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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Voyages in Search of the North-West Passage,
+by Richard Hakluyt, Edited by Henry Morley
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Voyages in Search of the North-West Passage
+
+
+Author: Richard Hakluyt
+
+Editor: Henry Morley
+
+Release Date: December 27, 2007  [eBook #3482]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VOYAGES IN SEARCH OF THE
+NORTH-WEST PASSAGE***
+
+
+Transcribed from the 1892 Cassell & Co. edition by David Price, email
+ccx074@pglaf.org
+
+                       CASSELL'S NATIONAL LIBRARY.
+
+
+
+
+
+VOYAGES
+IN SEARCH OF THE
+NORTH-WEST PASSAGE.
+
+
+                         _From the Collection of_
+                             RICHARD HAKLUYT.
+
+                       CASSELL & COMPANY, Limited:
+                      _LONDON_, _PARIS & MELBOURNE_.
+                                  1892.
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+Thirty-five years ago I made a voyage to the Arctic Seas in what Chaucer
+calls
+
+       A little bote
+    No bigger than a manne's thought;
+
+it was a Phantom Ship that made some voyages to different parts of the
+world which were recorded in early numbers of Charles Dickens's
+"Household Words."  As preface to Richard Hakluyt's records of the first
+endeavour of our bold Elizabethan mariners to find North-West Passage to
+the East, let me repeat here that old voyage of mine from No. 55 of
+"Household Words," dated the 12th of April, 1851: The _Phantom_ is fitted
+out for Arctic exploration, with instructions to find her way, by the
+north-west, to Behring Straits, and take the South Pole on her passage
+home.  Just now we steer due north, and yonder is the coast of Norway.
+From that coast parted Hugh Willoughby, three hundred years ago; the
+first of our countrymen who wrought an ice-bound highway to Cathay.  Two
+years afterwards his ships were found, in the haven of Arzina, in
+Lapland, by some Russian fishermen; near and about them Willoughby and
+his companions--seventy dead men.  The ships were freighted with their
+frozen crews, and sailed for England; but, "being unstaunch, as it is
+supposed, by their two years' wintering in Lapland, sunk, by the way,
+with their dead, and them also that brought them."
+
+Ice floats about us now, and here is a whale blowing; a whale, too, very
+near Spitzbergen.  When first Spitzbergen was discovered, in the good old
+times, there were whales here in abundance; then a hundred Dutch ships,
+in a crowd, might go to work, and boats might jostle with each other, and
+the only thing deficient would be stowage room for all the produce of the
+fishery.  Now one ship may have the whole field to itself, and travel
+home with an imperfect cargo.  It was fine fun in the good old times;
+there was no need to cruise.  Coppers and boilers were fitted on the
+island, and little colonies about them, in the fishing season, had
+nothing to do but tow the whales in, with a boat, as fast as they were
+wanted by the copper.  No wonder that so enviable a Tom Tidler's ground
+was claimed by all who had a love for gold and silver.  The English
+called it theirs, for they first fished; the Dutch said, nay, but the
+island was of their discovery; Danes, Hamburghers, Bisayans, Spaniards,
+and French put in their claims; and at length it was agreed to make
+partitions.  The numerous bays and harbours which indent the coast were
+divided among the rival nations; and, to this day, many of them bear,
+accordingly, such names as English Bay, Danes Bay, and so forth.  One bay
+there is, with graves in it, named Sorrow.  For it seemed to the fishers
+most desirable, if possible, to plant upon this island permanent
+establishments, and condemned convicts were offered, by the Russians,
+life and pardon, if they would winter in Spitzbergen.  They agreed; but,
+when they saw the icy mountains and the stormy sea, repented, and went
+back, to meet a death exempt from torture.  The Dutch tempted free men,
+by high rewards, to try the dangerous experiment.  One of their victims
+left a journal, which describes his suffering and that of his companions.
+Their mouths, he says, became so sore that, if they had food, they could
+not eat; their limbs were swollen and disabled with excruciating pain;
+they died of scurvy.  Those who died first were coffined by their dying
+friends; a row of coffins was found, in the spring, each with a man in
+it; two men uncoffined, side by side, were dead upon the floor.  The
+journal told how once the traces of a bear excited their hope of fresh
+meat and amended health; how, with a lantern, two or three had limped
+upon the track, until the light became extinguished, and they came back
+in despair to die.  We might speak, also, of eight English sailors, left,
+by accident, upon Spitzbergen, who lived to return and tell their
+winter's tale; but a long journey is before us and we must not linger on
+the way.  As for our whalers, it need scarcely be related that the
+multitude of whales diminished as the slaughtering went on, until it was
+no longer possible to keep the coppers full.  The whales had to be
+searched for by the vessels, and thereafter it was not worth while to
+take the blubber to Spitzbergen to be boiled; and the different nations,
+having carried home their coppers, left the apparatus of those fishing
+stations to decay.
+
+Take heed.  There is a noise like thunder, and a mountain snaps in two.
+The upper half comes, crashing, grinding, down into the sea, and loosened
+streams of water follow it.  The sea is displaced before the mighty heap;
+it boils and scatters up a cloud of spray; it rushes back, and violently
+beats upon the shore.  The mountain rises from its bath, sways to and
+fro, while water pours along its mighty sides; now it is tolerably quiet,
+letting crackers off as air escapes out of its cavities.  That is an
+iceberg, and in that way are all icebergs formed.  Mountains of ice
+formed by rain and snow--grand Arctic glaciers, undermined by the sea or
+by accumulation over-balanced--topple down upon the slightest provocation
+(moved by a shout, perhaps), and where they float, as this black-looking
+fellow does, they need deep water.  This berg in height is about ninety
+feet, and a due balance requires that a mass nine times as large as the
+part visible should be submerged.  Icebergs are seen about us now which
+rise two hundred feet above the water's level.
+
+There are above head plenty of aquatic birds; ashore, or on the ice, are
+bears, foxes, reindeer; and in the sea there are innumerable animals.  We
+shall not see so much life near the North Pole, that is certain.  It
+would be worth while to go ashore upon an islet there, near Vogel Sang,
+to pay a visit to the eider-ducks.  Their nests are so abundant that one
+cannot avoid treading on them.  When the duck is driven by a hungry fox
+to leave her eggs, she covers them with down, in order that they may not
+cool during her absence, and, moreover, glues the down into a case with a
+secretion supplied to her by Nature for that purpose.  The deserted eggs
+are safe, for that secretion has an odour very disagreeable to the
+intruder's nose.
+
+We still sail northward, among sheets of ice, whose boundaries are not
+beyond our vision from the masthead--these are "floes;" between them we
+find easy way, it is fair "sailing ice."  In the clear sky to the north a
+streak of lucid white light is the reflection from an icy surface; that
+is, "ice-blink," in the language of these seas.  The glare from snow is
+yellow, while open water gives a dark reflection.
+
+Northward still; but now we are in fog the ice is troublesome; a gale is
+rising.  Now, if our ship had timbers they would crack, and if she had a
+bell it would be tolling; if we were shouting to each other we should not
+hear, the sea is in a fury.  With wild force its breakers dash against a
+heaped-up wall of broken ice, that grinds and strains and battles
+fiercely with the water.  This is "the pack," the edge of a great
+ice-field broken by the swell.  It is a perilous and an exciting thing to
+push through pack ice in a gale.
+
+Now there is ice as far as eye can see, that is "an ice-field."  Masses
+are forced up like colossal tombstones on all sides; our sailors call
+them "hummocks;" here and there the broken ice displays large "holes of
+water."  Shall we go on?  Upon this field, in 1827, Parry adventured with
+his men to reach the North Pole, if that should be possible.  With
+sledges and portable boats they laboured on through snow and over
+hummocks, launching their boats over the larger holes of water.  With
+stout hearts, undaunted by toil or danger, they went boldly on, though by
+degrees it became clear to the leaders of the expedition that they were
+almost like mice upon a treadmill cage, making a great expenditure of leg
+for little gain.  The ice was floating to the south with them, as they
+were walking to the north; still they went on.  Sleeping by day to avoid
+the glare, and to get greater warmth during the time of rest, and
+travelling by night--watch-makers' days and nights, for it was all one
+polar day--the men soon were unable to distinguish noon from midnight.
+The great event of one day on this dreary waste was the discovery of two
+flies upon an ice hummock; these, says Parry, became at once a topic of
+ridiculous importance.  Presently, after twenty-three miles' walking,
+they had only gone one mile forward, the ice having industriously floated
+twenty-two miles in the opposite direction; and then, after walking
+forward eleven miles, they found themselves to be three miles behind the
+place from which they started.  The party accordingly returned, not
+having reached the Pole, not having reached the eighty-third parallel,
+for the attainment of which there was a reward of a thousand pounds held
+out by government.  They reached the parallel of eighty-two degrees
+forty-five minutes, which was the most northerly point trodden by the
+foot of man.
+
+From that point they returned.  In those high latitudes they met with a
+phenomenon, common in alpine regions, as well as at the Pole, red snow;
+the red colour being caused by the abundance of a minute plant, of low
+development, the last dweller on the borders of the vegetable kingdom.
+More interesting to the sailors was a fat she bear which they killed and
+devoured with a zeal to be repented of; for on reaching navigable sea,
+and pushing in their boats to Table Island, where some stones were left,
+they found that the bears had eaten all their bread, whereon the men
+agreed that "Bruin was now square with them."  An islet next to Table
+Island--they are both mere rocks--is the most northern land discovered.
+Therefore, Parry applied to it the name of lieutenant--afterwards Sir
+James--Ross.  This compliment Sir James Ross acknowledged in the most
+emphatic manner, by discovering on his part, at the other Pole, the most
+southern land yet seen, and giving to it the name of Parry: "Parry
+Mountains."
+
+It very probably would not be difficult, under such circumstances as Sir
+W. Parry has since recommended, to reach the North Pole along this route.
+Then (especially if it be true, as many believe, that there is a region
+of open sea about the Pole itself) we might find it as easy to reach
+Behring Straits by travelling in a straight line over the North Pole, as
+by threading the straits and bays north of America.
+
+We turn our course until we have in sight a portion of the ice-barred
+eastern coast of Greenland, Shannon Island.  Somewhere about this spot in
+the seventy-fifth parallel is the most northern part of that coast known
+to us.  Colonel--then Captain--Sabine in the _Griper_ was landed there to
+make magnetic, and other observations; for the same purpose he had
+previously visited Sierra Leone.  That is where we differ from our
+forefathers.  They commissioned hardy seamen to encounter peril for the
+search of gold ore, or for a near road to Cathay; but our peril is
+encountered for the gain of knowledge, for the highest kind of service
+that can now be rendered to the human race.
+
+Before we leave the Northern Sea, we must not omit to mention the voyage
+by Spitzbergen northward, in 1818, of Captain Buchan in the _Dorothea_,
+accompanied by Lieutenant Franklin, in the _Trent_.  It was Sir John
+Franklin's first voyage to the Arctic regions.  This trip forms the
+subject of a delightful book by Captain Beechey.
+
+On our way to the south point of Greenland we pass near Cape North, a
+point of Iceland.  Iceland, we know, is the centre of a volcanic region,
+whereof Norway and Greenland are at opposite points of the circumference.
+In connection with this district there is a remarkable fact; that by the
+agency of subterranean forces, a large portion of Norway and Sweden is
+being slowly upheaved.  While Greenland, on the west coast, as gradually
+sinks into the sea, Norway rises at the rate of about four feet in a
+century.  In Greenland, the sinking is so well known that the natives
+never build close to the water's edge, and the Moravian missionaries more
+than once have had to move farther inland the poles on which their boats
+are rested.
+
+Our Phantom Ship stands fairly now along the western coast of Greenland
+into Davis Straits.  We observe that upon this western coast there is, by
+a great deal, less ice than on the eastern.  That is a rule generally.
+Not only the configuration of the straits and bays, but also the earth's
+rotation from west to east, causes the currents here to set towards the
+west, and wash the western coasts, while they act very little on the
+eastern.  We steer across Davis Strait, among "an infinite number of
+great countreys and islands of yce;" there, near the entrance, we find
+Hudson Strait, which does not now concern us.  Islands probably separate
+this well-known channel from Frobisher Strait to the north of it, yet
+unexplored.  Here let us recall to mind the fleet of fifteen sail, under
+Sir Martin Frobisher, in 1578, tossing about and parting company among
+the ice.  Let us remember how the crew of the _Anne Frances_, in that
+expedition, built a pinnace when their vessel struck upon a rock, stock,
+although they wanted main timber and nails.  How they made a mimic forge,
+and "for the easier making of nails, were forced to break their tongs,
+gridiron, and fire-shovel, in pieces."  How Master Captain Best, in this
+frail bark, with its imperfect timbers held together by the metamorphosed
+gridiron and fire-shovel, continued in his duty, and did depart up the
+straights as before was pretended."  How a terrific storm arose, and the
+fleet parted and the intrepid captain was towed "in his small pinnesse,
+at the stern of the _Michael_, thorow the raging seas; for the bark was
+not able to receive, or relieve half his company."  The "tongs, gridyron,
+and fire-shovell," performed their work only for as many minutes as were
+absolutely necessary, for the pinnesse came no sooner aboard the ship,
+and the men entred, but she presently shivered and fell in pieces, and
+sunke at the ship's stern with all the poor men's furniture."
+
+Now, too, as we sail up the strait, explored a few years after these
+events by Master John Davis, how proudly we remember him as a right
+worthy forerunner of those countrymen of his and ours who since have
+sailed over his track.  Nor ought we to pass on without calling to mind
+the melancholy fate, in 1606, of Master John Knight, driven, in the
+_Hopewell_, among huge masses of ice with a tremendous surf, his rudder
+knocked away, his ship half full of water, at the entrance to these
+straits.  Hoping to find a harbour, he set forth to explore a large
+island, and landed, leaving two men to watch the boat, while he, with
+three men and the mate, set forth and disappeared over a hill.  For
+thirteen hours the watchers kept their post; one had his trumpet with
+him, for he was a trumpeter, the other had a gun.  They trumpeted often
+and loudly; they fired, but no answer came.  They watched ashore all
+night for the return of their captain and his party, "but they came not
+at all."
+
+The season is advanced.  As we sail on, the sea steams like a line-kiln,
+"frost-smoke" covers it.  The water, cooled less rapidly, is warmer now
+than the surrounding air, and yields this vapour in consequence.  By the
+time our vessel has reached Baffin's Bay, still coasting along Greenland,
+in addition to old floes and bergs, the water is beset with "pancake
+ice."  That is the young ice when it first begins to cake upon the
+surface.  Innocent enough it seems, but it is sadly clogging to the
+ships.  It sticks about their sides like treacle on a fly's wing;
+collecting unequally, it destroys all equilibrium, and impedes the
+efforts of the steersman.  Rocks split on the Greenland coast with loud
+explosions, and more icebergs fall.  Icebergs we soon shall take our
+leave of; they are only found where there is a coast on which glaciers
+can form; they are good for nothing but to yield fresh water to the
+vessels; it will be all field, pack, and saltwater ice presently.
+
+Now we are in Baffin's Bay, explored in the voyages of Bylot and Baffin,
+1615-16.  When, in 1817, a great movement in the Greenland ice caused
+many to believe that the northern passages would be found comparatively
+clear; and when, in consequence of this impression, Sir John Barrow
+succeeded in setting afoot that course of modern Arctic exploration which
+has been continued to the present day, Sir John Ross was the first man
+sent to find the North-West Passage.  Buchan and Parry were commissioned
+at the same the to attempt the North Sea route.  Sir John Ross did little
+more on that occasion than effect a survey of Baffin's Bay, and prove the
+accuracy of the ancient pilot.  In the extreme north of the bay there is
+an inlet or a channel, called by Baffin Smith's Sound; this Sir John saw,
+but did not enter.  It never yet has been explored.  It may be an inlet
+only; but it is also very possible that by this channel ships might get
+into the Polar Sea and sail by the north shore of Greenland to
+Spitzbergen.  Turning that corner, and descending along the western coast
+of Baffin's Bay, there is another inlet called Jones' Sound by Baffin,
+also unexplored.  These two inlets, with their very British titles, Smith
+and Jones, are of exceeding interest.  Jones' Sound may lead by a back
+way to Melville Island.  South of Jones' Sound there is a wide break in
+the shore, a great sound, named by Baffin, Lancaster's, which Sir John
+Ross, in that first expedition, failed also to explore.  Like our
+transatlantic friends at the South Pole, he laid down a range of clouds
+as mountains, and considered the way impervious; so he came home.  Parry
+went out next year, as a lieutenant, in command of his first and most
+successful expedition.  He sailed up Lancaster Sound, which was in that
+year (1819) unusually clear of ice; and he is the discoverer whose track
+we now follow in our Phantom Ship.  The whole ground being new, he had to
+name the points of country right and left of him.  The way was broad and
+open, due west, a most prosperous beginning for a North-West Passage.  If
+this continued, he would soon reach Behring Strait.  A broad channel to
+the right, directed, that is to say, southward, he entered on the Prince
+of Wales's birthday, and so called it the "Prince Regent's Inlet."  After
+exploring this for some miles, he turned back to resume his western
+course, for still there was a broad strait leading westward.  This second
+part of Lancaster Sound he called after the Secretary of the Admiralty
+who had so indefatigably laboured to promote the expeditions, Barrow's
+Strait.  Then he came to a channel, turning to the right or northward,
+and he named that Wellington Channel.  Then he had on his right hand ice,
+islands large and small, and intervening channels; on the left, ice, and
+a cape visible, Cape Walker.  At an island, named after the First Lord of
+the Admiralty Melville Island, the great frozen wilderness barred farther
+progress.  There he wintered.  On the coast of Melville Island they had
+passed the latitude of one hundred and ten degrees, and the men had
+become entitled to a royal bounty of five thousand pounds.  This group of
+islands Parry called North Georgian, but they are usually called by his
+own name, Parry Islands.  This was the first European winter party in the
+Arctic circle.  Its details are familiar enough.  How the men cut in
+three days, through ice seven inches thick, a canal two miles and a half
+long, and so brought the ships into safe harbour.  How the genius of
+Parry equalled the occasion; how there was established a theatre and a
+_North Georgian Gazette_, to cheer the tediousness of a night which
+continued for two thousand hours.  The dreary, dazzling waste in which
+there was that little patch of life, the stars, the fog, the moonlight,
+the glittering wonder of the northern lights, in which, as Greenlanders
+believe, souls of the wicked dance tormented, are familiar to us.  The
+she-bear stays at home; but the he-bear hungers, and looks in vain for a
+stray seal or walrus--woe to the unarmed man who meets him in his hungry
+mood!  Wolves are abroad, and pretty white arctic foxes.  The reindeer
+have sought other pasture-ground.  The thermometer runs down to more than
+sixty degrees below freezing, a temperature tolerable in calm weather,
+but distressing in a wind.  The eye-piece of the telescope must be
+protected now with leather, for the skin is destroyed that comes in
+contact with cold metal.  The voice at a mile's distance can be heard
+distinctly.  Happy the day when first the sun is seen to graze the edge
+of the horizon; but summer must come, and the heat of a constant day must
+accumulate, and summer wane, before the ice is melted.  Then the ice
+cracks, like cannons over-charged, and moves with a loud grinding noise.
+But not yet is escape to be made with safety.  After a detention of ten
+months, Parry got free; but, in escaping, narrowly missed the destruction
+of both ships, by their being "nipped" between the mighty mass and the
+unyielding shore.  What animals are found on Melville Island we may judge
+from the results of sport during ten months' detention.  The island
+exceeds five thousand miles square, and yielded to the gun, three musk
+oxen, twenty-four deer, sixty-eight hares, fifty-three geese, fifty-nine
+ducks, and one hundred and forty-four ptarmigans, weighing together three
+thousand seven hundred and sixty-six pounds--not quite two ounces of meat
+per day to every man.  Lichens, stunted grass, saxifrage, and a feeble
+willow, are the plants of Melville Island, but in sheltered nooks there
+are found sorrel, poppy, and a yellow buttercup.  Halos and double suns
+are very common consequences of refraction in this quarter of the world.
+Franklin returned from his first and most famous voyage with his men all
+safe and sound, except the loss of a few fingers, frost-bitten.  We sail
+back only as far as Regent's Inlet, being bound for Behring Strait.
+
+The reputation of Sir John Ross being clouded by discontent expressed
+against his first expedition, Felix Booth, a rich distiller, provided
+seventeen thousand pounds to enable his friend to redeem his credit.  Sir
+John accordingly, in 1829, went out in the _Victory_, provided with
+steam-machinery that did not answer well.  He was accompanied by Sir
+James Ross, his nephew.  He it was who, on this occasion, first surveyed
+Regent's Inlet, down which we are now sailing with our Phantom Ship.  The
+coast on our right hand, westward, which Parry saw, is called North
+Somerset, but farther south, where the inlet widens, the land is named
+Boothia Felix.  Five years before this, Parry, in his third voyage, had
+attempted to pass down Regent's Inlet, where among ice and storm, one of
+his ships, the _Hecla_, had been driven violently ashore, and of
+necessity abandoned.  The stores had been removed, and Sir John was able
+now to replenish his own vessel from them.  Rounding a point at the
+bottom of Prince Regent's Inlet, we find Felix Harbour, where Sir John
+Ross wintered.  His nephew made from this point scientific explorations;
+discovered a strait, called after him the Strait of James Ross, and on
+the northern shore of this strait, on the main land of Boothia, planted
+the British flag on the Northern Magnetic Pole.  The ice broke up, so did
+the _Victory_; after a hairbreadth escape, the party found a searching
+vessel and arrived home after an absence of four years and five months,
+Sir John Ross having lost his ship, and won his reputation, The friend in
+need was made a baronet for his munificence; Sir John was reimbursed for
+all his losses, and the crew liberally taken care of.  Sir James Ross had
+a rod and flag signifying "Magnetic Pole," given to him for a new crest,
+by the Heralds' College, for which he was no doubt greatly the better.
+
+We have sailed northward to get into Hudson Strait, the high road into
+Hudson Bay.  Along the shore are Esquimaux in boats, extremely active,
+but these filthy creatures we pass by; the Esquimaux in Hudson Strait are
+like the negroes of the coast, demoralised by intercourse with European
+traders.  These are not true pictures of the loving children of the
+north.  Our "Phantom" floats on the wide waters of Hudson Bay--the grave
+of its discoverer.  Familiar as the story is of Henry Hudson's fate, for
+John King's sake how gladly we repeat it.  While sailing on the waters he
+discovered, in 1611, his men mutinied; the mutiny was aided by Henry
+Green, a prodigal, whom Hudson had generously shielded from ruin.
+Hudson, the master, and his son, with six sick or disabled members of the
+crew, were driven from their cabins, forced into a little shallop, and
+committed helpless to the water and the ice.  But there was one stout
+man, John King, the carpenter, who stepped into the boat, abjuring his
+companions, and chose rather to die than even passively be partaker in so
+foul a crime.  John King, we who live after will remember you.
+
+Here on aim island, Charlton Island, near our entrance to the bay, in
+1631, wintered poor Captain James with his wrecked crew.  This is a point
+outside the Arctic circle, but quite cold enough.  Of nights, with a good
+fire in the house they built, hoar frost covered their beds, and the
+cook's water in a metal pan before the fire was warm on one side and
+froze on the other.  Here "it snowed and froze extremely, at which time
+we, looking from the shore towards the ship, she appeared a piece of ice
+in the fashion of a ship, or a ship resembling a piece of ice."  Here the
+gunner, who hand lost his leg, besought that, "for the little the he had
+to live, he might drink sack altogether."  He died and was buried in the
+ice far from the vessel, but when afterwards two more were dead of
+scurvy, and the others, in a miserable state, were working with faint
+hope about their shattered vessel, the gunner was found to have returned
+home to the old vessel; his leg had penetrated through a port-hole.  They
+"digged him clear out, and he was as free from noisomeness," the record
+says, "as when we first committed him to the sea.  This alteration had
+the ice, and water, and time, only wrought on him, that his flesh would
+slip up and down upon his bones, like a glove on a man's hand.  In the
+evening we buried him by the others."  These worthy souls, laid up with
+the agonies of scurvy, knew that in action was their only hope; they
+forced their limbs to labour, among ice and water, every day.  They set
+about the building of a boat, but the hard frozen wood had broken their
+axes, so they made shift with the pieces.  To fell a tree, it was first
+requisite to light in fire around it, and the carpenter could only labour
+with his wood over a fire, or else it was like stone under his tools.
+Before the boat was made they buried the carpenter.  The captain exhorted
+them to put their trust in God; "His will be done.  If it be our fortune
+to end our days here, we are as near Heaven as in England.  They all
+protested to work to the utmost of their strength, and that they would
+refuse nothing that I should order them to do to the utmost hazard of
+their lives.  I thanked them all."  Truly the North Pole has its
+triumphs.  If we took no account of the fields of trade opened by our
+Arctic explorers, if we thought nothing of the wants of science in
+comparison with the lives lost in supplying them, is not the loss of life
+a gain, which proves and tests the fortitude of noble hearts, and teaches
+us respect for human nature?  All the lives that have been lost among
+these Polar regions are less in number than the dead upon a battle-field.
+The battle-field inflicted shame upon our race--is it with shame that our
+hearts throb in following these Arctic heroes?  March 31st, says Captain
+James, "was very cold, with snow and hail, which pinched our sick men
+more than any time this year.  This evening, being May eve, we returned
+late from our work to our house, and made a good fire, and chose ladies,
+and ceremoniously wore their names in our caps, endeavouring to revive
+ourselves by any means.  On the 15th, I manured a little patch of ground
+that was bare of snow, and sowed it with pease, hoping to have some
+shortly to eat, for as yet we could see no green thing to comfort us."
+Those pease saved the party; as they came up the young shoots were boiled
+and eaten, so their health began to mend, and they recovered from their
+scurvy.  Eventually, after other perils, they succeeded in making their
+escape.
+
+A strait, called Sir Thomas Rowe's Welcome, leads due north out of Hudson
+Bay, being parted by Southampton Island from the strait through which we
+entered.  Its name is quaint, for so was its discoverer, Luke Fox, a
+worthy man, addicted much to euphuism.  Fox sailed from London in the
+same year in which James sailed from Bristol.  They were rivals.  Meeting
+in Davis Straits, Fox dined on board his friendly rival's vessel, which
+was very unfit for the service upon which it went.  The sea washed over
+them and came into the cabin, so says Fox, "sauce would not have been
+wanted if there had been roast mutton."  Luke Fox, being ice-bound and in
+peril, writes, "God thinks upon our imprisonment within a _supersedeas_;"
+but he was a good and honourable man as wall as euphuist.  His "Sir
+Thomas Rowe's Welcome" leads into Fox Channel: our "Phantom Ship" is
+pushing through the welcome passes on the left-hand Repulse Bay.  This
+portion of the Arctic regions, with Fox Channel, is extremely perilous.
+Here Captain Lyon, in the _Griper_, was thrown anchorless upon the mercy
+of a stormy sea, ice crashing around him.  One island in Fox Channel is
+called Mill Island, from the incessant grinding of great masses of ice
+collected there.  In the northern part of Fox Channel, on the western
+shore, is Melville Peninsula, where Parry wintered on his second voyage.
+Here let us go ashore and see a little colony of Esquimaux.
+
+Their limits are built of blocks of snow, and arched, having an ice pane
+for a window.  They construct their arched entrance and their
+hemispherical roof on the true principles of architecture.  Those wise
+men, the Egyptians, made their arch by hewing the stones out of shape;
+the Esquimaux have the true secret.  Here they are, with little food in
+winter and great appetites; devouring a whole walrus when they get it,
+and taking the chance of hunger for the next eight days--hungry or full,
+for ever happy in their lot--here are the Esquimaux.  They are warmly
+clothed, each in a double suit of skins sewn neatly together.  Some are
+singing, with good voices too.  Please them, and they straightway dance;
+activity is good in a cold climate: Play to them on the flute, or if you
+can sing well, sing, or turn a barrel-organ, they are mute, eager with
+wonder and delight; their love of music is intense.  Give them a pencil,
+and, like children, they will draw.  Teach them and they will learn,
+oblige them and they will be grateful.  "Gentle and loving savages," one
+of our old worthies called them, and the Portuguese were so much
+impressed with their teachable and gentle conduct, that a Venetian
+ambassador writes, "His serene majesty contemplates deriving great
+advantage from the country, not only on account of the timber of which he
+has occasion, but of the inhabitants, who are admirably calculated for
+labour, and are the best I have ever seen."  The Esquimaux, of course,
+will learn vice, and in the region visited by whale ships, vice enough
+has certainly been taught him.  Here are the dogs, who will eat old
+coats, or anything; and, near the dwellings, here is a
+snow-bunting--robin redbreast of the Arctic lands.  A party of our
+sailors once, on landing, took some sticks from a large heap, and
+uncovered the nest of a snow-bunting with young, the bird flew to a
+little distance, but seeing that the men sat down, and harmed her not,
+continued to seek food and supply her little ones, with full faith in the
+good intentions of the party.  Captain Lyon found a child's grave partly
+uncovered, and a snow-bunting had built its nest upon the infant's bosom.
+
+Sailing round Melville Peninsula, we come into the Gulf of Akkolee,
+through Fury and Hecla Straits, discovered by Parry.  So we get back to
+the bottom of Regent's Inlet, which we quitted a short time ago, and
+sailing in the neighbourhood of the magnetic pole, we reach the estuary
+of Back's River, on the north-east coast of America.  We pass then
+through a strait, discovered in 1839 by Dean and Simpson, still coasting
+along the northern shore of America, on the great Stinking Lake, as
+Indians call this ocean.  Boats, ice permitting, and our "Phantom Ship,"
+of course, can coast all the way to Behring Strait.  The whole coast has
+been explored by Sir John Franklin, Sir John Richardson, and Sir George
+Back, who have earned their knighthoods through great peril.  As we pass
+Coronation Gulf--the scene of Franklin, Richardson, and Back's first
+exploration from the Coppermine River--we revert to the romantic story of
+their journey back, over a land of snow and frost, subsisting upon
+lichens, with companions starved to death, where they plucked wild leaves
+for tea, and ate their shoes for supper; the tragedy by the river; the
+murder of poor Hood, with a book of prayers in his hand; Franklin at Fort
+Enterprise, with two companions at the point of death, himself gaunt,
+hollow-eyed, feeding on pounded bones, raked from the dunghill; the
+arrival of Dr. Richardson and the brave sailor; their awful story of the
+cannibal Michel;--we revert to these things with a shudder.  But we must
+continue on our route.  The current still flows westward, bearing now
+large quantities of driftwood out of the Mackenzie River.  At the name of
+Sir Alexander Mackenzie, also, we might pause, and talk over the bold
+achievements of another Arctic hero; but we pass on, by a rugged and
+inhospitable coast, unfit for vessels of large draught--pass the broad
+mouth of the Youcon, pass Point Barrow, Icy Cape, and are in Behring
+Strait.  Had we passed on, we should have found the Russian Arctic coast
+line, traced out by a series of Russian explorers; of whom the most
+illustrious--Baron Von Wrangell--states, that beyond a certain distance
+to the northward there is always found what he calls the _Polynja_ (open
+water).  This is the fact adduced by those who adhere to the old fancy
+that there is a sea about the Pole itself quite free from ice.
+
+We pass through Behring Straits.  Behring, a Dane by birth, but in the
+Russian service, died here in 1741, upon the scene of his discovery.  He
+and his crew, victims of scurvy, were unable to manage their vessel in a
+storm; and it was at length wrecked on a barren island, there, where
+"want, nakedness, cold, sickness, impatience, and despair, were their
+daily guests," Behring, his lieutenant, and the master died.
+
+Now we must put a girdle round the world, and do it with the speed of
+Ariel.  Here we are already in the heats of the equator.  We can do no
+more than remark, that if air and water are heated at the equator, and
+frozen at the poles, there will be equilibrium destroyed, and constant
+currents caused.  And so it happens, so we get the prevailing winds, and
+all the currents of the ocean.  Of these, some of the uses, but by no
+means all, are obvious.  We urge our "Phantom" fleetly to the southern
+pole.  Here, over the other hemisphere of the earth, there shines another
+hemisphere of heaven.  The stars are changed; the southern cross, the
+Magellanic clouds, the "coal-sack" in the milky way, attract our notice.
+Now we are in the southern latitude that corresponds to England in the
+north; nay, at a greater distance from the Pole, we find Kerguelen's
+Land, emphatically called "The Isle of Desolation."  Icebergs float much
+further into the warm sea on this side of the equator before they
+dissolve.  The South Pole is evidently a more thorough refrigerator than
+the North.  Why is this?  We shall soon see.  We push through pack-ice,
+and through floes and fields, by lofty bergs, by an island or two covered
+with penguins, until there lies before us a long range of mountains, nine
+or ten thousand feet in height, and all clad in eternal snow.  That is a
+portion of the Southern Continent.  Lieutenant Wilkes, in the American
+exploring expedition, first discovered this, and mapped out some part of
+the coast, putting a few clouds in likewise--a mistake easily made by
+those who omit to verify every foot of land.  Sir James Ross, in his most
+successful South Pole Expedition, during the years 1839-43, sailed over
+some of this land, and confirmed the rest.  The Antarctic, as well as the
+Arctic honours he secured for England, by turning a corner of the land,
+and sailing far southward, along an impenetrable icy barrier, to the
+latitude of seventy-eight degrees, nine minutes.  It is an elevated
+continent, with many lofty ranges.  On the extreme southern point reached
+by the ships, a magnificent volcano was seen spouting fire and smoke out
+of the everlasting snow.  This volcano, twelve thousand four hundred feet
+high, was named Mount Erebus; for the _Erebus_ and _Terror_ long sought
+anxiously among the bays, and sounds, and creeks of the North Pole, then
+coasted by the solid ice walls of the south.
+
+                                                                     H. M.
+
+
+
+
+A DISCOURSE WRITTEN BY SIR HUMPHREY GILBERT, KNIGHT.
+
+
+_To prove a Passage by the North-West to Cathay and the East Indies_.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+TO PROVE BY AUTHORITY A PASSAGE TO BE ON THE NORTH SIDE OF AMERICA, TO GO
+TO CATHAY AND THE EAST INDIES.
+
+
+When I gave myself to the study of geography, after I had perused and
+diligently scanned the descriptions of Europe, Asia, and Africa, and
+conferred them with the maps and globes both antique and modern, I came
+in fine to the fourth part of the world, commonly called America, which
+by all descriptions I found to be an island environed round about with
+the sea, having on the south side of it the Strait of Magellan, on the
+west side the Mare de Sur, which sea runneth towards the north,
+separating it from the east parts of Asia, where the dominions of the
+Cathaians are.  On the east part our west ocean, and on the north side
+the sea that severeth it from Greenland, through which northern seas the
+passage lieth, which I take now in hand to discover.
+
+Plato in his _Timaeus_ and in the dialogue called _Critias_, discourses
+of an incomparable great island then called Atlantis, being greater than
+all Africa and Asia, which lay westward from the Straits of Gibraltar,
+navigable round about: affirming, also, that the princes of Atlantis did
+as well enjoy the governance of all Africa and the most part of Europe as
+of Atlantis itself.
+
+Also to prove Plato's opinion of this island, and the inhabiting of it in
+ancient time by them of Europe, to be of the more credit: Marinaeus
+Siculus, in his Chronicle of Spain, reporteth that there hath been found
+by the Spaniards in the gold mines of America certain pieces of money,
+engraved with the image of Augustus Caesar; which pieces were sent to the
+Pope for a testimony of the matter by John Rufus, Archbishop of
+Constantinum.
+
+Moreover, this was not only thought of Plato, but by Marsilius Ficinus,
+an excellent Florentine philosopher, Crantor the Grecian, Proclus, also
+Philo the famous Jew (as appeareth in his book _De Mundo_, and in the
+Commentaries upon Plato), to be overflown, and swallowed up with water,
+by reason of a mighty earthquake and streaming down of the heavenly flood
+gates.  The like thereof happened unto some part of Italy, when by the
+forcibleness of the sea, called Superum, it cut off Sicily from the
+continent of Calabria, as appeareth in Justin in the beginning of his
+fourth book.  Also there chanced the like in Zeeland, a part of Flanders.
+
+And also the cities of Pyrrha and Antissa, about Palus Meotis; and also
+the city Burys, in the Corinthian Gulf, commonly called Sinus
+Corinthiacus, have been swallowed up with the sea, and are not at this
+day to be discerned: by which accident America grew to be unknown, of
+long time, unto us of the later ages, and was lately discovered again by
+Americus Vespucius, in the year of our Lord 1497, which some say to have
+been first discovered by Christopher Columbus, a Genoese, Anno 1492.
+
+The same calamity happened unto this isle of Atlantis six hundred and odd
+years before Plato's time, which some of the people of the south-east
+parts of the world accounted as nine thousand years; for the manner then
+was to reckon the moon's period of the Zodiac for a year, which is our
+usual month, depending a Luminari minore.
+
+So that in these our days there can no other main or island be found or
+judged to be parcel of this Atlantis than those western islands, which
+now bear the name of America; countervailing thereby the name of Atlantis
+in the knowledge of our age.
+
+Then, if when no part of the said Atlantis was oppressed by water and
+earthquake, the coasts round about the same were navigable, a far greater
+hope now remaineth of the same by the north-west, seeing the most part of
+it was since that time swallowed up with water, which could not utterly
+take away the old deeps and channels, but, rather, be many occasion of
+the enlarging of the old, and also an enforcing of a great many new; why
+then should we now doubt of our North-West Passage and navigation from
+England to India, etc., seeing that Atlantis, now called America, was
+ever known to be an island, and in those days navigable round about,
+which by access of more water could not be diminished?
+
+Also Aristotle in his book _De Mundo_, and the learned German, Simon
+Gryneus, in his annotations upon the same, saith that the whole earth
+(meaning thereby, as manifestly doth appear, Asia, Africa, and Europe,
+being all the countries then known) to be but one island, compassed about
+with the reach of the Atlantic sea; which likewise approveth America to
+be an island, and in no part adjoining to Asia or the rest.
+
+Also many ancient writers, as Strabo and others, called both the ocean
+sea (which lieth east of India) Atlanticum Pelagus, and that sea also on
+the west coasts of Spain and Africa, Mare Atlanticum; the distance
+between the two coasts is almost half the compass of the earth.
+
+So that it is incredible, as by Plato appeareth manifestly, that the East
+Indian Sea had the name of Atlanticum Pelagus, of the mountain Atlas in
+Africa, or yet the sea adjoining to Africa had name Oceanus Atlanticus,
+of the same mountain; but that those seas and the mountain Atlas were so
+called of this great island Atlantis, and that the one and the other had
+their names for a memorial of the mighty Prince Atlas, sometime king
+thereof, who was Japhet, youngest son to Noah, in whose time the whole
+earth was divided between the three brethren, Shem, Ham, and Japhet.
+
+Wherefore I am of opinion that America by the north-west will be found
+favourable to this our enterprise, and am the rather emboldened to
+believe the same, for that I find it not only confirmed by Plato,
+Aristotle, and other ancient philosophers, but also by the best modern
+geographers, as Gemma Frisius, Munsterus, Appianus Hunterus, Gastaldus,
+Guyccardinus, Michael Tramesinus, Franciscus Demongenitus, Barnardus,
+Puteanus, Andreas Vavasor, Tramontanus, Petrus Martyr, and also Ortelius,
+who doth coast out in his general map (set out Anno 1569) all the
+countries and capes on the north-west side of America from Hochelega to
+Cape de Paramantia, describing likewise the sea-coasts of Cathay and
+Greenland, towards any part of America, making both Greenland and America
+islands disjoined by a great sea from any part of Asia.
+
+All which learned men and painful travellers have affirmed with one
+consent and voice, that America was an island, and that there lieth a
+great sea between it, Cathay, and Greenland, by the which any man of our
+country that will give the attempt, may with small danger pass to Cathay,
+the Moluccas, India, and all other places in the east in much shorter
+time than either the Spaniard or Portuguese doth, or may do, from the
+nearest part of any of their countries within Europe.
+
+What moved these learned men to affirm thus much I know not, or to what
+end so many and sundry travellers of both ages have allowed the same; but
+I conjecture that they would never have so constantly affirmed, or
+notified their opinions therein to the world, if they had not had great
+good cause, and many probable reasons to have led them thereunto.
+
+Now lest you should make small account of ancient writers or of their
+experiences which travelled long before our times, reckoning their
+authority amongst fables of no importance, I have for the better
+assurance of those proofs set down some part of a discourse, written in
+the Saxon tongue, and translated into English by Master Noel, servant to
+Master Secretary Cecil, wherein there is described a navigation which one
+other made, in the time of King Alfred, King of Wessex, Anne 871, the
+words of which discourse were these: "He sailed right north, having
+always the desert land on the starboard, and on the larboard the main
+sea, continuing his course, until he perceived that the coast bowed
+directly towards the east or else the sea opened into the land he could
+not tell how far, where he was compelled to stay until he had a western
+wind or somewhat upon the north, and sailed thence directly east along
+the coast, so far as he was able in four days, where he was again
+enforced to tarry until he had a north wind, because the coast there
+bowed directly towards the south, or at least opened he knew not how far
+into the land, so that he sailed thence along the coast continually full
+south, so far as he could travel in the space of five days, where he
+discovered a mighty river which opened far into the land, and in the
+entry of this river he turned back again."
+
+Whereby it appeareth that he went the very way that we now do yearly
+trade by S. Nicholas into Muscovia, which way no man in our age knew for
+certainty to be sea, until it was since discovered by our Englishmen in
+the time of King Edward I., but thought before that time that Greenland
+had joined to Normoria Byarmia, and therefore was accounted a new
+discovery, being nothing so indeed, as by this discourse of Ochther's it
+appeareth.
+
+Nevertheless if any man should have taken this voyage in hand by the
+encouragement of this only author, he should have been thought but
+simple, considering that this navigation was written so many years past,
+in so barbarous a tongue by one only obscure author, and yet we in these
+our days find by our own experiences his former reports to be true.
+
+How much more, then, ought we to believe this passage to Cathay to be,
+being verified by the opinions of all the best, both antique and modern
+geographers, and plainly set out in the best and most allowed maps,
+charts, globes, cosmographical tables, and discourses of this our age and
+by the rest not denied, but left as a matter doubtful.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+
+1.  All seas are maintained by the abundance of water, so that the nearer
+the end any river, bay, or haven is, the shallower it waxeth (although by
+some accidental bar it is sometime found otherwise), but the farther you
+sail west from Iceland, towards the place where this strait is thought to
+be, the more deep are the seas, which giveth us good hope of continuance
+of the same sea, with Mare del Sur, by some strait that lieth between
+America, Greenland, and Cathay.
+
+2.  Also, if that America were not an island, but a part of the continent
+adjoining to Asia, either the people which inhabit Mangia, Anian, and
+Quinzay, etc., being borderers upon it, would before this time have made
+some road into it, hoping to have found some like commodities to their
+own.
+
+3.  Or else the Syrians and Tartars (which oftentimes heretofore have
+sought far and near for new seats, driven thereunto through the necessity
+of their cold and miserable countries) would in all this time have found
+the way to America and entered the same had the passages been never so
+strait or difficult, the country being so temperate, pleasant, and
+fruitful in comparison of their own.  But there was never any such people
+found there by any of the Spaniards, Portuguese, or Frenchmen, who first
+discovered the inland of that country, which Spaniards or Frenchmen must
+then of necessity have seen some one civilised man in America,
+considering how full of civilised people Asia is; but they never saw so
+much as one token or sign that ever any man of the known part of the
+world had been there.
+
+4.  Furthermore, it is to be thought, that if by reason of mountains or
+other craggy places the people neither of Cathay or Tartary could enter
+the country of America, or they of America have entered Asia if it were
+so joined, yet some one savage or wandering-beast would in so many years
+have passed into it; but there hath not any time been found any of the
+beasts proper to Cathay or Tartary, etc., in America; nor of those proper
+to America in Tartary, Cathay, etc., or in any part of Asia, which thing
+proveth America not only to be one island, and in no part adjoining to
+Asia, but also that the people of those countries have not had any
+traffic with each other.
+
+5.  Moreover at the least some one of those painful travellers which of
+purpose have passed the confines of both countries, with intent only to
+discover, would, as it is most likely, have gone from the one to the
+other, if there had been any piece of land, or isthmus, to have joined
+them together, or else have declared some cause to the contrary.
+
+6.  But neither Paulus Venetus, who lived and dwelt a long time in
+Cathay, ever came into America, and yet was at the sea coasts of Mangia
+over against it, where he was embarked and performed a great navigation
+along those seas; neither yet Veratzanus or Franciscus Vasquez de
+Coronado, who travelled the north part of America by land, ever found
+entry from thence by land to Cathay, or any part of Asia.
+
+7.  Also it appeareth to be an island, insomuch as the sea runneth by
+nature circularly from the east to the west, following the diurnal motion
+of the _Primum Mobile_, and carrieth with it all inferior bodies movable,
+as well celestial as elemental; which motion of the waters is most
+evidently seen in the sea, which lieth on the south side of Africa, where
+the current that runneth from the east to the west is so strong (by
+reason of such motion) that the Portuguese in their voyages eastward to
+Calicut, in passing by the Cape of Good Hope, are enforced to make divers
+courses, the current there being so swift, as it striketh from thence,
+all along westward, upon the straits of Magellan, being distant from
+thence near the fourth part of the longitude of the earth: and not having
+free passage and entrance through that frith towards the west, by reason
+of the narrowness of the said strait of Magellan, it runneth to salve
+this wrong (Nature not yielding to accidental restraints) all along the
+eastern coasts of America northwards so far as Cape Frido, being the
+farthest known place of the same continent towards the north, which is
+about four thousand eight-hundred leagues, reckoning therewithal the
+trending of the land.
+
+8.  So that this current, being continually maintained with such force as
+Jacques Cartier affirmeth it to be, who met with the same, being at
+Baccalaos as he sailed along the coasts of America, then, either it must
+of necessity have way to pass from Cape Frido through this frith,
+westward towards Cathay, being known to come so far only to salve his
+former wrongs by the authority before named; or else it must needs strike
+over upon the coast of Iceland, Lapland, Finmark, and Norway (which are
+east from the said place about three hundred and sixty leagues) with
+greater force than it did from the Cape of Good Hope upon the strait of
+Magellan, or from the strait of Magellan to Cape Frido; upon which coasts
+Jacques Cartier met with the same, considering the shortness of the cut
+from the said Cape Frido to Iceland, Lapland, etc.  And so the cause
+efficient remaining, it would have continually followed along our coasts
+through the narrow seas, which it doeth not, but is digested about the
+north of Labrador by some through passage there through this frith.
+
+The like course of the water, in some respect, happeneth in the
+Mediterranean Sea (as affirmeth Contorenus), where, as the current which
+cometh from Tanais and the Euxine, running along all the coasts of
+Greece, Italy, France, and Spain, and not finding sufficient way out
+through Gibraltar by means of the straitness of the frith, it runneth
+back again along the coasts of Barbary by Alexandria, Natolia, etc.
+
+It may, peradventure, be thought that this course of the sea doth
+sometime surcease and thereby impugn this principle, because it is not
+discerned all along the coast of America in such sort as Jacques Cartier
+found it, whereunto I answer this: That albeit in every part of the coast
+of America or elsewhere this current is not sensibly perceived, yet it
+hath evermore such like motion, either the uppermost or nethermost part
+of the sea; as it may be proved true, if you sink a sail by a couple of
+ropes near the ground, fastening to the nethermost corners two gun
+chambers or other weights, by the driving whereof you shall plainly
+perceive the course of the water and current running with such like
+course in the bottom.  By the like experiment you may find the ordinary
+motion of the sea in the ocean, how far soever you be off the land.
+
+9.  Also, there cometh another current from out the north-east from the
+Scythian Sea (as Master Jenkinson, a man of rare virtue, great travel,
+and experience, told me), which runneth westward towards Labrador, as the
+other did which cometh from the south; so that both these currents must
+have way through this our strait, or else encounter together and run
+contrary courses in one line, but no such conflicts of streams or
+contrary courses are found about any part of Labrador or Newfoundland, as
+witness our yearly fishers and other sailors that way, but is there
+separated as aforesaid, and found by the experience of Barnarde de la
+Torre to fall into Mare del Sur.
+
+10.  Furthermore, the current in the great ocean could not have been
+maintained to run continually one way from the beginning of the world
+unto this day, had there not been some through passage by the strait
+aforesaid, and so by circular motion be brought again to maintain itself,
+for the tides and courses of the sea are maintained by their
+interchangeable motions, as fresh rivers are by springs, by ebbing and
+flowing, by rarefaction and condensation.
+
+So that it resteth not possible (so far as my simple reason can
+comprehend) that this perpetual current can by any means be maintained,
+but only by a continual reaccess of the same water, which passeth through
+the strait, and is brought about thither again by such circular motion as
+aforesaid, and the certain falling thereof by this strait into Mare del
+Sur is proved by the testimony and experience of Barnarde de la Torre,
+who was sent from P. de la Natividad to the Moluccas, 1542, by
+commandment of Anthony Mendoza, then Viceroy of Nova Hispania, which
+Barnarde sailed 750 leagues on the north side of the Equator, and there
+met with a current which came from the north-east, the which drove him
+back again to Tidore.
+
+Wherefore this current being proved to come from the Cape of Good Hope to
+the strait of Magellan, and wanting sufficient entrance there, is by the
+necessity of Nature's force brought to Terra de Labrador, where Jacques
+Cartier met the same, and thence certainly known not to strike over upon
+Iceland, Lapland, etc., and found by Barnarde de la Torre, in Mare del
+Sur, on the backside of America, therefore this current, having none
+other passage, must of necessity fall out through this strait into Mare
+del Sur, and so trending by the Moluccas, China, and the Cape of Good
+Hope, maintaineth itself by circular motion, which is all one in Nature
+with motus ab oriente in occidentem.
+
+So that it seemeth we have now more occasion to doubt of our return than
+whether there be a passage that way, yea or no: which doubt hereafter
+shall be sufficiently removed; wherefore, in my opinion reason itself
+grounded upon experience assureth us of this passage if there were
+nothing else to put us in hope thereof.  But lest these might not
+suffice, I have added in this chapter following some further proof
+thereof, by the experience of such as have passed some part of this
+discovery, and in the next adjoining to that the authority of those which
+have sailed wholly through every part thereof.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+TO PROVE BY EXPERIENCE OF SUNDRY MEN'S TRAVELS THE OPENING OF SOME PART
+OF THIS NORTH-WEST PASSAGE, WHEREBY GOOD HOPE REMAINETH OF THE REST.
+
+
+1.  Paulus Venetus, who dwelt many years in Cathay, affirmed that he had
+sailed 1,500 miles upon the coast of Mangia and Anian, towards the
+north-east, always finding the seas open before him, not only as far as
+he went, but also as far as he could discern.
+
+2.  Also Franciscus Vasquez de Coronado, passing from Mexico by Cevola,
+through the country of Quiver to Sierra Nevada, found there a great sea,
+where were certain ships laden with merchandise, the mariners wearing on
+their heads the pictures of certain birds called Alcatrarzi, part whereof
+were made of gold and part of silver; who signified by signs that they
+were thirty days coming thither, which likewise proveth America by
+experience to be disjoined from Cathay, on that part, by a great sea,
+because they could not come from any part of America as natives thereof;
+for that, so far as is discovered, there hath not been found there any
+one ship of that country.
+
+3.  In like manner, Johann Baros testifieth that the cosmographers of
+China (where he himself had been) affirm that the sea coast trendeth from
+thence north-east to fifty degrees of septentrional latitude, being the
+farthest part that way, which the Portuguese had then knowledge of; and
+that the said cosmographers knew no cause to the contrary, but that it
+might continue farther.
+
+By whose experiences America is proved to be separate from those parts of
+Asia, directly against the same.  And not contented with the judgments of
+these learned men only, I have searched what might be further said for
+the confirmation hereof.
+
+4.  And I found that Franciscus Lopez de Gomara affirmeth America to be
+an island, and likewise Greenland; and that Greenland is distant from
+Lapland forty leagues, and from Terra de Labrador fifty.
+
+5.  Moreover Alvarez Nunmius, a Spaniard, and learned cosmographer, and
+Jacques Cartier, who made two voyages into those parts, and sailed five
+hundred miles upon the north-east coasts of America.
+
+6.  Likewise Hieronimus Fracastorius, a learned Italian, and traveller in
+the north parts of the same land.
+
+7.  Also Jacques Cartier, having done the like, heard say at Hochelaga,
+in Nova Francia, how that there was a great sea at Saguinay, whereof the
+end was not known: which they presupposed to be the passage to Cathay.
+Furthermore, Sebastian Cabot, by his personal experience and travel, has
+set forth and described this passage in his charts which are yet to be
+seen in the Queen's Majesty's Privy Gallery at Whitehall, who was sent to
+make this discovery by King Henry VII. and entered the same straits,
+affirming that he sailed very far westward with a quarter of the north,
+on the north side of Terra de Labrador, the 11th of June, until he came
+to the septentrional latitude of sixty-seven and a half degrees, and
+finding the seas still open, said, that he might and would have gone to
+Cathay if the mutiny of the master and mariners had not been.
+
+Now, as these men's experience have proved some part of this passage, so
+the chapter following shall put you in full assurance of the rest by
+their experiences which have passed through every part thereof.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+TO PROVE BY CIRCUMSTANCE THAT THE NORTH-WEST PASSAGE HATH BEEN SAILED
+THROUGHOUT.
+
+
+The diversity between brute beasts and men, or between the wise and the
+simple, is, that the one judgeth by sense only, and gathereth no surety
+of anything that he hath not seen, felt, heard, tasted, or smelled: and
+the other not so only, but also findeth the certainty of things, by
+reason, before they happen to be tried, wherefore I have added proofs of
+both sorts, that the one and the other might thereby be satisfied.
+
+1.  First, as Gemma Frisius reciteth, there went from Europe three
+brethren though this passage: whereof it took the name of Fretum trium
+fratrum.
+
+2.  Also Pliny affirmeth out of Cornelius Nepos (who wrote fifty-seven
+years before Christ) that there were certain Indians driven by tempest
+upon the coast of Germany which were presented by the King of Suevia unto
+Quintus Metellus Celer, then Pro-Consul of France.
+
+3.  And Pliny upon the same saith that it is no marvel, though there be
+sea by the north, where there is such abundance of moisture; which
+argueth, that he doubted not of a navigable passage that way, through
+which those Indians came.
+
+4.  And for the better proof that the same authority of Cornelius Nepos
+is not by me wrested to prove my opinion of the North-West Passage, you
+shall find the same affirmed more plainly in that behalf by the excellent
+geographer Dominicus Marius Niger, who showeth how many ways the Indian
+sea stretcheth itself, making in that place recital of certain Indians
+that were likewise driven through the north seas from India, upon the
+coasts of Germany, by great tempest, as they were sailing in trade of
+merchandise.
+
+5.  Also, whiles Frederick Barbarossa reigned Emperor, A.D. 1160, there
+came certain other Indians upon the coast of Germany.
+
+6.  Likewise Othon, in the story of the Goths, affirmeth that in the time
+of the German Emperors there were also certain Indians cast by force of
+weather upon the coast of the said country, which foresaid Indians could
+not possibly have come by the south-east, south-west, nor from any part
+of Africa or America, nor yet by the north-east: therefore they came of
+necessity by this our North-West Passage.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+TO PROVE THAT THESE INDIANS, AFORENAMED, CAME NOT BY THE SOUTH-EAST,
+SOUTH-WEST, NOR FROM ANY OTHER PART OF AFRICA OR AMERICA.
+
+
+1.  They could not come from the south-east by the Cape of Good Hope,
+because the roughness of the seas there is such--occasioned by the
+currents and great winds in that part--that the greatest armadas the King
+of Portugal hath cannot without great difficulty pass that way, much
+less, then, a canoe of India could live in those outrageous seas without
+shipwreck, being a vessel but of very small burden, and the Indians have
+conducted themselves to the place aforesaid, being men unexpert in the
+art of navigation.
+
+2.  Also, it appeareth plainly that they were not able to come from along
+the coast of Africa aforesaid to those parts of Europe, because the winds
+do, for the most part, blow there easterly or from the shore, and the
+current running that way in like sort, would have driven them westward
+upon some part of America, for such winds and tides could never have led
+them from thence to the said place where they were found, nor yet could
+they have come from any of the countries aforesaid, keeping the seas
+always, without skilful mariners to have conducted them such like courses
+as were necessary to perform such a voyage.
+
+3.  Presupposing also, if they had been driven to the west, as they must
+have been, coming that way, then they should have perished, wanting
+supply of victuals, not having any place--once leaving the coast of
+Africa--until they came to America, north of America, until they arrived
+upon some part of Europe or the islands adjoining to it to have refreshed
+themselves.
+
+4.  Also, if, notwithstanding such impossibilities, they might have
+recovered Germany by coming from India by the south-east, yet must they
+without all doubt have struck upon some other part of Europe before their
+arrival there, as the isles of Madeira, Portugal, Spain, France, England,
+Ireland, etc., which, if they had done, it is not credible that they
+should or would have departed undiscovered of the inhabitants; but there
+was never found in those days any such ship or men, but only upon the
+coasts of Germany, where they have been sundry times and in sundry ages
+cast ashore; neither is it like that they would have committed themselves
+again to sea, if they had so arrived, not knowing where they were, nor
+whither to have gone.
+
+5.  And by the south-west it is impossible, because the current
+aforesaid, which cometh from the east, striketh with such force upon the
+Straits of Magellan, and falleth with such swiftness and fury into Mare
+de Sur, that hardly any ship--but not possibly a canoe, with such
+unskilful mariners--can come into our western ocean through that strait
+from the west seas of America, as Magellan's experience hath partly
+taught us.
+
+6.  And further, to prove that these people so arriving upon the coast of
+Germany were Indians, and not inhabiters of any part either of Africa or
+America, it is manifest, because the natives, both of Africa and America,
+neither had, or have at this day, as is reported, other kind of boats
+than such as do bear neither masts nor sails, except only upon the coasts
+of Barbary and the Turks' ships, but do carry themselves from place to
+place near the shore by the oar only.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+TO PROVE THAT THOSE INDIANS CAME NOT BY THE NORTH-EAST, AND THAT THERE IS
+NO THROUGH NAVIGABLE PASSAGE THAT WAY.
+
+
+1.  It is likely that there should be no through passage by the
+north-east whereby to go round about the world, because all seas, as
+aforesaid, are maintained by the abundance of water, waxing more shallow
+and shelving towards the end, as we find it doth, by experience, in the
+Frozen Sea, towards the east, which breedeth small hope of any great
+continuance of that sea to be navigable towards the east, sufficient to
+sail thereby round about the world.
+
+2.  Also, it standeth scarcely with reason that the Indians dwelling
+under the Torrid Zone could endure the injury of the cold air, about the
+northern latitude of 80 degrees, under which elevation the passage by the
+north-east cannot be, as the often experiences had of all the south part
+of it showeth, seeing that some of the inhabitants of this cold climate,
+whose summer is to them an extreme winter, have been stricken to death
+with the cold damps of the air, about 72 degrees, by an accidental
+mishap, and yet the air in such like elevation is always cold, and too
+cold for such as the Indians are.
+
+3.  Furthermore, the piercing cold of the gross thick air so near the
+Pole will so stiffen the sails and ship tackling, that no mariner can
+either hoist or strike them--as our experience, far nearer the south than
+this passage is presupposed to be, hath taught us--without the use
+whereof no voyage can be performed.
+
+4.  Also, the air is so darkened with continual mists and fogs so near
+the Pole, that no man can well see either to guide his ship or to direct
+his course.
+
+5.  Also the compass at such elevation doth very suddenly vary, which
+things must of force have been their destruction, although they had been
+men of much more skill than the Indians are.
+
+6.  Moreover, all bays, gulfs, and rivers do receive their increase upon
+the flood, sensibly to be discerned on the one side of the shore or the
+other, as many ways as they be open to any main sea, as the
+Mediterranean, the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, Sinus Bodicus, the Thames,
+and all other known havens or rivers in any part of the world, and each
+of them opening but on one part to the main sea, do likewise receive
+their increase upon the flood the same way, and none other, which the
+Frozen Sea doth, only by the west, as Master Jenkinson affirmed unto me,
+and therefore it followeth that this north-east sea, receiving increase
+only from the west, cannot possibly open to the main ocean by the east.
+
+7.  Moreover, the farther you pass into any sea towards the end of it, of
+that part which is shut up from the main sea, as in all those
+above-mentioned, the less and less the tides rise and fall.  The like
+whereof also happeneth in the Frozen Sea, which proveth but small
+continuance of that sea toward the east.
+
+8.  Also, the farther ye go towards the east in the Frozen Sea the less
+soft the water is, which could not happen if it were open to the salt sea
+towards the east, as it is to the west only, seeing everything naturally
+engendereth his like, and then must it be like salt throughout, as all
+the seas are in such like climate and elevation.  And therefore it
+seemeth that this north-east sea is maintained by the river Ob, and such
+like freshets as the Pontic Sea and Mediterranean Sea, in the uppermost
+parts thereof by the river Nile, the Danube, Dnieper, Tanais, etc.
+
+9.  Furthermore, if there were any such sea at that elevation, of like it
+should be always frozen throughout--there being no tides to hinder
+it--because the extreme coldness of the air in the uppermost part, and
+the extreme coldness of the earth in the bottom, the sea there being but
+of small depth, whereby the one accidental coldness doth meet with the
+other; and the sun, not having his reflection so near the Pole, but at
+very blunt angles, it can never be dissolved after it is frozen,
+notwithstanding the great length of their day: for that the sun hath no
+heat at all in his light or beams, but proceeding only by an accidental
+reflection which there wanteth in effect.
+
+10.  And yet if the sun were of sufficient force in that elevation to
+prevail against this ice, yet must it be broken before it can be
+dissolved, which cannot be but through the long continue of the sun above
+their horizon, and by that time the summer would be so far spent, and so
+great darkness and cold ensue, that no man could be able to endure so
+cold, dark, and discomfortable a navigation, if it were possible for him
+then and there to live.
+
+11.  Further, the ice being once broken, it must of force so drive with
+the winds and tides that no ship can sail in those seas, seeing our
+fishers of Iceland and Newfoundland are subject to danger through the
+great islands of ice which fleet in the seas, far to the south of that
+presupposed passage.
+
+12.  And it cannot be that this North-East Passage should be any nearer
+the south than before recited, for then it should cut off Ciremissi and
+Turbi, Tartarii, with Vzesucani, Chisani, and others from the continent
+of Asia, which are known to be adjoining to Scythia, Tartary, etc., with
+the other part of the same continent.
+
+And if there were any through passage by the north-east, yet were it to
+small end and purpose for our traffic, because no ship of great burden
+can navigate in so shallow a sea, and ships of small burden are very
+unfit and unprofitable, especially towards the blustering north, to
+perform such a voyage.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+TO PROVE THAT THE INDIANS AFORENAMED CAME ONLY BY THE NORTH-WEST, WHICH
+INDUCETH A CERTAINTY OF OUR PASSAGE BY EXPERIENCE.
+
+
+It is as likely that they came by the north-west as it is unlikely that
+they should come either by the south-east, south-west, north-east, or
+from any other part of Africa or America, and therefore this North-West
+Passage, having been already so many ways proved by disproving of the
+others, etc., I shall the less need in this place to use many words
+otherwise than to conclude in this sort, that they came only by the
+north-west from England, having these many reasons to lead me thereunto.
+
+1.  First, the one-half of the winds of the compass might bring them by
+the north-west, veering always between two sheets, with which kind of
+sailing the Indians are only acquainted, not having any use of a bow line
+or quarter wind, without the which no ship can possibly come, either by
+the south-east, south-west, or north-east, having so many sundry capes to
+double, whereunto are required such change and shifts of winds.
+
+2.  And it seemeth likely that they should come by the north-west,
+because the coast whereon they were driven lay east from this our
+passage, and all winds do naturally drive a ship to an opposite point
+from whence it bloweth, not being otherwise guided by art, which the
+Indians do utterly want, and therefore it seemeth that they came directly
+through this, our strait, which they might do with one wind.
+
+3.  For if they had come by the Cape of Good Hope, then must they, as
+aforesaid, have fallen upon the south parts of America.
+
+4.  And if by the Strait of Magellan, then upon the coasts of Africa,
+Spain, Portugal, France, Ireland, or England.
+
+5.  And if by the north-east, then upon the coasts of Ciremissi,
+Tartarii, Lapland, Iceland, Labrador, etc., and upon these coasts, as
+aforesaid, they have never been found.
+
+So that by all likelihood they could never have come without shipwreck
+upon the coasts of Germany, if they had first struck upon the coasts of
+so many countries, wanting both art and shipping to make orderly
+discovery, and altogether ignorant both of the art of navigation and also
+of the rocks, flats, sands, or havens of those parts of the world, which
+in most of these places are plentiful.
+
+6.  And further, it seemeth very likely that the inhabitants of the most
+part of those countries, by which they must have come any other way
+besides by the north-west, being for the most part anthropophagi, or
+men-eaters, would have devoured them, slain them, or, at the leastwise,
+kept them as wonders for the gaze.
+
+So that it plainly appeareth that those Indians--which, as you have
+heard, in sundry ages were driven by tempest upon the shore of
+Germany--came only through our North-West Passage.
+
+7.  Moreover, the passage is certainly proved by a navigation that a
+Portuguese made, who passed through this strait, giving name to a
+promontory far within the same, calling it after his own name,
+Promontorium Corterialis, near adjoining unto Polisacus Fluvius.
+
+8.  Also one Scolmus, a Dane, entered and passed a great part thereof.
+
+9.  Also there was one Salva Terra, a gentleman of Victoria in Spain,
+that came by chance out of the West Indies into Ireland, Anno 1568, who
+affirmed the North-West Passage from us to Cathay, constantly to be
+believed in America navigable; and further said, in the presence of Sir
+Henry Sidney, then Lord Deputy of Ireland, in my hearing, that a friar of
+Mexico, called Andre Urdaneta, more than eight years before his then
+coming into Ireland, told him there that he came from Mare del Sur into
+Germany through this North-West Passage, and showed Salva Terra--at that
+time being then with him in Mexico--a sea-card made by his own experience
+and travel in that voyage, wherein was plainly set down and described
+this North-West Passage, agreeing in all points with Ortelius' map.
+
+And further this friar told the King of Portugal (as he returned by that
+country homeward) that there was of certainty such a passage north-west
+from England, and that he meant to publish the same; which done, the king
+most earnestly desired him not in any wise to disclose or make the
+passage known to any nation.  For that (said the king) _if England had
+knowledge and experience thereof_, _it would greatly hinder both the King
+of Spain and me_.  This friar (as Salva Terra reported) was the greatest
+discoverer by sea that hath been in our age.  Also Salva Terra, being
+persuaded of this passage by the friar Urdaneta, and by the common
+opinion of the Spaniards inhabiting America, offered most willingly to
+accompany me in this discovery, which of like he would not have done if
+he had stood in doubt thereof.
+
+And now, as these modern experiences cannot be impugned, so, least it
+might be objected that these things (gathered out of ancient writers,
+which wrote so many years past) might serve little to prove this passage
+by the north of America, because both America and India were to them then
+utterly unknown; to remove this doubt, let this suffice, that Aristotle
+(who was 300 years before Christ) named the Indian Sea.  Also Berosus
+(who lived 330 before Christ) hath these words, _Ganges in India_.
+
+Also in the first chapter of Esther be these words: "In the days of
+Ahasuerus, which ruled from India to Ethiopia," which Ahasuerus lived 580
+years before Christ.  Also Quintus Curtius, where he speaketh of the
+Conquest of Alexander, mentioneth India.  Also Arianus Philostratus, and
+Sidrach, in his discourses of the wars of the King of Bactria, and of
+Garaab, who had the most part of India under his government.  All which
+assumeth us that both India and Indians were known in those days.
+
+These things considered, we may, in my opinion, not only assure ourselves
+of this passage by the north-west, but also that it is navigable both to
+come and go, as hath been proved in part and in all by the experience of
+divers as Sebastian Cabot, Corterialis, the three brethren above named,
+the Indians, and Urdaneta, the friar of Mexico, etc.
+
+And yet, notwithstanding all which, there be some that have a better hope
+of this passage to Cathay by the north-east than by the west, whose
+reasons, with my several answers, ensue in the chapter following.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+CERTAIN REASONS ALLEGED FOR THE PROVING OF A PASSAGE BY THE NORTH-EAST
+BEFORE THE QUEEN'S MAJESTY, AND CERTAIN LORDS OF THE COUNCIL, BY MASTER
+ANTHONY JENKINSON, WITH MY SEVERAL ANSWERS THEN USED TO THE SAME.
+
+
+Because you may understand as well those things alleged against me as
+what doth serve for my purpose, I have here added the reasons of Master
+Anthony Jenkinson, a worthy gentleman, and a great traveller, who
+conceived a better hope of the passage to Cathay from us to be by the
+north-east than by the north-west.
+
+He first said that he thought not to the contrary but that there was a
+passage by the north-west, according to mime opinion, but he was assured
+that there might be found a navigable passage by the north-east from
+England to go to all the east parts of the world, which he endeavoured to
+prove three ways.
+
+The first was, that he heard a fisherman of Tartary say in hunting the
+morse, that he sailed very far towards the south-east, finding no end of
+the sea, whereby he hoped a through passage to be that way.
+
+Whereunto I answered that the Tartars were a barbarous people, and
+utterly ignorant in the art of navigation, not knowing the use of the
+sea-card, compass, or star, which he confessed true; and therefore they
+could not (said I) certainly know the south-east from the north-east in a
+wide sea, and a place unknown from the sight of the land.
+
+Or if he sailed anything near the shore, yet he, being ignorant, might be
+deceived by the doubling of many points and capes, and by the trending of
+the land, albeit he kept continually along the shore.
+
+And further, it might be that the poor fisherman through simplicity
+thought that there was nothing that way but sea, because he saw mine
+land, which proof (under correction) giveth small assurance of a
+navigable sea by the north-east to go round about the world, for that he
+judged by the eye only, seeing we in this clear air do account twenty
+miles a ken at sea.
+
+His second reason is, that there was an unicorn's horn found upon the
+coast of Tartary, which could not come (said he) thither by any other
+means than with the tides, through some strait in the north-east of the
+Frozen Sea, there being no unicorns in any part of Asia, saving in India
+and Cathay, which reason, in my simple judgment, has as little force.
+
+First, it is doubtful whether those barbarous Tartars do know an
+unicorn's horn, yea or no; and if it were one, yet it is not credible
+that the sea could have driven it so far, it being of such nature that it
+cannot float.
+
+Also the tides running to and fro would have driven it as far back with
+the ebb as it brought it forward with the flood.
+
+There is also a beast called Asinus Indicus (whose horn most like it
+was), which hath but one horn like an unicorn in his forehead, whereof
+there is great plenty in all the north parts thereunto adjoining, as in
+Lapland, Norway, Finmark, etc., as Jocobus Zeiglerus writeth in his
+history of Scondia.
+
+And as Albertus saith, there is a fish which hath but one horn in his
+forehead like to an unicorn, and therefore it seemeth very doubtful both
+from whence it came, and whether it were an unicorn's horn, yea or no.
+
+His third and last reason was, that there came a continual stream or
+current through the Frozen Sea of such swiftness, as a Colmax told him,
+that if you cast anything therein, it would presently be carried out of
+sight towards the west.
+
+Whereunto I answered, that there doth the like from Palus Maeotis, by the
+Euxine, the Bosphorus, and along the coast of Greece, etc., as it is
+affirmed by Contarenus, and divers others that have had experience of the
+same; and yet that sea lieth not open to any main sea that way, but is
+maintained by freshets, as by the Don, the Danube, etc.
+
+In like manner is this current in the Frozen Sea increased and maintained
+by the Dwina, the river Ob, etc.
+
+Now as I have here briefly recited the reasons alleged to prove a passage
+to Cathay by the north-east with my several answers thereunto, so will I
+leave it unto your judgment, to hope or despair of either at your
+pleasure.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+HOW THAT THE PASSAGE BY THE NORTH-WEST IS MORE COMMODIOUS FOR OUR TRAFFIC
+THAN THE OTHER BY THE EAST, IF THERE WERE ANY SUCH.
+
+
+1.  By the north-east, if your winds do not give you a marvellous speedy
+and lucky passage, you are in danger (of being so near the Pole) to be
+benighted almost the one half of the year, and what danger that were, to
+live so long comfortless, void of light (if the cold killed you not),
+each man of reason or understanding may judge.
+
+2.  Also Mangia, Quinzai, and the Moluccas, are nearer unto us by the
+north-west than by the north-east more than two-fifths, which is almost
+by the half.
+
+3.  Also we may have by the rest a yearly return, it being at all times
+navigable, whereas you have but four months in the whole year to go by
+the north-east, the passage being at such elevation as it is formerly
+expressed, for it cannot be any nearer the south.
+
+4.  Furthermore, it cannot be finished without divers winterings by the
+way, having no havens in any temperate climate to harbour in there, for
+it is as much as we can well sail from hence to S. Nicholas, in the trade
+of Muscovy, and return in the navigable season of the year, and from S.
+Nicholas, Ciremissi, Tartarii, which standeth 80 degrees of the
+septentrional latitude, it is at the left 400 leagues, which amounteth
+scarce to the third part of the way, to the end of your voyage by the
+north-east.
+
+5.  And yet, after you have doubled this Cape, if then there might be
+found a navigable sea to carry you south-east according to your desire,
+yet can you not winter conveniently until you come to sixty degrees and
+to take up one degree running south-east you must sail twenty-four
+leagues and three four parts, which amounteth to four hundred and
+ninety-five leagues.
+
+6.  Furthermore, you may by the north-west sail thither, with all
+easterly winds, and return with any westerly winds, whereas you must have
+by the north-east sundry winds, and those proper, according to the lie of
+the coast and capes, you shall be enforced to double, which winds are not
+always to be had when they are looked for; whereby your journey should be
+greatly prolonged, and hardly endured so near the Pole, as we are taught
+by Sir Hugh Willoughbie, who was frozen to death far nearer the south.
+
+7.  Moreover, it is very doubtful whether we should long enjoy that trade
+by the north-east if there were any such passage that way, the
+commodities thereof once known to the Muscovite, what privilege soever he
+hath granted, seeing pollice with the maze of excessive gain, to the
+enriching of himself and all his dominions, would persuade him to presume
+the same, having so great opportunity, to distribute the commodities of
+those countries by the Naruc.
+
+But by the north-west we may safely trade without danger or annoyance of
+any prince living, Christian or heathen, it being out of all their
+trades.
+
+8.  Also the Queen's Majesty's dominions are nearer the North-West
+Passage than any other great princes that might pass that way, and both
+in their going and return they must of necessity succour themselves and
+their ships upon some part of the same if any tempestuous weather should
+happen.
+
+Further, no prince's navy of the world is able to encounter the Queen's
+Majesty's navy as it is at this present; and yet it should be greatly
+increased by the traffic ensuing upon this discovery, for it is the long
+voyages that increase and maintain great shipping.
+
+Now it seemeth unnecessary to declare what commodities would grow thereby
+if all these things were as we have heretofore presupposed and thought
+them to be; which next adjoining are briefly declared.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+WHAT COMMODITIES WOULD ENSUE, THIS PASSAGE ONCE DISCOVERED.
+
+
+1.  It were the only way for our princes to possess the wealth of all the
+east parts (as they term them) of the world, which is infinite; as
+appeareth by the experience of Alexander the Great in the time of his
+conquest of India and the east parts of the world, alleged by Quintus
+Curtius, which would be a great advancement to our country, wonderful
+enriching to our prince, and unspeakable commodities to all the
+inhabitants of Europe.
+
+2.  For, through the shortness of the voyage, we should be able to sell
+all manner of merchandise brought from thence far better cheap than
+either the Portuguese or Spaniard doth or may do.  And, further, share
+with the Portuguese in the east and the Spaniard in the west by trading
+to any part of America through Mare del Sur, where they can no manner of
+way offend us.
+
+3.  Also we sailed to divers marvellous rich countries, both civil and
+others, out of both their jurisdictions, trades and traffics, where there
+is to be found great abundance of gold, silver, precious stones, cloth of
+gold, silks, all manner of spices, grocery wares, and other kinds of
+merchandise of an inestimable price, which both the Spaniard and
+Portuguese, through the length of their journeys, cannot well attain
+unto.
+
+4.  Also, we might inhabit some part of those countries, and settle there
+such needy people of our country which now trouble the commonwealth, and
+through want here at home are enforced to commit outrageous offences,
+whereby they are daily consumed with the gallows.
+
+5.  Moreover, we might from all the aforesaid places have a yearly
+return, inhabiting for our staple some convenient place of America, about
+Sierra Nevada or some other part, whereas it shall seem best for the
+shortening of the voyage.
+
+6.  Beside the exporting of our country commodities, which the Indians,
+etc., much esteem, as appeareth in Esther, where the pomp is expressed of
+the great King of India, Ahasuerus, who matched the coloured clothes
+wherewith his houses and tents were apparelled with gold and silver, as
+part of his greatest treasure, not mentioning velvets, silks, cloth of
+gold, cloth of silver, or such like, being in those countries most
+plentiful, whereby it plainly appeareth in what great estimation they
+would have the cloths of this our country, so that there would be found a
+far better vent for them by this means than yet this realm ever had; and
+that without depending either upon France, Spain, Flanders, Portugal,
+Hamborough, Emden, or any other part of Europe.
+
+7.  Also here we shall increase both our ships and mariners without
+burdening of the State.
+
+8.  And also have occasion to set poor men's children to learn
+handicrafts, and thereby to make trifles and such like, which the Indians
+and those people do much esteem; by reason whereof, there should be none
+occasion to have our country cumbered with loiterers, vagabonds, and such
+like idle persons.
+
+All these commodities would grew by following this our discovery without
+injury done to any Christian prince by crossing them in any of their used
+trades, whereby they might take any just occasion of offence.
+
+Thus have I briefly showed you some part of the grounds of my opinion,
+trusting that you will no longer judge me fantastic in this matter,
+seeing I have conceived no hope of this voyage, but am persuaded
+thereunto by the best cosmographers of our age, the same being confirmed
+both by reason and certain experiences.
+
+Also this discovery hath been divers times heretofore by others both
+proposed, attempted, and performed.
+
+It hath been proposed by Stephen Gomez unto Carolus, the fifth emperor in
+the year of our Lord 1527, as Alphonse Ullva testifieth in the story of
+Carolus' life, who would have set him forth in it (as the story
+mentioneth) if the great want of money, by reason of his long wars, had
+not caused him to surcease the same.
+
+And the King of Portugal, fearing lest the emperor would have persevered
+in this his enterprise, gave him, to leave the matter unattempted, the
+sum of 350,000 crowns; and it is to be supposed that the King of Portugal
+would not have given to the emperor such sums of money for eggs in
+moonshine.
+
+It hath been attempted by Corterialis the Portuguese, Scolmus the Dane,
+and by Sebastian Cabot in the time of King Henry VII.
+
+And it hath been performed by the three brethren, the Indians aforesaid,
+and by Urdaneta, the friar of Mexico.
+
+Also divers have proposed the like unto the French king, who hath sent
+two or three times to have discovered the same; the discoverers spending
+and consuming their victuals in searching the gulfs and bays between
+Florida and Labrador, whereby the ice is broken to the after-comers.
+
+So that the right way may now be easily found out in short time, and that
+with little jeopardy and less expenses.
+
+For America is discovered so far towards the north as Cape Frido, which
+is at 62 degrees, and that part of Greenland next adjoining is known to
+stand but at 72 degrees; so that we have but 10 degrees to sail north and
+south to put the world out of doubt hereof; and it is likely that the
+King of Spain and the King of Portugal would not have sat out all this
+while but that they are sure to possess to themselves all that trade they
+now use, and fear to deal in this discovery lest the Queen's Majesty,
+having so good opportunity, and finding the commodity which thereby might
+ensue to the commonwealth, would cut them off and enjoy the whole traffic
+to herself, and thereby the Spaniards and Portuguese with their great
+charges should beat the bush and other men catch the birds; which thing
+they foreseeing, have commanded that no pilot of theirs, upon pain of
+death, should seek to discover to the north-west, or plat out in any
+sea-card any through passage that way by the north-west.
+
+Now, if you will impartially compare the hope that remaineth to animate
+me to this enterprise with those likelihoods which Columbus alleged
+before Ferdinando, the King of Castilia, to prove that there were such
+islands in the West Ocean as were after by him and others discovered, to
+the great commodity of Spain and all the world, you will think then that
+this North-West Passage to be most worthy travel therein.
+
+For Columbus had none of the West Islands set forth unto him either in
+globe or card, neither yet once mentioned of any writer (Plato excepted,
+and the commentaries upon the same) from 942 years before Christ until
+that day.
+
+Moreover, Columbus himself had neither seen America nor any other of the
+islands about it, neither understood he of them by the report of any
+other that had seen them, but only comforted himself with this hope, that
+the land had a beginning where the sea had an ending.  For as touching
+that which the Spaniards do write of a Biscaine which should have taught
+him the way thither, it is thought to be imagined of them to deprive
+Columbus of his honour, being none of their countryman, but a stranger
+born.
+
+And if it were true of the Biscaine, yet did he but hit upon the matter,
+or, at the least, gathered the knowledge of it by conjectures only.
+
+And albeit myself have not seen this passage, or any part thereof, but am
+ignorant of it as touching experience as Columbus was before his attempt
+was made, yet have I both the report, relation, and authority of divers
+most credible men, which have both seen and passed through some and every
+part of this discovery, besides sundry reasons for my assurance thereof,
+all which Columbus wanted.
+
+These things considered and impartially weighed together, with the
+wonderful commodities which this discovery may bring, especially to this
+realm of England, I must needs conclude with learned Baptista Ramusius,
+and divers other learned men, who said that this discovery hath been
+reserved for some noble prince or worthy man, thereby to make himself
+rich, and the world happy: desiring you to accept in good part this brief
+and simple discourse, written in haste, which, if I may perceive that it
+shall not sufficiently satisfy you in this behalf, I will then impart
+unto you a large discourse, which I have written only of this discovery.
+
+And further, because it sufficeth not only to knew that such a thing
+there is, without ability to perform the same, I will at leisure make you
+partaker of another simple discourse of navigation, wherein I have not a
+little travelled, to make myself as sufficient to bring these things to
+effect as I have been ready to offer myself therein.
+
+And therein I have devised to amend the errors of usual sea-cards, whose
+common fault is to make the degrees of longitude in every latitude of one
+like bigness.
+
+And have also devised therein a spherical instrument, with a compass of
+variation for the perfect knowing of the longitude.
+
+And a precise order to prick the sea-card, together with certain
+infallible rules for the shortening of any discovery, to know at the
+first entering of any strait whether it lies open to the ocean more ways
+than one, how far soever the sea stretcheth itself into the land.
+
+Desiring you hereafter never to mislike with me for the taking in hand of
+any laudable and honest enterprise, for if, through pleasure and
+idleness, we purchase shame, the pleasure vanisheth, but the shame
+remaineth for ever.
+
+And therefore, to give me leave without offence always to live and die in
+this mind, _that he is not worthy to live at all that for fear or danger
+of death shunneth his country's service and his own honour_, seeing death
+is inevitable, and the fame of virtue immortal.  Wherefore, in this
+behalf, _Mutare vel timere sperno_.
+
+
+
+
+CERTAIN OTHER REASONS OR ARGUMENTS TO PROVE A PASSAGE BY THE NORTH-WEST.
+
+
+_Learnedly written by Master Richard Willes_, _Gentleman_.
+
+Four famous ways there be spoken of to those fruitful and wealthy
+islands, which we do usually call Moluccas, continually haunted for gain,
+and daily travelled for riches therein growing.  These islands, although
+they stand east from the meridian, distant almost half the length of the
+world, in extreme heat under the equinoctial line, possessed of infidels
+and barbarians, yet by our neighbours great abundance of wealth there is
+painfully sought in respect of the voyage dearly bought, and from thence
+dangerously brought home to us.  Our neighbours I call the Portuguese, in
+comparison of the Molucchians for nearness unto us, for like situation
+westward as we have for their usual trade with us; for that the far
+south-easterings do know this part of Europe by no other name than
+Portugal, not greatly acquainted as yet with the other nations thereof.
+Their voyage is very well understood of all men, and the south-eastern
+way round about Africa, by the Cape of Good Hope, more spoken of, better
+known and travelled, than that it may seem needful to discourse thereof
+any farther.
+
+The second way lieth south-west, between the West Indies, or South
+America, and the south continent, through that narrow strait where
+Magellan, first of all men that ever we do read of, passed these latter
+years, caving thereunto therefore his name.  This way, no doubt, the
+Spaniards would commodiously take, for that it lieth near unto their
+dominions there, could the eastern current and Levant winds as easily
+suffer men to return as speedily therewith they may be carried thither;
+for the which difficulty, or rather impossibility of striving against the
+force both of wind and stream, this passage is little or nothing used,
+although it be very well known.
+
+The third way, by the north-east, beyond all Europe and Asia, that worthy
+and renowned knight Sir Hugh Willoughbie sought to his peril, enforced
+there to end his life for cold, congealed and frozen to death.  And,
+truly, this way consisteth rather in the imagination of geographers than
+allowable either in reason, or approved by experience, as well it may
+appear by the dangerous trending of the Scythian Cape set by Ortellius
+under the 80th degree north, by the unlikely sailing in that northern
+sea, always clad with ice and snow, or at the least continually pestered
+therewith, if haply it be at any time dissolved, beside bays and shelves,
+the water waxing more shallow towards the east, to say nothing of the
+foul mists and dark fogs in the cold clime, of the little power of the
+sun to clear the air, of the uncomfortable nights, so near the Pole, five
+months long.
+
+A fourth way to go unto these aforesaid happy islands, the Moluccas, Sir
+Humphrey Gilbert, a learned and valiant knight, discourseth of at large
+in his new "Passage to Cathay."  The enterprise of itself being virtuous,
+the fact must doubtless deserve high praise, and whensoever it shall be
+finished the fruits thereof cannot be small; where virtue is guide, there
+is fame a follower, and fortune a companion.  But the way is dangerous,
+the passage doubtful, the voyage not thoroughly known, and therefore
+gainsaid by many, after this manner.
+
+First, who can assure us of any passage rather by the north-west than by
+the north-east? do not both ways lie in equal distance from the North
+Pole? stand not the North Capes of either continent under like elevation?
+is not the ocean sea beyond America farther distant from our meridian by
+thirty or forty degrees west than the extreme points of Cathay eastward,
+if Ortellius' general card of the world be true?  In the north-east that
+noble knight--Sir Hugh Willoughbie perished for cold, and can you then
+promise a passenger any better hap by the north-west, who hath gone for
+trial's sake, at any time, this way out of Europe to Cathay?
+
+If you seek the advice herein of such as make profession in cosmography,
+Ptolemy, the father of geography, and his eldest children, will answer by
+their maps with a negative, concluding most of the sea within the land,
+and making an end of the world northward, near the 63rd degree.  The same
+opinion, when learning chiefly flourished, was received in the Romans'
+time, as by their poets' writings it may appear.  "Et te colet ultima
+Thule," said Virgil, being of opinion that Iceland was the extreme part
+of the world habitable toward the north.  Joseph Moletius, an Italian,
+and Mercator, a German, for knowledge men able to be compared with the
+best geographers of our time, the one in his half spheres of the whole
+world, the other in some of his great globes, have continued the West
+Indies land, even to the North Pole, and consequently cut off all passage
+by sea that way.
+
+The same doctors, Mercator in other of his globes and maps, Moletius in
+his sea-card, nevertheless doubting of so great continuance of the former
+continent, have opened a gulf betwixt the West Indies and the extreme
+northern land; but such a one that either is not to be travelled for the
+causes in the first objection alleged, or clean shut up from us in Europe
+by Greenland, the south end whereof Moletius maketh firm land with
+America, the north part continent with Lapland and Norway.
+
+Thirdly, the greatest favourers of this voyage cannot deny but that, if
+any such passage be, it lieth subject unto ice and snow for the most part
+of the year, whereas it standeth in the edge of the frosty zone.  Before
+the sun hath warmed the air and dissolved the ice, each one well knoweth
+that there can be no sailing; the ice once broken through the continual
+abode, the sun maketh a certain season in those parts.  How shall it be
+possible for so weak a vessel as a ship is to hold out amid whole
+islands, as it were, of ice continually beating on each side, and at the
+mouth of that gulf, issuing down furiously from the north, safely to
+pass, when whole mountains of ice and snow shall be tumbled down upon
+her?
+
+Well, grant the West Indies not to continue continent unto the Pole,
+grant there be a passage between these two lands, let the gulf lie nearer
+us than commonly in cards we find it set, namely, between the sixty-first
+and sixty-fourth degrees north, as Gemma Frisius in his maps and globes
+imagineth it, and so left by our countryman Sebastian Cabot in his table
+which the Earl of Bedford hath at Theinies; let the way be void of all
+difficulties, yet doth it not follow that we have free passage to Cathay.
+For example's sake, you may coast all Norway, Finmarke, and Lapland, and
+then bow southward to St. Nicholas, in Moscovy.  You may likewise in the
+Mediterranean Sea fetch Constantinople and the mouth of the Don, yet is
+there no passage by sea through Moscovy into Pont Euxine, now called Mare
+Maggiore.  Again, in the aforesaid Mediterranean Sea we sail to
+Alexandria in Egypt, the barbarians bring their pearl and spices from the
+Moluccas up the Red Sea and Arabian Gulf to Suez, scarcely three days'
+journey from the aforesaid haven; yet have we no way by sea from
+Alexandria to the Moluccas for that isthmus or little trait of land
+between the two seas.  In like manner, although the northern passage be
+free at sixty-one degrees latitude, and the west ocean beyond America,
+usually called Mare del Sur, known to be open at forty degrees elevation
+for the island of Japan, yea, three hundred leagues northerly of Japan,
+yet may there be land to hinder the through passage that way by sea, as
+in the examples aforesaid it falleth out, Asia and America there being
+joined together in one continent.  Nor can this opinion seem altogether
+frivolous unto any one that diligently peruseth our cosmographers'
+doings.  Josephus Moletius is of that mind, not only in his plain
+hemispheres of the world, but also in his sea-card.  The French
+geographers in like manner be of the same opinion, as by their map cut
+out in form of a heart you may perceive as though the West Indies were
+part of Asia, which sentence well agreeth with that old conclusion in the
+schools, _Quid-quid praeter Africum et Europam est_, _Asia est_,
+"Whatsoever land doth neither appertain unto Africa nor to Europe is part
+of Asia."
+
+Furthermore, it were to small purpose to make so long, so painful, so
+doubtful a voyage by such a new found way, if in Cathay you should
+neither be suffered to land for silks and silver, nor able to fetch the
+Molucca spices and pearl for piracy in those seas.  Of a law denying all
+aliens to enter into China, and forbidding all the inhabiters under a
+great penalty to let in any stranger into those countries, shall you read
+in the report of Galeotto Petera, there imprisoned with other Portuguese,
+as also in the Japanese letters, how for that cause the worthy traveller
+Xavierus bargained with a barbarian merchant for a great sum of pepper to
+be brought into Canton, a port in Cathay.  The great and dangerous piracy
+used in those seas no man can be ignorant of that listeth to read the
+Japanese and Indian history.
+
+Finally, all this great labour would be lost, all these charges spent in
+vain, if in the end our travellers might not be able to return again, and
+bring safely home into their own native country that wealth and riches
+they in foreign regions with adventure of goods and danger of their lives
+have sought for.  By the north-east there is no way; the South-East
+Passage the Portuguese do hold, as the lords of those seas.  At the
+south-west, Magellan's experience hath partly taught us, and partly we
+are persuaded by reason, how the eastern current striketh so furiously on
+that strait, and falleth with such force into that narrow gulf, that
+hardly any ship can return that way into our west ocean out of Mare del
+Sur.  The which, if it be true, as truly it is, then we may say that the
+aforesaid eastern current, or Levant course of waters, continually
+following after the heavenly motions, loseth not altogether its force,
+but is doubled rather by another current from out the north-east, in the
+passage between America and the North Land, whither it is of necessity
+carried, having none other way to maintain itself in circular motion, and
+consequently the force and fury thereof to be no less in the Strait of
+Anian, where it striketh south into Mare del Sur beyond America (if any
+such strait of sea there be), than in the strait of Magellan, both
+straits being of like breadth, as in Belognine Salterius' table of "New
+France," and in Don Diego Hermano de Toledo's card for navigation in that
+region, we do find precisely set down.
+
+Nevertheless, to approve that there lieth a way to Cathay at the
+north-west from out of Europe, we have experience, namely of three
+brethren that went that journey, as Gemma Frisius recordeth, and left a
+name unto that strait, whereby now it is called Fretum Trium Fratrum.  We
+do read again of a Portuguese that passed this strait, of whom Master
+Frobisher speaketh, that was imprisoned therefore many years in Lisbon,
+to verify the old Spanish proverb, "I suffer for doing well."  Likewise,
+An. Urdaneta, a friar of Mexico, came out of Mare del Sur this way into
+Germany; his card, for he was a great discoverer, made by his own
+experience and travel in that voyage, hath been seen by gentlemen of good
+credit.
+
+Now if the observation and remembrance of things breedeth experience, and
+of experience proceedeth art, and the certain knowledge we have in all
+faculties, as the best philosophers that ever were do affirm truly the
+voyage of these aforesaid travellers that have gone out of Europe into
+Mare del Sur, and returned thence at the north-west, do most evidently
+conclude that way to be navigable, and that passage free; so much the
+more we are so to think, for that the first principle and chief ground in
+all geography, as Ptolemy saith, is the history of travel, that is,
+reports made by travellers skilful in geography and astronomy, of all
+such things in their journey as to geography do belong.  It only
+remaineth, that we now answer to those arguments that seemed to make
+against this former conclusion.
+
+The first objection is of no force, that general table of the world, set
+forth by Ortellius or Mercator, for it greatly skilleth not, being
+unskilfully drawn for that point, as manifestly it may appear unto any
+one that compareth the same with Gemma Frisius' universal map, with his
+round quartered card, with his globe, with Sebastian Cabot's table, and
+Ortellius' general map alone, worthily preferred in this case before all
+Mercator's and Ortellius' other doings: for that Cabot was not only a
+skilful seaman, but a long traveller, and such a one as entered
+personally that strait, sent by King Henry VII. to make this aforesaid
+discovery, as in his own discourse of navigation you may read in his card
+drawn with his own hand, that the mouth of the north-western strait lieth
+near the 318th meridian, between 61 and 64 degrees in the elevation,
+continuing the same breadth about ten degrees west, where it openeth
+southerly more and more, until it come under the tropic of Cancer; and so
+runneth into Mare del Sur, at the least 18 degrees more in breadth there
+than it was where it first began; otherwise I could as well imagine this
+passage to be more unlikely than the voyage to Moscovy, and more
+impossible than it for the far situation and continuance thereof in the
+frosty clime: as now I can affirm it to be very possible and most likely
+in comparison thereof, for that it neither coasteth so far north as the
+Moscovian passage doth, neither is this strait so long as that, before it
+bow down southerly towards the sun again.
+
+The second argument concludeth nothing.  Ptolemy knew not what was above
+16 degrees south beyond the equinoctial line, he was ignorant of all
+passages northward from the elevation of 63 degrees, he knew no ocean sea
+beyond Asia, yet have the Portuguese trended the Cape of Good Hope at the
+south point of Africa, and travelled to Japan, an island in the east
+ocean, between Asia and America; our merchants in the time of King Edward
+the Sixth discovered the Moscovian passage farther north than Thule, and
+showed Greenland not to be continent with Lapland and Norway: the like
+our north-western travellers have done, declaring by their navigation
+that way the ignorance of all cosmographers that either do join Greenland
+with America, or continue the West Indies with that frosty region under
+the North Pole.  As for Virgil, he sang according to the knowledge of men
+in his time, as another poet did of the hot zone.
+
+Quarum quae media est, non est habitabilis aestu.  Imagining, as most men
+then did, Zonam Torridam, the hot zone, to be altogether dishabited for
+heat, though presently we know many famous and worthy kingdoms and cities
+in that part of the earth, and the island of S. Thomas near Ethiopia, and
+the wealthy islands for the which chiefly all these voyages are taken in
+hand, to be inhabited even under the equinoctial line.
+
+To answer the third objection, besides Cabot and all other travellers'
+navigations, the only credit of Master Frobisher may suffice, who lately,
+through all these islands of ice and mountains of snow, passed that way,
+even beyond the gulf that tumbleth down from the north, and in some
+places, though he drew one inch thick ice, as he returning in August did,
+came home safely again.
+
+The fourth argument is altogether frivolous and vain, for neither is
+there any isthmus or strait of land between America and Asia, nor can
+these two lands jointly be one continent.  The first part of my answer is
+manifestly allowed by Homer, whom that excellent geographer, Strabo,
+followeth, yielding him in this faculty the prize.  The author of that
+book likewise _On the Universe_ to Alexander, attributed unto Aristotle,
+is of the same opinion that Homer and Strabo be of, in two or three
+places.  Dionysius, in his _Periegesis_, hath this verse, "So doeth the
+ocean sea run round about the world:" speaking only of Europe, Africa,
+and Asia, as then Asia was travelled and known.  With these doctors may
+you join Pomponius Mela, Pliny, Pius, in his description of Asia.  All
+the which writers do no less confirm the whole eastern side of Asia to be
+compassed about with the sea; then Plato doth affirm in is _Timaeus_,
+under the name Atlantis, the West Indies to be an island, as in a special
+discourse thereof R. Eden writeth, agreeable unto the sentence of
+Proclus, Marsilius Ficinus, and others.  Out of Plato it is gathered that
+America is an island.  Homer, Strabo, Aristotle, Dionysius, Mela, Pliny,
+Pius, affirm the continent of Asia, Africa, and Europe, to be environed
+with the ocean.  I may therefore boldly say (though later intelligences
+thereof had we none at all) that Asia and the West Indies be not tied
+together by any isthmus or strait of land, contrary to the opinion of
+some new cosmographers, by whom doubtfully this matter hath been brought
+in controversy.  And thus much for the first part of my answer unto the
+fourth objection.
+
+The second part, namely, that America and Asia cannot be one continent,
+may thus be proved:--"The most rivers take down that way their course,
+where the earth is most hollow and deep," writeth Aristotle; and the sea
+(saith he in the same place), as it goeth further, so is it found deeper.
+Into what gulf do the Moscovian rivers Onega, Dwina, Ob, pour out their
+streams? northward out of Moscovy into the sea.  Which way doth that sea
+strike?  The south is main land, the eastern coast waxeth more and more
+shallow: from the north, either naturally, because that part of the earth
+is higher, or of necessity, for that the forcible influence of some
+northern stars causeth the earth there to shake off the sea, as some
+philosophers do think; or, finally, for the great store of waters
+engendered in that frosty and cold climate, that the banks are not able
+to hold them.  From the north, I say, continually falleth down great
+abundance of water; so this north-eastern current must at the length
+abruptly bow toward us south on the west side of Finmark and Norway, or
+else strike down south-west above Greenland, or betwixt Greenland and
+Iceland, into the north-west strait we speak of, as of congruence it
+doth, if you mark the situation of that region, and by the report of
+Master Frobisher experience teacheth us.  And, Master Frobisher, the
+further he travelled in the former passage, as he told me, the deeper
+always he found the sea.  Lay you now the sum hereof together, the rivers
+run where the channels are most hollow, the sea in taking his course
+waxeth deeper, the sea waters fall continually from the north southward,
+the north-eastern current striketh down into the strait we speak of and
+is there augmented with whole mountains of ice and snow falling down
+furiously out from the land under the North Pole.  Where store of water
+is, there is it a thing impossible to want sea; where sea not only doth
+not want, but waxeth deeper, there can be discovered no land.  Finally,
+whence I pray you came the contrary tide, that Master Frobisher met
+withal, after that he had sailed no small way in that passage, if there
+be any isthmus or strait of land betwixt the aforesaid north-western gulf
+and Mare del Sur, to join Asia and America together?  That conclusion
+arrived at in the schools, "Whatsoever land doth neither appertain unto
+Africa, nor to Europe, is part of Asia," was meant of the parts of the
+world then known, and so is it of right to be understood.
+
+The fifth objection requireth for answer wisdom and policy in the
+traveller to win the barbarians' favour by some good means; and so to arm
+and strengthen himself, that when he shall have the repulse in one coast,
+he may safely travel to another, commodiously taking his convenient
+times, and discreetly making choice of them with whom he will thoroughly
+deal.  To force a violent entry would for us Englishmen be very hard,
+considering the strength and valour of so great a nation, far distant
+from us, and the attempt thereof might be most perilous unto the doers,
+unless their park were very good.
+
+Touching their laws against strangers, you shall read nevertheless in the
+same relations of Galeotto Perera, that the Cathaian king is wont to
+grant free access unto all foreigners that trade into his country for
+merchandise, and a place of liberty for them to remain in; as the Moors
+had, until such time as they had brought the Loutea or Lieutenant of that
+coast to be a circumcised Saracen: wherefore some of them were put to the
+sword, the rest were scattered abroad; at Fuquien, a great city in China,
+certain of them are yet this day to be seen.  As for the Japanese, they
+be most desirous to be acquainted with strangers.  The Portuguese, though
+they were straitly handled there at the first, yet in the end they found
+great favour at the prince's hands, insomuch that the Loutea or President
+that misused them was therefore put to death.  The rude Indian canoe
+voyageth in those seas, the Portuguese, the Saracens, and Moors travel
+continually up and down that reach from Japan to China, from China to
+Malacca, from Malacca to the Moluccas, and shall an Englishman better
+appointed than any of them all (that I say no more of our navy) fear to
+sail in that ocean? what seat at all do want piracy? what navigation is
+there void of peril?
+
+To the last argument our travellers need not to seek their return by the
+north-east, neither shall they be constrained, except they list, either
+to attempt Magellan's strait at the south-west, or to be in danger of the
+Portuguese on the south-east; they may return by the north-west, that
+same way they do go forth, as experience hath showed.
+
+The reason alleged for proof of the contrary may be disposed after this
+manner: And first, it may be called in controversy, whether any current
+continually be forced by the motion of primum mobile, round about the
+world or no; for learned men do diversely handle that question.  The
+natural course of all waters is downward, wherefore of congruence they
+fall that way where they find the earth most low and deep: in respect
+whereof, it was erst said, the seas do strike from the northern lands
+southerly.  Violently the seas are tossed and troubled divers ways with
+the winds, increased and diminished by the course of the moon, hoisted up
+and down through the sundry operations of the sun and the stars: finally,
+some be of opinion that the seas be carried in part violently about the
+world, after the daily motion of the highest movable heaven, in like
+manner as the elements of air and fire, with the rest of the heavenly
+spheres, are from the east unto the west.  And this they do call their
+eastern current, or Levant stream.  Some such current may not be denied
+to be of great force in the hot zone, for the nearness thereof unto the
+centre of the sun, and blustering eastern winds violently driving the
+seas westward; howbeit in the temperate climes the sun being farther off,
+and the winds more diverse, blowing as much from the north, the west, and
+south, as from the east, this rule doth not effectually withhold us from
+travelling eastwards, neither be we kept ever back by the aforesaid
+Levant winds and stream.  But in Magellan strait we are violently driven
+back westward, ergo through the north-western strait or Anian frith shall
+we not be able to return eastward: it followeth not.  The first, for that
+the north-western strait hath more sea room at the least by one hundred
+English miles than Magellan's strait hath, the only want whereof causeth
+all narrow passages generally to be most violent.  So would I say in the
+Anian Gulf, if it were so narrow as Don Diego and Zalterius have painted
+it out, any return that way to be full of difficulties, in respect of
+such straitness thereof, not for the nearness of the sun or eastern
+winds, violently forcing that way any Levant stream; but in that place
+there is more sea room by many degrees, if the cards of Cabot and Gemma
+Frisius, and that which Tramezine imprinted, be true.
+
+And hitherto reasons see I none at all, but that I may as well give
+credit unto their doings as to any of the rest.  It must be
+_Peregrinationis historia_, that is, true reports of skilful travellers,
+as Ptolemy writeth, that in such controversies of geography must put us
+out of doubt.  Ortellius, in his universal tables, in his particular maps
+of the West Indies, of all Asia, of the northern kingdoms, of the East
+Indies; Mercator in some of his globes and general maps of the world,
+Moletius in his universal table of the Globe divided, in his sea-card and
+particular tables of the East Indies Zanterius and Don Diego with
+Fernando Bertely, and others, do so much differ both from Gemma Frisius
+and Cabot among themselves, and in divers places from themselves,
+concerning the divers situation and sundry limits of America, that one
+may not so rashly as truly surmise these men either to be ignorant in
+those points touching the aforesaid region, or that the maps they have
+given out unto the world were collected only by them, and never of their
+own drawing.
+
+
+
+
+THE FIRST VOYAGE OF MASTER MARTIN FROBISHER
+
+
+_To the North-West for the search of the passage or strait to China_,
+_written by Christopher Hall_, _and made in the year of our Lord 1576_.
+
+Upon Monday, the thirteenth of May, the barque _Gabriel_ was launched at
+Redriffe, and upon the twenty-seventh day following she sailed from
+Redriffe to Ratcliffe.
+
+The seventh of June being Thursday, the two barques, viz., the _Gabriel_
+and the _Michael_, and our pinnace, set sail at Ratcliffe, and bare down
+to Deptford, and there we anchored.  The cause was, that our pinnace
+burst her bowsprit and foremast aboard of a ship that rowed at Deptford,
+else we meant to have passed that day by the court, then at Greenwich.
+
+The eighth day being Friday, about twelve o'clock, we weighed at Deptford
+and set sail all three of us and bare down by the court, where we shot
+off our ordinance, and made the best show we could; her Majesty beholding
+the same commended it, and bade us farewell with shaking her hand at us
+out of the window.  Afterwards she sent a gentleman aboard of us, who
+declared that her Majesty had good liking of our doings, and thanked us
+for it, and also willed our captain to come the next day to the court to
+take his leave of her.
+
+The same day, towards night, Master Secretary Woolley came aboard of us,
+and declared to the company that her Majesty had appointed him to give
+them charge to be obedient, and diligent to their captain and governors
+in all things, and wished us happy success.
+
+The ninth day about noon, the wind being westerly, having our anchors
+aboard ready to set sail to depart, we wanted some of our company, and
+therefore stayed and moored them again.
+
+Sunday, the tenth of June, we set sail from Blackwall at a south-west and
+by west sun, the wind being at north-north-west, and sailed to Gravesend,
+and anchored there at a west-north-west sun, the wind being as before.
+
+The twelfth day, being over against Gravesend, by the Castle or
+Blockhouse, we observed the latitude, which was 51 degrees 33 minutes,
+and in that place the variation of the compass is 11 degrees and a half.
+This day we departed from Gravesend at a west-south-west sun, the wind at
+north and by east a fair gale, and sailed to the west part of Tilbury
+Hope, and so turned down the Hope, and at a west sun the wind came to the
+east-south-east, and we anchored in seven fathoms, being low water.
+
+[Here there follows an abstract of the ship's log, showing the navigation
+until the 28th of July, when they had sight of land supposed to be
+Labrador.]
+
+July 28th.  From 4 to 8, 4 leagues: from 8. to 12, 3 leagues: from 12 to
+4, north and by west, 6 leagues, but very foggy; from thence to 8 of the
+clock in the morning little wind, but at the clearing up of the fog we
+had sight of land, which I supposed to be Labrador, with great store of
+ice about the land; I ran in towards it, and sounded, but could get no
+land at 100 fathoms, and the ice being so thick I could not get to the
+shore, and so lay off and came clear of the ice.  Upon Monday we came
+within a mile of the shore, and sought a harbour; all the sound was full
+of ice, and our boat rowing ashore could get no ground at 100 fathom,
+within a cable's length of the shore; then we sailed east-north-east
+along the shore, for so the land lieth, and the current is there great,
+setting north-east and south-west; and if we could have gotten anchor
+ground we would have seen with what force it had run, but I judge a ship
+may drive a league and a half in one hour with that tide.
+
+This day, at four of the clock in the morning, being fair and clear, we
+had sight of a headland as we judged bearing from us north and by east,
+and we sailed north-east and by north to that land, and when we came
+thither we could not get to the land for ice, for the ice stretched along
+the coast, so that we could not come to the land by 5 leagues.
+
+Wednesday, the first of August, it calmed, and in the afternoon I caused
+my boat to be hoisted out, being hard by a great island of ice, and I and
+four men rowed to that ice, and sounded within two cables' length of it,
+and had 16 fathoms and little stones, and after that sounded again within
+a minion's shot, and had ground at 100 fathoms, and fair sand.  We
+sounded the next day a quarter of a mile from it, and had 60 fathoms
+rough ground, and at that present being aboard, that great island of ice
+fell one part from another, making a noise as if a great cliff had fallen
+into the sea.  And at 4 of the clock I sounded again, and had 90 fathoms,
+and small black stones, and little white stones like pearls.  The tide
+here did set to the shore.
+
+We sailed this day south-south-east ofward, and laid it a tric.
+
+The next day was calm and thick, with a great sea.
+
+The next day we sailed south and by east two leagues, and at 8 of the
+clock in the forenoon we cast about to the eastward.
+
+The sixth day it cleared, and we ran north-west into the shore to get a
+harbour, and being towards night, we notwithstanding kept at sea.
+
+The seventh day we plied room with the shore, but being near it it waxed
+thick, and we bare off again.
+
+The eighth day we bended in towards the shore again.
+
+The ninth day we sounded, but could get no ground at 130 fathoms.  The
+weather was calm.
+
+The tenth I took four men and myself, and rode to shore, to an island one
+league from the main, and there the flood setteth south-west along the
+shore, and it floweth as near as I could judge so too.  I could not tarry
+to prove it, because the ship was a great way from me, and I feared a
+fog; but when I came ashore it was low water.  I went to the top of the
+islands and before I came back it was hied a foot water, and so without
+tarrying I came aboard.
+
+The eleventh we found our latitude to be 63 degrees and 8 minutes, and
+this day entered the strait.
+
+The twelfth we set sail towards an island called the Gabriel's Island,
+which was 10 leagues then from us.
+
+We espied a sound, and bare with it, and came to a sandy bay, where we
+came to an anchor, the land bearing east-south-east of us, and there we
+rode all night in 8 fathom water.  It floweth there at a south-east moon;
+we called it Prior's Sound, being from the Gabriel's Island 10 leagues.
+
+The fourteenth we weighed and ran into another sound, where we anchored
+in 8 fathoms water, fair sand, and black ooze, and there caulked our
+ship, being weak from the gunwales upward, and took in fresh water.
+
+The fifteenth day we weighed, and sailed to Prior's Bay, being a mile
+from thence.
+
+The sixteenth day was calm, and we rode still without ice, but presently
+within two hours it was frozen round about the ship, a quarter of an inch
+thick, and that bay very fair and calm.
+
+The seventeenth day we weighed, and came to Thomas William's Island.
+
+The eighteenth day we sailed north-north-west and anchored again in 23
+fathoms, and caught ooze under Bircher's Island, which is from the former
+island 10 leagues.
+
+The nineteenth day in the morning, being calm, and no wind, the captain
+and I took our boat, with eight men in her, to row us ashore, to see if
+there were there any people, or no, and going to the top of the island,
+we had sight of seven boats, which came rowing from the east side toward
+that island; whereupon we returned aboard again.  At length we sent our
+boat, with five men in her, to see whither they rowed, and so with a
+white cloth brought one of their boats with their men along the shore,
+rowing after our boat, till such time as they saw our ship, and then they
+rowed ashore.  Then I went on shore myself, and gave every of them a
+threaden point, and brought one of them aboard of me, where he did eat
+and drink, and then carried him on shore again.  Whereupon all the rest
+came aboard with their boats, being nineteen persons, and they spake, but
+we understood them not.  They be like to Tartars, with long black hair,
+broad faces, and flat noses, and tawny in colour, wearing seal skins, and
+so do the women, not differing in the fashion, but the women are marked
+in the face with blue streaks down the cheeks and round about the eyes.
+Their boats are made all of seal skins, with a keel of wood within the
+skin: the proportion of them is like a Spanish shallop, save only they be
+flat in the bottom and sharp at both ends.
+
+The twentieth day we weighed, and went to the east side of this island,
+and I and the captain, with four men more, went on shore, and there we
+saw their houses, and the people espying us, came rowing towards our
+boat, whereupon we plied to our boat; and we being in our boat and they
+ashore, they called to us, and we rowed to them, and one of their company
+came into our boat, and we carried him aboard, and gave him a bell and a
+knife; so the captain and I willed five of our men to set him ashore at a
+rock, and not among the company which they came from, but their
+wilfulness was such that they would go to them, and so were taken
+themselves and our boat lost.
+
+The next day in the morning we stood in near the shore and shot off a
+fauconet, and sounded our trumpet, but we could hear nothing of our men.
+This sound we called the Five Men's Sound, and plied out of it, but
+anchored again in 30 fathoms and ooze; and riding there all night, in the
+morning the snow lay a foot thick upon our hatches.
+
+The two-and-twentieth day in the morning we weighed, and went again to
+the place where we lost our men and our boat.  We had sight of fourteen
+boats, and some came near to us, but we could learn nothing of our men.
+Among the rest, we enticed one in a boat to our ship's side with a bell;
+and in giving him the bell we took him and his boat, and so kept him, and
+so rowed down to Thomas William's island, and there anchored all night.
+
+The twenty-sixth day we weighed to come homeward, and by twelve of the
+clock at noon we were thwart of Trumpet's Island.
+
+The next day we came thwart of Gabriel's Island, and at eight of the
+clock at night we had the Cape Labrador west from us ten leagues.
+
+The twenty-eighth day we went our course south-east.
+
+We sailed south-east and by east, twenty-two leagues.
+
+The first day of September, in the morning, we had sight of the land of
+Friesland, being eight leagues from us, but we could not come nearer it
+for the monstrous ice that lay about it.  From this day till the sixth of
+this month we ran along Iceland, and had the south part of it at eight of
+the clock east from us ten leagues.
+
+The seventh day of this month we had a very terrible storm, by force
+whereof one of our men was blown into the sea out of our waste, but he
+caught hold of the foresail sheet, and there held till the captain
+plucked him again into the ship.
+
+The twenty-fifth day of this month we had sight of the island of Orkney,
+which was then east from us.
+
+The first day of October we had sight of the Sheld, and so sailed along
+the coast, and anchored at Yarmouth, and the next day we came into
+Harwich.
+
+              THE LANGUAGE OF THE PEOPLE OF META INCOGNITA.
+Argotteyt, a hand.                  Attegay, a coat.
+Cangnawe, a nose.                   Polleuetagay, a knife.
+Arered, an eye.                     Accaskay, a ship.
+Keiotot, a tooth.                   Coblone, a thumb.
+Mutchatet, the head.                Teckkere, the foremost finger.
+Chewat, an ear.                     Ketteckle, the middle finger.
+Comagaye, a leg.                    Mekellacane, the fourth finger.
+Atoniagay, a foot.
+Callagay, a pair of breeches.       Yachethronc, the little finger.
+THE SECOND VOYAGE OF MASTER MARTIN FROBISHER,
+
+
+_Made to the West and North-West Regions in the year 1577_, _with a
+Description of the Country and People_, _written by Dionise Settle_.
+
+On Whit Sunday, being the sixth-and-twentieth day of May, in the year of
+our Lord God 1577, Captain Frobisher departed from Blackwall--with one of
+the Queen's Majesty's ships called the _Aid_, of nine score ton or
+thereabout, and two other little barques likewise, the one called the
+_Gabriel_, whereof Master Fenton, a gentleman of my Lord of Warwick's,
+was captain; and the other the _Michael_, whereof Master York, a
+gentleman of my lord admiral's, was captain, accompanied with seven score
+gentlemen, soldiers, and sailors, well furnished with victuals and other
+provisions necessary for one half year--on this, his second year, for the
+further discovering of the passage to Cathay and other countries
+thereunto adjacent, by west and north-west navigations, which passage or
+way is supposed to be on the north and north-west parts of America, and
+the said America to be an island environed with the sea, where through
+our merchants might have course and recourse with their merchandise from
+these our northernmost parts of Europe, to those Oriental coasts of Asia
+in much shorter time and with greater benefit than any others, to their
+no little commodity and profit that do or shall traffic the same.  Our
+said captain and general of this present voyage and company, having the
+year before, with two little pinnaces to his great danger, and no small
+commendations, given a worthy attempt towards the performance thereof, is
+also pressed when occasion shall be ministered to the benefit of his
+prince and native country--to adventure himself further therein.  As for
+this second voyage, it seemeth sufficient that he hath better explored
+and searched the commodities of those people and countries, with
+sufficient commodity unto the adventurers, which, in his first voyage the
+year before, he had found out.
+
+Upon which considerations the day and year before expressed, he departed
+from Blackwall to Harwich, where making an accomplishment of things
+necessary, the last of May we hoisted up sails, and with a merry wind the
+7th of June we arrived at the islands called Orchades, or vulgarly
+Orkney, being in number thirty, subject and adjacent to Scotland, where
+we made provision of fresh water, in the doing whereof our general
+licensed the gentlemen and soldiers, for their recreation, to go on
+shore.  At our landing the people fled from their poor cottages with
+shrieks and alarms, to warn their neighbours of enemies, but by gentle
+persuasions we reclaimed them to their houses.  It seemeth they are often
+frighted with pirates, or some other enemies, that move them to such
+sudden fear.  Their houses are very simply builded with pebble stone,
+without any chimneys, the fire being made in the midst thereof.  The good
+man, wife, children, and other of their family, eat and sleep on the one
+side of the house, and their cattle on the other, very beastly and rudely
+in respect of civilisation.  They are destitute of wood, their fire is
+turf and cow shardes.  They have corn, bigge, and oats, with which they
+pay their king's rent to the maintenance of his house.  They take great
+quantity of fish, which they dry in the wind and sun; they dress their
+meat very filthily, and eat it without salt.  Their apparel is after the
+nudest sort of Scotland.  Their money is all base.  Their Church and
+religion is reformed according to the Scots.  The fishermen of England
+can better declare the dispositions of those people than I, wherefore I
+remit other their usages to their reports, as yearly repairers thither in
+their courses to and from Iceland for fish.
+
+We departed here hence the 8th of June, and followed our course between
+west and north-west until the 4th of July, all which time we had no
+night, but that easily, and without any impediment, we had, when we were
+so disposed, the fruition of our books, and other pleasures to pass away
+the time, a thing of no small moment to such as wander in unknown seas
+and long navigations, especially when both the winds and raging surges do
+pass their common and wonted course.  This benefit endureth in those
+parts not six weeks, whilst the sun is near the tropic of Cancer, but
+where the pole is raised to 70 or 80 degrees it continueth the longer.
+
+All along these seas, after we were six days sailing from Orkney, we met,
+floating in the sea, great fir trees, which, as we judged, were, with the
+fury of great floods, rooted up, and so driven into the sea.  Iceland
+hath almost no other wood nor fuel but such as they take up upon their
+coasts.  It seemeth that these trees are driven from some part of the
+Newfoundland, with the current that setteth from the west to the east.
+
+The 4th of July we came within the making of Friesland.  From this shore,
+ten or twelve leagues, we met great islands of ice of half a mile, some
+more, some less in compass, showing above the sea thirty or forty
+fathoms, and as we supposed fast on ground, where, with our lead, we
+could scarce sound the bottom for depth.
+
+Here, in place of odoriferous and fragrant smells of sweet gums and
+pleasant notes of musical birds, which other countries in more temperate
+zones do yield, we tasted the most boisterous Boreal blasts, mixed with
+snow and hail, in the months of June and July, nothing inferior to our
+untemperate winter: a sudden alteration, and especially in a place of
+parallel, where the pole is not elevated above 61 degrees, at which
+height other countries more to the north, yea unto 70 degrees, show
+themselves more temperate than this doth.  All along this coast ice lieth
+as a continual bulwark, and so defendeth the country, that those which
+would land there incur great danger.  Our general, three days together,
+attempted with the ship boat to have gone on shore, which, for that
+without great danger he could not accomplish, he deferred it until a more
+convenient time.  All along the coast lie very high mountains, covered
+with snow, except in such places where, through the steepness of the
+mountains, of force it must needs fall.  Four days coasting along this
+land we found no sign of habitation.  Little birds which we judged to
+have lost the shore, by reason of thick fogs which that country is much
+subject unto, came flying to our ships, which causeth us to suppose that
+the country is both more tolerable and also habitable within than the
+outward shore maketh show or signification.
+
+From hence we departed the 8th of July, and the 16th of the same we came
+with the making of land, which land our general the year before had named
+the Queen's Forehand, being an island, as we judge, lying near the
+supposed continent with America, and on the other side, opposite to the
+same, one other island, called Halles Isle, after the name of the master
+of the ship, near adjacent to the firm land, supposed continent with
+Asia.  Between the which two islands there is a large entrance or strait,
+called Frobisher's Strait, after the name of our general, the first
+finder thereof.  This said strait is supposed to have passage into the
+sea of Sur, which I leave unknown as yet.
+
+It seemeth that either here, or not far hence, the sea should have more
+large entrance than in other parts within the frozen or untemperate zone,
+and that some contrary tide, either from the east or west, with main
+force casteth out that great quantity of ice which cometh floating from
+this coast, even unto Friesland, causing that country to seem more
+untemperate than others much more northerly than the same.
+
+I cannot judge that any temperature under the Pole, being the time of the
+Sun's northern declination, half a year together, and one whole day
+(considering that the sun's elevation surmounteth not twenty-three
+degrees and thirty minutes), can have power to dissolve such monstrous
+and huge ice, comparable to great mountains, except by some other force,
+as by swift currents and tides, with the help of the said day of half a
+year.
+
+Before we came within the making of these lands, we tasted cold storms,
+insomuch that it seemed we had changed with winter, if the length of the
+days had not removed us from that opinion.
+
+At our first coming, the straits seemed to be shut up with a long mure of
+ice, which gave no little cause of discomfort unto us all; but our
+general (to whose diligence, imminent dangers and difficult attempts
+seemed nothing in respect of his willing mind for the commodity of his
+prince and country), with two little pinnaces prepared of purpose, passed
+twice through them to the east shore, and the islands thereunto adjacent;
+and the ship, with the two barques, lay off and on something farther into
+the sea from the danger of the ice.
+
+Whilst he was searching the country near the shore, some of the people of
+the country showed themselves, leaping and dancing, with strange shrieks
+and cries, which gave no little admiration to our men.  Our general,
+desirous to allure them unto him by fair means, caused knives and other
+things to be proffered unto them, which they would not take at our hands;
+but being laid on the ground, and the party going away, they came and
+took up, leaving something of theirs to countervail the same.  At the
+length, two them, leaving their weapons, came down to our general and
+master, who did the like to them, commanding the company to stay, and
+went unto them, who, after certain dumb signs and mute congratulations,
+began to lay hands upon them, but they deliverly escaped, and ran to
+their bows and arrows and came fiercely upon them, not respecting the
+rest of our company, which were ready for their defence, but with their
+arrows hurt divers of them.  We took the one, and the other escaped.
+
+Whilst our general was busied in searching the country, and those islands
+adjacent on the east shore, the ships and barques, having great care not
+to put far into the sea from him, for that he had small store of
+victuals, were forced to abide in a cruel tempest, chancing in the night
+amongst and in the thickest of the ice, which was so monstrous that even
+the least of a thousand had been of force sufficient to have shivered our
+ship and barques into small portions, if God (who in all necessities hath
+care upon the infirmity of man) had not provided for this our extremity a
+sufficient remedy, through the light of the night, whereby we might well
+discern to flee from such imminent dangers, which we avoided within
+fourteen bourdes in one watch, the space of four hours.  If we had not
+incurred this danger amongst these monstrous islands of ice, we should
+have lost our general and master, and the most of our best sailors, which
+were on the shore destitute of victuals; but by the valour of our master
+gunner, Master Jackman and Andrew Dier, the master's mates, men expert
+both in navigation and other good qualities, we were all content to incur
+the dangers afore rehearsed, before we would, with our own safety, run
+into the seas, to the destruction of our said general and his company.
+
+The day following, being the 19th of July, our captain returned to the
+ship with good news of great riches, which showed itself in the bowels of
+those barren mountains, wherewith we were all satisfied.  A sudden
+mutation.  The one part of us being almost swallowed up the night before,
+with cruel Neptune's force, and the rest on shore, taking thought for
+their greedy paunches how to find the way to Newfoundland; at one moment
+we were racked with joy, forgetting both where we were and what we had
+suffered.  Behold the glory of man: to-night contemning riches, and
+rather looking for death than otherwise, and to-morrow devising how to
+satisfy his greedy appetite with gold.
+
+Within four days after we had been at the entrance of the straits, the
+north-west and west winds dispersed the ice into the sea, and made us a
+large entrance into the Straits, that without impediment, on the 19th
+July, we entered them; and the 20th thereof our general and master, with
+great diligence, sought out and sounded the west shore, and found out a
+fair harbour for the ship and barques to ride in, and named it after our
+master's mate, Jackman's Sound, and brought the ship, barques, and all
+their company to safe anchor, except one man which died by God's
+visitation.
+
+At our first arrival, after the ship rode at anchor, general, with such
+company as could well be spared from the ships, in marching order entered
+the land, having special care by exhortations that at our entrance
+thereinto we should all with one voice, kneeling upon our knees, chiefly
+thank God for our safe arrival; secondly, beseech Him that it would
+please His Divine Majesty long to continue our Queen, for whom he, and
+all the rest of our company, in this order took possession of the
+country; and thirdly, that by our Christian study and endeavour, those
+barbarous people, trained up in paganry and infidelity, might be reduced
+to the knowledge of true religion, and to the hope of salvation in Christ
+our Redeemer, with other words very apt to signify his willing mind and
+affection towards his prince and country, whereby all suspicion of an
+undutiful subject may credibly be judged to be utterly exempted from his
+mind.  All the rest of the gentlemen, and others, deserve worthily herein
+their due praise and commendation.
+
+These things in order accomplished, our general commanded all the company
+to be obedient in things needful for our own safeguard to Master Fenton,
+Master Yorke, and Master Beast, his lieutenant, while he was occupied in
+other necessary affairs concerning our coming thither.
+
+After this order we marched through the country, with ensign displayed,
+so far as was thought needful, and now and then heaped up stones on high
+mountains and other places, in token of possession, as likewise to
+signify unto such as hereafter may chance to arrive there that possession
+is taken in the behalf of some other prince by those which first found
+out the country.
+
+Whose maketh navigation to these countries hath not only extreme winds
+and furious seas to encounter withal, but also many monstrous and great
+islands of ice: a thing both rare, wonderful, and greatly to be regarded.
+
+We were forced sundry times, while the ship did ride here at anchor, to
+have continual watch, with boats and men ready with hawsers, to knit fast
+unto such ice which with the ebb and flood were tossed to and fro in the
+harbour, and with force of oars to hail them away, for endangering the
+ship.
+
+Our general certain days searched this supposed continent with America,
+and not finding the commodity to answer his expectations, after he had
+made trial thereof, he departed thence, with two little barques, and men
+sufficient, to the east shore, being he supposed continent of Asia, and
+left the ship, with most of the gentlemen soldiers and sailors, until
+such time as he either thought good to send or come for them.
+
+The stones on this supposed continent with America be altogether sparkled
+and glister in the sun like gold; so likewise doth the sand in the bright
+water, yet they verify the old proverb, "All is not gold that
+glistereth."
+
+On this west shore we found a dead fish floating, which had in his nose a
+horn, straight and torquet, of length two yards lacking two inches, being
+broken in the top, where we might perceive it hollow, into which some of
+our sailors putting spiders they presently died.  I saw not the trial
+hereof, but it was reported unto me of a truth, by the virtue whereof we
+supposed it to be the sea unicorn.
+
+After our general had found out good harbour for the ship and barques to
+anchor in, and also such store of gold ore as he thought himself
+satisfied withal, he returned to the _Michael_, whereof Master Yorke
+aforesaid was captain, accompanied with our master and his mate, who
+coasting along the west shore, not far from whence the ship rode, they
+perceived a fair harbour, and willing to sound the same, at the entrance
+thereof they espied two tents of seal skins, unto which the captain, our
+said master, and other company resorted.  At the sight of our men the
+people fled into the mountains; nevertheless, they went to their tents,
+where, leaving certain trifles of ours as glasses, bells, knives, and
+such like things, they departed, not taking anything of theirs except one
+dog.  They did in like manner leave behind them a letter, pen, ink, and
+paper, whereby our men whom the captain lost the year before, and in that
+people's custody, might (if any of them were alive) be advertised of our
+presence and being there.
+
+On the same day, after consultation, all the gentlemen, and others
+likewise that could be spared from the ship, under the conduct and
+leading of Master Philpot (unto whom, in our general's absence, and his
+lieutenant, Master Beast, all the rest were obedient), went ashore,
+determining to see if by fair means we could either allure them to
+familiarity, or otherwise take some of them, and so attain to some
+knowledge of those men whom our general lost the year before.
+
+At our coming back again to the place where their tents were before, they
+had removed their tents farther into the said bay or sound, where they
+might, if they were driven from the land, flee with their boats into the
+sea.  We, parting ourselves into two companies, and compassing a
+mountain, came suddenly upon them by land, who, espying us, without any
+tarrying fled to their boats, leaving the most part of their oars behind
+them for haste, and rowed down the bay, where our two pinnaces met them
+and drove them to shore.  But if they had had all their oars, so swift
+are they in rowing, it had been lost time to have chased them.
+
+When they were landed they fiercely assaulted our men with their bows and
+arrows, who wounded three of them with our arrows, and perceiving
+themselves thus hurt they desperately leaped off the rocks into the sea
+and drowned themselves; which if they had not done but had submitted
+themselves, or if by any means we could have taken alive (being their
+enemies as they judged), we would both have saved them, and also have
+sought remedy to cure their wounds received at our hands.  But they,
+altogether void of humanity, and ignorant what mercy meaneth, in
+extremities look for no other than death, and perceiving that they should
+fall into our hands, thus miserably by drowning rather desired death than
+otherwise to be saved by us.  The rest, perceiving their fellows in this
+distress, fled into the high mountains.  Two women, not being so apt to
+escape as the men were, the one for her age, and the other being
+encumbered with a young child, we took.  The old wretch, whom divers of
+our sailors supposed to be either a devil or a witch, had her buskins
+plucked off to see if she were cloven-footed, and for her ugly hue and
+deformity we let her go; the young woman and the child we brought away.
+We named the place where they were slain Bloody Point, and the bay or
+harbour Yorke's Sound, after the name of one of the captains of the two
+barques.
+
+Having this knowledge both of their fierceness and cruelty, and
+perceiving that fair means as yet is not able to allure them to
+familiarity, we disposed ourselves, contrary to our inclination,
+something to be cruel, returned to their tents, and made a spoil of the
+same, where we found an old shirt, a doublet, a girdle, and also shoes of
+our men, whom we lost the year before; on nothing else unto them
+belonging could we set our eyes.
+
+Their riches are not gold, silver, or precious drapery, but their said
+tents and boats made of the skins of red deer and seal skins, also dogs
+like unto wolves, but for the most part black, with other trifles, more
+to be wondered at for their strangeness than for any other commodity
+needful for our use.
+
+Thus returning to our ship the 3rd of August, we departed from the west
+shore, supposed firm with America, after we had anchored there thirteen
+days, and so the 4th thereof we came to our general on the east shore,
+and anchored in a fair harbour named Anne Warwick's Sound, and to which
+is annexed an island, both named after the Countess of Warwick--Anne
+Warwick's Sound and Isle.
+
+In this isle our general thought good for this voyage to freight both the
+ships and barques with such stone or gold mineral as he judged to
+countervail the charges of his first and this his second navigation to
+these countries, with sufficient interest to the venturers whereby they
+might both be satisfied for this time and also in time to come (if it
+please God and our prince) to expect a much more benefit out of the
+bowels of those septentrional parallels, which long time hath concealed
+itself till at this present, through the wonderful diligence and great
+danger of our general and others, God is contented with the revealing
+thereof.  It riseth so abundantly, that from the beginning of August to
+the 22nd thereof (every man following the diligence of our general) we
+raised above ground 200 ton, which we judged a reasonable freight for the
+ship and two barques in the said Anne Warwick's Isle.
+
+In the meantime of our abode here some of the country people came to show
+themselves unto us sundry times from the main shore, near adjacent to the
+said isle.  Our general, desirous to have some news of his men whom he
+lost the year before, with some company with him repaired with the ship
+boat to commune or sign with them for familiarity, whereunto he is
+persuaded to bring them.  They at the first show made tokens that three
+of his five men were alive, and desired pen, ink, and paper, and that
+within three or four days they would return, and, as we judged, bring
+those of our men which were living with them.
+
+They also made signs or tokens of their king, whom they called Cacough,
+and how he was carried on men's shoulders, and a man far surmounting any
+of our company in bigness and stature.
+
+With these tokens and signs of writing, pen, ink, and paper were
+delivered them, which they would not take at our hands, but being laid
+upon the shore, and the party gone away, they took up; which likewise
+they do when they desire anything for change of theirs, laying for that
+which is left so much as they think will countervail the same, and not
+coming near together.  It seemeth they have been used to this trade or
+traffic with some other people adjoining, or not far distant from their
+country.
+
+After four days some of them showed themselves upon the firm land, but
+not where they were before.  Our general, very glad thereof, supposing to
+hear of our men, went from the island with the boat and sufficient
+company with him.  They seemed very glad, and allured him about a certain
+point of the land, behind which they might perceive a company of the
+crafty villains to lie lurking, whom our general would not deal withal,
+for that he knew not what company they were, so with few signs dismissed
+them and returned to his company.
+
+Another time, as our said general was coasting the country with two
+little pinnaces, whereby at our return he might make the better relation
+thereof, three of the crafty villains with a white skin allured us to
+them.  Once again our general, for that he hoped to hear of his men, went
+towards them; at our coming near the shore whereon they were we might
+perceive a number of them lie hidden behind great stones, and those three
+in sight labouring by all means possible that some would come on land;
+and perceiving we made no haste, by words nor friendly signs, which they
+used by clapping their hands, and being without weapon, and but three in
+sight, they sought further means to provoke us thereunto.  One alone laid
+flesh on the shore, which we took up with the boat-hook as necessary
+victuals for the relieving of the man, woman, and child whom we had
+taken, for that as yet they could not digest our meat; whereby they
+perceived themselves deceived of their expectation for all their crafty
+allurements.  Yet once again to make, as it were, a full show of their
+crafty natures and subtle sleights, to the intent thereby to have
+entrapped and taken some of our men, one of them counterfeited himself
+impotent and lame of his legs, who seemed to descend to the water's side
+with great difficulty, and to cover his craft the more one of his fellows
+came down with him, and in such places where he seemed unable to pass, he
+took him on his shoulders, set him by the water's side, and departed from
+him, leaving him, as it should seem, all alone; who, playing his
+counterfeit pageant very well, thought thereby to provoke some of us to
+come on shore, not fearing but that one of us might make our party good
+with a lame man.
+
+Our general, having compassion of his impotency, thought good, if it were
+possible, to cure him thereof; wherefore he caused a soldier to shoot at
+him with his calever, which grazed before his face.  The counterfeit
+villain deliverly fled without any impediment at all, and got him to his
+bow and arrows, and the rest from their lurking holes with their weapons,
+bows, arrows, slings, and darts.  Our general caused some calevers to be
+shot off at them, whereby, some being hurt, they might hereafter stand in
+more fear of us.
+
+This was all the answer for this time we could have of our men, or of our
+general's letter.  Their crafty dealing at these three several times
+being thus manifest unto us, may plainly show their disposition in other
+things to be correspondent.  We judged that they used these stratagems
+thereby to have caught some of us for the delivering of the man, woman,
+and child, whom we had taken.
+
+They are men of a large corporature, and good proportion; their colour is
+not much unlike the sunburnt countryman, who laboureth daily in sun for
+his living.
+
+They wear their hair something long, and cut before either with stone or
+knife, very disorderly.  Their women wear their hair long, knit up with
+two loops, showing forth on either side of their faces, and the rest
+faltered upon a knot.  Also, some of their women tint their faces
+proportionally, as chin, cheeks, and forehead and the wrists of their
+hands, whereupon they lay a colour which continueth dark azurine.
+
+They eat their meat all raw, both flesh, fish, and fowl, or something
+parboiled with blood, and a little water, which they drink.  For lack of
+water, they will eat ice that is hard frozen as pleasantly as we will do
+sugar-candy, or other sugar.
+
+If they, for necessity's sake, stand in need of the premises, such grass
+as the country yieldeth they pluck up and eat, not daintily, or
+saladwise, to allure their stomachs to appetite, but for necessity's
+sake, without either salt, oils, or washing, like brute beasts devouring
+the same.  They neither use table, stool, or table-cloth for comeliness:
+but when they are imbrued with blood, knuckle deep, and their knives in
+like sort, they use their tongues as apt instruments to lick them clean;
+in doing whereof they are assured to lose none of their victuals.
+
+They keep certain dogs, not much unlike wolves, which they yoke together,
+as we do oxen and horses, to a sled or trail, and so carry their
+necessaries over the ice and snow, from place to place, as the captain,
+whom we have, made perfect signs.  And when those dogs are not apt for
+the same use, or when with hunger they are constrained for lack of other
+victuals, they eat them, so that they are as needful for them, in respect
+of their bigness, as our oxen are for us.
+
+They apparel themselves in the skins of such beasts as they kill, sewed
+together with the sinews of them.  All the fowl which they kill they
+skin, and make thereof one kind of garment or other to defend them from
+the cold.
+
+They make their apparel with hoods and tails, which tails they give, when
+they think to gratify any friendship shown unto them; a great sign of
+friendship with them.  The men have them not so syde as the women.
+
+The men and women wear their hose close to their legs, from the waist to
+the knee, without any open before, as well the one kind as the other.
+Upon their legs they wear hose of leather, with the fur side inward, two
+or three pair on at once, and especially the women.  In those hose they
+put their knives, needles, and other things needful to bear about.  They
+put a bone within their hose, which reacheth from the foot to the knee,
+whereupon they draw their said hose, and so in place of garters they are
+holden from falling down about their feet.
+
+They dress their skins very soft and supple with the hair on.  In cold
+weather or winter they wear the fur side inward, and in summer outward.
+Other apparel they have none but the said skins.
+
+Those beasts, fishes, and fowls which they kill are their meat, drink,
+apparel, houses, bedding, hose, shoes, thread, and sails for their boats,
+with many other necessaries, whereof they stand in need, and almost all
+their riches.
+
+The houses are tents made of seal skins, pitched up with four fir
+quarters, four-square, meeting at the top, and the skins sewed together
+with sinews, and laid thereupon; they are so pitched up, that the
+entrance into them is always south, or against the sun.
+
+They have other sort of houses, which we found not to be inhabited, which
+are raised with stones and whalebones, and a skin laid over them to
+withstand the rain, or other weather; the entrance of them being not much
+unlike an oven's mouth, whereunto, I think, they resort for a time to
+fish, hunt, and fowl, and so leave them until the next time they come
+thither again.
+
+Their weapons are bows, arrows, darts, and slings.  Their bows are of
+wood, of a yard long, sinewed on the back with firm sinews, not glued to,
+but fast girded and tied on.  Their bow strings are likewise sinews.
+Their arrows are three pieces, nocked with bone and ended with bone; with
+those two ends, and the wood in the midst, they pass not in length half a
+yard, or little more.  They are feathered with two feathers, the pen end
+being cut away, and the feathers laid upon the arrow with the broad side
+to the wood, insomuch, that they seem, when they are tied on, to have
+four feathers.  They have likewise three sorts of heads to those arrows;
+one sort of stone or iron, proportioned like to a heart; the second sort
+of bone much like unto a stopt head, with a hook on the same, the third
+sort of bone likewise, made sharp at both sides, and sharp pointed.  They
+are not made very fast, but lightly tied to, or else set in a nocke,
+that, upon small occasion, the arrow leaveth these heads behind them;
+they are of small force except they be very near when they shoot.
+
+Their darts are made of two sorts: the one with many forks of bones in
+the fore end, and likewise in the midst; their proportions are not much
+unlike our toasting-irons, but longer; these they cast out of an
+instrument of wood very readily.  The other sort is greater than the
+first aforesaid, with a long bone made sharp on both sides, not much
+unlike a rapier, which I take to be their most hurtful weapon.
+
+They have two sorts of boats made of leather, set out on the inner side
+with quarters of wood, artificially tied together with thongs of the
+same; the greater sort are not much unlike our wherries, wherein sixteen
+or twenty men may sit; they have for a sail dressed the guts of such
+beasts as they kill, very fine and thin, which they sew together; the
+other boat is but for one man to sit and row in, with one oar.
+
+Their order of fishing, hunting, and fowling, are with these said
+weapons; but in what sort or how they use them we have no perfect
+knowledge as yet.
+
+I can suppose their abode or habitation not to be here, for that neither
+their houses nor apparel are of such force to withstand the extremity of
+cold that the country seemeth to be infected withal; neither do I see any
+sign likely to perform the same.
+
+Those houses, or rather dens, which stand there, have no sign of footway,
+or anything else trodden, which is one of the chiefest tokens of
+habitation.  And those tents, which they bring with them, when they have
+sufficiently hunted and fished, they remove to other places; and when
+they have sufficiently stored them of such victuals as the country
+yieldeth, or bringeth forth, they return to their winter stations or
+habitations.  This conjecture do I make for the infertility which I
+perceive to be in that country.
+
+They have some iron, whereof they make arrow-heads, knives, and other
+little instruments, to work their boats, bows, arrows, and darts withal,
+which are very unapt to do anything withal, but with great labour.
+
+It seemeth that they have conversation with some other people, of whom
+for exchange they should receive the same.  They are greatly delighted
+with anything that is bright or giveth a sound.
+
+What knowledge they have of God, or what idol they adore, we have no
+perfect intelligence.  I think them rather _anthropophagi_, or devourers
+of man's flesh, than otherwise; that there is no flesh or fish which they
+find dead (smell it never so filthily), but they will eat it as they find
+it without any other dressing.  A loathsome thing, either to the
+beholders or the hearers.  There is no manner of creeping beast hurtful,
+except some spiders (which as many affirm are signs of great store of
+gold), and also certain stinging gnats, which bite so fiercely that the
+place where they bite shortly after swelleth, and itcheth very sore.
+
+They make signs of certain people that wear bright plates of gold in
+their foreheads and other places of their bodies.
+
+The countries on both sides the straits lie very high, with rough stony
+mountains, and great quantity of snow thereon.  There is very little
+plain ground, and no grass except a little, which is much like unto moss
+that groweth on soft ground, such as we get turfs in.  There is no wood
+at all.  To be brief, there is nothing fit or profitable for the use of
+man which that country with root yieldeth or bringeth forth; howbeit
+there is great quantity of deer, whose skins are like unto asses, their
+heads or horns do far exceed, as well in length as also in breadth, any
+in these our parts or countries: their feet likewise are as great as our
+oxen's, which we measure to be seven or eight inches in breadth.  There
+are also hares, wolves, fishing bears, and sea-fowl of sundry sorts.
+
+As the country is barren and unfertile, so are they rude, and of no
+capacity to culture the same to any perfection; but are contented by
+their hunting, fishing, and fowling, with raw flesh and warm blood, to
+satisfy their greedy paunches, which is their only glory.
+
+There is great likelihood of earthquakes or thunder, for there are huge
+and monstrous mountains, whose greatest substance are stones, and those
+stones so shapen with some extraordinary means, that one is separated
+from another, which is discordant from all other quarries.
+
+There are no rivers or running springs, but such as through the heat of
+the sun, with such water as descendeth from the mountains and hills,
+whereon great drifts of snow do lie, are engendered.
+
+It argueth also that there should be none; for that the earth, which with
+the extremity of the winter is so frozen within, that that water which
+should have recourse within the same to maintain springs hath not his
+motion, whereof great waters have their origin, as by experience is seen
+otherwhere.  Such valleys as are capable to receive the water, that in
+the summer time, by the operation of the sun, descendeth from great
+abundance of snow, which continually lieth on the mountains, and hath no
+passage, sinketh into the earth, and so vanisheth away, without any
+runnel above the earth, by which occasion or continual standing of the
+said water the earth is opened and the great frost yieldeth to the force
+thereof, which in other places, four or five fathoms within the ground,
+for lack of the said moisture, the earth even in the very summer time is
+frozen, and so combineth the stones together, that scarcely instruments
+with great force can unknit them.
+
+Also, where the water in those valleys can have no such passage away, by
+the continuance of time in such order as is before rehearsed, the yearly
+descent from the mountains filleth them full, that at the lowest bank of
+the same they fall into the next valley, and so continue as fishing
+ponds, in summer time full of water, and in the winter hard frozen, as by
+scars that remain thereof in summer may easily be perceived; so that the
+heat of summer is nothing comparable or of force to dissolve the
+extremity of cold that cometh in winter.
+
+Nevertheless, I am assured, that below the force of the frost, within the
+earth, the waters have recourse, and empty themselves out of sight into
+the sea, which, through the extremity of the frost, are constrained to do
+the same; by which occasion, the earth within is kept the warmer, and
+springs have their recourse, which is the only nutriment of gold and
+minerals within the same.
+
+There is much to be said of the commodities of these countries, which are
+couched within the bowels of the earth, which I let pass till more
+perfect trial be made thereof.
+
+Thus conjecturing, till time, with the earnest industry of our general
+and others (who, by all diligence, remain pressed to explore the truth of
+that which is unexplored, as he hath to his everlasting praise found out
+that which is like to yield an innumerable benefit to his prince and
+country), offer further trial, I conclude.
+
+The 23rd August, after we had satisfied our minds with freight sufficient
+for our vessels, though not our covetous desires, with such knowledge of
+the country, people, and other commodities as are before rehearsed, the
+24th thereof we departed there hence: the 17th of September we fell with
+the Land's End of England, and so to Milford Haven, from whence our
+general rowed to the court for order to what port or haven to conduct the
+ship.
+
+We lost our two barques in the way homeward, the one the 29th of August,
+the other the 31st of the same month, by occasion of great tempest and
+fog; howbeit, God restored the one to Bristol, and the other making his
+course by Scotland to Yarmouth.  In this voyage we lost two men, one in
+the way by God's visitation, and the other homeward, cast overboard with
+a surge of the sea.
+
+I could declare unto the readers the latitude and longitude of such
+places and regions as we have been at, but not altogether so perfectly as
+our masters and others, with many circumstances of tempests and other
+accidents incident to seafaring men, which seem not altogether strange,
+but I let them pass to their reports as men most apt to set forth and
+declare the same.  I have also left the names of the countries on both
+the shores untouched for lack of understanding the people's language, as
+also for sundry respects not needful as yet to be declared.
+
+Countries new explored, where commodity is to be looked for, do better
+accord with a new name given by the explorers than an uncertain name by a
+doubtful author.
+
+Our general named sundry islands, mountains, capes, and harbours after
+the names of divers noblemen, and other gentlemen his friends, as well on
+the one shore as also on the other.
+
+
+
+
+THE THIRD AND LAST VOYAGE INTO META INCOGNITA,
+
+
+_Made by Master Martin Frobisher_, _in the year_ 1578, _written by Thomas
+Ellis_.
+
+These are to let you know, that upon the 25th May, the _Thomas Allen_,
+being vice-admiral, whose captain was Master Yorke; Master Gibbes,
+master; Master Christopher Hall, pilot, accompanied with the
+rear-admiral, named the _Hopewell_, whose captain was Master Henry Carew,
+the Master Andrew Dier, and certain other ships, came to Gravesend, where
+we anchored, and abode the coming of certain other of our fleet, which
+were not yet come.
+
+The 27th of the same month, our fleet being now come together, and all
+things pressed in a readiness, the wind favouring and tide serving, we
+being of sails in number eight, weighed anchors, and hoisted our sails
+towards Harwich, to meet with our admiral and the residue, which then and
+there abode our arrival, where we safely arrived the 28th thereof;
+finding there our admiral, whom we, with the discharge of certain pieces,
+saluted (according to order and duty), and were welcomed with the like
+courtesy, which being finished we landed, where our general continued
+mustering his soldiers and miners, and setting things in order
+appertaining to the voyage, until the last of the said month of May,
+which day we hoisted our sails, and committing ourselves to the
+conducting of Almighty God, we set forward toward the West Country, in
+such lucky wise and good success, that by the 5th June we passed the
+Dursies, being the utmost part of Ireland, to the westward.
+
+And here it were not much amiss, nor far from our purpose, if I should a
+little discourse and speak of our adventures and chances by the way, as
+our landing at Plymouth, as also the meeting of certain poor men, which
+were robbed and spoiled of all that they had by pirates and rovers;
+amongst whom was a man of Bristol, on whom our general used his
+liberality, and sent him away with letters into England.
+
+But because such things are impertinent to the matter, I will return
+(without any more mentioning of the same) to that from which I have
+digressed and swerved, I mean our ships, now sailing on the surging seas,
+sometimes passing at pleasure with a wished eastern wind, sometimes
+hindered of our course again by the western blasts, until the 20th day of
+the foresaid month of June, on which day in the morning we fell in with
+Friesland, which is a very high and cragged land, and was almost clean
+covered with snow, so that we might see nought but craggy rocks and the
+tops of high and huge hills, sometimes (and for the most part) all
+covered with foggy mists.  There might we also perceive the great isles
+of ice lying on the seas like mountains, some small, some big, of sundry
+kinds of shapes, and such a number of them, that we could not come near
+the shore for them.
+
+Thus sailing along the coast, at the last we saw a place somewhat void of
+ice, where our general (accompanied with certain other) went ashore,
+where they saw certain tents made of beasts' skins, and boats much like
+unto theirs of Meta Incognita.  The tents were furnished with flesh,
+fish, skins, and other trifles: amongst the which was found a box of
+nails, whereby we did conjecture that they had either artificers amongst
+them, or else a traffic with some other nation.  The men ran away, so
+that we could have no conference or communication with them.  Our general
+(because he would have them no more to flee, but rather encouraged to
+stay through his courteous dealing) gave commandment that his men should
+take nothing away with them, saving only a couple of white dogs, for
+which he left pins, points, knives, and other trifling things, and
+departed, without taking or hurting anything, and so came aboard, and
+hoisted sails and passed forwards.
+
+But being scarce out of the sight thereof, there fell such a fog and
+hideous mist that we could not see one another; whereupon we struck our
+drums, and sounded our trumpets to the end we might keep together; and so
+continued all that day and night, till the next day, that the mist brake
+up; so that we might easily perceive all the ships thus sailing together
+all that day, until the next day, being the 22nd of the same, on which
+day we saw an infinite number of ice, from the which we cast about to
+shun the danger thereof.
+
+But one of our small barques named the _Michael_, whose captain was
+Master Kinderslie, the master, Bartholomew Bull, lost our company,
+insomuch that we could not obtain the sight of her many days after, of
+whom I mean to speak further anon, when occasion shall be ministered, and
+opportunity served.  Thus we continued on our course until the 2nd of
+July, on which day we fell with the Queen's Foreland, where we saw so
+much ice, that we thought it impossible to get into the straits, yet at
+the last we gave the adventure, and entered the ice.
+
+Being in amongst it, we saw the _Michael_, of whom I spake before,
+accompanied with the, _Judith_, whose captain was Master Fenton, the
+master, Charles Jackman, bearing into the aforesaid ice, far distant from
+us, who in a storm that fell that present night (whereof I will at large,
+God willing, discourse hereafter), were severed from us, and being in,
+wandered up and down the straits amongst the ice, many days in great
+peril, till at the last (by the providence of God) they came safely to
+harbour in their wished port in the Countess of Warwick's Sound the 20th
+July aforesaid, ten days before any of the other ships; who going on
+shore, found where the people of the country had been, and had hid their
+provision in great heaps of stone, being both of flesh and fish, which
+they had killed, whereof we also found great store in other places after
+our arrival.  They found also divers engines, as bows, slings, and darts.
+They found likewise certain pieces of the pinnace which our general left
+there the year before; which pinnace he had sunk, minding to have it
+again the next year.
+
+Now, seeing I have entreated so much of the _Judith_ and the _Michael_, I
+will return to the rest of the other ships, and will speak a little of
+the storm which fell, with the mishaps that we had, the night that we put
+into the ice, whereof I made mention before.
+
+At the first entry into the ice, in the mouth of the straits, our passage
+was very narrow and difficult; but being once gotten in, we had a fair,
+open place without any ice for the most part; being a league in compass,
+the ice being round about us, and enclosing us, as it were, within the
+pales of a park.  In which place (because it was almost night) we minded
+to take in our sails and lie a hull all that night.  But the storm so
+increased, and the waves began to mount aloft, which brought the ice so
+near us, and coming in so fast upon us, that we were fain to bear in and
+out, where ye might espy an open place.  Thus the ice coming on us so
+fast we were in great danger, looking every hour for death, and thus
+passed we on in that great danger, seeing both ourselves and the rest of
+our ships so troubled and tossed amongst the ice, that it would make the
+strongest-heart to relent.
+
+At the last, the barque _Dionyse_, being but a weak ship, and bruised
+afore amongst the ice, being so leak that she no longer could carry above
+water, sank without saving any of the goods which were in her: the sight
+so abashed the whole fleet, that we thought verily we should have tasted
+of the same sauce.  But nevertheless, we seeing them in such danger,
+manned our boats, and saved all the men, in such wise that not one
+perished.  (God be thanked.)
+
+The storm still increased and the ice enclosed us, that we were fain to
+take down top and topmasts; for the ice had so environed us, that we
+could see neither land nor sea as far as we could ken; so that we were
+fain to cut our cables to hang overboard for fenders, somewhat to ease
+the ship's sides from the great and dreary strokes of the ice; some with
+capstan bars, some fending off with oars, some with planks of two inches
+thick, which were broken immediately with the force of the ice, some
+going out upon the ice, to bear it off with their shoulders from the
+ships.  But the rigorousness of the tempest was such, and the force of
+the ice so great, that not only they burst and spoiled the foresaid
+provision, but likewise so raised the sides of the ships that it was
+pitiful to behold, and caused the hearts of many to faint.
+
+Thus continued we all that dismal and lamentable night, plunged in this
+perplexity, looking for instant death; but our God (who never leaveth
+them destitute which faithfully call upon Him), although He often
+punisheth for amendment's sake, in the morning caused the winds to cease,
+and the fog, which all that night lay on the face of the water, to clear,
+so that we might perceive about a mile from us a certain place clear from
+any ice, to the which with an easy breath of wind, which our God sent us,
+we bent ourselves, and furthermore He provided better for us than we
+deserved, or hoped for; for when we were in the foresaid clear place, He
+sent us a fresh gale at west, or at west-south-west, which set us clear
+without all the ice.  And further He added more, for He sent us so
+pleasant a day, as the like we had not of a long time before, as after
+punishment consolation.
+
+Thus we joyful whites, being at liberty, took in all our sails, and lay a
+hull, praising God for our deliverance, and stayed to gather together our
+fleet; which once being done, we seeing that none of them had any great
+hurt, neither any of them wanted, saving only they of whom I spake
+before, and the ship which was lost, then at the last we hoisted our
+sails, and lay bulting off and on, till such time as it would please God
+to take away the ice, that we might get into the straits.
+
+As we thus lay off and on, we came by a marvellous huge mountain of ice,
+which surpassed all the rest that ever we saw, for we judged it to be
+near four score fathoms above water, and we thought it to be aground for
+anything that we could perceive, being there nine score fathoms deep, and
+of compass about half a mile.
+
+Also the fifth of July there fell a hideous fog and mist, that continued
+till the nineteenth of the same, so that one ship could not see another.
+Therefore we were fain to bear a small sail, and to observe the time, but
+there ran such a current of tide, that it set us to the north-west of the
+Queen's Forehand, the back side of all the straits, where (through the
+contagious fog having no sight either of sun or star) we scarce knew
+where we were.  In this fog the 10th July we lost the company of the
+_Vice-Admiral_, the _Anne Francis_, the _Busse of Bridgewater_, and the
+_Francis of Foy_.
+
+The sixteenth day, one of our small barques, named the _Gabriel_, was
+sent by our general to bear in with the land, to descry it, where, being
+on land, they met with the people of the country, which seemed very
+humane and civilised, and offered to traffic with our men, proffering
+them fowls and skins for knives and other trifles, whose courtesy caused
+us to think that they had small conversation with the other of the
+straits.  Then we bare back again, to go with the Queen's Forehand, and
+the 18th day we came by two islands, whereon we went on shore, and found
+where the people had been, but we saw none of them.  This day we were
+again in the ice, and like to be in as great peril as we were at the
+first.  For through the darkness and obscurity of the foggy mist we were
+almost run on rocks and islands before we saw them: but God (even
+miraculously) provided for us, opening the fogs that we might see
+clearly, both where and in what danger we presently were, and also the
+way to escape; or else, without fail we had ruinously run upon the rocks.
+
+When we knew perfectly our instant case, we cast about to get again on
+sea board, which (God be thanked) by might we obtained, and praised God.
+The clear continued scarce an hour, but the fog fell again as thick as
+ever it was.
+
+Then the _Rear-Admiral_ and the _Bear_ got themselves clear without
+danger of ice and rocks, struck their sails and lay a hull, staying to
+have the rest of the fleet come forth, which as yet had not found the
+right way to clear themselves from the danger of rocks and ice, until the
+next morning, at what time the _Rear-Admiral_ discharged certain warning
+pieces, to give notice that she had escaped, and that the rest (by
+following of her) might set themselves free, which they did that day.
+Then having gathered ourselves together, we proceeded on our purposed
+voyage, bearing off, and keeping ourselves distant from the coast, until
+the 19th day of July, at which time the fogs brake up and dispersed, so
+that we might plainly and clearly behold the pleasant air which had so
+long been taken from us by the obscurity of the foggy mists; and, after
+that time, we were not much encumbered therewith until we had left the
+confines of the country.
+
+Then we, espying a fair sound, supposed it to go into the straits,
+between the Queen's Foreland and Jackman's Sound, which proved as we
+imagined.  For our general sent forth again the _Gabriel_ to discover it,
+who passed through with much difficulty, for there ran such an extreme
+current of a tide, with so horrible a gulf, that with a fresh gale of
+wind they were scarce able to stem it, yet at the length with great
+travel they passed it, and came to the straits, where they met with the
+_Thomas Allen_, the _Thomas of Ipswich_, and the _Busse of Bridgewater_,
+who all together adventured to bear into the ice again, to see if they
+could obtain their wished port.  But they were so encumbered, that with
+much difficulty they were able to get out again, yet at the last they
+escaping the _Thomas Allen_ and the _Gabriel_, bear in with the western
+shore, where they found harbour, and they moored their ships until the
+4th of August, at which time they came to us, in the Countess of
+Warwick's Sound.  The _Thomas of Ipswich_ caught a great leak, which
+caused her to cast again to sea board, and so was mended.
+
+We sailed along still by the coast until we came to the Queen's Forehand,
+at the point whereof we met with part of the gulf aforesaid, which place
+or gulf (as some of our masters do credibly report) doth flow nine hours
+and ebbs but three.  At that point we discovered certain lands southward,
+which neither time nor opportunity would serve to search.  Then being
+come to the mouth of the straits, we met with the _Anne Francis_, who had
+lain bulting up and down ever since her departure alone, never finding
+any of her company.  We met then also the _Francis of Foy_, with whom
+again we intended to venture and get in, but the ice was yet so thick,
+that we were compelled again to retire and get us on sea board.
+
+There fell also the same day, being the 26th July, such a horrible snow,
+that it lay a foot thick upon the hatches, which froze as fast as it
+fell.
+
+We had also at other times divers cruel storms, both snow and hail, which
+manifestly declared the distemperature of the country: yet for all that
+we were so many times repulsed and put back from our purpose, knowing
+that lingering delay was not profitable for us, but hurtful to our
+voyage, we mutually consented to our valiant general once again to give
+the onset.
+
+The 28th day, therefore, of the same July we assayed, and with little
+trouble (God be praised) we passed the dangers by daylight.  Then night
+falling on the face of the earth, we hulled in the clear, till the
+cheerful light of the day had chased away the noisome darkness of the
+night, at which the we set forward toward our wished port; by the 30th
+day we obtained our expected desire, where we found the _Judith_ and the
+_Michael_, which brought no small joy unto the general, and great
+consolation to the heavy hearts of those wearied wights.
+
+The 30th day of July we brought our ships into the Countess of Warwick's
+Sound, and moored them, namely these ships, the _Admiral_, the
+_Rear-Admiral_, the _Francis of Foy_, the _Bear_, _Armenel_, the
+_Salomon_, and the _Busse of Bridgewater_, which being done, our general
+commanded us all to come ashore upon the Countess Island, where he set
+his miners to work upon the mine, giving charge with expedition to
+despatch with their lading.
+
+Our general himself, accompanied with his gentleman, divers times made
+roads into sundry parts of the country, as well to find new mines as also
+to find out and see the people of the country.  He found out one mine,
+upon an island by Bear's Sound, and named it the Countess of Sussex
+Island.  One other was found in Winter's Fornace, with divers others, to
+which the ships were sent sunderly to be laden.  In the same roads he met
+with divers of the people of the country at sundry times, as once at a
+place called David's Sound, who shot at our men, and very desperately
+gave them the onset, being not above three or four in number, there being
+of our countrymen above a dozen; but seeing themselves not able to
+prevail, they took themselves to flight, whom our men pursued, but being
+not used to such craggy cliffs, they soon lost the sight of them, and so
+in vain returned.
+
+We also saw them at Bear's Sound, both by sea and land, in great
+companies; but they would at all times keep the water between them and
+us.  And if any of our ships chanced to be in the sound (as they came
+divers times), because the harbour was not very good, the ship laded, and
+departed again; then so long as any ships were in sight, the people would
+not be seen.  But when as they perceived the ships to be gone, they would
+not only show themselves standing upon high cliffs, and call us to come
+over unto them, but also would come in their boats very near to us, as it
+were to brag at us; whereof our general, having advertisement, sent for
+the captain and gentlemen of the ships to accompany and attend upon him,
+with the captain also of the _Anne Francis_, who was but the night before
+come unto us.  For they and the fleet-boat, having lost us the 26th day,
+in the great snow, put into a harbour in the Queen's Forehand, where they
+found good ore, wherewith they laded themselves, and came to seek the
+general; so that now we had all our ships, saving one barque, which was
+lost, and the _Thomas of Ipswich_ who (compelled by what fury I know not)
+forsook our company, and returned home without lading.
+
+Our general, accompanied with his gentlemen (of whom I spake), came
+altogether to the Countess of Sussex Island, near to Bear's Sound, where
+he manned out certain pinnaces and went over to the people, who,
+perceiving his arrival, fled away with all speed, and in haste left
+certain darts and other engines behind them which we found, but the
+people we could not find.
+
+The next morning our general, perceiving certain of them in boat upon the
+sea, gave chase to them in a pinnace under sail, with a fresh gale of
+wind, but could by no means come near unto them, for the longer he sailed
+the farther off he was from them, which well showed their cunning and
+activity.  Thus time wearing away, and the day of our departure
+approaching, our general commanded to lade with all expedition, that we
+might be again on sea board with our ship; for whilst we were in the
+country we were in continual danger of freezing in, for often snow and
+hail, often the water was so much frozen and congealed in the night, that
+in the morning we could scarce row our boats or pinnaces, especially in
+Dier's Sound, which is a calm and still water, which caused our general
+to make the more haste, so that by the 30th day of August we were all
+laden, and made all things ready to depart.  But before I proceed any
+further herein, to show what fortune befell at our departure, I will turn
+my pen a little to Master Captain Fenton, and those gentlemen which
+should have inhabited all the year in those countries, whose valiant
+minds were much to be commended, that neither fear of force, nor the
+cruel nipping storms of the raging winter, neither the intemperature of
+so unhealthful a country, neither the savageness of the people, neither
+the sight and show of such and so many strange meteors, neither the
+desire to return to their native soil, neither regard of friends, neither
+care of possessions and inheritances, finally, not the love of life (a
+thing of all other most sweet), neither the terror of dreadful death
+itself, might seem to be of sufficient force to withdraw their prowess,
+or to restrain from that purpose, thereby to have profited their country;
+but that with most willing hearts, venturous minds, stout stomachs, and
+singular manhood, they were content there to have tarried for the time,
+among a barbarous and uncivilised people, infidels and miscreants, to
+have made their dwelling, not terrified with the manifold and imminent
+dangers which they were like to run into; and seeing before their eyes so
+many casualties, whereto their life was subject, the least whereof would
+have made a milksop Thersites astonished and utterly discomfited; being,
+I say, thus minded and purposed, they deserved special commendation, for,
+doubtless, they had done as they intended, if luck had not withstood
+their willingness, and if that fortune had not so frowned upon their
+intents.
+
+For the bark _Dionyse_, which was lost, had in her much of their house,
+which was prepared and should have been builded for them, with many other
+implements.  Also the _Thomas of Ipswich_, which had most of their
+provision in her, came not into the straits at all, neither did we see
+her since the day we were separated in the great snow (of which I spake
+before).  For these causes, having not their house nor yet provision,
+they were disappointed of their pretence to tarry, and therefore laded
+their ships and so came away with us.
+
+But before we took shipping, we builded a little house in the Countess of
+Warwick's Island, and garnished it with many kinds of trifles, as pins,
+points, laces, glasses, combs, babes on horseback and on foot, with
+innumerable other such fancies and toys, thereby to allure and entice the
+people to some familiarity against other years.
+
+Thus having finished all things we departed the country (as I said
+before); but because the _Busse_ had not lading enough in her, she put
+into Bear's Sound to take a little more.  In the meanwhile, the
+_Admiral_, and the rest without the sea, stayed for her.  And that night
+fell such an outrageous tempest, beating on our ships with such vehement
+rigour that anchor and cable availed nought, for we were driven on rocks
+and islands of ice, insomuch that had not the great goodness of God been
+miraculously showed to us, we had been cast away every man.  This danger
+was more doubtful and terrible than any that preceded or went before, for
+there was not any one ship (I think) that escaped without damage.  Some
+lost anchor, and also gables, some boats, some pinnaces, some anchor,
+gables, boats, and pinnaces.
+
+This boisterous storm so severed us one from another, that one ship knew
+not what was become of another.  The _Admiral_ knew not where to find the
+_Vice-Admiral_ or _Rear-Admiral_, or any other ship of our company.  Our
+general, being on land in Bear's Sound, could not come to his ship, but
+was compelled to go aboard the _Gabriel_, where he continued all the way
+homewards, for the boisterous blasts continued so extremely, and so long
+a time, that it sent us homeward (which was God's favour towards us),
+will we, nill we, in such haste, as not any one of us were able to keep
+in company of other, but were separated.  And if by chance any one ship
+did overtake other by swiftness of sail, or met (as they often did), yet
+was the rigour of the wind so hideous, that they could not continue
+company together the space of one whole night.
+
+Thus our journey outward was not so pleasant, but our coming thither,
+entering the coasts and country by narrow straits, perilous ice, and
+swift tides, our times of abode there in snow and storms, and our
+departure from thence, the 3rd of August, with dangerous blustering winds
+and tempest's, which that night arose, was as uncomfortable, separating
+us so, as we sailed, that not any of us met together until the 28th of
+September, which day we fell on the English coasts, between Scilly and
+the Land's End, and passed the Channel, until our arrival in the river
+Thames.
+
+
+
+
+THE REPORT OF THOMAS WIARS,
+
+
+_Passenger in the_ "_Emmanuel_," _otherwise called the_ "_Busse of
+Bridgewater_," _wherein James Leeche was Master_, _one of the ships in
+the last voyage of Master Martin Frobisher_, 1578, _concerning the
+discovery of the great island in their way homeward_, _the_ 12_th of
+September_.
+
+The _Busse of Bridgewater_ was left in Bear's Sound, at Meta Incognita,
+the 2nd day of September, behind the fleet, in some distress, through
+much wind riding near the lee shore, and forced there to ride it out upon
+the hazard of her cables and anchors, which were all aground but two.
+The 3rd of September being fair weather, and the wind north-north-west,
+she set sail, and departed thence and fell with Friesland, on he 8th day
+of September, at six of the clock at night, and then they set off from
+the south-west point of Friesland, the wind being at east and
+east-south-east; but that night the wind veered southerly, and shifted
+oftentimes that night.  But on the 10th day, in the morning, the wind at
+west-north-west, fair weather, they steered south-east and by south, and
+continued that course until the 12th day of September, when about 11
+o'clock before noon they descried a land, which was from them about five
+leagues, and the southernmost part of it was south-east-by-east from
+them, and the northernmost next north-north-east, or north-east.  The
+master accounted that Friesland, the south-east point of it, was from him
+at that instant, when he first descried this new island,
+north-west-by-north fifty leagues.  They account this island to be
+twenty-five leagues long, and the longest way of it south-east and
+north-west.  The southern part of it is in the latitude of fifty-seven
+degrees and one second part, or thereabout.  They continued in sight of
+it from the twelfth day at eleven of the clock till the thirteenth day
+three of the clock in the afternoon, when they left it; and the last part
+they saw of it bare from them north-west-by-north.  There appeared two
+harbours upon that coast, the greatest of them seven leagues to the
+northwards of the southernmost point, the other but four leagues.  There
+was very much ice near the same land, and also twenty or thirty leagues
+from it, for they were not clear of ice till the 15th day of September,
+afternoon.  They plied their voyage homeward, and fell with the west part
+of Ireland, about Galway, and had first sight of it on the 25th day of
+September.
+
+
+
+
+THE FIRST VOYAGE OF MASTER JOHN DAVIS,
+
+
+_Undertaken in June_, 1585, _for the discovery of the North-West
+Passage_, _written by John James Marchant_, _servant to the Worshipful
+Master William Sanderson_.
+
+Certain honourable personages and worthy gentlemen of the Court and
+country, with divers worshipful merchants of London and of the West
+Countrie, moved with desire to advance God's glory, and to seek the good
+of their native country, consulting together of the likelihood of the
+discovery of the North-West Passage, which heretofore had been attempted,
+but unhappily given over by accidents unlooked for, which turned the
+enterprisers from their principal purpose, resolved, after good
+deliberation, to put down their adventures, to provide for necessary
+shipping, and a fit man to be chief conductor of this so hard an
+enterprise.  The setting forth of this action was committed by the
+adventurers especially to the care of Master William Sanderson, merchant
+of London, who was so forward therein, that besides his travel, which was
+not small, he became the greatest adventurer with his purse, and
+commended unto the rest of the company one Master John Davis, a man very
+well grounded in the principles of the art of navigation, for captain and
+chief pilot of this exploit.
+
+Thus, therefore, all things being put in a readiness, we departed from
+Dartmouth the 7th of June towards the discovery of the aforesaid
+North-West Passage with two barques, the one being of fifty tons, named
+the _Sunshine_, of London, and the other being thirty-five tons, named
+the _Moonshine_, of Dartmouth.  In the _Sunshine_ we had twenty-three
+persons, whose names are these following: Master John Davis, captain;
+William Eston, master; Richard Pope, master's mate; John Jane, merchant;
+Henry Davie, gunner; William Crosse, boatswain; John Bagge, Walter
+Arthur, Luke Adams, Robert Coxworthie, John Ellis, John Kelly, Edward
+Helman, William Dicke, Andrew Maddocke, Thomas Hill, Robert Wats,
+carpenter, William Russell, Christopher Gorney, boy; James Cole, Francis
+Ridley, John Russel, Robert Cornish, musicians.
+
+The _Moonshine_ had nineteen persons, William Bruton, captain; John
+Ellis, master; the rest mariners.
+
+The 7th of June the captain and the master drew out a proportion for the
+continuance of our victuals.
+
+The 8th day, the wind being at south-west and west-south-west, we put in
+for Falmouth, where we remained until the 13th.
+
+The 13th the wind blew at north, and being fair weather we departed.
+
+The 14th, with contrary wind, we were forced to put into Scilly.
+
+The 15th we departed thence, having the wind north and by east, moderate
+and fair weather.
+
+The 16th we were driven back again, and were constrained to arrive at New
+Grimsby, at Scilly; here the wind remained contrary twelve days, and in
+that space the captain, the master, and I went about all the islands, and
+the captain did plan out and describe the situation of all the islands,
+rocks, and harbours to the exact use of navigation, with lines and scale
+thereunto convenient.
+
+The 28th, in God's name, we departed, the wind being easterly, but calm.
+
+The 29th very foggy.
+
+The 30th foggy.
+
+The 1st of July we saw great store of porpoises, the master called for a
+harping-iron, and shot twice or thrice; sometimes he missed, and at last
+shot one and struck him in the side, and wound him into the ship; when we
+had him aboard, the master said it was a darley head.
+
+The 2nd we had some of the fish boiled, and it did eat as sweet as any
+mutton.
+
+The 3rd we had more in sight, and the master went to shoot at them, but
+they were so great, that they burst our irons, and we lost both fish,
+irons, pastime, and all; yet, nevertheless, the master shot at them with
+a pike, and had well-nigh gotten one, but he was so strong, that he burst
+off the bars of the pike and went away.  Then he took the boat-hook, and
+hit one with that; but all would not prevail, so at length we let them
+alone.
+
+The 6th we saw a very great whale, and every day after we saw whales
+continually.
+
+The 16th, 17th, and 18th we saw great store of whales.
+
+The 19th of July we fell into a great whirling and brustling of a tide,
+setting to the northward; and sailing about half a league we came into a
+very calm sea, which bent to the south-south-west.  Here we heard a
+mighty great roaring of the sea, as if it had been the breach of some
+shore, the air being so foggy and full of thick mist, that we could not
+see the one ship from the other, being a very small distance asunder; so
+the captain and the master, being in distrust how the tide might set
+them, caused the _Moonshine_ to hoist out her boat and to sound, but they
+could not find ground in three hundred fathoms and better.  Then the
+captain, master, and I went towards the breach to see what it should be,
+giving charge to our gunners that at every blast they should shoot off a
+musket shot, to the intent we might keep ourselves from losing them; then
+coming near to the breach, we met many islands of ice floating, which had
+quickly compassed us about.  Then we went upon some of them, and did
+perceive that all the roaring which we heard was caused only by the
+rolling of this ice together.  Our company seeing us not to return
+according to our appointment, left off shooting muskets and began to
+shoot falconets, for they feared some mishap had befallen us; but before
+night we came aboard again, with our boat laden with ice, which made very
+good fresh water.  Then we bent our course toward the north, hoping by
+that means to double the land.
+
+The 20th, as we sailed along the coast, the fog brake up, and we
+discovered the land, which was the most deformed, rocky, and mountainous
+land that ever we saw, the first sight whereof did show as if it had been
+in form of a sugar loaf, standing to our sight above the clouds, for that
+it did show over the fog like a white liste in the sky, the tops
+altogether covered with snow, and the shore beset with ice a league off
+into the sea, making such irksome noise as that it seemed to be the true
+pattern of desolation, and after the same our captain named it the land
+of desolation.
+
+The 21st the wind came northerly and overblew, so that we were
+constrained to bend our course south again, for we perceived that we were
+run into a very deep bay, where we were almost compassed with ice, for we
+saw very much towards the north-north-east, west, and south-west; and
+this day and this night we cleared ourselves of the ice, running
+south-south-west along the shore.
+
+Upon Thursday, being the 22nd of this month, about three of the clock in
+the morning, we hoisted out our boat, and the captain, with six sailors,
+went towards the shore, thinking to find a landing-place, for the night
+before we did perceive the coast to be void of ice to our judgment; and
+the same night we were all persuaded that we had seen a canoe rowing
+along the shore, but afterwards we fell in some doubt of it, but we had
+no great reason so to do.  The captain, rowing towards the shore, willed
+the master to bear in with the land after him; and before he came near
+the shore, by the space of a league, or about two miles, he found so much
+ice that he could not get to land by any means.  Here our mariners put to
+their lines to see if they could get any fish, because there were so many
+seals upon the coast, and the birds did beat upon the water, but all was
+in vain: the water about this coast was very black and thick, like to a
+filthy standing pool; we sounded, and had ground in 120 fathoms.  While
+the captain was rowing to the shore our men saw woods upon the rocks,
+like to the rocks of Newfoundland, but I could not discern them; yet it
+might be so very well, for we had wood floating upon the coast every day,
+and the _Moonshine_ took up a tree at sea not far from the coast, being
+sixty foot of length and fourteen handfuls about, having the root upon
+it.  After, the captain came aboard, the weather being very calm and
+fair, we bent our course toward the south with intent to double the land.
+
+The 23rd we coasted the land which did lie east-north-east and
+west-south-west.
+
+The 24th, the wind being very fair at east, we coasted the land, which
+did lie east and west, not being able to come near the shore by reason of
+the great quantity of ice.  At this place, because the weather was
+somewhat cold by reason of the ice, and the better to encourage our men,
+their allowance was increased.  The captain and the master took order
+that every mess, being five persons, should have half a pound of bread
+and a can of beer every morning to breakfast.  The weather was not very
+cold, but the air was moderate, like to our April weather in England.
+When the wind came from the land or the ice it was somewhat cold, but
+when it came off the sea it was very hot.
+
+The 25th of this month we departed from sight of this land at six of the
+clock in the morning, directing our course to the north-westward, hoping
+in God's mercy to find our desired passage, and so continued above four
+days.
+
+The 29th of July we discovered land in 64 degrees 15 minutes of latitude,
+bearing north-east from us.  The wind being contrary to go to the
+north-westward, we bear in with this land to take some view of it, being
+utterly void of the pester of ice, and very temperate.  Coming near the
+coast we found many fair sounds and good roads for shipping, and many
+great inlets into the land, whereby we judged this land to be a great
+number of islands standing together.  Here, having moored our barque in
+good order, we went on shore upon a small island to seek for water and
+wood.  Upon this island we did perceive that there had been people, for
+we found a small shoe and pieces of leather sewed with sinews and a piece
+of fur, and wool like to beaver.  Then we went upon another island on the
+other side of our ships, and the captain, the master, and I, being got up
+to the top of a high rock, the people of the country having espied us
+made a lamentable noise, as we thought, with great outcries and
+screechings; we, hearing them, thought it had been the howling of wolves.
+At last I halloed again, and they likewise cried; then we, perceiving
+where they stood--some on the shore, and one rowing in a canoe about a
+small island fast by them--we made a great noise, partly to allure them
+to us and partly to warn our company of them.  Whereupon Master Bruton
+and the master of his ship, with others of their company, made great
+haste towards us, and brought our musicians with them from our ship,
+purposing either by force to rescue us, if needs should so require, or
+with courtesy to allure the people.  When they came unto us we caused our
+musicians to play, ourselves dancing and making many signs of friendship.
+At length there came ten canoes from the other islands, and two of them
+came so near the shore where we were that they talked with us, the other
+being in their boats a pretty way off.  Their pronunciation was very
+hollow through the throat, and their speech such as we could not
+understand, only we allured them by friendly embracings and signs of
+courtesy.  At length one of them, pointing up to the sun with his hand,
+would presently strike his breast so hard that we might hear the blow.
+This he did many times before he would any way trust us.  Then John
+Ellis, the master of the _Moonshine_, was appointed to use his best
+policy to gain their friendship, who shook his breast and pointed to the
+sun after their order, which when he had divers times done they began to
+trust him, and one of them came on shore, to whom we threw our caps,
+stockings, and gloves, and such other things as then we had about us,
+playing with our music, and making signs of joy, and dancing.  So the
+night coming we bade them farewell, and went aboard our barques.
+
+The next morning, being the 30th of July, there came thirty-seven canoes
+rowing by our ships calling to us to come on shore; we not making any
+great haste unto them, one of them went up to the top of the rock, and
+leaped and danced as they had done the day before, showing us a seal
+skin, and another thing made like a timbrel, which he did beat upon with
+a stick, making a noise like a small drum.  Whereupon we manned our boats
+and came to them, they all staying in their canoes.  We came to the
+water's side, where they were, and after we had sworn by the sun after
+their fashion they did trust us.  So I shook hands with one of them, and
+he kissed my hand, and we were very familiar with them.  We were in so
+great credit with them upon this single acquaintance that we could have
+anything they had.  We bought five canoes of them; we bought their
+clothes from their backs, which were all made of seal skins and birds'
+skins; their buskins, their hose, their gloves, all being commonly sewed
+and well dressed, so that we were fully persuaded that they have divers
+artificers among them.  We had a pair of buskins of them full of fine
+wool like beaver.  Their apparel for heat was made of birds' skins with
+their feathers on them.  We saw among them leather dressed like glover's
+leather, and thick thongs like white leather of good length.  We had of
+their darts and oars, and found in them that they would by no means
+displease us, but would give us whatsoever we asked of them, and would be
+satisfied with whatsoever we gave them.  They took great care one of
+another, for when we had bought their boats then two other would come,
+and carry him away between them that had sold us his.  They are a very
+tractable people, void of craft or double dealing, and easy to be brought
+to any civility or good order, but we judged them to be idolaters, and to
+worship the sun.
+
+During the time of our abode among these islands we found reasonable
+quantity of wood, both fir, spruce, and juniper; which, whether it came
+floating any great distance to these places where we found it, or whether
+it grew in some great islands near the same place by us not yet
+discovered, we know not.  But we judge that it groweth there farther into
+the land than we were, because the people had great store of darts and
+oars which they made none account of, but gave them to us for small
+trifles as points and pieces of paper.  We saw about this coast
+marvellous great abundance of seals sculling together like sculls of
+small fish.  We found no fresh water among these islands, but only
+snow-water, whereof we found great pools.  The cliffs were all of such
+ore as Master Frobisher brought from Meta Incognita.  We had divers
+shewes of study or Moscovie glass, shining not altogether unlike to
+crystal.  We found an herb growing upon the rocks whose fruit was sweet,
+full of red juice, and the ripe ones were like currants.  We found also
+birch and willow growing like shrubs low to the ground.  These people
+have great store of furs as we judged.  They made shows unto us the 30th
+of this present, which was the second time of our being with them, after
+they perceived we would have skins and furs, that they would go into the
+country and come again the next day with such things as they had; but
+this night the wind coming fair the captain and the master would by no
+means detract the purpose our discovery.  And so the last of this month,
+about four of the clock in the morning, in God's name we set sail, and
+were all that day becalmed upon the coast.
+
+The 1st of August we had a fair wind, and so proceeded towards the
+north-west for our discovery.
+
+The 6th of August we discovered land in 66 degrees 40 minutes of latitude
+altogether void from the pester of ice; we anchored in a very fair road,
+under a very brave mount, the cliffs whereof were as orient as gold.
+This mount was named Mount Raleigh; the road where our ships lay at
+anchor was called Totnes Road; the sound which did compass the mount was
+named Exeter Sound; the foreland towards the north was called Dier's
+Cape; the foreland towards the south was named Cape Walsingham.  So soon
+as we were come to an anchor in Totnes Road under Mount Raleigh we espied
+four white bears at the foot of the mount.  We, supposing them to be
+goats or wolves, manned our boats and went towards them, but when we came
+near the shore we found them to be white bears of a monstrous bigness;
+we, being desirous of fresh victual and the sport, began to assault them,
+and I being on land, one of them came down the hill right against me.  My
+piece was charged with hail-shot and a bullet; I discharged my piece and
+shot him in the neck; he roared a little, and took the water straight,
+making small account of his hurt.  Then we followed him with our boat,
+and killed him with boars' spears, and two more that night.  We found
+nothing in their maws, but we judged by their dung that they fed upon
+grass, because it appeared in all respects like the dung of a horse,
+wherein we might very plainly see the very straws.
+
+The 7th we went on shore to another bear, which lay all night upon the
+top of an island under Mount Raleigh, and when we came up to him he lay
+fast asleep.  I levelled at his head, and the stone of my piece gave no
+fire; with that he looked up and laid down his head again; then I shot,
+being charged with two bullets, and struck him in the head; he, being but
+amazed, fell backwards, whereupon we ran all upon him with boar spears
+and thrust him in the body, yet for all that he gripped away our boar
+spears and went towards the water, and as he was going down he came back
+again.  Then our master shot his boar spear and struck him in the head,
+and made him to take the water, and swim into a cove fast by, where we
+killed him and brought him aboard.  The breadth of his fore foot from one
+side to the other was fourteen inches over.  They were very fat, so as we
+were constrained to cast the fat away.  We saw a raven upon Mount
+Raleigh.  We found withies, also, growing low like shrubs, and flowers
+like primroses in the said place.  The coast is very mountainous,
+altogether without wood, grass, or earth, and is only huge mountains of
+stone, but the bravest stone that ever we saw.  The air was very moderate
+in this country.
+
+The 8th we departed from Mount Raleigh, coasting along the shore which
+lieth south-south-west and east-north-east.
+
+The 9th our men fell in dislike of their allowance because it was so
+small as they thought.  Whereupon we made a new proportion, every mess,
+being five to a mess, should have four pound of bread a day, twelve wine
+quarts of beer, six new land fishes, and the flesh days a gin of pease
+more; so we restrained them from their butter and cheese.
+
+The 11th we came to the most southerly cape of this land, which we named
+the Cape of God's Mercy, as being the place of our first entrance for the
+discovery.  The weather being very foggy we coasted this north land; at
+length when it brake up we perceived that we were shot into a very fair
+entrance or passage, being in some places twenty leagues broad and in
+some thirty, altogether void of any pester of ice, the weather very
+tolerable, and the water of the very colour, nature, and quality of the
+main ocean, which gave us the greater hope of our passage.  Having sailed
+north-west sixty leagues in this entrance, we discovered certain islands
+standing in the midst thereof, having open passages on both sides.
+Whereupon our ships divided themselves, the one sailing on the north
+side, the other on the south side of the said isles, where we stayed five
+days, having the wind at south-east, very foggy, and foul weather.
+
+The 14th we went on shore and found signs of people, for we found stones
+laid up together like a wall, and saw the skull of a man or a woman.
+
+The 15th we heard dogs howl on the shore, which we thought had been
+wolves, and therefore we went on shore to kill them.  When we came on
+land the dogs came presently to our boat very gently, yet we thought they
+came to prey upon us, and therefore we shot at them and killed two, and
+about the neck of one of them we found a leathern collar, whereupon we
+thought them to be tame dogs.  There were twenty dogs like mastiffs, with
+pricked ears and long bushed tails; we found a bone in the pizels of
+their dogs.  Then we went farther and found two sleds made like ours in
+England.  The one was made of fir, spruce, and oaken boards, sawn like
+inch boards; the other was made all of whalebone, and there hung on the
+tops of the sleds three heads of beasts which they had killed.  We saw
+here larks, ravens, and partridges.
+
+The 17th we went on shore, and in a little thing made like an oven with
+stones I found many small trifles, as a small canoe made of wood, a piece
+of wood made like an image, a bird made of bone, beads having small holes
+in one end of them to hang about their necks, and other small things.
+The coast was very barbarous, without wood or grass.  The rocks were very
+fair, like marble, full of veins of divers colours.  We found a seal
+which was killed not long before, being flayed and hid under stones.
+
+Our captain and master searched still for probabilities of the passage,
+and first found that this place was all islands with great sounds passing
+between them.
+
+Secondly, the water remained of one colour with the main ocean without
+altering.
+
+Thirdly, we saw to the west of those isles three or four whales in a
+scull, which they judged to come from a westerly sea, because to the
+eastward we saw not any whale.
+
+Also, as we were rowing into a very great sound lying south-west from
+whence these whales came, upon the sudden there came a violent
+countercheck of a tide from the south-west against the flood which we
+came with, not knowing from whence it was maintained.
+
+Fifthly, in sailing 20 leagues within the mouth of this entrance we had
+sounding in 90 fathoms, fair, grey, oozy sand, and the farther we run
+into the westwards the deeper was the water, so that hard aboard the
+shore among these isles we could not have ground in 330 fathoms.
+
+Lastly, it did ebb and flow six or seven fathom up and down, the flood
+coming from divers parts, so as we could not perceive the chief
+maintenance thereof.
+
+The 18th and 19th our captain and master determined what was best to do,
+both for the safe guard of their credits and satisfy of the adventurers,
+and resolved if the weather brake up to make further search.
+
+The 20th, the wind came directly against us, so they altered their
+purpose, and reasoned both for proceeding and returning.
+
+The 21st, the wind being north-west, we departed from these islands, and
+as we coasted the south shore we saw many fair sounds, whereby we were
+persuaded that it was no firm land but islands.
+
+The 23rd of this month the wind came south-east, very stormy and foul
+weather.  So we were constrained to seek harbour upon the south coast of
+this entrance, where we fell into a very fair sound, and anchored in 25
+fathoms of green, oozy sand, where we went on shore, where we had
+manifest signs of people, where they had made their fire, and laid stones
+like a wall.  In this place we saw four very fair falcons, and Master
+Bruton took from one of them his prey, which we judged by the wings and
+legs to be a snipe, for the head was eaten off.
+
+The 24th, in the afternoon, the wind coming somewhat fair, we departed
+from this road, purposing by God's grace to return for England.
+
+The 26th we departed from sight of the north land of this entrance,
+directing our course homewards, until the 10th of the next month.
+
+The 10th September we fell with the Land of Desolation, thinking to go on
+shore, but we could get never a good harbour.  That night we put to sea
+again thinking to search it the next day; but this night arose a very
+great storm, and separated our ships so that we lost the sight of the
+_Moonshine_.
+
+The 13th about noon (having tried all the night before with a goose wing)
+we set sail, and within two hours after we had sight of the _Moonshine_
+again.  This day we departed from this land.
+
+The 27th of this month we fell with sight of England.  This night we had
+a marvellous storm, and lost the _Moonshine_.
+
+The 30th September we came into Dartmouth, where we found the
+_Moonshine_, being come in not two hours before.
+
+
+
+
+THE SECOND VOYAGE ATTEMPTED BY MASTER JOHN DAVIS,
+
+
+_With others_, _for the discovery of the North-West Passage_, _in Anno_
+1586.
+
+The 7th day of May I departed from the port of Dartmouth for the
+discovery of the North-West Passage with a ship of a 120 tons, named the
+_Mermaid_; a barque of 60 tons, named the _Sunshine_; a barque of 35 tons
+named the _Moonlight_; and a pinnace of 10 tons named the _North Star_.
+
+And the 15th June I discovered land, in the latitude of 60 degrees, and
+in longitude from the meridian of London westward 47 degrees, mightily
+pestered with ice and snow, so that there was no hope of landing; the ice
+lay in some places 10 leagues, in some 20, and in some 50 leagues off the
+shore, so that we were constrained to bear into 57 degrees to double the
+same, and to recover a free sea, which through God's favourable mercy we
+at length obtained.
+
+The nine-and-twentieth day of June, after many tempestuous storms, we
+again discovered land in longitude from the meridian of London 58 degrees
+30 minutes, and in latitude 64 being east from us, into which course,
+since it pleased God by contrary winds to force us, I thought it very
+necessary to bear in with it, and there to set up our pinnace, provided
+in the _Mermaid_ to be our scout for this discovery, and so much the
+rather, because the year before I had been in the same place and found it
+very convenient for such a purpose, well stored with float wood, and
+possessed by a people of tractable conversation; so that the
+nine-and-twentieth of this month we arrived within the isles which lay
+before this land, lying north-north-west and south-south-east we know not
+how far.  This land is very high and mountainous, having before it on the
+west side a mighty company of isles full of fair sounds and harbours.
+This land was very little troubled with snow, and the sea altogether void
+of ice.
+
+The ships being within the sounds we sent our boats to search for shallow
+water, where we might anchor, which in this place is very hard to find;
+and as the boat went sounding and searching, the people of the country
+having espied them, came in their canoes towards them with many shouts
+and cries; but after they had espied in the boat some of our company that
+were the year before here with us, they presently rowed to the boat and
+took hold in the oar, and hung about the boat with such comfortable joy
+as would require a long discourse to be uttered; they came with the boats
+to our ships, making signs that they knew all those that the year before
+had been with them.  After I perceived their joy and small fear of us,
+myself with the merchants and others of the company went ashore, bearing
+with me twenty knives.  I had no sooner landed, but they leapt out of
+their canoes and came running to me and the rest, and embraced us with
+many signs of hearty welcome.  At this present there were eighteen of
+them, and to each of them I gave a knife; they offered skins to me for
+reward, but I made signs that it was not sold, but given them of
+courtesy, and so dismissed them for that time, with signs that they
+should return again after certain hours.
+
+The next day, with all possible speed, the pinnace was landed upon an
+isle there to be finished to serve our purpose for the discovery, which
+isle was so convenient for that purpose, as that we were very well able
+to defend ourselves against many enemies.  During the time that the
+pinnace was there setting up, the people came continually unto us,
+sometimes a hundred canoes at a time, sometimes forty, fifty, more and
+less as occasion served.  They brought with them seal skins, stags'
+skins, white hares, seal fish, salmon peel, small cod, dry caplin, with
+other fish and birds such as the country did yield.
+
+Myself, still desirous to have a farther search of this place, sent one
+of the ship boats to one part of the land, and myself went to another
+part to search for the habitation of this people, with straight
+commandment that there should be no injury offered to any of the people,
+neither any one shot.
+
+The boats that went from me found the tents of the people made with seal
+skins set up upon timber, wherein they found great store of dried caplin,
+being a little fish no bigger than a pilchard.  They found bags of train
+oil, many little images cut in wood, seal skins in tan tubs with many
+other such trifles, whereof they diminished nothing.
+
+They also found ten miles within the snowy mountains a plain champion
+country, with earth and grass, such as our moory and waste grounds of
+England are.  They went up into a river (which in the narrowest place is
+two leagues broad) about ten leagues, finding it still to continue they
+knew not how far; but I with my company took another river, which
+although at the first it offered a large inlet, yet it proved but a deep
+bay, the end whereof in four hours I attained, and there leaving the boat
+well manned, went with the rest of my company three or four miles into
+the country, but found nothing, nor saw anything, save only gripes,
+ravens, and small birds, as lark and linnet.
+
+The 3rd of July I manned my boat, and went with fifty canoes attending
+upon me up into another sound, where the people by signs willed me to go,
+hoping to find their habitation; at length they made signs that I should
+go into a warm place to sleep, at which place I went on shore, and
+ascended the top of high hill to see into the country, but perceiving my
+labour vain, I returned again to my boat, the people still following me
+and my company very diligent to attend us, and to help us up the rocks,
+and likewise down; at length I was desirous to have our men leap with
+them, which was done, but our men did overleap them; from leaping they
+went to wrestling; we found them strong and nimble, and to have skill in
+wrestling, for they cast some of our men that were good wrestlers.  The
+4th of July we launched our pinnace, and had forty of the people to help
+us, which they did very willingly.  At this time our men again wrestled
+with them, and found them as before, strong and skilful.  This 4th of
+July, the master of the _Mermaid_ went to certain islands to store
+himself with wood, where he found a grave with divers buried in it, only
+covered with seal skins, having a cross laid over them.  The people are
+of good stature, well in body proportioned, with small, slender hands and
+feet, with broad visages, and small eyes, wide mouths, the most part
+unbearded, great lips, and close toothed.  Their custom is, as often as
+they go from us, still at their return, to make a new truce, in this
+sort: holding his hand up to the sun, with a loud voice crieth
+"Ylyaoute," and striketh his breast, with like signs being promised
+safety, he giveth credit.  These people are much given to bleed, and
+therefore stop their noses with deer hair or the hair of an elan.  They
+are idolaters, and have images great store, which they wear about them,
+and in their boats, which we suppose they worship.  They are witches, and
+have many kinds of enchantments, which they often used, but to small
+purpose, thanks be to God.
+
+Being among them at shore, the 4th of July, one of them, making a long
+oration, began to kindle a fire, in this manner: he took a piece of a
+board, wherein was a hole half through; unto that hole he puts the end of
+a round stick, like unto a bed staff, wetting the end thereof in train,
+and in fashion of a turner, with a piece of leather, by his violent
+motion doth very speedily produce fire; which done, with turfs he made a
+fire, into which, with many words and strange gestures, he put divers
+things which we suppose to be a sacrifice.  Myself and divers of my
+company standing by, they were desirous to have me go into the smoke; I
+willed them likewise to stand in the smoke, in which they by no means
+would do.  I then took one of them, and thrust him into the smoke, and
+willed one of my company to tread out the fire, and to spurn it into the
+sea, which was done to show them that we did contemn their sorcery.
+These people are very simple in all their conversation, but marvellous
+thievish, especially for iron, which they have in great account.  They
+began through our lenity to show their vile nature; they began to cut our
+cables; they cut away the _Moonlight's_ boat from her stern; they cut our
+cloth where it lay to air, though we did carefully look unto it, they
+stole our oars, a calliver, a boat's spear, a sword, with divers other
+things, whereat the company and masters being grieved, for our better
+security desired me to dissolve this new friendship, and to leave the
+company of these thievish miscreants; whereupon there was a calliver shot
+among them, and immediately upon the same a falcon, which strange noise
+did sore amaze them, so that with speed they departed; notwithstanding,
+their simplicity is such, that within ten hours after they came again to
+us to entreat peace; which, being promised, we again fell into a great
+league.  They brought us seal skins and salmon peel, but, seeing iron,
+they could in nowise forbear stealing; which, when I perceived it, did
+but minister unto me an occasion of laughter to see their simplicity, and
+willed that in no case they should be any more hardly used, but that our
+own company should be the more vigilant to keep their things, supposing
+it to be very hard in so short time to make them know their evils.  They
+eat all their meat raw, they live most upon fish, they drink salt water,
+and eat grass and ice with delight; they are never out of the water, but
+live in the nature of fishes, but only when dead sleep taketh them, and
+then under a warm rock, laying his boat upon the land, he lieth down to
+sleep.  Their weapons are all darts, but some of them have bow and arrows
+and slings.  They make nets to take their fish of the fin of a whale;
+they do all their things very artfully, and it should seem that these
+simple, thievish islanders have war with those of the main, for many of
+them are sore wounded, which wounds they received upon the main land, as
+by signs they gave us to understand.  We had among them copper ore, black
+copper, and red copper; they pronounce their language very hollow, and
+deep in the throat; these words following we learned from them:--
+Kesinyoh, eat some.                 Mysacoah, wash it.
+Madlycoyte, music.                  Lethicksaneg, a seal-skin.
+Aginyoh, go, fetch.                 Canyglow, kiss me.
+Yliaoute, I mean no harm.           Ugnera, my son.
+Ponameg, a boat.                    Acu, shot.
+Conah, leap.                        Aba, fallen down.
+Maatuke, fish.                      Icune, come hither.
+Sambah, below.                      Awennye, yonder.
+Maconmeg, will you have this?       Nugo, no.
+Cocah, go to him.                   Tucktodo, a fog.
+Paaotyck, an oar.                   Lechiksah, a skin.
+Asanock, a dart.                    Maccoah, a dart.
+Sawygmeg, a knife.                  Sugnacoon, a coat.
+Uderah, a nose.                     Gounah, come down.
+Aoh, iron.                          Sasobneg, a bracelet.
+Blete, an eye.                      Ugnake, a tongue.
+Unvicke, give it.                   Ataneg, a meal.
+Tuckloak, a stag or elan.           Macuah, a beard.
+Panygmah, a needle.                 Pignagogah, a thread.
+Aob, the sea.                       Quoysah, give it to me.
+The 7th of July, being very desirous to search the habitation of this
+country, I went myself with our new pinnace into the body of the land,
+thinking it to be a firm continent, and passing up a very large river a
+great flaw of wind took me, whereby we were constrained to seek succour
+for that night, which being had, I landed with the most part of my
+company, and went to the top of a high mountain, hoping from thence to
+see into the country; but the mountains were so many and so mighty as
+that my purpose prevailed not, whereupon I again returned to my pinnace,
+and willing divers of my company to gather mussels for my supper, whereof
+in this place there was great store, myself having espied a very strange
+sight, especially to me, that never before saw the like, which was a
+mighty whirlwind, taking up the water in very great quantity, furiously
+mounting it into the air, which whirlwind was not for a puff or blast,
+but continual for the space of three hours, with very little
+intermission, which since it was in the course that I should pass, we
+were constrained that night to take up our lodging under the rocks.
+
+The next morning, the storm being broken up, we went forward in our
+attempt, and sailed into a mighty great river, directly into the body of
+the land, and in brief found it to be no firm land, but huge, waste, and
+desert isles with mighty sounds and inlets passing between sea and sea.
+Whereupon we returned towards our ships, and landing to stop a flood, we
+found the burial of these miscreants; we found of their fish in bags,
+plaices, and caplin dried, of which we took only one bag and departed.
+The 9th of this month we came to our ships, where we found the people
+desirous in their fashion of friendship and barter: our mariners
+complained heavily against the people, and said that my lenity and
+friendly using of them gave them stomach to mischief, for "they have
+stolen an anchor from us.  They have cut our cable very dangerously, they
+have cut our boats from our stern, and now, since your departure, with
+slings they spare us not with stones of half a pound weight.  And will
+you still endure these injuries?  It is a shame to bear them."  I desired
+them to be content, and said I doubted not but all should be well.  The
+10th of this month I went to the shore, the people following me in their
+canoes; I tolled them on shore, and used them with much courtesy, and
+then departed aboard, they following me and my company.  I gave some of
+them bracelets, and caused seven or eight of them to come aboard, which
+they did willingly; and some of them went into the top of our ship, and
+thus courteously using them I let them depart.  The sun was no sooner
+down but they began to practise their devilish nature, and with slings
+threw stones very fiercely into the _Moonlight_ and struck one of her
+men, the boatswain, that he overthrew withal: whereat being moved, I
+changed my courtesy and grew to hatred; myself in my own boat well manned
+with shot, and the barques boat likewise pursued them, and gave them
+divers shot, but to small purpose, by reason of their swift rowing; so
+small content we returned.
+
+The 11th of this month there came five of them to make a new truce; the
+master of the _Admiral_ came to me to show me of their coming, and
+desired to have them taken and kept as prisoners until we had his anchor
+again; but when he saw that the chief ring-leader and master of mischief
+was one of the five, then was vehement to execute his purpose, so it was
+determined to take him; he came crying "Yliaout," and striking his breast
+offered a pair of gloves to sell; the master offered him a knife for
+them: so two of them came to us; the one was not touched, but the other
+was soon captive among us; then we pointed to him and his fellows for our
+anchor, which being had we made signs that he should he set at liberty
+within one hour that he came aboard; the wind came fair, whereupon we
+weighed and set sail, and so brought the fellow with us.  One of his
+fellows still following our ship close aboard, talked with him, and made
+a kind of lamentation, we still using him well, with "Yliaout," which was
+the common course of courtesy.  At length this fellow aboard us spoke
+four or five words unto the other and clapped his two hands upon his
+face, whereupon the other doing the like, departed, as we supposed, with
+heavy cheer.  We judged the covering of his face with his hands, and
+bowing of his body down, signified his death.  At length he became a
+pleasant companion among us.  I gave him a new suit of frieze after the
+English fashion, because I saw he could not endure the cold, of which he
+was very joyful; he trimmed up his darts, and all his fishing tools, and
+would make oakum, and set his hand to a rope's end upon occasion.  He
+lived with the dry caplin that I took when I was searching in the
+pinnace, and did eat dry new land fish.
+
+All this while, God be thanked, our people were in very good health, only
+one young man excepted, who died at sea the 14th of this month, and the
+15th, according to the order of the sea, with praise given to God by
+service, was cast overboard.
+
+The 17th of this month, being in the latitude of 63 degrees 8 minutes, we
+fell upon a most mighty and strange quantity of ice, in one entire mass,
+so big as that we knew not the limits thereof, and being withal so very
+high, in form of a land, with bays and capes, and like high cliff land as
+that we supposed it to be land, and therefore sent our pinnace off to
+discover it; but at her return we were certainly informed that it was
+only ice, which bred great admiration to us all, considering the huge
+quantity thereof incredible to be reported in truth as it was, and
+therefore I omit to speak any further thereof.  This only, I think that
+the like before was never seen, and in this place we had very stickle and
+strong currents.
+
+We coasted this mighty mass of ice until the 30th of July, finding it a
+mighty bar to our purpose: the air in this time was so contagious, and
+the sea so pestered with ice, as that all hope was banished of
+proceeding; for the 24th of July all our shrouds, ropes, and sails were
+so frozen, and encompassed with ice, only by a gross fog, as seemed to be
+more than strange, since the last year I found this sea free and
+navigable, without impediments.
+
+Our men through this extremity began to grow sick and feeble, and withal
+hopeless of good success; whereupon, very orderly, with good discretion
+they entreated me to regard the state of this business, and withal
+advised me that in conscience I ought to regard the safety of mine own
+life with the preservation of theirs, and that I should not, through my
+overboldness, leave their widows and fatherless children to give me
+bitter curses.  This matter in conscience did greatly move me to regard
+their estates, yet considering the excellency of the business, if it
+might be obtained, the great hope of certainty by the last year's
+discovery, and that there was yet a third way not put in practice, I
+thought it would grow to my disgrace if this action by my negligence
+should grow into discredit: whereupon seeking help from God, the fountain
+of all mercies, it pleased His Divine Majesty to move my heart to
+prosecute that which I hope shall be to His glory, and to the
+contentation of every Christian mind.  Whereupon, falling into
+consideration that the _Mermaid_, albeit a very strong and sufficient
+ship, yet by reason of her burden not so convenient and nimble as a
+smaller barque, especially in such desperate hazards; further, having in
+account how great charge to the adventurers, being at 100 livres the
+month, and that in doubtful service, all the premises considered, with
+divers other things, I determined to furnish the _Moonlight_ with
+revictualing and sufficient men, and to proceed in this action as God
+should direct me; whereupon I altered our course from the ice, and bore
+east-south-east to the cover of the next shore, where this thing might be
+performed; so with favourable wind it pleased God that the 1st of August
+we discovered the land in latitude 66 degrees 33 minutes, and in
+longitude from the meridian of London 70 degrees, void of trouble,
+without snow or ice.
+
+The 2nd of August we harboured ourselves in a very excellent good road,
+where with all speed we graved the _Moonlight_, and revictualled her; we
+searched this country with our pinnace while the barque was trimming,
+which William Eston did: he found all this land to be only islands, with
+a sea on the east, a sea on the west, and a sea on the north.  In this
+place we found it very hot, and we were very much troubled with a fly
+which is called mosquito, for they did sting grievously.  The people of
+this place at our first coming in caught a seal, and, with bladders fast
+tied to him sent him in to us with the flood, so as he came right with
+our ships, which we took as a friendly present from them.
+
+The 5th of August I went with the two masters and others to the top of a
+hill, and by the way William Eston espied three canoes lying under a
+rock, and went unto them: there were in them skins, darts, with divers
+superstitious toys, whereof we diminished no thing, but left upon every
+boat a silk point, a bullet of lead, and a pin.  The next day, being the
+6th of August, the people came unto us without fear, and did barter with
+us for skins, as the other people did: they differ not from the other,
+neither in their canoes nor apparel, yet is their pronunciation more
+plain than the others, and nothing hollow in the throat.  Our miscreant
+aboard of us kept himself close, and made show that he would fain have
+another companion.  Thus being provided, I departed from this land the
+12th of August at six of the clock in the morning, where I left the
+_Mermaid_ at anchor; the 14th sailing west about 50 leagues we discovered
+land, being in latitude 66 degrees 19 minutes: this land is 70 leagues
+from the other from whence we came.  This 14th day, from nine o'clock at
+night till three o'clock in the morning, we anchored by an island of ice
+12 leagues off the shore, being moored to the ice.
+
+The 15th day, at three o'clock in the morning, we departed from this land
+to the south, and the 18th of August we discovered land north-west from
+us in the morning, being a very fair promontory, in latitude 65 degrees,
+having no land on the south.  Here we had great hope of a through
+passage.
+
+This day, at three o'clock in the afternoon, we again discovered land
+south-west and by south from us, where at night we were becalmed.  The
+19th of this month at noon, by observation, we were in 64 degrees 20
+minutes.  From the 18th day at noon until the 19th at noon, by precise
+ordinary care, we had sailed fifteen leagues south and by west, yet by
+art and more exact observation we found our course to be south-west, so
+that we plainly perceived a great current striking to the west.
+
+This land is nothing in sight but isles, which increaseth our hope.  This
+19th of August, at six o'clock in the afternoon, it began to snow, and so
+continued all night, with foul weather and much wind, so that we were
+constrained to lie at hull all night, five leagues off the shore: in the
+morning, being the 20th of August, the fog and storm breaking up, we bore
+in with the land, and at nine o'clock in the morning we anchored in a
+very fair and safe road and locket for all weathers.  At ten o'clock I
+went on shore to the top of a very high hill, where I perceived that this
+land was islands; at four o'clock in the afternoon we weighed anchor,
+having a fair north-north-east wind, with very fair weather; at six
+o'clock we were clear without the land, and so shaped our course to the
+south, to discover the coast whereby the passage may be through God's
+mercy found.
+
+We coasted this land till the 28th day of August, finding it still to
+continue towards the south, from the latitude of 67 to 57 degrees; we
+found marvellous great store of birds, gulls and mews, incredible to be
+reported, whereupon being calm weather we lay one glass upon the lee to
+prove for fish, in which space we caught one hundred of cod, although we
+were but badly provided for fishing, not being our purpose.  This 28th,
+having great distrust of the weather, we arrived in a very fair harbour
+in the latitude of 56 degrees, and sailed ten leagues in the same, being
+two leagues broad, with very fair woods on both sides; in this place we
+continued until the 1st of September, in which time we had two very great
+storms.  I landed, and went six miles by guess into the country, and
+found that the woods were fir, pine-apple, alder, yew, withy, and birch;
+here we saw a black bear; this place yieldeth great store of birds, as
+pheasant, partridge, Barbary hens, or the like, wild geese, ducks,
+blackbirds, jays, thrushes, with other kinds of small birds.  Of the
+partridge and pheasant we killed great store with bow and arrows in this
+place; at the harbour-mouth we found great store of cod.
+
+The 1st of September at ten o'clock we set sail, and coasted the shore
+with very fair weather.  The third day being calm, at noon we struck
+sail, and let fall a cadge anchor to prove whether we could take any
+fish, being in latitude 54 degrees 30 minutes, in which place we found
+great abundance of cod, so that the hook was no sooner overboard but
+presently a fish was taken.  It was the largest and best refet fish that
+ever I saw, and divers fishermen that were with me said that they never
+saw a more suaule, or better skull of fish in their lives, yet had they
+seen great abundance.
+
+The 4th of September, at 5 o'clock in the afternoon, we anchored in a
+very good road among great store of isles, the country low land,
+pleasant, and very full of fair woods.  To the north of this place eight
+leagues we had a perfect hope of the passage, finding a mighty great sea
+passing between two lands west.  The south land to our judgment being
+nothing but isles, we greatly desired to go into this sea, but the wind
+was directly against us.  We anchored in four fathom fine sand.
+
+In this place is fowl and fish mighty store.
+
+The 6th of September, having a fair north-north-west wind, having trimmed
+our barque, we purposed to depart, and sent five of our sailors, young
+men, ashore to an island to fetch certain fish which we purposed to
+weather, and therefore left it all night covered upon the isle; the
+brutish people of this country lay secretly lurking in the wood, and upon
+the sudden assaulted our men, which when we perceived, we presently let
+slip our cables upon the halse, and under our foresail bore into the
+shore, and with all expedition discharged a double musket upon them
+twice, at the noise whereof they fled; notwithstanding, to our very great
+grief, two of our men were slain with their arrows, and two grievously
+wounded, of whom, at this present, we stand in very great doubt; only one
+escaped by swimming, with an arrow shot through his arm.  These wicked
+miscreants never offered parley or speech, but presently executed their
+cursed fury.  This present evening it pleased God farther to increase our
+sorrows with a mighty tempestuous storm, the wind being north-north-east,
+which lasted unto the 10th of this month very extreme.  We unrigged our
+ship, and purposed to cut-down our masts; the cable of our shut anchor
+broke, so that we only expected to be driven on shore amongst these
+cannibals for their prey.  Yet in this deep distress the mighty mercy of
+God, when hope was past, gave us succour, and sent us a fair lee, so as
+we recovered our anchor again, and new-moored our ship; where we saw that
+God manifestly delivered us, for the strains of one of our cables were
+broken; we only rode by an old junk.  Thus being freshly moored, a new
+storm arose, the wind being west-north-west, very forcible, which lasted
+unto the 10th day at night.
+
+The 11th day, with a fair west-north-west wind, we departed with trust in
+God's mercy, shaping our course for England, and arrived in the West
+Country in the beginning of October.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+_Master Davis being arrived_, _wrote his letter to Master William
+Sanderson of London_, _concerning his voyage_, _as followeth_.
+
+    Sir,--The _Sunshine_ came into Dartmouth the 4th of this month: she
+    hath been at Iceland, and from thence to Greenland, and so to
+    Estotiland, from thence to Desolation, and to our merchants, where
+    she made trade with the people, staying in the country twenty days.
+    They have brought home 500 seal-skins, and 140 half skins and pieces
+    of skins.  I stand in great doubt of the pinnace; God be merciful
+    unto the poor men and preserve them if it be His blessed will.
+
+    I have now full experience of much of the north-west part of the
+    world, and have brought the passage to that certainty, as that I am
+    sure it must be in one of four places, or else not at all.  And
+    further, I can assure you upon the peril of my life, that this voyage
+    may be performed without further charge, nay, with certain profit to
+    the adventurers, if I may have but your favour in the action.  Surely
+    it shall cost me all my hope of welfare and my portion of Sandridge,
+    but I will, by God's mercy, see an end of these businesses.  I hope I
+    shall find favour with you to see your card.  I pray God it be so
+    true as the card shall be which I will bring to you, and I hope in
+    God that your skill in navigation shall be gainful unto you, although
+    at the first it hath not proved so.  And thus with my most humble
+    commendations I commit you to God, desiring no longer to live than I
+    shall be yours most faithfully to command.  From this 14th of
+    October, 1586.
+
+    Yours with my heart, body and life to command,
+
+                                                               JOHN DAVIS.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+_The relation of the course which the_ "_Sunshine_," _a barque of fifty
+tons_, _and the_ "_North Star_," _a small pinnace_, _being two vessels of
+the fleet of Master John Davis_, _held after he had sent them from him to
+discover the passage between Greenland and Iceland_.  _Written by Henry
+Morgan_, _servant to Master William Sanderson of London_.
+
+The 7th day of May, 1586, we departed out of Dartmouth Haven four sails,
+to wit, the _Mermaid_, the _Sunshine_, the _Moonshine_, and the _North
+Star_.  In the _Sunshine_ were sixteen men, whose names were these:
+Richard Pope, master; Mark Carter, master's mate; Henry Morgan, purser;
+George Draward, John Mandie, Hugh Broken, Philip Jane, Hugh Hempson,
+Richard Borden, John Filpe, Andrew Madocke, William Wolcome, Robert
+Wagge, carpenter, John Bruskome, William Ashe, Simon Ellis.
+
+Our course was west-north-west the 7th and 8th days; and the ninth day in
+the morning we were on head of the Tarrose of Scilly.  Thus coasting
+along the south part of Ireland, the 11th day we were on the head of the
+Dorses, and our course was south-south-west until six of the clock the
+12th day.  The 13th day our course was north-west.  We remained in the
+company of the _Mermaid_ and the _Moonshine_ until we came to the
+latitude of 60 degrees, and there it seemed best to our general, Master
+Davis, to divide his fleet, himself sailing to the north-west, and to
+direct the _Sunshine_, wherein I was, and the pinnace called the _North
+Star_, to seek a passage northward between Greenland and Iceland to the
+latitude of 80 degrees, if land did not let us.  So the 7th day of June
+we departed from them, and the 9th of the same we came to a firm land of
+ice, which we coasted along the 9th, the 10th, and the 11th days of June;
+and the 11th day at six of the clock at night we saw land, which was very
+high, which afterwards we knew to be Iceland, and the 12th day we
+harboured there, and found many people; the land lieth east and by north
+in 66 degrees.
+
+Their commodities were green fish and Iceland lings and stock fish, and a
+fish which is called catfish, of all which they had great store.  They
+had also kine, sheep, and horses, and hay for their cattle and for their
+horses.  We saw also of their dogs.  Their dwelling-houses were made on
+both sides with stones, and wood laid across over them, which was covered
+over with turfs of earth, and they are flat on the tops, and many of
+these stood hard by the shore.  Their boats were made with wood, and iron
+all along the keel like our English boats; and they had nails for to nail
+them withal, and fish-hooks, and other things for to catch fish as we
+have here in England.  They had also brazen kettles, and girdles and
+purses made of leather, and knops on them of copper, and hatchets, and
+other small tools as necessary as we have.  They dry their fish in the
+sun; and when they are dry they pack them up in the top of their houses.
+If we would go thither to fishing more than we do, we should make it a
+very good voyage, for we got a hundred green fishes in one morning.  We
+found here two Englishmen with a ship, which came out of England about
+Easter Day of this present year, 1586; and one of them came aboard of us
+and brought us two lambs.  The Englishman's name was Master John Royden,
+of Ipswich, merchant; he was bound for London with his ship.  And this is
+the sum of that which I observed in Iceland.  We departed from Iceland
+the 16th day of June, in the morning, and our course was north-west; and
+saw on the coast two small barques going to a harbour; we went not to
+them, but saw them afar off.  Thus we continued our course unto the end
+of this month.
+
+The 3rd day of July we were in between two firm lands of ice, and passed
+in between them all that day until it was night, and then the master
+turned back again, and so away we went towards Greenland.  And the 7th
+day of July we did see Greenland, and it was very high, and it looked
+very blue; but we could not come to harbour in the land because we were
+hindered by a firm land, as it were, of ice, which was along the shore's
+side; but we were within three leagues of the land, coasting the same
+divers days together.  The 17th day of July we saw the place which our
+captain, Master John Davis, the year before had named the Land of
+Desolation, where we could not go on shore for ice.  The 18th day we were
+likewise troubled with ice, and went in amongst it at three of the clock
+in the morning.  After we had cleared ourselves thereof we ranged all
+along the coast of Desolation until the end of the aforesaid month.
+
+The 3rd day of August we came in sight of Gilbert's Sound in the latitude
+of 64 degrees 15 minutes, which was the place where we were appointed to
+meet our general and the rest of our fleet.  Here we came to a harbour at
+six of the clock at night.
+
+The 4th day, in the morning, the master went on shore with ten of his
+men, and they brought us four of the people rowing in their boats, aboard
+of the ship.  And in the afternoon I went on shore with six of our men,
+and there came to us seven of them when we were on land.  We found on
+shore three dead people, and two of them had their staves lying by them,
+and their old skins wrapped about them, and the other had nothing lying
+by, wherefore we thought it was a woman.  We also saw their houses, near
+the seaside, which were made with pieces of wood on both sides, and
+crossed over with poles and then covered over with earth.  We found foxes
+running upon the hills.  As for the place, it is broken land all the way
+that we went, and full of broken islands.  The 21st of August the master
+sent the boat on shore for wood, with six of his men, and there were
+one-and-thirty of the people of the country, which went on shore to them,
+and they went about to kill them as we thought, for they shot their darts
+towards them, and we that were aboard the ship did see them go on shore
+to our men, whereupon the master sent the pinnace after them; and when
+they saw the pinnace coming towards them they turned back, and the master
+of the pinnace did shoot off a culliver to them the same time, but hurt
+none of them, for his meaning was only to put them in fear.  Divers times
+they did wave us on shore to play with them at the football, and some of
+our company went on shore to play with them, and our men did cast them
+down as soon as they did come to strike the ball.  And thus much of that
+which we did see and do in that harbour where we arrived first.
+
+The 23rd day we departed from the merchants where we had been first, and
+our course from thence was south and by west, and the wind was
+north-east, and we ran that day and night about five or six leagues until
+we came to another harbour.
+
+The 24th, about eleven of the clock in the forenoon, we entered into the
+aforesaid new harbour, and as we came in we did see dogs running upon the
+islands.  When we were come in, there came to us four of the people which
+were with us before in the other harbour; and where we rowed we had sandy
+ground.  We saw no wood growing, but found small pieces of wood upon the
+islands, and some small pieces of sweet wood among the same.  We found
+great harts' horns, but could see none of the stags where we went, but we
+found their footings.  As for the bones which we received of the savages,
+I cannot tell of what beasts they be.  The stones that we found in the
+country were black, and some white; as I think, they be of no value;
+nevertheless I have brought examples of them to you.
+
+The 30th of August we departed from this harbour towards England, and the
+wind took us contrary, so that we were fain to go to another harbour the
+same day at eleven of the clock.  And there came to us thirty-nine of the
+people and brought us thirteen seal-skins, and after we received these
+skins of them the master sent the carpenter to change one of our boats
+which we had bought of them before; and they would have taken the boat
+from him perforce, and when they saw they could not take it from us they
+shot with their darts at us, and struck one of our men with one of their
+darts, and John Filpe shot one of them in the breast with an arrow.  And
+they came to us again, and four of our men went into the ship boat, and
+they shot with their darts at our men; but our men took one of their
+people in his boat, into the ship boat, and he hurt one of them with his
+knife, but we killed three of them in their boats, two of them were hurt
+with arrows in the breast, and he that was aboard our boat was shot with
+an arrow, and hurt with a sword, and beaten with staves, whom our men
+cast overboard; but the people caught him and carried him on shore upon
+their boats, and the other two also, and so departed from us.  And three
+of them went on shore hard by us where they had their dogs, and those
+three came away from their dogs, and presently one of their dogs came
+swimming towards us hard aboard the ship, whereupon our master caused the
+gunner to shoot off one of the great pieces--towards the people, and so
+the dog turned back to land, and within an hour after there came of the
+people hard aboard the ship, but they would not come to us as they did
+before.
+
+The 31st of August we departed from Gilbert's Sound for England, and when
+we came out of the harbour there came after us seventeen of the people
+looking which way we went.
+
+The 2nd of September we lost sight of the land at twelve of the clock at
+noon.
+
+The 3rd day at night we lost sight of the _North Star_, our pinnace, in a
+very great storm, and lay a-hull tarrying for them the 4th day, but could
+hear no more of them.  Thus we shaped our course the 5th day
+south-south-east, and sailing unto the 27th of the said month, we came in
+sight of Cape Clear in Ireland.
+
+The 30th day we entered into our own Channel.
+
+The 2nd of October we had sight of the Isle of Wight.
+
+The 3rd we coasted all along the shore, and the 4th and 5th.
+
+The 6th of the said month of October we came into the River of Thames as
+high as Ratcliffe in safety, God be thanked!
+
+
+
+
+THE THIRD VOYAGE NORTH-WESTWARD, MADE BY JOHN DAVIS,
+
+
+_Gentleman_, _as chief captain and pilot general for the discovery of a
+passage to the Isles of the Molucca_, _or the coast of China_, _in the
+year_ 1587.  _Written by John Janes_, _servant to the aforesaid Master
+William Sanderson_.
+
+May.--The 19th of this present month, about midnight, we weighed our
+anchors, set sail and departed from Dartmouth with two barques and a
+clincher, the one named the _Elizabeth_, of Dartmouth, the other the
+_Sunshine_, of London, and the clincher called the _Ellin_, of London;
+thus, in God's name, we set forwards with wind at north-east, a good
+fresh gale.  About three hours after our departure, the night being
+somewhat thick with darkness, we had lost the pinnace.  The captain,
+imagining that the men had run away with her, willed the master of the
+_Sunshine_ to stand to seawards and see if we could descry them, we
+bearing in with the shore for Plymouth.  At length we descried her, bore
+with her, and demanded what the cause was; they answered that the tiller
+of their helm was burst, so shaping our course west-south-west, we went
+forward, hoping that a hard beginning would make a good ending; yet some
+of us were doubtful of it, failing in reckoning that she was a clincher;
+nevertheless, we put our trust in God.
+
+The 21st we met with the _Red Lion_ of London, which came from the coast
+of Spain, which was afraid that we had been men-of-war; but we hailed
+them, and after a little conference we desired the master to carry our
+letters for London, directed to my uncle Sanderson, who promised us safe
+delivery.  And after we had heaved them a lead and a line, whereunto we
+had made fast our letters, before they could get them into the ship they
+fell into the sea, and so all our labour and theirs also was lost;
+notwithstanding, they promised to certify our departure at London, and so
+we departed, and the same day we had sight of Scilly.  The 22nd the wind
+was at north-east by east, with fair weather, and so the 23rd and 24th
+the like.  The 25th we laid our ships on the lee for the _Sunshine_, who
+was a-rummaging for a leak; they had 500 strokes at the pump in a watch,
+with the wind at north-west.
+
+The 26th and 27th we had fair weather, but this 27th the pinnace's
+foremast was blown overboard.  The 28th the _Elizabeth_ towed the
+pinnace, which was so much bragged of by the owner's report before we
+came out of England, but at sea she was like a cart drawn with oxen.
+Sometimes we towed her, because she could not sail for scant wind.
+
+The 31st day our captain asked if the pinnace were staunch.  Peerson
+answered that she was as sound and staunch as a cup.  This made us
+something glad when we saw she would brook the sea, and was not leaky.
+
+_June_.--The first six days we had fair weather; after that for five days
+we had fog and rain, the wind being south.
+
+The 12th we had clear weather.  The mariners in the _Sunshine_ and the
+master could not agree; the mariners would go on their voyage a-fishing,
+because the year began to waste; the master would not depart till he had
+the company of the _Elizabeth_, whereupon the master told our captain
+that he was afraid his men would shape some contrary course while he was
+asleep, and so he should lose us.  At length, after much talk and many
+threatenings, they were content to bring us to the land which we looked
+for daily.
+
+The 13th we had fog and rain.
+
+The 14th day we discovered land at five of the clock in the morning,
+being very great and high mountains, the tops of the hills being covered
+with snow.  Here the wind was variable, sometimes north-east,
+east-north-east, and east by north; but we imagined ourselves to be 16 or
+17 leagues off from the shore.
+
+The 15th we had reasonably clear weather.
+
+The 16th we came to an anchor about four or five of the clock in the
+afternoon.  The people came presently to us, after the old manner, with
+crying "Il y a oute," and showed us seal-skins.
+
+The 17th we began to set up the pinnace that Peerson framed at Dartmouth,
+with the boards which he brought from London.
+
+The 18th, Peerson and the carpenters of the ships began to set on the
+planks.
+
+The 19th, as we went about an island, were found black pumice stones, and
+salt kerned on the rocks, very white and glistering.  This day, also, the
+master of the _Sunshine_ took one of the people, a very strong, lusty
+young fellow.
+
+The 20th, about two of the clock in the morning, the savages came to the
+island where our pinnace was built ready to be launched, and tore the two
+upper strakes and carried them away, only for the love of the iron in the
+boards.  While they were about this practice, we manned the _Elizabeth's_
+boat to go ashore to them.  Our men, being either afraid or amazed, were
+so long before they came to shore, that our captain willed them to stay,
+and made the gunner give fire to a saker, and laid the piece level with
+the boat, which the savages had turned on the one side because we could
+not hurt them with our arrows, and made the boat their bulwark against
+the arrows which we shot at them.  Our gunner, having made all things
+ready, gave fire to the piece, and fearing to hurt any of the people, and
+regarding the owner's profit, thought belike he would save a saker's
+shot, doubting we should have occasion to fight with men-of-war, and so
+shot off the saker without a bullet, we looking still when the savages
+that were hurt should run away without legs; at length we could perceive
+never a man hurt, but all having their legs, could carry away their
+bodies.  We had no sooner shot off the piece but the master of the
+_Sunshine_ manned his boat, and came rowing towards the island, the very
+sight of whom made each of them take that he had gotten, and fly away as
+fast as they could to another island about two miles off, where they took
+the nails out of the timber, and left the wood on the isle.  When we came
+on shore, and saw how they had spoiled the boat, after much debating of
+the matter, we agreed that the _Elizabeth_ should have her to fish
+withal; whereupon she was presently carried aboard and stowed.  Now after
+this trouble, being resolved to depart with the first wind, there fell
+out another matter worse than all the rest, and that was in this manner:
+John Churchyard, one whom our captain had appointed as pilot in the
+pinnace, came to our captain and Master Bruton, and told them that the
+good ship which we must all hazard our lives in had three hundred strokes
+at one time as she rode in the harbour.  This disquieted us all greatly,
+and many doubted to go in her.  At length our captain, by whom we were
+all to be governed, determined rather to end his life with credit than to
+return with infamy and disgrace; and so, being all agreed, we purposed to
+live and die together, and committed ourselves to the ship.
+
+Now the 21st, having brought all our things aboard, about eleven or
+twelve of the clock at night we set sail and departed from those isles,
+which lie in 64 degrees of latitude, our ships being now all at sea, and
+we shaping our course to go coasting the land to the northwards, upon the
+eastern shore, which we called the shore of our merchants, because there
+we met with people which traffic with us; but here we were not without
+doubt of our ship.
+
+The 22nd and 23rd we had close fog and rain.
+
+The 24th, being in 67 degrees and 40 minutes, we had great store of
+whales, and a kind of sea-birds which the mariners call cortinous.  This
+day, about six of the clock at night, we espied two of the country people
+at sea, thinking at the first they had been two great seals, until we saw
+their oars, glistering with the sun.  They came rowing towards us as fast
+as they could, and when they came within hearing they held up their oars
+and cried "Il y a oute," making many signs, and at last they came to us,
+giving us birds for bracelets, and of them I had a dart with a bone in
+it, or a piece of unicorn's horn, as I did judge.  This dart he made
+store of, but when he saw a knife he let it go, being more desirous of
+the knife than of his dart.  These people continued rowing after our ship
+the space of three hours.
+
+The 25th, in the morning, at seven of the clock, we descried thirty
+savages rowing after us, being by judgment ten leagues off from the
+shore.  They brought us salmon peels, birds, and caplin, and we gave them
+pins, needles, bracelets, nails, knives, bells, looking-glasses, and
+other small trifles; and for a knife, a nail, or a bracelet, which they
+call ponigmah, they would sell their boat, coats, or anything they had,
+although they were far from the shore.  We had but few skins of them,
+about twenty; but they made signs to us that if we would go to the shore,
+we should have more store of chicsanege.  They stayed with us till eleven
+of the clock, at which time we went to prayer, and they departed from us.
+
+The 26th was cloudy, the wind being at south.
+
+The 27th fair, with the same wind.
+
+The 28th and 29th were foggy, with clouds.
+
+The 30th day we took the height, and found ourselves in 72 degrees and 12
+minutes of latitude, both at noon and at night, the sun being five
+degrees above the horizon.  At midnight the compass set to the variation
+of 28 degrees to the westward.  Now having coasted the land which we
+called London Coast from the 21st of this present till the 30th, the sea
+open all to the westwards and northwards, the land on starboard side east
+from us, the wind shifted to the north, whereupon we left that shore,
+naming the same Hope Sanderson, and shaped our course west, and ran forty
+leagues and better without the sight of any land.
+
+_July_.--The 2nd we fell in with a mighty bank of ice west from us, lying
+north and south, which bank we would gladly have doubled out to the
+northwards, but the wind would not suffer us, so that we were fain to
+coast it to the southwards, hoping to double it out that we might have
+run so far west till we had found land, or else to have been thoroughly
+resolved of our pretended purpose.
+
+The 3rd we fell in with the ice again, and putting off from it we sought
+to the northwards, but the wind crossed us.
+
+The 4th was foggy, so was the 5th; also with much wind at north.
+
+The 6th being very clear, we put our barque with oars through a gap in
+the ice, seeing the sea free on the west side, as we thought, which
+falling out otherwise, caused us to return after we had stayed there
+between the ice.
+
+The 7th and the 8th, about midnight, by God's help we recovered the open
+sea, the weather being fair and calm; and so was the 9th.
+
+The 10th we coasted the ice.
+
+The 11th was foggy, but calm.
+
+The 12th we coasted again the ice, having the wind at west-north-west.
+The 13th, bearing off from the ice, we determined to go with the shore,
+and come to an anchor, and to stay five or six days for the dissolving of
+the ice, hoping that the sea from continually beating it, and the sun
+with the extreme force of heat, which it had always shining upon it,
+would make a quick despatch, that we might have a further search upon the
+western shore.  Now when we were come to the eastern coast, the water
+something deep, and some of our company fearful withal, we durst not come
+to an anchor, but bore off into sea again.  The poor people, seeing us go
+away again, came rowing after us into the sea, the waves being somewhat
+lofty.  We trucked with them for a few skins and darts, and gave them
+beads, nails, needles, and cards, they pointing to the shore as though
+they would show us great friendship; but we, little regarding their
+courtesy, gave them the gentle farewell, and so departed.
+
+The 14th we had the wind at south.  The 15th there was some fault either
+in the barque or the set of some current, for we were driven six points
+out of our course.  The 16th we fell in with the bank of ice, west from
+us.  The 17th and 18th were foggy.  The 19th, at one o'clock afternoon,
+we had sight of the land which we called Mount Raleigh, and at twelve of
+the clock at night we were athwart the straits which we discovered the
+first year.  The 20th we traversed in the mouth of the strait, the wind
+being at west with fair and clear weather.  The 21st and 22nd we coasted
+the northern coast of the straits.  The 23rd, having sailed 60 leagues
+north-west into the straits at two o'clock afternoon, we anchored among
+many isles in the bottom of the gulf, naming the same the Earl of
+Cumberland's Isles, where, riding at anchor, a whale passed by our ship
+and went west in among the isles.  Here the compass set at 30 degrees
+westward variation.  The 24th we departed, shaping our course south-east
+to recover the sea.  The 25th we were becalmed in the bottom of the gulf,
+the air being extremely hot.  Master Bruton and some of the mariners went
+on shore to course dogs, where they found many graves, and trains spilt
+on the ground, the dogs being so fat that they were scant able to run.
+
+The 26th we had a pretty storm, the wind being at south-east.  The 27th
+and 28th were fair.  The 29th we were clear out of the straits, having
+coasted the south shore, and this day at noon we were in 64 degrees of
+latitude.  The 30th in the afternoon we coasted a bank of ice which lay
+on the shore, and passed by a great bank or inlet which lay between 63
+and 62 degrees of latitude, which we called Lumley's Inlet.  We had
+oftentimes, as we sailed along the coast, great roots, the water as it
+were whirling and overfalling, as if it were the fall of some great water
+through a bridge.  The 31st as we sailed by a headland, which we named
+Warwick's Forehand, we fell into one of those overfalls with a fresh gale
+of wind, and bearing all our sails, we looking upon an island of ice
+between us and the shore, had thought that our barque did make no way,
+which caused us to take marks on the shore.  At length we perceived
+ourselves to go very fast, and the island of ice which we saw before was
+carried very forcibly with the set of the current faster than our ship
+went.  This day and night we passed by a very great gulf, the water
+whirling and roaring as it were the meeting of tides.
+
+_August_.--The 1st, having coasted a bank of ice which was driven out at
+the mouth of this gulf, we fell in with the southernmost cape of the
+gulf, which we named Chidlie's Cape, which lay in 6 degrees and 10
+minutes of latitude.  The 2nd and 3rd were calm and foggy, so were the
+4th, 5th, and 6th.  The 7th was fair and calm, so was the 8th, with a
+little gale in the morning.  The 9th was fair, and we had a little gale
+at night.  The 10th we had a frisking gale at west-north-west; the 11th
+fair.  The 12th we saw five deer on the top of an island, called by us
+Darcie's Island.  And we hoisted out our boat, and went ashore to them,
+thinking to have killed some of them.  But when we came on shore and had
+coursed them twice about the island they took the sea, and swain towards
+islands distant from that three leagues.  When we perceived that they had
+taken the sea, we gave them over, because our boat was so small that it
+could not carry us and row after them, they swam so fast; but one of them
+was as big as a good pretty cow, and very fat; their feet as big as
+ox-feet.  Here upon this island I killed with my piece a grey hare.
+
+The 13th in the morning we saw three or four white bears, but durst not
+go on shore unto them for lack of a good boat.  This day we struck a rock
+seeking for a harbour, and received a leak, and this day we were in 54
+degrees of latitude.  The 14th we stopped our leak in a storm not very
+outrageous at noon.
+
+The 15th, being almost in 51 degrees of latitude, and not finding our
+ships, nor (according to their promise) being any mark, token, or beacon,
+which we willed to set up, and they protested to do so upon every
+headland, sea, island, or cape, within 20 leagues every way off from
+their fishing place, which our captain appointed to be between 54 and 55
+degrees--this 15th, I say, we shaped our course homeward for England,
+having in our ship but little wood, and half a hogshead of fresh water.
+Our men were very willing to depart, and no man more forward than
+Peerson, for he feared to be put out of his office of stewardship; he was
+so insatiate that the allowance of two men was scant sufficient to fill
+his greedy appetite; but because every man was so willing to depart, and
+considering our want, I doubted the matter very much, fearing that the
+seething of our men's victuals in salt water would breed diseases, and
+being but few (yet too many for the room, if any should be sick), and
+likely that all the rest might be infected therewith, we consented to
+return for our own country, and so we had the 16th there with the wind at
+south-west.
+
+The 17th we met a ship at sea, and as far as we could judge it was a
+Biscayan; we thought she went a-fishing for whales, for in 52 degrees or
+thereabout we saw very many.
+
+The 18th was fair with a good gale at west.
+
+The 19th fair also, but with much wind at west and by south.
+
+And thus, after much variable weather and change of winds, we arrived the
+15th of September in Dartmouth, Anno 1587, giving thanks to God for our
+safe arrival.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+_A letter of the said Master John Davis_, _written to Master Sanderson of
+London_, _concerning his fore-written voyage_.
+
+    GOOD MASTER SANDERSON,--With God's great mercy I have made my safe
+    return in health with all my company, and have sailed 60 leagues
+    farther than my determination at my departure.  I have been in 73
+    degrees, finding the sea all open, and 40 leagues between laud and
+    land; the passage is most certain, the execution most easy, as at my
+    coming you shall fully know.  Yesterday, the 15th of September, I
+    landed all weary, therefore I pray you pardon my shortness.
+
+    Sandridge, this 16th of September, Anno 1587.
+
+                                            Yours equal as mine own, which
+                                             by trial you shall best know,
+                                                               JOHN DAVIS.
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VOYAGES IN SEARCH OF THE NORTH-WEST
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