">drives Tyroleans from Innsbruck,</span> 213;<br> +<span class="entry">relieves Vandamme at Linz,</span> 225;<br> +<span class="entry">withdrawn from the Tyrol,</span> 234;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding the Old Guard,</span> 324;<br> +<span class="entry">a momentary attack of senility,</span> iv. +<a href="#page104">104</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at council at St. Dizier,</span> +<a href="#page104">104</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">accompanies the Emperor to Paris,</span> +<a href="#page105">105</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at the abdication scene,</span> +<a href="#page121">121</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII,</span> +<a href="#page132">132</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">recreated marshal,</span> +<a href="#page167">167</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lefebvre-Desnouettes, Col. Charles</b>,</span> service in Egypt, ii. 53.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Leghorn</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> plans to meet Joseph at, i. 292;<br> +<span class="entry">the English fleet driven from,</span> 373;<br> +<span class="entry">levy of enforced contributions from,</span> 375;<br> +<span class="entry">England gains entrance into,</span> iii. 67;<br> +<span class="entry">expulsion of the English from,</span> 67;<br> +<span class="entry">position in the French Empire,</span> 279;<br> +<span class="entry">plots against <i>N.</i> in,</span> iv. +<a href="#page150">150</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Legion of Honor</b>,</span> establishment of the, ii. 245, 246;<br> +<span class="entry">distribution of crosses,</span> 360;<br> +<span class="entry">first Russian member of the,</span> iii. 63;<br> +<span class="entry">French pride in,</span> 86;<br> +<span class="entry">new members of,</span> 297;<br> +<span class="entry">abolition of the orphan asylums of the,</span> iv. +<a href="#page148">148</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Legislature, the</b>,</span> ii. 126, 149-153;<br> +<span class="entry">constitution of,</span> 241;<br> +<span class="entry">new methods of electing to,</span> 247;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> opens,</span> Aug. 16, 1807, iii. 73;<br> +<span class="entry">its functions,</span> 83;<br> +<span class="entry">distribution of titles among heads of,</span> 87;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> contemplates its abolition,</span> 389;<br> +<span class="entry">demands constitutional government,</span> iv. +<a href="#page049">49</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">prorogued,</span> +<a href="#page050">50</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">overthrows <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page115">115</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Legnago</b>,</span> French occupation of, i. 372, 379;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page441" name="page441"></a>(p. 441)</span> +<span class="entry">military operations near,</span> 409.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Legrand, Gen. C. J.</b>,</span> in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Aspern,</span> iii. 220.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Leibnitz, G. W. von</b>,</span> advocates French conquest of Egypt, ii. 46.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Leipsic</b>,</span> seized by the Duke of Brunswick, iii. 234;<br> +<span class="entry">Eugène establishes headquarters at,</span> 393;<br> +<span class="entry">French forces at,</span> 393, 405;<br> +<span class="entry">military movements near,</span> 405; iv. +<a href="#page008">8</a>, +<a href="#page021">21</a>, +<a href="#page022">22</a>, +<a href="#page025">25</a>, +<a href="#page026">26</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of,</span> +<a href="#page027">27</a> et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">topography,</span> +<a href="#page028">28</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> in,</span> +<a href="#page034">34</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">importance of the battle in history,</span> +<a href="#page037">37</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">triumph of revolutionary liberalism at,</span> +<a href="#page038">38</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> spares the city from fire,</span> +<a href="#page039">39</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">effects of the battle of,</span> +<a href="#page039">39</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">mistaken ideas concerning <i>N.'s</i> attitude after,</span> +<a href="#page066">66</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Le Noble's "Spirit of Gerson,"</b></span> <i>N.'s</i> study of, i. 150.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lenouf, Gen.</b>,</span> succeeds Jourdan in command, ii. 88;<br> +<span class="entry">retreats behind the Rhine,</span> 88.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Leo III</b>,</span> crowns Charles the Great, ii. 325.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Leoben</b>,</span> the French at, i. 350;<br> +<span class="entry">seized by Masséna,</span> 436;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> position at,</span> 436;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty of,</span> 436-441, 443, 446, 452, 456; ii. 12, 14, 19;<br> +<span class="entry">alleged duplicity by <i>N.</i> at,</span> i. 437-439;<br> +<span class="entry">French march to,</span> ii. 42;<br> +<span class="entry">Ney's victory at,</span> 368.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Leon</b>,</span> French troops in, iii. 283.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Leonetti</b>,</span> denounced by N., i. 206.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Leopold II</b>,</span> acknowledges Hungarian rights, iii. 214.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lepelletier</b>,</span> the section of, i. 300.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lesmont</b>,</span> military operations at, iv. +<a href="#page060">60</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lesseps, J. B. B.</b>,</span> French consul-general at St. Petersburg, iii. 98.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lestocq, Gen.</b>,</span> retreats to Königsberg, ii. 436;<br> +<span class="entry">joins the Prussian army,</span> iii. 1;<br> +<span class="entry">at Neidenburg,</span> 4;<br> +<span class="entry">at Angerburg,</span> 8;<br> +<span class="entry">opposes Ney's march to Königsberg,</span> 8;<br> +<span class="entry">relieves the garrison of Graudenz,</span> 10;<br> +<span class="entry">in campaign of Eylau,</span> 14, 15;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Heilsberg,</span> 29-31;<br> +<span class="entry">in Friedland campaign,</span> 31, 35;<br> +<span class="entry">pursued by Davout,</span> 32.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Leszcynski, Maria</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> imitation of her marriage to Louis XV, iii. 256.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Letourneur, C. L.</b>,</span> member of the Directory, i. 330, 333;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> 330;<br> +<span class="entry">retires from the Directory,</span> ii. 1.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Letters from the Cape of Good Hope,"</b></span> iv. +<a href="#page231">231</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Letters of Buonaparte to Buttafuoco,"</b></span> i. 145.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Leuthen</b>,</span> battle of, iv. +<a href="#page284">284</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Levant, the</b>,</span> France occupies Venetian possessions in, i. 446;<br> +<span class="entry">Genoa's commerce with,</span> ii. 15;<br> +<span class="entry">French plots for disturbances in,</span> 17;<br> +<span class="entry">France's jealous care for possessions in,</span> 32, 280;<br> +<span class="entry">England aspires to control,</span> 143;<br> +<span class="entry">Sebastiani's mission to,</span> 272-274;<br> +<span class="entry">question of establishing French colonies in,</span> 273;<br> +<span class="entry">Portuguese naval operations in,</span> 332;<br> +<span class="entry">plans for redistribution of lands on,</span> iii. 51;<br> +<span class="entry">the control of,</span> 111;<br> +<span class="entry">efficient blockade of,</span> impossible, 280.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Leveson-Gower, Lord</b>,</span> English ambassador at St. Petersburg, iii. 100.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Leyen, Von der</b>,</span> member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Liberty</b>,</span> Paoli on, i. 16;<br> +<span class="entry">the recognized colors of,</span> 109.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Liberty, fraternity, and equality</b>,</span> i. 109.<br> + +<span class="name">"<b>Liberty of the Seas</b>,"</span> ii. 16.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lichtenstein</b>,</span> member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lichtenstein, Prince John of</b>,</span> in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386-389;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiates for an armistice,</span> 389;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Aspern,</span> iii. 223;<br> +<span class="entry">Austrian peace commissioner,</span> 239-242;<br> +<span class="entry">at peace council in Paris,</span> iv. +<a href="#page114">114</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lido, Porto di</b>,</span> Venetians fire on French vessel in, i. 442.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Liebertwolkwitz</b>,</span> military operations near, iv. +<a href="#page027">27</a>-30.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Liège</b>,</span> flight of Lafayette to, i. 179;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page442" name="page442"></a>(p. 442)</span> +<span class="entry">military operations near,</span> 194; iv. +<a href="#page054">54</a>, +<a href="#page085">85</a>, +<a href="#page171">171</a>, +<a href="#page185">185</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ligny</b>,</span> battle of, iv. +<a href="#page180">180</a>-186;<br> +<span class="entry">Gérard at,</span> +<a href="#page190">190</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Blücher's disaster at,</span> +<a href="#page193">193</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">a Prussian blunder,</span> +<a href="#page213">213</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the news of,</span> in Paris, +<a href="#page216">216</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Liguria</b>,</span> ecclesiastical reforms and confiscations in, iii. 263.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ligurian Alps</b>,</span> guerrillas in the, i. 373.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ligurian Republic</b>,</span> the formation of, ii. 11, 21;<br> +<span class="entry">French control over,</span> 39;<br> +<span class="entry">Piedmont added to,</span> 39;<br> +<span class="entry">reorganized,</span> 186;<br> +<span class="entry">tribute levied on,</span> 186;<br> +<span class="entry">English efforts to discredit France in,</span> 264;<br> +<span class="entry">incorporated with France,</span> 354.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lille</b>,</span> peace negotiations at, ii. 12, 86, 144;<br> +<span class="entry">flight of Louis XVIII to,</span> iv. +<a href="#page158">158</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lindau</b>,</span> ceded to Bavaria, ii. 391.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lindenau</b>,</span> seized by the Duke of Brunswick, iii. 234;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations near,</span> iv. +<a href="#page028">28</a>, +<a href="#page029">29</a>, +<a href="#page035">35</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Linz</b>,</span> military movements near, iii. 204-207; 216, 222.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lisbon</b>,</span> recall of the French envoy from, iii. 120;<br> +<span class="entry">democracy in,</span> 121;<br> +<span class="entry">Junot's march to,</span> 120, 122;<br> +<span class="entry">fraternization of the people with Junot's army,</span> 120;<br> +<span class="entry">Russian squadron sent to,</span> 167;<br> +<span class="entry">French scheme to seize,</span> 265;<br> +<span class="entry">Masséna's march to,</span> 285;<br> +<span class="entry">Masséna's precarious situation before,</span> 286, 287;<br> +<span class="entry">Wellington's difficult position at,</span> 288;<br> +<span class="entry">filled with fugitives,</span> 288.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lisle, Rouget de</b>,</span> composes the "Marseillaise," i. 175.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Literature</b>,</span> revival of, ii. 259;<br> +<span class="entry">censorship of,</span> iii. 88.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lithuania</b>,</span> Poniatowski's doubts of, iii. 326;<br> +<span class="entry">impassivity of its people,</span> 331;<br> +<span class="entry">the march from Smolensk toward,</span> 363;<br> +<span class="entry">Maret in charge of affairs in,</span> 375.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Littawa, River</b>,</span> military operations on the, ii. 383.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Little Corporal," the</b>,</span> i. 362; iv. +<a href="#page118">118</a>, +<a href="#page154">154</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Little Gibraltar</b>,</span> capture of, i. 230.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Little Görschen</b>,</span> fighting at, iii. 405.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Little Napoleon,"</b></span> iii. 52.<br> + +<a id="littlestbernard" name="littlestbernard"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Little St. Bernard Pass</b>,</span> the crossing of the, ii. 169, 171.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Liverpool, Lord</b>,</span> attacks Wellington, iii. 288;<br> +<span class="entry">recalls Wellington,</span> iv. +<a href="#page149">149</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">mismanagement of English affairs,</span> +<a href="#page161">161</a>, +<a href="#page162">162</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">embarrassment of,</span> +<a href="#page224">224</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">views as to the disposition of <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page224">224</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">letter to Castlereagh,</span> June 20, 1815, +<a href="#page224">224</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Loano</b>,</span> battle of, i. 344.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lobau</b>,</span> crossing the Danube at, iii. 217, 218, 223, 227.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lobau, Gen.</b>,</span> guarding roads from Bohemia, iv. +<a href="#page018">18</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">holds Dresden,</span> +<a href="#page025">25</a>, +<a href="#page028">28</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">in the Waterloo campaign,</span> +<a href="#page170">170</a>-173;<br> +<span class="entry">at Charleroi,</span> +<a href="#page180">180</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to Marbais,</span> +<a href="#page186">186</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page202">202</a>, +<a href="#page205">205</a>, +<a href="#page206">206</a>;<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lobau, River</b>,</span> military movements on the, iii. 218, 223, 227.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lobenstein</b>,</span> Bernadotte at, ii. 428.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lodi</b>,</span> battle of, 359-362; ii. 140;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> narrow escape at,</span> i. 393;<br> +<span class="entry">withdrawal of the Austrians from Milan to,</span> ii. 173.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Logroño</b>,</span> French success at, iii. 156;<br> +<span class="entry">Ney at,</span> 183.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Loire, River</b>,</span> the Empress flees across the, iv. +<a href="#page105">105</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">military movements on the,</span> +<a href="#page128">128</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Loison, Gen. L. H.</b>,</span> at Piacenza, ii. 177.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lombardy</b>,</span> French troops in, i. 128;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations against,</span> 213, 243, 346, 352, 354;<br> +<span class="entry">favors the French Revolution,</span> 261;<br> +<span class="entry">the military gate to,</span> 342;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> successes in,</span> 350;<br> +<span class="entry">expected partition of,</span> 352;<br> +<span class="entry">richness of the country,</span> 356, 357; ii. 179;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> influence in,</span> i. 401;<br> +<span class="entry">revolutionary movement in,</span> 428;<br> +<span class="entry">France's interest in,</span> 451;<br> +<span class="entry">incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic,</span> ii. 21;<br> +<span class="entry">held by Austria,</span> 145;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> aims to secure,</span> 172;<br> +<span class="entry">the iron crown of,</span> 353;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> royal progress through,</span> iii. 109.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lonato</b>,</span> battle of, i. 380-383, 393;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> narrow escape at,</span> 382, 393.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>London</b>,</span> Talleyrand diplomatic agent in, ii. 33;<br> +<span class="entry">Talleyrand expelled from,</span> 33;<br> +<span class="entry">publication of "L'Ambigu" in,</span> 270;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page443" name="page443"></a>(p. 443)</span> +<span class="entry">Irish radical paper,</span> in, subsidized by <i>N.</i>, 271;<br> +<span class="entry">reception of the Duke of Brunswick in,</span> iii. 234.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Longwood</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> residence at, i. 40; iv. +<a href="#page229">229</a>-235, +<a href="#page288">288</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Longwy</b>,</span> garrison of, capitulates to Prussia, i. 179;<br> +<span class="entry">abandoned by the enemy,</span> 186.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Loretto</b>,</span> capture of, i. 421, 423;<br> +<span class="entry">the image of the Lady of,</span> 423.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>L'Orient</b>,</span> the squadron ordered to the Mediterranean from, iii. 111.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lorraine</b>,</span> proposal to continue the war in, iv. +<a href="#page101">101</a>, +<a href="#page104">104</a>, +<a href="#page116">116</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lothair</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> contrasted with, iii. 264.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Louis</b>,</span> royalist intrigues of, iv. +<a href="#page106">106</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Louis</b>,</span> king of Etruria, attendant in <i>N.'s</i> antechamber, ii. 205;<br> +<span class="entry">death of,</span> 233; iii. 67.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Louis</b>,</span> king of Etruria (son of the preceding), proposed kingdom in Portugal for, iii. 120.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Louis</b>,</span> prince of Prussia, ii. 415;<br> +<span class="entry">killed at Saalfeld,</span> 428.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Louis Capet,"</b></span> i. 194.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Louis Philippe.</b></span> <i>See</i> <a href="#chartresducde"><b>Chartres, Duc de</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Louis XIV</b>,</span> disgraces Vauban, i. 332;<br> +<span class="entry">schemes of world-conquest,</span> ii. 46;<br> +<span class="entry">"abolishes" the Pyrenees,</span> iii. 70;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> not the successor of,</span> 304;<br> +<span class="entry">influence of his villainies,</span> iv. +<a href="#page299">299</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Louis XV</b>,</span> refuses protectorate to Corsica, i. 16;<br> +<span class="entry">death of,</span> 43;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> imitation of his marriage to Maria Leszcynski,</span> iii. 256;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> not the successor of,</span> 304.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Louis XVI</b>,</span> accession of, i. 43;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> 101, 102, 108, 109;<br> +<span class="entry">contest with the Parliament of Paris,</span> 106;<br> +<span class="entry">alienation of,</span> from the people, 106-108;<br> +<span class="entry">attempted reforms by,</span> 105-109;<br> +<span class="entry">abandoned by the nobles,</span> 109;<br> +<span class="entry">curtailment of his hunting-grounds,</span> 109;<br> +<span class="entry">takes up residence in Paris,</span> 109;<br> +<span class="entry">title under the new constitution,</span> 119;<br> +<span class="entry">honors Paoli,</span> 124;<br> +<span class="entry">betrayal of,</span> 151;<br> +<span class="entry">accepts the Constitution,</span> 153;<br> +<span class="entry">flight and recapture,</span> 154;<br> +<span class="entry">clamor for his trial,</span> 156;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses to sanction secularization of estates of the Church and nobility,</span> 172;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiates with foreign powers,</span> 172, 194, 269;<br> +<span class="entry">celebrates the fall of the Bastille,</span> 174;<br> +<span class="entry">takes refuge in the National Assembly,</span> 175;<br> +<span class="entry">the National Assembly dismisses his body-guard,</span> 174;<br> +<span class="entry">Marseilles demands dethronement of,</span> 174;<br> +<span class="entry">imprisoned in the Temple,</span> 175;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> views concerning,</span> 177;<br> +<span class="entry">condemnation and execution,</span> 195;<br> +<span class="entry">causes of his downfall,</span> 268;<br> +<span class="entry">the regicides of,</span> 309;<br> +<span class="entry">celebrations of his death,</span> ii. 195; iv. +<a href="#page149">149</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Louis XVII</b>,</span> i. 268.<br> + +<a id="louis18" name="louis18"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Louis XVIII</b>,</span> recognized by the powers, i. 297;<br> +<span class="entry">relationship to Victor Amadeus,</span> 355;<br> +<span class="entry">retires to Blankenburg,</span> ii. 5;<br> +<span class="entry">purchases Pichegru's adhesion,</span> 5;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> negotiations with,</span> 9, 239;<br> +<span class="entry">banished,</span> 209;<br> +<span class="entry">hopes for restoration of,</span> 240;<br> +<span class="entry">residence in Warsaw,</span> 240, 297, 301;<br> +<span class="entry">the Cadoudal conspiracy,</span> 297;<br> +<span class="entry">promises constitutional government,</span> 298;<br> +<span class="entry">manifesto of,</span> 302;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander I's opinion of,</span> iii. 52;<br> +<span class="entry">at Mittau,</span> 52;<br> +<span class="entry">offered a kingdom in the United States,</span> 272;<br> +<span class="entry">proclaimed king at Bordeaux,</span> iv. +<a href="#page087">87</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">acclaimed in Paris,</span> +<a href="#page113">113</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">proclaimed king by the senate,</span> +<a href="#page129">129</a>, +<a href="#page132">132</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">imperial generals transfer their allegiance to,</span> +<a href="#page132">132</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> +<a href="#page132">132</a>, +<a href="#page146">146</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">his feeble tenure,</span> +<a href="#page133">133</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">scandals circulated at the court of,</span> +<a href="#page142">142</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty with the powers,</span> May 30, 1814, +<a href="#page144">144</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">power to create peers,</span> +<a href="#page146">146</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">blunders of,</span> +<a href="#page146">146</a>-149;<br> +<span class="entry">appoints Soult minister of war,</span> +<a href="#page147">147</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> prophesies the betrayal of,</span> +<a href="#page151">151</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">indifference to treaty obligations,</span> +<a href="#page152">152</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">sends troops against <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page158">158</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">makes concessions,</span> +<a href="#page158">158</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">flees to Lille,</span> +<a href="#page158">158</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">flees to Ghent,</span> +<a href="#page161">161</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> forgiveness for,</span> +<a href="#page233">233</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Louisa, Queen</b></span> (of Prussia), brings about the treaty of Potsdam, ii. 376;<br> +<span class="entry">character and influence,</span> 415, 427;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> abuse of,</span> 438;<br> +<span class="entry">at Memel,</span> iii. 37, 107;<br> +<span class="entry">at Tilsit,</span> 44;<br> +<span class="entry">scandal concerning the Czar,</span> 57;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page444" name="page444"></a>(p. 444)</span> +<span class="entry">interviews with <i>N.</i> concerning Magdeburg,</span> 57-63;<br> +<span class="entry">the incident of the rose,</span> 61;<br> +<span class="entry">sarcastic speech to Talleyrand,</span> 62;<br> +<span class="entry">compared with Queen Mary of England,</span> 62;<br> +<span class="entry">death of,</span> 63, 330, 397;<br> +<span class="entry">in need of comforts,</span> iii. 107.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Louisa, Queen</b></span> (of Spain), relations with Godoy, ii. 204, 289, 332; iii. 71, 124, 126, 144, 150;<br> +<span class="entry">friendship for <i>N.</i>,</span> ii. 332;<br> +<span class="entry">admits England to Leghorn,</span> iii. 68;<br> +<span class="entry">supposed poisoning of her daughter-in-law,</span> 124;<br> +<span class="entry">examines Ferdinand's papers,</span> 126;<br> +<span class="entry">her son reveals her shame,</span> 126;<br> +<span class="entry">suspected of intrigue in Spain,</span> 128;<br> +<span class="entry">panic-stricken at the French invasion,</span> 133;<br> +<span class="entry">advocates the scheme of monarchy in America,</span> 134;<br> +<span class="entry">repents her abdication,</span> 137, 138;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> attitude toward,</span> 140;<br> +<span class="entry">virtual prisoner in the Escorial,</span> 142;<br> +<span class="entry">summoned to Bayonne,</span> 145.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Louisiana</b>,</span> ceded to France, ii. 204, 272;<br> +<span class="entry">collapse of French rule in,</span> 238;<br> +<span class="entry">expedition to,</span> 272;<br> +<span class="entry">Spain's exasperation over loss of,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> dream of empire in,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">sold by France to the United States,</span> 289, 332; iv. +<a href="#page300">300</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Louvain</b>,</span> Gneisenau opens fresh communications via, iv. +<a href="#page185">185</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">possible retreat of the Prussians via,</span> +<a href="#page194">194</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Louverture, Toussaint</b>,</span> defense of San Domingo, ii. 237;<br> +<span class="entry">organizes a consular government,</span> 237;<br> +<span class="entry">capture and death of,</span> 237.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Louvre, the</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> second marriage in, iii. 259-261.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Love</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> on, i. 77.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Low Countries</b>.</span> <i>See</i> <a href="#austriannetherlands"><b>Austrian Netherlands</b></a>; <a href="#batavianrepublic"><b>Batavian Republic</b></a>; <a href="#belgium"><b>Belgium</b></a>; <a href="#dutchflanders"><b>Dutch Flanders</b></a>; <a href="#holland"><b>Holland</b></a>; <a href="#netherlands"><b>Netherlands</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lowe, Sir Hudson</b>,</span> allegations about <i>N.'s</i> physical ailments, iv. +<a href="#page168">168</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> +<a href="#page230">230</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">his custody of <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page230">230</a>-233;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> disputes with,</span> +<a href="#page288">288</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lübeck</b>,</span> proposal to give it to Prussia, ii. 400;<br> +<span class="entry">surrender of,</span> 437;<br> +<span class="entry">sack of,</span> 440;<br> +<span class="entry">Bernadotte's force in,</span> iii. 202;<br> +<span class="entry">extension of the French Empire,</span> to, 278.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Luc</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> at, iv. +<a href="#page139">139</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lucca</b>,</span> given to Pauline (Buonaparte) Borghese, ii. 354, 356;<br> +<span class="entry">given to Elisa,</span> 395;<br> +<span class="entry">creation of hereditary duchy of,</span> 396.<br> + +<a id="luccaandpiombino" name="luccaandpiombino"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Lucca and Piombino</b>,</span> Prince of. <i>See</i> <a href="#bacciocchi"><b>Bacciocchi, F. P.</b></a><br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lucca and Piombino</b>,</span> Princess of. <i>See</i> <a href="#buonapartemarieanneelisa"><b>Buonaparte, Marie-Anne-Elisa</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Luckau</b>,</span> defeat of Oudinot at, iv. +<a href="#page008">8</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ludmannsdorf</b>,</span> Archduke Charles's force at, iii. 206.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lunéville</b>,</span> negotiations between Cobenzl and Joseph Bonaparte at, ii. 189, 192;<br> +<span class="entry">the Peace of,</span> 192, 193, 203, 204, 263, 266, 302, 358, 402.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lusha, River</b>,</span> military movements on the, iii. 355.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lusignan, Gen.</b>,</span> military operations on the Piave, i. 430-433.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lützen</b>,</span> battle of, iii. 404-408; iv. +<a href="#page004">4</a>, +<a href="#page021">21</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lützow, Baron L. A. W.</b>,</span> raises the "black troop," iii. 397.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Luxembourg, the</b>,</span> Barras's social life in, i. 290;<br> +<span class="entry">Gohier and Moulins withdraw to,</span> ii. 108;<br> +<span class="entry">Moreau commanding guard at,</span> 108;<br> +<span class="entry">the First Consul installed at,</span> 124;<br> +<span class="entry">residence of the Bonapartes at,</span> 195.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lyceums, the</b>,</span> ii. 227; iii. 90.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lyons</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> memoir to the Academy at, i. 78;<br> +<span class="entry">the "Two-cent Revolt" in,</span> 79;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at,</span> 79, 183; ii. 83; iv. +<a href="#page137">137</a>, +<a href="#page156">156</a>, +<a href="#page165">165</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">honors to Paoli in,</span> i. 124;<br> +<span class="entry">massacres and anarchy in,</span> 188, 207, 213;<br> +<span class="entry">Girondist success at,</span> 214;<br> +<span class="entry">siege of,</span> 222;<br> +<span class="entry">fall of,</span> 229;<br> +<span class="entry">recapture of,</span> 249;<br> +<span class="entry">reorganization of the Cisalpine Republic at,</span> ii. 231;<br> +<span class="entry">Fesch becomes archbishop of,</span> 258;<br> +<span class="entry">repulse of Bubna from before,</span> iv. +<a href="#page067">67</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Augereau driven back to,</span> +<a href="#page081">81</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">assaulted by the allies,</span> +<a href="#page094">94</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">evacuated by Augereau,</span> +<a href="#page094">94</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Francis I,</span> at, +<a href="#page097">97</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">constitutional assembly summoned to,</span> +<a href="#page156">156</a>;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page445" name="page445"></a>(p. 445)</span> +<span class="entry">reception of Artois and Macdonald at,</span> +<a href="#page156">156</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">national assembly at,</span> +<a href="#page166">166</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Lyons Academy, the</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> essay before, i. 137-140;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> competition for prize of,</span> 164.</p> + + +<h5>M</h5> + +<a id="macdonald" name="macdonald"></a> +<p><span class="name"><b>Macdonald, Gen. E. J. J. A.</b>,</span> commanding Army of the North, i. 347;<br> +<span class="entry">a product of Carnot's system,</span> 332;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to command in Naples,</span> ii. 87;<br> +<span class="entry">succeeds Championnet,</span> 92;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated on the Trebbia,</span> 92;<br> +<span class="entry">action on the 18th Brumaire,</span> 105;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding guard at Versailles,</span> 108;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding in the Grisons,</span> 190;<br> +<span class="entry">crosses the Splugen,</span> 192;<br> +<span class="entry">created Duke of Tarante,</span> iii. 86;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding in Italy,</span> 211;<br> +<span class="entry">pursues Archduke John into Hungary,</span> 213;<br> +<span class="entry">at Villach,</span> 217;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Wagram,</span> 229;<br> +<span class="entry">strength,</span> March, 1812, 324;<br> +<span class="entry">in Russian campaign,</span> 338;<br> +<span class="entry">reaches Tilsit,</span> 384;<br> +<span class="entry">campaign of 1813,</span> 402;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Lützen,</span> 404;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Bautzen,</span> 409;<br> +<span class="entry">beleaguers Schweidnitz,</span> 413;<br> +<span class="entry">confronts Blücher at the Bober,</span> iv. +<a href="#page007">7</a>, +<a href="#page015">15</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">detailed to block Blücher's road into Saxony,</span> +<a href="#page008">8</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">fails in his movement against Berlin,</span> +<a href="#page013">13</a>-19;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Katzbach,</span> +<a href="#page014">14</a>, +<a href="#page015">15</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">reinforcements for,</span> +<a href="#page018">18</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">attacked by Blücher at Fischbach,</span> +<a href="#page018">18</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to check Blücher's advance,</span> +<a href="#page020">20</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Leipsic,</span> +<a href="#page029">29</a>-32, +<a href="#page034">34</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at crossing of the Elster,</span> +<a href="#page034">34</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">defends the Rhine at Cologne,</span> +<a href="#page054">54</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Blücher attempts to cut off,</span> +<a href="#page062">62</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">fails to check Blücher's retreat,</span> +<a href="#page064">64</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered toward Montmirail,</span> +<a href="#page063">63</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to join Victor at Montereau,</span> +<a href="#page064">64</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">his failure at Château-Thierry,</span> +<a href="#page072">72</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">before Bray,</span> +<a href="#page072">72</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">moral exhaustion of,</span> +<a href="#page072">72</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">opposed to Schwarzenberg,</span> +<a href="#page076">76</a>, +<a href="#page084">84</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">driven beyond Troyes,</span> +<a href="#page076">76</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">demoralized at Provins,</span> +<a href="#page081">81</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">moves toward Vitry,</span> +<a href="#page093">93</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Perthes,</span> +<a href="#page103">103</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Bourbon intrigues with,</span> +<a href="#page113">113</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">advises endeavor to recover Paris,</span> +<a href="#page117">117</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">strength after the surrender of Paris,</span> +<a href="#page118">118</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Fontainebleau,</span> +<a href="#page119">119</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">approves plan of attack on Paris,</span> +<a href="#page120">120</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at the abdication scene,</span> +<a href="#page121">121</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">on commission to present abdication to the Czar,</span> +<a href="#page125">125</a>, +<a href="#page126">126</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">rebuke to Marmont,</span> +<a href="#page127">127</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">transfers his allegiance,</span> +<a href="#page129">129</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">reception in Lyons,</span> +<a href="#page157">157</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Macedonia</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> eye on, i. 424.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Macerata</b>,</span> annexed to Italy, iii. 69, 118.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Machiavelli, his "History of Florence,"</b></span> <i>N.'s</i> study of, i. 150;<br> +<span class="entry">on friendships,</span> ii. 256;<br> +<span class="entry">theses concerning the Church of Rome,</span> iii. 262.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mack, Gen. K.</b>,</span> leads Neapolitan army against Rome, ii. 72;<br> +<span class="entry">mobilizes the Austrian army,</span> 358;<br> +<span class="entry">quartermaster-general with Archduke Ferdinand in Germany,</span> 363;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> opinion of,</span> 363;<br> +<span class="entry">essays to cross the Danube at Günzburg,</span> 366;<br> +<span class="entry">misled concerning <i>N.'s</i> movements,</span> 366;<br> +<span class="entry">interview with <i>N.</i>,</span> 367;<br> +<span class="entry">result of his capitulation,</span> 367.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Madame Mère,"</b></span> i. 34.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#buonaparteletizia"><b>Buonaparte, Letizia</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Madeleine Islands</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> writes of their strategic importance, i. 91.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Madison, James</b>,</span> policy of nonintervention, iii. 102;<br> +<span class="entry">declares war against England,</span> 321.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Madrid</b>,</span> effect of Marengo at, ii. 204;<br> +<span class="entry">Lucien Buonaparte minister at,</span> 257;<br> +<span class="entry">the land-owning class in,</span> iii. 123;<br> +<span class="entry">culmination of intrigues at,</span> 126;<br> +<span class="entry">the queen regent of Etruria sent to,</span> 129;<br> +<span class="entry">irritation against France in,</span> 132;<br> +<span class="entry">Murat advances on,</span> 134;<br> +<span class="entry">rioting in,</span> 135;<br> +<span class="entry">entry of Ferdinand VII into,</span> 139;<br> +<span class="entry">Murat enters,</span> 139-142;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed visit of <i>N.</i> to,</span> 141-143;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> disapproves the seizure of,</span> 141;<br> +<span class="entry">Charles IV a virtual prisoner at,</span> 142;<br> +<span class="entry">placed under administration of a junta,</span> 143;<br> +<span class="entry">announcement of the Bourbons' deposition in,</span> 146;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page446" name="page446"></a>(p. 446)</span> +<span class="entry">revolt against Murat's tyranny in,</span> 146;<br> +<span class="entry">Joseph assumes the government at,</span> 149, 154;<br> +<span class="entry">Murat commanding at,</span> 155;<br> +<span class="entry">the French possession of,</span> in danger, 156;<br> +<span class="entry">the French evacuate,</span> 158;<br> +<span class="entry">Sir John Moore's supposed movement on,</span> 186;<br> +<span class="entry">the French army before the gates of,</span> 187;<br> +<span class="entry">capitulation of,</span> 187;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> makes officers prisoners of war,</span> 187;<br> +<span class="entry">French troops leave,</span> 188;<br> +<span class="entry">chilly reception of <i>N.</i> in,</span> 189;<br> +<span class="entry">French evacuation of,</span> 191;<br> +<span class="entry">Wellington moves against,</span> 290;<br> +<span class="entry">Victor Hugo at school in,</span> 292;<br> +<span class="entry">George Sand in,</span> 292.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Magallon, Charles</b>,</span> French consul at Cairo, ii. 47;<br> +<span class="entry">advocates seizure of Egypt,</span> 47.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Magdalena</b>,</span> bombardment of, i. 192;<br> +<span class="entry">capture of,</span> 237.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Magdalena Islands</b>,</span> expedition against the, i. 192.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Magdeburg</b>,</span> Hohenlohe's retreat to, ii. 434;<br> +<span class="entry">siege of,</span> 436;<br> +<span class="entry">Frederick William's hard struggle to retain,</span> iii. 56;<br> +<span class="entry">Queen Louisa's efforts to save,</span> 57-63;<br> +<span class="entry">passes to Jerome with Westphalia,</span> 57, 266;<br> +<span class="entry">parallel between Calais and,</span> 62;<br> +<span class="entry">French occupation of,</span> 202, 266, 328, 333, 393; iv. +<a href="#page002">2</a>, +<a href="#page023">23</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Maginajo</b>,</span> Paoli's landing at, i. 125.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Magnano</b>,</span> battle of, ii. 88.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mahmud II</b>,</span> proclaimed sultan, iii. 163;<br> +<span class="entry">makes treaty with Russia,</span> 321.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Mahomet"</b></span> (Voltaire's), <i>N.'s</i> notes on, iv. +<a href="#page232">232</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Maillebois</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> study of, iv. +<a href="#page266">266</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Main, River</b>,</span> Augereau's force on the, ii. 190.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Main, Army of the</b>.</span> <i>See</i> <a href="#armyofthemain"><b>Army of the Main</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mainau</b>,</span> ceded to Baden, ii. 391.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Maintenon, Mme. de</b>,</span> patron of the St. Cyr Academy, i. 176.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mainz</b>,</span> evacuation of, i. 222;<br> +<span class="entry">ceded to France,</span> ii. 21, 28, 38;<br> +<span class="entry">Marmont ordered to,</span> 362;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> leaves Paris for,</span> 422;<br> +<span class="entry">occupied by Mortier,</span> 424, 443;<br> +<span class="entry">sends deputation to Paris,</span> iii. 380;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at,</span> 401, 420, 421; iv. +<a href="#page039">39</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">meeting of <i>N.</i> and Maria Louisa at,</span> iii. 421;<br> +<span class="entry">French retreat to,</span> iv. +<a href="#page036">36</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">disease in,</span> +<a href="#page036">36</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> humanity at,</span> +<a href="#page039">39</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">defense of the Rhine at,</span> +<a href="#page054">54</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Prussian forces at,</span> +<a href="#page058">58</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> concedes to the allies at Châtillon,</span> +<a href="#page087">87</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mainz, Bishop of</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> sarcasm to agent of, ii. 28.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mainz, the Elector of</b>,</span> ii. 402.<br> +<i>See also</i> <a href="#dalbergarchbishop"><b>Dalberg, Archbishop</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Maison, Gen.</b>,</span> available forces of, iv. +<a href="#page118">118</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII,</span> +<a href="#page132">132</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Maistre, Joseph de</b>,</span> on social order, iii. 89.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Maitland, Sir P.</b>,</span> in battle of Waterloo, iv. +<a href="#page208">208</a>, +<a href="#page209">209</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Maitland, Capt. F. L.</b>,</span> takes <i>N.</i> on board the Bellerophon iv. +<a href="#page220">220</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page220">220</a>-223.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Malbrook s'en va t'en guerre,"</b></span> iv. +<a href="#page034">34</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Malet, C. F. de</b>,</span> conspiracy to overthrow the empire, iii. 361, 376;<br> +<span class="entry">his career and execution,</span> 376.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Malmaison</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> at, ii. 206, 256, 306; iii. 196; iv. +<a href="#page218">218</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">social vices at,</span> iii. 92;<br> +<span class="entry">Josephine withdraws to,</span> 247;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> visits Josephine at,</span> 257.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Malmesbury, Earl of</b>,</span> mission to Paris (1796), i. 449;<br> +<span class="entry">views concerning France,</span> 449;<br> +<span class="entry">resumes peace negotiations at Lille,</span> ii. 12.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Malojaroslavetz</b>,</span> battle of, iii. 355, 360.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Malta</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> plans seizure of, i. 424; ii. 16, 18, 33;<br> +<span class="entry">rival claimants of,</span> 18;<br> +<span class="entry">French intrigues in,</span> 56;<br> +<span class="entry">the citadel of the Mediterranean,</span> 57;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> expedition against,</span> 56, 57;<br> +<span class="entry">capture of,</span> 56, 57;<br> +<span class="entry">the Knights of St. John,</span> 56, 59;<br> +<span class="entry">blockade of,</span> 67;<br> +<span class="entry">besieged by England,</span> 141;<br> +<span class="entry">Paul I seeks control of,</span> 141, 154, 193;<br> +<span class="entry">French capture of,</span> 154;<br> +<span class="entry">captured by England,</span> 193;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed cession of,</span> to Russia, 193;<br> +<span class="entry">England withdraws from,</span> 211, 262;<br> +<span class="entry">Russia waives claim to,</span> 210;<br> +<span class="entry">restored to the Knights of St. John,</span> 262;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page447" name="page447"></a>(p. 447)</span> +<span class="entry">proposed cession by England,</span> 267;<br> +<span class="entry">France pushes England for declaration concerning,</span> 273;<br> +<span class="entry">England's occupation of,</span> 280, 284, 289, 351, 352, 356;<br> +<span class="entry">England refuses to admit the Neapolitan garrison,</span> 285;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> suggests Austrian or Russian occupation,</span> 285;<br> +<span class="entry">England insists on ten years' occupancy of,</span> 285;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> ambition concerning,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal that England keep,</span> 401;<br> +<span class="entry">importance of,</span> iii. 111.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mamelukes</b>,</span> scandals concerning, ii, 17, 58;<br> +<span class="entry">usurpation of Egypt by,</span> 47;<br> +<span class="entry">foundation of the military organization of,</span> 58;<br> +<span class="entry">attack the French at Shebreket,</span> 59;<br> +<span class="entry">in the battle of the Pyramids,</span> 60;<br> +<span class="entry">enlisted in French army,</span> 66;<br> +<span class="entry">the last of the,</span> 77.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Manche, Letourneaux de la</b>,</span> member of the Directory, i. 309.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Manhood suffrage</b>,</span> i. 188.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Manin</b>,</span> last doge of Venice, death of, ii. 24.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mann, Admiral</b>,</span> driven from the Mediterranean, i. 421.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mannheim</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> line of retreat via, ii. 424;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed conference at,</span> iv. +<a href="#page045">45</a>, +<a href="#page068">68</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Man of destiny," the</b>,</span> i. 321.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Man on horseback," the</b>,</span> i. 301, 304.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mansilla</b>,</span> Soult ordered to, iii. 188.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mantua</b>,</span> capture of, i. 350;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations around,</span> 359-361, 370-373, 378;<br> +<span class="entry">siege of,</span> 372 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">garrison,</span> 378;<br> +<span class="entry">importance,</span> 379;<br> +<span class="entry">the siege raised,</span> 380;<br> +<span class="entry">re-blockaded by the French,</span> 383;<br> +<span class="entry">Wurmser relieves,</span> 384;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria's efforts to relieve,</span> 386, 406-418 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> critical position before,</span> 389;<br> +<span class="entry">Wurmser's ineffectual sally from,</span> 392;<br> +<span class="entry">bids defiance to France,</span> 401;<br> +<span class="entry">Wurmser's defense and surrender of,</span> 415-418;<br> +<span class="entry">disposition by treaty of Leoben,</span> 439;<br> +<span class="entry">capture of,</span> 451;<br> +<span class="entry">incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic,</span> ii. 21;<br> +<span class="entry">lost to France,</span> 92;<br> +<span class="entry">interview between <i>N.</i> and Lucien at,</span> iii. 129;<br> +<span class="entry">trial and execution of Hofer at,</span> 241.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Manufactures</b>,</span> condition of, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 102;<br> +<span class="entry">encouragement of,</span> ii. 220; iii. 25, 307.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Manuscrit de l'Île d'Elbe," the</b>,</span> i. 177.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Manuscrit de Ste. Hélène,"</b></span> repudiated by <i>N.</i>, iv. +<a href="#page232">232</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Marat, J. P.</b>,</span> head of the committee of surveillance, i. 188;<br> +<span class="entry">crimes and assassination of,</span> 234.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Marbais</b>,</span> military movements near, iv. +<a href="#page186">186</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Marbeuf, Marquis de</b>,</span> tradition concerning his paternity of <i>N.</i>, i. 31;<br> +<span class="entry">influences <i>N.'s</i> education,</span> 43, 45, 52;<br> +<span class="entry">marriage of,</span> 64;<br> +<span class="entry">death,</span> 80, 115.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Marbeuf, Mgr. Y. A. de</b>,</span> bishop of Autun, social influence of, i. 69;<br> +<span class="entry">disgrace of,</span> 93;<br> +<span class="entry">literary patron of <i>N.</i>,</span> 92.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Marbot, Gen.</b>,</span> denies the story of Lannes's death-bed, iii. 224;<br> +<span class="entry">relates anecdote of the cantinière of Busaco,</span> 291;<br> +<span class="entry">memoirs of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page192">192</a>, +<a href="#page193">193</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">on Grouchy's blunders,</span> +<a href="#page192">192</a>, +<a href="#page193">193</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Marburg</b>,</span> junction of Austrian troops at, ii. 367.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Marceau, Gen. F. S.</b>,</span> in battle of Fleurus, i. 273;<br> +<span class="entry">statue at the Tuileries,</span> ii. 147.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>March, River</b>,</span> military operations on the, iii. 230.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Marchfeld, the</b>,</span> fighting in, iii. 218;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations on,</span> 224;<br> +<span class="entry">Prince Eugène left to guard,</span> 235;<br> +<span class="entry">Bernadotte's failure on,</span> 280.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Marchiennes</b>,</span> military operations near, iv. +<a href="#page173">173</a>, +<a href="#page177">177</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Marciana</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> at, iv. +<a href="#page142">142</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Marcognet, Gen.</b>,</span> in battle of Waterloo, iv. +<a href="#page201">201</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Marengo</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> over-confidence at, ii. 177;<br> +<span class="entry">topography of country near,</span> 178, 179;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of,</span> 176-186; iii. 196, 299;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> triumphant return from,</span> ii. 186;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> desire for peace after,</span> 189;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page448" name="page448"></a>(p. 448)</span> +<span class="entry">effect of the battle at Madrid,</span> 204;<br> +<span class="entry">Moreau's troops employed at,</span> 295;<br> +<span class="entry">celebration on the field of,</span> 355;<br> +<span class="entry">statements concerning <i>N.'s</i> movements after,</span> iii. 196;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> narrow escape at,</span> 382;<br> +<span class="entry">a nobility dating from,</span> iv. +<a href="#page044">44</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">its place in French history,</span> +<a href="#page261">261</a>.<br> + +<a id="maret" name="maret"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Maret, H. B.</b>,</span> secretary to <i>N.</i>, ii. 215; iii. 19;<br> +<span class="entry">recovery of,</span> 27;<br> +<span class="entry">influence of,</span> 27;<br> +<span class="entry">increased activity of,</span> 27;<br> +<span class="entry">created Duke of Bassano,</span> 86;<br> +<span class="entry">report from Laborde to,</span> 252;<br> +<span class="entry">member of extraordinary council on <i>N.'s</i> second marriage,</span> 254;<br> +<span class="entry">succeeds Champagny in the Foreign Office,</span> 318;<br> +<span class="entry">warlike zeal of,</span> 326;<br> +<span class="entry">letter from <i>N.</i>,</span> Sept. 10, 1812, 347;<br> +<span class="entry">letter from <i>N.</i>,</span> Nov. 29, 1812, 372;<br> +<span class="entry">in charge of affairs in Lithuania,</span> 375;<br> +<span class="entry">meeting with Metternich,</span> 416;<br> +<span class="entry">on the Austrian marriage,</span> 416;<br> +<span class="entry">letter from <i>N.</i>,</span> Aug. 23, 1813, iv. +<a href="#page007">7</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Minister of Foreign Affairs,</span> +<a href="#page042">42</a>, +<a href="#page046">46</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">succeeded by Caulaincourt,</span> +<a href="#page042">42</a>, +<a href="#page046">46</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">transferred to the Department of State,</span> +<a href="#page046">46</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">French dislike of,</span> +<a href="#page046">46</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">influence over <i>N.</i> at Dresden,</span> +<a href="#page069">69</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">on the Congress of Châtillon,</span> +<a href="#page069">69</a>, +<a href="#page070">70</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">records anecdote of Caulaincourt after La Rothière,</span> +<a href="#page069">69</a>, +<a href="#page070">70</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">persuades <i>N.</i> to resume negotiations,</span> +<a href="#page074">74</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">wrings concessions from <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page087">87</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">letter to Caulaincourt,</span> March 17, 1814, +<a href="#page087">87</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at council at St. Dizier,</span> +<a href="#page104">104</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at the abdication scene,</span> +<a href="#page121">121</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">member of <i>N.'s</i> new cabinet,</span> +<a href="#page159">159</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Maria, Queen of Portugal</b>,</span> mental alienation of, iii. 119;<br> +<span class="entry">embarks for Brazil,</span> 121.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Maria, Amelia</b>,</span> princess of Saxony, mentioned for marriage with <i>N.</i>, iii. 179.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Maria Amelia</b>,</span> queen of Saxony, reproaches Metternich for deserting <i>N.</i>, iv. +<a href="#page043">43</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Maria Antoinetta Theresa</b>,</span> wife of Ferdinand VII, death of, iii. 124.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Maria Carolina</b>,</span> queen of Naples, alleged intrigues of, ii. 357;<br> +<span class="entry">approaching downfall,</span> 337;<br> +<span class="entry">breaks her compact with <i>N.</i>,</span> 395.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Maria Louisa</b>,</span> of Austria, at Compiègne, iii. 148;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed marriage with <i>N.</i>,</span> 180, 252, 253;<br> +<span class="entry">preparations for her marriage,</span> 253-257;<br> +<span class="entry">marriage in Vienna,</span> 254-257;<br> +<span class="entry">progress from Vienna to Paris,</span> 257;<br> +<span class="entry">meeting with <i>N.</i> at Compiègne,</span> 258;<br> +<span class="entry">civil marriage,</span> 258;<br> +<span class="entry">induction into her imperial court,</span> 259-261;<br> +<span class="entry">personality and character,</span> 260, 327, 330, 381;<br> +<span class="entry">visit to Holland,</span> 269;<br> +<span class="entry">statue by Canova,</span> 300;<br> +<span class="entry">birth of the King of Rome,</span> 302;<br> +<span class="entry">abandonment of <i>N.</i>,</span> 302; iv. +<a href="#page135">135</a>, +<a href="#page143">143</a>, +<a href="#page162">162</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> affection for,</span> iii. 302, 323, 327, 381; iv. +<a href="#page233">233</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">accompanies <i>N.</i> to Dresden,</span> iii. 330;<br> +<span class="entry">married to Neipperg,</span> 330;<br> +<span class="entry">returns from Dresden to Paris,</span> 331;<br> +<span class="entry">at Prague,</span> 331;<br> +<span class="entry">lack of affection for,</span> in France, 377;<br> +<span class="entry">plan of regency for,</span> 381, 421; iv. +<a href="#page114">114</a>, +<a href="#page124">124</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">visits Pius VII,</span> iii. 390;<br> +<span class="entry">Metternich on her marriage,</span> 416;<br> +<span class="entry">political ends subserved through,</span> 416;<br> +<span class="entry">her marriage "a piece of stupidity,"</span> 418;<br> +<span class="entry">charged with treachery,</span> 418;<br> +<span class="entry">meets <i>N.</i> at Mainz,</span> 421;<br> +<span class="entry">dramatic appearances before the people,</span> iv. +<a href="#page051">51</a>, +<a href="#page052">52</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">entrusted to the care of the National Guard,</span> +<a href="#page053">53</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Francis I to,</span> on the situation, +<a href="#page067">67</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">prepares for extremities,</span> +<a href="#page081">81</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Joseph enjoined to preserve her from Austrian capture,</span> +<a href="#page091">91</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">letter from <i>N.</i>,</span> March 23, 1814, +<a href="#page096">96</a>, +<a href="#page100">100</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">character as Empress-regent,</span> +<a href="#page105">105</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">her council,</span> +<a href="#page106">106</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">rebuked by <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page105">105</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">flight from Paris,</span> +<a href="#page106">106</a>-112;<br> +<span class="entry">establishes a regency at Blois,</span> +<a href="#page115">115</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">flight of,</span> +<a href="#page117">117</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> seeks her intervention with her father,</span> +<a href="#page128">128</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">declines to accompany <i>N.</i> to Elba,</span> +<a href="#page135">135</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> anxiety for,</span> +<a href="#page135">135</a>-138;<br> +<span class="entry">takes refuge with her father,</span> +<a href="#page135">135</a>, +<a href="#page143">143</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Rambouillet,</span> +<a href="#page135">135</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> breaks off relations with,</span> +<a href="#page143">143</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">succumbs to Neipperg's wiles,</span> +<a href="#page143">143</a>;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page449" name="page449"></a>(p. 449)</span> +<span class="entry">proposed coronation of,</span> +<a href="#page157">157</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with Neipperg,</span> +<a href="#page162">162</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">disclaims connection with her husband,</span> +<a href="#page162">162</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">failure of the attempt to crown,</span> +<a href="#page165">165</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">besought for <i>N.'s</i> release,</span> +<a href="#page231">231</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> sentiments toward,</span> +<a href="#page233">233</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Marie Louise</b>,</span> queen of Etruria, Lucien refuses to marry, ii. 257;<br> +<span class="entry">abdicates and goes to Madrid,</span> iii. 129;<br> +<span class="entry">interview with <i>N.</i>,</span> 129;<br> +<span class="entry">supports Charles IV,</span> 137;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to Bayonne,</span> 147.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Maria Theresa</b>,</span> character, iii. 37.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Marie Antoinette</b>,</span> tradition concerning, i. 44.<br> + +<span class="name">"<b>Marie Louises</b>,"</span> in the defense of Paris, iv, +<a href="#page099">99</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mariotte</b>,</span> Talleyrand's agent in Leghorn, iv. +<a href="#page150">150</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">plots to seize <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page150">150</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Maritime Alps</b>,</span> war in the, i. 196, 342, 345.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Markgrafneusiedl</b>,</span> military operations near, iii. 227-229.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Markkleeberg</b>,</span> fighting near, iv. +<a href="#page029">29</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Markoff, Count</b>,</span> Russian ambassador at Paris, ii. 263, 330;<br> +<span class="entry">at the Tuileries,</span> March 13, 1803, 282, 283.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Marlborough, Duke of</b>,</span> military genius, i. 348;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> compared with,</span> 348.<br> + +<a id="marmont" name="marmont"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Marmont, Gen. A. F. L.</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> visits, i. 146;<br> +<span class="entry">records <i>N.'s</i> mercy,</span> 233;<br> +<span class="entry">admiration for <i>N.</i>,</span> 237, 245;<br> +<span class="entry">accompanies <i>N.</i> to Paris,</span> May 2, 1795, 263;<br> +<span class="entry">at Milan,</span> 366;<br> +<span class="entry">records utterances of <i>N.</i> at Milan,</span> 366;<br> +<span class="entry">service in Egypt,</span> ii. 53;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> tells him of intention to return from Egypt,</span> 79;<br> +<span class="entry">reports declaration of Sir Sidney Smith,</span> 79;<br> +<span class="entry">accompanies <i>N.</i> on his return from Alexandria,</span> 81;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding at the military school,</span> 108;<br> +<span class="entry">passes Fort Bard,</span> 171;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Marengo,</span> 120;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered from the Texel to Mainz,</span> 362;<br> +<span class="entry">at Neuburg,</span> 365;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> 364; iv. +<a href="#page127">127</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">letter from <i>N.</i> to,</span> Nov. 15, 1805, ii. 378;<br> +<span class="entry">created Duke of Ragusa,</span> iii. 86;<br> +<span class="entry">called to Vienna from Illyria,</span> 225;<br> +<span class="entry">pursues Archduke Charles,</span> 231, 235;<br> +<span class="entry">repulsed at Znaim,</span> 235;<br> +<span class="entry">replaces Masséna,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">withdraws for concentration,</span> 290;<br> +<span class="entry">move against Burgois,</span> 290;<br> +<span class="entry">advances on Wellington,</span> 290;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Salamanca,</span> 290, 343, 377;<br> +<span class="entry">campaign of 1813,</span> 402;<br> +<span class="entry">the Saxon campaign,</span> 404;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Bautzen,</span> 409, 410;<br> +<span class="entry">treachery,</span> iv. +<a href="#page005">5</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">recollections of <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page005">5</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">confronts Blücher at the Bober,</span> +<a href="#page007">7</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">criticizes <i>N.'s</i> plans,</span> +<a href="#page007">7</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Dresden,</span> +<a href="#page008">8</a>, +<a href="#page009">9</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">sent to support of Vandamme at Kulm,</span> +<a href="#page015">15</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> confesses failure to,</span> +<a href="#page021">21</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">characterization of the march to Leipsic,</span> +<a href="#page026">26</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Leipsic,</span> +<a href="#page027">27</a>-30, +<a href="#page033">33</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">on <i>N.'s</i> conduct after Leipsic,</span> +<a href="#page031">31</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">assigned to defense of the Rhine,</span> +<a href="#page054">54</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Montierender,</span> +<a href="#page060">60</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">falls into panic,</span> +<a href="#page062">62</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">moves from Sézanne against Blücher,</span> +<a href="#page062">62</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">annihilates Olsusieff's corps,</span> +<a href="#page063">63</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">demoralization of,</span> +<a href="#page064">64</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">pursues Blücher,</span> +<a href="#page064">64</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">driven by Blücher to Fromentières,</span> +<a href="#page064">64</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">junction of <i>N.</i> and,</span> near Étoges, +<a href="#page065">65</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Champaubert,</span> +<a href="#page066">66</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to hold Blücher,</span> +<a href="#page071">71</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Sézanne,</span> +<a href="#page074">74</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">checks Blücher at the Ourcq,</span> +<a href="#page076">76</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">loses Soissons,</span> +<a href="#page077">77</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">junction with <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page077">77</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Laon,</span> +<a href="#page079">79</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">routed by York,</span> +<a href="#page079">79</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Eppes,</span> +<a href="#page079">79</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">disaster at Athies,</span> +<a href="#page080">80</a>, +<a href="#page082">82</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">abandons Berry-au-Bac,</span> +<a href="#page081">81</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">rallies his troops at Fismes,</span> +<a href="#page081">81</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">captures Rheims,</span> +<a href="#page081">81</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">reproached by <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page082">82</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Berry-au-Bac,</span> +<a href="#page085">85</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">defends the Paris line against Blücher,</span> +<a href="#page086">86</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">letter from <i>N.</i>,</span> March 20, 1814, +<a href="#page091">91</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to Châlons,</span> +<a href="#page091">91</a>-94;<br> +<span class="entry">joins Mortier at Fismes,</span> +<a href="#page093">93</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">plan of operations against Blücher,</span> +<a href="#page094">94</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">disobedience and incapacity of,</span> +<a href="#page081">81</a>, +<a href="#page093">93</a>, +<a href="#page095">95</a>, +<a href="#page099">99</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">retreats to Fismes,</span> +<a href="#page100">100</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">junction with Mortier,</span> +<a href="#page100">100</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">supposed advantages of a retreat to Rheims,</span> +<a href="#page100">100</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">driven back to Charenton,</span> +<a href="#page099">99</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">driven back on Paris,</span> +<a href="#page101">101</a>, +<a href="#page105">105</a>, +<a href="#page109">109</a>, +<a href="#page110">110</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">strength,</span> +<a href="#page102">102</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">empowered to treat for surrender,</span> +<a href="#page111">111</a>;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page450" name="page450"></a>(p. 450)</span> +<span class="entry">defense of Paris,</span> +<a href="#page112">112</a>, +<a href="#page113">113</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">vanity,</span> +<a href="#page113">113</a>, +<a href="#page120">120</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">concludes terms of surrender,</span> +<a href="#page113">113</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">approached by Bourbon intriguers,</span> +<a href="#page113">113</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">homage of Paris to,</span> +<a href="#page113">113</a>, +<a href="#page120">120</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">denounced by <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page115">115</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">receives the Emperor's congratulations,</span> +<a href="#page116">116</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">reveals the worst to the Emperor,</span> +<a href="#page117">117</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to take position under the walls of Paris,</span> +<a href="#page116">116</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">strength after the surrender of Paris,</span> +<a href="#page118">118</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the treason of,</span> +<a href="#page120">120</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">terms of his secession,</span> +<a href="#page120">120</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">letter to Alexander,</span> April 3, 1814, +<a href="#page119">119</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">repeats the rôle of Monk,</span> +<a href="#page120">120</a>, +<a href="#page125">125</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">sends treasonable documents to Berthier,</span> +<a href="#page119">119</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">seduces five of his generals,</span> +<a href="#page125">125</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">reveals his plot to Schwarzenberg,</span> +<a href="#page125">125</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Essonnes,</span> +<a href="#page124">124</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">attempts to explain away his action,</span> +<a href="#page124">124</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">demands to join the embassy to the Czar,</span> +<a href="#page125">125</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">"brought up in <i>N.'s</i> tent,"</span> +<a href="#page124">124</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">aids in delivering up Souham's troops,</span> +<a href="#page126">126</a>, +<a href="#page127">127</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">fails to face Alexander,</span> +<a href="#page126">126</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">demoralization among his troops,</span> +<a href="#page126">126</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks audience with the Czar,</span> +<a href="#page126">126</a>, +<a href="#page127">127</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">his subsequent career of treason,</span> and death, +<a href="#page127">127</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">despised by the imperial generals,</span> +<a href="#page127">127</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">coining of the word "ragusade,"</span> +<a href="#page127">127</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Macdonald's rebuke to,</span> +<a href="#page127">127</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">nicknamed Judas,</span> +<a href="#page127">127</a>, +<a href="#page147">147</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">stricken from the list of marshals,</span> +<a href="#page127">127</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> on his desertion,</span> +<a href="#page128">128</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> charge against,</span> +<a href="#page130">130</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">puts the Paris garrison under arms,</span> +<a href="#page149">149</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">applies for post of minister of war,</span> +<a href="#page148">148</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">attainted,</span> +<a href="#page157">157</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> forgiveness for,</span> +<a href="#page233">233</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Marne, River</b>,</span> military operations on the, iv. +<a href="#page058">58</a>, +<a href="#page061">61</a>, +<a href="#page063">63</a>, +<a href="#page076">76</a>, +<a href="#page097">97</a>, +<a href="#page099">99</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Marriage</b>,</span> under the Code, ii. 222, 224.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Marseillais</b>,</span> the, in the riots of August 10, 1792, i. 178, 179.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Marseillaise," the</b>,</span> sung in Paris, i. 175;<br> +<span class="entry">permitted by imperial order,</span> iv. +<a href="#page051">51</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">played at Fontainebleau,</span> +<a href="#page118">118</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Marseilles</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> at, i. 81, 115, 141, 184, 263, 307, 322;<br> +<span class="entry">sends deputation to Paris,</span> 174;<br> +<span class="entry">demands abolition of monarchy,</span> 174;<br> +<span class="entry">equipment of Sardinian expedition from,</span> 191;<br> +<span class="entry">anarchy and massacres in,</span> 207, 212, 214, 220, 234;<br> +<span class="entry">the Buonapartes in,</span> 212, 263, 309;<br> +<span class="entry">defeat of the Jacobins in,</span> 213;<br> +<span class="entry">movement of Marseillais on Paris,</span> 214;<br> +<span class="entry">captured by Carteaux,</span> 220;<br> +<span class="entry">refugees from,</span> at Toulon, 221;<br> +<span class="entry">the "Bastille" of,</span> 239;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> views of the fortifications,</span> 239;<br> +<span class="entry">feeling against <i>N.</i> in,</span> 239;<br> +<span class="entry">circulation of counterfeit money in,</span> 246;<br> +<span class="entry">news of the Terror in,</span> 252;<br> +<span class="entry">reopening of commerce with Genoa,</span> 257;<br> +<span class="entry">forced military loans in,</span> 344;<br> +<span class="entry">Masséna commanding at,</span> iv. +<a href="#page154">154</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> sends emissaries to,</span> +<a href="#page154">154</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Marsh," the</b>,</span> position in the National Convention, i. 188.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Marshal Forward,"</b></span> iv. +<a href="#page098">98</a>.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#blucher"><b>Blücher</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Marshall, John</b>,</span> Talleyrand attempts to corrupt, ii. 34.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Martial law</b>,</span> reforms of, i. 142.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Martinique</b>,</span> birthplace of Josephine Beauharnais, i. 313;<br> +<span class="entry">French squadron at,</span> ii. 333;<br> +<span class="entry">French plans to strengthen,</span> 333.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mary, Queen</b></span> (of England), likened to Queen Louisa, iii. 62.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Masked Prophet," the</b>,</span> i. 86, 93.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Massa-e-Carrara</b>,</span> incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic, ii. 21;<br> +<span class="entry">given to Elisa (Buonaparte),</span> 395.<br> + +<a id="massena" name="massena"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Masséna, Gen. André</b>,</span> general in Army of Italy, i. 241, 345;<br> +<span class="entry">seizes Ventimiglia,</span> 243;<br> +<span class="entry">plan of campaign in the Apennines,</span> 243;<br> +<span class="entry">on the courage of his troops,</span> 244;<br> +<span class="entry">defeats Austrians at Millesimo,</span> 353;<br> +<span class="entry">at Lodi,</span> 361;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated at Bassano,</span> 388;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Citadella,</span> 388;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated by Alvinczy at Caldiero,</span> 388;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations on the Piave,</span> 388, 432;<br> +<span class="entry">attacked at St. Michel,</span> 410;<br> +<span class="entry">in the Rivoli campaign,</span> 413, 414, 416; ii. 323;<br> +<span class="entry">operations in the Italian Alps,</span> i. 433;<br> +<span class="entry">captures Chiusa Veneta,</span> 433;<br> +<span class="entry">seizes St. Michael and Leoben,</span> 436;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page451" name="page451"></a>(p. 451)</span> +<span class="entry">operations on the river Mur,</span> 436;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to Switzerland,</span> ii, 87;<br> +<span class="entry">military genius,</span> 87; 440, iii. 283;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated at Zürich,</span> ii. 93;<br> +<span class="entry">defeats Korsakoff at Zürich,</span> 93; 142, 323;<br> +<span class="entry">fitted for rôle of General Monk,</span> 94;<br> +<span class="entry">victories in Italy,</span> 96;<br> +<span class="entry">supreme commander of the Army of Italy,</span> 140, 160, 186, 362;<br> +<span class="entry">puts Suvaroff to flight,</span> 142;<br> +<span class="entry">defeats Archduke Charles at Zürich,</span> 141;<br> +<span class="entry">makes a forced levy in Switzerland,</span> 153;<br> +<span class="entry">brings Switzerland into French hands,</span> 164;<br> +<span class="entry">defense and surrender of Genoa,</span> 165, 170, 172, 323;<br> +<span class="entry">plans for the relief of,</span> 170, 172;<br> +<span class="entry">superseded by Brune,</span> 190;<br> +<span class="entry">republicanism of,</span> 190;<br> +<span class="entry">created marshal,</span> 323;<br> +<span class="entry">leaves Italy for Austria,</span> 380;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to Naples,</span> 395;<br> +<span class="entry">avarice of,</span> 440;<br> +<span class="entry">venality of,</span> iii. 81;<br> +<span class="entry">created Duke of Rivoli,</span> 86;<br> +<span class="entry">yearly income and enormous fortune,</span> 87, 224, 296;<br> +<span class="entry">to concentrate at Ulm,</span> 203;<br> +<span class="entry">to concentrate on the Lech,</span> 204;<br> +<span class="entry">movements on the Isar,</span> 205, 208;<br> +<span class="entry">in campaign of Eckmühl,</span> 206;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered from Augsburg to Ingolstadt,</span> 206-208;<br> +<span class="entry">at Moosburg,</span> 207;<br> +<span class="entry">in the Enns valley,</span> 216;<br> +<span class="entry">crosses the Danube,</span> 217;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Aspern,</span> 219;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> 224;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Wagram,</span> 227, 228;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding in Spain,</span> 283;<br> +<span class="entry">disasters in the Peninsula,</span> 284;<br> +<span class="entry">insubordination in his army,</span> 285;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Busaco,</span> 284;<br> +<span class="entry">in Coimbra,</span> 285;<br> +<span class="entry">march toward Lisbon,</span> 285;<br> +<span class="entry">enters Portugal,</span> 284;<br> +<span class="entry">Soult's jealousy of,</span> 286;<br> +<span class="entry">Soult fails to relieve,</span> 286;<br> +<span class="entry">withdraws toward Santarem,</span> 286;<br> +<span class="entry">awaits reinforcements,</span> 287;<br> +<span class="entry">failure in Spain,</span> 287;<br> +<span class="entry">precarious situation before Lisbon,</span> 288;<br> +<span class="entry">joined by Soult,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated at Fuentes de Onoro,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">reinforcements ordered from Castile to,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">disgraced by <i>N.</i>,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">succeeded by Marmont,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">holds his position,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">insubordination among his officers,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">punishes desertion,</span> 291;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding at Marseilles,</span> iv. +<a href="#page154">154</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">neutrality of,</span> +<a href="#page157">157</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">recreated marshal,</span> +<a href="#page167">167</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Masseria, Joseph</b>,</span> associated with <i>N.</i> in Corsica, i. 117;<br> +<span class="entry">success of his agitation,</span> 119.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Massias, Baron N.</b>,</span> French minister at Karlsruhe, ii. 305.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Matra, M. E.</b>,</span> a rival of Paoli, i. 16.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Maubeuge</b>,</span> battle of, i. 332.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Maubreuil, Comte de</b>,</span> arranges for the assassination of the Emperor, iv. +<a href="#page119">119</a>, +<a href="#page138">138</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mautern</b>,</span> Hiller crosses the Danube at, iii. 212.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Maximilian, Archduke</b>,</span> evacuates Vienna, iii. 212.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Maximilian, Joseph</b>,</span> king of Bavaria, gives his daughter to Eugène de Beauharnais, ii. 399;<br> +<span class="entry">at the Erfurt conference,</span> iii. 171;<br> +<span class="entry">his reforms in the Tyrol,</span> 201;<br> +<span class="entry">threatens to join the coalition,</span> iv. +<a href="#page016">16</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">joins the allies,</span> +<a href="#page022">22</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">grant of autonomy to,</span> +<a href="#page022">22</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">defection of,</span> +<a href="#page056">56</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Meaux</b>,</span> prison massacres in, i. 188;<br> +<span class="entry">Blücher moves on,</span> iv. +<a href="#page077">77</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> plan of movement via,</span> +<a href="#page085">85</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">evacuation of,</span> +<a href="#page099">99</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mecklenburg</b>,</span> territory restored to the reigning house, iii. 49.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mecklenburg-Schwerin</b>,</span> proposal to include in North German Confederation, ii. 418.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mecklenburg-Schwerin</b>,</span> Duke of, refuses to furnish levies, iii. 394.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mecklenburg-Strelitz</b>,</span> proposal to include in North German Confederation, ii. 418.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mecklenburgs</b>,</span> the, assert their independence, iv. +<a href="#page040">40</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Medical School</b>,</span> lecture system of the, i. 281.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Medina de Rio Seco</b>,</span> French success at, iii. 156.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mediterranean, the</b>,</span> English naval operations in, and power on, i. 207, 221, 257; ii. 15, 16, 56, 83; iii. 111;<br> +<span class="entry">naval operations in the,</span> i. 421, 424;<br> +<span class="entry">departure of the English fleet from,</span> 424;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> a child of,</span> ii. 15;<br> +<span class="entry">France's ambition for conquest of,</span> 16;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page452" name="page452"></a>(p. 452)</span> +<span class="entry">the citadel of the,</span> 18, 56;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> schemes on,</span> 18, 157; iii. 111, 112;<br> +<span class="entry">elaboration of plans for operations in,</span> ii. 33;<br> +<span class="entry">importance,</span> 46;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> calls for ships in,</span> 68;<br> +<span class="entry">Adm. Bruix sent to conquer,</span> 79;<br> +<span class="entry">European jealousy regarding control of,</span> 136;<br> +<span class="entry">English cessions in,</span> 211, 262;<br> +<span class="entry">Villeneuve's orders for operation in,</span> 372;<br> +<span class="entry">attempt to unite French fleets in,</span> iii. 111;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> mastery of,</span> 264;<br> +<span class="entry">English trade with,</span> 280;<br> +<span class="entry">Roman dominion of,</span> 302.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Meerveldt, Gen.</b>,</span> Austrian plenipotentiary at Leoben, i. 437;<br> +<span class="entry">Austrian plenipotentiary in treaty of Campo Formio,</span> ii. 19;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated at Leoben,</span> 368;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Leipsic,</span> iv. +<a href="#page028">28</a>, +<a href="#page030">30</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Austerlitz,</span> +<a href="#page030">30</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">sent to ask an armistice,</span> +<a href="#page030">30</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">captured at Leipsic,</span> +<a href="#page030">30</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Megnadier, Gen.</b>,</span> seduced by Marmont, iv. +<a href="#page125">125</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mehemet Ali</b>,</span> accession to power, ii. 77.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Meike</b>,</span> on commission to notify <i>N.</i> of his sentence, iv. +<a href="#page226">226</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Meissen</b>,</span> French forces at, iii. 393.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Melas, Gen.</b>,</span> commanding Austrian army in Italy, ii. 160;<br> +<span class="entry">drives Suchet across the Var,</span> 165;<br> +<span class="entry">forces Masséna back into Genoa,</span> 165;<br> +<span class="entry">military tactics,</span> 165;<br> +<span class="entry">cuts off communication with Masséna,</span> 169;<br> +<span class="entry">position on the Var,</span> 169;<br> +<span class="entry">hurries to Turin,</span> 169, 174;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> plans for the defeat of,</span> 169, 172;<br> +<span class="entry">reinforcements for,</span> 170;<br> +<span class="entry">rallies his army at Alessandria,</span> 174, 177;<br> +<span class="entry">capture of one of his couriers,</span> 175;<br> +<span class="entry">military characteristics,</span> 178;<br> +<span class="entry">crosses the Bormida,</span> 178;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Marengo,</span> 178-185;<br> +<span class="entry">retires to Alessandria,</span> 180;<br> +<span class="entry">superseded by Bellegarde,</span> 188.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Melnik</b>,</span> Austro-Russian troops near, iv. +<a href="#page003">3</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mélun</b>,</span> the garrison at, iv. +<a href="#page118">118</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Melzi, Comte F.</b>,</span> nominated for president of the Cisalpine Republic, ii. 231;<br> +<span class="entry">letter from <i>N.</i> to,</span> March 6, 1804, 299.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Memel</b>,</span> Queen Louisa at, iii. 37;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal that Russia seize,</span> 62;<br> +<span class="entry">Tolstoi visits Frederick William and Louisa at,</span> 108.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Memmingen</b>,</span> captured by Lecourbe, ii. 168;<br> +<span class="entry">seized by Soult,</span> 366.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Méneval, Claude F. de</b>,</span> statement of <i>N.</i> to, concerning the Duc d'Enghien, ii. 312;<br> +<span class="entry">reveals Maria Louisa's defection to <i>N.</i>,</span> iv. +<a href="#page143">143</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">dismissed from the service of the King of Rome,</span> +<a href="#page162">162</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Menou, Gen. J. F. de</b>,</span> commanding the Army of the Interior, i. 298;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to disarm the insurgents,</span> 299;<br> +<span class="entry">pusillanimity of,</span> 301, 307;<br> +<span class="entry">service in Egypt,</span> ii. 53;<br> +<span class="entry">professes Islamism,</span> 65;<br> +<span class="entry">succeeds Kléber,</span> 181;<br> +<span class="entry">surrenders in Egypt,</span> 181;<br> +<span class="entry">disasters in Egypt,</span> 211.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mentone</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> in, i. 238.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mercier, L. S.</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> study of his "Philosophic Visions," ii. 54.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Merlin, P. A.</b>,</span> member of the Directory, ii. 8, 35, 52;<br> +<span class="entry">interferes to prevent <i>N.'s</i> resignation as commander of Egyptian expedition,</span> 52;<br> +<span class="entry">resigns from the Directory,</span> 92;<br> +<span class="entry">seduced by Marmont,</span> iv. +<a href="#page125">125</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Merseburg</b>,</span> Bernadotte at, iv. +<a href="#page027">27</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Méry</b>,</span> Blücher at, iv. +<a href="#page073">73</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">captured by Oudinot,</span> +<a href="#page073">73</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Messkirch</b>,</span> battle of, ii. 167.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mettenberg</b>,</span> engagement on the, ii. 168.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Metternich, Prince von</b>,</span> character, ii. 131; iii. 417-420;<br> +<span class="entry">on <i>N.'s</i> designs of 1804-5,</span> ii. 338;<br> +<span class="entry">on the treaty of Tilsit,</span> iii. 72;<br> +<span class="entry">allusions to <i>N.'s</i> tenure of power,</span> 104;<br> +<span class="entry">letter to Stadion,</span> July 26, 1807, 104;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> conversations and confidences with,</span> 110, 278, 311, 333, 389, 418;<br> +<span class="entry">at St. Cloud levee,</span> Aug. 15, 1808, 169;<br> +<span class="entry">deceived by the clique of Talleyrand and Fouché,</span> 193;<br> +<span class="entry">goes to Vienna,</span> 193;<br> +<span class="entry">plenipotentiary at Altenburg,</span> 237;<br> +<span class="entry">suggests a union between <i>N.</i> and Maria Louisa,</span> 252;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page453" name="page453"></a>(p. 453)</span> +<span class="entry">succeeds Stadion as foreign minister,</span> 253;<br> +<span class="entry">reports France's financial condition,</span> 305;<br> +<span class="entry">stirs up strife between France and Russia,</span> 313;<br> +<span class="entry">reports the Russian army on the Danube,</span> 314;<br> +<span class="entry">character of his negotiations with France,</span> 317;<br> +<span class="entry">on the Russian war of 1812,</span> 328;<br> +<span class="entry">interview with <i>N.</i> at Dresden,</span> 389;<br> +<span class="entry">holds back Schwarzenberg,</span> 395;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiations with England,</span> 395;<br> +<span class="entry">prepares to desert <i>N.</i>,</span> 395;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks to embroil Russia and Sweden,</span> 395;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiations with Hardenberg,</span> 395;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiations with <i>N.</i>,</span> 395;<br> +<span class="entry">foresees the aims of the new coalition,</span> 400;<br> +<span class="entry">triumph in the Saxon affair,</span> 399;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> fears the intrigues of,</span> 409;<br> +<span class="entry">arranges a basis of mediation with Nesselrode,</span> 415;<br> +<span class="entry">meeting with Maret,</span> 416;<br> +<span class="entry">on the Franco-Austrian marriage,</span> 416;<br> +<span class="entry">secret meeting with Alexander,</span> 415;<br> +<span class="entry">double-dealing of,</span> 418;<br> +<span class="entry">interview with <i>N.</i>,</span> 418-420;<br> +<span class="entry">demands suspension of the Franco-Austrian treaty of 1811,</span> 419;<br> +<span class="entry">charged by <i>N.</i> with venality,</span> 419;<br> +<span class="entry">poses as armed mediator,</span> 420;<br> +<span class="entry">interview with <i>N.</i>,</span> June 27, 1813, 418-420;<br> +<span class="entry">letter to Francis,</span> June 29, 1813, 419;<br> +<span class="entry">advocates a continental peace,</span> 420;<br> +<span class="entry">encourages rivalries of petty potentates,</span> 423;<br> +<span class="entry">at Congress of Prague,</span> 422;<br> +<span class="entry">his policy exposed,</span> 423;<br> +<span class="entry">diplomacy during the Frankfort parley,</span> iv. +<a href="#page041">41</a>-44;<br> +<span class="entry">reproached for deserting <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page043">43</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">letter to Caulaincourt,</span> Nov. 9, 1813, +<a href="#page042">42</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">letter from Caulaincourt,</span> Dec. 2, 1813, +<a href="#page046">46</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">suggests compromise plan of invasion of France,</span> +<a href="#page057">57</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">his memoirs,</span> +<a href="#page066">66</a>, +<a href="#page067">67</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">position in European diplomacy,</span> +<a href="#page066">66</a>-69;<br> +<span class="entry">influence over Castlereagh,</span> +<a href="#page067">67</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">desires to restore the Bourbons,</span> +<a href="#page068">68</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">his policy concerning France,</span> +<a href="#page088">88</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">strives to check Prussian ambition,</span> +<a href="#page088">88</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">on the European policy of 1814,</span> +<a href="#page088">88</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with the allies,</span> +<a href="#page097">97</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">letter from <i>N.</i>,</span> March 28, 1814, +<a href="#page104">104</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">besought to encompass <i>N.'s</i> exile,</span> +<a href="#page138">138</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">urges Maria Louisa to break relations with her husband,</span> +<a href="#page143">143</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiates secret treaty between Austria,</span> England, and France, +<a href="#page144">144</a>, +<a href="#page145">145</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Fouché attempts intrigue with,</span> +<a href="#page165">165</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Metternich, Countess</b>,</span> share in the Austrian marriage negotiations, iii. 253.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Metz</b>,</span> imprisonment of the Prince of Hesse-Cassel in, ii. 443;<br> +<span class="entry">sends men to relief of Paris,</span> iv. +<a href="#page102">102</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Meuse, River</b>,</span> a French river, iii. 270;<br> +<span class="entry">military movements on the,</span> iv. +<a href="#page166">166</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mexico</b>,</span> scheme of a Bourbon monarchy in, iii. 134, 142.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Middle Guard</b>,</span> in battle of Waterloo, iv. +<a href="#page208">208</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Milan</b>,</span> under foreign yoke, i. 345;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> entry into and subsequent visits to,</span> 351, 362, 367, 400; ii. 175, 186; iii. 109; 129, 132;<br> +<span class="entry">defense of,</span> by Beaulieu, i. 352-362;<br> +<span class="entry">flight of the Archduke from,</span> 359;<br> +<span class="entry">coercion applied to,</span> 361;<br> +<span class="entry">provisional government for,</span> 367;<br> +<span class="entry">plundered of works of art,</span> 368;<br> +<span class="entry">levy of enforced contributions from,</span> 375;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> influence in,</span> 427;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> residence at Montebello,</span> 447, 452, 455, 456;<br> +<span class="entry">Gen. Clarke at,</span> 451;<br> +<span class="entry">celebration of July 14,</span> in (1797), ii. 4;<br> +<span class="entry">troops moved to Picardy from,</span> 24;<br> +<span class="entry">Moreau ordered to cut Kray's communication with,</span> 164;<br> +<span class="entry">plan of march to,</span> abandoned, 169;<br> +<span class="entry">festival at,</span> 173;<br> +<span class="entry">French entry into (June 2,</span> 1800), 173;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> care for the cathedral,</span> 173;<br> +<span class="entry">Austrian evacuation of,</span> 173;<br> +<span class="entry">Count of St. Julien sent to,</span> 187;<br> +<span class="entry">coronation of <i>N.</i> at,</span> 353, 354;<br> +<span class="entry">Prince Eugène Beauharnais viceroy at,</span> 358;<br> +<span class="entry">sends deputation to Paris,</span> iii. 380.<br> + +<a id="milandecree" name="milandecree"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Milan decree, the</b>,</span> iii. 101, 109, 119, 321.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Milanese, the</b>,</span> provisional government for, i. 367;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme to organize republic in,</span> 373;<br> +<span class="entry">disposition by treaty of Leoben,</span> 439;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page454" name="page454"></a>(p. 454)</span> +<span class="entry">question of restoring to Austria,</span> 452.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Milhaud, Gen. J. B.</b>,</span> transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, iv. +<a href="#page132">132</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">in Waterloo campaign,</span> +<a href="#page173">173</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Military courts</b>,</span> reconstitution of, i. 142.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Military discipline</b>,</span> reforms in, i. 142-145.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Military schools in France</b>,</span> i. 48; iii. 91;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> criticisms of,</span> i. 61.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Military strategy</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> skill in, ii. 153;<br> +<span class="entry">the art of,</span> 182.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Milleli</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> summer house and grotto, i. 135, 210.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Millesimo</b>,</span> military operations at, i. 352, 354, 355;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page065">65</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mincio, River, the</b>,</span> military operations on, i. 361, 371, 379, 381; ii. 88, 188;<br> +<span class="entry">boundary of Austrian holdings in Italy,</span> ii. 181.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Minsk</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> scheme to seize, iii. 333;<br> +<span class="entry">the French retreat through,</span> 363, 370.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Miollis, Gen. S. A. F.</b>,</span> occupies the city of Rome, iii. 242.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Miot de Melito</b>,</span> i. 367;<br> +<span class="entry">conversations with <i>N.</i>,</span> ii. 162;<br> +<span class="entry">on the demonstration against England,</span> 337;<br> +<span class="entry">"Memoirs" of,</span> quoted, iii. 131.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mirabeau, H. G. R.</b>,</span> activity at the meeting of the Estates-General, i. 108;<br> +<span class="entry">on position of the Navarrese,</span> 120;<br> +<span class="entry">plea for Corsica in the National Assembly,</span> 120;<br> +<span class="entry">share in the conquest of Corsica,</span> 120;<br> +<span class="entry">inspires amnesty to Paoli,</span> 120, 124;<br> +<span class="entry">leads the National Assembly against Buttafuoco,</span> 135;<br> +<span class="entry">military reforms of,</span> 142;<br> +<span class="entry">succeeds Necker,</span> 153;<br> +<span class="entry">death,</span> 153;<br> +<span class="entry">opinion of Talleyrand,</span> ii. 33;<br> +<span class="entry">statue at the Tuileries,</span> 147;<br> +<span class="entry">his politics to be ignored,</span> iii. 27.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Miranda</b>,</span> Bessières at, iii. 183.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mississippi, River, the</b>,</span> the United States acquires control of, ii. 289.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mittau</b>,</span> Louis XVIII at, iii. 52.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mlawa</b>,</span> military operations near, iii. 13.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Möckern</b>,</span> military operations near, iv. +<a href="#page027">27</a>, +<a href="#page030">30</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Modena</b>,</span> intrigue in the court of, i. 345;<br> +<span class="entry">held to ransom,</span> 374, 375;<br> +<span class="entry">the armistice with,</span> broken, 401;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria's protectorate over,</span> 425;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria seeks to retain,</span> 438;<br> +<span class="entry">disposition by treaty of Leoben,</span> 438;<br> +<span class="entry">incorporated into the Cisalpine Republic,</span> ii. 21;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> bad faith with,</span> 144.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Modena, Duke of</b>,</span> attempts to bribe <i>N.</i>, i. 366, 445;<br> +<span class="entry">destruction of his government,</span> 374;<br> +<span class="entry">driven from his throne,</span> 401.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Modlin</b>,</span> French military stores in, iii. 333;<br> +<span class="entry">held by the French,</span> 402.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mohileff</b>,</span> French garrison in, iii. 341.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mohrungen</b>,</span> skirmish at, iii. 10.<br> + +<a id="moldavia" name="moldavia"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Moldavia</b>,</span> Russian ambition to possess, ii. 356; iii. 98, 105, 116, 176, 248, 310;<br> +<span class="entry">dismissal of the Turkish viceroy of,</span> ii. 441;<br> +<span class="entry">alleged concession of,</span> to Russia, iii. 55;<br> +<span class="entry">Russian evacuation of,</span> 64;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> offers to offset Silesia against Wallachia and,</span> 107, 108, 113;<br> +<span class="entry">Russia threatened with the loss of,</span> 314.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Molière, J. B.</b>,</span> scene from "Tartufe," iii. 380.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Molitor, Gen. G. J. J.</b>,</span> in battle of Aspern, iii. 220.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Möllendorf, Gen. R. J. H.</b>,</span> Prussian commander, ii. 419.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mollien, N. F.</b>,</span> director of public debt, ii. 220;<br> +<span class="entry">keeper of the army-chest,</span> 409, 410;<br> +<span class="entry">minister of the treasury,</span> 410;<br> +<span class="entry">advises against war,</span> iii. 308;<br> +<span class="entry">protests against issue of paper money,</span> 389;<br> +<span class="entry">remark of <i>N.</i> to,</span> iv. +<a href="#page159">159</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">member of <i>N.'s</i> new cabinet,</span> +<a href="#page159">159</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Monaco, Prince of</b>,</span> brought as prisoner to <i>N.</i>, iv. +<a href="#page154">154</a>.<br> + +<a id="moncey" name="moncey"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Moncey, Gen.</b>,</span> crosses the St. Gotthard, ii. 170, 172;<br> +<span class="entry">created marshal,</span> 323;<br> +<span class="entry">created Duke of Conegliano,</span> iii. 86;<br> +<span class="entry">invades Spain,</span> 132;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated at Valencia,</span> 154;<br> +<span class="entry">advances on Valencia,</span> 156;<br> +<span class="entry">at Madrid,</span> 156;<br> +<span class="entry">at Tafalla,</span> 183;<br> +<span class="entry">moves against Castaños,</span> 185;<br> +<span class="entry">besieges Saragossa,</span> 186;<br> +<span class="entry">at review of the Guard at Fontainebleau,</span> iv. +<a href="#page118">118</a>;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page455" name="page455"></a>(p. 455)</span> +<span class="entry">recreated marshal,</span> +<a href="#page167">167</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mondego, River</b>,</span> Wellington retreats down the, iii. 284.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mondovi</b>,</span> battle of, i. 354, 355.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Money-lenders</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> hatred for, ii. 122.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Monfalcone</b>,</span> ceded to France, iii. 239.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Monge, Gaspard</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> mathematical teacher, i. 181;<br> +<span class="entry">minister of the navy,</span> 181;<br> +<span class="entry">founds the Polytechnic School,</span> 281;<br> +<span class="entry">plunders Italian scientific collections,</span> 369;<br> +<span class="entry">carries treaty of Campo Formio to the Directory,</span> ii. 24;<br> +<span class="entry">warlike declaration against England,</span> 32;<br> +<span class="entry">elaborates plan for operations,</span> in the Mediterranean, 33;<br> +<span class="entry">accompanies <i>N.</i> on his return from Alexandria,</span> 81;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the senate,</span> 151;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> friendship with,</span> 335;<br> +<span class="entry">created baron,</span> iii. 297.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Moniteur," the</b>,</span> records "Buona Parte's" action at Toulon, i. 230;<br> +<span class="entry">records <i>N.'s</i> daily life,</span> ii. 30;<br> +<span class="entry">on the events of the 18th Brumaire,</span> 106;<br> +<span class="entry">excites warlike feeling in France (1800),</span> 146;<br> +<span class="entry">attacks England,</span> 271, 294;<br> +<span class="entry">publishes Sebastiani's report,</span> 273;<br> +<span class="entry">on the imperial court at Aachen,</span> 339;<br> +<span class="entry">threatens Austria,</span> 361;<br> +<span class="entry">on the field of Austerlitz,</span> 391;<br> +<span class="entry">insults Prussia,</span> 400;<br> +<span class="entry">announces the position of the Napoleonic princes,</span> iii. 82;<br> +<span class="entry">announces the fall of the House of Braganza,</span> 121;<br> +<span class="entry">justifies French invasion of Spain,</span> 133;<br> +<span class="entry">publishes "authorized" reports of the Spanish failure,</span> 197;<br> +<span class="entry">on Austrian aggressions,</span> 213;<br> +<span class="entry">announces the annexation of Holland,</span> 277;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> offers Alexander the use of,</span> 315;<br> +<span class="entry">proclamation to the National Guard,</span> March 8, 1815, iv. +<a href="#page145">145</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Monk, Gen. George</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> is offered the rôle of, ii. 9;<br> +<span class="entry">Masséna fitted for the rôle,</span> 94;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> compared with,</span> 230;<br> +<span class="entry">Marmont emulates the rôle,</span> iv. +<a href="#page120">120</a>, +<a href="#page125">125</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Monnier, Gen. J. C.</b>,</span> in battle of Marengo, ii. 119.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Monroe, James</b>,</span> President of United States, understanding with England, iii. 48.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Monroe Doctrine, the</b>,</span> iv. +<a href="#page298">298</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Montalivet, Comte J. P. B.</b>,</span> member of the Empress-regent's council, iv. +<a href="#page106">106</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mont Blanc, Department of</b>,</span> i. 222.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Montbrun, Gen. L. P.</b>,</span> commanding cavalry in Russian campaign of, 1812, iii. 324.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mont Cenis pass</b>,</span> the, crossed by <i>N.</i>, ii. 27;<br> +<span class="entry">crossed by Turreau,</span> 170, 172;<br> +<span class="entry">Austrian watch on,</span> 170;<br> +<span class="entry">the road over,</span> 349; iii. 74.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Monte Albaredo</b>,</span> the French pass over, ii. 171.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Monte Baldo</b>,</span> military operations near, i. 380, 388, 410-414.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Montebello</b>,</span> the Austrian retreat toward, i. 392;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> residence at,</span> 447, 452, 455, 456;<br> +<span class="entry">Josephine at,</span> 455;<br> +<span class="entry">Genoese embassy to,</span> ii. 11;<br> +<span class="entry">engagements near,</span> 176;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of,</span> 196;<br> +<span class="entry">Lannes created Duke of,</span> iii. 86.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#lannes"><b>Lannes</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Monte Legino</b>,</span> Rampon's stand at, i. 356, 393.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Montenotte</b>,</span> battle of, i. 353; iv. +<a href="#page065">65</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Montereau</b>,</span> military movements near, iv. +<a href="#page065">65</a>, +<a href="#page068">68</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Victor ordered to seize,</span> +<a href="#page071">71</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">besieged by the Crown Prince of Würtemberg,</span> +<a href="#page072">72</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of,</span> +<a href="#page072">72</a>, +<a href="#page073">73</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">captured by the French,</span> +<a href="#page072">72</a>, +<a href="#page073">73</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Monte Rotondo</b>,</span> Carlo Buonaparte at, i. 31.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Montesquieu, C. de S.</b>,</span> views on Corsica, i. 19;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> views on his political speculations,</span> ii. 49, 51;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> study of,</span> 54;<br> +<span class="entry">on human ambition,</span> iii. 82;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> admiration for,</span> 176;<br> +<span class="entry">"Grandeur and Fall of the Romans,"</span> iv. +<a href="#page069">69</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Montesquiou, A. A. A.</b>,</span> royalist intrigues of, iv. +<a href="#page107">107</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the executive commission,</span> +<a href="#page115">115</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Montesquiou, Mme. de</b>,</span> governess to the King of Rome, iv, +<a href="#page053">53</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Montgelas, M. J. G.</b>,</span> Bavarian minister of state, iii. 179.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mont Genèvre</b>,</span> building a road over, ii. 349.<br> + + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page456" name="page456"></a>(p. 456)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Montholon, Charles</b>,</span> the "Manuscrit de l'Île d'Elbe" attributed to, i. 177;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> declaration to,</span> concerning the Duc d'Enghien, ii. 311;<br> +<span class="entry">accompanies <i>N.</i> to St. Helena,</span> iv. +<a href="#page214">214</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">residence on the island,</span> +<a href="#page231">231</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">assists <i>N.</i> on his history,</span> +<a href="#page232">232</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">remark of <i>N.</i> to,</span> +<a href="#page233">233</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Monthyon, Gen.</b>,</span> escorts <i>N.</i> from the field of Waterloo, iv. +<a href="#page211">211</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Montierender</b>,</span> military movements at, iv. +<a href="#page061">61</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Montmartre</b>,</span> defense of, iv. +<a href="#page109">109</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">captured by the Prussians,</span> +<a href="#page111">111</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Montmirail</b>,</span> battle of, iv. +<a href="#page063">63</a>, +<a href="#page064">64</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Montmorency</b>,</span> royalist intrigues of, iv. +<a href="#page107">107</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Montpellier</b>,</span> death of Carlo Buonaparte, at i. 63.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mont St. Jean</b>,</span> Wellington's retreat to, iv. +<a href="#page184">184</a>, +<a href="#page190">190</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">possibility of Grouchy reaching,</span> +<a href="#page192">192</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">topography of,</span> +<a href="#page195">195</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Wellington's center at,</span> +<a href="#page195">195</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">fighting at,</span> +<a href="#page214">214</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Moore, Sir John</b>,</span> commanding English troops in the Peninsula, iii. 186;<br> +<span class="entry">at Salamanca,</span> 186;<br> +<span class="entry">at Astorga,</span> 186, 187;<br> +<span class="entry">French search for,</span> 187;<br> +<span class="entry">prepares to attack Soult,</span> 188;<br> +<span class="entry">crosses the Esla,</span> 188;<br> +<span class="entry">destroys magazines at Benevento,</span> 188;<br> +<span class="entry">reaches Corunna,</span> 188;<br> +<span class="entry">his retreat,</span> death, and example, 189;<br> +<span class="entry">defeat of Soult,</span> 286.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Moosburg</b>,</span> Archduke Charles's force at, iii. 207;<br> +<span class="entry">Masséna at,</span> 207.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Morand, Gen. L. C. A.</b>,</span> in the Eckmühl campaign, iii. 208;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Borodino,</span> 344;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Waterloo,</span> iv. +<a href="#page205">205</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Moravia</b>,</span> Kutusoff's advance into, ii. 367.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Moreau, Gen. J. V.</b>,</span> a product of Carnot's system, i. 332;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding forces at Strasburg,</span> 347;<br> +<span class="entry">at Munich,</span> 384;<br> +<span class="entry">defeats Archduke Charles,</span> 385;<br> +<span class="entry">crosses the Rhine at Kehl,</span> 385;<br> +<span class="entry">operations on the Rhine,</span> 435;<br> +<span class="entry">military genius,</span> 350; ii. 163, 164, 300; iv. +<a href="#page002">2</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">fails to reinforce <i>N.</i>,</span> i. 438-443;<br> +<span class="entry">crosses the Rhine near Strasburg,</span> 440;<br> +<span class="entry">declines to aid the Directors,</span> ii. 6;<br> +<span class="entry">serves in the Army of Italy,</span> 72;<br> +<span class="entry">suspected of complicity with Pichegru,</span> 72, 164, 298;<br> +<span class="entry">last stand in Piedmont,</span> 83;<br> +<span class="entry">succeeds Schérer in command,</span> 88;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations in the Apennines,</span> 93;<br> +<span class="entry">succeeded by Joubert,</span> 92;<br> +<span class="entry">tempted with a dictatorship,</span> 94;<br> +<span class="entry">tainted with royalism,</span> 94;<br> +<span class="entry">joins the Bonapartist ranks,</span> 97;<br> +<span class="entry">a banquet at St. Sulpice,</span> 100;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with the Directory,</span> 100;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding guard at the Luxembourg,</span> 108;<br> +<span class="entry">blamed for imprisoning Moulins and Gohier,</span> 108;<br> +<span class="entry">appointed to command the Army of the Rhine,</span> 140, 160;<br> +<span class="entry">personal ambition,</span> 140, 163; iv. +<a href="#page003">3</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">a military rival of <i>N.</i>,</span> ii. 140, 163, 192;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> scheme to strengthen,</span> 163;<br> +<span class="entry">letter from <i>N.</i>,</span> March 16, 1800, 163;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to take the offensive,</span> 163;<br> +<span class="entry">participation in the revolution of Brumaire,</span> 164;<br> +<span class="entry">lack of supplies for,</span> 165;<br> +<span class="entry">crosses the Rhine,</span> April 25, 1800, 166;<br> +<span class="entry">outwits Kray,</span> 166;<br> +<span class="entry">passes the Black Forest,</span> 166;<br> +<span class="entry">defeats Kray at Messkirch and Engen,</span> 167;<br> +<span class="entry">troops detached from,</span> 170;<br> +<span class="entry">levies contributions on South Germany,</span> 186;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of his victories,</span> 186;<br> +<span class="entry">occupies Munich,</span> 186;<br> +<span class="entry">fortresses ceded to,</span> 188, 189;<br> +<span class="entry">representative of Revolutionary traditions in warfare,</span> 181;<br> +<span class="entry">position near Munich,</span> 190;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Hohenlinden,</span> 191;<br> +<span class="entry">eclipses <i>N.</i> in military glory,</span> 192;<br> +<span class="entry">advances toward Vienna,</span> 192;<br> +<span class="entry">republican sentiment in his army,</span> 235;<br> +<span class="entry">fall of,</span> 241, 295-299, 302;<br> +<span class="entry">implicated in the Cadoudal conspiracy,</span> 296 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">arrest and imprisonment of,</span> 298;<br> +<span class="entry">popular denunciation of,</span> 299;<br> +<span class="entry">banishment of,</span> 299;<br> +<span class="entry">takes up arms against <i>N.</i>,</span> 299;<br> +<span class="entry">mortally wounded at Dresden,</span> 299; iv. +<a href="#page012">12</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of his disgrace,</span> ii. 318;<br> +<span class="entry">movements at Munich,</span> iii. 203;<br> +<span class="entry">summoned from America for European service,</span> 407; iv. +<a href="#page003">3</a>;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page457" name="page457"></a>(p. 457)</span> +<span class="entry">goes over to the allies,</span> +<a href="#page003">3</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">with Schwarzenberg's army,</span> +<a href="#page003">3</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> +<a href="#page003">3</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">enters the Russian service,</span> +<a href="#page003">3</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">ambition to acquire the French crown,</span> +<a href="#page003">3</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">treachery of,</span> +<a href="#page005">5</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">plans the battle of Dresden,</span> +<a href="#page007">7</a>, +<a href="#page008">8</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses to fight against his country,</span> +<a href="#page008">8</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">death,</span> +<a href="#page082">82</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">funeral mass celebrated for,</span> +<a href="#page146">146</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Moreau, Mme.</b>,</span> ambition of, ii. 299.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Morlaix</b>,</span> Villeneuve at, ii. 375.<br> + +<span class="name">"<b>Morning Chronicle</b>,"</span> on England's indifference to French affairs, iv. +<a href="#page163">163</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Morsbach</b>,</span> military movements near, iii. 206.<br> + +<a id="mortier" name="mortier"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Mortier, Gen. E. A.</b>,</span> a product of Carnot's system, i. 332;<br> +<span class="entry">occupies Hanover,</span> ii. 287;<br> +<span class="entry">created marshal,</span> 323;<br> +<span class="entry">destruction of his division,</span> 368;<br> +<span class="entry">annihilated at Dürrenstein,</span> 378;<br> +<span class="entry">in the Austerlitz campaign,</span> 380;<br> +<span class="entry">occupies Mainz,</span> 424, 443;<br> +<span class="entry">seizes the Prince of Hesse-Cassel,</span> 443;<br> +<span class="entry">threatens Stralsund,</span> iii. 19;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Heilsberg,</span> 29;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Friedland,</span> 30;<br> +<span class="entry">created Duke of Treviso,</span> 86;<br> +<span class="entry">yearly income,</span> 87;<br> +<span class="entry">reinforcements for,</span> 165;<br> +<span class="entry">occupies Franconia,</span> 165;<br> +<span class="entry">forces in Spain,</span> 191;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to blow up the Kremlin,</span> 355;<br> +<span class="entry">in the retreat from Moscow,</span> 357;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding the Guard,</span> campaign of 1813, 402;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Dresden,</span> iv. +<a href="#page009">9</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">holds Pirna,</span> +<a href="#page012">12</a>, +<a href="#page018">18</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Leipsic,</span> +<a href="#page029">29</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Troyes,</span> +<a href="#page060">60</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Montmirail,</span> +<a href="#page063">63</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Soissons,</span> +<a href="#page074">74</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">junction with <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page077">77</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">checks Blücher at the Ourcq,</span> +<a href="#page076">76</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Laon,</span> +<a href="#page079">79</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">defends the Paris line against Blücher,</span> +<a href="#page086">86</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Rheims,</span> +<a href="#page086">86</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Soissons,</span> +<a href="#page086">86</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">junction with Marmont at Fismes,</span> +<a href="#page093">93</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">driven back to Charenton,</span> +<a href="#page099">99</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">junction with Marmont,</span> +<a href="#page099">99</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">driven back on Paris,</span> +<a href="#page101">101</a>, +<a href="#page105">105</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">defense of Paris,</span> +<a href="#page112">112</a>, +<a href="#page113">113</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">concludes terms of surrender,</span> +<a href="#page113">113</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">denounced by <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page115">115</a>, +<a href="#page116">116</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to take position under the walls of Paris,</span> +<a href="#page116">116</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">strength after surrender of Paris,</span> +<a href="#page118">118</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">attachment to <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page117">117</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">absent from the Waterloo campaign,</span> +<a href="#page171">171</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Moscow</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> threatens to march to, iii. 304;<br> +<span class="entry">military enthusiasm in,</span> 336;<br> +<span class="entry">Russian retreat from Smolensk toward,</span> 339;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> line from the Niemen to,</span> 340;<br> +<span class="entry">defense of,</span> 343-345;<br> +<span class="entry">agreement of the opposing generals as to its capture,</span> 345;<br> +<span class="entry">the Kremlin,</span> 345, 347;<br> +<span class="entry">capture and burning,</span> 345-349;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> expects Alexander to save,</span> 347;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> political and military blunders at,</span> 343, 348;<br> +<span class="entry">fountain of Russian inspiration,</span> 347;<br> +<span class="entry">topography,</span> buildings, monuments, etc., 348;<br> +<span class="entry">Russian abandonment of,</span> 349;<br> +<span class="entry">disputed honor of the conflagration,</span> 349;<br> +<span class="entry">pillage of,</span> 350;<br> +<span class="entry">the French army in,</span> 349-352;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> dissipation in,</span> 352;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> intention to be crowned in,</span> 352;<br> +<span class="entry">French retreat from,</span> 352-356, 357 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">throwing away the spoils of,</span> 358;<br> +<span class="entry">destruction of,</span> 382;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander's desire to avenge the French seizure of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page041">41</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mosel, River</b>,</span> military operations on the, iv. +<a href="#page058">58</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Moskwa, River</b>,</span> military movements on the, iii. 344, 348.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Moulins, J. F. A.</b>,</span> member of the Directory, ii. 92;<br> +<span class="entry">represents Jacobin element in the Directory,</span> 94;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed resignation of,</span> 101;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses to resign,</span> 108;<br> +<span class="entry">imprisonment of,</span> 108, 115;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> charges against,</span> before the Ancients, 113.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Mountain," the</b>,</span> position in the National Convention, i. 188;<br> +<span class="entry">suspects an English party in Corsica,</span> 196;<br> +<span class="entry">action discussed in the "Supper of Beaucaire,"</span> 218;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> affiliation with,</span> 242;<br> +<span class="entry">fall of,</span> 248;<br> +<span class="entry">factions in,</span> 250;<br> +<span class="entry">status in the provinces,</span> 268;<br> +<span class="entry">annihilation of,</span> 284.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Moustier</b>,</span> question of Grouchy's moving to, iv. +<a href="#page192">192</a>, +<a href="#page193">193</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mozhaisk</b>,</span> military operations at, iii, 347, 356;<br> +<span class="entry">depot of the French army at,</span> 357.<br> + +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page458" name="page458"></a>(p. 458)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Müffling, Gen.</b></span>, in battle of Waterloo, iv. +<a href="#page204">204</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Muiron</b>,</span> killed at Arcole, i. 400.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mulde, River</b>,</span> contemplated movements on the, iv. +<a href="#page024">24</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Müller, W.</b>,</span> member of Prussian reform party, ii. 415.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Multedo</b>,</span> member of Directory of Corsica, i. 133;<br> +<span class="entry">denounces <i>N.</i>,</span> 254;<br> +<span class="entry">letter from <i>N.</i>,</span> 257.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Münchberg</b>,</span> Soult at, ii. 428.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Munich</b>,</span> Moreau at, i. 384; ii. 186, 190; iii. 203;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations near,</span> ii. 191;<br> +<span class="entry">Méhée de la Touche's machinations in,</span> 297;<br> +<span class="entry">expulsion of the English envoy at,</span> 330;<br> +<span class="entry">the Elector of Bavaria reoccupies,</span> 377;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> plan to reach,</span> iii. 204.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Münster</b>,</span> position in the French Empire, iii. 279.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mur, River</b>,</span> military operations on the, i. 434.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Murad Bey</b>,</span> attacks the French at Shebreket, ii. 59;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of the Pyramids,</span> 60;<br> +<span class="entry">worries <i>N.</i> with mysterious intrigues,</span> 76;<br> +<span class="entry">fails to assist the Rhodes expedition,</span> 77;<br> +<span class="entry">death,</span> 77.<br> + +<a id="murat" name="murat"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Murat, Gen. Joachim</b>,</span> at Borghetto, i. 372;<br> +<span class="entry">threatens Genoa,</span> 373;<br> +<span class="entry">in Rivoli campaign,</span> 415;<br> +<span class="entry">service in Egypt,</span> ii. 53;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to kill hostile tribesmen,</span> 70;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Aboukir,</span> 78;<br> +<span class="entry">accompanies <i>N.</i> on return from Alexandria,</span> 81;<br> +<span class="entry">action on the 18th Brumaire,</span> 105;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding guard at St. Cloud,</span> 108;<br> +<span class="entry">proposes to clear the Orangery,</span> 117;<br> +<span class="entry">pursues the Austrians from Milan,</span> 173;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Marengo,</span> 179;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding in central Italy,</span> 190;<br> +<span class="entry">watches Naples,</span> 190;<br> +<span class="entry">his plebeian birth,</span> 195;<br> +<span class="entry">marries Caroline Buonaparte,</span> 195, 258;<br> +<span class="entry">guardian to King Louis's widow,</span> 233;<br> +<span class="entry">military commandant at Paris,</span> 308;<br> +<span class="entry">share in trial of d'Enghien,</span> 310;<br> +<span class="entry">created marshal,</span> 323;<br> +<span class="entry">at <i>N.'s</i> coronation,</span> 342;<br> +<span class="entry">captures Werneck's division at Nördlingen,</span> 367;<br> +<span class="entry">enters Vienna,</span> 368;<br> +<span class="entry">reproached by <i>N.</i>,</span> 368;<br> +<span class="entry">crosses the Tabor bridge,</span> 368;<br> +<span class="entry">base conduct at Vienna,</span> 369;<br> +<span class="entry">vanity of,</span> 378;<br> +<span class="entry">permits Kutusoff's escape,</span> 378;<br> +<span class="entry">"destroys the fruits of a campaign,"</span> 379;<br> +<span class="entry">pursues the Russian force,</span> 378;<br> +<span class="entry">checked by Bagration at Hollabrunn,</span> 379;<br> +<span class="entry">outwitted by Kutusoff at Hollabrunn,</span> 379;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Austerlitz,</span> 386, 388;<br> +<span class="entry">Grand Duke of Cleves and Berg,</span> 403;<br> +<span class="entry">takes title of Joachim I,</span> 403;<br> +<span class="entry">his ambitions,</span> 416;<br> +<span class="entry">Prussian campaign of 1806,</span> 422, 428, 429;<br> +<span class="entry">personal attendance on <i>N.</i>,</span> 425;<br> +<span class="entry">at Saalburg,</span> 428;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Jena,</span> 429;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> 436; iii. 139, 141;<br> +<span class="entry">invests Magdeburg,</span> ii. 436;<br> +<span class="entry">pursues Hohenlohe,</span> 436;<br> +<span class="entry">at Golymin,</span> iii. 4;<br> +<span class="entry">strength in Poland,</span> 7;<br> +<span class="entry">in campaign of Eylau,</span> 15-17;<br> +<span class="entry">pursues Bennigsen,</span> 18;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Heilsberg,</span> 29;<br> +<span class="entry">pursues Lestocq from Friedland,</span> 32;<br> +<span class="entry">at Tilsit,</span> 52;<br> +<span class="entry">interview with Queen Louisa,</span> 61;<br> +<span class="entry">assumes title of Napoleon,</span> 82;<br> +<span class="entry">advances on Madrid,</span> 134;<br> +<span class="entry">at Burgos,</span> 134;<br> +<span class="entry">assumes command in Spain,</span> 134;<br> +<span class="entry">his dilemma,</span> 139;<br> +<span class="entry">his protection sought by Charles IV,</span> 138;<br> +<span class="entry">letter to <i>N.</i>,</span> March 25, 1808, 139;<br> +<span class="entry">enters Madrid,</span> 139-142;<br> +<span class="entry">ambition to secure the Spanish throne,</span> 139, 146, 150;<br> +<span class="entry">letters from <i>N.</i>,</span> March, 1808, 141;<br> +<span class="entry">designated Protector of Spain,</span> 141;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with <i>N.</i>,</span> 141;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude of Spanish people toward,</span> 141;<br> +<span class="entry">his policy in Spain,</span> 141, 142;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses to recognize Ferdinand,</span> 143;<br> +<span class="entry">trouble with his prisoner Godoy,</span> 145;<br> +<span class="entry">appointed dictator of Spain,</span> 146;<br> +<span class="entry">Madrid revolts against,</span> 146;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> offers him the crown of Naples or of Portugal,</span> 147;<br> +<span class="entry">executes patriots in Madrid,</span> 147;<br> +<span class="entry">becomes king of Naples,</span> 149, 278, 319;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> control over,</span> 151;<br> +<span class="entry">butchery in the Madrid riots,</span> 151;<br> +<span class="entry">strength at Madrid,</span> 155;<br> +<span class="entry">commander-in-chief at Madrid,</span> 155;<br> +<span class="entry">executes decree depriving the Pope of secular power,</span> 242;<br> +<span class="entry">member of extraordinary council on <i>N.'s</i> second marriage,</span> 253;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page459" name="page459"></a>(p. 459)</span> +<span class="entry">violates the Continental System,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">strength,</span> March 12, 1812, 323;<br> +<span class="entry">cavalry command in the Russian campaign of 1812,</span> 324;<br> +<span class="entry">urges action at Vitebsk,</span> 338;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Smolensk,</span> 340;<br> +<span class="entry">remonstrates against fighting at Smolensk,</span> 340;<br> +<span class="entry">enters Moscow,</span> 345;<br> +<span class="entry">reports the temper of the Russian peasantry,</span> 350;<br> +<span class="entry">sudden attack on,</span> 352, 355;<br> +<span class="entry">desperate fighting on the retreat from Moscow,</span> 362;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to form behind the Niemen,</span> 373;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding the remnants of the grand army,</span> 373;<br> +<span class="entry">deserts the army and returns to Naples,</span> 373, 385, 393; iv. +<a href="#page051">51</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">crosses the Niemen,</span> iii. 384;<br> +<span class="entry">enters Königsberg,</span> 384;<br> +<span class="entry">held to his allegiance,</span> 421;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Dresden,</span> iv. +<a href="#page010">10</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">sent to support Vandamme at Kulm,</span> +<a href="#page015">15</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">fails to check Schwarzenberg or hold Blücher,</span> +<a href="#page017">17</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to hold Schwarzenberg,</span> +<a href="#page022">22</a>, +<a href="#page023">23</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Wachau,</span> +<a href="#page027">27</a>, +<a href="#page028">28</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Leipsic,</span> +<a href="#page027">27</a>, +<a href="#page028">28</a>, +<a href="#page032">32</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">forms alliance with Austria,</span> +<a href="#page055">55</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">marches on Rome,</span> +<a href="#page056">56</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">censured by <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page056">56</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">deserts <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page056">56</a>, +<a href="#page059">59</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">characterization of Talleyrand,</span> +<a href="#page107">107</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">uneasy for his throne,</span> +<a href="#page144">144</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">deposed,</span> +<a href="#page145">145</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Soult opposed to,</span> +<a href="#page157">157</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">condemned to death,</span> +<a href="#page225">225</a>.<br> + +<a id="muratmme" name="muratmme"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Murat, Mme.</b>,</span> marital relations, ii. 258.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Murati</b>,</span> success of, at Bastia, i. 119.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Museum of Arts and Crafts</b>,</span> founded, i. 281.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Mustapha IV</b>,</span> seeks the friendship of France, iii. 106;<br> +<span class="entry">overthrows Selim III,</span> 106;<br> +<span class="entry">weak reign of,</span> 163;<br> +<span class="entry">murders Selim III,</span> 162.</p> + + +<h5>N</h5> + +<p><span class="name"><b>N</b>,</span> Napoleon's monogram, iii. 40.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Namur</b>,</span> military operations near, iv. +<a href="#page171">171</a>, +<a href="#page176">176</a>, +<a href="#page182">182</a>, +<a href="#page186">186</a>, +<a href="#page211">211</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Nangis</b>,</span> Victor and Oudinot driven back to, iv. +<a href="#page065">65</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Wittgenstein driven from,</span> +<a href="#page072">72</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at,</span> +<a href="#page072">72</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Berthier at,</span> +<a href="#page072">72</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">French retreat stopped at,</span> +<a href="#page084">84</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Nansouty, Gen.</b>,</span> in the Eckmühl campaign, iii. 208;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding cavalry in Russian campaign of 1812,</span> 324;<br> +<span class="entry">moves from Sézanne against Blücher,</span> iv. +<a href="#page062">62</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered toward Montmirail,</span> +<a href="#page063">63</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII,</span> +<a href="#page132">132</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Nantes</b>,</span> immunity from the White Terror, iv. +<a href="#page222">222</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Napier, Gen.</b>,</span> in battle of Waterloo, iv. +<a href="#page208">208</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Naples</b>,</span> Bourbon influence in, i. 21;<br> +<span class="entry">humiliation of,</span> 192, 374;<br> +<span class="entry">aids in defense of Toulon,</span> 221;<br> +<span class="entry">under foreign yoke,</span> 345;<br> +<span class="entry">French proposition to revolutionize,</span> 373;<br> +<span class="entry">becomes refractory,</span> 401;<br> +<span class="entry">makes peace with France,</span> 402;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> leniency to,</span> 421;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> influence in,</span> 448;<br> +<span class="entry">plunder of,</span> ii. 17, 18;<br> +<span class="entry">arrogance of,</span> 17, 18;<br> +<span class="entry">diplomatic offset of Spain against,</span> 18;<br> +<span class="entry">claims Malta,</span> 18;<br> +<span class="entry">neutralization of,</span> 33;<br> +<span class="entry">dread of French spoliation in,</span> 39;<br> +<span class="entry">makes war on Rome,</span> 68, 72, 86, 87;<br> +<span class="entry">spread of revolutionary ideas to,</span> 86;<br> +<span class="entry">joins the second coalition,</span> 86, 91;<br> +<span class="entry">Macdonald ordered to,</span> 87;<br> +<span class="entry">Bonapartist agency in,</span> 89;<br> +<span class="entry">capture of,</span> by Championnet, 87, 93;<br> +<span class="entry">unbridled license at,</span> 92;<br> +<span class="entry">watched by Murat,</span> 190;<br> +<span class="entry">Russia intercedes for,</span> 203, 204;<br> +<span class="entry">English ships forbidden to enter,</span> 204;<br> +<span class="entry">forced contributions from,</span> 204;<br> +<span class="entry">France withdraws from,</span> 211, 262, 287;<br> +<span class="entry">not allowed to garrison Malta,</span> 284;<br> +<span class="entry">seized by Saint-Cyr,</span> 287;<br> +<span class="entry">fate of her admiral,</span> Caraccioli, 300;<br> +<span class="entry">Russia demands France's evacuation of,</span> 330, 347;<br> +<span class="entry">independence of,</span> 357;<br> +<span class="entry">a focus of anti-French conspiracies,</span> 357;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> demands expulsion of emigrants from,</span> 357;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> threatens to seize,</span> 362;<br> +<span class="entry">Villeneuve ordered to,</span> 371;<br> +<span class="entry">Prussia bound to secure the liberties of,</span> 377;<br> +<span class="entry">banishment of the Bourbons from,</span> 391, 395, 401; iii. 214;<br> +<span class="entry">Russian occupation of,</span> ii. 395, 418;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page460" name="page460"></a>(p. 460)</span> +<span class="entry">Joseph Bonaparte made king of,</span> 395, 439; iii. 148;<br> +<span class="entry">Masséna ordered to,</span> ii. 395;<br> +<span class="entry">rupture of the Queen's engagement with <i>N.</i>,</span> 395;<br> +<span class="entry">opened to English ships,</span> 395;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> exacts tribute from,</span> 396;<br> +<span class="entry">Russia evacuates,</span> 405;<br> +<span class="entry">vassalage to France recognized at Tilsit,</span> iii. 54;<br> +<span class="entry">trouble concerning the Papal States,</span> 67;<br> +<span class="entry">abolition of the hostile strip between Italy and,</span> 118;<br> +<span class="entry">financial and political reform in,</span> 130;<br> +<span class="entry">Murat becomes king of,</span> 147, 150, 279, 319;<br> +<span class="entry">England's loss of trade with,</span> 272;<br> +<span class="entry">seizure of American ships by,</span> 275;<br> +<span class="entry">Murat returns to,</span> 373, 385;<br> +<span class="entry">fails to support <i>N.</i>,</span> iv. +<a href="#page057">57</a>, +<a href="#page059">59</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">insecurity of Murat's throne,</span> +<a href="#page144">144</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">refrains from joining the European coalition against <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page162">162</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Naples, King of</b>.</span> <i>See</i> <a href="#buonapartejoseph"><b>Buonaparte, Joseph</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name">"<b>Napoladron</b>,"</span> iii. 292.<br> + +<a id="napoleon" name="napoleon"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Napoleon Buonaparte</b>.</span><br> +<span class="entry">(<i>Note.</i>—Items concerning Napoleon's relations with persons or places will be found under the respective names of such subjects.</span><br> +<span class="entry">For a conspectus of events in his career,</span> <i>see</i> the Tables of Contents in each volume.<br> +<span class="entry">For aphorisms by or concerning Napoleon,</span> <i>see</i> <a href="#phrases"><b>Phrases</b></a>.<br> +<span class="entry">For details of his character <i>see</i> paragraph below,</span>—<i>Analysis of character</i>.)<br> +<span class="entry">Birth and infancy,</span> i. 33-47;<br> +<span class="entry">brothers and sisters,</span> 33, 34;<br> +<span class="entry">forms of his name,</span> 38;<br> +<span class="entry">nicknames,</span> 39;<br> +<span class="entry">his personal recollections of childhood,</span> 40, 45;<br> +<span class="entry">development of military genius at the snow forts,</span> 53;<br> +<span class="entry">challenges a schoolmate,</span> 51;<br> +<span class="entry">letter to his father,</span> 58;<br> +<span class="entry">conceptions of the state,</span> 78;<br> +<span class="entry">aptitude for the navy,</span> 57;<br> +<span class="entry">two enemies of,</span> 65;<br> +<span class="entry">views on and first lessons in revolution,</span> 123-134, 156, 190;<br> +<span class="entry">hatred of France,</span> 92, 122;<br> +<span class="entry">improvement in financial condition,</span> 127;<br> +<span class="entry">a Corsican revolutionist,</span> 130;<br> +<span class="entry">first appearance as an orator,</span> 132;<br> +<span class="entry">political schemes,</span> 137;<br> +<span class="entry">certificates as to his republicanism,</span> 136, 140;<br> +<span class="entry">prepared for confirmation,</span> 146;<br> +<span class="entry">his detractors,</span> 148;<br> +<span class="entry">his desire concerning his biographies,</span> 148;<br> +<span class="entry">course of life from 1791 to 1795,</span> 148 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">payment of debts,</span> 149;<br> +<span class="entry">growing notoriety,</span> 156;<br> +<span class="entry">a starting-point of his career,</span> 159;<br> +<span class="entry">addresses the Minister of War on the National Guard,</span> 159;<br> +<span class="entry">debts of,</span> 159;<br> +<span class="entry">a Corsican Jacobin,</span> 160-179;<br> +<span class="entry">strained relations with the Ministry of War,</span> 160, 295;<br> +<span class="entry">purchases sequestrated church lands,</span> 161;<br> +<span class="entry">election methods,</span> 166;<br> +<span class="entry">his "civism,"</span> 170, 180;<br> +<span class="entry">with the mob at the Tuileries,</span> 176;<br> +<span class="entry">on riots,</span> 176;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with the Marseilles deputation,</span> 178;<br> +<span class="entry">on the conflict of August 10,</span> 1792, 178;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks commission in naval artillery,</span> 182;<br> +<span class="entry">aims at Corsican leadership,</span> 202;<br> +<span class="entry">failure in politics,</span> 211;<br> +<span class="entry">general of brigade,</span> 232, 236-242, 287;<br> +<span class="entry">his own record of his life,</span> 237;<br> +<span class="entry">influential friends,</span> 236, 240, 244;<br> +<span class="entry">a Jacobin general,</span> 236-246;<br> +<span class="entry">denies his nobility,</span> 237;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses to obey the Convention's summons,</span> 240;<br> +<span class="entry">a Montagnard,</span> 242;<br> +<span class="entry">the "plan-maker" of the Robespierres,</span> 245;<br> +<span class="entry">the germ of his military system,</span> 247;<br> +<span class="entry">vicissitudes in war and diplomacy,</span> 247, 259;<br> +<span class="entry">suspension and arrest,</span> 254-259;<br> +<span class="entry">appeal to the "representatives of the people" (1794),</span> 255;<br> +<span class="entry">release,</span> 257;<br> +<span class="entry">the end of apprenticeship,</span> 260-271;<br> +<span class="entry">degraded from artillery to infantry,</span> 278;<br> +<span class="entry">Jacobin proclivities,</span> 284, 286;<br> +<span class="entry">renounces Jacobinism,</span> 286;<br> +<span class="entry">the General of the Convention,</span> 287-301;<br> +<span class="entry">plans marriage and settled life,</span> 294;<br> +<span class="entry">jealousy directed against,</span> 310;<br> +<span class="entry">his police services,</span> 310;<br> +<span class="entry">courtship and marriage,</span> 310, 323;<br> +<span class="entry">a typical Corsican,</span> 311;<br> +<span class="entry">views on love and marriage,</span> 311;<br> +<span class="entry">adopts new spelling of his name,</span> 321;<br> +<span class="entry">a product of Carnot's system,</span> 332;<br> +<span class="entry">the Œdipus of France,</span> 339;<br> +<span class="entry">on a great stage,</span> 339-351;<br> +<span class="entry">demands reinforcements,</span> 347;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page461" name="page461"></a>(p. 461)</span> +<span class="entry">insists on unity of command,</span> 348;<br> +<span class="entry">keynote of military policy,</span> 348;<br> +<span class="entry">secret of his military success,</span> 351;<br> +<span class="entry">"the Little Corporal,"</span> 362; iv. +<a href="#page154">154</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">an insubordinate conqueror and diplomatist,</span> i. 363-377;<br> +<span class="entry">entrusted with diplomatic powers,</span> 364;<br> +<span class="entry">threats against,</span> 364;<br> +<span class="entry">prostitution of his subordinates,</span> 366, 376;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme of art plunder,</span> 368;<br> +<span class="entry">views concerning arts and sciences,</span> 369;<br> +<span class="entry">plans succeeding the capture of Milan,</span> 372-377;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses bribes,</span> 376;<br> +<span class="entry">a prophecy fulfilled,</span> 385;<br> +<span class="entry">narrow escapes,</span> 393;<br> +<span class="entry">extinction of the Corsican in,</span> 404;<br> +<span class="entry">memoirs,</span> 417;<br> +<span class="entry">military jealousy directed against,</span> 426;<br> +<span class="entry">independent attitude of,</span> ii. 4;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude toward royalty,</span> 4;<br> +<span class="entry">"a personage in Europe,"</span> 9;<br> +<span class="entry">plans for building up sea power,</span> 18;<br> +<span class="entry">bribery of and by,</span> 19;<br> +<span class="entry">constructive commander-in-chief of French forces,</span> 36;<br> +<span class="entry">represses pillage,</span> 42;<br> +<span class="entry">supplanter of the Revolution,</span> 46;<br> +<span class="entry">his "complete code of politics,"</span> 49;<br> +<span class="entry">theories of government,</span> 49, 50;<br> +<span class="entry">doubtful points in connection with the Egyptian campaign,</span> 49-52;<br> +<span class="entry">on English political history,</span> 50;<br> +<span class="entry">"the pear is not yet ripe,"</span> 52;<br> +<span class="entry">assumes the rôle of a prophet,</span> 66;<br> +<span class="entry">el Kebir,</span> the Exalted, 67;<br> +<span class="entry">receives secret information from his brothers,</span> 79;<br> +<span class="entry">summoned to take supreme command,</span> 80;<br> +<span class="entry">death at St. Helena,</span> 82; iv. +<a href="#page234">234</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">gives toast: "the harmony of all the French,"</span> ii. 101;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme to make him consul,</span> 102;<br> +<span class="entry">secret meeting of his friends,</span> 15th of Brumaire, 102;<br> +<span class="entry">critical moment in Talleyrand's house,</span> 103;<br> +<span class="entry">temporary dictator,</span> 106;<br> +<span class="entry">speech to Barras's messenger,</span> 19th Brumaire, 107;<br> +<span class="entry">dangerous confidence of,</span> 109;<br> +<span class="entry">"traitor and outlaw,"</span> 113, 115, 122;<br> +<span class="entry">the arbiter of French destiny,</span> 121;<br> +<span class="entry">reports of his wealth,</span> 122;<br> +<span class="entry">First Consul,</span> 124, 125, 130;<br> +<span class="entry">royalist predilections for,</span> 134;<br> +<span class="entry">his choice of two policies,</span> 138;<br> +<span class="entry">the epoch of,</span> 139;<br> +<span class="entry">importance in universal history,</span> 139;<br> +<span class="entry">apparent loss of military ambition,</span> 140;<br> +<span class="entry">choice of administrators,</span> 140, 149-153;<br> +<span class="entry">English views of,</span> 143, 144;<br> +<span class="entry">salary as First Consul,</span> 150;<br> +<span class="entry">the personality of the council of state his,</span> 152;<br> +<span class="entry">aims at centralization of government,</span> 153;<br> +<span class="entry">beneficent effects of his régime on the world,</span> 153;<br> +<span class="entry">controls foreign relations,</span> 153;<br> +<span class="entry">foreign policy,</span> 157, 158;<br> +<span class="entry">makes enemies as First Consul,</span> 158;<br> +<span class="entry">the fate of France identified with his,</span> 158;<br> +<span class="entry">contrasts administrative with military glory,</span> 164;<br> +<span class="entry">on the art of war,</span> 165;<br> +<span class="entry">expansion of his schemes,</span> 172;<br> +<span class="entry">his favorite tactics,</span> 177;<br> +<span class="entry">distinction between the statesman and the general,</span> 183-185;<br> +<span class="entry">violation of the constitution in assuming command,</span> 186;<br> +<span class="entry">undisputed mastery of France,</span> 185;<br> +<span class="entry">sportive tricks with old dynasties of Europe,</span> 194;<br> +<span class="entry">period of his greatest renown,</span> 198;<br> +<span class="entry">married life,</span> 198, 199, 256;<br> +<span class="entry">malicious libels on,</span> 199;<br> +<span class="entry">as kingmaker,</span> 205;<br> +<span class="entry">urged by Russia to declare himself king,</span> 209;<br> +<span class="entry">codification of the laws,</span> 222;<br> +<span class="entry">regenerates feudal society,</span> 224;<br> +<span class="entry">study of law,</span> 227;<br> +<span class="entry">his interest in education,</span> 227;<br> +<span class="entry">the new era,</span> 229;<br> +<span class="entry">method of deporting opposition,</span> 235-238;<br> +<span class="entry">apparent summit of his power,</span> 239;<br> +<span class="entry">plots and attempts to assassinate,</span> 239, 240; iv. +<a href="#page122">122</a>, +<a href="#page138">138</a>, +<a href="#page144">144</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">policy toward his enemies,</span> ii. 241;<br> +<span class="entry">popularity,</span> 244-249;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal to make him king,</span> 248;<br> +<span class="entry">the tool of fate and architect of his own fortunes,</span> 250;<br> +<span class="entry">his first marriage,</span> 250;<br> +<span class="entry">a soldier of fortune,</span> 250;<br> +<span class="entry">at maturity,</span> 250 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">a man of all ages,</span> 253;<br> +<span class="entry">the personification of France,</span> 253;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of conspiracies on,</span> 255;<br> +<span class="entry">safeguards for,</span> 256;<br> +<span class="entry">on friendships,</span> 256;<br> +<span class="entry">on the forces by which kings rule,</span> 256;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of his married life on the Code,</span> 257;<br> +<span class="entry">war a necessity to,</span> 268;<br> +<span class="entry">French admiration for,</span> 377;<br> +<span class="entry">expansion of the revolutionary system,</span> 278;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page462" name="page462"></a>(p. 462)</span> +<span class="entry">relations with the diplomatic corps,</span> 279, 280;<br> +<span class="entry">consular levee of March 13,</span> 1803, 280;<br> +<span class="entry">reception of diplomatic corps,</span> Apr. 4, 1803, 284;<br> +<span class="entry">remonstrances against adulation of,</span> 295;<br> +<span class="entry">mortification of,</span> 312;<br> +<span class="entry">on the pinnacle of revolutionary power,</span> 314;<br> +<span class="entry">brief review of his career,</span> 314-318;<br> +<span class="entry">creates a virtual tyranny,</span> 315;<br> +<span class="entry">"consul,</span> stadholder, or emperor?" 321;<br> +<span class="entry">his imperial title,</span> 323;<br> +<span class="entry">his civil list,</span> 323;<br> +<span class="entry">heraldic device of the empire,</span> 323;<br> +<span class="entry">secures the imperial succession to his family,</span> 324;<br> +<span class="entry">inauguration of the empire,</span> 326;<br> +<span class="entry">coronation,</span> 327, 339 et seq.; iv. +<a href="#page249">249</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">his naval plans of 1805,</span> ii. 334;<br> +<span class="entry">reception of the news of Trafalgar,</span> 334;<br> +<span class="entry">as a man of science,</span> 335;<br> +<span class="entry">his strength with the army,</span> 334;<br> +<span class="entry">forms of his strategy,</span> 337;<br> +<span class="entry">fear of poison,</span> 341;<br> +<span class="entry">encourages arts and sciences,</span> 347-351;<br> +<span class="entry">first speech from the imperial throne,</span> 347;<br> +<span class="entry">germs of the national uprising against,</span> 348;<br> +<span class="entry">the spell of his name,</span> 349;<br> +<span class="entry">deprecates war,</span> 351;<br> +<span class="entry">backed by the nation,</span> 352;<br> +<span class="entry">"moderation" of,</span> 355;<br> +<span class="entry">anger at naval failures,</span> 360;<br> +<span class="entry">rapidity and perfection of his movements,</span> 363;<br> +<span class="entry">his military commanders,</span> 364;<br> +<span class="entry">sinks the emperor in the general,</span> 364, 423; iii. 112, 404;<br> +<span class="entry">the head of the French Empire,</span> ii. 395;<br> +<span class="entry">demands recognition as Emperor of Rome,</span> 396;<br> +<span class="entry">violation of dynastic ties,</span> 404;<br> +<span class="entry">ideas about territorial sanctity,</span> 404;<br> +<span class="entry">"Napoleon the Great,"</span> 407;<br> +<span class="entry">the imperial catechism,</span> 408;<br> +<span class="entry">traveling arrangements,</span> 425;<br> +<span class="entry">distrust of his suite,</span> 426;<br> +<span class="entry">simplicity of his military dress,</span> 438;<br> +<span class="entry">likened to an octopus,</span> 445;<br> +<span class="entry">political methods and policies,</span> iii. 1, 76, 115, 196, 316;<br> +<span class="entry">a new seat of war for,</span> 3;<br> +<span class="entry">determined to "conquer the sea by land,"</span> 3;<br> +<span class="entry">new experience in campaigning,</span> 5;<br> +<span class="entry">his first child,</span> 11;<br> +<span class="entry">the center of his administration,</span> 24;<br> +<span class="entry">the supports of his empire,</span> 24;<br> +<span class="entry">centralization of government in,</span> 25;<br> +<span class="entry">nameless charges against,</span> 26;<br> +<span class="entry">his excuses for his license,</span> 26;<br> +<span class="entry">his monogram (N),</span> 39, 40;<br> +<span class="entry">commercial policy,</span> 46, 137;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude toward the Russo-Prussian alliance,</span> 54;<br> +<span class="entry">preference for action before words,</span> 66;<br> +<span class="entry">recognizes the power of decorations,</span> 81;<br> +<span class="entry">drafts on his associates,</span> 81;<br> +<span class="entry">the surname of Napoleon,</span> 82;<br> +<span class="entry">on the ambitions of the French people,</span> 83;<br> +<span class="entry">on paternal government,</span> 83;<br> +<span class="entry">personal decrees,</span> 86;<br> +<span class="entry">recognizes popular fickleness,</span> 86;<br> +<span class="entry">creates a titled class,</span> 86;<br> +<span class="entry">art under,</span> 88;<br> +<span class="entry">system of imperial patronage,</span> 91;<br> +<span class="entry">discourages gambling,</span> 92;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with his friends and generals,</span> 93;<br> +<span class="entry">imprisons a milliner,</span> 92;<br> +<span class="entry">pert remarks addressed to,</span> 94;<br> +<span class="entry">supposed cause of the turn of his fortunes,</span> 96;<br> +<span class="entry">ignorance concerning American affairs,</span> 101;<br> +<span class="entry">realizes the limitations of his power,</span> 110;<br> +<span class="entry">his "master,"</span> 110;<br> +<span class="entry">ill luck at sea,</span> 112;<br> +<span class="entry">political system of,</span> 115;<br> +<span class="entry">the height of his power,</span> 115;<br> +<span class="entry">crushes a watch in passion,</span> 130;<br> +<span class="entry">his determination to crush opposition,</span> 130;<br> +<span class="entry">intercepts suspected correspondence,</span> 130, 162;<br> +<span class="entry">his "cabinet noir,"</span> 130;<br> +<span class="entry">turn of his fortunes,</span> 137, 151;<br> +<span class="entry">justifies pillage,</span> 159;<br> +<span class="entry">crushing blows,</span> 159, 161 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">the embodiment of power,</span> 160;<br> +<span class="entry">divorce impending,</span> 160;<br> +<span class="entry">system of territorial expansion,</span> 165;<br> +<span class="entry">his extinctions of ruling dynasties,</span> 165;<br> +<span class="entry">diplomatic exhibit of his political scheme at St. Cloud,</span> 169;<br> +<span class="entry">dramatic incident at performance of "Œdipe,"</span> 172;<br> +<span class="entry">appreciation of the drama,</span> 173;<br> +<span class="entry">familiarity with ancient history,</span> 174, 175;<br> +<span class="entry">thickening of the divorce plot,</span> 179;<br> +<span class="entry">the character of his civilization,</span> 179;<br> +<span class="entry">orders list of marriageable princesses to be prepared,</span> 179;<br> +<span class="entry">a gang of self-seeking traitors to,</span> 193;<br> +<span class="entry">well informed on the European situation,</span> 195;<br> +<span class="entry">system of spies,</span> 196;<br> +<span class="entry">skilful historians on,</span> 196;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page463" name="page463"></a>(p. 463)</span> +<span class="entry">shifts responsibility for wars onto the enemy,</span> 198;<br> +<span class="entry">his plan of campaigns,</span> 202;<br> +<span class="entry">policy of wooing people and abusing their rulers,</span> 213;<br> +<span class="entry">Bonaparte distinguished from Napoleon,</span> 231; iv. +<a href="#page039">39</a>, +<a href="#page133">133</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">ultimate terms of peace,</span> iii. 239;<br> +<span class="entry">sick of war,</span> 238;<br> +<span class="entry">dread of assassination,</span> 240;<br> +<span class="entry">excommunicated,</span> 242;<br> +<span class="entry">change in his manner,</span> 245;<br> +<span class="entry">his "harem,"</span> 246;<br> +<span class="entry">declining popularity,</span> 249;<br> +<span class="entry">basis of his power,</span> 250;<br> +<span class="entry">alleges the reasons for his divorce,</span> 253;<br> +<span class="entry">decides on the Austrian marriage,</span> 254;<br> +<span class="entry">second marriage,</span> 259;<br> +<span class="entry">banishes the cardinals,</span> 259;<br> +<span class="entry">renounces title of Roman Emperor,</span> 261;<br> +<span class="entry">consolidation of his power,</span> 262;<br> +<span class="entry">fills vacant bishoprics,</span> 263;<br> +<span class="entry">extent of his empire,</span> 264, 278;<br> +<span class="entry">change of naval policy,</span> 264;<br> +<span class="entry">the national uprisings against,</span> 269;<br> +<span class="entry">causes leading to his overthrow,</span> 269;<br> +<span class="entry">mistaken policy of providing thrones for relatives,</span> 278;<br> +<span class="entry">his perquisites in English sugar and coffee,</span> 279;<br> +<span class="entry">Spanish schoolboys' nickname for,</span> 292;<br> +<span class="entry">deals with state property for personal benefit,</span> 295;<br> +<span class="entry">policy of personal attachments,</span> 295;<br> +<span class="entry">his "extraordinary domain,"</span> 295, 305;<br> +<span class="entry">imperial residences,</span> 301;<br> +<span class="entry">endows maternity hospital,</span> 301;<br> +<span class="entry">chooses between lives of child and mother,</span> 302;<br> +<span class="entry">aspirations for sea power,</span> 304;<br> +<span class="entry">flood-tide of success,</span> 305;<br> +<span class="entry">method of replenishing an empty treasury,</span> 305, 309;<br> +<span class="entry">the man and the embodied political force of Europe,</span> distinguished, 306-309;<br> +<span class="entry">"Emperor of the Continent,"</span> 308;<br> +<span class="entry">an incident that changed the course of history,</span> 314;<br> +<span class="entry">new naval schemes,</span> 315;<br> +<span class="entry">belief in the devotion of France,</span> 316;<br> +<span class="entry">policy of territorial aggrandizement,</span> 316;<br> +<span class="entry">his ideal,</span> 319;<br> +<span class="entry">beginning of his decline,</span> 319;<br> +<span class="entry">considered the anti-christ,</span> 322;<br> +<span class="entry">secret funds,</span> 323;<br> +<span class="entry">studies Roman history,</span> 325;<br> +<span class="entry">warned against war by ministers and friends,</span> 326;<br> +<span class="entry">warned of the fate of Charles XII,</span> 326;<br> +<span class="entry">moral reforms,</span> 327;<br> +<span class="entry">the climax of his drama,</span> 331;<br> +<span class="entry">physical characteristics at opening of the Russian campaign of 1812,</span> 332;<br> +<span class="entry">afflicted with dysuria,</span> 332;<br> +<span class="entry">address to his army before the Russian campaign,</span> 334;<br> +<span class="entry">plans of action,</span> 335, 336;<br> +<span class="entry">longing for a great battle,</span> 337;<br> +<span class="entry">desperate military straits of,</span> 341;<br> +<span class="entry">deplores the barbarity of war,</span> 343;<br> +<span class="entry">contracts a loathsome disease,</span> 352;<br> +<span class="entry">weakness and indecision on the retreat from Moscow,</span> 355;<br> +<span class="entry">shares the hardships of the army,</span> 357, 362, 365;<br> +<span class="entry">commands a division of the army,</span> 363;<br> +<span class="entry">bulletin of Dec. 3,</span> 1812, 372;<br> +<span class="entry">false report of his death,</span> 376;<br> +<span class="entry">wrath of the army against,</span> 376;<br> +<span class="entry">"robbed the cradle and the grave,"</span> 386;<br> +<span class="entry">revolutionary training,</span> 388;<br> +<span class="entry">his "library,"</span> 388;<br> +<span class="entry">on credit,</span> 389;<br> +<span class="entry">faces a European coalition,</span> 391, 392;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses to cede European holdings,</span> 392;<br> +<span class="entry">conciliatory attitude,</span> 393;<br> +<span class="entry">fallacies of his military schemes of 1813,</span> 394;<br> +<span class="entry">aims of the new coalition against,</span> 399;<br> +<span class="entry">belief in cavalry,</span> 402;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude toward Austria,</span> 404;<br> +<span class="entry">his blunder of 1813,</span> 411;<br> +<span class="entry">the beginning of the final disaster,</span> 411;<br> +<span class="entry">a tyro in dynastic politics,</span> 416;<br> +<span class="entry">alleged turning-point in his career,</span> 418;<br> +<span class="entry">suspects treachery,</span> 418;<br> +<span class="entry">isolation of,</span> 417, 423;<br> +<span class="entry">characterizes his Austrian marriage as stupidity,</span> 418;<br> +<span class="entry">his first fatal blunder,</span> 420;<br> +<span class="entry">tries to bribe Austria,</span> 424;<br> +<span class="entry">former friends turn against,</span> iv. +<a href="#page002">2</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">advantage over the allies,</span> +<a href="#page003">3</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the hazard of the die,</span> +<a href="#page004">4</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">characterization of the allies,</span> +<a href="#page005">5</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">value of his presence in the field,</span> +<a href="#page010">10</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">climax of disaster,</span> +<a href="#page016">16</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">appeals to sentiment rather than history,</span> +<a href="#page016">16</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the wonder-year of his theoretical genius,</span> +<a href="#page016">16</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">transformed from strategist into politician,</span> +<a href="#page017">17</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the diplomat outstrips the strategist,</span> +<a href="#page016">16</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">definition of a great man,</span> +<a href="#page021">21</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">outwitted by the allies,</span> +<a href="#page025">25</a>, +<a href="#page026">26</a>;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page464" name="page464"></a>(p. 464)</span> +<span class="entry">the savior of society,</span> +<a href="#page043">43</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">found out by the masses,</span> +<a href="#page044">44</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">newness of his nobility,</span> +<a href="#page044">44</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">his aim the independence of the nations,</span> +<a href="#page045">45</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">spends his private treasure on the army,</span> +<a href="#page050">50</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">his last official act,</span> +<a href="#page053">53</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">no longer Emperor,</span> +<a href="#page053">53</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">leaves Paris for Châlons,</span> +<a href="#page053">53</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">value of his prestige,</span> +<a href="#page060">60</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">his supreme military effort,</span> +<a href="#page059">59</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">a famous march by,</span> +<a href="#page064">64</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the allies' determination to exterminate the Napoleonic idea,</span> +<a href="#page066">66</a>, +<a href="#page067">67</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">his military correspondence,</span> 1814, +<a href="#page066">66</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">yields to his marshals,</span> +<a href="#page069">69</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">estrangement and desertion of his marshals,</span> +<a href="#page072">72</a>, +<a href="#page121">121</a>, +<a href="#page129">129</a>-132;<br> +<span class="entry">suggestion that he abdicate,</span> +<a href="#page074">74</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">realizes the war is for his extermination,</span> +<a href="#page080">80</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">"the spasmodic stroke of the dying gladiator,"</span> +<a href="#page083">83</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">rouses the peasantry to guerrilla warfare,</span> +<a href="#page085">85</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">desperate scheme of,</span> +<a href="#page090">90</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">"this movement makes or mars me,"</span> +<a href="#page097">97</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">capture of a bundle of letters from Paris for,</span> +<a href="#page098">98</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">chances for a last stand,</span> +<a href="#page102">102</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">contemplates a new levy,</span> +<a href="#page106">106</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the allies refuse to treat with,</span> +<a href="#page114">114</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal that he govern France under guarantees,</span> +<a href="#page114">114</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">overthrown by the legislature,</span> +<a href="#page115">115</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">regains his equilibrium,</span> +<a href="#page117">117</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">rage at learning of the surrender,</span> +<a href="#page116">116</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the allies refuse to negotiate with,</span> +<a href="#page117">117</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">his first abdication,</span> +<a href="#page117">117</a>, +<a href="#page123">123</a>-125, +<a href="#page128">128</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">influence over the troops,</span> +<a href="#page118">118</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">desertion of the army,</span> +<a href="#page126">126</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the knell of the empire,</span> +<a href="#page127">127</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">proclamation of April 5,</span> 1814, +<a href="#page129">129</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">a homeless citizen of the world,</span> +<a href="#page129">129</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">determination never to be taken alive,</span> +<a href="#page129">129</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">final form of his declaration of abdication,</span> +<a href="#page131">131</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">use of the imperial style,</span> +<a href="#page133">133</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the savior of European society,</span> +<a href="#page133">133</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">treatment accorded to,</span> by the allies, +<a href="#page133">133</a>-142;<br> +<span class="entry">parting gifts to old acquaintances,</span> +<a href="#page134">134</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">treasure at Blois,</span> +<a href="#page134">134</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">denies the charge of usurpation,</span> +<a href="#page135">135</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">alleged to be a bastard,</span> +<a href="#page137">137</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">alleged theft of crown jewels,</span> +<a href="#page138">138</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">his true name said to be Nicholas,</span> +<a href="#page138">138</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">calumnies heaped on,</span> +<a href="#page138">138</a>, +<a href="#page143">143</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">plots for the exile of,</span> +<a href="#page138">138</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">adopts disguise,</span> +<a href="#page139">139</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">farewell to the allies' commissioners,</span> +<a href="#page140">140</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of English customs on,</span> +<a href="#page140">140</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">begins the administration of his island realm,</span> +<a href="#page141">141</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">treasure at the Tuileries,</span> +<a href="#page141">141</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">his historical commentaries,</span> +<a href="#page141">141</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">forced to practise economy,</span> +<a href="#page142">142</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">diminution of his private fortune,</span> +<a href="#page144">144</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme to deport him still further,</span> +<a href="#page145">145</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">keeps informed as to course of European events,</span> +<a href="#page146">146</a>, +<a href="#page149">149</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">scouts the idea of a regency,</span> +<a href="#page152">152</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">prepares for his escape,</span> +<a href="#page152">152</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">alleged fears of deportation,</span> +<a href="#page152">152</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">his escape justified,</span> +<a href="#page152">152</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">dismisses the peasantry from his column,</span> +<a href="#page155">155</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">troops flock to,</span> +<a href="#page158">158</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">forms his new cabinet,</span> +<a href="#page159">159</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">acquiesces in popular demand for constitutional government,</span> +<a href="#page159">159</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the apostle of popular sovereignty,</span> +<a href="#page160">160</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">views on abolition of censorship of press,</span> +<a href="#page160">160</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">devotion to the cause of public liberty,</span> +<a href="#page161">161</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">resolution of the European dynasties to extirpate his régime,</span> +<a href="#page161">161</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">"the enemy and disturber of the world's peace,"</span> +<a href="#page162">162</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">proclaimed an outlaw,</span> +<a href="#page162">162</a>, +<a href="#page164">164</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">turns toward the moderate liberals,</span> +<a href="#page165">165</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">call for volunteers,</span> +<a href="#page165">165</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">his reconstituted corps of marshals,</span> +<a href="#page167">167</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">proclamation to the army,</span> June 15, 1815, +<a href="#page173">173</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">apparent successes of June 16,</span> 1815, +<a href="#page184">184</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">effects of his inactivity,</span> +<a href="#page194">194</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">his last dream of glory,</span> +<a href="#page196">196</a>, +<a href="#page197">197</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">loss of the last chance,</span> +<a href="#page205">205</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the emperor contrasted with the general,</span> +<a href="#page207">207</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">demand for his abdication,</span> +<a href="#page217">217</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">calls for him as dictator,</span> +<a href="#page218">218</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">idea of regaining the government by force,</span> +<a href="#page218">218</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">abdicates for the second time,</span> +<a href="#page218">218</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">adopts civilian's clothing,</span> +<a href="#page219">219</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the government refuses responsibility for his safety,</span> +<a href="#page219">219</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">romantic schemes for his escape,</span> +<a href="#page222">222</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">desire for his execution,</span> +<a href="#page224">224</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">regarded as the common prisoner of the allies,</span> +<a href="#page225">225</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">General Bonaparte,</span> a private citizen, +<a href="#page226">226</a>;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page465" name="page465"></a>(p. 465)</span> +<span class="entry">appeals against his sentence,</span> +<a href="#page226">226</a>, +<a href="#page227">227</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">upholds polygamy,</span> +<a href="#page231">231</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">his autobiography,</span> +<a href="#page230">230</a>, +<a href="#page231">231</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">efforts for his release,</span> +<a href="#page230">230</a>, +<a href="#page231">231</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">as a prisoner,</span> +<a href="#page230">230</a>-235;<br> +<span class="entry">attempts intercourse with friends in France,</span> +<a href="#page231">231</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">farewell message to his son,</span> +<a href="#page231">231</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">his testament,</span> +<a href="#page233">233</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">bequests and their settlements,</span> +<a href="#page233">233</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">last sickness and death,</span> +<a href="#page234">234</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">a possible epitaph,</span> +<a href="#page247">247</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">his rise to power,</span> +<a href="#page247">247</a> et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">questionings as to his life and work,</span> +<a href="#page247">247</a> et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">his love of artillery,</span> +<a href="#page248">248</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">lack of education,</span> +<a href="#page250">250</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">on greatness,</span> +<a href="#page249">249</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">influence on history,</span> +<a href="#page253">253</a> et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">early struggles,</span> +<a href="#page254">254</a> et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">methods of acquiring supreme power,</span> +<a href="#page258">258</a>, +<a href="#page262">262</a>, +<a href="#page263">263</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">lasting character of his work,</span> +<a href="#page259">259</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">legal reforms,</span> +<a href="#page260">260</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">police system of,</span> +<a href="#page260">260</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">centralization of his administrative system,</span> +<a href="#page260">260</a>, +<a href="#page261">261</a>, +<a href="#page264">264</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">social reforms,</span> +<a href="#page260">260</a>, +<a href="#page261">261</a>, +<a href="#page264">264</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">educational system,</span> +<a href="#page260">260</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the secret of his downfall,</span> +<a href="#page261">261</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">position among lawgivers and statesmen,</span> +<a href="#page260">260</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">rule by military force,</span> +<a href="#page261">261</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude toward democracy,</span> +<a href="#page261">261</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">deficient education in politics and history,</span> +<a href="#page262">262</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">influence on modern times,</span> +<a href="#page262">262</a>, +<a href="#page292">292</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">popular distrust of his character,</span> +<a href="#page263">263</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">meets intrigue with intrigue,</span> +<a href="#page263">263</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">responsibility for bloodshed,</span> +<a href="#page265">265</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">causes of his downfall,</span> +<a href="#page285">285</a>-288, +<a href="#page290">290</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">his place in history,</span> +<a href="#page285">285</a>-292;<br> +<span class="entry">essays the rôle of liberator,</span> +<a href="#page286">286</a>, +<a href="#page290">290</a>, +<a href="#page293">293</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">in captivity,</span> +<a href="#page289">289</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">his "Correspondence,"</span> +<a href="#page289">289</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">roots out absolutism,</span> +<a href="#page289">292</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">his artificial aristocracy,</span> +<a href="#page294">294</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><i>Analysis of character</i>.</span><br> +<span class="entry">Ability to mold men,</span> ii. 4, 5, 9, 33-36, 56, 97, 98, 102-105, 126, 132, 142, 149-153, 159, 164, 194, 196, 234, 361; iv. +<a href="#page039">39</a>, +<a href="#page258">258</a>, +<a href="#page259">259</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">as an adventurer,</span> iv. +<a href="#page291">291</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">ambition,</span> i. 55; 65, 71, 113, 117, 136, 161, 191, 199, 203, 206, 209, 258, 263, 310, 311, 341, 346, 362, 405; ii. 14, 29-32, 48, 73, 157, 314, 437; iii. 19, 21, 46, 83, 109, 110, 114, 164, 245, 306, 308, 329; iv. +<a href="#page255">255</a>, +<a href="#page261">261</a>-265, +<a href="#page292">292</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">amusements,</span> iv. +<a href="#page228">228</a>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">anxiety for his safety and comfort,</span> iv. +<a href="#page134">134</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">asceticism,</span> i. 111;<br> +<span class="entry">autocracy,</span> ii. 275;<br> +<span class="entry">bravado,</span> iii. 18;<br> +<span class="entry">use of bribery,</span> acceptance and rejection of bribes, i. 203; ii. 34;<br> +<span class="entry">as a burgher,</span> ii. 279; iv. +<a href="#page248">248</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">calmness under stress,</span> ii. 334; iv. +<a href="#page165">165</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">use of cant,</span> iv. +<a href="#page045">45</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">capacity for work,</span> energy, industry, and attention to detail, i. 210, 225, 245, 261, 263, 367; ii. 10, 29, 153, 197, 215, 222, 426; iii. 19, 24-26, 29, 53, 74, 77, 92, 171, 182-184, 209, 210, 216, 268, 269, 325, 333, 336-338; iv. +<a href="#page023">23</a>, +<a href="#page054">54</a>, +<a href="#page248">248</a>-252, +<a href="#page265">265</a>, +<a href="#page286">286</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">casuistry,</span> i. 144;<br> +<span class="entry">caustic,</span> sarcastic or vigorous tongue or pen, i. 66, 118, 205; ii. 56, 58, 107, 108, 113, 159, 268, 391; iii. 34, 35, 61, 62, 65, 81, 213-215, 275, 327, 332, 343;<br> +<span class="entry">caution,</span> i. 211, 253; ii. 122, 315, 384;<br> +<span class="entry">(lack of),</span> ii. 315; iii. 3;<br> +<span class="entry">change in temperament,</span> iii. 232;<br> +<span class="entry">character at Brienne,</span> i. 58;<br> +<span class="entry">cheerfulness and good humor,</span> ii. 197, 279; iii. 19, 52;<br> +<span class="entry">clemency,</span> ii. 439;<br> +<span class="entry">coffee-drinking habit,</span> iv. +<a href="#page024">24</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">contempt for ideals,</span> ii. 199; iii. 26, 88, 148, 315, 316;<br> +<span class="entry">contempt for men and money,</span> iv. +<a href="#page264">264</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">cosmopolitanism,</span> +<a href="#page092">92</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">courage,</span> i. 265-390, 393, 405; ii. 385; iii. 16, 19, 188, 240; iv. +<a href="#page062">62</a>, +<a href="#page077">77</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">charge of cowardice against,</span> ii. 384;<br> +<span class="entry">a criminal,</span> iv. +<a href="#page250">250</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">cruelty,</span> ii. 70, 417, 439;<br> +<span class="entry">decay of physical and intellectual powers,</span> neglect of details, vacillation, etc., iii. 27, 93, 181, 209, 239-241, 246, 332, 347, 355; iv. +<a href="#page021">21</a>, +<a href="#page031">31</a>, +<a href="#page091">91</a>, +<a href="#page197">197</a>, +<a href="#page205">205</a>, +<a href="#page214">214</a>-218; +<a href="#page249">249</a>, +<a href="#page285">285</a>-291, +<a href="#page293">293</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">desire for peace,</span> ii. 142, 420; iii. 238, 382, 407, 414, 418, 424; iv. +<a href="#page052">52</a>, +<a href="#page160">160</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">desperation,</span> iii. 91;<br> +<span class="entry">despondency and pessimism,</span> i. 80, 89, 98, 215; iii. 357; iv. +<a href="#page129">129</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">despotism,</span> iii. 80, 83, 86, 88, 121, 316; iv. +<a href="#page261">261</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the man of destiny and of the hour,</span> the representative man of his epoch, a fatalist and opportunist, i. 1, 80, 143, 166, 171, 219, 237, 272-286, 321; ii. 97-110, 139, 381; iii. 61, 325; iv. +<a href="#page119">119</a>, +<a href="#page168">168</a>, +<a href="#page219">219</a>, +<a href="#page256">256</a>, +<a href="#page265">265</a>, +<a href="#page289">289</a>;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page466" name="page466"></a>(p. 466)</span> +<span class="entry">determination to rule or ruin,</span> iii. 399;<br> +<span class="entry">his "divine character,"</span> ii. 407;<br> +<span class="entry">domestic virtues—filial,</span> parental, and connubial affection, i. 58, 64, 81, 141, 145, 161, 264, 285, 291, 309, 452-455; iii. 181, 224, 246, 252, 269, 276, 302, 306, 323, 327, 381, 392, 416; iv. +<a href="#page134">134</a>-138, +<a href="#page169">169</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">love of dramatic effect; ability as an actor,</span> i. 210, 341; ii. 31; iii. 112; iv. +<a href="#page153">153</a>, +<a href="#page166">166</a>, +<a href="#page249">249</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">dread of assassination and kidnapping,</span> ii. 101; iii. 240, 368; iv. +<a href="#page139">139</a>, +<a href="#page150">150</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">dreams of universal and European empire,</span> i. 323; ii. 269, 272, 331, 336, 395; iii. 46, 73, 111, 328, 408, 432, 433; iv. +<a href="#page042">42</a>, +<a href="#page159">159</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">dreams of Oriental conquest and empire,</span> i. 78, 114, 293, 296, 317, 424; ii. 15-19, 47, 51-56, 61, 66, 73, 289, 440; iii. 20, 21, 33, 36, 51, 65, 106, 110-113, 117, 129, 159, 163, 166, 167, 309, 332, 352; iv. +<a href="#page256">256</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">dress,</span> i. 376; ii. 30, 438; iii. 40, 63, 93, 257;<br> +<span class="entry">duplicity,</span> shiftiness, and versatility, i. 210, 234, 253, 265, 296, 299, 309, 396, 397, 447;<br> +<span class="entry">dynastic ambitions and longings for an heir,</span> ii. 233, 244-249, 256, 308, 317, 322, 328, 341; iii. 82, 104, 112, 147, 160, 246, 249, 252, 255, 260, 301, 307, 381, 416; iv. +<a href="#page159">159</a>, +<a href="#page287">287</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">early education and later studies,</span> i. 39-67, 71-82, 93, 114, 140-144, 151, 176, 182, 210, 265;<br> +<span class="entry">early military irregularities and inaptitude,</span> i. 94, 96, 115, 157, 160-174, 210;<br> +<span class="entry">organizes educational system,</span> ii. 409; iii. 26, 90;<br> +<span class="entry">egoism,</span> vanity, and self-assertiveness, ii. 80, 113, 118, 344, 437; iii. 26, 73, 93, 191, 202, 245, 304, 316;<br> +<span class="entry">elasticity of spirits,</span> iv. +<a href="#page117">117</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">elements of his failure,</span> iii. 401, 402;<br> +<span class="entry">endurance of privation,</span> iii. 7, 18, 188, 209, 365;<br> +<span class="entry">equestrianism,</span> sporting instincts, etc., iii. 52, 257;<br> +<span class="entry">exaggeration and disregard of truth,</span> i. 233, 306;<br> +<span class="entry">as a financier,</span> ii. 134, 219, 410; iii. 25, 78, 295-300, 315, 389; iv. +<a href="#page249">249</a>, +<a href="#page251">251</a>, +<a href="#page259">259</a>, +<a href="#page295">295</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">foresight and insight,</span> ii. 44, 314, 437; iii. 318, 424;<br> +<span class="entry">generosity,</span> hospitality, and charity, i. 134, 417; ii. 30, 82; iii. 171, 176, 295, 297, 300, 301, 330;<br> +<span class="entry">his all-embracing genius,</span> ii. 203, 365;<br> +<span class="entry">habit of reducing thoughts to writing,</span> iv. +<a href="#page023">23</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">hallucinations and self-delusions,</span> iii. 307, 332; iv. +<a href="#page091">91</a>, +<a href="#page095">95</a>, +<a href="#page104">104</a>, +<a href="#page234">234</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">hatred and vindictiveness,</span> i. 287; ii. 29;<br> +<span class="entry">as a historian,</span> iv. +<a href="#page152">152</a>, +<a href="#page231">231</a>, +<a href="#page288">288</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">humanity,</span> iv. +<a href="#page039">39</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">his human supremacy,</span> iv. +<a href="#page249">249</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">an iconoclast,</span> ii. 28;<br> +<span class="entry">imperious character,</span> iv. +<a href="#page287">287</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">inconsistency,</span> iii. 165, 231, 238, 267; iv. +<a href="#page250">250</a>-253;<br> +<span class="entry">inelegance of manner,</span> lack of breeding and delicacy, ii. 197-202, 255, 279, 411; iii. 42, 80, 179;<br> +<span class="entry">influenced by personal friendships,</span> iv. +<a href="#page025">25</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">intellectual powers,</span> iii. 43;<br> +<span class="entry">intolerance of criticism,</span> 88;<br> +<span class="entry">invincibility,</span> ii. 78; iii. 392;<br> +<span class="entry">knowledge of human nature,</span> ii. 227, 245;<br> +<span class="entry">qualities of leadership,</span> i. 55, 59, 60, 113, 119, 129, 132, 134, 186, 211, 221, 242, 310, 339-341;<br> +<span class="entry">liberalism,</span> ii. 443;<br> +<span class="entry">literary tastes,</span> studies, style, and work, i. 53, 54, 60, 63, 71, 76-98, 114, 118, 123, 126-131, 135-147, 150, 163, 176, 199, 206, 211, 216-219, 225, 265, 289, 307, 364-368, 400; ii. 15, 54, 408; iii. 25, 26, 173-176, 300, 325; iv. +<a href="#page069">69</a>, +<a href="#page134">134</a>, +<a href="#page159">159</a>, +<a href="#page228">228</a>, +<a href="#page231">231</a>, +<a href="#page289">289</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">magnanimity (assumed),</span> ii. 445;<br> +<span class="entry">magnificence,</span> lavishness, and love of display, iii. 50, 91, 256, 295, 301, 330-332, 352;<br> +<span class="entry">a man of the people,</span> 288 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">views on marriage,</span> 300;<br> +<span class="entry">mathematical ability,</span> i. 56, 66, 265;<br> +<span class="entry">military blunders,</span> iii. 4, 336, 341, 354-356, 374; iv. +<a href="#page186">186</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">military education,</span> and early service in the army, i. 59, 60, 68, 73-82, 87, 94, 95, 126, 141, 144, 148, 157, 159-165, 180, 227, 232, 236-240, 245, 256, 265, 287, 292-297;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page467" name="page467"></a>(p. 467)</span> +<span class="entry">military genius and strategy,</span> i. 53, 217, 226, 239, 247, 264, 295, 301, 304, 342, 345-351, 354-362, 368-373, 378-385, 387, 395, 412, 416-418; ii. 32, 163, 169, 172, 182-185, 363-366, 369, 380, 402, 419, 423-428, 435, 436; iii. 1, 2, 6, 13, 18, 29-35, 156, 184, 192, 204-207, 210, 217, 219, 222, 229, 235, 333-335, 341-343, 346, 353, 356, 363, 368, 382, 401, 402, 413; iv. +<a href="#page004">4</a>, +<a href="#page008">8</a>, +<a href="#page016">16</a>, +<a href="#page019">19</a>-22, +<a href="#page029">29</a>, +<a href="#page038">38</a>, +<a href="#page054">54</a>, +<a href="#page058">58</a>, +<a href="#page059">59</a>, +<a href="#page062">62</a>, +<a href="#page065">65</a>, +<a href="#page081">81</a>, +<a href="#page092">92</a>, +<a href="#page097">97</a>, +<a href="#page146">146</a>, +<a href="#page149">149</a>, +<a href="#page154">154</a>, +<a href="#page160">160</a>, +<a href="#page170">170</a>-174, +<a href="#page180">180</a>, +<a href="#page184">184</a>, +<a href="#page197">197</a>, +<a href="#page212">212</a>, +<a href="#page231">231</a>, +<a href="#page253">253</a>, +<a href="#page256">256</a>, +<a href="#page267">267</a>, +<a href="#page287">287</a>, +<a href="#page288">288</a>, +<a href="#page289">289</a>, +<a href="#page299">299</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">denies moral responsibility,</span> ii. 408;<br> +<span class="entry">nerve,</span> iii. 365;<br> +<span class="entry">nervousness,</span> 403;<br> +<span class="entry">over-credulousness,</span> iv. +<a href="#page007">7</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">patriotism,</span> i. 155, 164, 165, 199, 201, 399; ii. 158, 159;<br> +<span class="entry">persistence,</span> i. 210, 211; ii. 62, 65, 72;<br> +<span class="entry">personal appearance,</span> i. 46, 56, 113; ii. 29, 30, 406; iii. 43, 92; iv. +<a href="#page197">197</a>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">physical condition and vigor,</span> i. 215; iii. 19, 43, 209, 302; iv. +<a href="#page149">149</a>, +<a href="#page168">168</a>, +<a href="#page169">169</a>, +<a href="#page250">250</a>-253;<br> +<span class="entry">physical peculiarities,</span> conditions, ailments, etc., i. 80, 85, 126; iv. +<a href="#page012">12</a>, +<a href="#page015">15</a>, +<a href="#page025">25</a>, +<a href="#page168">168</a>, +<a href="#page177">177</a>, +<a href="#page179">179</a>, +<a href="#page197">197</a>, +<a href="#page200">200</a>, +<a href="#page211">211</a>-217, +<a href="#page222">222</a>, +<a href="#page231">231</a>-235;<br> +<span class="entry">plain-spokenness,</span> iii. 418;<br> +<span class="entry">his political acumen,</span> ii. 136;<br> +<span class="entry">poverty,</span> i. 52, 65, 66, 89, 111, 157, 174, 262, 279, 284, 288;<br> +<span class="entry">powers of analysis and calculation,</span> i. 55, 56;<br> +<span class="entry">secret of his preëminence,</span> iv. +<a href="#page249">249</a>, +<a href="#page291">291</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">ready wit,</span> iii. 94;<br> +<span class="entry">recklessness,</span> i. 236;<br> +<span class="entry">as a reformer,</span> iii. 189;<br> +<span class="entry">reliance on public opinion,</span> iv. +<a href="#page157">157</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude toward religion and relations with the church,</span> i. 76, 146, 209, 264, 422; ii. 41, 131, 173, 205, 206, 215, 224, 227, 258, 264, 265, 325, 340, 396, 398, 407; iii. 26, 68, 85, 88, 89, 118, 154, 174, 175, 190, 215, 242, 249, 258, 259, 263, 305, 315, 377, 390; iv. +<a href="#page165">165</a>, +<a href="#page230">230</a>-235, +<a href="#page251">251</a>, +<a href="#page259">259</a>, +<a href="#page296">296</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">resolution,</span> iii. 28, 209;<br> +<span class="entry">restlessness,</span> i. 156, 223, 227, 284;<br> +<span class="entry">review of his character,</span> iv. +<a href="#page264">264</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">sanguine temperament,</span> iii. 21;<br> +<span class="entry">self-assertion,</span> self-confidence, self-interest, and selfishness, i. 59, 60, 66, 84, 113, 263, 309, 340, 363-366, 395; iii. 1, 33, 82, 109, 208, 231, 304, 309, 328; iv. +<a href="#page140">140</a>, +<a href="#page250">250</a>, +<a href="#page287">287</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">a self-made man,</span> iv. +<a href="#page250">250</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">self-restraint,</span> i. 376, 395;<br> +<span class="entry">sensuality,</span> i. 113, 452; ii. 66; iii. 10, 27, 108, 246, 257, 327, 352; iv. +<a href="#page142">142</a>, +<a href="#page250">250</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">sensitiveness,</span> ii. 197;<br> +<span class="entry">slow development,</span> iv. +<a href="#page288">288</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">social life,</span> manners, and reforms, his court, public receptions, etc., i. 69, 137, 151, 262, 265, 284, 290, 291, 295, 309-312, 448; ii. 131 197, 200, 224, 255, 279, 406, 411; iii. 43, 58-61, 64, 80-89, 91-94, 169, 174, 179, 224, 301, 390; iv. +<a href="#page352">352</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">as soldier,</span> statesman, and despot, iv. +<a href="#page247">247</a> et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">speculative mania,</span> +<a href="#page172">172</a>, +<a href="#page173">173</a>, +<a href="#page185">185</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">statecraft and diplomacy,</span> i. 265, 363, 431; ii. 20, 37, 125-131, 137, 146, 149, 242-249, 261, 264-269, 271, 279, 314-324, 329-332, 336, 346, 353, 354, 400-412, 426, 427; iii. 33, 64, 95, 128, 190, 310, 315, 322, 328, 343, 401, 408, 423;<br> +<span class="entry">his strong will,</span> ii. 224, 356, 357;<br> +<span class="entry">views concerning suicide,</span> and his attempts thereat, i. 80; ii. 75; iv. +<a href="#page130">130</a>, +<a href="#page131">131</a>, +<a href="#page218">218</a>, +<a href="#page232">232</a>, +<a href="#page287">287</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">superstition,</span> ii. 76;<br> +<span class="entry">temper,</span> ii. 281; iii. 418;<br> +<span class="entry">the terror of his name,</span> 359; iv. +<a href="#page080">80</a>, +<a href="#page084">84</a>, +<a href="#page088">88</a>, +<a href="#page093">93</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">theocratic assumptions,</span> ii. 407;<br> +<span class="entry">thirst for conquest and warlike zeal,</span> ii. 331, 351, 380, 381, 437; iii. 326, 337; iv. +<a href="#page264">264</a>, +<a href="#page287">287</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">thirst for power,</span> +<a href="#page264">264</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">unscrupulousness,</span> i. 87, 88, 126, 144, 160, 166, 201, 211, 237, 265, 295, 300 308; ii. 67, 144, 251, 314, 377, 439; iii. 82, 115, 316, 331; iv. +<a href="#page264">264</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude toward and relations with women,</span> i. 256, 265, 290, 291, 311, 312, 448; ii. 197, 438; iii. 26, 57-61, 298, 327; iv. +<a href="#page143">143</a>, +<a href="#page252">252</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Napoleon II</b>,</span> king of Rome, <i>N.'s</i> affection for, iii. 323, 381;<br> +<span class="entry">Malet's conspiracy,</span> 361;<br> +<span class="entry">insignificance of,</span> 377;<br> +<span class="entry">possibility of a regency for,</span> 422.<br> + + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page468" name="page468"></a>(p. 468)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Napoleone, Stéphanie</b>,</span> marries Prince Charles of Baden, ii. 399;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> liaison with,</span> 399.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Napoleon's Mount</b>,</span> ii. 383, 386.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Narbonne, Comte de</b>,</span> mission from Dresden to Russia, iii. 331.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Narew, River</b>,</span> military movements on the, iii. 2, 13, 19.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Nassau</b>,</span> member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Nassau, Prince</b></span> of, anecdote of, iii. 422.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>National Assembly, the</b>,</span> Corsican affairs in, i. 117-122;<br> +<span class="entry">persuades Paoli to return to Corsica,</span> 125;<br> +<span class="entry">condemns Buttafuoco,</span> 135;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses to create Corsican National Guard,</span> 140;<br> +<span class="entry">debates on the military power,</span> 142;<br> +<span class="entry">difficulties of its work,</span> 151-154, 158, 159;<br> +<span class="entry">self-effacement of,</span> 153;<br> +<span class="entry">ecclesiastical legislation by,</span> 168;<br> +<span class="entry">the King takes refuge in,</span> 175;<br> +<span class="entry">dismisses the King's body-guard,</span> 174;<br> +<span class="entry">abolishes the kingship,</span> 175;<br> +<span class="entry">Lafayette endeavors to calm,</span> 174, 176;<br> +<span class="entry">disperses,</span> 188.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>National Convention, the</b>,</span> election of a, i. 188;<br> +<span class="entry">meeting of,</span> Sept. 21, 1792, 188;<br> +<span class="entry">the King summoned before,</span> 194;<br> +<span class="entry">enforces its decrees in Corsica,</span> 198;<br> +<span class="entry">Paoli summoned to appear before,</span> 198, 204;<br> +<span class="entry">appeal to,</span> by <i>N.</i>, in Paoli's behalf, 199;<br> +<span class="entry">denounces Paoli,</span> 201;<br> +<span class="entry">sends new commissioners to Corsica,</span> 204;<br> +<span class="entry">promises indemnity to Corsican sufferers,</span> 208;<br> +<span class="entry">supremacy of,</span> 208;<br> +<span class="entry">Corsica's successful revolt against,</span> 216;<br> +<span class="entry">popular support of,</span> 219;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of the "Treason of Toulon" on,</span> 222;<br> +<span class="entry">receives news of capture of Toulon,</span> 233;<br> +<span class="entry">vengeance on Toulon,</span> 233;<br> +<span class="entry">overthrow of the Girondists,</span> 234;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> and Gen. Lapoype summoned before,</span> 240;<br> +<span class="entry">terrorists in,</span> 250;<br> +<span class="entry">turns on Robespierre,</span> 251;<br> +<span class="entry">downfall,</span> 251, 266;<br> +<span class="entry">Jacobins in,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">question of reelection of members,</span> 271, 282, 298;<br> +<span class="entry">rebellion and riots against,</span> 272, 283, 299;<br> +<span class="entry">proclaims amnesty,</span> 277;<br> +<span class="entry">royalist intrigues in,</span> 278;<br> +<span class="entry">popular hatred of,</span> 282;<br> +<span class="entry">prepares for conflict,</span> 282, 299;<br> +<span class="entry">adopts <i>N.'s</i> plan for Italian campaign,</span> 293;<br> +<span class="entry">distrusts <i>N.</i>,</span> 299;<br> +<span class="entry">triumph on the 13th Vendémiaire,</span> 304-309;<br> +<span class="entry">its plans thwarted by violence,</span> 306;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> peculiar relations to,</span> 341;<br> +<span class="entry">financial maladministration,</span> ii. 219;<br> +<span class="entry">plans for invading England,</span> 290;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme of revolutionary extension,</span> iii. 328;<br> + +<span class="name"><b>National Guard, the</b>,</span> organization and reorganization of, i. 109, 143, 159, 272, 304, 308;<br> +<span class="entry">calling in officers of,</span> 164;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> adjutant-major in,</span> 164;<br> +<span class="entry">feeling against the Convention among,</span> 283, 299;<br> +<span class="entry">defense of the Tuileries,</span> 299;<br> +<span class="entry">oppose the Convention forces,</span> 301-305;<br> +<span class="entry">the 13th Vendémiaire,</span> 301-305;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> appointed commander of,</span> ii. 104;<br> +<span class="entry">drafts for the imperial army from,</span> iii. 387;<br> +<span class="entry">in defense of Paris,</span> iv. +<a href="#page099">99</a>, +<a href="#page105">105</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">decay of imperialism among,</span> +<a href="#page105">105</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">fails to persuade the Empress to stay,</span> +<a href="#page109">109</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> hopes to raise,</span> +<a href="#page116">116</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses to obey the provisional government,</span> +<a href="#page126">126</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">proclamation to,</span> March 8, 1815, +<a href="#page146">146</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">reviewed by <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page166">166</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">surly spirit among,</span> +<a href="#page165">165</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>National Guard of Corsica</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> schemes to form, i. 122;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> appointed adjutant-major in,</span> 164.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>National Library</b>,</span> lecture system of the, i. 281.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>National List, the</b>,</span> ii. 126.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Naudin</b>,</span> letter of <i>N.</i> to, July 27, 1791, i. 156.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Naumburg</b>,</span> Prussian headquarters at, ii. 422, 424;<br> +<span class="entry">Davout and Bernadette at,</span> 429;<br> +<span class="entry">Blücher pursues Macdonald to,</span> iv. +<a href="#page015">15</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Navarre</b>,</span> question of the sovereignty of, i. 120;<br> +<span class="entry">incorporated with France,</span> 120;<br> +<span class="entry">French invasion of,</span> iii, 132;<br> +<span class="entry">the château of,</span> granted to Ferdinand VII, 147;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> contemplated movements in,</span> 184;<br> +<span class="entry">military government of,</span> 278.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Navy</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> aptitude for the, i. 57;<br> +<span class="entry">suicide among officers of the French,</span> ii. 3;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page469" name="page469"></a>(p. 469)</span> +<span class="entry">preparations at Toulon,</span> 40.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Nazareth</b>,</span> skirmish at, ii. 71.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Necker, Jacques</b>,</span> schemes of, i. 44;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> study of,</span> 78;<br> +<span class="entry">minister of finance,</span> 98;<br> +<span class="entry">problems of taxation,</span> 98, 105;<br> +<span class="entry">flight from France,</span> 98;<br> +<span class="entry">banishment,</span> 108;<br> +<span class="entry">fall,</span> 154;<br> +<span class="entry">Mme. de Staël's inheritance from,</span> iii. 299.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Negroes</b>,</span> arguments in favor of enslaving, ii. 236.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Neidenburg</b>,</span> military operations near, iii. 4, 8.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Neipperg, Count A. A.</b>,</span> relations with Maria Louisa, iii. 330; iv. +<a href="#page143">143</a>, +<a href="#page162">162</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Neisse</b>,</span> siege of, iii. 20.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Nelson, Adm. Horatio</b>,</span> captures Bastia, i. 260; ii. 62;<br> +<span class="entry">expected coöperation with Austria at Savona,</span> i. 353;<br> +<span class="entry">sails from Cadiz in chase of the Egyptian expedition,</span> ii. 57;<br> +<span class="entry">returns to Sicily,</span> 61;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks the French fleet in Greece,</span> 61;<br> +<span class="entry">follows to Egypt,</span> 61;<br> +<span class="entry">loses an eye at Cadiz,</span> 62;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Cape St. Vincent,</span> 62;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of the Nile,</span> 62, 63, 81;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Copenhagen,</span> ii. 209;<br> +<span class="entry">sanctions the execution of Caraccioli,</span> 300;<br> +<span class="entry">correspondence with Dumouriez,</span> 303;<br> +<span class="entry">aided by Portugal,</span> 332;<br> +<span class="entry">plan to allure him to Egypt,</span> 331;<br> +<span class="entry">Villeneuve avoids,</span> 334;<br> +<span class="entry">enticed to the West Indies,</span> 358;<br> +<span class="entry">joins Cornwallis before Brest,</span> 359;<br> +<span class="entry">sails for Portsmouth,</span> 359;<br> +<span class="entry">pursues Villeneuve to Gibraltar,</span> 358;<br> +<span class="entry">chases Villeneuve to the West Indies and back,</span> 370;<br> +<span class="entry">arrives off Cadiz,</span> 371;<br> +<span class="entry">his ambition,</span> 372;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Trafalgar,</span> 373-376;<br> +<span class="entry">his death,</span> 374.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Nemours</b>,</span> Cossacks advance to, iv. +<a href="#page072">72</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Nesselrode, Count</b>,</span> appearance in Russian diplomacy, iii. 409;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses to treat with France,</span> 410;<br> +<span class="entry">conference with Francis,</span> 415;<br> +<span class="entry">demands Austria's adherence to the coalition,</span> 415;<br> +<span class="entry">agrees to basis of Austrian mediation,</span> 415;<br> +<span class="entry">letter from Talleyrand to,</span> iv. +<a href="#page107">107</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">approves the restoration of the Bourbons,</span> +<a href="#page114">114</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiates with Talleyrand,</span> +<a href="#page113">113</a>.<br> + +<a id="netherlands" name="netherlands"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Netherlands</b>,</span> French defeats in, i. 172;<br> +<span class="entry">Hoche's campaign in,</span> 427;<br> +<span class="entry">England's interest in,</span> 450; iv. +<a href="#page067">67</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the enlightenment of,</span> ii. 37;<br> +<span class="entry">course of affairs (1797-98),</span> 37, 38;<br> +<span class="entry">French agents in the,</span> 39;<br> +<span class="entry">English expedition to destroy the dockyards of,</span> iii. 237;<br> +<span class="entry">French influence in,</span> iv. +<a href="#page041">41</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Bernadotte assigned to watch,</span> +<a href="#page055">55</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">English troops in the,</span> +<a href="#page057">57</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the allies' invasion of France via,</span> +<a href="#page059">59</a>, +<a href="#page097">97</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">campaign of the Hundred Days,</span> +<a href="#page169">169</a> et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">weakness of the troops of,</span> +<a href="#page195">195</a>, +<a href="#page202">202</a>.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#austriannetherlands"><b>Austrian Netherlands</b></a>; <a href="#belgium"><b>Belgium</b></a>; <a href="#dutchflanders"><b>Dutch Flanders</b></a>; <a href="#holland"><b>Holland</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Neuburg</b>,</span> Marmont at, ii. 365.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Neufchâteau</b>,</span> member of the Directory, ii. 8, 35;<br> +<span class="entry">mission to Congress of Rastatt,</span> 52.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Neufchâtel</b>,</span> ceded to France, ii. 390;<br> +<span class="entry">Berthier created Prince of,</span> iii. 86.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#berthier"><b>Berthier</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Neumarkt</b>,</span> Jourdan's defeat near, i. 385;<br> +<span class="entry">Masséna's movements at,</span> 436;<br> +<span class="entry">flight of Hiller to,</span> iii. 208;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at,</span> 413.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Neu-Reppin</b>,</span> military movements near, ii. 434.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Neutrality</b>,</span> the principle of the agreement of 1780, ii. 212.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Neuwied</b>,</span> Hoche crosses the Rhine at, i. 440.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>New Castile</b>,</span> Duke del Infantado commissioned governor of, iii. 127.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>New England</b>,</span> commercial greed, iii. 102.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Newfoundland</b>,</span> proposed French expedition to, ii. 333.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>New Galicia</b>,</span> annexed to the grand duchy of Warsaw, iii. 239.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>New Orleans</b>,</span> battle of, iv. +<a href="#page169">169</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>New York</b>,</span> proposal that <i>N.</i> sail to, iv. +<a href="#page221">221</a>.<br> + +<a id="ney" name="ney"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Ney, Marshal Michel</b>,</span> a product of Carnot's system, i. 332;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Hohenlinden,</span> ii. 191;<br> +<span class="entry">occupies Switzerland,</span> 234, 272;<br> +<span class="entry">service in the Army of England,</span> 291;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page470" name="page470"></a>(p. 470)</span> +<span class="entry">execution of,</span> 300;<br> +<span class="entry">joins <i>N.</i> at Waterloo,</span> 300;<br> +<span class="entry">created marshal,</span> 323;<br> +<span class="entry">plan for his invasion of Ireland,</span> 335;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> 364; iii. 93;<br> +<span class="entry">holds the bridge at Günzenburg,</span> ii. 366;<br> +<span class="entry">victory at Leoben,</span> 368;<br> +<span class="entry">clears the enemy from the Tyrol,</span> 380;<br> +<span class="entry">at Bayreuth,</span> 428;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Jena,</span> 430-432;<br> +<span class="entry">invests Magdeburg,</span> 436;<br> +<span class="entry">at Neidenburg,</span> iii. 4;<br> +<span class="entry">strength in Poland,</span> 7;<br> +<span class="entry">threatens Königsberg,</span> 9;<br> +<span class="entry">reprimanded by <i>N.</i>,</span> 8;<br> +<span class="entry">retreats from Heilsberg,</span> 10;<br> +<span class="entry">pursued by Bennigsen,</span> 10;<br> +<span class="entry">escapes to Gilgenburg,</span> 10;<br> +<span class="entry">in Eylau campaign,</span> 15;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Heilsberg,</span> 29;<br> +<span class="entry">movements on the Passarge,</span> 28;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Friedland,</span> 30;<br> +<span class="entry">created Duke of Elchingen,</span> 86;<br> +<span class="entry">yearly income,</span> 87, 296;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> opinion of,</span> 93;<br> +<span class="entry">quarrel with Tolstoi,</span> 108;<br> +<span class="entry">at Logroño,</span> 183;<br> +<span class="entry">moves against Castaños,</span> 185;<br> +<span class="entry">lack of vigor of movement,</span> 185;<br> +<span class="entry">movement against Madrid,</span> 186;<br> +<span class="entry">stationed at Astorga,</span> 188;<br> +<span class="entry">in Leon,</span> 283;<br> +<span class="entry">strength,</span> March, 1812, 324;<br> +<span class="entry">advances on Dünaburg,</span> 336;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Smolensk,</span> 339;<br> +<span class="entry">reckless pursuit after Smolensk,</span> 339;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Borodino,</span> 343;<br> +<span class="entry">"the bravest of the brave,"</span> 359;<br> +<span class="entry">hero of the retreat from Moscow,</span> 359, 363;<br> +<span class="entry">letter to Berthier,</span> Nov. 5, 1812, 361;<br> +<span class="entry">junction with Eugène,</span> 364;<br> +<span class="entry">"A marshal of the Empire has never surrendered,"</span> 364;<br> +<span class="entry">perilous retreat from Smolensk,</span> 364;<br> +<span class="entry">his most brilliant deed of arms,</span> 364;<br> +<span class="entry">crosses the Dnieper,</span> 364;<br> +<span class="entry">at the crossing of the Beresina,</span> 366, 370;<br> +<span class="entry">reaches Vilna,</span> 373;<br> +<span class="entry">in campaign of 1813,</span> 403;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Lützen,</span> 404;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Bautzen,</span> 411;<br> +<span class="entry">beleaguers Schweidnitz,</span> 413;<br> +<span class="entry">confronts Blücher at the Bober,</span> iv. +<a href="#page007">7</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Dresden,</span> +<a href="#page009">9</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">supersedes Oudinot,</span> +<a href="#page017">17</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Dennewitz,</span> +<a href="#page018">18</a>, +<a href="#page019">19</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">driven into Torgau,</span> +<a href="#page019">19</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">letter to <i>N.</i>,</span> Sept. 7, 1813, +<a href="#page020">20</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Leipsic,</span> +<a href="#page032">32</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">on the allies' march on Paris,</span> +<a href="#page040">40</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">moves from Sézanne against Blücher,</span> +<a href="#page062">62</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding the Young Guard,</span> +<a href="#page072">72</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Craonne,</span> +<a href="#page078">78</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Laon,</span> +<a href="#page079">79</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">moves up the Aube,</span> +<a href="#page091">91</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Arcis-sur-Aube,</span> +<a href="#page092">92</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">courage,</span> +<a href="#page104">104</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at council at St. Dizier,</span> +<a href="#page104">104</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">strength after the surrender of Paris,</span> +<a href="#page118">118</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at review of the Guard at Fontainebleau,</span> +<a href="#page117">117</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">treasonable utterance at Fontainebleau,</span> +<a href="#page119">119</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">demands the Emperor's abdication,</span> +<a href="#page120">120</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">voices the disaffection of the army,</span> +<a href="#page122">122</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">on commission to present abdication to the Czar,</span> +<a href="#page123">123</a>, +<a href="#page124">124</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">transfers his allegiance,</span> +<a href="#page129">129</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">returns to Paris,</span> +<a href="#page131">131</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">resents royalist affronts to his wife,</span> +<a href="#page148">148</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">rejoins Napoleon at Auxerre,</span> +<a href="#page157">157</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">recreated marshal,</span> +<a href="#page167">167</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">in the Waterloo campaign,</span> +<a href="#page172">172</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">dispute concerning his orders,</span> +<a href="#page176">176</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to Quatre Bras,</span> +<a href="#page176">176</a>, +<a href="#page180">180</a>, +<a href="#page185">185</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">moves to Gosselies,</span> +<a href="#page176">176</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">interview with <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page179">179</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Quatre Bras,</span> +<a href="#page180">180</a>-188;<br> +<span class="entry">at Frasnes,</span> +<a href="#page184">184</a>, +<a href="#page189">189</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> determines to join,</span> +<a href="#page186">186</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> despatch to,</span> June 17, 1815, +<a href="#page186">186</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> indignation at,</span> +<a href="#page187">187</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">moves to coöperate with <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page189">189</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page196">196</a>, +<a href="#page200">200</a>-210;<br> +<span class="entry">insubordinate spirit,</span> +<a href="#page205">205</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding the Guard,</span> +<a href="#page208">208</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Quatre Bras,</span> +<a href="#page213">213</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">contrasted with Desaix,</span> +<a href="#page213">213</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Eylau,</span> +<a href="#page213">213</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">imprisoned and condemned to death,</span> +<a href="#page223">223</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Nice</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> at, i. 209, 240, 244, 248, 253, 307, 339;<br> +<span class="entry">inadequate works at,</span> 214;<br> +<span class="entry">the Buonapartes at,</span> 244;<br> +<span class="entry">news of the Terror in,</span> 252;<br> +<span class="entry">France's ambition to gain,</span> 276, 327;<br> +<span class="entry">lost to Sardinia,</span> 352;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal that France should keep,</span> iv. +<a href="#page041">41</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Niemen, River, the</b>,</span> military movements on, iii. 31, 336, 341, 373, 384;<br> +<span class="entry">meeting of the sovereigns on,</span> iii. 39 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">Prussian territory on,</span> 63;<br> +<span class="entry">French advance from the Vistula to,</span> 337;<br> +<span class="entry">French advance to the Dwina from,</span> 337.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Nile, River, the</b>,</span> the campaign on, ii. 59 et seq.;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page471" name="page471"></a>(p. 471)</span> +<span class="entry">Mamelukes drowned in,</span> 60;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of,</span> 61-66, 81, 370.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Nîmes</b>,</span> alarm among the Protestants of, iv. +<a href="#page147">147</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Niort</b>,</span> enthusiasm for the fallen Emperor at, iv. +<a href="#page218">218</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Nivelles</b>,</span> military operations near, iv. +<a href="#page171">171</a>, +<a href="#page178">178</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">topography of,</span> +<a href="#page195">195</a>, +<a href="#page196">196</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Nivôse</b>,</span> the Plot of, ii. 239-241.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Nobilles, Comte de</b>,</span> royalist intrigues of, iv. +<a href="#page107">107</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Nobility of France, the</b>,</span> loss of its feudal power, i. 100;<br> +<span class="entry">privileges,</span> and assumptions of privileges of, 105, 109;<br> +<span class="entry">yielding of privileges by,</span> 109;<br> +<span class="entry">flight of,</span> 109, 142<br> + (<i>see also</i> <a href="#emigrants"><b>Emigrants</b></a>).<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Noble Guard</b>,</span> institution of a, iv. +<a href="#page148">148</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">abolition of the,</span> +<a href="#page137">137</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Nogara</b>,</span> military operation near, i. 410.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Nogent</b>,</span> Victor ordered to, iv. +<a href="#page062">62</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at,</span> +<a href="#page062">62</a>, +<a href="#page074">74</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">abandoned by Victor,</span> +<a href="#page064">64</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Souham's forces at,</span> +<a href="#page102">102</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">abdication proposed to the Emperor at,</span> +<a href="#page120">120</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Non-intercourse Act of March 1, 1809</b>,</span> iii. 274.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Non-intervention Act, the</b>,</span> iii. 102.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Nordhalben</b>,</span> Davout at, ii. 428.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Nordhausen</b>,</span> military movements near, ii. 434.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Nördlingen</b>,</span> the French position at, ii. 365;<br> +<span class="entry">capture of Werneck's division at,</span> 367.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Normandy</b>,</span> unrest in, i. 222;<br> +<span class="entry">Marmont's troops to withdraw into,</span> iv. +<a href="#page120">120</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>North</b>,</span> proposed League of the, ii. 418.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>North Cape</b>,</span> a boundary of the Continental System, iii. 280.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>North German Confederation</b>,</span> proposed organization of, ii. 418-421, 422.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#confederationoftherhine"><b>Confederation of the Rhine</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>North Sea</b>,</span> proposed French expedition to, ii. 334;<br> +<span class="entry">part of the coast incorporated into the French Empire,</span> iii. 278, 287, 294.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Northumberland,"</b></span> the, conveys <i>N.</i> to St. Helena, iv. +<a href="#page227">227</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Norway</b>,</span> lost to Denmark, iii. 70;<br> +<span class="entry">subordination to Denmark,</span> 280;<br> +<span class="entry">in vassalage to France,</span> 280;<br> +<span class="entry">offered by Alexander to Sweden,</span> 281, 314, 320, 324;<br> +<span class="entry">Bernadotte's ambition to acquire,</span> 281, 399;<br> +<span class="entry">in possession of Denmark,</span> iii. 282;<br> +<span class="entry">Russian troops for the conquest of,</span> 350;<br> +<span class="entry">struggle with Sweden,</span> iv. +<a href="#page164">164</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Nossen</b>,</span> defeat of the Saxons by the Black Legion at, iii. 234.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Notables of France</b>,</span> ii. 126;<br> +<span class="entry">abolition of the list of,</span> 247.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Notre Dame Cathedral</b>,</span> service in honor of the Concordat at, ii. 215;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> coronation in,</span> 341-345.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Novi</b>,</span> battle of, ii. 83, 92, 96;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations near,</span> ii. 178.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Nuits</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> visits, i. 146;<br> +<span class="entry">society in,</span> 146.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Nyon</b>,</span> Carnot's concealment at, ii. 27.</p> + + +<h5>O</h5> + +<p><span class="name">"<b>Oberon</b>,"</span> iii. 175.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ocana</b>,</span> battle of, iii. 287, 288.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ochs, Peter</b>,</span> republican propagandist in Switzerland, ii. 40.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Oder, River, the</b>,</span> proposed surrender to <i>N.</i> of forts on, iii. 178;<br> +<span class="entry">threatened expulsion of the French from,</span> 416;<br> +<span class="entry">military movements on,</span> iv. +<a href="#page003">3</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">French garrisons on,</span> +<a href="#page035">35</a>.<br> + +<span class="name">"<b>Œdipe</b>,"</span> performed at Erfurt, iii. 172.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Offenburg</b>,</span> reputed emigrant conspirators in, ii. 302;<br> +<span class="entry">Caulaincourt's expedition to,</span> 304.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Officialdom</b>,</span> popular hatred of, i. 105.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Offingen</b>,</span> the French position at, ii. 365.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Oglio, River, the</b>,</span> Beaulieu retreats behind, i. 361;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria's boundary in Venetia,</span> 438;<br> +<span class="entry">Schérer driven behind,</span> ii. 88.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>O'Hara, Gen.</b>,</span> captured before Toulon, i. 229.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Old Castile</b>,</span> French occupation of, iii. 155.<br> + + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page472" name="page472"></a>(p. 472)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Oldenburg</b>,</span> proposal to include in North German Confederation, ii. 418;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme to incorporate with France,</span> iii. 266;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander I reserves his family rights over,</span> 288;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander offers to exchange,</span> for Erfurt, 288;<br> +<span class="entry">incorporated in the French Empire,</span> 310, 328;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal that France evacuate,</span> 407;<br> +<span class="entry">restored to its former ruler,</span> iv. +<a href="#page040">40</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Oldenburg, Duke of</b>,</span> marries Grand Duchess Catherine, iii. 181, 278;<br> +<span class="entry">dethroned,</span> 278, 307;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed allotment of territory to,</span> 409.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Old Guard, the</b>,</span> battle of Leipsic, iv. +<a href="#page027">27</a>, +<a href="#page033">33</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">moves against Blücher from Sézanne,</span> +<a href="#page061">61</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> reviews them at Fontainebleau,</span> +<a href="#page117">117</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> takes leave of,</span> +<a href="#page135">135</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">reduction of the pay of,</span> +<a href="#page148">148</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page205">205</a>, +<a href="#page208">208</a>.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#imperialguard"><b>Imperial Guard</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ollioules</b>,</span> capture and recapture of, i. 225.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Olmütz</b>,</span> military operations near, ii. 379, 382.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Olsusieff, Gen.</b>,</span> annihilated by Marmont at Champaubert, iv. +<a href="#page063">63</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>O'Meara, Edward</b>,</span> publisher of an Elban MS., i. 177;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> declaration to,</span> concerning the Duc d'Enghien, ii. 311;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> conversations with,</span> 441;<br> +<span class="entry">physician to <i>N.</i>,</span> iv. +<a href="#page232">232</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">assists <i>N.</i> on his history,</span> +<a href="#page232">232</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">dismissed by Lowe,</span> +<a href="#page232">232</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Oneglia</b>,</span> Masséna's advance through, i. 243;<br> +<span class="entry">French troops in the valley of,</span> 244;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> service at,</span> 245, 255.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Oporto</b>,</span> seizure of the French governor of, iii. 122;<br> +<span class="entry">bishop of,</span> applies to England for help, 122;<br> +<span class="entry">occupied by Soult,</span> 286.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Oppin</b>,</span> Bernadotte at, iv. +<a href="#page028">28</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Orange, House of</b>,</span> indemnity to, for loss of power, ii. 262.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Orange, the Prince of</b>,</span> recalled to Holland, iv. +<a href="#page040">40</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">in Waterloo campaign,</span> +<a href="#page172">172</a>, +<a href="#page176">176</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at the Duchess of Richmond's ball,</span> +<a href="#page178">178</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Quatre Bras,</span> +<a href="#page180">180</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Orcha</b>,</span> military movements near, iii. 364.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ordener, Gen.</b>,</span> leads expedition to Ettenheim, and arrests the Duc d'Enghien, ii. 304.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ore Mountains</b>,</span> contemplated operations in the, iv. +<a href="#page008">8</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">retreat of the allies toward,</span> +<a href="#page012">12</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Orezza</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> at, i. 126, 160;<br> +<span class="entry">meeting of the constituent assembly at,</span> 131-134.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Orgon</b>,</span> attempt to assassinate <i>N.</i> at, iv. +<a href="#page138">138</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Oriani, Comte B.</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> statement to, i. 369.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Orient," the</b>,</span> sunk in Aboukir Bay, ii. 63.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Oriental question, the</b>,</span> ii. 262.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Orleans</b>,</span> prison massacres in, i. 188;<br> +<span class="entry">French garrison at,</span> iv. +<a href="#page118">118</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Orloff, Count</b>,</span> conducts negotiations for surrender of Paris, iv. +<a href="#page112">112</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ormea</b>,</span> Masséna's advance through, i. 243.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Orscha</b>,</span> French garrison in, iii. 341.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ortenau</b>,</span> ceded to Baden, ii. 391.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Osnabrück</b>,</span> position in the French Empire, iii. 279.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ossian</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> acquaintance with and study of, ii. 53; iv. +<a href="#page134">134</a>, +<a href="#page231">231</a>.<br> + +<a id="ostermanntolstoi" name="ostermanntolstoi"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Ostermann-Tolstoi, Gen.</b>,</span> in battle of Eylau, iii. 15;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> 107;<br> +<span class="entry">conducts negotiations with <i>N.</i>,</span> 107, 112, 113;<br> +<span class="entry">reception at Paris,</span> 108;<br> +<span class="entry">quarrel with Ney,</span> 108;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> opinion of,</span> 113;<br> +<span class="entry">at St. Cloud levee,</span> Aug. 15, 1808, 169.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Osterode</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> headquarters at, iii. 18, 25.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ostrach</b>,</span> battle of, ii. 88.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ostrolenka</b>,</span> Russian retreat to, iii. 5;<br> +<span class="entry">Russians driven out of,</span> 19.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Othman</b>,</span> the royal line of, iii. 163.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Otranto</b>,</span> embargo on, ii. 287;<br> +<span class="entry">creation of hereditary duchy of,</span> 396;<br> +<span class="entry">Fouché created Duke of,</span> iii. 86.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#fouche"><b>Fouché</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ott, Gen.</b>,</span> besieges Genoa, ii. 165, 170, 173, 175;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated by Lannes at Casteggio,</span> 176;<br> +<span class="entry">reaches Alessandria,</span> 177;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Marengo,</span> 180.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Otto, Comte L. G.</b>,</span> ambassador to England, ii. 273;<br> +<span class="entry">letter from <i>N.</i>,</span> Oct. 23, 1802, 272, 290;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page473" name="page473"></a>(p. 473)</span> +<span class="entry">recalled from London,</span> 277.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Otto the Great</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> likened to, ii. 340.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ottoman Empire</b>,</span> proposed partition of, ii. 47.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#egypt"><b>Egypt</b></a>; <a href="#turkey"><b>Turkey</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Oubril</b>,</span> his treaty rejected by Alexander I, ii. 418, 421;<br> +<span class="entry">Russian envoy to Paris,</span> 401, 405, 418.<br> + +<a id="oudinot" name="oudinot"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Oudinot, Gen. C. N.</b>,</span> in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386;<br> +<span class="entry">created Duke of Reggio,</span> iii. 86;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> opinion of,</span> 93;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> 93;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding in Hanau,</span> 203;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to Augsburg,</span> 204;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to Abensberg,</span> 208;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Wagram,</span> 228;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to coerce Holland,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">strength,</span> March, 1812, 324;<br> +<span class="entry">at the crossing of the Beresina,</span> 367-370;<br> +<span class="entry">in campaign of 1813,</span> 402;<br> +<span class="entry">threatens Berlin,</span> 413;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> instructions to,</span> iv. +<a href="#page005">5</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated at Luckau,</span> +<a href="#page008">8</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">fails in his movement against Berlin,</span> +<a href="#page012">12</a>-16;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Grossbeeren,</span> +<a href="#page014">14</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">retreats to Wittenberg,</span> +<a href="#page014">14</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">superseded by Ney,</span> +<a href="#page017">17</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Dennewitz,</span> +<a href="#page018">18</a>, +<a href="#page019">19</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Dresden,</span> +<a href="#page020">20</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Leipsic,</span> +<a href="#page029">29</a>, +<a href="#page031">31</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">checks pursuits at Lindenau,</span> +<a href="#page035">35</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">opposes Schwarzenberg,</span> +<a href="#page061">61</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">driven back to Nangis,</span> +<a href="#page065">65</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">before Provins,</span> +<a href="#page072">72</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">captures Méry,</span> +<a href="#page073">73</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to hold Blücher,</span> +<a href="#page073">73</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">checked by Schwarzenberg,</span> +<a href="#page075">75</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">driven beyond Troyes,</span> +<a href="#page076">76</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">retreats from Arcis,</span> +<a href="#page094">94</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Bar-sur-Ornain,</span> +<a href="#page103">103</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">strength after the surrender of Paris,</span> +<a href="#page118">118</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at the abdication scene,</span> +<a href="#page120">120</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII,</span> +<a href="#page132">132</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">recreated marshal,</span> +<a href="#page167">167</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ourcq, River</b>,</span> military operations on the, iv. +<a href="#page076">76</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ouvrard, G. J.</b>,</span> sent by Fouché on mission to England, iii. 272.</p> + + +<h5>P</h5> + +<p><span class="name"><b>Pachra, River</b>,</span> French crossing of the, iii. 355.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pacific Ocean</b>,</span> influence of the United States on the, ii. 288.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Paderborn</b>,</span> apportioned to Prussia, ii. 265.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Padua</b>,</span> military operations near, i. 410;<br> +<span class="entry">creation of hereditary duchy of,</span> ii. 396.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pagerie, Marie-Josephe-Rose Tascher de la</b>.</span> <i>See</i> <a href="#beauharnaisjosephine"><b>Beauharnais, Josephine</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pagerie, Mlle. Tascher de la</b>,</span> sought in marriage by Ferdinand VII, iii. 125;<br> +<span class="entry">marries the Duke of Aremberg,</span> 132.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pagerie, Tascher de la</b>,</span> father of Josephine Beauharnais, i. 313;<br> +<span class="entry">death of,</span> 314.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Paine, Thomas</b>,</span> on financial condition of England, ii. 32.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pajol, Gen.</b>,</span> seizes Montereau, iv. +<a href="#page073">73</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">in the Waterloo campaign,</span> +<a href="#page173">173</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">engagement at Charleroi,</span> +<a href="#page174">174</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Ligny,</span> +<a href="#page183">183</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Palace of the Government, the</b>,</span> ii. 147.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Palafox, Gen. José de</b>,</span> military ability, iii. 156;<br> +<span class="entry">at Saragossa,</span> 184, 185.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Palais Royal</b>,</span> headquarters of the tribunate, ii. 151;<br> +<span class="entry">a refuge for the disreputable,</span> 151.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Palestine</b>,</span> the key of, ii. 73;<br> +<span class="entry">importance of <i>N.'s</i> conquering,</span> 73.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Palm, J. P.</b>,</span> bookseller of Nuremberg, execution of, ii. 417.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Palma</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> advances to, i. 443.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pamplona</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> seeks information concerning, iii. 128;<br> +<span class="entry">seized by Darmagnac,</span> 132.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pan, Mallet du</b>,</span> criticizes Mme. de Staël, iii. 298.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Panatheri</b>,</span> secretary of Directory of Corsica, i. 133.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pantheon Club</b>,</span> closing of the, i. 310.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Paoli, Pascal</b>,</span> his share in the history of Corsica, i. 15 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with the Jews and with the Vatican,</span> 16;<br> +<span class="entry">compared with Washington,</span> 18;<br> +<span class="entry">his character and renown,</span> 17, 18;<br> +<span class="entry">offers asylum to Rousseau,</span> 19;<br> +<span class="entry">hoodwinked by Choiseul,</span> 20, 21;<br> +<span class="entry">defeat and escape,</span> 23;<br> +<span class="entry">appeals to the Powers,</span> 23;<br> +<span class="entry">aspirations for Corsica,</span> 26, 28, 116;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> address to,</span> 40;<br> +<span class="entry">his conciliation sought by France,</span> 42;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page474" name="page474"></a>(p. 474)</span> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> a supporter and admirer of,</span> 53, 93, 137, 199, 210;<br> +<span class="entry">the "History of Corsica,"</span> dedicated to, 93;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> correspondence with,</span> 96-98;<br> +<span class="entry">his return to Corsica,</span> 117-125, 127, 131;<br> +<span class="entry">activity of his agents,</span> 118;<br> +<span class="entry">directs Corsican agitation,</span> 120;<br> +<span class="entry">amnesty granted to,</span> 120, 124;<br> +<span class="entry">quits England,</span> 124;<br> +<span class="entry">honored by Louis XVI and the National Assembly,</span> 124;<br> +<span class="entry">misrepresented in Paris,</span> 125;<br> +<span class="entry">popularity in Corsica,</span> 126, 198;<br> +<span class="entry">meeting with <i>N.</i> at Rostino,</span> 132;<br> +<span class="entry">virtual dictator of Corsica,</span> 133;<br> +<span class="entry">agitation in his behalf in Corsica,</span> 162, 170;<br> +<span class="entry">interferes in riots in Ajaccio,</span> 169;<br> +<span class="entry">difficulties of his situation,</span> 169;<br> +<span class="entry">displeasure at <i>N.</i>,</span> 170;<br> +<span class="entry">despair of,</span> 185;<br> +<span class="entry">commander-in-chief in Corsica,</span> 185;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> seeks reconciliation with,</span> 186;<br> +<span class="entry">lieutenant-general in the French army,</span> 187;<br> +<span class="entry">opposes Sardinian invasion scheme,</span> 189, 192, 196;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> insubordination to,</span> 190;<br> +<span class="entry">suspected of intrigue with England,</span> 190, 201;<br> +<span class="entry">position on declaration of war against England,</span> 196;<br> +<span class="entry">denounced by Lucien Buonaparte,</span> 197;<br> +<span class="entry">summoned to appear before the National Convention,</span> 197, 204;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> antagonizes,</span> 199-203, 205, 210, 242;<br> +<span class="entry">denounced by the National Convention,</span> 201;<br> +<span class="entry">summons <i>N.</i> to Corte,</span> 203;<br> +<span class="entry">offers to leave Corsica,</span> 204;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks English protection for Corsica,</span> 205-208;<br> +<span class="entry">views of condition of France,</span> 206;<br> +<span class="entry">declared an outlaw,</span> 207;<br> +<span class="entry">fails to fortify Ajaccio,</span> 257;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks aid from England,</span> 257;<br> +<span class="entry">recalled to England,</span> 261.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Paolists, the</b>,</span> i. 116.<br> + +<a id="papacy" name="papacy"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Papacy, the</b>,</span> French feeling against the, i. 375;<br> +<span class="entry">the Directory desires its overthrow,</span> 419, 422;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> alliance with,</span> 422;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> proposes negotiations with the,</span> ii. 11;<br> +<span class="entry">relations of <i>N.</i> and France with,</span> 205, 206, 216.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#church"><b>Church</b></a>; <a href="#pius7"><b>Pius VII</b></a>; <a href="#rome"><b>Rome</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Papal States, the</b>,</span> French proposition to revolutionize, i. 373;<br> +<span class="entry">French seizures and ransom in,</span> 374;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> protects clergy in,</span> 422;<br> +<span class="entry">under French influence,</span> 439;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme to conquer,</span> ii. 18;<br> +<span class="entry">held by Austria,</span> 145, 160;<br> +<span class="entry">evacuated by Ferdinand IV,</span> 203;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> demands expulsion of Russians,</span> English, and Sardinians from, 396;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> influence over,</span> recognized at Tilsit, iii. 55;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> demands banishment of hostile agents from,</span> and closing of ports to England, 67;<br> +<span class="entry">French invasion of,</span> 118;<br> +<span class="entry">demands for the inviolability of,</span> 118;<br> +<span class="entry">annexed to France,</span> 262.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Papelotte</b>,</span> the farms of, iv. +<a href="#page195">195</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">fighting at,</span> +<a href="#page201">201</a>, +<a href="#page206">206</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Paradomania</b>,</span> iii. 50.<br> + +<span class="name">"<b>Parallel between Cæsar, Cromwell, and Bonaparte</b>,"</span> ii. 230.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Parbasdorf</b>,</span> military operations near, iii. 226, 229.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Paris</b>,</span> the military school at, i. 48, 59, 60;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> sojourn in (1787),</span> 86;<br> +<span class="entry">the Parliament banished from,</span> 106;<br> +<span class="entry">base elements of population flock to,</span> 108;<br> +<span class="entry">encounter in the Place Vendôme,</span> 108;<br> +<span class="entry">burning of the barriers,</span> 108;<br> +<span class="entry">destruction of the Bastille,</span> 108, 109;<br> +<span class="entry">Louis XVI takes up residence in,</span> 109;<br> +<span class="entry">famine,</span> 151;<br> +<span class="entry">return of the court to,</span> 151;<br> +<span class="entry">municipal reform,</span> 153;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> returns to (May 28,</span> 1792), 173;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> impoverished condition in,</span> 173;<br> +<span class="entry">great outburst of sedition,</span> 174;<br> +<span class="entry">Marseilles sends a deputation to,</span> 174;<br> +<span class="entry">the barricades on August 10,</span> 1792, 177;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> and Elisa in,</span> 182;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> residences in (Holland Patriots' Hotel),</span> 183;<br> + (Fossés Montmartre), 264;<br> + (Michodière Street), 295;<br> + (Chantereine Street), ii. 28;<br> + (Victory Street), 84;<br> +<span class="entry">massacres of royalist prisoners,</span> i. 183;<br> +<span class="entry">overturn of municipal government,</span> 187;<br> +<span class="entry">committee of surveillance,</span> 188, 189;<br> +<span class="entry">prison massacres in (Sept. 2-6,</span> 1792), 188;<br> +<span class="entry">representation in the National Convention,</span> 188;<br> +<span class="entry">condemnation and execution of Louis XVI,</span> 195;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page475" name="page475"></a>(p. 475)</span> +<span class="entry">establishment of the revolutionary tribunal,</span> 207;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at (1793),</span> 223;<br> +<span class="entry">scenes of the Terror,</span> 251;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> sojourn in (1795),</span> 264, 280 et seq.; 289, 295;<br> +<span class="entry">influence in political movements,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">bread riots,</span> 273;<br> +<span class="entry">Jacobin plots,</span> 273;<br> +<span class="entry">critical condition of affairs,</span> 273, 277, 280;<br> +<span class="entry">social life (1795,</span> 1796), 280-285, 290, 291, 316;<br> +<span class="entry">hatred of the National Convention in,</span> 282;<br> +<span class="entry">military preparations,</span> 283, 298, 299;<br> +<span class="entry">royalist plots against,</span> 298;<br> +<span class="entry">critical condition of affairs,</span> 298-301;<br> +<span class="entry">rebellion against the Convention,</span> 299 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">the 13th Vendémiaire,</span> 301-305;<br> +<span class="entry">restoration of order,</span> 305;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> cows the low elements in,</span> 308;<br> +<span class="entry">rejoicings in,</span> over Piedmontese successes, 363;<br> +<span class="entry">glorification of <i>N.</i> in (1796),</span> 365;<br> +<span class="entry">receptacle for plundered works of art,</span> 369;<br> +<span class="entry">"the capital of European liberties,"</span> 369;<br> +<span class="entry">spring elections of 1797,</span> ii. 2;<br> +<span class="entry">critical condition of affairs,</span> 3;<br> +<span class="entry">royalist intrigues,</span> the Clichy faction, 3, 5, 7;<br> +<span class="entry">necessity for a powerful general in,</span> 5, 7;<br> +<span class="entry">Barras schemes to bring troops to,</span> 6;<br> +<span class="entry">the 18th of Fructidor,</span> 8;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> remittances to,</span> 13;<br> +<span class="entry">feeling in,</span> over the treaty of Campo Formio, 22;<br> +<span class="entry">return of <i>N.</i> to (1797),</span> 26-31;<br> +<span class="entry">the "Street of Victory,"</span> 28;<br> +<span class="entry">plot and counterplot in,</span> 36;<br> +<span class="entry">distrust of <i>N.</i> in (1798),</span> 49;<br> +<span class="entry">popular ideas in,</span> concerning the Egyptian campaign, 68;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> triumphant progress from Fréjus to,</span> 83;<br> +<span class="entry">hatred of the Terror,</span> 94, 95;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> reception in (from Egypt),</span> 95-102;<br> +<span class="entry">banquet to <i>N.</i> in St. Sulpice,</span> 100, 101;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> appointed commander of the troops,</span> 102 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">the 18th Brumaire,</span> 103 et seq.; iv. +<a href="#page258">258</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Fouché closes the barriers,</span> ii. 109;<br> +<span class="entry">apportionment of the guards in,</span> 109;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> reopens the barriers,</span> 109;<br> +<span class="entry">the 19th Brumaire,</span> 111 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">weeding out old republican politicians from,</span> 125;<br> +<span class="entry">warlike feeling in (1800),</span> 145;<br> +<span class="entry">welcomes <i>N.</i> from Marengo,</span> 185;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> relations with polite society in,</span> 199;<br> +<span class="entry">service in honor of the Concordat,</span> 216;<br> +<span class="entry">schemes of the Duc d'Enghien's supporters in,</span> 240;<br> +<span class="entry">explosion of infernal machine in Rue St. Nicaise,</span> 240;<br> +<span class="entry">Mme. de Staël exiled from,</span> 259;<br> +<span class="entry">restoration of street names,</span> 258;<br> +<span class="entry">improved social conditions,</span> 259;<br> +<span class="entry">the press of,</span> attacks England, 271;<br> +<span class="entry">center of the government,</span> 279;<br> +<span class="entry">feeling in,</span> concerning <i>N.'s</i> court at Aachen, 339;<br> +<span class="entry">coronation of <i>N.</i>,</span> 339, 340, 342-345;<br> +<span class="entry">prospects of coming war in,</span> 312;<br> +<span class="entry">fickleness of society in,</span> 312;<br> +<span class="entry">abuse of Austria and Russia by press,</span> 361;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> returns to (Jan. 27,</span> 1806), 406;<br> +<span class="entry">affection for N. in,</span> 407;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> proposes to introduce bull-fights,</span> 409;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> leaves for Mainz,</span> 422;<br> +<span class="entry">relics of Frederick the Great sent to,</span> 437;<br> +<span class="entry">official reports from Eylau in,</span> iii. 17;<br> +<span class="entry">the situation in (1807),</span> 24 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">the head and body of France,</span> 24;<br> +<span class="entry">sensitiveness of the Bourse,</span> 24;<br> +<span class="entry">Mme. de Staël returns to,</span> and again expelled from, 26;<br> +<span class="entry">the situation in,</span> after Friedland, 36;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal that Alexander visit,</span> 50;<br> +<span class="entry">question of the cardinal at,</span> 69;<br> +<span class="entry">return of <i>N.</i> from Tilsit to,</span> 72;<br> +<span class="entry">public works,</span> 74, 380;<br> +<span class="entry">Jewish Sanhedrim in,</span> iii. 76;<br> +<span class="entry">social vices in,</span> 92;<br> +<span class="entry">Tolstoi's reception at,</span> 108;<br> +<span class="entry">the soul of France,</span> 151, 160; iv. +<a href="#page092">92</a>, +<a href="#page099">99</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the divorce scandal in,</span> iii. 180;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> returns from Spain to (Jan. 6,</span> 1809), 188;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> returns from Vienna to,</span> 241, 245;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> second marriage,</span> 258-261;<br> +<span class="entry">the College of Cardinals transplanted from Rome to,</span> 258, 264;<br> +<span class="entry">rejoicings in,</span> over birth of the king of Rome, 302, 303;<br> +<span class="entry">a rival to Rome as capital of the Western empire,</span> 307;<br> +<span class="entry">remembrance of the Terror,</span> 323;<br> +<span class="entry">monarchical sentiment in,</span> 323;<br> +<span class="entry">importance of <i>N.'s</i> presence in,</span> 372;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page476" name="page476"></a>(p. 476)</span> +<span class="entry">the Malet conspiracy in,</span> 375; 376;<br> +<span class="entry">treachery in,</span> 412;<br> +<span class="entry">the allies,</span> advance on, iv. +<a href="#page040">40</a>, +<a href="#page041">41</a>, +<a href="#page061">61</a>, +<a href="#page065">65</a>, +<a href="#page071">71</a>, +<a href="#page090">90</a>, +<a href="#page096">96</a>-103, +<a href="#page110">110</a>, +<a href="#page113">113</a>, +<a href="#page219">219</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">gloom and panic in,</span> +<a href="#page051">51</a>, +<a href="#page081">81</a>, +<a href="#page098">98</a>, +<a href="#page104">104</a>, +<a href="#page108">108</a>, +<a href="#page109">109</a>, +<a href="#page117">117</a>, +<a href="#page166">166</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> public appearances in,</span> +<a href="#page051">51</a>, +<a href="#page052">52</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the national-guard,</span> +<a href="#page053">53</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">defense of,</span> +<a href="#page059">59</a>, +<a href="#page073">73</a>, +<a href="#page085">85</a>, +<a href="#page096">96</a>, +<a href="#page097">97</a>, +<a href="#page099">99</a>, +<a href="#page105">105</a>-112;<br> +<span class="entry">Joseph acting regent in,</span> +<a href="#page061">61</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Blücher's advance toward,</span> +<a href="#page076">76</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">sends reinforcements to <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page080">80</a>, +<a href="#page086">86</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> resolution to abandon,</span> +<a href="#page091">91</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> march toward,</span> +<a href="#page104">104</a>, +<a href="#page105">105</a>, +<a href="#page157">157</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">surrender of,</span> +<a href="#page105">105</a>, +<a href="#page113">113</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the Empress's flight from,</span> +<a href="#page106">106</a>-112, +<a href="#page117">117</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">intrigue in,</span> +<a href="#page107">107</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">royalist influences in,</span> +<a href="#page108">108</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">in communication with Marmont,</span> +<a href="#page109">109</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">summoned to surrender,</span> +<a href="#page109">109</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">armistice before,</span> +<a href="#page109">109</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">looking for <i>N.</i> in,</span> +<a href="#page112">112</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">fighting before,</span> +<a href="#page111">111</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">not to be sacked,</span> +<a href="#page112">112</a>, +<a href="#page113">113</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">entrance of the allies,</span> +<a href="#page113">113</a>, +<a href="#page117">117</a>, +<a href="#page118">118</a>, +<a href="#page221">221</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">council of the allies and French diplomats,</span> +<a href="#page114">114</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">royalist enthusiasm in,</span> +<a href="#page113">113</a>-117;<br> +<span class="entry">assents to the overthrow of <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page115">115</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the white cockade in,</span> +<a href="#page115">115</a>, +<a href="#page147">147</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">plans for the recovery of,</span> +<a href="#page117">117</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">reception of Louis XVIII in,</span> +<a href="#page133">133</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">riots in,</span> at burial of an actress, +<a href="#page146">146</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">secret longings for <i>N.'s</i> return in,</span> +<a href="#page147">147</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the garrison put under arms,</span> +<a href="#page149">149</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">disappearance of the government,</span> +<a href="#page158">158</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">raising the imperialist standard in,</span> +<a href="#page158">158</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">placard on the Vendôme column,</span> +<a href="#page158">158</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">excitement in,</span> +<a href="#page158">158</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">arrival of <i>N.</i> in,</span> +<a href="#page159">159</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty of,</span> +<a href="#page165">165</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the news of Waterloo and Ligny in,</span> +<a href="#page215">215</a>, +<a href="#page216">216</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> returns from Waterloo to,</span> +<a href="#page217">217</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">formation of a new Directory,</span> +<a href="#page218">218</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">appointment of a committee of public safety,</span> +<a href="#page218">218</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> offers to defend,</span> +<a href="#page220">220</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">possibility of reassembling an army in,</span> +<a href="#page222">222</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Paris, Forest of</b>,</span> formation of the Prussians behind, iv. +<a href="#page202">202</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Paris, Marquis de</b>,</span> leads the Parisian mob, i. 151.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Paris sections</b>,</span> the day of the, i. 302-312.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Parker, Sir Hyde</b>,</span> at battle of Copenhagen, ii. 209.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Parliament of Paris</b>,</span> reconstitution of the, i. 106;<br> +<span class="entry">contest with Louis XVI,</span> 106;<br> +<span class="entry">banished from the capital,</span> 106.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Parma</b>,</span> intrigue in the court of, i. 345;<br> +<span class="entry">plundered of works of art,</span> 369;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> leniency to,</span> 421;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> influence in,</span> 448;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> violation of neutrality of,</span> ii. 144;<br> +<span class="entry">secured to France,</span> 204;<br> +<span class="entry">adopts the French Code,</span> 354;<br> +<span class="entry">creation of hereditary duchy of,</span> 395;<br> +<span class="entry">Cambacérès created Duke of,</span> iii. 86<br> + (<i>see also</i> <a href="#cambaceres"><b>Cambacérès</b></a>);<br> +<span class="entry">ecclesiastical reforms and confiscations in,</span> 263;<br> +<span class="entry">position in the French Empire,</span> 279;<br> +<span class="entry">granted to Maria Louisa,</span> iv. +<a href="#page133">133</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Parma, Duke of</b>,</span> submission of, i. 359;<br> +<span class="entry">plan to give the Papal States to,</span> ii. 18;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> promises to,</span> 332.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Parthe, River</b>,</span> military movements on the, iv. +<a href="#page027">27</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Parthenopean Republic, the</b>,</span> proclaimed, ii. 87;<br> +<span class="entry">abandonment of,</span> 203-205;<br> +<span class="entry">fate of its admiral Caraccioli,</span> 300.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Parthians</b>,</span> Roman campaigns against the, iii. 325.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pasquier</b>,</span> Baron de, attitude toward <i>N.</i>, ii. 95;<br> +<span class="entry">prefect of police,</span> iii. 376;<br> +<span class="entry">episode of the Malet conspiracy,</span> 377;<br> +<span class="entry">imperial prefect,</span> iv. +<a href="#page106">106</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Passarge, River</b>,</span> military operations on the, iii. 19, 22, 26, 28.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Passariano</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> headquarters at, ii. 20, 23, 24.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Passau</b>,</span> apportioned to Bavaria, ii. 266, 391;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> line of retreat to,</span> 392.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Passeyr</b>,</span> the estates of, conferred upon Hofer's family, iii. 242.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Patterson</b>,</span> Elizabeth, married to Jerome Buonaparte, ii. 257.<br> + +<a id="paul1" name="paul1"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Paul I</b>,</span> succeeds Catherine II, i. 425;<br> +<span class="entry">institutes the second coalition,</span> ii. 86;<br> +<span class="entry">incensed at George III,</span> 141;<br> +<span class="entry">demands Thugut's dismissal,</span> 142;<br> +<span class="entry">incensed at Austria,</span> 142, 154;<br> +<span class="entry">withdraws from the coalition,</span> 142;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page477" name="page477"></a>(p. 477)</span> +<span class="entry">seeks control of Malta,</span> 141, 154, 193;<br> +<span class="entry">friendship with <i>N.</i> and France,</span> 142, 154, 193, 263;<br> +<span class="entry">plan for invasion of India and partition of Asia,</span> 154;<br> +<span class="entry">receives the sword of Valetta from <i>N.</i>,</span> 154;<br> +<span class="entry">aims to destroy Austria's power,</span> 194;<br> +<span class="entry">accuses England and Austria of treachery,</span> 194;<br> +<span class="entry">concludes alliance with <i>N.</i>,</span> 209;<br> +<span class="entry">assassinated,</span> 210, 330, 380; iii. 37;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of his death on France,</span> ii. 210;<br> +<span class="entry">antipathy to Great Britain,</span> 263;<br> +<span class="entry">supports the House of Savoy,</span> 332.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#russia"><b>Russia</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name">"<b>Paul and Virginia</b>,"</span> iii. 297.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Paunsdorf</b>,</span> military operations near, iv. +<a href="#page032">32</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pavia</b>,</span> the sack of, i. 361;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations near,</span> ii. 175.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pawnbrokerage in France</b>,</span> iii. 77.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Peasant proprietors</b>,</span> at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 102, 104.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Peccadeuc, Picot de</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> enemy, i. 65.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pelet, Gen.</b>,</span> charges Berthier with treachery, iii. 206;<br> +<span class="entry">on the battle of Aspern,</span> 219;<br> +<span class="entry">denies the story of Lannes's death-bed,</span> 224;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Waterloo,</span> iv. +<a href="#page207">207</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pelham, Thomas</b>,</span> employs Méhée de la Touche, ii. 297.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Peltier, J. G.</b>,</span> publishes "L'Ambigu," ii. 270;<br> +<span class="entry">prosecuted for libeling <i>N.</i>,</span> 271.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Penal Code, the</b>,</span> iii. 295.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Peninsula, Peninsular War</b>.</span> <i>See</i> <a href="#portugal"><b>Portugal</b></a>; <a href="#spain"><b>Spain</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pensions</b>,</span> reforms in French, i. 142.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pension system</b>,</span> iii. 87.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pepin the Short</b>,</span> coronation of, ii. 325.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Peraldi</b>,</span> associated with <i>N.</i> in Corsica, i. 117;<br> +<span class="entry">becomes an enemy of <i>N.</i>,</span> 165, 170;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks election in National Guard of Corsica,</span> 166;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to prepare fleet at Toulon,</span> 187;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks to arrest <i>N.</i>,</span> 202.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Perceval, Spencer</b>,</span> assassination of, iii. 378;<br> +<span class="entry">mismanagement of English affairs,</span> iv. +<a href="#page161">161</a>, +<a href="#page162">162</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Peretti</b>,</span> his name reprobated in Corsica, i. 121;<br> +<span class="entry">vote of censure on,</span> 133;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks election in National Guard of Corsica,</span> 165.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Permon, Mme.</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> friendship with, i. 62, 178, 284-286;<br> +<span class="entry">friendship with Salicetti,</span> 284-286;<br> +<span class="entry">correspondence with <i>N.</i>,</span> 285;<br> +<span class="entry">declines <i>N.'s</i> matrimonial offer,</span> 312;<br> +<span class="entry">notable saying of,</span> ii. 130.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Perpignan</b>,</span> reinforcements for Augereau from, iv. +<a href="#page094">94</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Perponcher, Gen. G. H.</b>,</span> in battle of Quatre Bras, iv, +<a href="#page180">180</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Perregaux, Comte de</b>,</span> royalist intrigues of, iv. +<a href="#page112">112</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Persia</b>,</span> proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209;<br> +<span class="entry">Sebastiani's mission to,</span> 272-274;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty with France,</span> iii. 20, 21;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> arranges treaty between Turkey and,</span> 20, 21;<br> +<span class="entry">incited to invade India,</span> 21;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed rupture with England,</span> 21;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> studies the history of,</span> 166;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> intercourse with,</span> 314;<br> +<span class="entry">Themistocles's refuge in,</span> iv. +<a href="#page227">227</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Perthes</b>,</span> Macdonald at, iv. +<a href="#page103">103</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Peru</b>,</span> scheme of a Bourbon monarchy in, iii. 134, 142.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Peschiera</b>,</span> seized by Beaulieu, i. 361, 371;<br> +<span class="entry">French occupation of,</span> 372, 379;<br> +<span class="entry">the revolutionary movement in,</span> 428;<br> +<span class="entry">disarmament of,</span> 442.<br> + +<span class="name">"<b>Peter the Great</b>,"</span> by Carrion-Nisas, ii. 350.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Peterswald</b>,</span> military movements near, iv. +<a href="#page010">10</a>, +<a href="#page015">15</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Petit, Gen.</b>,</span> at review of the Guard at Fontainebleau, iv. +<a href="#page118">118</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> farewell to,</span> +<a href="#page136">136</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Petit Trianon</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> secures the library from, iv. +<a href="#page219">219</a>, +<a href="#page227">227</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Peyrusse</b>,</span> corruption of, iv. +<a href="#page005">5</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">keeper of <i>N.'s</i> purse at Elba,</span> +<a href="#page152">152</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pfaffenhofen</b>,</span> military movements near, iii. 206.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Phélippeaux, A. de</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> enemy, i. 65;<br> +<span class="entry">superintends the defense of Acre,</span> ii. 71, 73;<br> +<span class="entry">parley with <i>N.</i> at Acre,</span> 79.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Phenicia</b>,</span> the history of, iv. +<a href="#page293">293</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Philip, Don</b>,</span> of Spain, ii. 205.<br> + + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page478" name="page478"></a>(p. 478)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Philip le Bel</b>,</span> schemes of world-conquest, ii. 46.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Philippe "Égalité,"</b></span> despicable actions of, i. 151;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme for his son,</span> 331.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Philippeville</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> at, iv. +<a href="#page211">211</a>, +<a href="#page216">216</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Philosophical and Political History of the Two Indies,"</b></span> <i>N.'s</i> study of, ii. 47.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Philosophic Visions" (Mercier)</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> study of, ii. 53.<br> + +<a id="phrases" name="phrases"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Phrases</b>:</span><br> +<span class="entry"><i>Alfieri:</i></span><br> + "Italia virtuosa, magnanima, libera, et una," ii. 232.<br> +<span class="entry"><i>Anonymous or unassigned</i> (see also <i>Popular</i>, infra):</span><br> + [A lady] "fond of men when they are polite," iii. 179.<br> + "A mystery in the soul of state," iii. 389.<br> + "Democracy an excellent workhorse, but a poor charger; a good hack, but an untrustworthy racer," iv. +<a href="#page265">265</a>.<br> + "Everything has been restored except the two million Frenchmen who died for liberty," ii. 216.<br> + "Freedom of the seas and the invasion of England," ii. 360.<br> + [Bonaparte] "his consular majesty," ii. 293.<br> +<span class="entry"><i>A Paris actor:</i></span><br> + "J'ai fait des rois madame, et n'ai pas voulu l'être," ii. 205.<br> + "Legislative eunuchs," ii. 151.<br> + [Louis XVIII] "learned nothing and forgot nothing," iv. +<a href="#page132">132</a>.<br> + [The army chest] "a French Providence, which made the laurel a fertile tree, the fruits of which had nourished the brave whom its branches covered," iii. 296.<br> +<span class="entry"><i>Arndt:</i></span><br> + "Freedom and Austria," iii. 195.<br> +<span class="entry"><i>Berthier:</i></span><br> + "By general's reckoning, not that of the office," ii. 169.<br> +<span class="entry"><i>Cambronne:</i></span><br> + "The guard dies but never surrenders," iv. +<a href="#page210">210</a>.<br> +<span class="entry"><i>Charles IV:</i></span><br> + A king "who had nothing further to live for than his Louise and his Emmanuel," iii. 166.<br> +<span class="entry"><i>Coignet:</i></span><br> + "Providence and courage never abandon the good soldier," iii. 326.<br> +<span class="entry"><i>Congress of Vienna:</i></span><br> + [Napoleon] "the enemy and disturber of the world's peace," iv. +<a href="#page162">162</a>.<br> +<span class="entry"><i>Czartoryski:</i></span><br> + "Paradomania," iii. 50.<br> +<span class="entry"><i>Dalberg:</i></span><br> + "The monkey [Talleyrand] would not risk burning the tip of his paw even if all the chestnuts were for himself," iv. +<a href="#page108">108</a>.<br> +<span class="entry"><i>Princess Dolgoruki:</i></span><br> + [The First Consul's residence] "is not exactly a court, but it is no longer a camp," ii. 196.<br> +<span class="entry"><i>Gentz:</i></span><br> + "The war for the emancipation of states bids fair to become one for the emancipation of the people," iv. +<a href="#page040">40</a>.<br> +<span class="entry"><i>Goethe:</i></span><br> + "A great man can be recognized only by his peers," iii. 173.<br> +<span class="entry"><i>Kutusoff:</i></span><br> + "The plain gentleman of Pskoff," iii. 383.<br> +<span class="entry"><i>Machiavelli:</i></span><br> + "Friends must be treated as if one day they might be enemies," ii. 256.<br> +<span class="entry"><i>Marmont:</i></span><br> + "The tube of a funnel," iv. +<a href="#page026">26</a>.<br> +<span class="entry"><i>Napoleon:</i></span><br> + "About to produce a great novelty," iv. +<a href="#page153">153</a>.<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page479" name="page479"></a>(p. 479)</span> + "A great man—one who can command the situations he creates," iv. +<a href="#page021">21</a>.<br> + "A kind of vermin which I have in my clothes," ii. 242.<br> + "A lion's advice," iii. 352.<br> + "A man like me troubles himself little about a million men," iii. 418.<br> + "A thing must needs be done before the announcement of your plan," iii. 66.<br> + "Bullets have been flying about our legs these twenty years," iii. 364.<br> + "Credit is but a dispensation from paying cash," iii. 389.<br> + "Emperor of the Continent," iii. 308.<br> + "Enemy's lands make enemy's goods," ii. 441.<br> + [England a] "nation of traders," ii. 292.<br> + "Everything to-morrow," iii. 411.<br> + "Fortune is a woman; the more she does for me, the more I shall exact from her," i. 366.<br> + "Forty centuries look down upon you from ... the Pyramids," ii. 60.<br> + "Gathered to strike; separated to live," ii. 367.<br> + <i>See also</i> p. 378.<br> + "Generals who save troops for the next day are always beaten," iii. 347.<br> + "God hath given it [the crown of Italy] to me; let him beware who touches it," ii. 353.<br> + "Great battles are won with artillery," iii. 403.<br> + "I am conquered less by fortune than by the egotism and ingratitude of my companions in arms," iv. +<a href="#page129">129</a>.<br> + "I am determined to be the last [the bottomless chasm] shall swallow up," iv. +<a href="#page079">79</a>.<br> + "I am driven onward to a goal which I know not," iii. 325.<br> + "I am the god of the day," ii. 117.<br> + "I cannot be everywhere," ii. 376. (<i>Cf.</i> "The enemy's strength," infra.)<br> + "Ideologist," iv. +<a href="#page292">292</a>.<br> + "I feel the infinite in me," iv. +<a href="#page262">262</a>.<br> + "If there be one soldier among you who wishes to kill his Emperor, he can. I come to offer myself to your assaults," iv. +<a href="#page155">155</a>.<br> + "I have destroyed the enemy merely by marches," ii. 366.<br> + "I have never found the limit of my capacity for work," iii. 210.<br> + "I have often slept two in a bed, but never three," iii. 41.<br> + "I leave my army to come and share the national perils," ii. 97.<br> + "I may find in Spain the Pillar of Hercules, but not the limits of my power," iii. 158.<br> + "In our day no one has conceived anything great; it falls to me to give the example," i. 366.<br> + "In war the moral element and public opinion are half the battle," iii. 393.<br> + "In war you see your own troubles; those of the enemy you cannot see. You must show confidence," iii. 208.<br> + "I pray God to have you in his holy keeping," ii. 407.<br> + "I shall conduct this war [Saxon campaign] as General Bonaparte," iii. 403.<br> + "It is ... courageous to survive unmerited bad fortune," iv. +<a href="#page134">134</a>.<br> + "It rains hard, but that does not stop the march of the grand army," iv. +<a href="#page022">22</a>. (<i>Cf.</i> "While others," etc., infra.)<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page480" name="page480"></a>(p. 480)</span> + "I walk with the goddess of fortune, accompanied by the god of war," ii. 113.<br> + "Liberty and equality ... put beyond caprice of chance and uncertainty of the future," ii. 247.<br> + "Masters of the channel for six hours, we are masters of the world," ii. 332.<br> + "My generals are a parcel of post inspectors," iii. 158.<br> + "Metaphysicians ... fit only to be drowned," ii. 242.<br> + "My enemies make appointments at my tomb," iii. 246.<br> + "My master has no bowels, and that master is the nature of things," iii. 110.<br> + [Napoleon determined to] "conquer the sea by land," iii. 3.<br> + [Napoleon] "shows himself terrible at the first moment," ii. 439.<br> + [Napoleon] "the minister of the power of God, and his image on earth," ii. 408.<br> + [Napoleon's] "library," iii. 388.<br> + [Ney] "the bravest of the brave," iii. 359.<br> + "Perfidious and tyrannical Great Britain," iii. 150.<br> + [Singing the tune of Tilsit] "according to the written score," iii. 65.<br> + "Spurred and booted ruler," ii. 145.<br> + "Tête ... armée," iv. +<a href="#page235">235</a>.<br> + "The art of war is to gain time when your strength is inferior," ii. 165.<br> + [The Concordat] "the vaccine of religion," ii. 216.<br> + "The Ebro is nothing but a line," iii. 158.<br> + "The enemy's strength seems great [to the division commanders] wherever I am not," iv. +<a href="#page007">7</a>. (<i>Cf.</i> "I cannot," etc., supra.)<br> + "The finances are falling into disorder, and ... need war," iii. 308.<br> + "The game of chess is becoming confused," iv. +<a href="#page021">21</a>.<br> + "The genius of France and Providence will be on our side," iv. +<a href="#page075">75</a>.<br> + "The growlers," iv. +<a href="#page118">118</a>, +<a href="#page123">123</a>, +<a href="#page132">132</a>.<br> + "The new Pillars of Hercules," iii. 308.<br> + "The pear is not yet ripe," ii. 52. (For the ripening of the pear, <i>see</i> ii. 99, 229.)<br> + "The Revolution is planted on the principles from which it proceeded. It is ended," ii. 137.<br> + "The Spanish ulcer," iii. 265.<br> + "The sun of Austerlitz," ii. 392.<br> + "The system of hither and thither," iv. +<a href="#page018">18</a>, +<a href="#page019">19</a>, +<a href="#page025">25</a>.<br> + "The worse the troops the greater the need of artillery," iii. 403.<br> + "This is the moment when characters of a superior sort assert themselves," ii. 65.<br> + "This movement makes or mars me," iv. +<a href="#page097">97</a>.<br> + "Three years more, and I am lord of the universe," iii. 308.<br> + "To have the right of using nations, you must begin by serving them well," iv. +<a href="#page296">296</a>.<br> + "To honor and serve the Emperor is to honor and serve God," ii. 408.<br> + "To strike a salutary terror into others," ii. 311.<br> + "Victor of Austerlitz," ii. 392.<br> + "Vous êtes un homme," iii. 173.<br> + "War is like government, a matter of tact," i. 364.<br> + [War with Russia] "a scene in an opera," iii. 318.<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page481" name="page481"></a>(p. 481)</span> + "We'll pass these few winter days as best we may; then we'll try to spend the spring in another fashion," iv. +<a href="#page151">151</a><br> + "We must pull on the boots and the resolution of 93," iv. +<a href="#page072">72</a>.<br> + "Wherever ... water to float a ship, there ... a British standard," iv. +<a href="#page227">227</a>.<br> + "Which has been the happiest age of humanity?" iii. 175.<br> + "While others were taking counsel the French army was marching," ii. 434. (<i>Cf.</i> "It rains hard," supra.)<br> + "Why am I not my grandson?" iv. +<a href="#page287">287</a>.<br> + "You manage men with toys," ii. 246.<br> +<span class="entry"><i>Nelson:</i></span><br> + "England expects every man to do his duty," ii. 373.<br> + "In case signals cannot be seen or clearly understood, no captain can do wrong if he places his ship alongside that of an enemy," ii. 373.<br> + "Westminster Abbey or victory," ii. 63.<br> +<span class="entry"><i>Ney:</i></span><br> + "A marshal of the Empire has never surrendered," iii. 364.<br> +<span class="entry"><i>Mme. Permon:</i></span><br> + "The pike is eating the other two fish," ii. 130.<br> +<span class="entry"><i>Pitt</i> (concerning):</span><br> + The "Austerlitz look," ii. 393.<br> +<span class="entry"><i>Pius VII:</i></span><br> + [Bonaparte the Pope's] "son in Christ Jesus," ii. 339.<br> +<span class="entry"><i>Popular</i>:</span><br> + "Armed men spring up at the stamp of his foot," iii. 386.<br> + "Ban," and "arrière ban" (feudal terms), iv. +<a href="#page055">55</a>.<br> + "Bautzen Messenger-boy," the, iv. +<a href="#page020">20</a>.<br> + [Blücher] "Marshal Forward," iv. +<a href="#page098">98</a>.<br> + "Emperor of the Gauls," ii. 319.<br> + "Enemy's ships make enemy's goods," ii. 441.<br> + "Equality," ii. 221.<br> + "Fighting with the legs instead of with the bayonets," ii. 429.<br> + "France the most beautiful land next to the kingdom of heaven," iii. 7.<br> + "French fury," iv. +<a href="#page171">171</a>. (<i>Cf.</i> "Furia francesca," ii. 391.)<br> + "Frenchmen, awake; the Emperor is waking," iv. +<a href="#page147">147</a>.<br> + "He has been and will be," iv. +<a href="#page158">158</a>.<br> + "His sacred Majesty," ii. 407.<br> + "Liberty of the seas," ii. 236, 263.<br> + "Marie Louises," the, iv. +<a href="#page051">51</a>.<br> + "Mother Moscow," "the holy city," iii. 347.<br> + "Napoladron," iii. 292.<br> + "Napoleon, by the grace of God Emperor," ii. 407.<br> + [Napoleon] "perhaps an angel, perhaps a devil,—certainly not a man," iii. 415.<br> + "Napoleon the Great," ii. 407.<br> + "Neutral flag, neutral goods," ii. 263.<br> + "Neutral ships make neutral goods; free ships, free goods," ii. 212.<br> + "Paternal anarchy," iv. +<a href="#page147">147</a>, +<a href="#page149">149</a>.<br> + "Ragusade," iv. +<a href="#page127">127</a>.<br> + "Robbing the cradle and the grave," iii. 386.<br> + "Sauve qui peut," iv, +<a href="#page210">210</a>.<br> + "The Emperor's last victory," iv. +<a href="#page050">50</a>.<br> + "The fountain of honor," ii. 246.<br> + "The liberator of Poland," ii. 444.<br> + "The little corporal," i. 362; iv. +<a href="#page118">118</a>, +<a href="#page154">154</a>.<br> + "The man of God, the anointed of the Lord," ii. 407.<br> + "The Napoleon of Potsdam and Schönbrunn," iv. +<a href="#page117">117</a>.<br> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page482" name="page482"></a>(p. 482)</span> + "The return of the hero," ii. 97.<br> +<span class="entry"><i>Regnaud de St. Jean d'Angely:</i></span><br> + "The unhappy man [Napoleon] will undo himself, undo us all, undo everything," iii. 325.<br> +<span class="entry"><i>Revolution, Motto of the:</i></span><br> + France, "one and indivisible," ii. 344.<br> +<span class="entry"><i>St. André:</i></span><br> + "The fate of the world depends on a kick or two," iii. 422.<br> +<span class="entry"><i>Savigny:</i></span><br> + [The Code Napoléon] "a political malady," ii. 223.<br> +<span class="entry"><i>Sieyès:</i></span><br> + "Une poire pour la soif," ii. 130.<br> +<span class="entry"><i>Soult:</i></span><br> + "An inspiration is nothing but a calculation made with rapidity," iv. +<a href="#page248">248</a>.<br> +<span class="entry"><i>Talleyrand:</i></span><br> + "Italy the flank of France; Spain its natural continuation; and Holland its alluvium," iii. 282.<br> + "Napoleon's civilization that of Roman history," iii. 179.<br> + "Pleasure will not move at the drum-tap," iii. 94.<br> + "Society will pardon much to a man of the world, but cheating at cards never," iii. 151.<br> + "There is no empire not founded on the marvelous, and here the marvelous is the truth," iv. +<a href="#page250">250</a>.<br> +<span class="entry"><i>Vandamme:</i></span><br> + "That devil of a man," iii. 93.<br> +<span class="entry"><i>Villeneuve:</i></span><br> + "Any captain not under fire is not at his post, and a signal to recall him would be a disgrace," ii. 273.<br> +<span class="entry"><i>Wellington:</i></span><br> + "I must fight him here [Waterloo]," iv. +<a href="#page178">178</a>.<br> + "Old Blücher has had a —— good licking," iv. +<a href="#page184">184</a>.<br> + "Up, Guards! make ready!" iv. +<a href="#page209">209</a>.<br> +<span class="entry"><i>Zacharias, Pope:</i></span><br> + "He is king who has the power," ii. 325.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Piacenza</b>,</span> military operations near, i. 358, 359; ii. 175;<br> +<span class="entry">Loison at,</span> 177;<br> +<span class="entry">adopts the French Code,</span> 354;<br> +<span class="entry">creation of hereditary duchy of,</span> 396;<br> +<span class="entry">Lebrun created Duke of,</span> iii. 86.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#lebrun"><b>Lebrun</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Piacenza, Duke of</b>,</span> submission of, i. 359.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Piave River</b>,</span> military operations on the, i. 387, 388, 430, 432.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Picardy</b>,</span> movement of troops to, ii. 24.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pichegru, Gen. Charles</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> early acquaintance with, i. 216;<br> +<span class="entry">called to command Paris troops,</span> 272;<br> +<span class="entry">conquers the Austrian Netherlands,</span> 273, 275;<br> +<span class="entry">suspected of intrigue,</span> 278;<br> +<span class="entry">royalist schemes of,</span> 298; ii. 161, 298;<br> +<span class="entry">a product of Carnot's system,</span> i. 332;<br> +<span class="entry">conquest of Holland,</span> ii. 6;<br> +<span class="entry">plans a coup d'état,</span> 5;<br> +<span class="entry">exposure of his treachery in 1795,</span> 5, 6;<br> +<span class="entry">proscribed,</span> 8;<br> +<span class="entry">implicated with Moreau,</span> 72, 164, 299;<br> +<span class="entry">escapes from Guiana,</span> 161;<br> +<span class="entry">heads royalist rising in Provence,</span> 161;<br> +<span class="entry">fall and death,</span> 298, 299;<br> +<span class="entry">leads royalist plot,</span> 298;<br> +<span class="entry">Savary suspected of complicity in death of,</span> 412;<br> +<span class="entry">funeral mass celebrated for,</span> iv. +<a href="#page146">146</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Picton, Sir T.</b>,</span> in Waterloo campaign, iv. +<a href="#page173">173</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page201">201</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">killed,</span> +<a href="#page201">201</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Piedmont</b>,</span> military operations in, i. 213, 256, 347, 352 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">troops of,</span> enter Savoy, 222;<br> +<span class="entry">French movement against,</span> 246;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> advises against advancing into,</span> 247;<br> +<span class="entry">Austro-Sardinian operations in (1794),</span> 341;<br> +<span class="entry">revolutionary spirit in,</span> 345;<br> +<span class="entry">conquest of,</span> 352-362, 373;<br> +<span class="entry">army separated from Austrians,</span> 354;<br> +<span class="entry">successes in,</span> 363;<br> +<span class="entry">French propositions to organize republic in,</span> 363, 373;<br> +<span class="entry">loses island of St. Peter,</span> ii. 13;<br> +<span class="entry">incorporated with the Ligurian Republic,</span> 38;<br> +<span class="entry">Moreau's last stand in,</span> 83;<br> +<span class="entry">held by Suvaroff,</span> 141;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page483" name="page483"></a>(p. 483)</span> +<span class="entry">held by Austria,</span> 145, 160;<br> +<span class="entry">tribute levied on,</span> 186;<br> +<span class="entry">incorporated with France,</span> 232, 267, 272, 281;<br> +<span class="entry">Jourdan's pacification of,</span> 323;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander I demands indemnity for,</span> 348;<br> +<span class="entry">ecclesiastical reforms and confiscations in,</span> iii. 263;<br> +<span class="entry">parallel between the Waterloo campaign and that in,</span> iv. +<a href="#page170">170</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Piedmontese</b>,</span> in French service, ii. 14.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Piktupönen</b>,</span> Frederick William and Hardenberg at, iii. 42;<br> +<span class="entry">Frederick William's stay at,</span> 60.<br> + +<span class="name">"<b>Pillars of Hercules, the new</b>,"</span> iii 308.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pillau</b>,</span> Napoleon demands, as a pledge, iii. 36.<br> +<span class="entry">French military stores in,</span> 333.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pinckney, C. C.</b>,</span> Talleyrand attempts to corrupt, ii. 34.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Piombino</b>,</span> given to Elisa (Buonaparte) Bacciocchi, ii. 354, 356.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#luccaandpiombino"><b>Lucca and Piombino</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pirch, Gen.</b>,</span> in Waterloo campaign, iv. +<a href="#page172">172</a>, +<a href="#page205">205</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Piré, Gen.</b>,</span> ordered to Quatre Bras, iv. +<a href="#page176">176</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pirna</b>,</span> Vandamme at, iv. +<a href="#page008">8</a>-11;<br> +<span class="entry">Mortier at,</span> +<a href="#page012">12</a>, +<a href="#page018">18</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">sickness of <i>N.</i> at,</span> +<a href="#page012">12</a>, +<a href="#page131">131</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> abandons,</span> +<a href="#page017">17</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> moves on,</span> +<a href="#page018">18</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pisa</b>,</span> Carlo Buonaparte at, i. 29.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pitt, William, Jr.</b>,</span> prime minister of England, i. 195;<br> +<span class="entry">takes active measures against France,</span> 221;<br> +<span class="entry">difficulties of his administration,</span> 448, 449;<br> +<span class="entry">anxiety for peace after Leoben,</span> ii. 12;<br> +<span class="entry">declines to negotiate with <i>N.</i>,</span> 143;<br> +<span class="entry">delusion concerning <i>N.</i> and France,</span> 143;<br> +<span class="entry">denounces <i>N.</i> as the destroyer of Europe,</span> 144;<br> +<span class="entry">advocates restoration of the Bourbons,</span> 144;<br> +<span class="entry">policy toward France,</span> 208, 329-331, 360, 405; iii. 399;<br> +<span class="entry">British confidence in,</span> ii. 208;<br> +<span class="entry">falls from power on the Catholic Emancipation question,</span> 208;<br> +<span class="entry">calls for defense of the kingdom,</span> 292;<br> +<span class="entry">raises volunteers,</span> 292;<br> +<span class="entry">returns to power,</span> 329;<br> +<span class="entry">his policy of European coalitions,</span> 329-331;<br> +<span class="entry">becomes prime minister,</span> 337;<br> +<span class="entry">on France's designs against England,</span> 337;<br> +<span class="entry">success of his efforts,</span> 356;<br> +<span class="entry">reception of the news of Austerlitz,</span> 393;<br> +<span class="entry">death,</span> 393;<br> +<span class="entry">Fox compelled to adopt his program,</span> 405;<br> +<span class="entry">England returns to his policy,</span> iii. 399.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pius VI</b>,</span> signs treaty of Tolentino, i. 350;<br> +<span class="entry">ransoms Bologna,</span> 374;<br> +<span class="entry">prepares to recover lost territory,</span> 398;<br> +<span class="entry">quarrel with France,</span> 401;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> problem concerning,</span> 405;<br> +<span class="entry">hostilities by,</span> 409;<br> +<span class="entry">campaign against,</span> 419-423;<br> +<span class="entry">his army dispersed,</span> 421;<br> +<span class="entry">expresses gratitude to <i>N.</i>,</span> 423;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> conquest of,</span> ii. 9;<br> +<span class="entry">ill health,</span> ii, persecution of, 39;<br> +<span class="entry">withdraws to Siena,</span> 39;<br> +<span class="entry">stripped of his possessions,</span> 39;<br> +<span class="entry">death,</span> burial, and memorial services, 39, 131, 206, 216.<br> + +<a id="pius7" name="pius7"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Pius VII</b>,</span> election of, ii. 206;<br> +<span class="entry">resumes temporal power,</span> 207;<br> +<span class="entry">removes the ban from Talleyrand,</span> 216;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with <i>N.</i>,</span> 216, 339 et seq.; iii. 68, 118, 391;<br> +<span class="entry">the matter of <i>N.'s</i> coronation,</span> ii. 325, 339-346 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses to receive Mme. Talleyrand,</span> 326;<br> +<span class="entry">his demands for the Church,</span> 326;<br> +<span class="entry">at Fontainebleau,</span> 340;<br> +<span class="entry">his humiliation and return to Rome,</span> 344-347;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses a divorce to Jerome Buonaparte,</span> 396;<br> +<span class="entry">neutrality in the Austerlitz campaign,</span> ii. 396;<br> +<span class="entry">desires unity of the German Church,</span> 402;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses to recognize Joseph's sovereignty,</span> iii. 68;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> ultimatum to,</span> 68;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses to join the French federation against England,</span> 118;<br> +<span class="entry">his demands on <i>N.</i>,</span> 118;<br> +<span class="entry">concessions to <i>N.'s</i> demands,</span> 118;<br> +<span class="entry">prisoner at Grenoble,</span> 119, 242;<br> +<span class="entry">disbandment of the Noble Guard,</span> 118;<br> +<span class="entry">a <i>fainéant</i> prince in the Quirinal,</span> 119;<br> +<span class="entry">issues bull,</span> June 10, 1809, 119;<br> +<span class="entry">wearing effect of <i>N.'s</i> quarrel with,</span> 119;<br> +<span class="entry">indemnity for,</span> 215;<br> +<span class="entry">deposed from the temporal power,</span> 215, 242, 249;<br> +<span class="entry">retains his ecclesiastical position,</span> 242;<br> +<span class="entry">excommunicates <i>N.</i> and his adherents,</span> 242;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page484" name="page484"></a>(p. 484)</span> +<span class="entry">imprisoned at Savona,</span> 243, 306;<br> +<span class="entry">removed from Rome to Fontainebleau,</span> 243;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses to renounce the secular power,</span> 242;<br> +<span class="entry">in Florence,</span> 242;<br> +<span class="entry">does not recognize <i>N.'s</i> divorce,</span> 259;<br> +<span class="entry">provision of residence and revenue for,</span> 263;<br> +<span class="entry">the second quarrel of investitures,</span> 263;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with the Gallican Church,</span> 263, 264;<br> +<span class="entry">inflexibility of,</span> 263;<br> +<span class="entry">De Maistre on the supineness of,</span> 264;<br> +<span class="entry">contrasted with Innocent II,</span> 264;<br> +<span class="entry">partial submission of,</span> 305;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses to institute <i>N.'s</i> nominees as bishops,</span> 306;<br> +<span class="entry">prisoner at Fontainebleau,</span> 377, 390;<br> +<span class="entry">hostility of the French ecclesiastics to,</span> 391;<br> +<span class="entry">the Concordat of Fontainebleau,</span> 391;<br> +<span class="entry">interviews with <i>N.</i> at Fontainebleau,</span> 391;<br> +<span class="entry">restoration of Roman domains to,</span> 391;<br> +<span class="entry">residence at Avignon,</span> 391;<br> +<span class="entry">retracts his assent,</span> 391;<br> +<span class="entry">release of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page052">52</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">humiliation of,</span> +<a href="#page256">256</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pizzighettone</b>,</span> French occupation of, i. 372.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Placentia</b>,</span> ecclesiastical reforms and confiscations in, iii. 263;<br> +<span class="entry">granted to Maria Louisa,</span> iv. +<a href="#page133">133</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Plagwitz</b>,</span> fighting near, iv. +<a href="#page030">30</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Plain," the</b>,</span> position in the National Convention, i. 188.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Plancenoit</b>,</span> fighting at, iv. +<a href="#page205">205</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Plancy</b>,</span> military movements near, iv. +<a href="#page089">89</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Plato</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> study of, i. 95.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Platoff, Count M. I.</b>,</span> harasses the French retreat from Moscow, iii. 359, 364.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Plauen</b>,</span> fighting near, iv. +<a href="#page010">10</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Austrians driven into,</span> +<a href="#page010">10</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Plebiscites</b>,</span> of Dec. 15, 1799, ii. 129, 136;<br> +<span class="entry">of May,</span> 1802, 245-247;<br> +<span class="entry">of 1804,</span> 324.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pleisse, River</b>,</span> military operations on the, iv. +<a href="#page027">27</a>, +<a href="#page028">28</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Plombières</b>,</span> Josephine's coterie at, ii. 85.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Plutarch</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> study of, i. 78; ii. 47.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Plymouth Sound</b>,</span> the "Bellerophon" in, iv. +<a href="#page222">222</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Po, River</b>,</span> the country of the, i. 356; ii. 175-178;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations on the,</span> i. 358, 359, 381, 441; ii. 172-174, 175, 176, 185.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Point-du-Jour</b>,</span> Sérurier's guard at the, ii. 108.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Poischwitz</b>,</span> armistice of, iii. 414-418, 420; iv. +<a href="#page066">66</a>, +<a href="#page197">197</a>, +<a href="#page288">288</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Poland</b>,</span> partition of, i. 220, 420, 425; ii. 354, 414, 444; iii. 22, 50;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria's gaze on,</span> i. 325;<br> +<span class="entry">French schemes for the reconstruction of,</span> ii. 42-44;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander I's designs concerning,</span> 356; iii. 45, 309, 316, 384; iv. +<a href="#page067">67</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander retreats to,</span> ii. 391;<br> +<span class="entry">extension of the French empire in,</span> 396;<br> +<span class="entry">sack of,</span> 440;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> opportunity to save,</span> 445;<br> +<span class="entry">pro-Napoleon enthusiasm in,</span> 445; iii. 17, 331;<br> +<span class="entry">dissensions in,</span> ii. 445;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> policy concerning,</span> iii. 1, 8, 18, 45, 56, 214, 244, 314, 331; iv. +<a href="#page030">30</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">French occupation of,</span> iii. 4, 7;<br> +<span class="entry">enlistments from,</span> under the French eagles, 3, 202, 324;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> organizes government for,</span> 8;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> "the liberator of,"</span> 10;<br> +<span class="entry">horrors of the winter campaign in,</span> 18;<br> +<span class="entry">a new field of warfare for <i>N.</i>,</span> 18;<br> +<span class="entry">new levies ordered in,</span> 20;<br> +<span class="entry">morale of the French army in,</span> 45;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed transfer to the King of Saxony,</span> 50;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed new kingdom of,</span> 56;<br> +<span class="entry">Prussian provinces ceded to Warsaw,</span> 62;<br> +<span class="entry">possible restoration of,</span> 65, 108, 244, 312-315, 322; iv. +<a href="#page298">298</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">war indemnity exacted from,</span> iii. 78;<br> +<span class="entry">French nobility endowed with lands in,</span> 87;<br> +<span class="entry">strengthening the French forces in,</span> 117;<br> +<span class="entry">dangers of withdrawing Russian troops from,</span> 117;<br> +<span class="entry">Davout recalled from,</span> 165;<br> +<span class="entry">reliance on <i>N.</i>,</span> 196, 316;<br> +<span class="entry">invaded by Archduke Ferdinand,</span> 201;<br> +<span class="entry">concentration of troops at Warsaw,</span> 203;<br> +<span class="entry">Archduke Ferdinand's vicissitudes in,</span> 212;<br> +<span class="entry">enlargement of,</span> 248;<br> +<span class="entry">second partition of,</span> 309;<br> +<span class="entry">schemes of Alexander and Czartoryski in regard to,</span> 309, 316;<br> +<span class="entry">rupture between Alexander and <i>N.</i> over,</span> 310 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander refuses to restore the integrity of,</span> 311;<br> +<span class="entry">the patriots of,</span> in Warsaw, 313;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page485" name="page485"></a>(p. 485)</span> +<span class="entry">movement of Russian troops toward,</span> 317;<br> +<span class="entry">factor in the Russian war of,</span> 1812, 328;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> mistake in not restoring,</span> 331;<br> +<span class="entry">Abbé de Pradt's mission from Dresden to,</span> 331;<br> +<span class="entry">the Diet of Warsaw begs for the reconstruction of,</span> 331;<br> +<span class="entry">possible schemes of French annexation of,</span> 331;<br> +<span class="entry">Czartoryski's ambitions in,</span> 383;<br> +<span class="entry">Kutusoff's advance through,</span> 395;<br> +<span class="entry">Prussia seeks to recover part of,</span> 395-400;<br> +<span class="entry">Bennigsen in,</span> iv. +<a href="#page003">3</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> offers to renounce,</span> +<a href="#page030">30</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the extinction of,</span> +<a href="#page298">298</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Poles</b>,</span> seek alliance with France, i. 420;<br> +<span class="entry">in French service,</span> 437; ii. 14;<br> +<span class="entry">military service in Italy,</span> 42;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> policy of winning,</span> iii. 214;<br> +<span class="entry">loyalty to <i>N.</i>,</span> 315; iv. +<a href="#page035">35</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> waning prestige among,</span> iii. 335.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Polish Church</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> threat to liberate it from Rome, iii. 68.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Politics, the art of</b>,</span> i. 72;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> passion for,</span> and study of, 94, 114, 126, 150, 199.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Polygamy</b>,</span> forbidden by the French Sanhedrim, iii. 76;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> upholds,</span> iv. +<a href="#page231">231</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Polytechnic School</b>,</span> founding of the, i. 281; ii. 225-227;<br> +<span class="entry">calling out of students of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page109">109</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pomerania</b>,</span> Prussia recommended to seize, ii. 420;<br> +<span class="entry">Gustavus IV commanding in,</span> iii. 36;<br> +<span class="entry">Prussia retains her strongholds in,</span> 42;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> promises to restore to Sweden,</span> 268;<br> +<span class="entry">Bernadotte's kindly treatment of,</span> 280;<br> +<span class="entry">Davout occupies Swedish,</span> 321;<br> +<span class="entry">offered to Bernadotte,</span> 399.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pomerania, Duke of</b>,</span> seeks representation at Congress of Rastatt, ii. 27.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pompei</b>,</span> member of the directory of Corsica, i. 133.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Poniatowski, Prince J. A.</b>,</span> relies on <i>N.'s</i> good will, ii. 445;<br> +<span class="entry">Archduke Ferdinand's pursuit of,</span> iii. 211;<br> +<span class="entry">reoccupies Warsaw,</span> 212;<br> +<span class="entry">strength of his corps,</span> March, 1812, 323;<br> +<span class="entry">doubts Lithuania's rising,</span> 326;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Borodino,</span> 344;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Wiazma,</span> 359;<br> +<span class="entry">claims to the Polish throne,</span> 383;<br> +<span class="entry">fails to keep Russia out of Warsaw,</span> 385;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding in Galicia,</span> 402;<br> +<span class="entry">at Fischbach,</span> iv. +<a href="#page018">18</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Leipsic,</span> +<a href="#page029">29</a>, +<a href="#page032">32</a>, +<a href="#page034">34</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">drowned in the Elster,</span> +<a href="#page034">34</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ponsonby, Sir W.</b>,</span> in battle of Waterloo, iv. +<a href="#page202">202</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pont d'Austerlitz</b>,</span> iii. 74.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pont des Arts</b>,</span> iii. 74.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pont d'Jena</b>,</span> iii. 74.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pontebba Pass</b>,</span> battles in, i. 433.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ponte Corvo</b>,</span> Bernadotte created Prince of, ii. 396; iii. 86.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#bernadotte"><b>Bernadotte</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pontécoulant, Doulcet de</b>,</span> uses influence on <i>N.'s</i> behalf, i. 292;<br> +<span class="entry">retired from the central committee,</span> 295;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> relations with,</span> ii. 3.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ponte-Nuovo</b>,</span> battle of, i. 23;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> visits the battle-ground at,</span> 132.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pont Royal</b>,</span> the mêlée at the, i. 303.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Popular government</b>,</span> the rise of, i. 109.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Popular representation without eyes, ears, or power</b>,</span> ii. 126.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Porcil</b>,</span> military operations near, i, 391.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Portalis, J. E. M.</b>,</span> councilor of state, ii. 214;<br> +<span class="entry">on committee to draft the Code,</span> 222;<br> +<span class="entry">minister of public worship,</span> 346.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Portland, Duke of</b>,</span> prime minister of England, iii. 46, 69.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Port Mahon</b>,</span> i. 22.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Porto Ferrajo</b>,</span> seized by England, i. 398;<br> +<span class="entry">arrival of the exile at,</span> iv. +<a href="#page141">141</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> residence at,</span> +<a href="#page143">143</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">danger of <i>N.'s</i> remaining in,</span> +<a href="#page152">152</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Porto Legnago</b>,</span> Augereau driven into, i. 409.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Port Royal</b>,</span> education of Josephine de la Pagerie at, i. 313.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Portsmouth</b>,</span> Nelson sails for, ii. 359.<br> + +<a id="portugal" name="portugal"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Portugal</b>,</span> growth of liberal ideas in, i. 276;<br> +<span class="entry">war with Spain,</span> ii. 18;<br> +<span class="entry">joins the second coalition,</span> 90;<br> +<span class="entry">France offers peace to,</span> 154;<br> +<span class="entry">alliances with England,</span> 154, 332;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> problems in,</span> 203 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">forced contribution levied on,</span> 205; iii. 119;<br> +<span class="entry">abandons English alliance,</span> ii. 205;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page486" name="page486"></a>(p. 486)</span> +<span class="entry">compelled to close her harbors to English ships,</span> 205; iii. 67;<br> +<span class="entry">France guarantees integrity of,</span> ii. 211;<br> +<span class="entry">neutrality of,</span> 289, 332; iii. 67, 120;<br> +<span class="entry">Spanish invasion of,</span> ii. 332;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed commercial war against England,</span> iii. 55;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> calls for alliance with,</span> 66;<br> +<span class="entry">seizure of her fleet by England,</span> 67;<br> +<span class="entry">Junot's army on the borders of,</span> 67;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed acquisition by Spain,</span> 67, 121;<br> +<span class="entry">movement of English troops into,</span> 111, 121;<br> +<span class="entry">the situation in,</span> 118;<br> +<span class="entry">French invasion of,</span> 120 et seq.; 151;<br> +<span class="entry">obeys the Berlin and Milan decrees,</span> 119;<br> +<span class="entry">closing of the harbors,</span> 119;<br> +<span class="entry">rupture of diplomatic relations between France and,</span> 119;<br> +<span class="entry">dynastic troubles in,</span> 119;<br> +<span class="entry">democracy in,</span> 119, 120;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed partition of,</span> 120;<br> +<span class="entry">commerce with England,</span> 120;<br> +<span class="entry">Spain coöperates with France against,</span> 121;<br> +<span class="entry">seizure of fortresses by France,</span> 121;<br> +<span class="entry">flight of Don John from,</span> 121;<br> +<span class="entry">escape of the fleet from the Tagus,</span> 121;<br> +<span class="entry">revulsion of feeling against Junot in,</span> 122;<br> +<span class="entry">fraternization of the people with Junot's army,</span> 122;<br> +<span class="entry">appointment of a council of regency,</span> 122;<br> +<span class="entry">Junot's military administration in,</span> 122;<br> +<span class="entry">applies to England for help,</span> 122;<br> +<span class="entry">insurrections against French rule,</span> 122;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> offers the crown to Lucien,</span> 129;<br> +<span class="entry">intrigues for the throne of,</span> 129;<br> +<span class="entry">Junot appointed governor of,</span> 132;<br> +<span class="entry">to be given to a Bonaparte prince,</span> 133;<br> +<span class="entry">France proposes an exchange for,</span> 133;<br> +<span class="entry">the crown offered to Murat,</span> 147;<br> +<span class="entry">destruction of her commerce,</span> 151;<br> +<span class="entry">Junot's occupation of,</span> 156;<br> +<span class="entry">French evacuation of,</span> 157;<br> +<span class="entry">Lord Wellesley enters,</span> 157;<br> +<span class="entry">intensity of the rebellion in,</span> 185;<br> +<span class="entry">sympathy with Spain,</span> 186;<br> +<span class="entry">supposed English scheme to abandon,</span> 187;<br> +<span class="entry">Wellesley expels the French from,</span> 236;<br> +<span class="entry">England's loss of trade with,</span> 272;<br> +<span class="entry">reinforcements for the English army in,</span> 284;<br> +<span class="entry">English failures in,</span> 283;<br> +<span class="entry">held by Wellington,</span> 283;<br> +<span class="entry">Masséna invades,</span> 284;<br> +<span class="entry">Junot aspires to the crown of,</span> 287;<br> +<span class="entry">Soult aspires to the crown of,</span> 287, 296;<br> +<span class="entry">Soult's invasion of (1809),</span> 286;<br> +<span class="entry">Wellington retreats to,</span> 289, 290;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> proposes to restore,</span> to the House of Braganza, 319;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the Vienna coalition,</span> iv. +<a href="#page164">164</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> dread of capture in,</span> +<a href="#page220">220</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Posen</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> in, ii. 444; iii. 331;<br> +<span class="entry">expected scene of operations,</span> 1;<br> +<span class="entry">French occupation of,</span> 12;<br> +<span class="entry">incorporated into the grand duchy of Warsaw,</span> 56;<br> +<span class="entry">Eugène assumes command at,</span> 385;<br> +<span class="entry">Murat abandons the army at,</span> 393.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Potemkin, Prince</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> seeks service with, i. 216.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Potsdam</b>,</span> treaty of, ii. 377, 390;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at,</span> 437.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pougy</b>,</span> military operations near, iv. +<a href="#page089">89</a>.<br> + +<a id="pozzodiborgo" name="pozzodiborgo"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Pozzo di Borgo, Count C. A.</b>,</span> the Corsican victory of, i. 22;<br> +<span class="entry">associated with <i>N.</i> in Corsica,</span> 117;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the Directory of Corsica,</span> 133;<br> +<span class="entry">delegate to the National Assembly,</span> 133;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> lifelong foe,</span> 165; iii. 314; iv. +<a href="#page098">98</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">attorney-general of Corsica,</span> i. 185;<br> +<span class="entry">suspected of intrigue with England,</span> 190;<br> +<span class="entry">denounced by <i>N.</i>,</span> 206;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to trial,</span> 403;<br> +<span class="entry">Russian envoy at Vienna,</span> ii. 445; iii. 178, 314;<br> +<span class="entry">on the humiliation of Prussia,</span> 63;<br> +<span class="entry">influence at St. Petersburg,</span> 165;<br> +<span class="entry">at peace council in Paris,</span> iv. +<a href="#page114">114</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pradt, Abbé de</b>,</span> mission from Dresden to Poland, iii. 331.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Prague</b>,</span> Maria Louisa at, iii. 331;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> acknowledges his mistake in not making peace at,</span> iv. +<a href="#page135">135</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Prague, Congress of</b>,</span> iii. 417-420; 423; iv. +<a href="#page030">30</a>, +<a href="#page041">41</a>, +<a href="#page068">68</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Prairial</b>,</span> the 30th of, ii. 92.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pratzen</b>,</span> fighting on the heights of, ii. 383-387.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Preameneu, Bigot de</b>,</span> on committee to draft the Code, ii. 222.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Prefects</b>,</span> the system of, ii. 127.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pregel, River</b>,</span> military movements on the, iii. 30.<br> + + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page487" name="page487"></a>(p. 487)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Prenzlau</b>,</span> Hohenlohe's retreat to, ii. 434;<br> +<span class="entry">Hohenlohe driven from,</span> 436.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Presburg</b>,</span> treaty of, ii. 391, 405; iii. 55, 109, 195, 200;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations near,</span> 226, 230;<br> +<span class="entry">Archduke John at,</span> 227, 230.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Press, the</b>,</span> freedom of, decreed, i. 110;<br> +<span class="entry">demand for freedom of in Corsica,</span> 116;<br> +<span class="entry">condition in France,</span> 281;<br> +<span class="entry">members of,</span> proscribed, ii. 8;<br> +<span class="entry">abolition of liberty of,</span> 8, 145;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> and the liberty of,</span> 23;<br> +<span class="entry">muzzling of,</span> 36, 254, 271;<br> +<span class="entry">suppression of Jacobin papers,</span> 97;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> use of,</span> 186; iii. 25;<br> +<span class="entry">servility to <i>N.</i>,</span> ii. 232-235;<br> +<span class="entry">censorship of,</span> 234, 235, 296, 350, 362, 397, 417; iii. 25, 88, 160, 297, 300; iv. +<a href="#page146">146</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">in modern France,</span> ii. 254;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> reason for repression of,</span> 254;<br> +<span class="entry">liberty of,</span> in England, 271;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> attempts to muzzle the English,</span> 356;<br> +<span class="entry">supervision of the,</span> iv. +<a href="#page051">51</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">abolition of censorship promised,</span> +<a href="#page159">159</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Press-gang</b>,</span> employment of, in France, ii. 332.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pretender, the</b>.</span> <i>See</i> <a href="#louis18"><b>Louis XVIII</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Preussisch-Eylau</b>.</span> <i>See</i> <a href="#eylau"><b>Eylau</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Préval, Gen.</b>,</span> refuses service on d'Enghien courtmartial, ii, 307.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Primary Assembly, the</b>,</span> i. 305.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Primogeniture</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> on, i. 137;<br> +<span class="entry">abolished,</span> ii. 223; iii. 84;<br> +<span class="entry">its advantages and decay,</span> 84.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Primolano</b>,</span> capture of Wurmser's advance-guard at, i. 384.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Prince of the Peace," the</b>.</span> <i>See</i> <a href="#godoy"><b>Godoy</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pripet, River</b>,</span> Bagration's stand on the, iii. 335.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Privilege</b>,</span> the overthrow of, i. 158.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Privy council</b>,</span> creation of a, ii. 247.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Probstheida</b>,</span> military movements near, iv. +<a href="#page032">32</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Property rights</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> share in codifying the law concerning, ii. 223.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Prossnitz</b>,</span> junction of Russian and Austrian troops at, ii. 379.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Protestants</b>,</span> demand of civil rights, for the, i. 106.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Provence</b>,</span> a tempestuous time in, i. 212;<br> +<span class="entry">royalist rising in,</span> ii. 161;<br> +<span class="entry">royalist sentiment in,</span> iv. +<a href="#page137">137</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> reception in,</span> +<a href="#page138">138</a>, +<a href="#page144">144</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">longing in,</span> for the Emperor's return, +<a href="#page152">152</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the White Terror in,</span> +<a href="#page222">222</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Provera, Gen.</b>,</span> in Rivoli campaign, i. 406-414;<br> +<span class="entry">called to reorganize the Roman army,</span> ii. 39.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Provins</b>,</span> military movements near, iv. +<a href="#page062">62</a>, +<a href="#page072">72</a>, +<a href="#page081">81</a>, +<a href="#page085">85</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Prowtowski, Gen.</b>,</span> accompanies <i>N.</i> to St. Helena, iv. +<a href="#page228">228</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Prud'hon, Pierre</b>,</span> painter, ii. 351.<br> + +<a id="prussia" name="prussia"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Prussia</b>,</span> relations, alliances, etc., with Austria, i. 174, 324; ii. 86, 155, 264, 389, 413; iii. 22, 225, 234, 330; iv. +<a href="#page041">41</a>, +<a href="#page057">57</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">captures Longwy,</span> i. 179;<br> +<span class="entry">expected enmity of,</span> 187;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of military successes of,</span> 194;<br> +<span class="entry">partition of Poland,</span> 220, 425;<br> +<span class="entry">abandons the coalition,</span> 276, 324;<br> +<span class="entry">defeats Austria,</span> 325;<br> +<span class="entry">uplifting of,</span> and growth of the national spirit in, 325, 350, 425; ii. 41, 154, 415, 417; iii. 37, 44, 62, 95, 103, 106, 137, 159, 161, 193, 213, 225, 319, 327, 382, 385, 391-394, 397, 420, 423;<br> +<span class="entry">makes peace with France (1795),</span> i. 341, (1796), 349;<br> +<span class="entry">neutrality of,</span> 385; ii. 43, 90, 154-157, 311, 414; iii. 44;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty with France (1796),</span> i. 450;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude toward France (1797-98),</span> ii. 41-44;<br> +<span class="entry">favors secularization of ecclesiastical principalities,</span> 41;<br> +<span class="entry">supposed mistaken policy of,</span> 43;<br> +<span class="entry">recognizes the Cisalpine Republic,</span> 43;<br> +<span class="entry">the center of gravity of Europe,</span> 155;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiates with France for Hamburg,</span> 154;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses to join the second coalition,</span> 154;<br> +<span class="entry">France's assistance to,</span> against Austria, 154;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> negotiates with,</span> 156;<br> +<span class="entry">supremacy in the German Diet,</span> 193;<br> +<span class="entry">joins the "armed neutrality,"</span> 194;<br> +<span class="entry">territories acquired by (1802),</span> 265;<br> +<span class="entry">strengthening of,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">Ney's check on,</span> 272;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> dictates her attitude,</span> 1803, 282;<br> +<span class="entry">acquiesces in the creation of the empire,</span> 320;<br> +<span class="entry">protests against Rumbold's seizure,</span> 331;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiates for Hanover,</span> 356-358;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with Russia,</span> negotiations and treaties between the two countries, and attitudes of their rulers, 355, 356, 405, 406, 417, 418; iii. 1, 18, 22, 37, 41, 54, 108, 168, 178, 225, 316, 320, 329, 330, 382, 385, 398, 424; iv. +<a href="#page067">67</a>;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page488" name="page488"></a>(p. 488)</span> +<span class="entry">Hardenberg's aim at consolidation,</span> ii. 358;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses alliance with England,</span> 358;<br> +<span class="entry">to receive Hanover for assistance to France,</span> 361;<br> +<span class="entry">garrisons Hanover,</span> 361;<br> +<span class="entry">strength compared with France,</span> 361;<br> +<span class="entry">violation of her neutrality,</span> 365;<br> +<span class="entry">resents Bernadotte's violation of Ansbach,</span> 376;<br> +<span class="entry">renounces her neutrality,</span> 377;<br> +<span class="entry">decline of her influence,</span> 377;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiates for peace,</span> 381;<br> +<span class="entry">to close her ports to England,</span> 390;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> demands offensive and defensive alliance with,</span> 390;<br> +<span class="entry">subservience to France,</span> 394;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal to give Hamburg,</span> Bremen, and Lübeck to, 400;<br> +<span class="entry">alliance with France,</span> 400;<br> +<span class="entry">England declares war against,</span> 400;<br> +<span class="entry">acquires Hanover,</span> 400, 405;<br> +<span class="entry">humiliation of,</span> 400, 406, 443; iii. 22, 37, 44, 56, 62, 65, 161-165;<br> +<span class="entry">neutralization of her power,</span> ii. 402;<br> +<span class="entry">joins England and Russia,</span> 406;<br> +<span class="entry">territorial aggrandizement,</span> 413;<br> +<span class="entry">the reigns of the Fredericks,</span> 413, 414;<br> +<span class="entry">her army,</span> 413, 414, 418-422, 424, 427, 434, 437; iii. 397, 417; iv. +<a href="#page171">171</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">education in,</span> ii. 415;<br> +<span class="entry">condition in 1806,</span> 415;<br> +<span class="entry">feudalism in,</span> 414-417;<br> +<span class="entry">influence of Queen Louisa in,</span> 415;<br> +<span class="entry">the reform party in,</span> 414-417;<br> +<span class="entry">exasperation at <i>N.</i> in,</span> 416, 417, 420;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> demands the disarmament of,</span> 418;<br> +<span class="entry">ill effects of aristocratic pride in,</span> 418-420;<br> +<span class="entry">advised by <i>N.</i> to seize Pomerania,</span> 420;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> necessity for quick action with,</span> 420-422;<br> +<span class="entry">the war party,</span> 420, 427, 428;<br> +<span class="entry">hesitation about mobilization,</span> 421;<br> +<span class="entry">declares war,</span> 421;<br> +<span class="entry">state of war with England,</span> 421;<br> +<span class="entry">weakness of,</span> 422;<br> +<span class="entry">plan of the campaign,</span> 423, 424, 427;<br> +<span class="entry">alliance with Saxony,</span> 429;<br> +<span class="entry">moral effect of Jéna upon,</span> 434, 435;<br> +<span class="entry">advance of the French through,</span> 435-439;<br> +<span class="entry">total defeat of,</span> 436-440;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> treatment of,</span> 436, 441;<br> +<span class="entry">plundered of works of art,</span> 439;<br> +<span class="entry">sack and rapine in,</span> 439;<br> +<span class="entry">unconscionable demands on,</span> 442;<br> +<span class="entry">peace negotiations,</span> 442;<br> +<span class="entry">abandoned by Saxony,</span> 443;<br> +<span class="entry">enlistments from,</span> under the French eagles, iii. 3;<br> +<span class="entry">retreat from Pultusk,</span> 4;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> proffered terms to,</span> after Eylau, 18;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed rehabilitation of,</span> 18;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> reserve forces in central,</span> 22;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty with Russia at Bartenstein,</span> 22;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal for a new coalition,</span> 22;<br> +<span class="entry">weakness of,</span> 23, 35;<br> +<span class="entry">numbers in the field,</span> summer of 1807, 28;<br> +<span class="entry">severity of <i>N.'s</i> terms for,</span> 37;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> grants concessions at Tilsit,</span> 42;<br> +<span class="entry">armistice with,</span> 42;<br> +<span class="entry">retains strongholds in Silesia and Pomerania,</span> 42;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> attempts to secure alliance with,</span> 44;<br> +<span class="entry">interest in Poland,</span> 45;<br> +<span class="entry">French liberal idea of France's affinity with,</span> 45;<br> +<span class="entry">representatives at Tilsit,</span> 49;<br> +<span class="entry">acquisitions of territory,</span> 50;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed transfer of Saxony to,</span> 50;<br> +<span class="entry">responsibility for her belligerency,</span> 50;<br> +<span class="entry">new boundaries,</span> 55;<br> +<span class="entry">retains Silesia,</span> 55, 56;<br> +<span class="entry">reorganization at Tilsit,</span> 56;<br> +<span class="entry">the kingdom of Westphalia carved out of,</span> 56;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty of Tilsit,</span> 63<br> + (<i>see also</i> <a href="#tilsit"><b>Tilsit</b></a>);<br> +<span class="entry">feeling toward Frederick William in,</span> 62;<br> +<span class="entry">mutilation of,</span> 62;<br> +<span class="entry">war indemnity exacted from,</span> 62, 78;<br> +<span class="entry">French occupation of,</span> 63, 99, 104, 108, 116, 166, 307;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of the peace of Tilsit on,</span> 95;<br> +<span class="entry">fails to raise war indemnity,</span> 99;<br> +<span class="entry">closes and fortifies her harbors,</span> 102;<br> +<span class="entry">abolition of old land tenures in,</span> 102;<br> +<span class="entry">responsibility for the war with France,</span> 102;<br> +<span class="entry">the patriotic writers of,</span> 103;<br> +<span class="entry">reorganization of the educational system,</span> 103;<br> +<span class="entry">abolition of the privy council,</span> 103;<br> +<span class="entry">municipal autonomy,</span> 103;<br> +<span class="entry">freeing the serfs in,</span> 103;<br> +<span class="entry">the "yunker" class,</span> 103;<br> +<span class="entry">military reforms in,</span> 103, 104, 162;<br> +<span class="entry">the League of Virtue,</span> 103, 161;<br> +<span class="entry">subserviency to France,</span> 104;<br> +<span class="entry">hostility to France,</span> 106;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page489" name="page489"></a>(p. 489)</span> +<span class="entry">pleads bankruptcy,</span> 106;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> proposes further humiliation of,</span> 107;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> offers to evacuate,</span> 108, 112, 167;<br> +<span class="entry">encouraged to revolt,</span> 159, 161, 163;<br> +<span class="entry">civil reforms in,</span> 164;<br> +<span class="entry">death of military reforms in,</span> 164;<br> +<span class="entry">death of militarism in,</span> 164;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> attitude toward,</span> 178;<br> +<span class="entry">endeavors to secure mitigation of <i>N.'s</i> demands,</span> 178;<br> +<span class="entry">proposes to reduce her army,</span> 178;<br> +<span class="entry">French evacuation of,</span> 178, 182;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of battle of Jena on,</span> 190;<br> +<span class="entry">military centralization of,</span> 190;<br> +<span class="entry">warlike temper in,</span> 195;<br> +<span class="entry">the pursuit after Waterloo,</span> 210;<br> +<span class="entry">secret armament in,</span> 225;<br> +<span class="entry">offer of Warsaw to,</span> 225;<br> +<span class="entry">French occupation of the coast,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">Mme. de Staël in,</span> 300;<br> +<span class="entry">pecuniary demands upon,</span> 307;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty with France,</span> Feb. 24, 1812, 320, 330;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> attitude toward,</span> 321;<br> +<span class="entry">influence in Germany,</span> 320;<br> +<span class="entry">threatened dismemberment of,</span> 320;<br> +<span class="entry">renders military aid to France,</span> 320;<br> +<span class="entry">furnishes contingent to <i>N.'s</i> army,</span> 324;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> belittles,</span> 327;<br> +<span class="entry">coalition with Austria and Russia,</span> 331;<br> +<span class="entry">religious aspect of the European situation in,</span> 382;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> hints at territorial cessions to,</span> 392;<br> +<span class="entry">in grand coalition against <i>N.</i>,</span> 393;<br> +<span class="entry">forced to a decision,</span> 395;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> demands more troops from,</span> 395;<br> +<span class="entry">advised by Metternich to join Russia,</span> 395;<br> +<span class="entry">entry of Russian troops into,</span> 393, 398;<br> +<span class="entry">aims to recover Prussian Poland,</span> 396-400;<br> +<span class="entry">popular detestation of <i>N.</i> in,</span> 397;<br> +<span class="entry">death of the Queen,</span> 397;<br> +<span class="entry">mobilization of the army,</span> 397;<br> +<span class="entry">condition at opening of 1813,</span> 397-399;<br> +<span class="entry">declares war,</span> 398;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme for territorial aggrandizement of,</span> 398;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks subsidy from England,</span> 398;<br> +<span class="entry">designs on Saxony,</span> 399;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> determines to dismember,</span> 399;<br> +<span class="entry">subsidized by England,</span> 399, 417; iv. +<a href="#page076">76</a>, +<a href="#page164">164</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">strenuous endeavors of,</span> iii. 403;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed restoration of,</span> 407;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed new capital for,</span> 409;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> new schemes for,</span> 409;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed enlargement of,</span> 415;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed rectification of the western boundary,</span> 415;<br> +<span class="entry">secret treaty of Reichenbach,</span> 416, 417, 422;<br> +<span class="entry">guarantees a war loan,</span> 417;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty with England,</span> June 14, 1813, 417;<br> +<span class="entry">strength of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page005">5</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> personal spite against,</span> +<a href="#page005">5</a>, +<a href="#page017">17</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> attempts to separate Russia from,</span> +<a href="#page017">17</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">heroism in,</span> +<a href="#page019">19</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">losses at Dennewitz,</span> +<a href="#page019">19</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> offers terms to,</span> +<a href="#page021">21</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme to restore her status of 1805,</span> +<a href="#page022">22</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">concludes alliance of Sept. 9,</span> 1813, +<a href="#page022">22</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">beginning of her military aggrandizement,</span> +<a href="#page037">37</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">acquires the hegemony of continental Europe,</span> +<a href="#page037">37</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">eagerness for war in,</span> +<a href="#page041">41</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at the Congress of Frankfort,</span> +<a href="#page041">41</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">proposes to invade France via Liège,</span> +<a href="#page054">54</a>, +<a href="#page057">57</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">troops on the Rhine,</span> +<a href="#page055">55</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> implacable foe,</span> +<a href="#page057">57</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks the retention of her acquisitions,</span> +<a href="#page067">67</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">desire for constitutional government in,</span> +<a href="#page068">68</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">eager for an armistice,</span> +<a href="#page070">70</a>, +<a href="#page071">71</a>, +<a href="#page075">75</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty of Chaumont,</span> +<a href="#page076">76</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the triple alliance,</span> +<a href="#page076">76</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Metternich strives to check ambition of,</span> +<a href="#page088">88</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">party to the treaty of Fontainebleau (April,</span> 1814), +<a href="#page133">133</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude at Congress of Vienna,</span> +<a href="#page144">144</a>, +<a href="#page145">145</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">quota of troops,</span> +<a href="#page164">164</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the Vienna coalition,</span> +<a href="#page164">164</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">campaign of Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page169">169</a> et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">reaps harvest of political spoils at Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page214">214</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">claims the glory of annihilating <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page214">214</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">losses at Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page214">214</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">claims the right of overseeing the imprisonment of <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page225">225</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">influence in Germany,</span> +<a href="#page298">298</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pruth, River</b>,</span> Russia acquires a boundary on the, iii. 321.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Przasnysz</b>,</span> military operations near, iii. 13.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Public works</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> scheme of, ii. 279.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pultusk</b>,</span> battle of, iii. 1-10.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Puntowitz</b>,</span> military operations near, ii. 385, 386.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Puster Valley</b>,</span> military operations in the, i. 433.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Pyramids</b>,</span> battle of the, ii. 60.<br> + + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page490" name="page490"></a>(p. 490)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Pyrenees, the</b>,</span> French troops in ii. 37, 44, 48; iii. 133, 134;<br> +<span class="entry">Louis XIV "abolishes,"</span> 70;<br> +<span class="entry">a boundary of the Continental System,</span> 280;<br> +<span class="entry">plans for the defense of,</span> 421;<br> +<span class="entry">Soult driven over,</span> iv. +<a href="#page040">40</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">France's "natural boundary,"</span> +<a href="#page041">41</a>.</p> + + +<h5>Q</h5> + +<p><span class="name"><b>Quasdanowich, Gen.</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> operations against, i. 350;<br> +<span class="entry">captures Brescia,</span> 380;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Lonato,</span> 380, 383;<br> +<span class="entry">strength in Friuli,</span> 386.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Quatre Bras</b>,</span> military operations near, iv. +<a href="#page171">171</a>, +<a href="#page175">175</a>, +<a href="#page178">178</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of,</span> +<a href="#page180">180</a>-188;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> flight through,</span> +<a href="#page211">211</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Ney at,</span> +<a href="#page214">214</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Quedlinburg</b>,</span> apportioned to Prussia, ii. 263.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Queiss, River</b>,</span> military operations on the, iv. +<a href="#page015">15</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Quenza, Col.</b>,</span> elected lieutenant-colonel in National Guard of Corsica, i. 166;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding Corsican volunteers,</span> 170;<br> +<span class="entry">conduct at Ajaccio condemned,</span> 172;<br> +<span class="entry">his command under Dumouriez,</span> 184.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Quiberon</b>,</span> English expedition to, i. 277.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Quinette, N. M.</b>,</span> member of the new Directory, iv. +<a href="#page218">218</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Quirinal, the</b>,</span> Pius VII a <i>fainéant</i> prince in, iii. 119;<br> +<span class="entry">forcible entry into,</span> 242.</p> + + +<h5>R</h5> + +<p><span class="name"><b>Raab</b>,</span> Archduke John advances toward, iii. 226.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Radetsky, Count J. J. W.</b>,</span> military genius, 6;<br> +<span class="entry">favors invasion of France,</span> 57;<br> +<span class="entry">courage,</span> 59;<br> +<span class="entry">advises concentration of the allies at Arcis,</span> 89.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Radziwill, Princess</b>,</span> member of Prussian reform party, ii. 415.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ragusa</b>,</span> creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> offers the territory to England,</span> 404, 405;<br> +<span class="entry">Marmont created Duke of,</span> iii. 86.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#marmont"><b>Marmont</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name">"<b>Ragusade</b>,"</span> the word, iv. +<a href="#page127">127</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rahmaniyeh</b>,</span> Mameluke retreat toward, ii. 69.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Raigern</b>,</span> military operations near, ii. 385, 386.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rambouillet</b>,</span> the imperial court at, iii. 301;<br> +<span class="entry">flight of the Empress to,</span> iv. +<a href="#page108">108</a>-112, +<a href="#page135">135</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at,</span> +<a href="#page219">219</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rambouillet decree, the</b>,</span> March 23, 1810, iii. 274.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ramolini</b>,</span> associated with <i>N.</i> in Corsica, i. 117.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ramolino, Letizia</b></span> (mother of <i>N.</i>), marriage, i. 30;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> 30-34.<br> +<i>See also</i> <a href="#buonaparteletizia"><b>Buonaparte, Letizia</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rampon, Gen.</b>,</span> holds Argenteau in check, i. 353, 356;<br> +<span class="entry">his stand at Monte Legino,</span> 356, 393.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rapinat</b>,</span> frauds of, ii. 91.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rapp, Count Jean</b>,</span> on <i>N.'s</i> desire for peace, ii. 268;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Austerlitz,</span> 387;<br> +<span class="entry">seizes a would-be assassin of <i>N.</i>,</span> iii. 240;<br> +<span class="entry">recounts the horrors of the Russian campaign,</span> 340;<br> +<span class="entry">begs <i>N.</i> to desist at Smolensk,</span> 340;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding at Dantzic,</span> 402.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rastatt</b>,</span> Congress of, ii. 19, 22, 27, 38, 41, 51, 52, 69, 88, 89, 264;<br> +<span class="entry">neutralization of,</span> 22;<br> +<span class="entry">the murders at,</span> 89, 300.<br> + +<a id="ratisbon" name="ratisbon"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Ratisbon</b>,</span> Jourdan's defeat near, i. 385;<br> +<span class="entry">selected as <i>N.'s</i> headquarters,</span> iii. 202;<br> +<span class="entry">military movements near,</span> 203, 204, 205, 209, 216;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of,</span> 211;<br> +<span class="entry">seized by Archduke Charles,</span> 216;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> wounded at,</span> 240;<br> +<span class="entry">given to Dalberg,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">Saxon troops offered to Austria at,</span> 399.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Raynal, Abbé G. T. F.</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> a disciple of, i. 71, 75-78, 81, 114, 115, 127, 137; ii. 46, 139;<br> +<span class="entry">his works and opinions,</span> i. 75-78;<br> +<span class="entry">the "History of Corsica" addressed to,</span> 92, 124, 127;<br> +<span class="entry">founds prize for essay on America,</span> 137.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Raynouard, F. J. M.</b>,</span> "The Templars," ii. 350.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Réal, P. F.</b>,</span> urges action against Bourbon plotters, ii. 304;<br> +<span class="entry">police-agent,</span> 306; + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page491" name="page491"></a>(p. 491)</span> +<span class="entry">share in the trial of d'Enghien,</span> 306-310.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Reason</b>,</span> the party of, i. 250.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Récamier, Mme.</b>,</span> social life in Paris, i. 290; ii. 411, 412;<br> +<span class="entry">instigates Moreau's letter to <i>N.</i>,</span> 290;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> differences with,</span> 411, 412;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with Mme. de Staël,</span> 411;<br> +<span class="entry">exiled,</span> 412.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Récamier, M.</b>,</span> bankruptcy of, ii. 411.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Recco, Abbé</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> early tutor, i. 41.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Redoubtable," the</b>,</span> at Trafalgar, ii. 374.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Red Sea</b>,</span> its importance, ii. 46.<br> + +<span class="name">"<b>Reflections on the State of Nature</b>,"</span> i. 145.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Reform</b>,</span> the French nobility and, i. 142.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Regensburg</b>,</span> seat of the German Diet, ii. 404.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#ratisbon"><b>Ratisbon</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Reggio</b>,</span> new scheme of government for, i. 402;<br> +<span class="entry">disposition by treaty of Leoben,</span> 439;<br> +<span class="entry">creation of hereditary duchy of,</span> ii. 396;<br> +<span class="entry">Oudinot created Duke of,</span> iii. 86.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#oudinot"><b>Oudinot</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Regnaud, M. L. E.</b>,</span> ii. 214.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Regnier, C. A.</b>,</span> moves the appointment of <i>N.</i> as commander of the Paris garrison, ii. 104;<br> +<span class="entry">in Leon,</span> iii. 283;<br> +<span class="entry">strength,</span> March, 1812, 324.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Reich, Baronne de</b>,</span> imprisonment of, ii. 304.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Reichenbach</b>,</span> French generals killed at, iii. 410;<br> +<span class="entry">secret treaty of,</span> 416, 418, 422, 423; iv. +<a href="#page068">68</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Reille, Gen.</b>,</span> service in Spain, iii. 283;<br> +<span class="entry">at Leers,</span> iv. +<a href="#page171">171</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">in the Waterloo campaign,</span> +<a href="#page171">171</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">seizes Marchiennes,</span> +<a href="#page173">173</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">crosses the Sambre,</span> +<a href="#page173">173</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Thuin,</span> 173;<br> +<span class="entry">disperses the Prussians at Gosselies,</span> +<a href="#page175">175</a>, +<a href="#page177">177</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Quatre Bras,</span> +<a href="#page181">181</a>, +<a href="#page183">183</a>, +<a href="#page186">186</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page199">199</a>-203.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Religion</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> attitude toward, i. 146; ii. 205-208, 215-218, 224, 226, 227, 245, 256, 258, 259; iii. 174, 175;<br> +<span class="entry">influence on the social life of the world,</span> ii. 47.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Religious opinion</b>,</span> freedom of, decreed, i. 110.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rémusat, Mme. de</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> relations with, i. 77; ii. 9, 55, 118, 197, 198, 255, 421; iii. 19, 27, 80;<br> +<span class="entry">confidences with Josephine,</span> ii. 308;<br> +<span class="entry">reports <i>N.'s</i> answers to Josephine's charges,</span> iii. 27;<br> +<span class="entry">conversations with Talleyrand,</span> 80.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Réné</b>,</span> exploit at Lake Garda, i. 414.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rennes</b>,</span> interview between <i>N.</i> and Villeneuve at, ii. 375.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Republican calendar</b>,</span> ceases to exist, ii. 406.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Restoration, the</b>,</span> revulsion of feeling against <i>N.</i> at the, ii. 199.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Reudnitz</b>,</span> military operations near, iv. +<a href="#page028">28</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Revolution, the</b>,</span> its germ, i. 74;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> views concerning,</span> 78;<br> +<span class="entry">first mutterings and opening of,</span> 96-98 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">excesses of,</span> 108-111;<br> +<span class="entry">federation for,</span> 141;<br> +<span class="entry">European antagonism to,</span> 142;<br> +<span class="entry">in the Rhone Valley,</span> 148-159;<br> +<span class="entry">becomes a national movement,</span> 240;<br> +<span class="entry">favored in Lombardy and Tuscany,</span> 261;<br> +<span class="entry">propagating the ideas of,</span> 276; ii. 38;<br> +<span class="entry">failure to give political freedom to France,</span> 293;<br> +<span class="entry">effect on the French people,</span> 319;<br> +<span class="entry">its humanitarian mission,</span> 348;<br> +<span class="entry">the art of,</span> iii. 88;<br> +<span class="entry">treatment in French literature,</span> 88;<br> +<span class="entry">completion of its program to close the continent to English commerce,</span> 279;<br> +<span class="entry">the work of,</span> 422;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> the standard-bearer of,</span> 424; iv. +<a href="#page152">152</a>, +<a href="#page261">261</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">its principles and effect,</span> +<a href="#page253">253</a>-257;<br> +<span class="entry">shorn of its horrors,</span> +<a href="#page297">297</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rewbell, J. F.</b>,</span> member of the Directory, i. 309, 329, 332; ii. 35;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> i. 329;<br> +<span class="entry">dissatisfied with treaty of Leoben,</span> 441;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> relations with,</span> ii. 23;<br> +<span class="entry">advocates <i>N.'s</i> resignation,</span> 52;<br> +<span class="entry">suspected of peculation,</span> 92;<br> +<span class="entry">fails of reelection to the Directory,</span> 91.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rey, Gen.</b>,</span> in the battle of Rivoli, i. 414.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Reynier, Gen.</b>,</span> service in Egypt, ii. 53;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of the Pyramids,</span> 60;<br> +<span class="entry">fails to keep Russia out of Warsaw,</span> iii. 385;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page492" name="page492"></a>(p. 492)</span> +<span class="entry">division commander under Eugène,</span> 393;<br> +<span class="entry">in campaign of 1813,</span> 402;<br> +<span class="entry">beleaguers Schweidnitz,</span> 413;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Dennewitz,</span> iv. +<a href="#page018">18</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Leipsic,</span> +<a href="#page027">27</a>, +<a href="#page032">32</a>, +<a href="#page034">34</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">captured at Leipsic,</span> +<a href="#page034">34</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">exchanged,</span> +<a href="#page061">61</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rheims</b>,</span> prison massacres in, i. 188;<br> +<span class="entry">occupied by <i>N.</i>,</span> iv. +<a href="#page077">77</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">captured by St. Priest,</span> +<a href="#page080">80</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> low physical and moral condition at,</span> +<a href="#page082">82</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">captured by the French,</span> +<a href="#page082">82</a>, +<a href="#page084">84</a>, +<a href="#page085">85</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at,</span> +<a href="#page091">91</a>, +<a href="#page107">107</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">captured by the allies,</span> +<a href="#page094">94</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">possible advantages of a supposititious retreat by Marmont to,</span> +<a href="#page099">99</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rhine, River, the</b>,</span> the boundary question and struggles for, i. 276, 327, 334, 446, 450; ii. 22, 38, 41, 51, 193, 264, 356; iii. 416, 422; iv. +<a href="#page031">31</a>, +<a href="#page041">41</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">royalist plots on,</span> i. 297;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations on,</span> 341, 347, 358, 435, 439, 440; ii. 48, 87, 88, 160, 166, 304, 362-364, 404; iv. +<a href="#page036">36</a>, +<a href="#page040">40</a>, +<a href="#page054">54</a>-60, +<a href="#page070">70</a>, +<a href="#page169">169</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">plundering on,</span> ii. 38; iii. 75;<br> +<span class="entry">French supremacy on,</span> ii. 96;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> scheme of petty states on,</span> 265;<br> +<span class="entry">French march to the Danube from,</span> 376;<br> +<span class="entry">Louis ordered to hold,</span> 424;<br> +<span class="entry">a French river,</span> iii. 270;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> excursion on,</span> 421.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rhodes</b>,</span> Turkish naval preparations at, ii. 75;<br> +<span class="entry">expedition to Egypt from,</span> 75-79.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rhone, River, the</b>,</span> French acquisitions on, i. 422;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> reception on,</span> iv. +<a href="#page137">137</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rhone, Valley, the</b>,</span> the Revolution in, i. 148-159;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> influence in,</span> 178;<br> +<span class="entry">civil war in,</span> 213;<br> +<span class="entry">to be ceded to France,</span> ii. 40.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Richelieu, Cardinal</b>,</span> scheme of intervention in Germany, ii. 211;<br> +<span class="entry">policy at close of the Thirty Years' War,</span> 264.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Richepanse, Gen.</b>,</span> success on the Mettenberg, ii. 168;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Hohenlinden,</span> 191.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Richmond, Duchess of</b>,</span> ball on the eve of Waterloo, iv. +<a href="#page178">178</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Richmond, Duke of</b>,</span> interview between Wellington and, at the ball, iv. +<a href="#page178">178</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ricord</b>,</span> commissioner of the National Convention, i. 219;<br> +<span class="entry">in siege of Toulon,</span> 231;<br> +<span class="entry">in charge of movements against Genoa,</span> 248.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ricord, Mme.</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> attentions to, i. 256.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Riga</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> threatens to march to, iii. 304;<br> +<span class="entry">preparations for the siege of,</span> 333;<br> +<span class="entry">Prussian troops at,</span> 338;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations near,</span> 353.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rights of man</b>,</span> the, i. 326.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rippach</b>,</span> skirmish at, iii. 404;<br> +<span class="entry">death of Bessières at,</span> 404.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Riviera</b>,</span> Austrian garrison for the, ii. 170.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rivoli</b>,</span> the starting-point of <i>N.'s</i> public career, i. 148;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of,</span> 380, 388, 410-416; ii. 140, 323;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> estimate of,</span> i. 416, 420;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of the campaign on European history,</span> 416;<br> +<span class="entry">Masséna created Duke of,</span> iii. 86.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#massena"><b>Masséna</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Road-work</b>,</span> French popular hatred of, i. 105.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Roberjot</b>,</span> member of Congress of Rastatt, ii. 88;<br> +<span class="entry">killed at Rastatt,</span> 89.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Roberjot, Mme.</b>,</span> accuses Debry of murder, ii. 89.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Robespierre, Augustin</b>,</span> commissioner of the National Convention, i. 219;<br> +<span class="entry">in siege of Toulon,</span> 231;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> friendship with,</span> 236, 241, 247, 253, 289;<br> +<span class="entry">leadership of,</span> 241;<br> +<span class="entry">describes the French campaign in Lombardy,</span> 244;<br> +<span class="entry">execution,</span> 251;<br> +<span class="entry">influence on <i>N.'s</i> life,</span> iv. +<a href="#page248">248</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Robespierre, Charlotte</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> attentions to, i. 256.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Robespierre, Mme.</b>,</span> pension for, ii. 293.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Robespierre, Maximilien</b>,</span> member of the National Convention, i. 188;<br> +<span class="entry">dictator of France,</span> 194;<br> +<span class="entry">fall and execution,</span> 247-252, 266;<br> +<span class="entry">religious decrees,</span> 250;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> characterization of,</span> 251;<br> +<span class="entry">hatred of the Church,</span> 330;<br> +<span class="entry">dread of Carnot,</span> 333;<br> +<span class="entry">influence on <i>N.'s</i> life,</span> iv. +<a href="#page248">248</a>.<br> + + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page493" name="page493"></a>(p. 493)</span> +<span class="name">"<b>Robespierre, the Little</b>,"</span> i. 238.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rochambeau, Gen.</b>,</span> succeeds Leclerc in San Domingo, ii. 237;<br> +<span class="entry">surrenders to an English fleet,</span> 237.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rochefort</b>,</span> naval expedition from, ii. 331, 333;<br> +<span class="entry">the fleet ordered to the English Channel from,</span> 359;<br> +<span class="entry">Villeneuve's mission to relieve,</span> 359;<br> +<span class="entry">the squadron ordered to the Mediterranean,</span> iii. 111;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> journeys to Rochefort,</span> iv. +<a href="#page220">220</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">English cruisers at,</span> +<a href="#page220">220</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">immunity from the White Terror,</span> +<a href="#page223">223</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Roederer</b>,</span> ii. 51, 214;<br> +<span class="entry">dreads a new Terror,</span> 94;<br> +<span class="entry">joins the Bonapartist ranks,</span> 96;<br> +<span class="entry">an opportunist,</span> 98;<br> +<span class="entry">on the necessity of renewing the constitution,</span> 106;<br> +<span class="entry">the 18th Brumaire,</span> 107;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the council of state,</span> 152;<br> +<span class="entry">on Fourcroy's educational measures,</span> 227;<br> +<span class="entry">advocates the Legion of Honor,</span> 246;<br> +<span class="entry">suggests hereditary consulship,</span> 245;<br> +<span class="entry">dismissed,</span> 277;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> 277;<br> +<span class="entry">reforms Neapolitan finance,</span> iii. 130;<br> +<span class="entry">interviews and conversations with <i>N.</i>,</span> 197; iv. +<a href="#page248">248</a>, +<a href="#page249">249</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">sent out of France,</span> +<a href="#page262">262</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Roger-Ducos</b>,</span> member of the Directory, ii. 92;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme to make him consul,</span> 102;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed resignation of,</span> 102;<br> +<span class="entry">resigns from the Directory,</span> 106, 115, 118;<br> +<span class="entry">consul of France,</span> 123.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rohan, Cardinal</b>,</span> retirement at Ettenheim, ii. 301.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rohan-Rochefort, Princess Charlotte of</b>,</span> married to Duc d'Enghien, ii. 301;<br> +<span class="entry">the Duc d'Enghien's last message to,</span> 310.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rohr</b>,</span> Archduke Charles's force at, iii. 207.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Roland, J. N.</b>,</span> forms a ministry, i. 172;<br> +<span class="entry">leader of the Girondists,</span> 189.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Romagna</b>,</span> surrendered to France, i. 422;<br> +<span class="entry">ceded to Venice at Leoben,</span> 439;<br> +<span class="entry">incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic,</span> ii. 21;<br> +<span class="entry">Austrian forces in,</span> 170.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Roman Catholic Church</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> views concerning the, i. 76;<br> +<span class="entry">influence in Corsica,</span> 128;<br> +<span class="entry">opposition to the French Republic,</span> 276;<br> +<span class="entry">the Pope shorn of his temporal power,</span> iii. 242;<br> +<span class="entry">influence on France,</span> iv. +<a href="#page253">253</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Roman Catholics</b>,</span> disturbances among, in Corsica, i. 167, 168.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Roman Church</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> failure to Gallicize, iv. +<a href="#page260">260</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Roman Empire, the</b>,</span> ii. 329;<br> +<span class="entry">compared with Napoleonic France,</span> ii. 222, 235.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Roman Republic, the</b>,</span> organization and proclamation of, ii. 30, 86;<br> +<span class="entry">Neapolitan invasion of,</span> 87;<br> +<span class="entry">abandonment of,</span> 205.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Romanoff, House of</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> proposes matrimonial alliances with, iii. 93.<br> + +<a id="rome" name="rome"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Rome</b>,</span> maritime expedition against, i. 257, 261;<br> +<span class="entry">difficulties of an attack on,</span> 262;<br> +<span class="entry">murder of French minister (Basseville) in,</span> 261, 375, 422;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> hostility toward the central power at,</span> 264;<br> +<span class="entry">temporal power of the Pope,</span> 345;<br> +<span class="entry">plunder of,</span> 369; ii. 39;<br> +<span class="entry">plan to capture,</span> i. 375;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> plans concerning,</span> 401, 405, 422, 423;<br> +<span class="entry">quarrel between France and,</span> 401, 420;<br> +<span class="entry">influence of,</span> 404;<br> +<span class="entry">proposition to hand her over to Spain,</span> 420;<br> +<span class="entry">campaign against Pius VI,</span> 420-423;<br> +<span class="entry">dispersal of the papal army,</span> 422;<br> +<span class="entry">Victor's military watch on,</span> 431;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> influence in,</span> 448;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> operations against,</span> ii. 9;<br> +<span class="entry">Joseph Buonaparte minister at,</span> 28;<br> +<span class="entry">Berthier proclaims the Roman Republic in,</span> 39;<br> +<span class="entry">calls Provera to reorganize her army,</span> 39;<br> +<span class="entry">liberal rising in,</span> 39;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria to be restrained from interference in,</span> 42;<br> +<span class="entry">Neapolitan invasion of,</span> 68, 72, 87;<br> +<span class="entry">recognition of the Pope's temporal power in,</span> 207;<br> +<span class="entry">restrictions on residence in,</span> 216;<br> +<span class="entry">remains of Pius VI sent to,</span> 216;<br> +<span class="entry">Chateaubriand French representative at,</span> 260;<br> +<span class="entry">France to evacuate,</span> 262;<br> +<span class="entry">Madame Mère and Lucien at,</span> 342;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> demands recognition as Emperor of,</span> 396;<br> +<span class="entry">ports of,</span> closed to enemies of France, 396;<br> +<span class="entry">French occupation of,</span> iii. 118;<br> +<span class="entry">excommunication for the invaders of,</span> 119;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page494" name="page494"></a>(p. 494)</span> +<span class="entry">disbandment of the Noble Guard,</span> 119;<br> +<span class="entry">Pius VII's idle state in,</span> 119;<br> +<span class="entry">severing of the spiritual and temporal powers,</span> 215, 242;<br> +<span class="entry">the city incorporated with Italy,</span> 242;<br> +<span class="entry">occupied by Gen. Miollis,</span> 242;<br> +<span class="entry">the College of Cardinals and ecclesiastical courts transported to France,</span> 258, 263;<br> +<span class="entry">the department of,</span> created, 262, 263, 279;<br> +<span class="entry">secularization of the convents,</span> 263;<br> +<span class="entry">dispersal of foreign prelates,</span> 264;<br> +<span class="entry">Paris a rival to,</span> as capital of the Western empire, 307;<br> +<span class="entry">sends deputation to Paris,</span> 380;<br> +<span class="entry">restoration of the Pope's domains,</span> 391;<br> +<span class="entry">Murat marches on,</span> iv. +<a href="#page056">56</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Lucien fosters revolution in,</span> +<a href="#page144">144</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">France the heir of,</span> +<a href="#page253">253</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">influence throughout Italy,</span> +<a href="#page256">256</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rome</b></span> (ancient), governmental systems of, adopted in France, i. 269, 270; ii. 123;<br> +<span class="entry">influence on French art,</span> iii. 88;<br> +<span class="entry">the territorial expansion of,</span> 164;<br> +<span class="entry">loss of her political liberty,</span> iv. +<a href="#page260">260</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the history of,</span> +<a href="#page294">294</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rome, the King of</b>,</span> Schwarzenberg's toast to, iii. 261;<br> +<span class="entry">the title,</span> 262;<br> +<span class="entry">birth of,</span> 302, 328;<br> +<span class="entry">brilliancy of his future,</span> 302;<br> +<span class="entry">address of the Paris Chamber of Commerce on the birth of,</span> 303;<br> +<span class="entry">his portrait at Borodino,</span> 343;<br> +<span class="entry">entrusted to care of the National Guard,</span> iv. +<a href="#page053">53</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Joseph enjoined to preserve him from Austrian capture,</span> +<a href="#page091">91</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">likened to Astyanax,</span> +<a href="#page091">91</a>, +<a href="#page108">108</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">chances of his succession,</span> +<a href="#page107">107</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">flight from Paris,</span> +<a href="#page107">107</a>-110;<br> +<span class="entry">an ill omen for,</span> +<a href="#page109">109</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed regency for,</span> +<a href="#page114">114</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> declares for his succession,</span> +<a href="#page124">124</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">territory granted to,</span> +<a href="#page133">133</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed coronation of,</span> +<a href="#page157">157</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">dismissal of his French attendants,</span> +<a href="#page162">162</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">sends message to his father,</span> +<a href="#page162">162</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">failure of the attempt to crown,</span> +<a href="#page165">165</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> farewell message to,</span> +<a href="#page233">233</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Roncesvalles</b>,</span> French military movements at, iii. 132.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ronco</b>,</span> military operations at, i. 389-391.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rosily, Adm.</b>,</span> ordered to supersede Villeneuve, ii. 372.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rositten</b>,</span> military operations near, iii. 14.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rossbach</b>,</span> battle of, iv. +<a href="#page267">267</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rosslau</b>,</span> military operations near, iv. +<a href="#page021">21</a>, +<a href="#page022">22</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rossomme</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> at, iv. +<a href="#page195">195</a>, +<a href="#page207">207</a>, +<a href="#page210">210</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">fighting at,</span> +<a href="#page211">211</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rostino</b>,</span> meeting of <i>N.</i> and Paoli at, i. 132.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rousseau, Jean Jacques</b>,</span> views on Corsica, i. 18, 19;<br> +<span class="entry">offered asylum by Paoli,</span> 19;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> study of,</span> and admiration for, 65, 70-78, 114, 145, 264; ii. 139, 256; iv. +<a href="#page292">292</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> style compared with that of,</span> i. 136;<br> +<span class="entry">on man in a state of nature,</span> 145;<br> +<span class="entry">influence of,</span> in France, 266, 267;<br> +<span class="entry">theory of natural boundaries,</span> 326;<br> +<span class="entry">Chateaubriand a disciple of,</span> ii. 259.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Roussel, Gen.</b>,</span> in battle of Waterloo, iv. +<a href="#page202">202</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Roustan</b>,</span> reply to Rousseau, i. 76.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Roverbello</b>,</span> battle of, iv. +<a href="#page056">56</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Roveredo</b>,</span> battle of, i. 384;<br> +<span class="entry">abandoned by Vaubois,</span> 387.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rovigo</b>,</span> creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396;<br> +<span class="entry">Savary created Duke of,</span> iii. 86.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#savary"><b>Savary</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Royal Corsican Regiment</b>,</span> refuses to fight against its native island, i. 22.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Royal family</b>,</span> imprisoned in the Temple, i. 175.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Royalism</b>,</span> hatred of the French for, ii. 194;<br> +<span class="entry">its evils abolished from France,</span> 224.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Royalists</b>,</span> institute the "White Terror," i. 277, 278;<br> +<span class="entry">plots and intrigues of,</span> 277, 298, 328; ii. 3-6, 8, 36, 241, 297-301; iv. +<a href="#page081">81</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">English subsidies for,</span> i. 325;<br> +<span class="entry">banished from Sardinia,</span> 353;<br> +<span class="entry">the Clichy faction,</span> ii. 3-5, 7, 8;<br> +<span class="entry">relations and negotiations between <i>N.</i> and,</span> ii. 3-6, 36, 124, 134, 195, 229, 239, 259; iv. +<a href="#page259">259</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">extended influence in 1798,</span> ii. 5;<br> +<span class="entry">events of the 18th of Fructidor,</span> 7, 8, 22, 23;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page495" name="page495"></a>(p. 495)</span> +<span class="entry">Austria seeks their triumph in Paris,</span> 19;<br> +<span class="entry">proscription of,</span> 8, 22, 23;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude of the Directory toward,</span> 36;<br> +<span class="entry">claims concerning the murders at Rastatt,</span> 89;<br> +<span class="entry">Moreau's tendency toward,</span> 94;<br> +<span class="entry">sigh for a second Richelieu,</span> 120;<br> +<span class="entry">views of the results of the 18th Brumaire,</span> 121;<br> +<span class="entry">encouraged to return to France,</span> 130;<br> +<span class="entry">dissensions among,</span> 239-241;<br> +<span class="entry">publish "L'Ambigu,"</span> 270;<br> +<span class="entry">the Cadoudal conspiracy,</span> 297 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">in Alsace,</span> 301;<br> +<span class="entry">argument in their favor,</span> 348;<br> +<span class="entry">growing strength of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page098">98</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">display their enthusiasm in Paris,</span> +<a href="#page114">114</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">their hour of triumph,</span> +<a href="#page127">127</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">opposition to,</span> by the army, +<a href="#page132">132</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">supported in Provence,</span> +<a href="#page137">137</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">plots against <i>N.'s</i> life,</span> +<a href="#page138">138</a>, +<a href="#page144">144</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">commemorate the death of Louis XVI,</span> +<a href="#page149">149</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">defend the Tuileries,</span> +<a href="#page158">158</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">stirred up by Jacobin enmity to <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page166">166</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Royal power</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> on, i. 93.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Royal Scots Fusileers</b>,</span> in battle of Waterloo, iv. +<a href="#page201">201</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Royal Sovereign," the</b>,</span> at Trafalgar, ii. 373.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Royer-Collard, P. P.</b>,</span> Royalist intrigues of, iv. +<a href="#page106">106</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rüchel, Gen.</b>,</span> his military command, ii. 425;<br> +<span class="entry">at Eisenach,</span> 427;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to concentrate at Weimar,</span> 430;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Jena,</span> 430, 431.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rue de Paix, the</b>,</span> iii. 74.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rue Rivoli, the</b>,</span> iii. 74.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rully, Gen.</b>,</span> commands expedition to Corsica, i. 125;<br> +<span class="entry">killed at St. Florent,</span> 126.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rumanizoff, Count</b>,</span> Russian minister, iii. 100, 113;<br> +<span class="entry">discusses partition of Turkey,</span> 116;<br> +<span class="entry">at the Erfurt conference,</span> 171;<br> +<span class="entry">foresees danger to the Franco-Russian alliance,</span> 244;<br> +<span class="entry">adviser to Alexander I,</span> 351;<br> +<span class="entry">leads the peace party of Russia,</span> 351.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rumbold</b>,</span> seized by French agents at Hamburg, ii. 330.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rumelia</b>,</span> proposed disposition of, after Tilsit, iii. 55.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Russbach, River</b>,</span> military operations on the, iii. 219, 226, 230.<br> + +<a id="russia" name="russia"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Russia</b>,</span> aggrandizement of, i. 22;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> ambition to serve,</span> 216, 319; ii. 15; iv. +<a href="#page256">256</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">share in the partition of,</span> and relations with Poland, i. 220, 425; iii. 45, 316, 318;<br> +<span class="entry">relations and alliances with Austria,</span> i. 325, 425; ii. 44, 61, 72, 145, 154, 209, 312, 355, 360, 363, 381; iii. 169, 178, 311-316, 328, 331, 342, 419; iv. +<a href="#page075">75</a>, +<a href="#page076">76</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">death of Catherine II,</span> i. 425;<br> +<span class="entry">foreign policy (1797),</span> 425;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> intercepts despatches from the Czar to Malta,</span> 424;<br> +<span class="entry">weakness of revolutionary sentiment in,</span> ii. 45;<br> +<span class="entry">alliances and relations with,</span> schemes of conquest of, and wars with Turkey, 67, 72, 418; iii. 20, 51, 52, 55, 64, 99, 106-114, 162, 176, 236, 248, 309, 310, 321, 350;<br> +<span class="entry">plans military operations in Italy,</span> ii. 72;<br> +<span class="entry">the second coalition,</span> 86, 90, 136, 142;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations in Holland,</span> 90;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations in Switzerland and Italy,</span> 91;<br> +<span class="entry">successes on the Trebbia,</span> 92;<br> +<span class="entry">defeats Joubert at Novi,</span> 92;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated at Zürich by Masséna,</span> 93;<br> +<span class="entry">withdraws from the second coalition,</span> 142;<br> +<span class="entry">interest in,</span> and activity concerning Malta, 141, 154, 193, 210, 285;<br> +<span class="entry">alliances and general friendly relations with France,</span> 154, 203, 209-211, 263, 266, 347, 394, 401; iii. 36, 38, 43-46, 49, 65, 73, 107, 115, 166, 176, 178, 244, 255, 329;<br> +<span class="entry">organizes the "armed neutrality,"</span> ii. 194, 209, 210;<br> +<span class="entry">schemes of Oriental extension and conquest,</span> 194, 209, 262, 330, 347, 348, 401; iii. 50, 55, 64, 108, 167, 236; iv. +<a href="#page041">41</a>, +<a href="#page067">67</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">intercedes for Naples,</span> ii. 203;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> relations with and attitudes toward,</span> 203, 293, 356, 361; ii. 440-442; iii. 45, 103, 115, 280, 304, 306, 313-318, 392;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with,</span> subsidies from, and wars with England, ii. 209, 210, 263, 357, 401, 406, 421; iii. 49, 55, 64, 99, 100, 102, 105, 117, 265, 266, 287, 288, 316, 321, 351, 398, 417; iv. +<a href="#page041">41</a>, +<a href="#page076">76</a>, +<a href="#page164">164</a>;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page496" name="page496"></a>(p. 496)</span> +<span class="entry">assassination of Paul I and accession of Alexander I,</span> ii. 210;<br> +<span class="entry">abandons the "armed neutrality,"</span> 263;<br> +<span class="entry">hostile and general unfriendly relations with France,</span> 293, 312, 330, 347-349; 355, 356, 361; iii. 287, 288, 305, 309-318, 329, 392, 408;<br> +<span class="entry">mourns the death of the Duc d'Enghien,</span> ii. 311;<br> +<span class="entry">stains on reigning houses of,</span> 317;<br> +<span class="entry">protests against seizure of Enghien,</span> 331;<br> +<span class="entry">occupies Ionian Islands,</span> 330, 353, 357, 405;<br> +<span class="entry">demands indemnity for the king of Sardinia,</span> 330, 348, 418;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude in 1805,</span> 352;<br> +<span class="entry">relations (friendly and hostile) with Prussia,</span> 353, 376-378, 417, 418; iii. 1, 18, 21-23, 55, 225, 316, 320, 331, 382, 385, 397, 424;<br> +<span class="entry">her troops in Galicia,</span> ii. 363;<br> +<span class="entry">Bernadotte and Davout watch her army,</span> 366;<br> +<span class="entry">military position on the Inn,</span> 367;<br> +<span class="entry">defeat of Mortier at Dürrenstein,</span> 368;<br> +<span class="entry">military position on the Enns,</span> 367;<br> +<span class="entry">outgeneraled by <i>N.</i>,</span> 376;<br> +<span class="entry">the battle of Austerlitz,</span> 382 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">Czartoryski's view of her policy in 1803,</span> 381;<br> +<span class="entry">occupies Naples,</span> 395;<br> +<span class="entry">excluded from councils of Western Europe,</span> 402;<br> +<span class="entry">occupies Bocche di Cattaro,</span> 405;<br> +<span class="entry">strengthens Corfu,</span> 405;<br> +<span class="entry">pretensions in Germany,</span> 419;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations on the Danube,</span> ii. 441;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations against,</span> iii. 1;<br> +<span class="entry">concentrates troops at Pultusk,</span> 1;<br> +<span class="entry">driven from Warsaw,</span> 2;<br> +<span class="entry">character of the population,</span> 3;<br> +<span class="entry">a new seat of war for <i>N.</i>,</span> 3;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Pultusk,</span> 4;<br> +<span class="entry">retreat to Ostrolenka,</span> 5;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> new experience in campaigning in,</span> 5;<br> +<span class="entry">defects in the army,</span> 9;<br> +<span class="entry">devotion of the army to the Czar,</span> 9;<br> +<span class="entry">the Cossacks,</span> 9;<br> +<span class="entry">defeat at Mohrungen,</span> 10;<br> +<span class="entry">condition of troops at Eylau,</span> 14;<br> +<span class="entry">financial difficulties,</span> 20, 35, 304, 305;<br> +<span class="entry">Turko-Persian alliance against,</span> 20;<br> +<span class="entry">successes on the lower Danube,</span> 20;<br> +<span class="entry">weakness of,</span> 22, 23;<br> +<span class="entry">requests Francis's adherence to convention of Bartenstein,</span> 22;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal for a new coalition,</span> 22;<br> +<span class="entry">bravery of her soldiers,</span> 27;<br> +<span class="entry">dissensions in the court,</span> 28;<br> +<span class="entry">forces engaged at Friedland,</span> 31, 32;<br> +<span class="entry">military sacrifices,</span> 35;<br> +<span class="entry">peace party in,</span> 35;<br> +<span class="entry">fighting the battles of others,</span> 34, 35;<br> +<span class="entry">destitution in the army,</span> 35;<br> +<span class="entry">schemes of territorial aggrandizement,</span> 34, 35;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> demands pledges from,</span> 36;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed Baltic boundary line,</span> 36;<br> +<span class="entry">ambition to be regarded as a European power,</span> 45;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> a foil to her ambition,</span> 45;<br> +<span class="entry">representatives at Tilsit,</span> 49;<br> +<span class="entry">schemes for the partition or acquisition of the Danubian principalities,</span> 50, 55, 98, 99, 105, 310, 314;<br> +<span class="entry">to mediate between England and France,</span> 55;<br> +<span class="entry">acquires Bielostok,</span> 56, 62;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses to seize Memel,</span> 62;<br> +<span class="entry">dislike of Savary in,</span> 64;<br> +<span class="entry">court and social manners and customs,</span> 64;<br> +<span class="entry">discontent with the Czar,</span> 64, 109, 117;<br> +<span class="entry">intrigues to acquire,</span> and the invasion and acquisition of Finland, 64, 98, 113-116, 236, 248, 268, 281, 310, 316;<br> +<span class="entry">attempts to bring Spain into the coalition,</span> 71;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of the treaty of Tilsit,</span> 72;<br> +<span class="entry">diplomatic intrigues in,</span> 98;<br> +<span class="entry">her good offices sought with Denmark,</span> 98;<br> +<span class="entry">frontier menaced by France,</span> 99;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander seeks to abolish serfdom in,</span> 99;<br> +<span class="entry">commerce of,</span> 99;<br> +<span class="entry">effects of the peace of Tilsit on,</span> 99;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> intervenes between Turkey and,</span> 99;<br> +<span class="entry">terms of the agreement at Slobozia,</span> 105;<br> +<span class="entry">Tolstoi defends,</span> 105;<br> +<span class="entry">diplomatic crisis in,</span> 108-110;<br> +<span class="entry">sends a fresh mission to <i>N.</i>,</span> 110;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed invasion of Sweden,</span> 113;<br> +<span class="entry">court intrigue in,</span> 115;<br> +<span class="entry">Caulaincourt conducts negotiations with,</span> 116;<br> +<span class="entry">blockade of the fleet by England,</span> 117;<br> +<span class="entry">outwitted by <i>N.</i>,</span> 129;<br> +<span class="entry">the Spanish question discussed with,</span> 158;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> proposed naval coöperation with,</span> 166;<br> +<span class="entry">the anti-French party in,</span> 167, 195;<br> +<span class="entry">urged to occupy Warsaw,</span> and parts of Prussia and Austria, 177;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page497" name="page497"></a>(p. 497)</span> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> makes technical call for the aid of,</span> 198;<br> +<span class="entry">invades Galicia,</span> 236;<br> +<span class="entry">acquires part of Galicia,</span> 239;<br> +<span class="entry">menaced by the treaty of Schönbrunn,</span> 244;<br> +<span class="entry">news of the Austrian marriage in,</span> 255;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty with Sweden,</span> Sept. 17, 1809, 268;<br> +<span class="entry">evades the Continental System,</span> 280;<br> +<span class="entry">Mme. de Staël in,</span> 299;<br> +<span class="entry">rivalry of France,</span> 309;<br> +<span class="entry">effects of the Continental System on,</span> 310;<br> +<span class="entry">an incident that changed the course of history,</span> 314, 315;<br> +<span class="entry">advances an army to the Danube,</span> 314;<br> +<span class="entry">prepares for war,</span> 314;<br> +<span class="entry">opens negotiations with England and Sweden,</span> 316;<br> +<span class="entry">war with France inevitable,</span> 317;<br> +<span class="entry">acquires a boundary on the Pruth,</span> 321;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty with Sweden,</span> April 12, 1812, 321;<br> +<span class="entry">withdraws troops from the Danube,</span> 321;<br> +<span class="entry">thoroughness of <i>N.'s</i> preparations for war with,</span> 323-325;<br> +<span class="entry">Caulaincourt's knowledge of,</span> 326;<br> +<span class="entry">agricultural distress in,</span> 328;<br> +<span class="entry">concentration of troops in,</span> 328;<br> +<span class="entry">intrigues leading to the war of 1812,</span> 328-333;<br> +<span class="entry">ukase of Dec.,</span> 1810, 329;<br> +<span class="entry">the neutral trade of,</span> 329;<br> +<span class="entry">Narbonne's mission from Dresden to,</span> 331;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> scheme to expel her from Europe,</span> 332;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> military knowledge of,</span> 333, 334, 340;<br> +<span class="entry">menacing outlook for,</span> 334;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> plan of campaign in,</span> 333, 338;<br> +<span class="entry">disposition of her army,</span> 335;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> strikes the first blow at,</span> 335;<br> +<span class="entry">military weakness,</span> 336;<br> +<span class="entry">military enthusiasm in,</span> 337;<br> +<span class="entry">sufferings of both armies in,</span> 337, 357 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Smolensk,</span> iii. 339;<br> +<span class="entry">"the Ney of,"</span> 339, 340;<br> +<span class="entry">despotic character of her government,</span> 340;<br> +<span class="entry">lack of centralization in,</span> 340, 374;<br> +<span class="entry">horrors of the campaign in,</span> 340, 341;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> fails to pass counterfeit money in,</span> 341;<br> +<span class="entry">the lessons of Eylau and Austerlitz,</span> 341;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> ignorance of the strength of feeling in,</span> 342;<br> +<span class="entry">speculation on the Czar's military policy,</span> 342;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Borodino,</span> 343-345, 346;<br> +<span class="entry">the Kremlin,</span> 345, 347;<br> +<span class="entry">claims the honor of burning Moscow,</span> 349;<br> +<span class="entry">temper of the peasantry,</span> 350;<br> +<span class="entry">the Old Russian party for peace,</span> 351;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander's advisers,</span> 351;<br> +<span class="entry">founding of the Russian Bible Society,</span> 351;<br> +<span class="entry">English military mission to reorganize the army,</span> 351;<br> +<span class="entry">causes of the French disasters in,</span> 353;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> retreat from Moscow,</span> 353-356;<br> +<span class="entry">partizan warfare in,</span> 359;<br> +<span class="entry">adopting the tactics of Egypt in,</span> 359;<br> +<span class="entry">the terror of <i>N.'s</i> name in,</span> 360, 363, 365;<br> +<span class="entry">her allies,</span> Want and Winter, 360, 373;<br> +<span class="entry">massacre of French stragglers in,</span> 362;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> contempt for,</span> 363;<br> +<span class="entry">treatment of French prisoners in,</span> 367;<br> +<span class="entry">hopes in,</span> of capturing <i>N.</i>, 367;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> excuse for defeat in,</span> 372;<br> +<span class="entry">compared with Spain,</span> 374;<br> +<span class="entry">poor generalship in,</span> 374;<br> +<span class="entry">diminishing strength of,</span> 382;<br> +<span class="entry">invades the grand duchy of Warsaw,</span> 385;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty with Spain,</span> July, 1812, 391;<br> +<span class="entry">Metternich seeks to embroil Sweden and,</span> 395;<br> +<span class="entry">possession of Warsaw,</span> 399;<br> +<span class="entry">apathy of,</span> 403;<br> +<span class="entry">Nesselrode's appearance in,</span> 409;<br> +<span class="entry">secret treaty of Reichenbach,</span> 416, 421;<br> +<span class="entry">issues paper money,</span> 417;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty with England,</span> 417;<br> +<span class="entry">to maintain a standing army,</span> 417;<br> +<span class="entry">guarantees a war loan,</span> 417;<br> +<span class="entry">inaugurates the coalition of 1813,</span> 424;<br> +<span class="entry">strength,</span> iv. +<a href="#page006">6</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> attempts to separate Prussia from,</span> +<a href="#page017">17</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">concludes alliance of Sept. 9,</span> 1813, +<a href="#page022">22</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the campaign of 1813,</span> +<a href="#page039">39</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at the Congress of Frankfort,</span> +<a href="#page041">41</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">anxiety for peace,</span> +<a href="#page041">41</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">troops on the Rhine,</span> +<a href="#page055">55</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> endeavors to separate Austria from,</span> +<a href="#page075">75</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the triple alliance,</span> +<a href="#page076">76</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty of Chaumont,</span> +<a href="#page076">76</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">suspicious of Schwarzenberg's attitude,</span> +<a href="#page089">89</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">barbarity of her troops,</span> +<a href="#page102">102</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">party to the treaty of Fontainebleau (April,</span> 1814), +<a href="#page133">133</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander proposes a home for <i>N.</i> in,</span> +<a href="#page133">133</a>;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page498" name="page498"></a>(p. 498)</span> +<span class="entry">attitude at Congress of Vienna,</span> +<a href="#page144">144</a>, +<a href="#page145">145</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">quota of troops,</span> +<a href="#page164">164</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the Vienna coalition,</span> +<a href="#page164">164</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the campaign of the Hundred Days,</span> +<a href="#page167">167</a> et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">claims the glory of annihilating <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page214">214</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">claims the right of overseeing the imprisonment of <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page225">225</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> horror of being sent to,</span> +<a href="#page227">227</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">expansion of,</span> +<a href="#page298">298</a>.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#alexander1"><b>Alexander I</b></a>; <a href="#paul1"><b>Paul I</b></a>; <a href="#stpetersburg"><b>St. Petersburg</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rustan</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> body-servant, ii. 426; iii. 74; 410; iv. +<a href="#page134">134</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Queen Louisa's allusion to,</span> at Tilsit, iii. 61.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Rustchuk, Pasha of</b>,</span> appointed grand vizir, iii. 162;<br> +<span class="entry">attempts to restore Selim III,</span> 162.</p> + + +<h5>S</h5> + +<p><span class="name"><b>Saalburg</b>,</span> military operations at, ii. 428.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Saale, River</b>,</span> military operations on the, ii. 429-433; iv. +<a href="#page019">19</a>, +<a href="#page023">23</a>, +<a href="#page025">25</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Saar, River</b>,</span> military operations on the, iv. +<a href="#page058">58</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Sachsen, Gen.</b>,</span> leads Neapolitan army against Rome, ii. 72.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Sacken, Gen.</b>,</span> in battle of Eylau, iii. 15;<br> +<span class="entry">checks Schwarzenberg,</span> 369;<br> +<span class="entry">reinforces Blücher at Montmirail,</span> iv. +<a href="#page063">63</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">held by Mortier,</span> +<a href="#page074">74</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Craonne,</span> +<a href="#page078">78</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>St. Aignan</b>,</span> French envoy to Saxon duchies, iv. +<a href="#page042">42</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">imprisoned at Gotha,</span> +<a href="#page042">42</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">conducts negotiations with <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page042">42</a>, +<a href="#page043">43</a>, +<a href="#page045">45</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>St. Amand</b>,</span> d'Erlon ordered to move on, iv. +<a href="#page186">186</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>St. André</b>,</span> mayor of Mainz, anecdote concerning <i>N.</i> and, iii. 421.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>St. Bartholomew's Day</b>,</span> fears of a repetition of the massacre of, iv. +<a href="#page147">147</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"St. Bartholomew of privilege," the</b>,</span> i. 110.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>St. Bernard range</b>,</span> Austrian watch on the, ii. 170, 171.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#greatstbernard"><b>Great St. Bernard</b></a>; <a href="#littlestbernard"><b>Little St. Bernard</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Saint-Cannat</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> at, iv. +<a href="#page139">139</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>St. Cloud</b>,</span> proposed councils at, ii. 101-104, 106, 109 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">Bernadotte plans to head a force at,</span> 109;<br> +<span class="entry">Murat commanding guard at,</span> 109;<br> +<span class="entry">the 18th and 19th Brumaire at,</span> 111 et seq.; iv. +<a href="#page258">258</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> declines a gift of,</span> ii. 244;<br> +<span class="entry">promulgation of the decree creating the empire from,</span> 322;<br> +<span class="entry">return of <i>N.</i> from Tilsit to,</span> iii. 72;<br> +<span class="entry">social vices at,</span> 92;<br> +<span class="entry">important levee at,</span> Aug. 15, 1808, 169;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> and Maria Louisa at,</span> 258;<br> +<span class="entry">the imperial court at,</span> 258;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> returns to,</span> iv. +<a href="#page039">39</a>, +<a href="#page047">47</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Saint-Cyr</b>,</span> Elisa Buonaparte educated at, i. 55, 176, 182;<br> +<span class="entry">the Academy at,</span> 176, 182.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Saint-Cyr, Carra</b>,</span> in battle of Aspern, iii. 220, 221.<br> + +<a id="stcyr" name="stcyr"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Saint-Cyr, Gen.</b>,</span> military successes of, i. 274;<br> +<span class="entry">at battle of Biberach,</span> ii. 167;<br> +<span class="entry">engagement on the Mettenberg,</span> 168;<br> +<span class="entry">fails to come up at Messkirch,</span> 167;<br> +<span class="entry">reinforces Moreau at Engen,</span> 167;<br> +<span class="entry">enters Naples,</span> 287;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to occupy Naples,</span> 362;<br> +<span class="entry">Villeneuve ordered to coöperate with,</span> 371;<br> +<span class="entry">at La Junquera,</span> iii. 183.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Saint-Cyr, Gouvion</b>,</span> strength of his corps, March, 1812, iii. 324;<br> +<span class="entry">losses of his Bavarian corps in Russia,</span> 337;<br> +<span class="entry">Wittgenstein resumes offensive against,</span> 359;<br> +<span class="entry">junction with Victor,</span> 360;<br> +<span class="entry">checks Wittgenstein,</span> 361;<br> +<span class="entry">holds Dresden,</span> iv. +<a href="#page007">7</a>, +<a href="#page008">8</a>, +<a href="#page025">25</a>, +<a href="#page027">27</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Dresden,</span> +<a href="#page009">9</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">sent to support Vandamme at Kulm,</span> +<a href="#page015">15</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">guarding roads from Bohemia,</span> +<a href="#page018">18</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>St. Denis</b>,</span> tumults at, i. 86;<br> +<span class="entry">restoration of the cathedral at,</span> iii. 74;<br> +<span class="entry">defense of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page109">109</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>St. Dizier</b>,</span> military movements near, iv. +<a href="#page058">58</a>, +<a href="#page060">60</a>, +<a href="#page095">95</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at,</span> +<a href="#page095">95</a>, +<a href="#page096">96</a>, +<a href="#page101">101</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">military council at,</span> +<a href="#page103">103</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>St. Florent</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> prepares plans for its defense, i. 91;<br> +<span class="entry">French fleet at,</span> 125;<br> +<span class="entry">disorders at,</span> 126, 191;<br> +<span class="entry">expedition against Ajaccio from,</span> 203-208;<br> +<span class="entry">French power in,</span> 207;<br> +<span class="entry">English capture of,</span> 260.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>St. George</b>,</span> Provera at, i. 414.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>St. Gotthard Pass</b>,</span> Suvaroff's disasters in, ii. 141;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page499" name="page499"></a>(p. 499)</span> +<span class="entry">French passage of,</span> 169, 172-174;<br> +<span class="entry">Austrian watch on,</span> 170.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>St. Helena</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> will made at, i. 127;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> reminiscent statements made at,</span> 146, 232, 289, 306; ii. 47, 75, 79, 81, 118, 145, 208, 292; 311; iii. 85, 210, 277; iv. +<a href="#page016">16</a>, +<a href="#page062">62</a>, +<a href="#page153">153</a>, +<a href="#page156">156</a>, +<a href="#page177">177</a>, +<a href="#page191">191</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> death at,</span> ii. 82; iv. +<a href="#page234">234</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> ambition concerning,</span> ii. 289;<br> +<span class="entry">early proposition to deport <i>N.</i> to,</span> iv. +<a href="#page145">145</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">chosen as the place of exile,</span> +<a href="#page224">224</a>-229;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> objections to the rock,</span> +<a href="#page226">226</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">special form of government for,</span> +<a href="#page227">227</a>, +<a href="#page229">229</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the voyage to,</span> +<a href="#page227">227</a>, +<a href="#page287">287</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">landing of <i>N.</i> at,</span> +<a href="#page229">229</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">topography,</span> climate, etc., +<a href="#page228">228</a>, +<a href="#page232">232</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> life on,</span> +<a href="#page229">229</a>-235;<br> +<span class="entry">violent storm in,</span> +<a href="#page234">234</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the exile's court at,</span> +<a href="#page288">288</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Saint-Hilaire, Gen.</b>,</span> in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386, 388;<br> +<span class="entry">in Eylau campaign,</span> iii. 15.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>St. Ildefonso</b>,</span> the treaties of, ii. 204.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>St. Jean d'Acre</b>.</span> <i>See</i> <a href="#acre"><b>Acre</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name">"<b>St. Jerome</b>,"</span> Correggio's, i. 374.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>St. Julien, Count</b>,</span> blundering negotiations by, ii. 187, 188;<br> +<span class="entry">imprisonment of,</span> 188.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>St. Lambert</b>,</span> Grouchy ordered to, iv. +<a href="#page190">190</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Bülow at,</span> +<a href="#page193">193</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>St. Leu</b>,</span> proposal that Louis withdraw to, iii. 276.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>St. Mark</b>,</span> actions at, i. 410, 412, 413.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>St. Maximin</b>,</span> Lucien Buonaparte in, i. 238.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>St. Michael</b>,</span> seizure of, by Masséna, i. 436.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>St. Michel</b>,</span> battle of, i. 410.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>St. Napoleon</b>,</span> i. 39.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>St. Peter, island of</b>,</span> capture, ii. 13.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>St. Peter's, Rome</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> claims coronation in, ii. 396.<br> + +<a id="stpetersburg" name="stpetersburg"></a> +<span class="name"><b>St. Petersburg</b>,</span> the French envoy dismissed from, ii. 348;<br> +<span class="entry">return of the Czar from Tilsit to,</span> iii. 64;<br> +<span class="entry">the peace of Europe in,</span> 65;<br> +<span class="entry">the French ambassador at,</span> 87;<br> +<span class="entry">diplomatic intrigues at,</span> 97;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander fears for,</span> 98;<br> +<span class="entry">diplomatic crisis in,</span> 108, 109;<br> +<span class="entry">court intrigue in,</span> 115;<br> +<span class="entry">terror of the British fleet in,</span> 117;<br> +<span class="entry">situation at,</span> 118;<br> +<span class="entry">social and diplomatic life in,</span> 166;<br> +<span class="entry">Caulaincourt's mission to,</span> 165, 168, 169;<br> +<span class="entry">Frederick William III at,</span> 194;<br> +<span class="entry">news of the Austrian marriage at,</span> 255;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> threatens to march to,</span> 304;<br> +<span class="entry">Lauriston sent to replace Caulaincourt at,</span> 318;<br> +<span class="entry">defense of,</span> 336;<br> +<span class="entry">demoralization at,</span> 336;<br> +<span class="entry">military enthusiasm in,</span> 337;<br> +<span class="entry">founding of the Russian Bible Society in,</span> 351;<br> +<span class="entry">England's diplomacy in,</span> 417.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#alexander1"><b>Alexander I</b></a>; <a href="#paul1"><b>Paul I</b></a>; <a href="#russia"><b>Russia</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>St. Pierre</b>,</span> arrest of the Prince of Monaco at, iv. +<a href="#page154">154</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de</b>,</span> rewards to, for literary work, iii. 297.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>St. Priest, Gen.</b>,</span> captures Rheims, iv. +<a href="#page080">80</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">killed at Rheims,</span> +<a href="#page082">82</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>St. Quentin</b>,</span> the canal of, ii. 349.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>St. Roch</b>,</span> the mêlée at the church of, i. 301-303.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Saint-Ruff, Abbé de</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> social relations with, i. 69, 81;<br> +<span class="entry">death of,</span> 149.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>St. Stephen</b>,</span> attack on, i. 192.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>St. Sulpice</b>,</span> banquet to <i>N.</i> in church of, ii. 100, 101.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>St. Tropez</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> embarkation from, iv. +<a href="#page135">135</a>, +<a href="#page137">137</a>, +<a href="#page139">139</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">place of <i>N.'s</i> embarkation changed to Fréjus,</span> +<a href="#page139">139</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Saladin</b>,</span> founds the military organization of Mamelukes, ii. 58.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Salamanca</b>,</span> Sir John Moore at, iii. 186;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of,</span> 290, 377;<br> +<span class="entry">defeat of Marmont at,</span> iii. 343.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Salicetti, Christopher</b>,</span> represents Corsica in the National Assembly, i. 116-121;<br> +<span class="entry">succeeds Buttafuoco,</span> 133;<br> +<span class="entry">influence in Corsica,</span> 185, 197, 204;<br> +<span class="entry">plans invasion of Sardinia,</span> 187-189;<br> +<span class="entry">arrives in Corsica,</span> 201;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with <i>N.</i> and influence on his career,</span> 201, 202, 205-209, 219, 225, 228, 252-257;<br> +<span class="entry">adheres to France,</span> 202;<br> +<span class="entry">defends the Corsican commission,</span> 205;<br> +<span class="entry">arrives in Paris,</span> 207;<br> +<span class="entry">heads a commission to Corsica,</span> 219;<br> +<span class="entry">in siege of Toulon,</span> 232, 233;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page500" name="page500"></a>(p. 500)</span> +<span class="entry">influence in France,</span> 233;<br> +<span class="entry">plans expedition to Corsica,</span> 233;<br> +<span class="entry">ambition,</span> 238;<br> +<span class="entry">blamed for insurrection in Corsica,</span> 254;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks his own safety,</span> 254;<br> +<span class="entry">influence among the Thermidorians,</span> 254, 255;<br> +<span class="entry">friendship with Mme. Permon,</span> 285;<br> +<span class="entry">concealed by Mme. Permon,</span> 285, 286;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> address to,</span> 285, 286;<br> +<span class="entry">levies forced contributions in Genoa,</span> 345;<br> +<span class="entry">plans of the Directory concerning,</span> 364;<br> +<span class="entry">rapacity,</span> 376;<br> +<span class="entry">duplicity,</span> ii. 109, 110;<br> +<span class="entry">gives Genoa a consular constitution,</span> 233.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Salm</b>,</span> member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Salo</b>,</span> the revolutionary movement in, i. 436;<br> +<span class="entry">engagement at,</span> 437, 441.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Salzburg</b>,</span> apportioned to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, ii. 266;<br> +<span class="entry">ceded to Austria,</span> 391;<br> +<span class="entry">Lefebvre at,</span> iii. 211;<br> +<span class="entry">embodied in the Confederation of the Rhine,</span> 239.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Sambre, River</b>,</span> military movements on the, iv. +<a href="#page170">170</a>, +<a href="#page173">173</a>-175, +<a href="#page181">181</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Sampiero</b>,</span> i. 14;<br> +<span class="entry">resemblance to <i>N.</i>,</span> 26;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> sketch of,</span> 92.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Sand, George</b>,</span> in Madrid during the war, iii. 292.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>San Domingo</b>,</span> influence of Louverture in, ii. 237;<br> +<span class="entry">declares its independence,</span> 237;<br> +<span class="entry">unsuccessful attempt to conquer,</span> 237;<br> +<span class="entry">failure of <i>N.'s</i> ambition concerning,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">plan for French recovery of,</span> 333.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Sandoz-Rollin</b>,</span> Prussian minister in Paris, ii. 31.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>San Giuliano</b>,</span> military operations at, ii. 178, 179.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>San Miniato</b>,</span> the Buonaparte family in, i. 30.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Sansculottes, the</b>,</span> i. 249.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Sansculottides, the</b>,</span> i. 249.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>San Sebastian</b>,</span> captured by the French, iii. 132.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Santa Lucia</b>,</span> French plans to strengthen, ii. 333.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Santander</b>,</span> besieged by Bessières, iii. 156.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Santarem</b>,</span> Masséna withdraws toward, iii. 286;<br> +<span class="entry">"Marshal Stockpots" deserters at,</span> 291.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Santerre, A. J.</b>,</span> leader of the mob of Aug. 10, 1792, i. 178;<br> +<span class="entry">favored by <i>N.</i>,</span> 178;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> threat against,</span> ii. 108.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Santissima Trinidad," the</b>,</span> at Trafalgar, ii. 374.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Santon, Mount</b></span> (Austerlitz), ii. 386, 387.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Saorgio</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> at taking of, i. 255.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Saragossa</b>,</span> siege of, iii. 154-159, 184-186.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Sardinia</b>,</span> weakness of, i. 22;<br> +<span class="entry">compared with Corsica,</span> 25;<br> +<span class="entry">hostilities between France and,</span> 187-193, 196, 206, 214, 243, 247, 261, 262;<br> +<span class="entry">goes to defense of Toulon,</span> 221;<br> +<span class="entry">operations in Piedmont,</span> in 1794, 341;<br> +<span class="entry">revolutionary spirit in,</span> 345;<br> +<span class="entry">signs armistice,</span> 350, 354, 356;<br> +<span class="entry">Victor Amadeus,</span> king of, 352;<br> +<span class="entry">conclusion of peace with France (1796),</span> 363, 364, 400;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> opens negotiations with,</span> ii. 11;<br> +<span class="entry">provoked by France into Italian quarrels,</span> 87;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> bad faith with,</span> 144;<br> +<span class="entry">Russia demands indemnity for the king of,</span> 330, 417-418;<br> +<span class="entry">Prussia bound to secure indemnity for king of,</span> 377.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Sardinia, island of</b>,</span> Charles Emmanuel king of, i. 356;<br> +<span class="entry">Charles Emmanuel retires to,</span> ii. 39, 141;<br> +<span class="entry">Nelson seeks shelter at,</span> 57.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Sart-â-Walhain</b>,</span> Grouchy's movements via, iv. +<a href="#page188">188</a>, +<a href="#page193">193</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Sarzana</b>,</span> the Buonaparte family in, i. 27.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Satschan Lake</b>,</span> Russian disasters at, ii. 388.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Saumarez, Sir James</b>,</span> blockades the Russian fleet, iii. 117.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Sauvinières</b>,</span> military movements near, iv. +<a href="#page185">185</a>.<br> + +<a id="savary" name="savary"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Savary, Gen.</b>,</span> aide-de-camp to <i>N.</i>, ii. 306;<br> +<span class="entry">share in Duc d'Enghien's trial and execution,</span> 306, 308-310;<br> +<span class="entry">mission to Alexander I at Austerlitz,</span> 382, 383;<br> +<span class="entry">reports interview of Alexander I with <i>N.</i>,</span> 389;<br> +<span class="entry">unsavory career,</span> 412;<br> +<span class="entry">marries Mlle. de Coigny,</span> 412;<br> +<span class="entry">in Eylau campaign,</span> iii. 13;<br> +<span class="entry">on <i>N.'s</i> mental and personal vigor,</span> 19;<br> +<span class="entry">expels the Russians from the Narew and Ostrolenka,</span> 19;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page501" name="page501"></a>(p. 501)</span> +<span class="entry">in battle of Heilsberg,</span> 29;<br> +<span class="entry">report of the meeting at Tilsit,</span> 41;<br> +<span class="entry">accompanies the Czar to St. Petersburg,</span> 64;<br> +<span class="entry">French ambassador to Russia,</span> 98, 105;<br> +<span class="entry">influence over the Czar,</span> 64;<br> +<span class="entry">disliked in Russia,</span> 64;<br> +<span class="entry">created Duke of Rovigo,</span> 86;<br> +<span class="entry">mission to Madrid,</span> 142, 143;<br> +<span class="entry">recognizes Ferdinand as king,</span> 143;<br> +<span class="entry">reproached by Ferdinand,</span> 143;<br> +<span class="entry">encourages Ferdinand to rely on <i>N.</i>,</span> 143, 144;<br> +<span class="entry">accompanies Ferdinand toward Bayonne,</span> 143, 144;<br> +<span class="entry">notifies Ferdinand of his deposition,</span> 145;<br> +<span class="entry">hatred of,</span> in Paris, 275;<br> +<span class="entry">minister of police,</span> 275, 376;<br> +<span class="entry">episode of the Malet conspiracy,</span> 376;<br> +<span class="entry">provides for time of danger,</span> 51;<br> +<span class="entry">records <i>N.</i> correspondence,</span> 97;<br> +<span class="entry">alarm for the safety of Paris,</span> 97;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the Empress-regent's council,</span> 105;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> 105;<br> +<span class="entry">reproved by <i>N.</i>,</span> 107;<br> +<span class="entry">Talleyrand to,</span> on the flight of the Empress, 109;<br> +<span class="entry">surprises Talleyrand and De Pradt together,</span> 109;<br> +<span class="entry">accompanies <i>N.</i> to Rochefort,</span> 219;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiations with Capt. Maitland,</span> 223.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Save, River</b>,</span> territory on, ceded to France, iii. 239.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Savigny, F. K. von</b>,</span> characterization of the Code, ii. 223.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Savona</b>,</span> military operations at, i. 253, 352, 353; ii. 160;<br> +<span class="entry">imprisonment of Pius VII at,</span> iii. 243, 306.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Savoy</b>,</span> military operations against, in Piedmont, i. 213;<br> +<span class="entry">captured by France,</span> 222;<br> +<span class="entry">France's ambition to conquer,</span> 276;<br> +<span class="entry">France's claims to,</span> 327;<br> +<span class="entry">lost to Sardinia,</span> 352;<br> +<span class="entry">Kellermann in,</span> 365;<br> +<span class="entry">Chabran's forces in,</span> ii. 169;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal that France should keep,</span> iv. +<a href="#page041">41</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Savoy, House of, the</b>,</span> French schemes against, i. 187;<br> +<span class="entry">importance of France gaining over,</span> 342;<br> +<span class="entry">its system of government,</span> 345;<br> +<span class="entry">vicissitudes,</span> 352;<br> +<span class="entry">Francis I's hostility to,</span> ii. 141;<br> +<span class="entry">loses the support of Paul I,</span> 232;<br> +<span class="entry">lineage,</span> 317.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Saxe-Gotha</b>,</span> accepts French terms after Jena, ii. 443;<br> +<span class="entry">spread of liberal ideas in,</span> 443.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Saxe-Weimar</b>,</span> accepts French terms after Jena, ii. 443;<br> +<span class="entry">spread of liberal ideas in,</span> 443.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Saxony</b>,</span> withdraws from the coalition, i. 385;<br> +<span class="entry">neutrality of,</span> 1796, 385;<br> +<span class="entry">seizure of the English minister to,</span> ii. 330;<br> +<span class="entry">excluded from the Confederation of the Rhine,</span> 403;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal to include her in North German Confederation,</span> 418;<br> +<span class="entry">reported French advance on,</span> 420;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed independence for,</span> 420;<br> +<span class="entry">military movements in,</span> 424-425;<br> +<span class="entry">alliance with Prussia,</span> 429;<br> +<span class="entry">takes part in the Jena campaign,</span> 443;<br> +<span class="entry">spread of liberal ideas in,</span> 443;<br> +<span class="entry">abandons Prussia and adopts neutrality,</span> 443;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed exchange of territories,</span> iii. 50;<br> +<span class="entry">united with the Rhine Confederation,</span> 56;<br> +<span class="entry">acquires Kottbus,</span> 62;<br> +<span class="entry">independence,</span> 73;<br> +<span class="entry">the Archduke Charles proposes to march into,</span> 198;<br> +<span class="entry">furnishes troops to France,</span> 202;<br> +<span class="entry">troops in Dresden,</span> 203, 324;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated at Nossen by the Black Legion,</span> 234;<br> +<span class="entry">in vassalage to France,</span> 279;<br> +<span class="entry">supports <i>N.</i>,</span> 322;<br> +<span class="entry">the levies in,</span> 387;<br> +<span class="entry">peculiar relations toward <i>N.</i>,</span> 394;<br> +<span class="entry">turns to Austria,</span> 394;<br> +<span class="entry">threatened war in,</span> 394;<br> +<span class="entry">secret agreement with Austria,</span> 399;<br> +<span class="entry">Prussian designs on,</span> 399;<br> +<span class="entry">the campaign of 1813 in,</span> 401 et seq.; iv. +<a href="#page001">1</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">strategy of the campaign in,</span> iii. 404;<br> +<span class="entry">abandons Austria,</span> 407;<br> +<span class="entry">declares in favor of France,</span> 407;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed allotment of territory to,</span> 409;<br> +<span class="entry">Prussia promises to cede part of,</span> to Hanover, 417;<br> +<span class="entry">invaded by Austro-Russian troops,</span> iv. +<a href="#page008">8</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">national spirit in,</span> +<a href="#page019">19</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">revulsion of feeling against France,</span> +<a href="#page020">20</a>, +<a href="#page022">22</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">refuge of the allies in,</span> +<a href="#page024">24</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">defection of troops at Leipsic,</span> +<a href="#page033">33</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">character of the campaigns in,</span> +<a href="#page038">38</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Say, J. B.</b>,</span> member of the tribunate, ii. 151.<br> + + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page502" name="page502"></a>(p. 502)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Scandinavia</b>,</span> effort to bring her into the coalition, iii. 22.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Schaffhausen</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> plans operations at, ii. 163.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Scharnhorst, Gen.</b>,</span> plan of the Prussian campaign, ii. 427-429;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Eylau,</span> iii. 16;<br> +<span class="entry">institutes military reforms in Prussia,</span> 103, 161;<br> +<span class="entry">mission to Vienna,</span> 320;<br> +<span class="entry">hostility to <i>N.</i>,</span> 396;<br> +<span class="entry">limits to his means,</span> 403;<br> +<span class="entry">killed at Lützen,</span> 406.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Scheldt, River, the</b>,</span> reopening of, i. 194;<br> +<span class="entry">closing the navigation of,</span> 450;<br> +<span class="entry">a French river,</span> iii. 270;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme of Hanoverian extension on,</span> 399.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Schérer, Gen.</b>,</span> commanding the Army of Italy, i. 344;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to upper Italy,</span> ii. 88;<br> +<span class="entry">driven behind the Mincio and Oglio,</span> 88;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated at Magnano,</span> 88;<br> +<span class="entry">succeeded by Moreau,</span> 88;<br> +<span class="entry">incompetency,</span> 88, 91.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Schill, F. von</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> abuse of, iii. 213;<br> +<span class="entry">attempts to rouse the German spirit,</span> 213;<br> +<span class="entry">final stand and death at Stralsund,</span> 213, 233;<br> +<span class="entry">helps insurrection in Westphalia,</span> 225;<br> +<span class="entry">denounced by Frederick William,</span> 233.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Schimmelpenninck, R. J.</b>,</span> Grand Pensionary of the Batavian Republic, ii. 233;<br> +<span class="entry">represents the Batavian Republic at Amiens,</span> 262;<br> +<span class="entry">intrigues to make Louis Buonaparte king of Holland,</span> 397.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Schlapanitz</b>,</span> military operations near, ii. 385.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Schleiermacher, F. E. D.</b>,</span> member of the reform party in Prussia, ii. 416;<br> +<span class="entry">influence on Prussian regeneration,</span> iii. 103.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Schleiz</b>,</span> engagement at, ii. 428.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Schleswig</b>,</span> Denmark's loss of, iii. 70.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Schloditten</b>,</span> military operations near, iii. 14.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Schönbrunn</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> establishes headquarters in palace at (1805), ii. 369, 378; (1809) iii. 212;<br> +<span class="entry">interview between <i>N.</i> and Haugwitz at,</span> ii. 399;<br> +<span class="entry">treaties of,</span> 417; iii. 241, 244, 252;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> proclamations from,</span> 215;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> leaves for the Lobau,</span> 226;<br> +<span class="entry">Prince Liechtenstein at,</span> 239;<br> +<span class="entry">accident to <i>N.</i> near,</span> 240;<br> +<span class="entry">attempt to assassinate <i>N.</i> at,</span> 240;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> returns to Paris from,</span> 245;<br> +<span class="entry">virtual imprisonment of Maria Louisa at,</span> iv. +<a href="#page143">143</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Schrattenthal</b>,</span> Kutusoff at, ii. 379.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Schwarzenberg, Prince</b>,</span> reliance on Peccadeuc, i. 65;<br> +<span class="entry">Austrian minister to France,</span> iii. 253;<br> +<span class="entry">suggests the marriage of <i>N.</i> and Maria Louisa,</span> 253;<br> +<span class="entry">toasts the King of Rome,</span> 261;<br> +<span class="entry">commands Austrian contingent in Russian campaign of 1812,</span> 324;<br> +<span class="entry">in Volhynia,</span> 338;<br> +<span class="entry">holds back Tormassoff,</span> 341;<br> +<span class="entry">opposed by Tormassoff and Tchitchagoff,</span> 350;<br> +<span class="entry">retreats behind the Bug,</span> 358;<br> +<span class="entry">expected to cover the crossing of the Beresina,</span> 363;<br> +<span class="entry">driven back,</span> 366;<br> +<span class="entry">checked by Sacken,</span> 369;<br> +<span class="entry">lukewarmness,</span> 382;<br> +<span class="entry">retreats across the Vistula,</span> 385;<br> +<span class="entry">evacuates Warsaw,</span> 385;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks shelter in Cracow,</span> 393;<br> +<span class="entry">held back by Metternich,</span> 395;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding the Army of the South,</span> iv. +<a href="#page003">3</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">hampered by presence of the allied sovereigns,</span> +<a href="#page003">3</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">military incapacity,</span> cowardice, and reputation, +<a href="#page006">6</a>, +<a href="#page064">64</a>, +<a href="#page069">69</a>, +<a href="#page089">89</a>, +<a href="#page090">90</a>-94;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> moves against,</span> +<a href="#page008">8</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Dresden,</span> +<a href="#page009">9</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Vandamme's pursuit of,</span> +<a href="#page015">15</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Murat fails to check,</span> +<a href="#page017">17</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">protects Austria from invasion,</span> +<a href="#page018">18</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">moves on Dresden,</span> +<a href="#page018">18</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">southern movement by,</span> +<a href="#page021">21</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">gets to southward of Leipsic,</span> +<a href="#page022">22</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Murat ordered to hold,</span> +<a href="#page023">23</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">contemplated attack on,</span> +<a href="#page023">23</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed junction of Blücher and Bernadotte with,</span> +<a href="#page026">26</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Wachau,</span> +<a href="#page028">28</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Leipsic,</span> +<a href="#page027">27</a>-32;<br> +<span class="entry">suggests compromise plan of invasion of France,</span> +<a href="#page057">57</a>, +<a href="#page058">58</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Langres,</span> +<a href="#page058">58</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">crosses the Rhine at Basel,</span> +<a href="#page058">58</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">movement toward Auxerre,</span> +<a href="#page060">60</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">junction with Blücher,</span> +<a href="#page060">60</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">strength,</span> Feb. 9, 1814, +<a href="#page062">62</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> contemplated movement against,</span> +<a href="#page062">62</a>-65;<br> +<span class="entry">steady advance of,</span> +<a href="#page065">65</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">crosses Switzerland,</span> +<a href="#page067">67</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">danger of his advancing to Fontainebleau,</span> +<a href="#page072">72</a>;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page503" name="page503"></a>(p. 503)</span> +<span class="entry">sends flag of truce to Berthier,</span> +<a href="#page073">73</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">retreats to Troyes,</span> +<a href="#page073">73</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">quails before <i>N.'s</i> advance,</span> +<a href="#page073">73</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Macdonald and Oudinot in pursuit of,</span> +<a href="#page073">73</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">checks Oudinot,</span> +<a href="#page073">73</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">strength at Troyes,</span> +<a href="#page074">74</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">withdraws behind the Aube,</span> +<a href="#page074">74</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">justifies his course,</span> +<a href="#page074">74</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Bar-sur-Aube,</span> +<a href="#page074">74</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> prepares to attack,</span> +<a href="#page074">74</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Congress of Châtillon,</span> +<a href="#page077">77</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Blücher cut off from,</span> +<a href="#page077">77</a>, +<a href="#page078">78</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> plans to attack him at Châlons,</span> +<a href="#page077">77</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">regains communications with Blücher,</span> +<a href="#page080">80</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">moves against Macdonald,</span> +<a href="#page084">84</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">dismayed at the capture of Rheims,</span> +<a href="#page085">85</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">supposed retreat to the Vosges,</span> +<a href="#page086">86</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">engagements at Arcis and Torcy,</span> +<a href="#page087">87</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">sickness,</span> +<a href="#page089">89</a>, +<a href="#page090">90</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">on the European policy of 1814,</span> +<a href="#page088">88</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">retreats to Troyes,</span> +<a href="#page099">90</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> misled by his actions,</span> +<a href="#page090">90</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">apprehensions of <i>N.'s</i> strength,</span> +<a href="#page092">92</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">strength,</span> +<a href="#page092">92</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Arcis-sur-Aube,</span> +<a href="#page093">93</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Blücher seeks a junction with,</span> +<a href="#page094">94</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">his communications threatened,</span> +<a href="#page095">95</a>, +<a href="#page096">96</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">junction with Blücher,</span> +<a href="#page095">95</a>, +<a href="#page097">97</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">favors movement on Paris,</span> +<a href="#page098">98</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">determines to seek a battle,</span> +<a href="#page098">98</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">proposes to pursue <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page100">100</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at peace council in Paris,</span> +<a href="#page114">114</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">enters Paris with the allies,</span> +<a href="#page114">114</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">seduces Marmont,</span> +<a href="#page119">119</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">sows treason in the French army,</span> +<a href="#page120">120</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Marmont reveals his plot to,</span> +<a href="#page125">125</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">plan for the campaign of the Hundred Days,</span> +<a href="#page169">169</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Schweidnitz</b>,</span> the allied forces near, iii. 413;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> strategy at,</span> 413.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Science</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> advises encouragement of, ii. 347.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Scrivia, River, the</b>,</span> Ott driven back to, ii. 176;<br> +<span class="entry">the country of,</span> 176-178.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Sebastiani, Gen. F. H. B.</b>,</span> mission to Persia and the Levant, ii. 272-274;<br> +<span class="entry">obtains thorough knowledge of the East,</span> ii. 440;<br> +<span class="entry">strategy and diplomacy at Constantinople,</span> 20;<br> +<span class="entry">end of his influence in Turkey,</span> 33;<br> +<span class="entry">defeats a Spanish division,</span> 237;<br> +<span class="entry">moves up the Aube,</span> iv. +<a href="#page091">91</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Arcis-sur-Aube,</span> +<a href="#page092">92</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Secret police</b>,</span> license vice, iii. 92.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Segovia</b>,</span> French success at, iii. 156.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ségur, Count</b>,</span> minister to Russia, ii. 324;<br> +<span class="entry">appointed master of ceremonies at the Tuileries,</span> 324, 328;<br> +<span class="entry">foresees France's discontent,</span> iii. 326;<br> +<span class="entry">transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII,</span> iv. +<a href="#page132">132</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">plans the ratification of the Additional Act,</span> +<a href="#page166">166</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Seine, River, the</b>,</span> the quays of, iii. 74;<br> +<span class="entry">military movements on the,</span> iv. +<a href="#page065">65</a>, +<a href="#page069">69</a>, +<a href="#page071">71</a>, +<a href="#page073">73</a>, +<a href="#page085">85</a>, +<a href="#page090">90</a>, +<a href="#page104">104</a>, +<a href="#page112">112</a>, +<a href="#page116">116</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Selim III</b>,</span> dismisses viceroys of Moldavia and Wallachia, ii. 441;<br> +<span class="entry">moves against Russia,</span> 441;<br> +<span class="entry">declares war against England,</span> iii. 20;<br> +<span class="entry">overthrow of,</span> 33, 51, 106, 162;<br> +<span class="entry">held prisoner in the Seraglio,</span> 162;<br> +<span class="entry">murdered by Mustapha IV,</span> 162.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Semaphore</b>,</span> use of, in warfare, iii. 205.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Semlino</b>,</span> disposition of the spoils of Moscow at, iii. 358.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Semonville, Huguet de</b>,</span> envoy to Constantinople, i. 197;<br> +<span class="entry">dreads a new Terror,</span> ii. 94.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Sénancour, S. P. de</b>,</span> "Obermann," ii. 351.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Senarmont, Gen.</b>,</span> in battle of Friedland, iii. 31.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Senate, the</b>,</span> in 1799; ii. 126, 127, 150-153;<br> +<span class="entry">orders deportation of suspects,</span> 241;<br> +<span class="entry">subservience to <i>N.</i>,</span> 242-244;<br> +<span class="entry">new methods of electing to,</span> 247;<br> +<span class="entry">enlargement of its powers,</span> 247;<br> +<span class="entry">the tool of the First Consul,</span> 320;<br> +<span class="entry">steps toward creating the empire,</span> 319-322;<br> +<span class="entry">changes in,</span> under the constitution of 1804, 322;<br> +<span class="entry">announces the result of the plebiscite,</span> 341;<br> +<span class="entry">substitution of a hereditary house for the elective,</span> iii. 82;<br> +<span class="entry">its members ennobled,</span> 87;<br> +<span class="entry">confirms the divorce,</span> 247;<br> +<span class="entry">decrees the annexation of the Papal States,</span> 262;<br> +<span class="entry">decadence of constitutional forms in,</span> 295;<br> +<span class="entry">speech of Maria Louisa before the,</span> iv. +<a href="#page106">106</a>;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page504" name="page504"></a>(p. 504)</span> +<span class="entry">ordered to draft a new constitution,</span> +<a href="#page114">114</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">absolves the army from allegiance to <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page119">119</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">proclaims Louis XVIII,</span> +<a href="#page129">129</a>, +<a href="#page132">132</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Sens</b>,</span> military movements near, iv. +<a href="#page062">62</a>, +<a href="#page068">68</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal to continue the war from a center at,</span> +<a href="#page103">103</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at,</span> +<a href="#page105">105</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the French garrison at,</span> +<a href="#page118">118</a>.<br> + +<span class="name">"<b>Sentimental Journey to Nuits,"</b></span> <i>N.'s</i>, i. 146.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>September 22</b>,</span> celebration of, ii. 195.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Serfdom</b>,</span> at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 102;<br> +<span class="entry">abolished in Warsaw,</span> iii. 67.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Serpalten</b>,</span> military operations near, iii. 14.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Sérurier, Gen.</b>,</span> general of division, Army of Italy, i. 345;<br> +<span class="entry">at siege of Mantua,</span> 415, 418;<br> +<span class="entry">storms Gradisca,</span> 433;<br> +<span class="entry">delivers Venice to Austria,</span> ii. 24;<br> +<span class="entry">action on the 18th Brumaire,</span> 105;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding at the Point-du-Jour,</span> 108;<br> +<span class="entry">excites the soldiery at St. Cloud,</span> 116;<br> +<span class="entry">recreated marshal,</span> iv. +<a href="#page167">167</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Serves</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> visits, i. 141.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Servia</b>,</span> the rise of, iv. +<a href="#page300">300</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Seurre</b>,</span> disorders in, i. 96.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Seventh Regiment of the Line</b>,</span> supports <i>N.</i> on his return from Elba, iv. +<a href="#page156">156</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Seven Years' War, the</b>,</span> i. 17, 22; iv. +<a href="#page261">261</a>, +<a href="#page296">296</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Sextuple Alliance, the</b>,</span> iv. +<a href="#page295">295</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Seychelles</b>,</span> deportation of suspects to the, ii. 241.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Sézanne</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> at, iv. +<a href="#page061">61</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Marmont at,</span> +<a href="#page074">74</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> plan of movement via,</span> +<a href="#page085">85</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Shebreket</b>,</span> Mameluke attack on the French at, ii. 59;<br> +<span class="entry">action at,</span> 61.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Shipping</b>,</span> harassing regulations by France, ii. 269.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Shuvaloff, Count</b>,</span> Russian commissioner at Poischwitz, iii. 414, 417.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Sicily</b>,</span> Ferdinand IV king of, i. 421; iii. 319;<br> +<span class="entry">Nelson seeks the Egyptian expedition at,</span> ii. 57;<br> +<span class="entry">Nelson returns to,</span> 61;<br> +<span class="entry">Joseph made king of,</span> 395, 401;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal that the Bourbons retain power in,</span> 401;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> offers England territory as substitute for,</span> 404, 405;<br> +<span class="entry">England demands the surrender of,</span> 405;<br> +<span class="entry">withdrawal of English troops from,</span> iii. 111;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed French seizure of,</span> 111, 112;<br> +<span class="entry">English troops sent to Portugal from,</span> 122;<br> +<span class="entry">England threatened with loss of trade with,</span> 272;<br> +<span class="entry">English expedition to,</span> 284, 294;<br> +<span class="entry">French expedition against,</span> 308.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Siena</b>,</span> Pius VI withdraws to, ii. 39;<br> +<span class="entry">position in the French Empire,</span> iii. 279.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Sierra Moreña</b>,</span> defeat of Dupont in, iii. 156.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Sieyès, Abbé</b>,</span> pamphlet of the Third Estate, i. 107, 330;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> 330, 331; ii. 92;<br> +<span class="entry">declines service in the Directory,</span> i. 330, 331;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with <i>N.</i>,</span> 330, 331; ii. 35, 49, 94, 100-102;<br> +<span class="entry">president of the Ancients,</span> 35;<br> +<span class="entry">venality,</span> 35;<br> +<span class="entry">mission to Berlin,</span> 41;<br> +<span class="entry">checkmates Prussia,</span> 43;<br> +<span class="entry">charged with tampering with Bernadotte,</span> 43;<br> +<span class="entry">theories of government,</span> constitution-building, etc., 49, 96, 100-102, 117, 118, 125, 126, 149, 322;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the Directory,</span> 83, 92;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with Joubert,</span> 92;<br> +<span class="entry">schemes for a dictatorship,</span> 94, 95;<br> +<span class="entry">suspected of plotting with the House of Brunswick,</span> 95;<br> +<span class="entry">brought into the Bonapartist ranks,</span> 96-98;<br> +<span class="entry">surrenders his leadership,</span> 100;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed resignation of,</span> 101;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme to make him consul,</span> 102;<br> +<span class="entry">difficulty of holding him in the traces,</span> 102, 103;<br> +<span class="entry">resigns from the Directory,</span> 106, 115;<br> +<span class="entry">at St. Cloud,</span> 19th Brumaire, 111;<br> +<span class="entry">consul of France,</span> 123;<br> +<span class="entry">proceedings for election of First Consul,</span> 129;<br> +<span class="entry">accepts the estate of Crôsne,</span> 130;<br> +<span class="entry">chief of the Senate,</span> 129, 130;<br> +<span class="entry">keeper of the Directory's secret funds,</span> 129;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiations and intrigues in Prussia,</span> 155, 156;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with the Directory,</span> 155;<br> +<span class="entry">monarchical schemes for France,</span> 155, 156.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Siguenza</b>,</span> Castaños collects his troops at, iii. 185.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Silesia</b>,</span> wrested from Austria by Prussia, i. 325;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page505" name="page505"></a>(p. 505)</span> +<span class="entry">Austria seeks compensation for,</span> 325;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria's ambition concerning,</span> ii. 358;<br> +<span class="entry">offer of part of,</span> to Austria, ii. 445;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations in,</span> iii. 20; iv. +<a href="#page017">17</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> offers it to Austria,</span> iii. 22;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> reserve forces in,</span> 22;<br> +<span class="entry">Prussia retains her strongholds in,</span> 42;<br> +<span class="entry">position in Europe,</span> 55;<br> +<span class="entry">remains Prussian,</span> 55, 56;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> offers to offset the Danubian principalities against,</span> 106-108, 112;<br> +<span class="entry">French occupation,</span> 116;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander demands relinquishment of designs on,</span> 116;<br> +<span class="entry">Davout ordered to,</span> 165;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria stipulates for acquisition of,</span> 320;<br> +<span class="entry">to be connected with Old Prussia,</span> 398;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria rejects <i>N.'s</i> offer of,</span> 400;<br> +<span class="entry">the Army of the East in,</span> iv. +<a href="#page003">3</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">contemplated operations in,</span> +<a href="#page007">7</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations in,</span> +<a href="#page017">17</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">strength of her forces under Blücher,</span> +<a href="#page062">62</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">army of,</span> moves on Paris, +<a href="#page098">98</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Silk culture</b>,</span> introduced into Corsica, i. 80.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Simplon</b>,</span> creation of the department of the, iii. 278.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Simplon Pass</b>,</span> to pass under French control, ii. 40;<br> +<span class="entry">the crossing of the,</span> 169, 172;<br> +<span class="entry">military road through,</span> 233, 349; iii 74.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Sisteron</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> welcome at, on return from Elba, iv. +<a href="#page154">154</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Slave-trade</b>,</span> revival of the, ii. 236, 237, 245, 269, 270;<br> +<span class="entry">England protests against,</span> 270.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Slobozia</b>,</span> armistice concluded at, iii. 105;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty of,</span> 163.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Smith, Adam</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> study of, i. 78.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Smith, Sir Sidney</b>,</span> captures French transports, ii. 71;<br> +<span class="entry">at the siege of Acre,</span> 71, 73;<br> +<span class="entry">occupies Jaffa,</span> 75;<br> +<span class="entry">watching <i>N.</i> at Alexandria,</span> 79;<br> +<span class="entry">allows <i>N.</i> to slip through his fingers,</span> 82;<br> +<span class="entry">puts into Cyprus,</span> 82;<br> +<span class="entry">concludes treaty at El Arish,</span> 181;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding British fleet at Lisbon,</span> iii. 121;<br> +<span class="entry">urges Don John to embark for Brazil,</span> 121.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Smohain</b>,</span> the farms of, iv. +<a href="#page195">195</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">fighting at,</span> +<a href="#page206">206</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Smolensk</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> plan to seize, iii. 333;<br> +<span class="entry">military movements near,</span> 333, 336-340, 350, 355, 356, 362;<br> +<span class="entry">enthusiasm among the Russians at,</span> iii. 338;<br> +<span class="entry">strategical position,</span> 338;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of,</span> 338-341;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> military blunder at,</span> 340-343;<br> +<span class="entry">the shrine at,</span> 339, 343;<br> +<span class="entry">compared with Acre,</span> 340;<br> +<span class="entry">French garrison in,</span> 342, 358;<br> +<span class="entry">concentration of French troops at,</span> iii. 347;<br> +<span class="entry">guerrilla warfare around,</span> 350;<br> +<span class="entry">arrival of the French army at,</span> in its retreat, 362;<br> +<span class="entry">massacre of French stragglers in,</span> 362;<br> +<span class="entry">shameful scenes in,</span> 362;<br> +<span class="entry">abandonment of wounded at,</span> 363;<br> +<span class="entry">the march to Lithuania from,</span> 363;<br> +<span class="entry">reorganization of the army at,</span> 363;<br> +<span class="entry">destruction of the fortifications of,</span> 363;<br> +<span class="entry">Ney's perilous retreat from,</span> 364.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Smorgoni</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> desertion of his army at, iii. 373, 375.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Social contract</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> views concerning the, i. 77, 267.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Social customs, privileges</b>,</span> etc., i. 100-103;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> study of,</span> 137, 138, 145, 150.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Södermannland, Duke of</b>,</span> attempts the siege of Hameln, ii. 416.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Soignes</b>,</span> fears of Wellington's withdrawal behind, iv. +<a href="#page190">190</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Wellington's position in front of,</span> +<a href="#page192">192</a>, +<a href="#page195">195</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Soissons</b>,</span> Maria Louisa's progress through, iii. 257;<br> +<span class="entry">Mortier at,</span> iv. +<a href="#page074">74</a>, +<a href="#page086">86</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Blücher recruits his forces at,</span> +<a href="#page076">76</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">surrenders to the allies,</span> +<a href="#page077">77</a>, +<a href="#page083">83</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">French retreat to,</span> +<a href="#page080">80</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at,</span> +<a href="#page080">80</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the French army leaves,</span> +<a href="#page081">81</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Sokolnitz</b>,</span> fighting at, ii. 385-388.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Solano, Gen.</b>,</span> makes ineffectual movement against the French, iii. 149.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Solothurn</b>,</span> the plundering of, ii. 40.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Solre</b>,</span> Gen. d'Erlon at, iv. +<a href="#page170">170</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Sombreffe</b>,</span> military movements near, iv. +<a href="#page171">171</a>, +<a href="#page175">175</a>-180.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Somerset, Gen. F. J. H.</b>,</span> in battle of Waterloo, iv. +<a href="#page202">202</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Sommepuis</b>,</span> military movements near, iv. +<a href="#page091">91</a>.<br> + + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page506" name="page506"></a>(p. 506)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Sommesous</b>,</span> military movements near, iv. +<a href="#page091">91</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Somosierra</b>,</span> crossing the pass of, iii. 186.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Sophia Dorothea</b>,</span> wife of Jerome, iii. 322.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Sortlack, Forest of</b>,</span> military movements in the, iii. 30.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Souham, Gen.</b>,</span> in battle of Leipsic, iv. +<a href="#page032">32</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Nogent,</span> +<a href="#page102">102</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">left in command at Essonnes,</span> +<a href="#page124">124</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">seduced by Marmont,</span> +<a href="#page125">125</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">summoned to Fontainebleau,</span> +<a href="#page126">126</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">delivers his army prisoners to the Austrians,</span> +<a href="#page126">126</a>, +<a href="#page127">127</a>.<br> + +<a id="soult" name="soult"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Soult, Marshal</b>,</span> commanding force at Tarentum, ii. 204;<br> +<span class="entry">service in the Army of England,</span> 291;<br> +<span class="entry">created marshal,</span> 323;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> 364; iii. 286;<br> +<span class="entry">seizes Memmingen,</span> ii. 366;<br> +<span class="entry">reaches Hollabrunn,</span> 379;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Austerlitz,</span> 384-388;<br> +<span class="entry">at Münchberg,</span> 428;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Jena,</span> 429-432;<br> +<span class="entry">invests Magdeburg,</span> 436;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Pultusk,</span> iii. 4;<br> +<span class="entry">strength in Poland,</span> 7;<br> +<span class="entry">campaign of Eylau,</span> 15;<br> +<span class="entry">at Osterode,</span> 18;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Heilsberg,</span> 28;<br> +<span class="entry">pursues Lestocq from Friedland,</span> 31;<br> +<span class="entry">created Duke of Dalmatia,</span> 86;<br> +<span class="entry">yearly income,</span> 87, 296;<br> +<span class="entry">movement against Blake,</span> 185;<br> +<span class="entry">lack of vigor of movement,</span> 185;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to Mansilla,</span> 188;<br> +<span class="entry">entrusted with the pursuit of Moore,</span> 189;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Corunna,</span> 188;<br> +<span class="entry">crosses the Esla,</span> 188;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated by Wellesley in Portugal,</span> 236;<br> +<span class="entry">causes Wellesley to withdraw,</span> 237;<br> +<span class="entry">service in Spain,</span> 284;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to Andalusia,</span> 286;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to join Masséna in Portugal,</span> 286;<br> +<span class="entry">jealousy of Masséna,</span> 286;<br> +<span class="entry">before Cadiz,</span> 286;<br> +<span class="entry">fails to relieve Masséna,</span> 286;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated in attack on Sir John Moore,</span> 286;<br> +<span class="entry">captures Badajoz,</span> 287;<br> +<span class="entry">invasion of Portugal (1809),</span> 287;<br> +<span class="entry">occupies Oporto,</span> 287;<br> +<span class="entry">expelled from Portugal,</span> 287;<br> +<span class="entry">failure in Spain,</span> 287;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Talavera,</span> 287;<br> +<span class="entry">made commander-in-chief,</span> 287;<br> +<span class="entry">bickerings with Joseph,</span> 287;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Ocaña,</span> 287, 288;<br> +<span class="entry">aims to win the crown of Portugal,</span> 287, 296;<br> +<span class="entry">retreats toward the south coast,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">returns to Cadiz,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated at Albuera,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">marches to relief of Badajoz,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">joins Masséna,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">marches to Joseph's aid,</span> 290;<br> +<span class="entry">abandons Cadiz,</span> 290;<br> +<span class="entry">despatched on Pyrenean campaign,</span> 421;<br> +<span class="entry">shut up in Bayonne,</span> iv. +<a href="#page040">40</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">thrown back on Toulouse,</span> +<a href="#page081">81</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">strength,</span> March, 1814, +<a href="#page102">102</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">available forces of,</span> +<a href="#page118">118</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">defeat at Toulouse,</span> +<a href="#page148">148</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">appointed minister of war,</span> +<a href="#page148">148</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">revival of imperial sentiment in his army,</span> +<a href="#page157">157</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">opposed to Murat,</span> +<a href="#page157">157</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">recreated marshal,</span> +<a href="#page167">167</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">chief of staff in the Waterloo campaign,</span> +<a href="#page171">171</a>, +<a href="#page190">190</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">blunder before Charleroi,</span> +<a href="#page173">173</a>, +<a href="#page174">174</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">cognizant of Blücher's movement to Wavre,</span> +<a href="#page191">191</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">orders to Grouchy,</span> +<a href="#page194">194</a>, +<a href="#page214">214</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page204">204</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">on inspiration,</span> +<a href="#page248">248</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Sound, the</b>,</span> threats to close it to English commerce, iii. 69.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>South America</b>,</span> Spanish concessions to France in, ii. 205;<br> +<span class="entry">England's commerce with,</span> iii. 55;<br> +<span class="entry">England threatens to make Spanish colonies independent,</span> 71.<br> + +<a id="spain" name="spain"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Spain</b>,</span> affinity with Corsica, i. 9;<br> +<span class="entry">Bourbon influence in,</span> 22;<br> +<span class="entry">expected enmity of,</span> i. 187;<br> +<span class="entry">goes to defense of Toulon,</span> 221;<br> +<span class="entry">blockades Mediterranean ports,</span> 239;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> relations with,</span> and attitude toward, 247; ii. 18, 203, et seq., 289, 332, 405; iii. 54, 71, 127, 131, 139, 149, 151, 157, 178, 190, 280 et seq., 293, 307, 319; iv. +<a href="#page030">30</a>, +<a href="#page052">52</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">growth of liberal ideas in,</span> i. 276;<br> +<span class="entry">withdraws from the coalition (1795),</span> 324;<br> +<span class="entry">relations and alliances with France,</span> 341, 421; ii. 203-206, 288-290, 332, 349, 358, 359, 371; iii. 78, 120, 132, 190;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> proposes to hand Rome over to,</span> i. 420;<br> +<span class="entry">drives Admiral Mann from the Mediterranean,</span> 421;<br> +<span class="entry">destruction of fleet off Cape St. Vincent,</span> 456;<br> +<span class="entry">diplomatic offset of Naples against,</span> ii. 18;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page507" name="page507"></a>(p. 507)</span> +<span class="entry">war with Portugal,</span> 18;<br> +<span class="entry">preparations for action in,</span> 37;<br> +<span class="entry">schemes of revolutionary propaganda for,</span> 44;<br> +<span class="entry">naval inaction,</span> 67;<br> +<span class="entry">low intrigues in,</span> 204;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of Marengo in,</span> 204;<br> +<span class="entry">Godoy prime minister,</span> 204;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed incorporation of Portugal with,</span> 211;<br> +<span class="entry">recovers colonies under the peace of Amiens,</span> 262;<br> +<span class="entry">exchanges Louisiana for Etruria,</span> 272;<br> +<span class="entry">England attacks her commerce,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">exasperated over sale of Louisiana,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">treaties with France,</span> 289, 332;<br> +<span class="entry">loses Trinidad and Louisiana,</span> 332;<br> +<span class="entry">war with England,</span> Dec., 1804, 332;<br> +<span class="entry">her maritime forces controlled by France,</span> 332;<br> +<span class="entry">humiliates Portugal,</span> 332;<br> +<span class="entry">naval power shattered at Trafalgar,</span> 374;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> offers part of her territory to England,</span> 405;<br> +<span class="entry">called on for troops by France,</span> iii. 22;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal that she acquire Portugal,</span> 67;<br> +<span class="entry">attempt to bring her into the coalition,</span> 71;<br> +<span class="entry">incapacity of the Bourbons in,</span> 70;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> encourages dissensions in,</span> 71;<br> +<span class="entry">decay and humiliation,</span> 71, 123, 126, 134, 150;<br> +<span class="entry">revolt against Godoy,</span> 70;<br> +<span class="entry">embargo on English commerce,</span> 72;<br> +<span class="entry">the fleet ordered to Toulon,</span> 71;<br> +<span class="entry">necessity for the "regulation" of her affairs,</span> 111;<br> +<span class="entry">the situation in,</span> 118;<br> +<span class="entry">secret compact with France for partition of Portugal,</span> 120;<br> +<span class="entry">new title for the king,</span> 120;<br> +<span class="entry">plans for invasion of,</span> 120;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme to acquire Portugal,</span> 120;<br> +<span class="entry">depletion of the army,</span> 123;<br> +<span class="entry">depopulation,</span> 124;<br> +<span class="entry">corruption,</span> 124;<br> +<span class="entry">social life,</span> 124;<br> +<span class="entry">degradation of the Church in,</span> 124;<br> +<span class="entry">primogeniture and land tenure,</span> 124;<br> +<span class="entry">factions of the crown prince and of the prime minister,</span> 125;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> tempted by her colonies,</span> 127, 133;<br> +<span class="entry">arrest of the crown prince,</span> 126;<br> +<span class="entry">fortifying the French frontier,</span> 126;<br> +<span class="entry">announcement of the crown prince's conspiracy,</span> 127;<br> +<span class="entry">the "secret hand" in,</span> 128;<br> +<span class="entry">expected regeneration by France,</span> 127;<br> +<span class="entry">Dupont ordered to invade,</span> 128;<br> +<span class="entry">benefits accruing to England from troubles in,</span> 131;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> on the intestinal troubles in,</span> 131;<br> +<span class="entry">the crown given to Joseph,</span> 131, 150, 169, 280, 318;<br> +<span class="entry">French invasion and occupation of,</span> 132-135, 149, 151;<br> +<span class="entry">deposition of Godoy from office,</span> 134;<br> +<span class="entry">Murat assumes command in,</span> 135;<br> +<span class="entry">popular outbreaks,</span> 135, 140;<br> +<span class="entry">abdication of Charles IV,</span> 136;<br> +<span class="entry">patriotic and national spirit in,</span> 137-141, 151-156, 284, 288, 290; iv. +<a href="#page290">290</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">enthusiasm for Ferdinand VII,</span> iii. 138;<br> +<span class="entry">political intrigues in,</span> 139-141;<br> +<span class="entry">Murat Protector of,</span> 140;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude of the people toward Murat,</span> 141;<br> +<span class="entry">deposition of the Bourbons,</span> 145;<br> +<span class="entry">Murat appointed dictator,</span> 146;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> assumes the royal and hereditary rights of the throne of,</span> 148;<br> +<span class="entry">Louis refuses the crown of,</span> 148;<br> +<span class="entry">military movements in western Spain and on the Baltic,</span> 149;<br> +<span class="entry">character of the people,</span> 149-152, 153, 154, 190, 288;<br> +<span class="entry">convocation of notables at Bayonne,</span> 149;<br> +<span class="entry">adoption of a new constitution,</span> 150, 152;<br> +<span class="entry">destruction of her commerce,</span> 152;<br> +<span class="entry">lack of centralization in,</span> 151, 152, 374;<br> +<span class="entry">guerrilla warfare,</span> iii. 152-155, 190, 291;<br> +<span class="entry">influence of the clergy in the rebellion,</span> 154;<br> +<span class="entry">French disasters in,</span> 154, 290, 291;<br> +<span class="entry">fate of French soldiers in,</span> 155;<br> +<span class="entry">French movement against southern,</span> 156;<br> +<span class="entry">French pillage in,</span> 158;<br> +<span class="entry">national uprising against France,</span> 158, 192;<br> +<span class="entry">difficulties of the French campaign in,</span> 157;<br> +<span class="entry">offer of the throne to Archduke Charles,</span> 166;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> returns to,</span> 182;<br> +<span class="entry">caliber of the French army in,</span> 183;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> strength in,</span> Nov. 3, 1808, 183, 184;<br> +<span class="entry">regular and irregular forces,</span> 184;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> assumes command in,</span> 184;<br> +<span class="entry">lack of military genius in,</span> 185;<br> +<span class="entry">Sir John Moore enters,</span> 186;<br> +<span class="entry">sympathy between Portugal and,</span> 186;<br> +<span class="entry">abolition of the Inquisition and of the feudal system,</span> 189;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> institutes reforms in,</span> 189;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page508" name="page508"></a>(p. 508)</span> +<span class="entry">formation of a liberal constitution for,</span> 191;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> threatens to assume the crown,</span> 191;<br> +<span class="entry">question of annihilating its nationality,</span> 191;<br> +<span class="entry">statements as to <i>N.'s</i> leaving,</span> 196;<br> +<span class="entry">reinforcements for,</span> 202;<br> +<span class="entry">Wellesley prepares for invasion of,</span> 236;<br> +<span class="entry">need of prompt action in,</span> 238;<br> +<span class="entry">the war in,</span> 249;<br> +<span class="entry">the crown offered to Louis and rejected,</span> 270;<br> +<span class="entry">England's loss of trade with,</span> 272;<br> +<span class="entry">Fouché's offer to restore the Bourbons to,</span> 271;<br> +<span class="entry">seizures of American ships in,</span> 275;<br> +<span class="entry">annexation of part of,</span> to France, 278;<br> +<span class="entry">open warfare in,</span> 282;<br> +<span class="entry">seizure of northern provinces of,</span> 282;<br> +<span class="entry">"the natural continuation of France,"</span> 282;<br> +<span class="entry">policy of total annexation,</span> 282;<br> +<span class="entry">French rapine in,</span> 282;<br> +<span class="entry">policy of military administration for,</span> 282;<br> +<span class="entry">quality and strength of the French armies in,</span> 283;<br> +<span class="entry">Masséna in command in,</span> 283;<br> +<span class="entry">Wellington's provisions for French victories in,</span> 284;<br> +<span class="entry">blunders by the insurrectionary leaders,</span> 288;<br> +<span class="entry">Wellington enters,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">French occupation,</span> close of 1812, 290;<br> +<span class="entry">Soult abandons the south of,</span> 290;<br> +<span class="entry">discipline of the French army in,</span> 291;<br> +<span class="entry">England's expeditions to,</span> 293;<br> +<span class="entry">confiscation in,</span> 296;<br> +<span class="entry">troops withdrawn from Germany for service in,</span> 307;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> offer of peace in,</span> refused by England, 318;<br> +<span class="entry">England to be driven from,</span> 328;<br> +<span class="entry">compared with Russia,</span> 374;<br> +<span class="entry">French disasters in,</span> 377;<br> +<span class="entry">exhaustion of,</span> 382;<br> +<span class="entry">recall of commanders from,</span> 386;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty with Russia,</span> July, 1812, 391;<br> +<span class="entry">in grand coalition against <i>N.</i>,</span> 392;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> offers peace to England in,</span> 392;<br> +<span class="entry">Wellington's reverses in,</span> 392;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal to restore Bourbon rule,</span> 416;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> abandons,</span> 420;<br> +<span class="entry">Wellington's successes in,</span> 423;<br> +<span class="entry">French defeats in,</span> iv. +<a href="#page014">14</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> offers to restore the independence of,</span> +<a href="#page030">30</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">rises in support of Wellington,</span> +<a href="#page040">40</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed independence of,</span> +<a href="#page041">41</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">prolongation of the war in,</span> +<a href="#page051">51</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">restoration of the king to,</span> +<a href="#page052">52</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">relapses into absolutism and ecclesiasticism,</span> +<a href="#page052">52</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">adoption of a new constitution,</span> +<a href="#page052">52</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the Vienna coalition,</span> +<a href="#page164">164</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> dread of capture in,</span> +<a href="#page221">221</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Spandau</b>,</span> capitulation of, ii. 436;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed siege of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page004">2</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Spartel, Cape</b>,</span> Nelson's fleet off, ii. 372.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Specialist</b>,</span> the work of the, iv. +<a href="#page251">251</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Speculation</b>,</span> mania for, in France, i. 288, 289; ii. 219.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Spirding, Lake</b>,</span> military movements near, iii. 10.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Splüglen Pass</b>,</span> proposed movement of the reserve army via, ii. 169;<br> +<span class="entry">crossed by Macdonald,</span> 192.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Spree, River</b>,</span> military movements on the, iii. 407, 409; iv. +<a href="#page014">14</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Stadion, Count</b>,</span> Austrian diplomatic agent, ii. 381;<br> +<span class="entry">Austrian minister of state,</span> iii. 21, 104, 194, 199;<br> +<span class="entry">letter from Metternich,</span> July 26, 1807, 104;<br> +<span class="entry">urges prompt action,</span> 199;<br> +<span class="entry">resigns,</span> 253;<br> +<span class="entry">mission to the allies' camp,</span> 408.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Staël, Mme. de</b>,</span> relations with, enmity toward, and criticisms of <i>N.</i>, ii. 22, 119, 139, 197, 199, 259; iii. 94, 297-301;<br> +<span class="entry">procures revocation of Talleyrand's exile,</span> ii. 34;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> study of her writings,</span> 53;<br> +<span class="entry">"Influence of the Passions,"</span> 53;<br> +<span class="entry">on liberty in France,</span> 119;<br> +<span class="entry">her salon,</span> 199;<br> +<span class="entry">her character,</span> 259; iii. 297-301;<br> +<span class="entry">banishments of,</span> ii. 411;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with Mme. Récamier,</span> ii. 411, 412;<br> +<span class="entry">returns to Paris,</span> iii. 26;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered back to Geneva,</span> 26;<br> +<span class="entry">at Coppet,</span> 298;<br> +<span class="entry">difficulties with the Directory,</span> 298;<br> +<span class="entry">criticizes Josephine Beauharnais,</span> 298;<br> +<span class="entry">difficulties with the Committee of Public Safety,</span> 298;<br> +<span class="entry">poverty,</span> 299;<br> +<span class="entry">her book on Germany,</span> 300.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Stage</b>,</span> censorship of the, ii. 349.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Standing armies</b>,</span> i. 67.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Staps</b>,</span> attempts to assassinate <i>N.</i>, iii. 240.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Starhemberg, Count</b>,</span> Austrian ambassador to London, iii, 104;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page509" name="page509"></a>(p. 509)</span> +<span class="entry">leaves London,</span> 104.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Starsiedel</b>,</span> fighting at, iii, 406.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>State</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> conceptions of the, i. 78.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>State system</b>,</span> the, iv. +<a href="#page298">298</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>States of the Church</b>,</span> Pius VII strives to augment the, ii. 346.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Steffens, Prof.</b>,</span> summons German students into the ranks, iii. 398.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Stein, Baron H. F. C.</b>,</span> Prussian statesman, ii. 415; iii. 103;<br> +<span class="entry">frees the serfs,</span> 103;<br> +<span class="entry">introduces military reforms in Prussia,</span> 162;<br> +<span class="entry">resigns his ministry,</span> 162;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> demands his dismissal,</span> 162, 178;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks refuge in Vienna,</span> 178;<br> +<span class="entry">exile from Prussia,</span> 193;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of his reforms,</span> 320;<br> +<span class="entry">adviser to Alexander I,</span> 351;<br> +<span class="entry">reorganizes Prussian provinces,</span> 385;<br> +<span class="entry">formulates the treaty of Kalish,</span> 385;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with Alexander,</span> 385, 396;<br> +<span class="entry">hostility to <i>N.</i>,</span> 397; iv. +<a href="#page057">57</a>, +<a href="#page067">67</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">joins Frederick William at Breslau,</span> iii. 396;<br> +<span class="entry">on the unification of Germany,</span> 397;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> 397;<br> +<span class="entry">leading part in Prussia's awakening,</span> 398;<br> +<span class="entry">prepares to govern the conquered territories,</span> iv. +<a href="#page034">34</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Sterling, Adm.</b>,</span> naval operations of, ii. 359.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Stettin</b>,</span> capitulation of, ii. 436;<br> +<span class="entry">Davout's force in,</span> 202;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed French movement on,</span> 393;<br> +<span class="entry">held by the French,</span> 402;<br> +<span class="entry">relief of the French in,</span> iv. +<a href="#page002">2</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Stewart, Sir Charles</b>,</span> English minister at Berlin, iii. 417;<br> +<span class="entry">influences the armistice of Poischwitz,</span> 417.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Steyer</b>,</span> armistice signed at, ii. 192.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Stockach</b>,</span> battle of, ii. 88;<br> +<span class="entry">captured by Lecourbe,</span> 166.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Stockholm</b>,</span> installation of Bernadotte at, iii. 281.<br> + +<span class="name">"<b>Stockpot, Marshal</b>,"</span> iii. 291.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Stötteritz</b>,</span> fighting at, iv. +<a href="#page033">33</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Strabo</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> study of, i. 78.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Stradella</b>,</span> Desaix commanding corps at, ii. 177;<br> +<span class="entry">fortified camp at,</span> 175;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations near,</span> 185.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Stralsund</b>,</span> threatened by Mortier iii., 19;<br> +<span class="entry">Schill's final stand at,</span> 213, 234;<br> +<span class="entry">capture of,</span> 234.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Strasburg</b>,</span> Moreau's army at, i. 347;<br> +<span class="entry">Moreau and Desaix cross the Rhine near,</span> 440;<br> +<span class="entry">retirement of Cardinal Rohan from,</span> ii. 301;<br> +<span class="entry">imprisonment of Duc d'Enghien at,</span> 304, 305;<br> +<span class="entry">French expeditions to,</span> 304; iii. 203;<br> +<span class="entry">Caulaincourt's mission to,</span> 107;<br> +<span class="entry">Maria Louisa's progress through,</span> 257;<br> +<span class="entry">Schwarzenberg's communications with,</span> threatened, iv. +<a href="#page095">95</a>, +<a href="#page096">96</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">sends troops to relief of Paris,</span> +<a href="#page102">102</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Strebersdorf</b>,</span> military operations near, iii. 217, 218.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Street of Peace, the</b>,</span> iii. 74.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Street of Rivoli, the</b>,</span> iii. 74.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Strehla</b>,</span> fighting near, iv. +<a href="#page009">9</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Striefen</b>,</span> fighting near, iv. +<a href="#page009">9</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Striegau</b>,</span> Blücher at, iv. +<a href="#page003">3</a>, +<a href="#page006">6</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Stuart</b>,</span> British envoy to Vienna, ii. 302.<br> + +<span class="name">"<b>Study in Politics, A</b>,"</span> projected by <i>N.</i>, i. 289.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Studjenka</b>,</span> the passage of the Beresina at, iii. 368-371.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Stura, River, the</b>,</span> Masséna's advance through valley of, i. 243;<br> +<span class="entry">Austrian force on,</span> ii. 170.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Stuttgart</b>,</span> Bourrienne in diplomacy at, i. 174;<br> +<span class="entry">machinations of Méhée de la Touche in,</span> ii. 297, 298;<br> +<span class="entry">expulsion of the English envoy at,</span> 330.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Styria</b>,</span> junction of Austrian troops in. ii. 367;<br> +<span class="entry">Prince Eugène in,</span> iii. 225;<br> +<span class="entry">Archduke John banished to,</span> 230.<br> + +<a id="suchet" name="suchet"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Suchet, Marshal Louis-Gabriel</b>,</span> retreat before Melas, ii. 165;<br> +<span class="entry">expected to attack Melas,</span> 170;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations on the Var,</span> 174;<br> +<span class="entry">pursues the Russians,</span> 378;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Austerlitz,</span> 387;<br> +<span class="entry">service in Spain,</span> iii. 283;<br> +<span class="entry">annihilates Blake's Spanish army,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">captures Aragon and Valencia,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">captures Tarragona,</span> 377;<br> +<span class="entry">contrasted with Augereau,</span> iv. +<a href="#page094">94</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">strength,</span> March, 1814, +<a href="#page102">102</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">available forces of,</span> +<a href="#page118">118</a>.<br> + + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page510" name="page510"></a>(p. 510)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Sucy</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> letters to, i. 165;<br> +<span class="entry">prophesies as to <i>N.'s</i> future,</span> ii. 28.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Suez, Isthmus of</b>,</span> importance of, ii. 46.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Suez Canal</b>,</span> suggested by D'Argenson, ii. 46.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Suicide</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> views concerning, and his attempts to commit, i. 80, 81; ii. 75; iv. +<a href="#page130">130</a>, +<a href="#page131">131</a>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>, +<a href="#page232">232</a>, +<a href="#page287">287</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Sunday</b>,</span> resumption of its observance, ii. 258.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Supper of Beaucaire," the</b>,</span> i. 212-221, 286.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Survilliers, Comte de</b>.</span> <i>See</i> <a href="#buonapartejoseph"><b>Buonaparte, Joseph</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Suvaroff, Gen. A. V.</b>,</span> defeats Macdonald on the Trebbia, ii. 92;<br> +<span class="entry">holds Piedmont,</span> 141;<br> +<span class="entry">driven by Masséna to Bavaria,</span> 142;<br> +<span class="entry">disasters in the Alps,</span> 141.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Swabia</b>,</span> treaty with France (1796), i. 450;<br> +<span class="entry">demonstrations of emigrants in,</span> ii. 307;<br> +<span class="entry">withdrawal of Austrian troops from,</span> 311;<br> +<span class="entry">French occupation of,</span> 405.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Sweden</b>,</span> excluded from Congress of Rastatt, ii. 27;<br> +<span class="entry">joins the "armed neutrality,"</span> 194;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> hatred for the royal house of,</span> 416;<br> +<span class="entry">Joachim I's aspirations to the crown of,</span> 416;<br> +<span class="entry">Prussia recommended to go to war with,</span> 420;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the coalition,</span> iii. 20;<br> +<span class="entry">held back by Mortier,</span> 19;<br> +<span class="entry">internal dissensions,</span> 35;<br> +<span class="entry">neutrality of,</span> 46;<br> +<span class="entry">failure of commercial negotiations with England,</span> 49;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed commercial war against England,</span> 55;<br> +<span class="entry">virtual dependence on France,</span> 66;<br> +<span class="entry">English regulations concerning American trade with,</span> 100, 101;<br> +<span class="entry">supposed assistance from England to,</span> 113;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> hints at rectification of her boundaries,</span> 113;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed Russian invasion of,</span> 113;<br> +<span class="entry">makes obstinate resistance in Finland,</span> 117;<br> +<span class="entry">failure of the demonstration against,</span> 159;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander's uncertain position in regard to,</span> 165;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> promises to restore Pomerania to,</span> 268;<br> +<span class="entry">promises to exclude British commerce,</span> 267;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty with Russia,</span> Sept. 17, 1809, 268;<br> +<span class="entry">cedes Finland to Russia,</span> 268, 281;<br> +<span class="entry">Frederick VI hopes to acquire,</span> 280;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> ambitions concerning,</span> 280;<br> +<span class="entry">accession of Charles XIII,</span> 280;<br> +<span class="entry">selection of Bernadotte as heir to the throne,</span> 280;<br> +<span class="entry">abdication of Gustavus IV,</span> 280;<br> +<span class="entry">Mme. de Staël in,</span> 299;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander offers Norway to,</span> 314, 321, 350;<br> +<span class="entry">Russia opens negotiations with,</span> 316;<br> +<span class="entry">demands and acquires a liberal constitution,</span> 317;<br> +<span class="entry">eagerness to escape from French protection,</span> 318;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> offers Finland to,</span> 321;<br> +<span class="entry">bids for her alliance by France and Russia,</span> 320, 321;<br> +<span class="entry">Davout occupies Pomerania,</span> 321;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty with Russia,</span> April 12, 1812, 321;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander demands better terms for,</span> 329;<br> +<span class="entry">in grand coalition against <i>N.</i> (1813),</span> 392;<br> +<span class="entry">Metternich seeks to embroil Russia and,</span> 395;<br> +<span class="entry">subsidized by England,</span> 399;<br> +<span class="entry">ambition to secure Norway,</span> 399;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> attempts to win over,</span> 399;<br> +<span class="entry">evacuates Hamburg,</span> 407;<br> +<span class="entry">commercial agreement with England,</span> 424;<br> +<span class="entry">inaugurates the coalition of 1813,</span> 424;<br> +<span class="entry">Bernadotte seeks to annex Norway to,</span> iv. +<a href="#page055">55</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">struggle with Norway,</span> +<a href="#page164">164</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the Vienna coalition,</span> +<a href="#page164">164</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Swiss Guard</b>,</span> at the Tuileries, i. 299.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Switzerland</b>,</span> republican schemes and revolutionary movements in, i. 329; ii. 27, 40;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> schemes and influence in,</span> i. 448; ii. 12, 144, 233, 234;<br> +<span class="entry">French plundering of,</span> 40;<br> +<span class="entry">organization of the Helvetian Republic,</span> 86;<br> +<span class="entry">Masséna ordered to command in,</span> 87;<br> +<span class="entry">Russian military operations in,</span> 91-93;<br> +<span class="entry">Berthier commanding in,</span> 140;<br> +<span class="entry">Masséna's successes in,</span> 140;<br> +<span class="entry">Masséna makes a forced levy in,</span> 153;<br> +<span class="entry">falls into French hands,</span> 164, 234, 281;<br> +<span class="entry">Kray's retreat via,</span> cut off, 166;<br> +<span class="entry">jealousy of Piedmont,</span> 233;<br> +<span class="entry">factions in,</span> 234;<br> +<span class="entry">adoption of the name,</span> 234;<br> +<span class="entry">neutrality of,</span> 234;<br> +<span class="entry">the Act of Mediation,</span> 234;<br> +<span class="entry">furnishes contingents to <i>N.'s</i> armies,</span> 234; iii. 3, 20, 323;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page511" name="page511"></a>(p. 511)</span> +<span class="entry">occupied by Ney,</span> ii. 272;<br> +<span class="entry">lends aid to France in 1803,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">independence of,</span> 354;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> claim to,</span> 354;<br> +<span class="entry">Prussia bound to secure the liberties of,</span> 377;<br> +<span class="entry">Mme. de Staël banished to,</span> 411;<br> +<span class="entry">relations of France with,</span> iii. 54, 73;<br> +<span class="entry">Valais separated from,</span> 278;<br> +<span class="entry">violation of her neutrality by the allies,</span> iv. +<a href="#page056">56</a>, +<a href="#page057">57</a>, +<a href="#page066">66</a>, +<a href="#page067">67</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">fails to support the Emperor,</span> +<a href="#page057">57</a>, +<a href="#page059">59</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">reported rising in,</span> +<a href="#page088">88</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Jerome and Joseph take refuge in,</span> +<a href="#page135">135</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Syria</b>,</span> Nelson seeks the Egyptian expedition off the coast of, ii. 57;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> schemes of conquest in,</span> 61, 62;<br> +<span class="entry">Turkish movements in,</span> 68-70;<br> +<span class="entry">the French advance into,</span> 68, 69.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Szuczyn</b>,</span> Russian retreat to, iii, 8.</p> + + +<h5>T</h5> + +<p><span class="name"><b>Tabor, Mount</b>,</span> battle near, ii. 72.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tabor Bridge</b>,</span> Murat crosses the, ii. 368.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tacticus</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> references to, ii. 235.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tactics and strategy</b>,</span> the lessons of Austerlitz, ii. 391, 392.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tafalla</b>,</span> Moncey at, iii. 183.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tagliamento, River</b>,</span> military operations on the, i. 430-432.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tagus, River, the</b>,</span> British fleet in, iii. 121;<br> +<span class="entry">French attempt to capture the fleet in,</span> 121;<br> +<span class="entry">Dupont holds,</span> 156;<br> +<span class="entry">the lines of Torres Vedras,</span> 285;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations on,</span> 285.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Taine, H. A.</b>,</span> on the Napoleonic régime, iv. +<a href="#page294">294</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Talavera</b>,</span> battle of, iii. 236, 284, 287.<br> + +<a id="talleyrand" name="talleyrand"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Talleyrand, Prince</b>,</span> minister of foreign affairs, ii. 17, 34, 35, 130, 153, 323;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with and views on <i>N.</i>,</span> ii. 17, 23, 24, 30, 31, 33-35, 96, 97; iii. 81, 94-96, 133, 151, 168, 175, 179, 301; iv. +<a href="#page165">165</a>, +<a href="#page233">233</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">attempts to force <i>N.'s</i> hand,</span> ii. 23;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with Mme. du Barry,</span> 33;<br> +<span class="entry">expelled from England,</span> 33;<br> +<span class="entry">Mirabeau's opinion of,</span> 33;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with the Directory,</span> 34;<br> +<span class="entry">career,</span> 33-35;<br> +<span class="entry">system of national education,</span> 33, 225-227;<br> +<span class="entry">charged with tampering with Bernadotte,</span> 43;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the Institute,</span> 47;<br> +<span class="entry">advocates seizure of Egypt,</span> 47, 48;<br> +<span class="entry">intrigue with <i>N.</i>,</span> Barras, and Sieyès for a new constitution, 49;<br> +<span class="entry">ascribes the Egyptian expedition to <i>N.</i>,</span> 51;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed mission to Constantinople,</span> 66;<br> +<span class="entry">dreads a new Terror,</span> 94;<br> +<span class="entry">critical moment in his house,</span> before the 18th Brumaire, 103;<br> +<span class="entry">influence on Barras,</span> 107;<br> +<span class="entry">Bourbon sympathies of,</span> 122;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> proposes a constitution to,</span> 126;<br> +<span class="entry">offers peace to Portugal,</span> 154;<br> +<span class="entry">monarchical views of,</span> 158;<br> +<span class="entry">discusses possibility of <i>N.'s</i> death,</span> 186;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiations with Count St. Julien,</span> 188;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiations with Cobenzl,</span> 189;<br> +<span class="entry">demands bribes from American envoys,</span> 212;<br> +<span class="entry">the Pope's ban removed from,</span> 216;<br> +<span class="entry">carves up German principalities,</span> 265;<br> +<span class="entry">demands to know England's intentions concerning Malta,</span> 273;<br> +<span class="entry">Lord Whitworth's utterances to,</span> 284;<br> +<span class="entry">his explanation of the scene of March 13,</span> 1803, 284;<br> +<span class="entry">urges action against Bourbon plotters,</span> 304;<br> +<span class="entry">notifies Baden of the seizure of Duc d'Enghien,</span> 308;<br> +<span class="entry">charged with suppressing despatches,</span> 306;<br> +<span class="entry">Josephine's dread of,</span> 308;<br> +<span class="entry">blamed by <i>N.</i> for the murder of the Duc d'Enghien,</span> 311; iii. 198;<br> +<span class="entry">murder of the Duc d'Enghien sits lightly on,</span> ii. 312;<br> +<span class="entry">Grand Chamberlain,</span> 324;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude of Pius VII toward,</span> 326;<br> +<span class="entry">excommunication taken off from,</span> 326;<br> +<span class="entry">replies to Russia's demands,</span> 330;<br> +<span class="entry">diplomatic replies to Pius VII,</span> 346;<br> +<span class="entry">at Vienna,</span> 382;<br> +<span class="entry">created Prince of Benevento,</span> 396; iii. 94, 279;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiations with Lord Yarmouth,</span> ii. 400, 401;<br> +<span class="entry">bribed by German princes,</span> 403;<br> +<span class="entry">on the proposed North German Confederation,</span> 420;<br> +<span class="entry">at Tilsit,</span> iii. 49, 53;<br> +<span class="entry">warns <i>N.</i> against Queen Louisa's fascinations,</span> 60;<br> +<span class="entry">author of treaty of Tilsit,</span> 60;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page512" name="page512"></a>(p. 512)</span> +<span class="entry">Queen Louisa's sarcasm to,</span> 61;<br> +<span class="entry">showy character of his diplomacy,</span> 65;<br> +<span class="entry">responsibility for the treaty of Tilsit,</span> 72;<br> +<span class="entry">advocates support of the Emperor,</span> 80;<br> +<span class="entry">conversations with Mme. de Rémusat,</span> 80;<br> +<span class="entry">on the discords in the imperial court,</span> 94;<br> +<span class="entry">resigns from the ministry,</span> 94, 96;<br> +<span class="entry">salary,</span> 96;<br> +<span class="entry">his influence on the wane,</span> 96;<br> +<span class="entry">Vice-Grand Elector,</span> 96; iv. +<a href="#page106">106</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">policy after Austerlitz,</span> iii. 125;<br> +<span class="entry">favors Ferdinand VII,</span> 125;<br> +<span class="entry">resumes active diplomacy,</span> 133;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiations with Izquierdo,</span> 133;<br> +<span class="entry">at Bayonne,</span> 145;<br> +<span class="entry">estimate of Ferdinand VII,</span> 145;<br> +<span class="entry">constituted custodian of Ferdinand VII,</span> 148, 169;<br> +<span class="entry">stinging rebuke addressed to <i>N.</i> by,</span> 151;<br> +<span class="entry">prepares to return to public life,</span> 169;<br> +<span class="entry">acts in the interests of Austria,</span> 171, 178;<br> +<span class="entry">at the Erfurt conference,</span> 171, 178-181;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to ventilate the divorce question,</span> 181;<br> +<span class="entry">his treachery read by <i>N.</i>,</span> 197;<br> +<span class="entry">blamed by <i>N.</i> for the Spanish failure,</span> 197;<br> +<span class="entry">member of extraordinary council on <i>N.'s</i> second marriage,</span> 254;<br> +<span class="entry">on the natural extensions of France,</span> 282;<br> +<span class="entry">meeting of <i>N.</i> and Mme. de Staël at house of,</span> 298;<br> +<span class="entry">pecuniary losses,</span> 301;<br> +<span class="entry">on the aims of the coalition of 1813,</span> 400;<br> +<span class="entry">spreads alarming reports,</span> iv. +<a href="#page051">51</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">on the Spanish situation,</span> +<a href="#page051">51</a>, +<a href="#page052">52</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">royalist intrigues of,</span> +<a href="#page051">51</a>, +<a href="#page106">106</a>, +<a href="#page107">107</a>, +<a href="#page113">113</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the Empress-regent's council,</span> +<a href="#page106">106</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Murat's and Lannes's characterizations of,</span> +<a href="#page107">107</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">desires a violent death for the Emperor,</span> +<a href="#page107">107</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">opposes the departure of the Empress from Paris,</span> +<a href="#page107">107</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> knowledge of his duplicity,</span> +<a href="#page107">107</a>, +<a href="#page108">108</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">on the Empress's flight from Paris,</span> +<a href="#page108">108</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Dalberg's characterization of,</span> +<a href="#page107">107</a>, +<a href="#page108">108</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">simulated flight from Paris,</span> +<a href="#page112">112</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">interview with Prince Orloff,</span> +<a href="#page112">112</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">sends a "blank check" to Alexander,</span> +<a href="#page113">113</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at peace council in Paris,</span> +<a href="#page114">114</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">gives adherence to Louis XVIII,</span> +<a href="#page113">113</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiates with Nesselrode,</span> +<a href="#page113">113</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the executive commission,</span> +<a href="#page114">114</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">learns of Marmont's defection,</span> +<a href="#page125">125</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">remonstrates with Alexander against the regency,</span> +<a href="#page125">125</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">suspected complicity in plots to assassinate <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page138">138</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiates secret treaty between France,</span> England, and Austria, +<a href="#page145">145</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">influence at the Congress of Vienna,</span> +<a href="#page144">144</a>, +<a href="#page145">145</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">double intrigues of,</span> +<a href="#page148">148</a>, +<a href="#page149">149</a>, +<a href="#page153">153</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">ignores Russian and English protests,</span> +<a href="#page153">153</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">attainted,</span> +<a href="#page157">157</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> appeals to,</span> +<a href="#page165">165</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Carlsbad,</span> +<a href="#page224">224</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">returns to Paris,</span> +<a href="#page224">224</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">reception by Louis XVIII,</span> +<a href="#page224">224</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">resumes active functions,</span> +<a href="#page224">224</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">on the secret of empire,</span> +<a href="#page250">250</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">his value in European politics,</span> +<a href="#page251">251</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">correspondence with—<br> + French,</span> ambassador at London, ii. 284;<br> + Grenville, Lord, 143;<br> + Napoleon, 34, 49, 361; iii. 18, 117;<br> + Nesselrode, Count, iv. +<a href="#page106">106</a>;<br> + <i>character:</i> ambition, iii. 96; iv. +<a href="#page106">106</a>;<br> + brilliancy, ii. 33; iii. 65;<br> + capacity for intrigue, ii. 49, 130; iv. +<a href="#page051">51</a>, +<a href="#page106">106</a>, +<a href="#page108">108</a>, +<a href="#page112">112</a>, +<a href="#page148">148</a>, +<a href="#page153">153</a>;<br> + diplomatic and political ability, ii. 33, 131, 346; iii. 65, 95, 133;<br> + duplicity, ii. 33-35, 130-132; iv. +<a href="#page107">107</a>;<br> + gaming passion, ii. 33;<br> + greed 131;<br> + learning, 33;<br> + licentiousness, 33, 131;<br> + self-interest, iii. 193, 197, 253, 381;<br> + treachery, 193, 197; iv. +<a href="#page106">106</a>;<br> + unscrupulousness, ii. 33, 35, 212; iv. +<a href="#page107">107</a>, +<a href="#page138">138</a>;<br> + venality, ii. 34, 131, 265, 390, 391, 403; iii. 81, 94, 125; iv. +<a href="#page251">251</a>;<br> + versatility, ii. 33.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Talleyrand, Mme.</b>,</span> Pius VII refuses to receive, ii. 326.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tallien, J. L.</b>,</span> opposes Robespierre, i. 251;<br> +<span class="entry">social life in Paris,</span> 290;<br> +<span class="entry">influence for <i>N.</i>,</span> 296;<br> +<span class="entry">favors appointment of <i>N.</i> as Convention general,</span> 299;<br> +<span class="entry">marriage,</span> 315.<br> + +<a id="tallienmme" name="tallienmme"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Tallien, Mme.</b>,</span> "the goddess of Thermidor," i. 290;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> social intercourse with,</span> 291;<br> +<span class="entry">matrimonial experiences,</span> 315.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Talma, F. J.</b>,</span> i. 319;<br> +<span class="entry">accompanies <i>N.</i> to Erfurt,</span> iii. 174;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> intimacy with,</span> iv. +<a href="#page250">250</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tanaro</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> at taking of, i. 255.<br> + + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page513" name="page513"></a>(p. 513)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Tanaro, River</b>,</span> the country of the, ii. 178.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Taranto</b>,</span> embargo on, ii. 287;<br> +<span class="entry">creation of hereditary duchy of,</span> 396;<br> +<span class="entry">Macdonald created Duke of,</span> iii. 86.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#macdonald"><b>Macdonald</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tarentum</b>,</span> Soult's force at, ii. 204.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tarragona</b>,</span> captured by Suchet, iii. 377.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tarutino</b>,</span> Kutusoff takes position at, iii. 350.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tarvis</b>,</span> capture of, i. 433.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tatars</b>,</span> characteristics of the, iii. 9.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tatary</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> studies the history of, i. 95.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tauenzien, Gen.</b>,</span> battle of Dennewitz, iv. +<a href="#page018">18</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">during the Waterloo campaign,</span> +<a href="#page172">172</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tauroggen</b>,</span> Convention of, iii. 385, 395.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Taxation</b>,</span> Necker's problems of, i. 98;<br> +<span class="entry">exemption of privileged classes from,</span> 98, 100, 105;<br> +<span class="entry">conditions of,</span> at outbreak of the Revolution, 101-106;<br> +<span class="entry">the stamp tax,</span> 106;<br> +<span class="entry">the land-tax,</span> 105, 106;<br> +<span class="entry">outbreak against,</span> at Auxonne, 111;<br> +<span class="entry">demand for equality of,</span> in Corsica, 116, 117;<br> +<span class="entry">reform of the system of,</span> ii. 134, 220.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tchitchagoff, Adm.</b>,</span> joins Tormassoff, iii. 350;<br> +<span class="entry">pursuit of the French army by,</span> 358, 366, 383;<br> +<span class="entry">hopes of capturing <i>N.</i>,</span> 367;<br> +<span class="entry">description of <i>N.</i>,</span> 367;<br> +<span class="entry">captures Borrissoff,</span> 367, 368;<br> +<span class="entry">driven out of Borrissoff,</span> 368;<br> +<span class="entry">at the crossing of the Beresina,</span> 370;<br> +<span class="entry">blamed by Kutusoff and Wittgenstein,</span> 374, 375;<br> +<span class="entry">bad generalship of,</span> 375, 383.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tchernicheff, Gen.</b>,</span> commanding Army of the North, iv. +<a href="#page002">2</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Telnitz</b>,</span> fighting at, ii. 385, 386.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Templars, The,"</b></span> by Raynouard, ii. 350.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Temple, the</b>,</span> the royal family imprisoned in the, i. 175.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tenda Pass</b>,</span> captured by the French, i. 243, 256;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> entertainment for Mme. Turreau at,</span> 256.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Teplitz</b>,</span> Louis's flight to, iii. 276;<br> +<span class="entry">Bennigsen reaches,</span> iv. +<a href="#page022">22</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Terror, the</b>,</span> i. 250-252, 266, 272, 314, 333; iv. +<a href="#page262">262</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">fears of a revival of,</span> ii. 92.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Terrorists, the</b>,</span> growing influence of, ii. 93;<br> +<span class="entry">assassination schemes among,</span> 239.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Testamentary rights</b>,</span> under the Code, ii. 224.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tettenborn, Gen.</b>,</span> relieves Hamburg, iii. 402.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Texel, the</b>,</span> Marmont ordered to Mainz from, ii. 362.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Thann</b>,</span> battle of, iii. 210.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tharandt</b>,</span> Klenau's march to Dresden from, iv. +<a href="#page010">10</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Themistocles</b>,</span> his refuge with the Persians, iv. +<a href="#page227">227</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> draws parallel between his case and that of,</span> +<a href="#page227">227</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Thermidorians, the</b>,</span> i. 252;<br> +<span class="entry">prominent members of,</span> 254;<br> +<span class="entry">adopt Roman systems,</span> 269, 270, 271;<br> +<span class="entry">establish the Directory,</span> 271;<br> +<span class="entry">anger the people of Paris,</span> 273.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Thielemann, Gen.</b>,</span> in Waterloo campaign, iv. +<a href="#page172">172</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Wavre,</span> +<a href="#page194">194</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Third Coalition, the</b>,</span> ii. 354 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">Prussia induced to join,</span> 376, 377;<br> +<span class="entry">rout of the allies at Austerlitz,</span> 388;<br> +<span class="entry">destruction of its strength and morale,</span> 388.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Third Estate, the</b>,</span> at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 101;<br> +<span class="entry">constitution of,</span> 108;<br> +<span class="entry">assumes to represent the nation,</span> 108;<br> +<span class="entry">forces a junction with the two upper Estates,</span> 108;<br> +<span class="entry">Sieyès's pamphlet on the,</span> 107;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> care for,</span> iv. +<a href="#page258">258</a>, +<a href="#page261">261</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Third Republic</b>,</span> the constitution of the, i. 267.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Thirty Years' War</b>,</span> Richelieu's policy at close of the, ii. 264.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Thomé</b>,</span> alleges attempt to stab <i>N.</i>, ii. 116.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Thonberg</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> at, iv. +<a href="#page032">32</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Thorn</b>,</span> siege of, iii. 2;<br> +<span class="entry">French occupation of,</span> 12;<br> +<span class="entry">military movements near,</span> 13;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> in,</span> 331;<br> +<span class="entry">French military stores in,</span> 333.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Thought</b>,</span> influence on the social life of the world, ii. 46.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Thouvenot, Gen.</b>,</span> service in Spain, iii. 283.<br> + + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page514" name="page514"></a>(p. 514)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Three Emperors, Fight of the</b>,</span> ii. 391.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Thugut, Count</b>,</span> greed for territorial aggrandizement, i. 325;<br> +<span class="entry">determines on Italian conquest,</span> 425, 426;<br> +<span class="entry">opens negotiations at Leoben,</span> 436;<br> +<span class="entry">warns Gen. Clarke to keep away from Vienna,</span> 452; ii. 42;<br> +<span class="entry">not deceived by treaty of Campo Formio,</span> 22;<br> +<span class="entry">Paul I demands his dismissal,</span> 142;<br> +<span class="entry">repudiates St. Julien's negotiations,</span> 188;<br> +<span class="entry">overthrow of,</span> 189.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Thuin</b>,</span> military operations at, iv. +<a href="#page173">173</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Thuméry, Marquis of</b>,</span> suspected of plotting against <i>N.</i>, ii. 303.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Thuringia</b>,</span> military movements in, ii. 427.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tiber, River</b>,</span> military operations on the, i. 421.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ticino, River</b>,</span> military operations on the, i. 358; ii. 173.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tierney, G.</b>,</span> on England's attitude toward France, ii. 144.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tilly, Count</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> letter to, Aug. 7, 1794, i. 253.<br> + +<a id="tilsit" name="tilsit"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Tilsit</b>,</span> Bennigsen crosses the Niemen at, iii. 31;<br> +<span class="entry">meeting of the Emperors at,</span> 34-65, 93;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty of,</span> 34, 35, 54, 60, 63-66, 69, 72, 95, 97, 99, 104-110, 116-120, 132, 166-172, 177, 245, 248, 255, 265, 294, 304, 309, 313, 314, 328;<br> +<span class="entry">neutralization of,</span> 42;<br> +<span class="entry">reasons leading to the peace of,</span> 44 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">Queen Louisa at,</span> 44, 57-62;<br> +<span class="entry">French representatives at,</span> 49;<br> +<span class="entry">fraternizing of Russia and France at,</span> 49-53;<br> +<span class="entry">decoration of the Russian grenadier at,</span> 63;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> position at,</span> 179;<br> +<span class="entry">Macdonald reaches,</span> 384.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Times," the</b></span> (London), on the allies' capture of Paris, iv. +<a href="#page108">108</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tissot, Dr.</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> letter to, i. 84.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tobacco</b>,</span> establishment of state monopoly in, iii. 304.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Toledo</b>,</span> Dupont's forces near, iii. 156.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tolentino</b>,</span> treaty of, i. 350, 421; ii. 326.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Toll, Gen.</b>,</span> meets Alexander I after Austerlitz, ii. 388;<br> +<span class="entry">proposes concentration of the allied forces,</span> iv. +<a href="#page089">89</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">advises movement on Paris,</span> +<a href="#page098">98</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tolosa</b>,</span> French forces at, iii. 183.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tolstoi, Gen.</b>,</span> <i>See</i> <a href="#ostermanntolstoi"><b>Ostermann-Tolstoi</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Torbay</b>,</span> the "Bellerophon" at, iv. +<a href="#page221">221</a>, +<a href="#page226">226</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Torcy</b>,</span> battle at, iv. +<a href="#page086">86</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations at,</span> +<a href="#page090">90</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Torgau</b>,</span> Saxon troops withdrawn from, iii. 407;<br> +<span class="entry">French occupation of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page002">2</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Ney driven into,</span> +<a href="#page019">19</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of,</span> +<a href="#page267">267</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tormassoff, Gen.</b>,</span> confronted by Schwarzenberg, iii. 342;<br> +<span class="entry">joined by Tchitchagoff,</span> 351.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Torres Vedras</b>,</span> the lines of, iii. 285.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tortona</b>,</span> surrendered to France, i. 355;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at,</span> 453;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme to relieve Masséna via,</span> ii. 169;<br> +<span class="entry">the key of Genoa,</span> 172;<br> +<span class="entry">topography of the country,</span> 177, 178;<br> +<span class="entry">the Consular Guard at,</span> 178.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tortugas, the</b>,</span> death of Leclerc in, ii. 237.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Touche, Méhée de la</b>,</span> contrives Moreau's ruin, ii. 296-298;<br> +<span class="entry">English plots with,</span> 330.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Toulon</b>,</span> the recovery of, for the Convention, i. 148;<br> +<span class="entry">military and naval preparations at,</span> 187, 220, 221, 261; ii. 40, 47, 57, 332;<br> +<span class="entry">return of the Sardinian expedition to,</span> i. 198;<br> +<span class="entry">anarchy in,</span> 207, 213;<br> +<span class="entry">the Buonapartes in,</span> 212;<br> +<span class="entry">the Buonapartes driven from,</span> 216;<br> +<span class="entry">siege of,</span> 220, 233, 289;<br> +<span class="entry">Marseilles refugees at,</span> 221;<br> +<span class="entry">Lord Hood's seizure at,</span> 221;<br> +<span class="entry">the "treason" of,</span> 221-223;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at,</span> 223, 240, 255, 257, 289, 307;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> plans for capture of,</span> 230;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> seeks mercy for rebels at,</span> 233;<br> +<span class="entry">the National Convention's vengeance on,</span> 233, 234;<br> +<span class="entry">massacres in,</span> 234;<br> +<span class="entry">British occupation of,</span> 239;<br> +<span class="entry">recapture of,</span> 249;<br> +<span class="entry">news of the Terror in,</span> 251;<br> +<span class="entry">English fleet driven from,</span> 260;<br> +<span class="entry">the Corsican expedition leaves,</span> 262;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at siege of,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">forced military loans in,</span> 345;<br> +<span class="entry">departure of Egyptian expedition from,</span> ii. 52-56;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page515" name="page515"></a>(p. 515)</span> +<span class="entry">Nelson seeks the Egyptian expedition at,</span> 57;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> sails from Alexandria for,</span> 82;<br> +<span class="entry">failure of Villeneuve's expedition from,</span> 333;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> orders the Spanish fleet to,</span> iii. 71.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Toulouse</b>,</span> Soult thrown back on, iv. +<a href="#page081">81</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">defeat of Soult at,</span> +<a href="#page147">147</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tournon, the Chamberlain de</b>,</span> mission to Spain, iii. 128.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tours</b>,</span> the French garrison at, iv. +<a href="#page118">118</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Trachenberg</b>,</span> military council at, iv. +<a href="#page006">6</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Trade</b>,</span> condition at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 101.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Trafalgar</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> reception of the news of, ii. 334;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of,</span> 373-376; iii. 47;<br> +<span class="entry">effect in France,</span> ii. 394;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> reply to,</span> ii. 441;<br> +<span class="entry">the lesson of,</span> 264.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Trannes</b>,</span> military movements near, iv. +<a href="#page060">60</a>, +<a href="#page089">89</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Transpadane Republic, the</b>,</span> i. 367, 400, 402, 428;<br> +<span class="entry">question of a constitution for the,</span> ii. 10.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Trasimenus</b>,</span> creation of the department of, iii. 262, 263.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Traun, River</b>,</span> military movements on the, iii. 211.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Treaties</b>,</span> the value of, iv. +<a href="#page263">263</a>.<br> + For specific treaties see the names of parties signatory (countries or rulers) and of the places at which signed.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Trebbia, River</b>,</span> French disasters on the, ii. 83, 92.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Treilhard, M.</b>,</span> member of the Directory, ii. 92.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Trent</b>,</span> military operations near, i. 384, 409, 414;<br> +<span class="entry">abandoned by Vaubois,</span> 387;<br> +<span class="entry">Brune advances to,</span> ii. 192;<br> +<span class="entry">apportioned to the Grand Duke of Tuscany,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">ceded to Bavaria,</span> 391.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Treuenbrietzen</b>,</span> Prussian pursuit of Oudinot to, iv. +<a href="#page014">14</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Treviso</b>,</span> creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396;<br> +<span class="entry">Mortier created Duke of,</span> iii. 86<br> + (<i>see also</i> <a href="#mortier"><b>Mortier</b></a>);<br> +<span class="entry">the Buonaparte family princes of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page044">44</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Trianon</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> retires to, after the divorce, iii, 257;<br> +<span class="entry">the imperial court at,</span> 301.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Trianon Decree, the</b>,</span> iii. 279.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tribunate, the</b>,</span> ii. 126, 150-153;<br> +<span class="entry">constitution of,</span> 241;<br> +<span class="entry">opposition to <i>N.</i> in,</span> 242, 243;<br> +<span class="entry">secret sessions of,</span> 247;<br> +<span class="entry">new method of electing to,</span> 247;<br> +<span class="entry">form of addressing the First Consul in,</span> 293;<br> +<span class="entry">Carnot remonstrates in,</span> against adulation of <i>N.</i>, 295;<br> +<span class="entry">independence of,</span> 320;<br> +<span class="entry">initiates the imperial movement,</span> 321;<br> +<span class="entry">condition under the imperial constitution of 1804,</span> 322;<br> +<span class="entry">destruction of,</span> iii. 82;<br> +<span class="entry">compared with the English Parliament,</span> 83;<br> +<span class="entry">its functions,</span> 83.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tricolor</b>,</span> Louis XVI, adopts the, i. 109;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> scheme to unfurl,</span> in Corsica, 122;<br> +<span class="entry">insult to,</span> in Naples, 192.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Triest</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> threatens to seize, i. 404;<br> +<span class="entry">seized by <i>N.</i>,</span> 434;<br> +<span class="entry">reoccupied by Austria,</span> 435;<br> +<span class="entry">rise of,</span> 447;<br> +<span class="entry">importations of English goods at,</span> iii. 165;<br> +<span class="entry">ceded to France,</span> 239;<br> +<span class="entry">England's loss of trade with,</span> 272;<br> +<span class="entry">basis of possible Oriental operations,</span> 331;<br> +<span class="entry">French occupation of,</span> 423;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> offers the city to Austria,</span> 424.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Trinidad</b>,</span> retained by England, ii. 211, 262;<br> +<span class="entry">ceded to England,</span> 332.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Triple Alliance, the</b>,</span> iv. +<a href="#page021">21</a>, +<a href="#page076">76</a>, +<a href="#page295">295</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Triumphal Arch, Paris</b>,</span> erection of the, iii. 74.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tronchet</b>,</span> on committee to draft the Code, ii. 222.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Troyes</b>,</span> recall of the Parliament to Paris from, i. 106;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page060">60</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">military movements near,</span> +<a href="#page060">60</a>, +<a href="#page068">68</a>, +<a href="#page072">72</a>-76, +<a href="#page086">86</a>, +<a href="#page088">88</a>-91, +<a href="#page095">95</a>, +<a href="#page104">104</a>, +<a href="#page105">105</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Truchsess-Waldburg, Count</b>,</span> Prussian commissioner at Fontainebleau, iv. +<a href="#page134">134</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> attitude toward,</span> +<a href="#page134">134</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">allegations concerning <i>N.'s</i> physical ailments,</span> +<a href="#page139">139</a>, +<a href="#page168">168</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tudela</b>,</span> French success at, iii. 156;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme of operations at,</span> 158;<br> +<span class="entry">Spanish forces near,</span> 184, 185.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tuileries, the</b>,</span> the mob at, i. 176;<br> +<span class="entry">the carnage at,</span> 178;<br> +<span class="entry">Robespierre orders the destruction of,</span> 251;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page516" name="page516"></a>(p. 516)</span> +<span class="entry">storming of,</span> Aug. 10, 1702, 273;<br> +<span class="entry">defense of,</span> 299-303;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at,</span> on the 18th Brumaire, ii. 105, 106;<br> +<span class="entry">Lannes's guard at,</span> 108;<br> +<span class="entry">decoration of,</span> 147;<br> +<span class="entry">rechristened "the palace of the government,"</span> 147;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> takes possession of,</span> 148;<br> +<span class="entry">residence of the Buonapartes at,</span> 195, 196;<br> +<span class="entry">social functions at,</span> 255, 256, 279, 327-328, 406;<br> +<span class="entry">consular levee of March 13,</span> 1803, 280;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> interview with Lord Whitworth at,</span> Feb. 17, 1803, 280-282;<br> +<span class="entry">scene between Whitworth and <i>N.</i>,</span> March 13, 1803, 281, 282;<br> +<span class="entry">the imperial court at,</span> 324, 326-328;<br> +<span class="entry">refurnishing the,</span> iii, 25;<br> +<span class="entry">social vices at,</span> 92;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at,</span> 110;<br> +<span class="entry">the divorce scandal in,</span> 180;<br> +<span class="entry">the divorce decree pronounced in,</span> 247;<br> +<span class="entry">imperial family life at,</span> 323, 381;<br> +<span class="entry">depository of the Emperor's funds,</span> 366, 389; iv. +<a href="#page050">50</a>, +<a href="#page141">141</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the officers of the National Guard summoned to,</span> +<a href="#page053">53</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">flight of the Empress from,</span> +<a href="#page109">109</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">changes in the court at,</span> +<a href="#page148">148</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> reënters,</span> +<a href="#page158">158</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">struggle between royalists and imperialists at,</span> +<a href="#page158">158</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">loneliness of,</span> +<a href="#page159">159</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Turas</b>,</span> military operations near, ii. 385.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Turenne, Marshal</b>,</span> military genius, i. 348;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> compared with,</span> 348, 349;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> analysis of the wars of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page232">232</a>, +<a href="#page266">266</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Turin</b>,</span> military operations around, i. 353, 354;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> influence in,</span> 448;<br> +<span class="entry">Gen. Clarke's mission to,</span> 452;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> in,</span> ii. 27;<br> +<span class="entry">revolutionary movements in,</span> 39;<br> +<span class="entry">Bonapartist agency in,</span> 89;<br> +<span class="entry">Charles Emmanuel IV invited to return to,</span> 141;<br> +<span class="entry">Melas hastens to,</span> 170, 174;<br> +<span class="entry">topography of country near,</span> 178;<br> +<span class="entry">sends deputation to Paris,</span> iii. 380.<br> + +<a id="turkey" name="turkey"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Turkey</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> studies the history of, i. 95;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks to organize its armies,</span> 292;<br> +<span class="entry">France seeks alliance with,</span> 293;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> plans for service in,</span> 292, 296-298;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria's gaze on,</span> 325;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> eye on,</span> 424;<br> +<span class="entry">France's influence on,</span> 424;<br> +<span class="entry">disaffection in,</span> ii. 17;<br> +<span class="entry">schemes for the dismemberment of,</span> 16, 18, 33, 42, 44, 382, 405; iii. 37, 51, 55, 99, 105-114, 165, 169, 176, 245, 311, 313, 316;<br> +<span class="entry">France's justification of Egyptian schemes to,</span> ii. 47;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> seeks alliance with,</span> 48;<br> +<span class="entry">refuses alliance with France,</span> 67;<br> +<span class="entry">negotiations and alliances with Russia,</span> 67, 72; iii. 51, 56, 99, 105, 322; 350;<br> +<span class="entry">alliance with Russia and Austria,</span> 56;<br> +<span class="entry">military activity,</span> 1799, 74;<br> +<span class="entry">joins the second coalition,</span> ii. 90, 93;<br> +<span class="entry">checked by Franco-Russian treaty of peace (1800),</span> 154;<br> +<span class="entry">defeat of,</span> at Heliopolis, 181;<br> +<span class="entry">Egypt restored to,</span> 211;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty between France and (1801),</span> 211;<br> +<span class="entry">integrity of her boundaries,</span> 262;<br> +<span class="entry">suzerainty over Ionia and Egypt,</span> 262;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> on her policy,</span> 347;<br> +<span class="entry">source of discord between France and Russia,</span> 417;<br> +<span class="entry">Oubril undertakes to guarantee her integrity,</span> 417;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> resolves to assert supremacy over,</span> ii. 441;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations on the Dniester,</span> 441;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> scheme of protectorate over,</span> 441;<br> +<span class="entry">hostilities with Russia,</span> iii. 1, 163, 236, 248, 310;<br> +<span class="entry">declares war against England,</span> 20;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> arranges a treaty between Persia and,</span> 20, 21;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria espouses the cause of,</span> 22;<br> +<span class="entry">overthrow of Selim III,</span> 33, 51, 106, 163;<br> +<span class="entry">revolt of the Janizaries,</span> 33;<br> +<span class="entry">alliance with France,</span> 33;<br> +<span class="entry">end of Sebastiani's influence in,</span> 33;<br> +<span class="entry">Russian acquisitions in,</span> 64;<br> +<span class="entry">French influence in,</span> 99;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> intervenes between Russia and,</span> 100;<br> +<span class="entry">terms of the agreement at Slobozia,</span> 105;<br> +<span class="entry">Russia's ambition to acquire territory of,</span> 108;<br> +<span class="entry">usurpation of Mustapha,</span> iv, +<a href="#page162">162</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">threatened anarchy in,</span> +<a href="#page163">163</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">reform in,</span> +<a href="#page163">163</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">threatened loss of French prestige in,</span> +<a href="#page163">163</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">accession of Mahmud II,</span> +<a href="#page163">163</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander's uncertain position in regard to,</span> +<a href="#page166">166</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> fears her alliance with Russia or England,</span> +<a href="#page177">177</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">England's trade under the flag of,</span> +<a href="#page280">280</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Russian designs against,</span> +<a href="#page309">309</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria seeks territorial aggrandizement at expense of,</span> +<a href="#page316">316</a>;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page517" name="page517"></a>(p. 517)</span> +<span class="entry">pivotal in European politics,</span> +<a href="#page318">318</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> endeavors to form alliance with,</span> +<a href="#page322">322</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">in grand coalition against <i>N.</i> (1813),</span> +<a href="#page392">392</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">European support of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page295">295</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> influence on modern,</span> +<a href="#page300">300</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Turreau, Gen.</b>,</span> at Mont Cenis Pass, ii. 170;<br> +<span class="entry">crosses Mont Cenis,</span> 172.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Turreau, Mme.</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> ghastly entertainment for, i. 256.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tuscany</b>,</span> the Buonaparte family in, i. 27-29;<br> +<span class="entry">favors the French Revolution,</span> 262;<br> +<span class="entry">peace between France and,</span> 262;<br> +<span class="entry">withdraws from the coalition (1795),</span> 324;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations against,</span> 357-421;<br> +<span class="entry">French proposition to revolutionize,</span> 373;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty with France,</span> Jan. 11, 1797, 410;<br> +<span class="entry">plunder of,</span> ii. 16;<br> +<span class="entry">involved in Italian quarrels,</span> 87;<br> +<span class="entry">France acquires temporary possession of,</span> 87;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> bad faith with,</span> 144;<br> +<span class="entry">Austrian occupation of,</span> 160, 170, 182;<br> +<span class="entry">reinforcements for Melas from,</span> 170;<br> +<span class="entry">creation of kingdom of,</span> 205;<br> +<span class="entry">British ships driven from harbors of,</span> 287;<br> +<span class="entry">the situation in,</span> iii. 118;<br> +<span class="entry">ecclesiastical reforms and confiscations in,</span> 264;<br> +<span class="entry">Elisa created Grand Duchess of,</span> 279.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#buonapartemarieanneelisa"><b>Buonaparte, Marie-Anne-Elisa</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tuscany, the Grand Duke of</b>,</span> i. 345;<br> +<span class="entry">flees to Vienna,</span> ii, 87;<br> +<span class="entry">loses his territory,</span> 193;<br> +<span class="entry">territories acquired by,</span> 266.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tutschkoff, Gen.</b>,</span> in battle of Eylau, iii. 15.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Twelfth Light Dragoons</b>,</span> at the battle of Waterloo, iv. +<a href="#page211">211</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Two-Cent Revolt, the</b>,</span> i. 79.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Two Sicilies, the</b>,</span> i. 421.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Tyrol, the</b>,</span> the road to Vienna through, i. 342;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations in,</span> 371-373, 383-387, 392, 414, 431, 433-436; ii. 367, 380; iii. 201, 212, 213, 234;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> unsuccessful attempt to conciliate its people,</span> i. 385;<br> +<span class="entry">loyalty to Austria,</span> 409;<br> +<span class="entry">the insurrection in,</span> 436;<br> +<span class="entry">Kray's retreat to,</span> cut off, ii. 166;<br> +<span class="entry">Iller commanding in the,</span> 188;<br> +<span class="entry">Soult cuts off the Austrian retreat to,</span> 366;<br> +<span class="entry">Ney sweeps the Austrians from,</span> 380;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> threatens to seize,</span> 389;<br> +<span class="entry">ceded by Austria to Bavaria,</span> 391;<br> +<span class="entry">insurrection ripe in,</span> iii. 195;<br> +<span class="entry">Archduke John to excite revolt in,</span> 199;<br> +<span class="entry">rising against Bavarian rule,</span> 201;<br> +<span class="entry">repression of priestly tyranny in,</span> 201;<br> +<span class="entry">revolution against bondage in,</span> 201;<br> +<span class="entry">characteristics of its people,</span> 201;<br> +<span class="entry">Maximilian's reforms in,</span> 201;<br> +<span class="entry">guerrilla warfare in,</span> 210, 234;<br> +<span class="entry">abandoned by Archduke John,</span> 211;<br> +<span class="entry">its people abused by <i>N.</i>,</span> 213;<br> +<span class="entry">French evacuation of,</span> 225;<br> +<span class="entry">rising in,</span> 234;<br> +<span class="entry">French invasion of,</span> 241;<br> +<span class="entry">effects of the armistice of Znaim,</span> 241;<br> +<span class="entry">reduced to submission,</span> 241;<br> +<span class="entry">amnesty offered by Prince Eugène,</span> 241;<br> +<span class="entry">opened to the allies,</span> iv. +<a href="#page056">56</a>.</p> + + +<h5>U</h5> + +<p><span class="name"><b>Ucciani</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> escape to, i. 203.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Udine</b>,</span> congress at, ii. 20.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ulm</b>,</span> Austrian retreat to, ii. 168;<br> +<span class="entry">Austrian troops in sight of,</span> 363;<br> +<span class="entry">the French at,</span> 363-365;<br> +<span class="entry">the capitulation at,</span> 366, 367;<br> +<span class="entry">concentration of troops in,</span> iii. 203.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Undaunted," the</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> sails for Elba on, iv. +<a href="#page140">140</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>United Irishmen</b>,</span> misunderstanding between the Directory and the, ii. 67.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>United States, the</b>,</span> constitutional government in, i. 152;<br> +<span class="entry">the French idea of the system of government in,</span> 269;<br> +<span class="entry">Talleyrand's residence in,</span> ii. 33;<br> +<span class="entry">Talleyrand's views on,</span> 33, 34;<br> +<span class="entry">mission concerning protection of commerce,</span> 34;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty of commerce with England,</span> 1794, 212;<br> +<span class="entry">arrogance of the Directory toward,</span> 211, 212;<br> +<span class="entry">imbroglio with France,</span> 212;<br> +<span class="entry">suspension of diplomatic relations with France,</span> 212;<br> +<span class="entry">commercial convention with France,</span> 212;<br> +<span class="entry">neutrality declaration,</span> 1793, 212;<br> +<span class="entry">Jerome Buonaparte's residence in,</span> 257;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page518" name="page518"></a>(p. 518)</span> +<span class="entry">events leading to the war of 1812,</span> 288, 289; iii. 274;<br> +<span class="entry">purchases Louisiana,</span> ii. 289, 332; iv. +<a href="#page300">300</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> relations with,</span> and influence on, ii. 289; iii. 101, 275; iv. +<a href="#page300">300</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Carnot's comparison of France with,</span> ii. 321;<br> +<span class="entry">Moreau's banishment to,</span> 299;<br> +<span class="entry">commercial rivalry with England,</span> iii. 46;<br> +<span class="entry">British claim of right of search,</span> 47, 48;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of British "orders in council" upon,</span> 47;<br> +<span class="entry">ocean commerce,</span> 48;<br> +<span class="entry">authorizes reprisals,</span> 48;<br> +<span class="entry">French attacks on commerce of,</span> seizures of vessels, etc., 49, 273, 274, 296, 321, 322;<br> +<span class="entry">rising naval power,</span> 49;<br> +<span class="entry">liberty of testamentary disposition in,</span> 85;<br> +<span class="entry">English provisions concerning the carrying trade of,</span> 100-102;<br> +<span class="entry">permitted to trade direct with Sweden,</span> 100, 101;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> attempts to force them into the French system,</span> 101, 102;<br> +<span class="entry">decline of trade with England,</span> 102;<br> +<span class="entry">Jefferson's administration,</span> 101, 102;<br> +<span class="entry">agricultural policy of the Democrats,</span> 101, 102;<br> +<span class="entry">the embargo,</span> 102, 274, 275;<br> +<span class="entry">the war of 1812,</span> 102, 322;<br> +<span class="entry">policy of the Federalists,</span> 102;<br> +<span class="entry">the Non-intervention Act,</span> 102;<br> +<span class="entry">indispensability of cotton in Europe,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">"neutralized" commerce of,</span> 267;<br> +<span class="entry">proposal that Louis XVIII acquire a kingdom in,</span> 271;<br> +<span class="entry">alleged seizure of French vessels by,</span> 274;<br> +<span class="entry">the Non-intercourse Act of March 1,</span> 1809, 274;<br> +<span class="entry">prohibition of commercial intercourse with England and France,</span> 274;<br> +<span class="entry">seizure of ships by England,</span> 275;<br> +<span class="entry">Lucien attempts to escape to,</span> 277;<br> +<span class="entry">chafing under restrictions of commerce,</span> 318;<br> +<span class="entry">crippled commerce of,</span> 321;<br> +<span class="entry">declares war against England,</span> 378;<br> +<span class="entry">naval successes of,</span> 378;<br> +<span class="entry">Moreau summoned from,</span> 407; iv. +<a href="#page002">2</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> plans escape to,</span> +<a href="#page219">219</a>, +<a href="#page220">220</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Hamilton's treasury system,</span> +<a href="#page259">259</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the independence of,</span> +<a href="#page261">261</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the war for independence,</span> +<a href="#page297">297</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">wars with England,</span> +<a href="#page300">300</a>, +<a href="#page301">301</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">popular interest in <i>N.</i> in,</span> +<a href="#page300">300</a>, +<a href="#page301">301</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">expansion of constitutional law,</span> +<a href="#page301">301</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">growth of,</span> +<a href="#page301">301</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> influence in,</span> +<a href="#page301">301</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the slavery question in,</span> +<a href="#page301">301</a>.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#america"><b>America</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>University of Berlin</b>,</span> iii. 103.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>University of France</b>,</span> ii. 228; iii. 89.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ural Mountains</b>,</span> proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Urbino</b>,</span> annexed to Italy, iii. 68, 118.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Uscha, River</b>,</span> military operations on the, iii. 340.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ussher, Capt.</b>,</span> conveys <i>N.</i> to Elba in the "Undaunted," iv. +<a href="#page140">140</a>, +<a href="#page141">141</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Usury</b>,</span> the curse and its cure in France, ii. 219; iii. 76, 77.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Utizy</b>,</span> military movements near, iii. 344.</p> + + +<h5>V</h5> + +<p><span class="name"><b>Valais</b>,</span> declared an independent commonwealth, ii. 233;<br> +<span class="entry">Chateaubriand French representative in,</span> 260;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme to incorporate it with France,</span> iii. 266;<br> +<span class="entry">separated from Switzerland,</span> 278;<br> +<span class="entry">independence of,</span> 278;<br> +<span class="entry">annexed to the French empire,</span> 278.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Valeggio</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> narrow escape at, i. 393.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Valençay</b>,</span> the Spanish captives at, iii. 148, 168, 261.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Valence</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> joins his regiment at, i. 67;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> life at,</span> and visits to, i. 66-82, 125, 134, 141, 145, 149, 150, 154-158, 184, 223;<br> +<span class="entry">the garrison at,</span> and people of, 143;<br> +<span class="entry">obsequies of Mirabeau at,</span> 153, 154;<br> +<span class="entry">friends of the Constitution in,</span> 155;<br> +<span class="entry">reception of <i>N.</i> and Elisa at,</span> 184;<br> +<span class="entry">occupied by Carteaux,</span> 215;<br> +<span class="entry">death of Pius VI at,</span> ii. 39;<br> +<span class="entry">burial of Pius VI at,</span> 216;<br> +<span class="entry">meeting of <i>N.</i> and Augereau near,</span> iv. +<a href="#page138">138</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Valencia</b>,</span> massacre of the French at, iii. 154;<br> +<span class="entry">Moncey advances on,</span> 156;<br> +<span class="entry">French defeat before,</span> 159;<br> +<span class="entry">captured by Suchet,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">temporary French government at,</span> 377.<br> + + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page519" name="page519"></a>(p. 519)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Valenciennes</b>,</span> evacuation of, i. 222.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Valenza</b>,</span> military operations near, i. 358.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Valetta</b>,</span> French plot to seize, ii. 18;<br> +<span class="entry">the sword of,</span> given to Paul I, 154.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Valjouan</b>,</span> Victor drives the Austrians from, iv. +<a href="#page071">71</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Valladolid</b>,</span> captured by the French, iii. 132;<br> +<span class="entry">French success near,</span> 156;<br> +<span class="entry">French communications at,</span> 157;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at,</span> Jan. 6, 1809, 189.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Valmaseda</b>,</span> Blake driven back to, iii. 184.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Valmy</b>,</span> defeat of the allies at, i. 194.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Valtellina, the</b>,</span> quarrel between the Grisons and, ii. 11;<br> +<span class="entry">incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic,</span> 40.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Vandamme, Gen.</b>,</span> in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386-388;<br> +<span class="entry">dread of <i>N.</i>,</span> iii. 93;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Eckmühl,</span> 209;<br> +<span class="entry">at Linz,</span> 216, 225;<br> +<span class="entry">relieved by Lefebvre,</span> 225;<br> +<span class="entry">strength of his corps,</span> March, 1812, 324;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding division in Eugène's army,</span> 393;<br> +<span class="entry">junction of Danish troops with,</span> 407;<br> +<span class="entry">captures Hamburg,</span> 407;<br> +<span class="entry">goes to Davout's assistance,</span> 413;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Dresden,</span> iv. +<a href="#page008">8</a>-10;<br> +<span class="entry">at Pirna,</span> +<a href="#page008">8</a>-10;<br> +<span class="entry">pursues the allies,</span> +<a href="#page010">10</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Kulm,</span> +<a href="#page015">15</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">captured at Kulm,</span> +<a href="#page015">15</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> +<a href="#page015">15</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">in the Waterloo campaign,</span> +<a href="#page169">169</a>-173;<br> +<span class="entry">advances toward Fleurus,</span> +<a href="#page180">180</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Ligny,</span> +<a href="#page181">181</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Vandeleur, Gen.</b>,</span> in battle of Waterloo, iv. +<a href="#page210">210</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Vanne, River</b>,</span> iv. +<a href="#page105">105</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Var, River</b>,</span> military operations on the, ii. 160, 165, 170, 171, 174.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Vatican</b>,</span> relations of Paoli with the, i. 16.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Vauban</b>,</span> disgrace of, i. 332;<br> +<span class="entry">eulogized by Carnot,</span> 333.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Vaubois, Gen.</b>,</span> service in the Alps, i. 347;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated by Davidowich,</span> 387, 388, 392;<br> +<span class="entry">service in Egypt,</span> ii. +<a href="#page053">53</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Vauchamps</b>,</span> battle of, iv. +<a href="#page064">64</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Vaud</b>,</span> revolutionary outbreak in, ii. 27, 40;<br> +<span class="entry">French intervention in,</span> 40;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander forbids the restoration of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page068">68</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Vaux</b>,</span> submission of Carlo Buonaparte to, i. 31.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Venaissin, the</b>,</span> annexed to France, i. 422.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Vendée, la</b>,</span> civil war, massacres, and royalist plots in, i. 207, 213, 222, 234, 249, 276, 305, 325, 449; ii. 91, 143, 146, 240, 241; iv. +<a href="#page102">102</a>, +<a href="#page166">166</a>, +<a href="#page218">218</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">reinforcements for the Army of Italy from,</span> i. 387;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> conciliates,</span> ii. 146;<br> +<span class="entry">revulsion of feeling against the Bourbons in,</span> iv. +<a href="#page146">146</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> seeks to rouse imperial feeling in,</span> +<a href="#page220">220</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Vendémiaire</b>,</span> the 13th of, +<a href="#page301">301</a>-305; ii. 22.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Vendetta, the</b>,</span> i. 10-15.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Vendôme, Column of</b>,</span> erection of the, iii. 74;<br> +<span class="entry">placard on the,</span> iv. +<a href="#page158">158</a>.<br> + +<a id="venetia" name="venetia"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Venetia</b>,</span> neutrality violated by Beaulieu, i. 361;<br> +<span class="entry">jealousy between Venice and other towns of,</span> 427;<br> +<span class="entry">coveted by Austria,</span> 428;<br> +<span class="entry">the revolutionary movement in,</span> 436;<br> +<span class="entry">the mainland ceded to Austria,</span> 438;<br> +<span class="entry">the oligarchy of,</span> 444;<br> +<span class="entry">French military operations in,</span> ii. 13;<br> +<span class="entry">France's acquisitions in,</span> 21;<br> +<span class="entry">incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic,</span> 21;<br> +<span class="entry">plunder of,</span> 38;<br> +<span class="entry">surrender to Austria,</span> 38;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> threatens to seize,</span> 389;<br> +<span class="entry">incorporated with Italy,</span> 395, 405;<br> +<span class="entry">admitted to the Concordat,</span> iii. 118.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#venice"><b>Venice</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Venetian Alps</b>,</span> road to Vienna through the, i. 342.<br> + +<a id="venetianrepublic" name="venetianrepublic"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Venetian Republic</b>,</span> political status in 1796, i. 345.<br> + +<a id="venice" name="venice"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Venice</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> studies the history of, i. 95;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria's ambitions in,</span> 325, 424; ii. 357, 363;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations against (1796),</span> i. 357;<br> +<span class="entry">Beaulieu violates neutrality of,</span> 371-373;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty with Austria,</span> 371;<br> +<span class="entry">decadence and downfall of,</span> 371, 451;<br> +<span class="entry">at <i>N.'s</i> mercy,</span> 373;<br> +<span class="entry">resents violations of territory,</span> 401;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> violation of neutrality of,</span> 427;<br> +<span class="entry">the humiliation of,</span> 427-429;<br> +<span class="entry">the Golden Book of,</span> 428, 429, 436;<br> +<span class="entry">pillage in,</span> 427, 445; ii. 16;<br> +<span class="entry">Kilmaine's military watch on,</span> i. 431;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page520" name="page520"></a>(p. 520)</span> +<span class="entry">revolution in,</span> 435, 445-447;<br> +<span class="entry">concludes negotiations with <i>N.</i>,</span> 436-438;<br> +<span class="entry">acquires Bologna,</span> Ferrara, and the Romagna, 438;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> forbidden to interfere with,</span> 441;<br> +<span class="entry">loss of independence,</span> 441-446;<br> +<span class="entry">fires on French ship,</span> 443;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> "an Attila to,"</span> 443;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> declares war against,</span> 443;<br> +<span class="entry">the oligarchy of,</span> 444;<br> +<span class="entry">attempts to bribe <i>N.</i>,</span> 445;<br> +<span class="entry">treaty between France and (1797),</span> 446;<br> +<span class="entry">the new republic of,</span> 446;<br> +<span class="entry">loses independence,</span> 446, 447;<br> +<span class="entry">French occupation of,</span> 445-447;<br> +<span class="entry">letter from <i>N.</i> to the provisional government,</span> 447;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> characterization of the Venetians,</span> 447;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> offers the republic to Austria,</span> 446;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> reproached for the overthrow of,</span> ii. 5;<br> +<span class="entry">Lallemant's propaganda in,</span> 10, 11;<br> +<span class="entry">Junot's demands on the senate,</span> 11;<br> +<span class="entry">dismemberment of,</span> 16;<br> +<span class="entry">the Directory's ambition for the conquest of,</span> 16;<br> +<span class="entry">ceded to Austria,</span> 21;<br> +<span class="entry">the last doge of,</span> 24;<br> +<span class="entry">destruction of the "Bucentaur" at,</span> 24;<br> +<span class="entry">destruction of naval stores at,</span> 24;<br> +<span class="entry">seeks to continue war with Austria,</span> 24;<br> +<span class="entry">dragged into war by <i>N.</i>,</span> 144;<br> +<span class="entry">election of Pius VII at,</span> 206;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> threatens to seize,</span> 361;<br> +<span class="entry">surrendered to France,</span> 391;<br> +<span class="entry">Pius VII refuses to extend the Concordat to,</span> iii. 68;<br> +<span class="entry">ceded to France,</span> 109;<br> +<span class="entry">appropriations for the harbor,</span> 109;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at,</span> Nov., 1808, 128;<br> +<span class="entry">interview between Joseph and <i>N.</i> at,</span> 129-132;<br> +<span class="entry">basis of possible Oriental operations,</span> 332.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#venetia"><b>Venetia</b></a>; <a href="#venetianrepublic"><b>Venetian Republic</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ventimiglia</b>,</span> seized by Masséna, i. 243.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Vercelli</b>,</span> Melas proposes to attack <i>N.</i> via, ii. 174.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Verdier</b>,</span> success at Logroño, iii. 156;<br> +<span class="entry">occupies Aragon,</span> 155.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Verdun</b>,</span> abandoned by the enemy, i. 186;<br> +<span class="entry">imperial troops at,</span> iv. +<a href="#page102">102</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Verhuel</b>,</span> Dutch commissioner to Paris, ii. 397.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Verona</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> at, i. 399;<br> +<span class="entry">French occupation of,</span> 372;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations near,</span> 379, 380, 388-392, 410-414;<br> +<span class="entry">insurrection in,</span> 436, 442, 443;<br> +<span class="entry">disarmament of,</span> 442.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Veronese Vespers, the</b>,</span> i. 436, 442.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Versailles</b>,</span> meetings of the Estates at, i. 96, 107;<br> +<span class="entry">luxury in,</span> 151;<br> +<span class="entry">the Parisian mob at,</span> 151;<br> +<span class="entry">prison massacres in,</span> 188;<br> +<span class="entry">Macdonald's guard at,</span> ii. 108;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> retires to,</span> after his divorce, iii. 257;<br> +<span class="entry">Souham delivers his army prisoners at,</span> iv. +<a href="#page126">126</a>, +<a href="#page127">127</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Vicenza</b>,</span> military operations before, i. 387;<br> +<span class="entry">creation of hereditary duchy of,</span> ii. 396.<br> + +<a id="victor" name="victor"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Victor, Gen. C. P.</b>,</span> attacks Provera at La Favorita, i. 415;<br> +<span class="entry">watches Rome,</span> 431;<br> +<span class="entry">reinforces Lannes at Casteggio,</span> ii. 176;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding corps at Marengo,</span> 176-182;<br> +<span class="entry">service in the Army of England,</span> 291;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Heilsberg,</span> iii. 29;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Friedland,</span> 30-32;<br> +<span class="entry">created Duke of Belluno,</span> 86;<br> +<span class="entry">yearly income,</span> 87;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> 93;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> opinion of,</span> 93;<br> +<span class="entry">at Amurrio,</span> 183;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated by Wellesley at Talavera,</span> 236;<br> +<span class="entry">strength of his corps,</span> March, 1812, 324;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to advance east from the Niemen,</span> 347;<br> +<span class="entry">in retreat from Moscow,</span> 359 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">effects junction with Saint-Cyr,</span> 361;<br> +<span class="entry">checks Wittgenstein,</span> 361;<br> +<span class="entry">abandons Vitebsk,</span> 361;<br> +<span class="entry">driven back,</span> 366;<br> +<span class="entry">at the crossing of the Beresina,</span> 366-372;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to hold back Wittgenstein,</span> 369;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated by Wittgenstein at Borrissoff,</span> 369;<br> +<span class="entry">division commander under Eugène,</span> 393;<br> +<span class="entry">in campaign of 1813,</span> 402;<br> +<span class="entry">relieves Glogau,</span> 413;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Dresden,</span> iv. +<a href="#page008">8</a>-10;<br> +<span class="entry">guarding roads from Bohemia,</span> +<a href="#page018">18</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Leipsic,</span> +<a href="#page028">28</a>, +<a href="#page031">31</a>, +<a href="#page032">32</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">assigned to defense of the Rhine,</span> +<a href="#page054">54</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to Nogent,</span> +<a href="#page062">62</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">junction with Macdonald at Montereau,</span> +<a href="#page064">64</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">abandons Nogent,</span> +<a href="#page064">64</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">driven back to Nangis,</span> +<a href="#page065">65</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">drives the Austrians from Valjouan,</span> +<a href="#page071">71</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">fails to capture Montereau,</span> +<a href="#page071">71</a>-73;<br> +<span class="entry">moral exhaustion of,</span> +<a href="#page071">71</a>-73;<br> +<span class="entry">degraded,</span> but restored to favor, +<a href="#page072">72</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding portion of the Young Guard,</span> +<a href="#page072">72</a>;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page521" name="page521"></a>(p. 521)</span> +<span class="entry">battle of Craonne,</span> +<a href="#page078">78</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Victor Amadeus</b>,</span> king of Sardinia, i. 244, 352;<br> +<span class="entry">guards Lombardy,</span> 342;<br> +<span class="entry">checkmated by <i>N.</i>,</span> 355;<br> +<span class="entry">death of,</span> 336;<br> +<span class="entry">relationship to Louis XVIII,</span> 355, 356.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Victory," the</b>,</span> at Trafalgar, ii. 373, 374.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Vienna</b>,</span> plans for French advance on, i. 385;<br> +<span class="entry">Austria opposes <i>N.'s</i> advance to,</span> 426;<br> +<span class="entry">combined movements on,</span> 430 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">the peace party in,</span> 437;<br> +<span class="entry">rejoicing in,</span> at treaty of Leoben, 439;<br> +<span class="entry">Gen. Clarke's mission to,</span> 451;<br> +<span class="entry">rejoicings in,</span> over treaty of Campo Formio, ii. 22;<br> +<span class="entry">Gen. Clarke forbidden to enter,</span> 42;<br> +<span class="entry">dread of revolutionary sentiment in,</span> 42;<br> +<span class="entry">attack on the French embassy (1798),</span> 43;<br> +<span class="entry">flight of Ferdinand III to,</span> 87;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> plans to subdue,</span> 163;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> sends peace commissioner to,</span> 186;<br> +<span class="entry">court intrigues at,</span> 189;<br> +<span class="entry">Moreau advances toward,</span> 192;<br> +<span class="entry">Stuart British envoy to,</span> 302;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> threatens,</span> 361, 378;<br> +<span class="entry">French treachery at,</span> 369;<br> +<span class="entry">the French enter,</span> 367-369, 378;<br> +<span class="entry">Talleyrand at,</span> 382;<br> +<span class="entry">Pozzo di Borgo's mission at,</span> ii. 445;<br> +<span class="entry">Andréossy's mission at,</span> 443;<br> +<span class="entry">French influence in,</span> iii. 22;<br> +<span class="entry">decree of,</span> May 17, 1809, 118;<br> +<span class="entry">belligerent tone at,</span> 165, 178, 193, 195;<br> +<span class="entry">effect of <i>N.'s</i> and Alexander's remonstrances at,</span> 167, 168;<br> +<span class="entry">Metternich goes to,</span> 193;<br> +<span class="entry">defensive measures for,</span> 203;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> march on,</span> after Eckmühl, 212;<br> +<span class="entry">capitulation of,</span> 212;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> characterization of its inhabitants,</span> 213;<br> +<span class="entry">Charles's plan to free,</span> 216;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed French retreat toward,</span> 222;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> army around,</span> 226;<br> +<span class="entry">consternation at rumored Franco-Russian marriage,</span> 251;<br> +<span class="entry">French soldiers nursed in,</span> 254;<br> +<span class="entry">marriage of Maria Louisa at,</span> 254-257;<br> +<span class="entry">pro-Russian party in,</span> 313, 314;<br> +<span class="entry">characterization of <i>N.</i> in,</span> 415;<br> +<span class="entry">England's diplomacy in,</span> 417;<br> +<span class="entry">Francis fears a French invasion of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page003">3</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Congress of,</span> +<a href="#page144">144</a>, +<a href="#page145">145</a>, +<a href="#page162">162</a>, +<a href="#page164">164</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">news of <i>N.'s</i> escape in,</span> +<a href="#page162">162</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Vienna Coalition, the</b>,</span> iv. +<a href="#page164">164</a>, +<a href="#page251">251</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Vigo</b>,</span> Villeneuve at, ii. 359.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Villach</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> enters Germany at, i, 434;<br> +<span class="entry">Eugène and Macdonald at,</span> iii. 217.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Villanova</b>,</span> military operations at, i. 389.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Villefranche</b>,</span> expedition against Corsica from, i. 189.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Villeneuve</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> at, iv. +<a href="#page105">105</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Villeneuve, Adm.</b>,</span> in the battle of the Nile, ii. 63;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding at Toulon,</span> 332;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed naval expedition for,</span> 333;<br> +<span class="entry">escapes from Toulon,</span> and returns, 333;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to the West Indies,</span> 334;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> 333, 358, 371-375;<br> +<span class="entry">returns to European waters,</span> 358;<br> +<span class="entry">his combined fleet at Ferrol and Corunna,</span> 359;<br> +<span class="entry">at Vigo,</span> 359;<br> +<span class="entry">disheartened,</span> 359;<br> +<span class="entry">dissatisfied with his fleet,</span> 359, 371, 372;<br> +<span class="entry">encounter with Calder,</span> 359, 371;<br> +<span class="entry">ordered to relieve Rochefort and Brest,</span> 359;<br> +<span class="entry">retreats to Cadiz,</span> 359, 370, 371;<br> +<span class="entry">fails to appear in the Channel,</span> 362;<br> +<span class="entry">chased by Nelson to the West Indies and back,</span> 370;<br> +<span class="entry">retreat to Ferrol,</span> 371;<br> +<span class="entry">orders for Mediterranean cruise,</span> 372;<br> +<span class="entry">remonstrates against his orders,</span> 372;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> prepares to supersede,</span> 372;<br> +<span class="entry">tries to evade disgrace,</span> 372;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Trafalgar,</span> 373-375;<br> +<span class="entry">interview with <i>N.</i>,</span> 375;<br> +<span class="entry">his suicide,</span> 375.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Villetard</b>,</span> French republican agent in Venice, i. 445.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Vilna</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> in, iii. 331-335;<br> +<span class="entry">Barclay de Tolly's army confronting,</span> 335;<br> +<span class="entry">the French retreat through,</span> 370, 372;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> incognito journey through,</span> 375;<br> +<span class="entry">Kutusoff enters,</span> 383;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander goes to,</span> 383.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Vimeiro</b>,</span> defeat of Junot at, iii. 157-159.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Vincennes</b>,</span> the trial and execution of the Duc d'Enghien at, ii. 305, 306, 308-310; iii. 196.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Vincent, Gen.</b>,</span> Austrian representative at Erfurt, iii. 178, 193.<br> + + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page522" name="page522"></a>(p. 522)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Visconti</b>,</span> "Greek Iconography," iv. +<a href="#page219">219</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Vistula, River, the</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> conquests west of, ii. 437;<br> +<span class="entry">plan of campaign on,</span> 441;<br> +<span class="entry">bridging of,</span> iii. 2, 3;<br> +<span class="entry">French positions on,</span> 7;<br> +<span class="entry">attempt to drive the French across,</span> 28;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed boundary line on,</span> 36;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations on,</span> 117, 393, 396;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander promises assistance to Prussia on,</span> iii. 320;<br> +<span class="entry">the French army reaches,</span> 330;<br> +<span class="entry">French advance to the Niemen from,</span> 337;<br> +<span class="entry">Murat's position on,</span> untenable, 385;<br> +<span class="entry">Schwarzenberg retreats across,</span> 385;<br> +<span class="entry">threatened expulsion of the French from,</span> 416;<br> +<span class="entry">French garrisons on,</span> iv. +<a href="#page035">35</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> entertains hopes of returning to,</span> +<a href="#page063">63</a>, +<a href="#page066">66</a>, +<a href="#page069">69</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Vitebsk</b>,</span> its strategical position, iii. 338;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> at,</span> 338;<br> +<span class="entry">military movements near,</span> 339, 364;<br> +<span class="entry">French garrison in,</span> 341;<br> +<span class="entry">the French abandon,</span> 361.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Vitoria</b>,</span> Dupont ordered to, iii. 128;<br> +<span class="entry">Ferdinand VII at,</span> 143;<br> +<span class="entry">French forces at,</span> 183;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of,</span> 420.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Vitrolles</b>,</span> royalist intrigues of, iv. +<a href="#page098">98</a>, +<a href="#page106">106</a>, +<a href="#page108">108</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">captured with Weissenberg at St. Dizier,</span> +<a href="#page104">104</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Vitry</b>,</span> military movements near, iv. +<a href="#page058">58</a>, +<a href="#page091">91</a>, +<a href="#page093">93</a>, +<a href="#page094">94</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Prussian occupation of,</span> +<a href="#page095">95</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">French troops at,</span> +<a href="#page102">102</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Vives, Gen.</b>,</span> besieges Barcelona, iii. 184.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Vivian, Gen.</b>,</span> in battle of Waterloo, iv. +<a href="#page210">210</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Volga, River, the</b>,</span> proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209;<br> +<span class="entry">Cossacks of,</span> iii. 9.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Volhynia</b>,</span> Austrian troops in, iii. 331, 338;<br> +<span class="entry">Bagration's position in,</span> 335.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Völkermarkt</b>,</span> Archduke John at, iii. 317.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Volney, Constantin F. C.</b>,</span> espouses the Corsican cause, i. 120, 121;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> friendship with,</span> 163; ii. 97, 335;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the senate,</span> 151.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Voltaire</b>,</span> on the character of Paoli, i. 18;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> study of,</span> 78; ii. 256; iv. +<a href="#page231">231</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">his "Essay on Manners,"</span> i. 150;<br> +<span class="entry">on the Hohenzollern territories,</span> ii. 442;<br> +<span class="entry">performance of his "Œdipe" at Erfurt,</span> iii. 172.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Voltri</b>,</span> military operations at, i. 353.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Vorarlberg</b>,</span> Kray's retreat via, cut off, ii. 166;<br> +<span class="entry">ceded to Bavaria,</span> 391.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Vosges Mountains, the</b>,</span> proposed boundary for Germany, iii. 320;<br> +<span class="entry">the allies turn the line of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page057">57</a>, +<a href="#page058">58</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">supposed retreat of Schwarzenberg to,</span> +<a href="#page086">86</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">reported rising in,</span> +<a href="#page088">88</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> urges guerrilla risings in,</span> +<a href="#page090">90</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Voss, Countess</b>,</span> attendant on Queen Louisa, iii. 60.</p> + + +<h5>W</h5> + +<p><span class="name"><b>Wachau</b>,</span> battle of, iv. +<a href="#page027">27</a>-30.<br> + +<a id="wagram" name="wagram"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Wagram</b>,</span> Charles's advance toward, iii. 218;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of,</span> 225-232; iv. +<a href="#page173">173</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">French demoralization after,</span> iii. 231;<br> +<span class="entry">doubtful honors of,</span> 231, 232;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> position after,</span> 232;<br> +<span class="entry">position of Francis after,</span> 232;<br> +<span class="entry">Berthier created Prince of,</span> 256.<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#berthier"><b>Berthier</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Walcheren</b>,</span> the English expedition to, iii. 237, 253, 270, 272, 284.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Walewska, Countess</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> amours with, iii. 11;<br> +<span class="entry">visits <i>N.</i> at Elba,</span> iv. +<a href="#page142">142</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Walhain</b>,</span> Gérard at, iv. +<a href="#page192">192</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Grouchy at,</span> +<a href="#page192">192</a>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>.<br> + +<a id="wallachia" name="wallachia"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Wallachia</b>,</span> dismissal of the Turkish viceroy of, ii. 440, 441;<br> +<span class="entry">alleged concession of,</span> to Russia, iii. 55;<br> +<span class="entry">Russian evacuation of,</span> 64;<br> +<span class="entry">Russian ambition to possess,</span> 98, 115, 116, 176, 310;<br> +<span class="entry">Russian occupation of,</span> 99, 105;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander demands possession of,</span> 105;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> offers to offset Moldavia and,</span> against Silesia, 106, 108, 113;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed evacuation of Prussia for that of,</span> 108;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander's fear of losing,</span> 248;<br> +<span class="entry">Russia threatened with the loss of,</span> 314.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Wallenstein</b>,</span> scene of his overthrow by Gustavus Adolphus, iii. 404.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>War</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> aphorisms, theories, and plans of, i. 346-349; ii. 268; iii. 202;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page523" name="page523"></a>(p. 523)</span> +<span class="entry">barbarity in,</span> ii. 70;<br> +<span class="entry">thirst for,</span> in France, 93;<br> +<span class="entry">the art of,</span> 180.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Warens, Mme. de</b>,</span> memoirs of, i. 76.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Warfare</b>,</span> progress in methods of, i. 394, 395;<br> +<span class="entry">in Napoleonic times,</span> ii. 178-180.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Warsaw</b></span> (city), Louis XVIII living in, ii. 239;<br> +<span class="entry">Polish national movement in,</span> ii. 444;<br> +<span class="entry">the Russians driven from,</span> iii. 1, 2;<br> +<span class="entry">French occupation of,</span> 6-11;<br> +<span class="entry">frivolity in,</span> 10;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> amours in,</span> 11;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> offers to evacuate,</span> 167;<br> +<span class="entry">proposition that Russia occupy,</span> 177, 178;<br> +<span class="entry">Archduke Ferdinand to march against,</span> 199;<br> +<span class="entry">captured by Archduke Ferdinand,</span> 201;<br> +<span class="entry">Polish troops at,</span> 203;<br> +<span class="entry">reoccupied by Poniatowski,</span> 212;<br> +<span class="entry">offered to Prussia,</span> 225;<br> +<span class="entry">attitude of the Poles in,</span> 313;<br> +<span class="entry">Jesuit influence in,</span> 31;<br> +<span class="entry">proposition to make it capital of a Saxon province,</span> 328;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> in,</span> 331;<br> +<span class="entry">the Diet begs the restoration of Poland,</span> 331;<br> +<span class="entry">Schwarzenberg evacuates,</span> 385;<br> +<span class="entry">Russian occupation of,</span> 385;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed new capital for Prussia,</span> 409.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Warsaw, Grand Duchy of</b>,</span> creation of, iii. 56, 64, 73;<br> +<span class="entry">acquires Prussian territory,</span> 62;<br> +<span class="entry">new constitution for,</span> 67;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> seeks to add Silesia to,</span> 106, 108, 113;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander's jealousy of,</span> 108;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> promises to evacuate,</span> 113;<br> +<span class="entry">fortification of,</span> 117, 165;<br> +<span class="entry">acquires New Galicia,</span> 239;<br> +<span class="entry">territorial acquisitions,</span> 244, 310;<br> +<span class="entry">pro-Russian party in,</span> 311;<br> +<span class="entry">Alexander proposes to accept the crown of,</span> 311;<br> +<span class="entry">military operations in,</span> 322;<br> +<span class="entry">open to invasion,</span> 329;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> incognito journey through,</span> 375;<br> +<span class="entry">interview between <i>N.</i> and De Pradt at,</span> 375, 382;<br> +<span class="entry">Russian invasion of,</span> 385;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> refuses to give up,</span> 392;<br> +<span class="entry">reft from Saxony,</span> 394;<br> +<span class="entry">in Russian possession,</span> 399;<br> +<span class="entry">threatened dismemberment of,</span> 409, 423;<br> +<span class="entry">proposed extinction of,</span> 415;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> scheme in,</span> 298.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Washington, George</b>,</span> comparison of Paoli with, i. 18;<br> +<span class="entry">death of,</span> ii. 147;<br> +<span class="entry">admiration of France for,</span> 147;<br> +<span class="entry">statue at the Tuileries,</span> 147;<br> +<span class="entry">festival in honor of,</span> 147, 148;<br> +<span class="entry">compared with <i>N.</i>,</span> 148;<br> +<span class="entry">declares the neutrality of the United States (1793),</span> 212.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Waterloo</b>,</span> the advantage of position at, ii. 179;<br> +<span class="entry">the Prussian pursuit after,</span> iii. 210;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> attempt at suicide after,</span> iv. +<a href="#page131">131</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> reminiscences of,</span> +<a href="#page175">175</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Wellington indicates the battle-ground,</span> +<a href="#page178">178</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the controversial literature of,</span> +<a href="#page186">186</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the battle-field,</span> +<a href="#page189">189</a> et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">character of the French troops at,</span> +<a href="#page196">196</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Wellington's headquarters at,</span> +<a href="#page195">195</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the plans of battle,</span> +<a href="#page197">197</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the battle,</span> +<a href="#page199">199</a> et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">application of the name to the battle,</span> +<a href="#page212">212</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">review of the battle,</span> +<a href="#page212">212</a> et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">political spoils,</span> +<a href="#page214">214</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">moral effect on the Emperor,</span> +<a href="#page216">216</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the news in Paris,</span> +<a href="#page216">216</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> monograph on,</span> +<a href="#page232">232</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> delay at,</span> +<a href="#page267">267</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">epic character of,</span> +<a href="#page288">288</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">effect on the world,</span> +<a href="#page289">289</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Waterloo Campaign</b>,</span> parallel between campaign in Piedmont and, iv. +<a href="#page170">170</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Wavre</b>,</span> military operations at, iv. +<a href="#page182">182</a>, +<a href="#page184">184</a>, +<a href="#page187">187</a>, +<a href="#page191">191</a>-195, +<a href="#page214">214</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Wealth</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> on, i. 137.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Weapons of war in 1796</b>,</span> i. 349.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Wehlau</b>,</span> military movements near, iii. 30.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Weimar</b>,</span> dissension in the Prussian camp at, ii. 429;<br> +<span class="entry">fighting at,</span> 431;<br> +<span class="entry">meetings of <i>N.</i> with Goethe and Wieland at,</span> iii. 72, 73, 176.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Weimar, Grand Duchess of</b>,</span> entertains <i>N.</i>, iii. 174.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Weirother, Col.</b>,</span> at Austerlitz, ii. 381.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Weissenberg, Gen.</b>,</span> captured near St. Dizier, iv. +<a href="#page104">104</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Weissenburg</b>,</span> battle of, i. 273;<br> +<span class="entry">the French position at,</span> ii. 365.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Weissenfels</b>,</span> taken by Bertrand, iv. +<a href="#page035">35</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Weissensee</b>,</span> narrow escape of Frederick William III at, ii. 436.<br> + + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page524" name="page524"></a>(p. 524)</span> +<span class="name"><b>Wellenburg</b>,</span> acquired by Würtemberg, ii. 391.<br> + +<a id="wellesleysirarthur" name="wellesleysirarthur"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Wellesley, Sir Arthur</b>,</span> takes command of operations in Portugal, iii. 122;<br> +<span class="entry">enters Portugal,</span> 157;<br> +<span class="entry">defeats Junot at Vimeiro,</span> 157;<br> +<span class="entry">recalled to England and vindicated,</span> 186;<br> +<span class="entry">expels the French from Portugal,</span> 236;<br> +<span class="entry">prepares for invasion of Spain,</span> 236;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Talavera,</span> 236;<br> +<span class="entry">withdraws before Soult,</span> 237;<br> +<span class="entry">created Duke of Wellington,</span> 265;<br> + <i>See also</i> <a href="#wellingtondukeof"><b>Wellington, Duke of</b></a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Wellesley, Lord</b>,</span> succeeds Canning as prime minister, iii. 272;<br> +<span class="entry">Secretary for Foreign Affairs,</span> 284;<br> +<span class="entry">reinforces the army in Portugal,</span> 284;<br> +<span class="entry">succeeded by Castlereagh,</span> 378.<br> + +<a id="wellingtondukeof" name="wellingtondukeof"></a> +<span class="name"><b>Wellington, Duke of</b></span> (<i>see also</i> <a href="#wellesleysirarthur"><b>Wellesley, Sir Arthur</b></a>), effect of Moore's spirit on, iii. 189;<br> +<span class="entry">holds Portugal,</span> 283;<br> +<span class="entry">reinforced by Lord Hill,</span> 283;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Talavera,</span> 284, 287;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Busaco,</span> 284;<br> +<span class="entry">retreat down the Mondego,</span> 284;<br> +<span class="entry">constructs the lines of Torres Vedras,</span> 285, 286;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Ocaña,</span> 287, 288;<br> +<span class="entry">difficult position at Lisbon,</span> 288;<br> +<span class="entry">character,</span> 288, 289;<br> +<span class="entry">summons famine to his aid,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">advances into Spain,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">battles of Albuera and Fuentes de Onoro,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">retreats to Portugal,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">recaptures Almeida,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">attacked by Lord Liverpool,</span> 288;<br> +<span class="entry">on Masséna's stand,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Salamanca,</span> 290;<br> +<span class="entry">storming of Badajoz,</span> 290, 319;<br> +<span class="entry">captures Ciudad Rodrigo,</span> 290, 319;<br> +<span class="entry">advances on the Duero,</span> 290;<br> +<span class="entry">period of inactivity,</span> 290;<br> +<span class="entry">returns to Portugal,</span> 290;<br> +<span class="entry">resumes the offensive,</span> 290;<br> +<span class="entry">between two fires,</span> 290;<br> +<span class="entry">demoralization of his army,</span> 291;<br> +<span class="entry">moves against Madrid,</span> 290;<br> +<span class="entry">defeats Marmont at Salamanca,</span> 377;<br> +<span class="entry">withdraws to the Portuguese frontier,</span> 377;<br> +<span class="entry">hampered by English political situation,</span> 377, 378;<br> +<span class="entry">reverses in the Peninsula,</span> 392;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Vitoria,</span> 420;<br> +<span class="entry">threatens France,</span> 420;<br> +<span class="entry">successes in Spain,</span> 420, 423;<br> +<span class="entry">Spain rises to support,</span> iv. +<a href="#page040">40</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">on the war in Spain,</span> +<a href="#page052">52</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">signs conditions with <i>N.</i>,</span> +<a href="#page052">52</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">succeeds Castlereagh at Congress of Vienna,</span> +<a href="#page145">145</a>, +<a href="#page169">169</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">proposes to deport <i>N.</i> to St. Helena,</span> +<a href="#page145">145</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">recalled by Lord Liverpool,</span> +<a href="#page149">149</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">desires to take the field,</span> +<a href="#page169">169</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">military genius,</span> +<a href="#page169">169</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">plan of campaign of the Hundred Days,</span> +<a href="#page169">169</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">dissatisfaction with his troops,</span> +<a href="#page169">169</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> position with regard to Blücher and,</span> +<a href="#page171">171</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">influence over troops,</span> +<a href="#page172">172</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">relative strength in Waterloo campaign,</span> +<a href="#page172">172</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">awaits developments,</span> +<a href="#page172">172</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">reminiscences of Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page173">173</a>, +<a href="#page178">178</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with Blücher,</span> +<a href="#page176">176</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">interview between the Duke of Richmond and,</span> at the ball, +<a href="#page178">178</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">indicates the battle-ground at Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page178">178</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">concentration of his troops,</span> +<a href="#page178">178</a>, +<a href="#page179">179</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">criticizes Blücher's tactics,</span> +<a href="#page181">181</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">meeting with Blücher at Bry,</span> +<a href="#page180">180</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Quatre Bras,</span> +<a href="#page181">181</a>-188;<br> +<span class="entry">conversation with Col. Bowles,</span> +<a href="#page184">184</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">retreat to Mont St. Jean,</span> +<a href="#page185">185</a>, +<a href="#page189">189</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> determines to attack,</span> +<a href="#page185">185</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">apprehended junction of Blücher and,</span> +<a href="#page187">187</a>, +<a href="#page190">190</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">his choice of position,</span> +<a href="#page189">189</a> et seq., +<a href="#page193">193</a>, +<a href="#page196">196</a>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">proposes to fall back to Brussels,</span> +<a href="#page190">190</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">strength at Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page190">190</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Blücher promises support,</span> +<a href="#page190">190</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Grouchy aims to prevent union between Blücher and,</span> +<a href="#page192">192</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">his resolution to give battle in front of Soignes,</span> +<a href="#page192">192</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">his center at Mont St. Jean,</span> +<a href="#page195">195</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Gneisenau's doubt of his standing at Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page194">194</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">lack of confidence in the Dutch-Belgian troops,</span> +<a href="#page195">195</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">headquarters at Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page195">195</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">lines of retreat,</span> +<a href="#page195">195</a>, +<a href="#page214">214</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">the plan of Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page197">197</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page199">199</a> et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">repeated calls for Blücher,</span> +<a href="#page204">204</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">stories of his anxiety,</span> +<a href="#page207">207</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">his conduct of the Waterloo campaign,</span> +<a href="#page213">213</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">faint-hearted coöperation with Blücher,</span> +<a href="#page213">213</a>;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page525" name="page525"></a>(p. 525)</span> +<span class="entry">restores Louis XVIII,</span> +<a href="#page220">220</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">danger of <i>N.'s</i> surrender to,</span> +<a href="#page323">323</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">share in the reconstruction of France,</span> +<a href="#page225">225</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">alleged attempt to assassinate,</span> +<a href="#page234">234</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Wels</b>,</span> Russian troops at, ii. 367.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Wereja</b>,</span> capture of the French garrison of, iii. 350.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Werneck, Gen.</b>,</span> capture of his division at Nördlingen, ii. 367.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Werther</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> compared to, i. 81.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Wesel</b>,</span> ceded to France, ii. 390;<br> +<span class="entry">French garrison at,</span> 404, 416, 424;<br> +<span class="entry">demand for its restoration to Prussia,</span> 422.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Weser, River</b>,</span> French occupation of the coast near, iii. 266;<br> +<span class="entry">territory on,</span> offered to Sweden, 399.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Western Empire</b>,</span> accomplishment of <i>N.'s</i> dream of, iii. 73;<br> +<span class="entry">an end to the dreams of,</span> 422.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>West Indies, the</b>,</span> scheme for populating, ii. 236;<br> +<span class="entry">English blockade of the French fleet in,</span> 257;<br> +<span class="entry">Jerome Buonaparte in,</span> 257;<br> +<span class="entry">England watches French policy concerning,</span> 267;<br> +<span class="entry">France looks to her power in,</span> 280;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> ambitions in,</span> 289;<br> +<span class="entry">French squadrons ordered to,</span> 333;<br> +<span class="entry">Nelson enticed to,</span> 358;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> ambitions in,</span> iii. 308.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Westphalia</b>,</span> military movements in, ii. 425;<br> +<span class="entry">organization of the kingdom of,</span> iii. 56, 62;<br> +<span class="entry">Jerome king of,</span> 73, 279;<br> +<span class="entry">war indemnity exacted from,</span> 78;<br> +<span class="entry">levy of troops in,</span> 132, 322-324;<br> +<span class="entry">sequestration of Frederick William's estates in,</span> 162;<br> +<span class="entry">insurrection in,</span> 225;<br> +<span class="entry">Schill's failure in,</span> 233;<br> +<span class="entry">scheme to incorporate part with France,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">French occupation of,</span> 307;<br> +<span class="entry">French influence in,</span> 423;<br> +<span class="entry">flight of Jerome to France,</span> iv. +<a href="#page040">40</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>West Prussia</b>,</span> Lestocq's retreat through, ii. 435.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Whitbread, Samuel</b>,</span> on the French Revolution, ii. 144.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"White Terror," the</b>,</span> i. 277; iv. +<a href="#page222">222</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Whitworth, Lord</b>,</span> character, ii. 267;<br> +<span class="entry">ambassador to Paris,</span> 266, 276;<br> +<span class="entry">evades declaration of England's Maltese policy,</span> 273;<br> +<span class="entry">summoned to the Tuileries,</span> Feb. 17, 1803, 280-282;<br> +<span class="entry">at consular levee of March 13,</span> 1803, 280-282;<br> +<span class="entry">his attitude,</span> 284, 285;<br> +<span class="entry">on <i>N.'s</i> reception of April 4,</span> 284;<br> +<span class="entry">reports on France's naval preparations,</span> 284;<br> +<span class="entry">publication of his despatches in England,</span> 284;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> declarations to,</span> on subject of invading England, 290;<br> +<span class="entry">a diplomatic method of,</span> iii. 418.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Wiazma</b>,</span> battle of, iii. 350.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Wieland, C. M.</b>,</span> interview with <i>N.</i> at Wiemar, iii. 174;<br> +<span class="entry">decorated at Erfurt,</span> 176;<br> +<span class="entry">estimate of <i>N.'s</i> influence,</span> 322.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Wilberforce, William</b>,</span> deprecates war with France, ii. 285.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Willach</b></span> (Carinthia), ceded to France, iii. 239.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Willenberg</b>,</span> military movements near, iii. 13.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>William, Prince</b></span> (of Prussia), mission to Paris, iii. 178;<br> +<span class="entry">in battle of Waterloo,</span> iv. +<a href="#page205">205</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"William the Conqueror," by Duval</b>,</span> ii. 350.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Willot, Gen.</b>,</span> proposes to destroy the Directory, ii. 78;<br> +<span class="entry">suspected of plotting against <i>N.</i>,</span> 303.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Wilson, Sir Robert</b>,</span> endeavors to reorganize the Russian army, iii. 351.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Wintzengerode</b>,</span> captures Soissons, iv. +<a href="#page077">77</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated near St. Dizier,</span> +<a href="#page095">95</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Wischau</b>,</span> junction of Austrian and Russian troops at, ii. 379.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Wittau</b>,</span> military operations near, iii. 227.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Wittenberg</b>,</span> captured by Davout, ii. 436;<br> +<span class="entry">French forces at,</span> iii. 393;<br> +<span class="entry">French occupation of,</span> iv. +<a href="#page002">2</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">military movements near,</span> +<a href="#page014">14</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Wittgenstein, Gen.</b>,</span> in the Russian campaign, iii. 341;<br> +<span class="entry">menaces the French left,</span> 350;<br> +<span class="entry">resumes offensive against Saint-Cyr,</span> 359;<br> +<span class="entry">checked by Victor and Saint-Cyr,</span> 361;<br> +<span class="entry">pursuit of the French army,</span> 366, 383;<br> +<span class="entry">Victor ordered to hold back,</span> 368;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page526" name="page526"></a>(p. 526)</span> +<span class="entry">at the passage of the Beresina,</span> 370;<br> +<span class="entry">defeats Victor at Borrissoff,</span> 370;<br> +<span class="entry">bad generalship of,</span> 374, 383, 384;<br> +<span class="entry">losses in the Russian campaign,</span> 383;<br> +<span class="entry">fails to cut off Macdonald's retreat,</span> 384;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding the allied army,</span> 403;<br> +<span class="entry">the battle of Lützen,</span> 405;<br> +<span class="entry">loses his command,</span> 411;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding Army of the East,</span> iv. +<a href="#page003">3</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Leipsic,</span> +<a href="#page029">29</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">driven from Nangis,</span> +<a href="#page072">72</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Wkra, River</b>,</span> bridging of the, iii. 2.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Wolkousky, Prince P. M.</b>,</span> in military council with Alexander I, iv. +<a href="#page098">98</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Women</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> attitude toward, and ideas concerning, i. 138, 143, 256, 311, 317, 448; ii. 197, 198, 255; iii. 326, 327;<br> +<span class="entry">education of,</span> ii. 225, 226;<br> +<span class="entry">demands of German social custom on,</span> iii. 259, 260.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Wrede, Gen.</b>,</span> in campaign of Eckmühl, iii. 206;<br> +<span class="entry">movements before Ratisbon,</span> 209;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated by Hiller at Erding,</span> 212;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Wagram,</span> 229;<br> +<span class="entry">reaches Vilna,</span> 373;<br> +<span class="entry">commanding Bavarian troops,</span> iv. +<a href="#page035">35</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Wright, Capt.</b>,</span> lands the Cadoudal conspirators in France, ii. 297, 298;<br> +<span class="entry">Savary suspected of complicity in death of,</span> 412.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Wurmser, Gen.</b>,</span> <i>N.'s</i> operations against, i. 350;<br> +<span class="entry">sent to reinforce Beaulieu,</span> 357;<br> +<span class="entry">military genius,</span> 378;<br> +<span class="entry">marches to relief of Mantua,</span> 378 et seq.;<br> +<span class="entry">operations on Lake Garda,</span> 381-383;<br> +<span class="entry">attempts to succor Mantua,</span> 383, 384;<br> +<span class="entry">operations on the Brenta,</span> 384;<br> +<span class="entry">advance-guard captured at Primolano,</span> 384;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated at Bassano,</span> 384;<br> +<span class="entry">demoralization of his army,</span> 384;<br> +<span class="entry">makes ineffectual sally from Mantua,</span> 392;<br> +<span class="entry">besieged in Mantua,</span> his defense and surrender, 406-418;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> generosity to,</span> 417, 418.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Würtemberg</b>,</span> makes peace with France (1796), i. 385, 450;<br> +<span class="entry">grants to the Grand Duke of,</span> ii. 265;<br> +<span class="entry">relations with Russia,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">French march through,</span> 363;<br> +<span class="entry">friendly relations with and subservience to France,</span> 377, 402; iii. 279;<br> +<span class="entry">created an independent kingdom,</span> ii. 391, 398;<br> +<span class="entry">acquires territory after Austerlitz,</span> 391;<br> +<span class="entry">member of the Confederation of the Rhine,</span> 402, 403;<br> +<span class="entry">supplies contingents to <i>N.'s</i> armies,</span> ii. 404; iii. 3, 322, 324, 394;<br> +<span class="entry">Maria Louisa's progress through,</span> iii. 256;<br> +<span class="entry">allotment of Austrian lands to,</span> 266;<br> +<span class="entry">turns from <i>N.</i> to the allies,</span> iv. +<a href="#page040">40</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">position in Germany,</span> +<a href="#page298">298</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Würtemberg, Princess Catherine of</b>,</span> marries Jerome Napoleon, iii. 93, 94.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Würzburg</b>,</span> seized by Jourdan, i. 385;<br> +<span class="entry">reported French occupation of,</span> ii. 420;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> base,</span> 424;<br> +<span class="entry">French forces at,</span> iii. 393.</p> + + +<h5>Y</h5> + +<p><span class="name"><b>"Yamacks," the</b>,</span> iii. 162.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Yarmouth, Lord</b>,</span> negotiates for peace, ii. 400, 401, 404.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Yelin</b>,</span> author of "Germany in her Deepest Humiliation," ii. 417.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Yermoloff, Gen.</b>,</span> pursuit of the French army by, iii. 383.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Yonne, River</b>,</span> military operations on the, iv. +<a href="#page116">116</a>, +<a href="#page157">157</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>York, Duke of</b>,</span> besieges Dunkirk, i. 222;<br> +<span class="entry">defeated by Brune at Bergen,</span> ii. 93, 323;<br> +<span class="entry">capitulates at Alkmaar,</span> 93.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>York, Gen.</b>,</span> in correspondence with Alexander I, iii. 384;<br> +<span class="entry">concludes convention of Tauroggen,</span> 385, 392, 395;<br> +<span class="entry">nominally degraded,</span> 385;<br> +<span class="entry">desertion of the French cause,</span> 393;<br> +<span class="entry">his action approved by the Estates of eastern Prussia,</span> 397;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Bautzen,</span> 410;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Leipsic,</span> iv. +<a href="#page030">30</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">reinforces Blücher at Montmirail,</span> +<a href="#page063">63</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">held by Mortier,</span> +<a href="#page074">74</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">routs Marmont at Athies,</span> +<a href="#page079">79</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">quits Blücher's army,</span> but returns, +<a href="#page080">80</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>"Young Guard,"</b></span> the, iii. 222;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Lützen,</span> 405;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Dresden,</span> iv. +<a href="#page009">9</a>;<br> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page527" name="page527"></a>(p. 527)</span> +<span class="entry">ordered to Bautzen,</span> +<a href="#page018">18</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Dresden,</span> +<a href="#page021">21</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">under command of Ney,</span> +<a href="#page072">72</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Victor commanding portion of,</span> +<a href="#page072">72</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">"melts like snow,"</span> +<a href="#page078">78</a>;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.</i> reviews,</span> +<a href="#page117">117</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page205">205</a>.</p> + + +<h5>Z</h5> + +<p><span class="name"><b>Zaborowski</b>,</span> <i>N.</i> seeks service with, i. 217.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Zach, Gen.</b>,</span> in battle of Marengo, ii. 180.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Zacharias, Pope</b>,</span> on kingly power, ii. 325.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Zamosc</b>,</span> held by the French, iii. 402.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Zampaglini</b>,</span> Corsican patriot brigand, i. 139.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Zante</b>,</span> France's jealous care of, ii. 32.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Zealand</b>,</span> French occupation of, iii. 270;<br> +<span class="entry"><i>N.'s</i> offer to exchange it for Hanseatic towns,</span> 270.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Zembin</b>,</span> the Emperor's retreat through, iii. 370.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Ziethen, Gen. J. J.</b>,</span> in Waterloo campaign, iv. +<a href="#page172">172</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Charleroi,</span> +<a href="#page173">173</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">at Fleurus,</span> +<a href="#page173">173</a>, +<a href="#page174">174</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">battle of Waterloo,</span> +<a href="#page204">204</a>, +<a href="#page205">205</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Zittau</b>,</span> French advance from Dresden to, iv. +<a href="#page006">6</a>;<br> +<span class="entry">Blücher's road to,</span> blocked by Lauriston, +<a href="#page008">8</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Znaim</b>,</span> military operations near, ii. 367;<br> +<span class="entry">Kutusoff's retreat to,</span> 379;<br> +<span class="entry">Charles withdraws toward,</span> iii. 230;<br> +<span class="entry">fighting at,</span> 230;<br> +<span class="entry">French repulse at,</span> 235;<br> +<span class="entry">the armistice of,</span> 241, 251.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Zorndorf</b>,</span> battle of, iv. +<a href="#page267">267</a>.<br> + +<span class="name"><b>Zürich</b>,</span> the plundering of, ii. 40;<br> +<span class="entry">battles of,</span> 93, 141;<br> +<span class="entry">Army of the Reserve ordered to,</span> 164, 169;<br> +<span class="entry">Masséna's victory at,</span> +323.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="p4"><a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a> +<b>Footnote 1:</b> References: Pierron: Napoléon, de Dresde à Leipzig. +Pelet: Des principales opérations de la campagne de 1813. York von +Wartenburg: Précis militaire de la campagne de 1813 en Allemagne. +Clément: Campagne de 1813. Lüdtke: Die strategische Bedeutung der +Schlacht bei Dresden. Sorel: L'Europe et la révolution française, Vol. +VIII.<a href="#footnotetag1"><span class="small">[Back to Main Text]</span></a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a> +<b>Footnote 2:</b> References: Luckwaldt: Österreich und die Anfänge des +Befreiungskrieges von 1813: Vom Abschluss der Allianz mit Frankreich, +bis zum Eintritt in die Koalition. Aster: Die Kriegsereignisse +zwischen Peterswalde, Pirna, Königstein und Priesten im August, 1813, +und die Schlacht bei Kulm. Wagner: Die Tage v. Dresden u. Kulm. Heft: +Der Waffenstillstand und die Schlacht bei Gross-Beeren nebst fünf +Beilagen.<a href="#footnotetag2"><span class="small">[Back to Main Text]</span></a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote3" name="footnote3"></a> +<b>Footnote 3:</b> References: Wuttke: Die Völkerschlacht bei Leipzig. +Aster: Die Schlachten bei Leipzig. Also see works of Hofmann, Naumann, +and Dörr.<a href="#footnotetag3"><span class="small">[Back to Main Text]</span></a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote4" name="footnote4"></a> +<b>Footnote 4:</b> References: Fain: Manuscrit de 1814. Rothenburg: Die +Schlacht bei Leipzig im Jahre 1813.<a href="#footnotetag4"><span class="small">[Back to Main Text]</span></a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote5" name="footnote5"></a> +<b>Footnote 5:</b> Correspondance, Vol. XVII. Mémoires du roi Joseph. +Beauchamp: Histoire des campagnes de 1814 et 1815. Danitz: Geschichte +d. Feldzugs v. 1814. Danilewsky: Der Feldzug in Frankreich. Houssaye: +1814.<a href="#footnotetag5"><span class="small">[Back to Main Text]</span></a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote6" name="footnote6"></a> +<b>Footnote 6:</b> References: Fournier, Der Congress von Châtillon. Die +Politik im Kriege von 1814. Eine historische Studie. Koch, Mémoires p. +s. à l'histoire de la campagne de 1814. Sorel, L'Europe et la +révolution française, Vol. VIII.<a href="#footnotetag6"><span class="small">[Back to Main Text]</span></a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote7" name="footnote7"></a> +<b>Footnote 7:</b> Fournier: Der Congress von Châtillon.<a href="#footnotetag7"><span class="small">[Back to Main Text]</span></a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote8" name="footnote8"></a> +<b>Footnote 8:</b> References: Houssaye: 1814. Jensen: Napoleons Feldzug, +1814. Weil: La campagne de 1814, d'après les documents des archives +impériales et royales de la guerre à Vienne. La cavalerie des armées +alliées pendant la campagne de 1814.<a href="#footnotetag8"><span class="small">[Back to Main Text]</span></a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote9" name="footnote9"></a> +<b>Footnote 9:</b> References: Houssaye, Napoléon à l'île d'Elbe, in Revue +historique, tom. 51, pp. 1-25. Metternich's Memoirs.<a href="#footnotetag9"><span class="small">[Back to Main Text]</span></a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote10" name="footnote10"></a> +<b>Footnote 10:</b> See Houssaye, 1814, pp. 258 <i>et seq.</i><a href="#footnotetag10"><span class="small">[Back to Main Text]</span></a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote11" name="footnote11"></a> +<b>Footnote 11:</b> References: Napoleon, King of Elba. Pons de l'Hérault, +Mémoire aux puissances alliées; publ. pour la "société d'histoire +contemporaine." Houssaye, Napoléon à l'île d'Elbe. Sorel, Essais +d'histoire et de critique. Talleyrand, Metternich. Sorel, Le Congrès +de Vienne. Rose, Napoleonic Studies. Campbell, Napoleon at +Fontainebleau and Elba. Foresi, Napoleone I all' isola dell' Elba.<a href="#footnotetag11"><span class="small">[Back to Main Text]</span></a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote12" name="footnote12"></a> +<b>Footnote 12:</b> References: Müffling (genannt Weiss), Geschichte des +Feldzugs der englisch-hannoversch-niederlandischen und +braunschweigischen Armee unter dem Fürsten Blücher im Jahre 1815. +Houssaye, 1814. Mémoires of Bourrienne. Haussonville, Souvenirs. +Gervinus, Geschichte des 19. Jahrhunderts seit den Wien Verträgen.<a href="#footnotetag12"><span class="small">[Back to Main Text]</span></a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote13" name="footnote13"></a> +<b>Footnote 13:</b> References: Campbell, Sir Neil, Napoleon at +Fontainebleau and Elba, being a journal of occurrences in 1814-1815, +with notes of conversations. Laborde, Napoléon et sa garde, ou +relation du voyage de Fontainebleau à l'île d'Elbe en 1814, etc. +Ussher, A narrative of events connected with the first abdication of +Napoleon, his embarkation at Fréjus and voyage to Elba on board his +majesty's ship <i>Undaunted</i>; his embarkation at Elba on board the +Elbese brig of war <i>l'Inconstant</i>; and a journal of his extraordinary +march to Paris, narrated by Colonel Laborde, who accompanied the +Emperor on that occasion. Waldburg, L. F. Graf Truchsess von, Napoleon +Bonaparte's Reise von Fontainebleau nach Fréjus vom 17-29 April, +1814.<a href="#footnotetag13"><span class="small">[Back to Main Text]</span></a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote14" name="footnote14"></a> +<b>Footnote 14:</b> References: Czartoryski, Memoirs, Vol. II. Houssaye, +Napoléon à l'île d'Elbe, in Revue historique, tom. 51, pp. 1-25, +Paris, 1893. Ussher, Napoleon's Last Voyage. Peyrusse: Mémorial.<a href="#footnotetag14"><span class="small">[Back to Main Text]</span></a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote15" name="footnote15"></a> +<b>Footnote 15:</b> See Welschinger: Le roi de Rome, ch. vi, p. 17.<a href="#footnotetag15"><span class="small">[Back to Main Text]</span></a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote16" name="footnote16"></a> +<b>Footnote 16:</b> References: Sorel, A.: Le traité de Paris du 20 +novembre, 1815. I. Les cent jours. Lacretelle: Histoire de France +depuis la restauration. Nettement: Histoire de la littérature +française sous la restauration. Constant: Mémoires sur les cent jours +en forme de lettres. Lucien Bonaparte: La vérité sur les cent jours.<a href="#footnotetag16"><span class="small">[Back to Main Text]</span></a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote17" name="footnote17"></a> +<b>Footnote 17:</b> See Welschinger: Le roi de Rome, ch. vii.<a href="#footnotetag17"><span class="small">[Back to Main Text]</span></a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote18" name="footnote18"></a> +<b>Footnote 18:</b> References: for this and the following chapters see +d'Angeberg: Le congrès de Vienne et les traités de 1815, précédé et +suivi des actes diplomatiques qui s'y rattachent, avec introduction +historique par Capefigue; Castlereagh's Correspondence; Capefigue: Le +congrès de Vienne dans ses rapports avec la circonstance actuelle de +l'Europe; Davout: Correspondance, Vol. IV.; de Pradt: Du congrès de +Vienne; Flassan: Histoire du congrès de Vienne; Hardenberg's Memoirs; +Humboldt's Memoirs; Villemain: Souvenirs contemporains d'histoire et +de littérature; Gérard: Quelques documents sur la bataille de +Waterloo; Gourgaud: La campagne de 1815; Grouchy: Observations sur la +relation de la campagne de 1815, publ. par le G<sup>én.</sup> Gourgaud, et +réfutation de quelques-unes des assertions et écrits relatifs à la +bataille de Waterloo.<a href="#footnotetag18"><span class="small">[Back to Main Text]</span></a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote19" name="footnote19"></a> +<b>Footnote 19:</b> The most important works dealing with the military side +of the Waterloo campaign are those of Müffling, Berton, Gourgaud, +Clausewitz, Siborne, Charras, Chesney, Hooper, Maurice, Mercer, +Morris, Jomini, Ollech, Vaudoncourt, Ropes, and Houssaye. Further, +there are controversial discussions of importance by Grouchy, Gérard, +Heymès, Knoop, Loben-Sels, and Bornstedt. The most complete +bibliography is, as usual, that of Kircheisen.<a href="#footnotetag19"><span class="small">[Back to Main Text]</span></a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote20" name="footnote20"></a> +<b>Footnote 20:</b> For the text of the order to d'Erlon and a full +discussion of the whole subject, see Houssaye, 1815, p. 201.<a href="#footnotetag20"><span class="small">[Back to Main Text]</span></a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote21" name="footnote21"></a> +<b>Footnote 21:</b> Long regarded as a more or less haphazard decision, it +has been established at last that the officers of the Prussian general +staff were able by the light of a horn lantern so to exhibit their +maps, explain their study of the ground, and develop the necessary +strategy as to determine with considerable accuracy where they were +and what the scientific move should be. When this was duly set forth +in the history of the general staff, the exultation of the Emperor +William II was expressed in his public speeches, and the Germans of +the empire were convinced that by this decision the result of the +Waterloo campaign was determined.<a href="#footnotetag21"><span class="small">[Back to Main Text]</span></a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote22" name="footnote22"></a> +<b>Footnote 22:</b> Ropes: The Campaign of Waterloo, p. 191.<a href="#footnotetag22"><span class="small">[Back to Main Text]</span></a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote23" name="footnote23"></a> +<b>Footnote 23:</b> References for this and the following two chapters: +Houssaye: 1815, Waterloo; Ussher: Napoleon's last voyage; Ropes: +Waterloo; Bustelli: L'Enigma di Ligny e di Waterloo; York: Napoleon +als Feldherr; Gardner: Quatre Bras, Ligny, Waterloo; Gourgaud: La +Campagne de 1815; Siborne: History of the War in France and Belgium, +1815; Cotton, A Voice from Waterloo; Loben-Sels: Précis de la campagne +1815 dans les Pays-Bas.<a href="#footnotetag23"><span class="small">[Back to Main Text]</span></a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote24" name="footnote24"></a> +<b>Footnote 24:</b> Further references for this and the following chapter: +Batty: Historical Sketch; Baudus: Études sur Napoléon; Bullock: Diary; +Cotton: Voice from Waterloo; Damitz: Campagne de 1815; A. S. Fraser: +Letters; W. Fraser: Words, etc.; Gomm: Letters and Journals; Kennedy: +Notes on Waterloo; Vaulabelle: Campagne de Waterloo; Gurwood: +Wellington's Despatches; likewise the lives and memoirs of Davout, +Drouot, Gneisenau, Wellington, Hill, Grouchy (par Pascallet), and +Vandamme; Waterloo Letters, edited by Siborne; Waterloo Roll-call, +compiled by Dalton.<a href="#footnotetag24"><span class="small">[Back to Main Text]</span></a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote25" name="footnote25"></a> +<b>Footnote 25:</b> Houssaye says eighty (1815, p. 338). See also Ropes, p. +305.<a href="#footnotetag25"><span class="small">[Back to Main Text]</span></a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote26" name="footnote26"></a> +<b>Footnote 26:</b> References: Ernouf: Histoire de la dernière capitulation +de Paris, 1815. Rédigée sur des documents officiels et inédits. +Houssaye: 1815, La seconde abdication. La terreur blanche.<a href="#footnotetag26"><span class="small">[Back to Main Text]</span></a></p> + +<p><a id="footnote27" name="footnote27"></a> +<b>Footnote 27:</b> References: Abell, Mrs. L. E. (late Miss Balcombe), +Recollections of the Emperor Napoleon; Cockburn: Diary of Buonaparte's +voyage to St. Helena in 1815; Lowe, Mémorial relatif à la captivité de +Napoléon à Sainte-Hélène; Maitland: Narrative of the surrender of +Buonaparte and his residence on board the <i>Bellerophon</i> between May +24th and August 8th, 1815; O'Meara, Napoleon in Exile; or, a Voice +from St. Helena: being the opinions and reflections of Napoleon on the +most important events of his life and government in his own words; +Rosebery: Napoleon, the Last Phase; Silvestre: De Waterloo à +Sainte-Hélène; Gourgaud: Sainte-Hélène, journal inédit de 1815 à 1818; +Masson: Autour de Sainte-Hélène; Las Cases: Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène; +Antommarchi: Les derniers moments de Napoléon; Henry: Events of a +Military Life; Montholon: Récits de la captivité de l'empereur +Napoléon; Montholon: Souvenirs de la comtesse; Montholon: Lettres du +comte et de la comtesse (ed. P. Gonnard); Frémaux: Napoléon +prisonnier; Planat de la Faye: Souvenirs; Gonnard: Origines de la +légende napoléonienne.<a href="#footnotetag27"><span class="small">[Back to Main Text]</span></a></p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte, by +William Milligan Sloane + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE *** + +***** This file should be named 34838-h.htm or 34838-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/4/8/3/34838/ + +Produced by Thierry Alberto, Bryan Ness, David Garcia, +Christine P. 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