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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notice of Runic Inscriptions Discovered
+during Recent Excavations in the Orkneys, by James Farrer
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Notice of Runic Inscriptions Discovered during Recent Excavations in the Orkneys
+
+Author: James Farrer
+
+Release Date: January 1, 2011 [EBook #34816]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTICE--RUNIC INSCRIPTIONS--ORKNEYS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+MAES-HOWE
+
+
+
+
+_Printed by R. & R. Clark, Edinburgh._
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE I. GENERAL VIEW OF MAESHOWE.]
+
+
+
+
+  NOTICE OF RUNIC INSCRIPTIONS
+  DISCOVERED DURING RECENT
+  EXCAVATIONS IN THE ORKNEYS
+
+  MADE BY JAMES FARRER, M.P.
+
+  PRINTED FOR PRIVATE CIRCULATION
+  1862
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                     PAGE
+
+  PREFACE                                              ix
+
+  DESCRIPTION OF MAES-HOWE                             11
+
+  THE EXCAVATION OF MAES-HOWE                          13
+
+  BARROWS AT BOOKAN                                    16
+    LARGE BARROW CONTAINING GRAVES                     17
+
+  MOUNDS AT STENNES                                    18
+
+  BARROW AT TENSTONE                                   19
+
+  APPENDIX                                             21
+    ORIGIN OF MAES-HOWE, AND DATE OF INSCRIPTIONS      21
+    READINGS OF INSCRIPTIONS                           25
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF PLATES.
+
+
+     I. General View of Maes-Howe from the N. E.      TO FACE TITLE PAGE
+
+    II. Interior View of Maes-Howe      "                        PAGE 15
+
+   III. General Plan and Section of Maes-Howe             "           20
+
+    IV. Plan of Central Chamber, Passages, and Cells      "           20
+
+     V. Sections of East and West Sides of Chamber        "           20
+
+    VI. Sections of North and South Sides of Chamber
+        and Passage                                       "           20
+
+  _The numbers on Plates V. and VI. show the situation of the slabs
+  containing the Runic Inscriptions, which are numbered accordingly._
+
+   VII. Inscriptions Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9       "           40
+
+  VIII. Do. Nos. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14                       "           40
+
+    IX. Do. Nos. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20                   "           40
+
+     X. Do. Nos. 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26                   "           40
+
+    XI. Do. Nos. 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32                   "           40
+
+  [_The Inscriptions are drawn on a scale of 2 inches to one foot._]
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+As the following pages are intended only for private circulation among
+friends and acquaintances, and for presentation to those few Public
+Societies to whom such a subject may be interesting, it is hardly
+necessary to offer any apology for the many imperfections in the
+description of Maes-howe, which may doubtless be pointed out, and for the
+brief and cursory manner in which the subject is handled. I desire only to
+give a plain statement of facts, in the hope that attention may be drawn
+to this interesting discovery, and possibly some further impetus given to
+the elucidation of Runic literature. I have received from the learned
+professors, whose translations are given, much valuable information, of
+which, however, I can only partially avail myself, in consequence of my
+very imperfect acquaintance with Runology.
+
+I may add, that every possible care has been taken to ensure accuracy in
+the drawings. These and the ground plans were made by Mr. Gibb of
+Aberdeen--of whose care and accuracy in the drawings of ancient monuments
+Mr. Stuart has spoken so strongly in his "Sculptured Stones of Scotland,"
+printed for the Spalding Club. The Runes were mostly drawn by my friend
+Mr. George Petrie of Kirkwall, and the drawings afterwards compared by
+Mr. Gibb with the originals in the building of Maes-Howe. Two separate
+sets of casts were made for me by Mr. Henry Laing of Edinburgh (one of
+which is now in the National Museum of the Antiquaries of Scotland,
+Edinburgh, and the other in the Museum of the Royal Northern Society of
+Antiquaries at Copenhagen.) Nothing could exceed the pains taken by Mr.
+Petrie and Mr. Gibb; and the drawings made by Mr. Gibb were on two
+occasions collated by him with the casts in Edinburgh, so that I have
+every reason to believe that they are as perfect representations of the
+original writings on the walls of Maes-Howe as can be hoped for, and not
+the less so that the gentlemen who made the drawings and collations were
+unacquainted with Runes. I have confined myself to the interpretations
+furnished by the three eminent northern antiquaries who have undertaken
+the task of deciphering these rude inscriptions, feeling assured that the
+high reputation which they enjoy is a sufficient guarantee for the
+accuracy of their translations. In concluding these few remarks I am
+anxious to bear testimony to the valuable assistance I have received from
+my friend Mr. John Stuart, Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries of
+Scotland, to whom in reality I am chiefly indebted for the discovery of
+Maes-Howe, since I owe to his urgent suggestion that the great circle of
+Stennes, and the tumuli around it, had not been sufficiently examined, the
+successful excavation of this ancient "howe." It is also highly
+satisfactory to me to know that Mr. Balfour of Balfour and Trenabie, on
+whose property this interesting relic of antiquity is situated, has taken
+the necessary steps to ensure its preservation--a precaution,
+unfortunately, too often neglected under similar circumstances.
+
+JAMES FARRER.
+
+INGLEBOROUGH, YORKSHIRE, JUNE 1862.
+
+
+
+
+MAES-HOWE.
+
+
+Early in the month of July 1861 I was enabled, by the kind permission of
+my friend David Balfour, Esq. of Balfour and Trenaby, to put in execution
+a scheme long contemplated, but from various circumstances unavoidably
+delayed, the excavation of some of the great tumuli in the neighbourhood
+of the Stones of Stennes, or Ring of Brogar. I had in the year 1854
+partially explored one of considerable size on the east side of the great
+circle of stones, which stands on the west shore of the Loch of Harray. No
+discovery, however, of any importance was then made.
+
+Some days were devoted to excavations close to Stennes, to which allusion
+will afterwards be made, but as several gentlemen of well-known
+antiquarian reputation from Edinburgh and Aberdeen were expected, and as I
+was desirous of having the benefit of their experience and advice, I
+determined at once to commence operations on the great tumulus of
+Maes-howe, the subject of this notice. My attention had been particularly
+called to this tumulus by Mr. Balfour, whose decided opinion that a
+careful examination might result in some important discovery, afforded me
+great encouragement, as I well knew that he had for many years taken
+considerable interest in Orkney antiquities, and his opinion that
+Maes-howe was a sepulchral chamber, appeared to be confirmed by local
+traditions.[1]
+
+On the afternoon of Saturday the 6th of July, therefore, guided by the
+experience of Mr. George Petrie, and assisted by the professional
+knowledge of Mr. Wilson, road contractor, ground was broken on the west
+side of Maes-howe, and on the same evening, Mr. John Stuart and Mr. Joseph
+Robertson of Edinburgh, with Colonel Forbes Leslie of Rothie, and Mr.
+James Hay Chalmers of Aberdeen, arrived by the Prince Consort steamship.
+As it was anticipated that a couple of days would suffice to make a large
+opening in the tumulus, arrangements were made for meeting there on the
+10th of July. Before proceeding with the description of what followed, it
+may not be out of place to give a short account of the Stones of Stennes,
+as described by Lieutenant Thomas in a work published by him in 1851:--
+
+"The Great Circle of Stennes, or Ring of Brogar, is a deeply entrenched
+circular space containing almost two acres and a half of superficies, of
+which the diameter is 366 feet. Around the circumference of the area, but
+about thirteen feet within the trench, are the erect stones, standing at
+an average distance of eighteen feet apart. They are totally unhewn, and
+vary considerably in form and size. The highest stone was found to be 13-9
+feet above the surface, and judging from some others which have fallen, it
+is sunk about eighteen inches in the ground. The smallest stone is less
+than six feet, but the average height is from eight to ten. The breadth
+varies from 2-6 to 7-9 feet, but the average may be stated at about 5
+feet, and the thickness about 1 foot--all of the old red sandstone
+formation. The trench round the area is in good preservation. The edge of
+the bank is still sharply defined, as well as the two foot-banks or
+entrances, which are placed exactly opposite to each other. They have no
+relation to the true or magnetic meridian, but are parallel to the general
+direction of the neck of land on which the circle is placed. The trench
+is 29 feet in breadth, and about 6 in depth, and the entrances are formed
+by narrow earth-banks across the fosse. The surface of the enclosed area
+has an average inclination to the eastward. It is highest on the
+north-west quarter, and the extreme difference of level is estimated to be
+from 6 to 7 feet. The trench has the same inclination, and therefore could
+never be designed to hold water."
+
+
+
+
+THE EXCAVATION OF MAES-HOWE.
+
+
+On Monday the 8th of July, a number of men under the superintendance of
+Alexander Johnson, Mr. Wilson's foreman--a most active and intelligent
+fellow--proceeded with the work that had been commenced on the previous
+Saturday, and before evening discovered a passage on the west side, which
+afterwards proved to be the entrance into the interior of the tumulus.
+This passage was covered over with large flag-stones, one of which having
+been with some difficulty upraised, we effected an entrance, but found a
+considerable accumulation of earth and stones, which was removed on the
+following day, and Mr. Wilson, after careful examination, in which his
+engineering experience was of the highest importance, agreed to my
+suggestion that the excavation should be proceeded with from the centre of
+the hillock.
+
+I am chiefly indebted to my friend Mr. George Petrie for the following
+measurements, which I believe will be found to be substantially correct:--
+
+The tumulus is about 92 feet in diameter, 36 feet high, and about 300 feet
+in circumference at the base. It is surrounded by a trench 40 feet wide,
+and varying in depth from 4 to 8 feet. It is situated on the north side of
+the new road leading to Stromness from Kirkwall, being about 6 miles from
+the former, and 9 from the latter place. It is about 200 yards distant
+from the road, and a mile and a half from the Stones of Stennes. It has
+undoubtedly been entered at some remote period, probably by the Northmen,
+who, as is well known, were not deterred by feelings either of religion
+or superstition, from opening and ransacking any place likely to repay
+them for their trouble. Whether they were the first to break into the
+building, or whether they found it in a state of comparative ruin, the
+natural result of great antiquity, can now only be matter of conjecture.
+It is obvious that little respect has been paid to the dead, since the
+stones used for closing up the cells, in which it is supposed they were
+deposited, were found torn out and buried in the mass of ruins filling up
+the interior of the chamber to which these cells are attached.
+
+The passage leading to the central chamber is 2 feet 4 inches wide at its
+mouth, and appears to have been the same in height, but the covering
+stones had been removed, or had fallen in for about 22-1/2 feet. The
+passage then increases in dimensions to 3-1/4 feet in width, and 4 feet 4
+inches in height, and continues for 26 feet, when it is again narrowed by
+two upright stone slabs to 2 feet 5 inches. These slabs are each 2 feet 4
+inches broad, and immediately beyond them the passage extends 2 feet 10
+inches, and then opens into the central chamber. Its dimensions from the
+slabs to its opening into the chamber are 3 feet 4 inches wide, and 4 feet
+8 inches high. At the commencement of the passage there is a triangular
+recess in the wall about 2 feet deep, and 3-1/2 in height and width, in
+front and opposite to it in the passage, a stone of corresponding shape
+and dimensions, suggesting the idea that it might have been used to close
+the passage, and that it was pushed back into the recess in the wall when
+admission into the chamber was desired. From this recess to the chamber,
+the sides of the passage, the floor and roof, are formed by four immense
+slabs of flagstone; three of these stones are broken, and the fourth
+slightly cracked.
+
+After a few days' labour the whole of the rubbish filling the chamber was
+removed, but long ere this was accomplished, the keen eye of Mr. Joseph
+Robertson discovered the first of the Runic inscriptions. They were high
+up on the walls of the building, smaller and less distinctly drawn than
+many that were afterwards discovered, but the important fact of the
+existence of Runic inscriptions in Orkney, where none had hitherto been
+found, was at once established.
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE II. INTERIOR VIEW OF MAESHOWE.]
+
+
+The chamber when cleared out proved to be about 15 feet square on the
+level of the floor, and 13 feet in height, to the top of the present
+walls. Immediately opposite to the passage is an opening in the wall 3
+feet from the floor. This is the entrance to a cell or small chamber in
+the wall, 5 feet 8 inches long, 4-1/2 feet wide, and 3-1/2 high. A large
+flagstone is laid as a raised floor between the entrance and the inner end
+of the chamber. The entrance is 2 feet wide, 2-1/2 high, and 22-1/2 inches
+long. On the two opposite walls of the chamber are similar openings in the
+walls. The one on the right is 2-1/2 feet wide, 2 feet 9 inches high, and
+1 foot 8 inches long. It gives admission to a cell 6 feet 10 inches long,
+4 feet 7 inches wide, 3-1/2 feet high, and has a raised flagstone floor,
+as in the other chamber. The opening on the left is 2-1/4 feet wide, 2-1/2
+high, and 1-3/4 long, and about 3 feet above the floor of the chamber. The
+cell of which this is the entrance is 5 feet 7 inches long, 4 feet 8
+inches wide, and 3 feet 4 inches high. It has no raised floor like the two
+other cells. The roofs, floors, and back walls of the cells are each
+formed by a single slab of stone, and stones corresponding in size and
+shape to the openings in the walls were found on the floor in front of
+them. The natural inference is that they were originally the seals of the
+chambers in which the honoured dead reposed.
+
+The four walls of the central chamber converge towards the top by the
+successive projection of each stone or flag, commencing about 6 feet from
+the level of the floor, as is usually found to be the style of building,
+both in the Pict's houses or burghs, and in the still more primitive
+subterranean dwellings known as Weems. The top of the chamber would thus
+necessarily be of small dimensions, and the aperture easily closed by one
+large flagstone. This top, or cover stone, together with a considerable
+portion of the upper part of the walls, has been thrown down, and the
+highest part of the existing walls is only about 13 feet from the level of
+the floor. At that point, the opposite walls have approached to within 10
+feet of each other, so that the chamber is now 15 feet square at the
+floor, and 10 feet at the top of the walls, in their present condition.
+
+Large quantities of earth had been piled up over the building when
+completed. In each angle of the central chamber stands a large buttress,
+doubtless intended to strengthen the walls, and support them under the
+pressure of their own weight, and that of the mass of earth with which the
+whole was covered. These buttresses vary somewhat in dimensions, but they
+are on an average about 3 feet square at the base, and from 9 to 10 feet
+high, with the exception of one which is only 8 feet high. In each
+buttress one side is formed by a single slab. The walls of the chamber are
+built with large stones, which generally extend the whole length of the
+wall. No lime or mortar of any kind has been used.
+
+The entire number of Runic characters may be about 935, exclusive of
+scribbles and many doubtful marks. The monograms and bind-runes, or
+connected consonants, are considered as forming one letter. There are also
+some marks which may have been intended to represent a horse and an otter
+with a fish in its mouth; also, a winged dragon and a worm knot, which
+last has much the appearance of one of the great Saurians. The two hind
+legs are very plainly defined.
+
+
+
+
+BARROWS AT BOOKAN.
+
+
+This barrow is in the parish of Sandwick, but so near to Stennes that it
+may have been regarded as connected with the great circle. It is on the
+property of Mr. Watt of Skail, in the West Mainland. It was opened on the
+6th of July, and proved to be a collection of kists or graves. At the
+north end of the central kist, a flint lance head, and several fragments
+of clay vessels or urns, were found, together with a lump of heavy metal,
+supposed to be Manganese, but no bones. In some of the other kists were
+human remains in a very decayed state, two jaw bones being the most
+perfect. These were much distorted.
+
+Mr. Petrie gives me the following measurements:--The Barrow is about 44
+feet in diameter, and about 6 feet high. About 11 feet within the outer
+margin of the base of the barrow is a circular wall or facing about 1 foot
+high. From the south side of this wall a low passage, 6 feet 3 inches
+long, 21 inches in height, and the same in width, leads to a chamber or
+kist 7 feet long and 4-1/2 wide. At the north end of this there was
+another kist 4 feet 8 inches long, and 3 feet wide. On the east side there
+was one 4 feet 8 inches long, and 2 feet 9 inches wide; and on the west
+side two kists, both of which were of the same length as that on the east
+side, and both were 3 feet in width. They were all about 2 feet 8 inches
+deep. The foundation of the surrounding wall or facing was considerably
+above the level of the floors of the kists.
+
+
+LARGE BARROW CONTAINING GRAVES.
+
+The excavation of this barrow was commenced on the 17th of July 1854. It
+was found to contain graves, in one of which was an urn with a quantity of
+burnt bones and ashes. It was formed out of a micaceous stone not
+belonging to Orkney. It was 1 foot 9 inches in diameter, about 18 inches
+deep, and 5 feet 10 inches in circumference, the rim, which projected on
+the outside all round, was an inch and a half wide, the kist in which it
+was deposited was 2 feet and a half in length, and 2 feet in width, but
+the side stones which protected the kist were nearly 6 feet in length, and
+at the angles, and on the outside of the kist were quantities of small
+rolled pebbles and gravel, probably intended to assist in draining off
+water. Clay was placed inside the kist at the different angles; the flags
+were about an inch and a half thick, but much decayed; the cover stone was
+of an irregular shape, about 4 feet long and 2-1/2 wide; the urn rested
+upon the corners of four flags; it was partly decayed, and could not be
+removed till after an interval of two days, when I succeeded in raising
+it. It is now in the Museum of the Society of Antiquaries at Edinburgh, to
+whom I presented it, with the consent of Mr. Balfour.
+
+In another grave within the same barrow was found a small urn composed of
+baked clay and gravel, nearly filled with soil, and only one or two small
+pieces of bone. It was brought to Kirkwall, but could not be preserved,
+in consequence of its decayed condition. It was 5 inches in diameter, 17
+in circumference, and 5 deep. The kist was 2 feet 9-1/2 inches long, and 1
+foot 7 inches wide. The bones, in this instance, had not been placed in
+the urn, but were laid on a flagstone in the north-west angle of the kist.
+It is not improbable that further investigation might lead to the
+discovery of other interments within the same barrow, since neither of
+those before described were in the centre of the tumulus, and several
+instances have occurred where they have been found near the outside.
+
+
+
+
+MOUNDS AT STENNES.
+
+
+In the year 1854, I had partially opened one of the largest of these
+hillocks, but further examination last July did not encourage the belief
+that it was sepulchral. I was however advised to examine one on the west
+side of the Stones of Stennes, and directly opposite to the one previously
+mentioned. In both of them the workmen penetrated to a depth of 22 feet,
+and over an area of 9 square feet in the one on the west side of the great
+circle, but there was no appearance of any kind of building. The material
+of which these hillocks are composed is precisely the same as that which
+still exists within the circle of stones, and I infer that when the moat
+surrounding the circle was excavated, advantage was taken of the
+circumstance to raise these hillocks. Fragments of animal, but no human
+bones, were found in each, but in both instances near the top. Building
+stones are found at the base of both hillocks, but always embedded in the
+soil; those which were easy of removal having no doubt been long since
+taken away by the country people. Sections were made at right angles in
+both of the hillocks, and it was clearly ascertained that no building of
+any size could be concealed within.
+
+
+
+
+TENSTONE.
+
+
+In this barrow, which is in the parish of Sandwick, but adjoining Stennes,
+I found the remains of two stone urns. The barrow had been evidently
+previously opened. There was reason to believe that these urns had been in
+separate kists. They were formed out of a micaceous stone, but the attempt
+to unite the fragments was quite hopeless. A few small pieces of human
+bone were found. The cover and sidestones of the kists remained in the
+grave.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE III.]
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE IV. GROUND PLAN OF CENTRE CHAMBER &c.]
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE V.]
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VI.]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+[Sidenote: _Origin of Maes-Howe._]
+
+It is proposed now to inquire into the origin of Maes-Howe, at what time,
+and for what purpose it was constructed, and who were the people whose
+names and writings are found engraved on its walls. I am indebted to the
+learned Professors who have furnished me with their translation of the
+inscriptions, for the information which is embodied in the following
+pages.
+
+It is much to be regretted that the inscriptions are so indefinite, and
+frequently so much defaced. Moreover, Nos. 19 and 20 alone make any
+allusion to the erection of Maes-Howe. Professor Rafn believes that it was
+a sorcery hall for Lodbrok,[2] a female magician, Professor Munch, that it
+was the burial-place of a woman of the same name, while Professor
+Stephens, who expresses no opinion as to the time when the building was
+raised, considers the writings which speak of Lodbrok's sons, as
+indicative of its having been used in early times by the celebrated
+Scandinavian Vikings of that name, as a fortress and place of retreat. The
+low and narrow cells, as well as the low passage leading to the interior,
+fully justify the opinion that it was undoubtedly at one time a place of
+burial. The massive stones forming the floor and side walls of the
+passage, and also those used in the inside to support the buttresses, are
+similar in character to the neighbouring circle of stones at Stennes. The
+architecture also is most primitive, and it is evident that the whole
+work must have been one requiring much time and labour. The present form
+of the mound does not favour the idea that it was _originally_ a platform,
+and used for the performance of religious rites, though this would not be
+inconsistent with the idea that it had been adopted to that purpose at
+some remote period, having been previously used as a place of interment.
+
+If we find difficulty in determining the period when the mound was first
+raised, almost equal difficulty arises in assigning to any fixed time the
+engraving of the numerous inscriptions. Many of them are no doubt to be
+attributed to the Crusaders, but there are others of probably far earlier
+date than the twelfth century, when, as stated by Professor Munch, the
+Orkney Jarl, Ragnvald, about the year 1152-3, organized his naval
+expedition to the Holy Land. That the writings have been engraved at
+intervals during a long period of time--perhaps, as suggested by Professor
+Stephens, during the ninth, tenth, and eleventh centuries, or even
+later--is sufficiently obvious. Some of the stones have the words very
+faintly and imperfectly engraved, while in others the lines are sharply
+and distinctly cut. The absence of division between the letters (for the
+_dots_ are very uncertain in their position, and are probably for the most
+part accidental) sufficiently accounts for the difference of reading, in
+several of the inscriptions. The variety of type--there being no fewer
+than 18 different forms of A, many of them it is true, _like_, but still
+_different_; to say nothing of Diphthongs, the Bind-runes, or consonants
+and vowels connected, as [rune] (æ) or [rune] (a) and [rune] (k) [rune] or
+(a) and ([rune]) forming AK, Ar, and others of a similar
+nature--necessarily renders the task of translation, more especially when
+the letters are indistinct and perhaps unfinished, one of difficulty and
+uncertainty.
+
+Very few of the _old_ Northern letters are found. The "Dragon" and "Worm
+Knot" are still perfectly distinct, and have evidently been carved by
+superior artists. With the exception of two stones--one of which is shewn
+in the drawing of the interior of the tumulus, and on which four letters
+are carved--none have been found bearing any inscription amongst the
+debris, nor is there any reason to suppose that stones bearing
+inscriptions have been removed from the walls. The two stones before
+alluded to had evidently been used to close up the cells, and lay on the
+basement floor just below the entrances to the cells from which they had
+been rudely torn. In one of the cells, that on the left side of the
+chamber, a few letters were indistinctly written. By accident they were
+forgotten, and no casts were taken of them. It is not easy to account for
+the various elevations at which the carvings were made. Those on the
+higher parts could not have been reached by persons standing at the
+bottom, but they might have been inscribed after the roof had been broken
+in, and when the building was in a partially ruined state. Many of the
+marks, possibly some of the "scratches" or "scribbles" to which no
+importance is attached, and perhaps even some of the doubtful letters, may
+be the result of violence used in breaking in the roof. Most of the Runes
+belong to the Norwegian division of the Scandinavian class, and have
+nothing to do with the Gothic or older alphabet, but, in the opinion of
+Professor Munch, they exhibit some archaicisms which prevent their being
+placed in the latest times of the Norwegian class; they must therefore be
+referred to about A. D. 1150.
+
+[Sidenote: _Date of Inscriptions._]
+
+The meaning of the word Maes-Howe is very obscure. It is, as Professor
+Munch remarks, not easy to explain. The haugr, pronounced how, is plain
+enough; the word Maes might have been derived from Meitis, pronounced
+almost like Meiss, Meitir, gen. Meiris, which was the name of a fabulous
+sea king, and was afterwards used to denominate any mighty king or
+warrior. Meiris-haugr therefore might have been synonymous with the how,
+or tumulus of this fabulous sea king. This opinion of Professor Munch's is
+at all events not unlikely to be correct; certainly local tradition has
+always ascribed a sepulchral character to the mound. Professor Rafn thinks
+that the word is derived from Mar,[3] the name of a man, and that valuable
+information might be obtained if it were found possible to read with a
+greater degree of accuracy the Runes Nos. 6 and 7, since Orki and Mar are
+named in these inscriptions, and it is to be inferred that Mar Orkason had
+engraved some of these Runes.
+
+Nos. 13 and 20 are justly attributed to the times of the Crusaders,[4] but
+many of the other inscriptions must have been engraved by different
+persons at different times. Professor Stephens believes that most of them
+are of a much earlier date than the twelfth century, and this opinion is
+much strengthened by the worn appearance of some of the Runes, and the
+uncertain character of others. Some of the proper names cannot be read as
+certainly correct, owing to the marks and abrasures in the stones. Two of
+them, Orki and Oframr, are supposed to be hitherto quite unknown, and may
+therefore perhaps be referred to the earlier inhabitants of the How,
+whilst Gawkr and Trandill both belong to an historical person in Iceland.
+The other names are common, and known from Runic inscriptions, as well as
+from ancient manuscripts and documents. The name Ingibiorg, occurs several
+times in the Orkneyinga Saga, and was by no means an uncommon name in
+Orkney. Ingibiorg, the widow of earl Thorfinn (who died in 1064)
+afterwards married Malcolm, king of Scotland; but it cannot be safely
+asserted that this was the Ingibiorg mentioned in No. 8. On the whole, it
+seems not unreasonable to suppose that all the names found inscribed on
+the walls may belong to persons who lived since the construction of the
+barrow, and that we have as yet no certain evidence to justify us in
+determining either the name of the builder, or the period when the tumulus
+was first erected.
+
+Most of the inscriptions are in the subjoined form of the later Runic
+alphabet, or the "Norwegian division of the Scandinavian Runes" as
+described by Professor Munch. The dots inside the B, and G, do not occur
+here, and the [rune] (y) is not often used.
+
+[Illustration: Alphabet]
+
+In the earlier or "Gothic" Alphabet, many of the letters are quite
+different.
+
+
+
+
+READINGS OF THE INSCRIPTIONS BY PROFESSORS STEPHENS, MUNCH, RAFN.
+
+
+[Sidenote: _Plate VII._]
+
+No. I.
+
+THATIR VIKINKR . . . A, KOM, VTIR, HIR, TIL.
+
+_Thatir the Viking, came here to weary--(perhaps from the sea, or from
+battle.)_
+
+The inscription is incomplete, several letters being obliterated. The a in
+the Bind-rune Ak is probably the termination of the word Fra,
+from.--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+
+THATIR VIKINKR . . . KOMUTIRHIRTIL.
+
+_That which the Wicing . . . came outerly here to._
+
+This is only a fragment, some of the letters being obliterated. It may
+mean that a pirate or Wicing had been at the tumulus and found something,
+or that some person had found what the Wicing had left. It may however be
+merely the name of some person, as Vikingr is sometimes used as a
+Christian name.--Professor MUNCH.
+
+
+THAT IR VIKINGR . . . A KOM UT IRHIRTIL.
+
+_This is a Viking . . . come out is hereto._
+
+The inscription is incomplete. Vikingr may be the name of a
+man.--Professor RAFN.
+
+
+No. II.
+
+MOLFR KOLBAINSSONR RAEIST RUNA THESA GHAUT.
+
+_Molf Kolbainsson carved these Runes to Gaut._
+
+Probably a memorial to a comrade who had fallen in battle.--Professor
+STEPHENS.
+
+
+THOLFR KOLBEINSSONR RAEIST RUNAR THESA.
+
+_Tholf Colbanesson engraved these Runes._
+
+The last word, read as haua, seems superfluous. It is possible there may
+have been some mis-spelling, the first [rune] (a) in haua may have been an
+[rune] (e) the dot having been a little prolonged, [rune] and the [rune]
+(u or v) may have been intended for an R, the word would then read hér á,
+hereon, or on this stone.--Professor MUNCH.
+
+
+THOLFR KOLBEINSSONR REIST RUNAR THESSAR HATT.
+
+_Tholf Kolbeinsson carved these Runes on High._--Professor RAFN.
+
+(_Note._--Nos. 1 and 2 are both engraved on the upper part of the
+building.--J. F.)
+
+
+No. III.
+
+BRA HOH THANA.
+
+_Bra hewed this._
+
+The third letter [rune] (a) is very rare, and is an indication of the
+great antiquity of the inscription. The word hew is often used for carve
+or write.--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+
+BRE HOH THENA, _or_, BRAUT HAUG THENNA.
+
+_Broke this tumulus._
+
+The inscription seems to be incomplete, some words may have been engraved
+on another stone and lost.--Professor MUNCH.
+
+(_Note._--The present state of the stone hardly justifies this
+supposition.--J. F.)
+
+
+BRE HÖH THENA, BRE HOH THENNA.
+
+Professor Rafn does not translate this. He remarks that what precedes is
+"incomplete and undecipherable."
+
+
+No. IV.
+
+VEMUNTR RAEIST.
+
+_Vemunt carved._--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+
+VEMUNTR RAEIST.
+
+_Wemund engraved (these Runes)._--Professor MUNCH.
+
+
+VIMUNDR RAEIST.
+
+_Vemund carved (the Runes)._--Professor RAFN.
+
+
+No. V.
+
+F, U, Th, O, R, K, H, N, I, A, S, T, B, M, L, Y.
+
+This is the Scandinavian Runic Futhork, or Alphabet. The form of the
+second letter is very rare, the last three are also very unusual, and may
+be considered as an indication that the building had been for a long
+period of time in the hands of many people. It was the custom to write the
+Alphabet wherever it was most likely to meet the eye, and a passing
+visitor, or treasure seeker, would have hardly taken so much
+trouble.--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+
+F, U, Th, O, R, K, H, N, I, A, S, T, B, U, L, U.
+
+The Runic Alphabet--Some of the letters here have been placed out of their
+proper order, owing probably to carelessness on the part of the writer.
+Time has also produced its effects upon the letters, the [rune] is clearly
+[rune], and the long stroke in the third letter [rune] (th) is also
+accidental.--Professor MUNCH.
+
+
+F U Th O R K  H N I A S  T B M L R.
+
+The common Runic Alphabet.--Professor RAFN.
+
+
+No. VI.
+
+ORKASONR, SAGHTHI, A, RUNOM, THAEIM, IR, HAN, RISTU.
+
+_Orkason said, in the Runes which he wrote._
+
+
+No. VII.
+
+NUARI KULTURMR, SIKURTHR, IRU, FALNIR, KIAEBIK, UIL SAEGHIAN IR, SO, MAIR.
+
+_Orkason said in the Runes which he wrote--Nuari, Kulturmr Sikurthr, Iru,
+are fallen. Kiaebik will say ye (tell you) so more._
+
+These two inscriptions must be taken together; they have been written at
+the same time, and by the same person. It is probably a military message
+from some battle-field, sent through a trusty officer who is commissioned
+to make known the details. The word Nuari is very doubtful; this part of
+the inscription is very indistinct. It becomes more legible advancing from
+left to right.--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+
+ORKASONR SAGTHI A RUN OM THEIM ER HALIR RISTU.
+
+_The son of Orca dictated the Runes which heroes engraved._
+
+There seems to have been some blunder in the writing. If the dot on the
+right side of the letter [rune] has been the end of a stroke, it would
+convert the letter into the Bind-rune [rune] (Al.) and if the [rune] were
+a combination of L and R, the word would then read Halir, that is
+Men-fellows-heroes. The second part of the inscription, No. 7, is only a
+fragment--perhaps some part of a verse, but it is doubtful.--Professor
+MUNCH.
+
+
+ORKASON SAHTHI A RUNUM THAEIM IR HAN RISTI . . . SAETHIAN IR SO MAUR
+
+_The resolution which this Mar Orkason mentioned in the Runes he carved._
+
+The two inscriptions are to be read together, but much of No. 7, is very
+indistinct.--Professor RAFN.
+
+
+[Sidenote: _Plate VIII._]
+
+No. VIII.
+
+INGIBIORGH, HIN, FARET, LUTIN, HIR, MIGHIL, OFL, ATE.
+
+_Ingibiorgh, the fair lady. Many a woman hath fared skinclad (or bent)
+here, (who) great wealth owned._
+
+Ingibiorgh probably resided here for safety, and, as the word Lutin
+signifies _bent_, it may refer to the low cells which are within the walls
+of the How. (_Note._--The entrance also is very low and narrow.) The six
+Crypt Runes, or secret staves, represent the letters, A. Æ. R. L. I. K.
+R., and signify Aalikr or Erling, a proper name, or perhaps the beginning
+of some sentence.--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+
+  INKIBIORH, HIN, FAHRA, ÆHKIA MORHK, KONA,
+  HÆFER, FARET, LUT, IN HIR MIKIL OFLATI.
+
+_Ingiburg, the fair widow! Many a woman has wandered stooping in here
+(although) ever so haughty._
+
+The writer is probably recording the name of some fair woman, who has
+perhaps slighted him, and then reflects that the women who had been buried
+here, though ever so haughty, had been curbed by death. Ingibjorg, or
+Inkibiorh, is a common female name in the north. The other characters in
+the third line are known as Limouna, or Bough Runes. They were used in the
+later times of the Runic period, in the same manner as the Irish Ogum, but
+are not here intelligible. The writer probably intended to represent the
+chief vowels--A. E. I. O. Y. U. The Runic alphabet was divided into
+classes; the strokes on the left of the vertical line indicating the
+class, and those on the right the rune itself. Figures of fishes were
+occasionally in use, and were known as Fish-runes.--Professor MUNCH.
+
+
+  INGIBIORG HIN FAHRA ÆHKIA A MORHG KONA
+  HÆFIR FARIT LUT IN HIR MIHKIL OFLATI.
+
+_Ingibiorg, the fair widow, or Ingibiorg the Fair, the widow. Many a
+rather proud woman did walk here stooping (bent forward), or did walk
+stooping here in (into)._
+
+The Palm-runes underneath cannot be read in the usual manner; the first,
+third, and fourth of the runes being a, o, and i; the writer probably
+intended to give all the vowels, but some of the letters have been
+obviously miscarved, and have perhaps been altered and defaced at a later
+period by other persons. In the first of them a cross line has been added
+to shew that the letter [rune] or (a) is intended.--Professor RAFN.
+
+
+No. IX.
+
+THORNY SAERTH . . . HAELGHIS RAEISTO.
+
+_The javelin pierceth . . . Haelghis carved._
+
+Haelghis was probably an Englishman or Frislander. The inscription is much
+worn, and evidently very old. The last letter [rune] is the old northern
+[rune].--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+
+THORNU SAERTH . . . HAELHI RAEIST R.
+
+_Thorny . . . Haelhi engraved._
+
+Thorny is a female name. Saerth is unintelligible; something is wanting
+here; the last letter R. is clearly the beginning of the word
+Runar.--Professor MUNCH.
+
+
+THORNY SAERTH . . . HAELHI RAEIST.
+
+_Thorny Særd . . . Helge carved._
+
+The word Saerth is of doubtful meaning.--Professor RAFN.
+
+
+[Sidenote: _Plate IX._]
+
+No. X.
+
+THORER FORMIR, a proper name.
+
+or
+
+_Thorer Fonkmir._ Thorer, follow me.--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+Probably the name of a man: there is a rude figure of a horse
+engraved.--Professor MUNCH.
+
+Thorir Fomir, a name of doubtful import. Fá mèr, perhaps procure me.
+Thorer, procure me the cross. The great cross underneath may refer to the
+Crusade. (_Note._--This cross has been apparently engraved at a
+comparatively late period.)--Professor RAFN.
+
+
+No. XI.
+
+RAEIST RUNAR THESAR OFRAMR SIGHURTHERSONR.
+
+_Ofram Sigurthson carved these Runes._
+
+Several of the letters at the beginning are obliterated. The crosses may
+be intended for ornament.--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+
+REIST RUNAR THESSAR UFRAMR SIGURTHARSONR.
+
+_Ofram, the son of Siward, engraved these Runes._--Professor MUNCH.
+
+
+RAEIST RUNAR THAESIR OFRAMR SIHURTHARSONR.
+
+_Ofram Sigurdson carved these Runes._
+
+The word Oframr, or Uframr, is hardly to be found anywhere else. It
+signifies "the modest," "the reserved." The seven crosses denote that this
+man was one of the Crusaders.--Professor RAFN.
+
+
+No. XII.
+
+OTAR, FILA, RAEIST, RUNAR THESAR.
+
+_Otar Fila carved these runes._--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+
+IOTAR, FILA, REIST RUNAR THESSAR.
+
+_Iotar Fila engraved these runes._--Professor MUNCH.
+
+
+IOTA FILA RAEIST RUNAR THISAR.
+
+_Iotar Fila carved these runes._
+
+This is an unknown name.--Professor RAFN.
+
+
+No. XIII.
+
+  THAT, MAN, SAT, IR, EKIÆ, HE, AT, FEUAR, FORT, ABROT,
+  THRIM NOTOM, UARFI, BROT, FORT, HAELTR, ÆNTHAEIR.
+
+This is to be read from right to left. (The figure at the beginning is
+probably a mere scratch. J. F.) It reads thus:--That man who sat here in
+ache (sorrowfully) He at the Fee-Ware (at the treasure-gate--from the
+treasure-guard) forth a broke, with three comrades from the stronghold
+broke forth the Hero Ænthaeir. This probably announces the escape of a
+prisoner, perhaps an Englishman, as is indicated by some of the
+words--That for Sa, He for Han, as examples. He boasts of his escape. He
+may, however, have intended to record a message.--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+
+No. XIV.
+
+JORSALA MEN BURTU HAUK.
+
+_Jerusalam Men broke into How._
+
+Æhiiminii, a proper name; the second word is too faintly written to be
+translated; Æmisris, a proper name. There are some more very indistinct
+letters; probably they once indicated--
+
+
+Ireskir Maen . . . Irish Men.
+
+The stone exhibits traces of former writings, which renders the new
+carvings very doubtful.--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+
+  THAT MAN SAT . . . ÆHE AT FEUAR FORT.
+  ABROT THRIM NOTOM VAR FI BROT FORT HAELTR.
+  ÆN THAEIR (No. XIV.), JORSALAMEN BURTU HAUK THAENA.
+
+Professor Munch reads Nos. XIII. and XIV. together.
+
+To be read from right to left, and No. XIV. taken in conjunction with it.
+This does not that (fool!) remember that the treasury was (already)
+carried away. Three nights was the treasury carried away rather (_i. e._,
+before) than the Jerusalem travellers broke this tumulus.--Professor
+MUNCH.
+
+
+  THAT MAN SAT ER IGI SAEHI AT FE VAR FOERT
+  ABROT THRIM NOTTOM VAR FE BRÖT FOERT
+  HAELDR ÆN THAEIR
+  IORSALAMEN BURTU HAUG THAENA.
+
+It is true indeed, as Inge states, that the goods were carried away during
+three nights. The goods were carried away before the Ioraslamen broke open
+this barrow. Many of the other runes cannot be made out; some of the
+smaller ones are very indistinct.--Professor RAFN.
+
+(_Note._--Nos. XIII. and XIV. appear to be read as one inscription by the
+Professor.--J. F.)
+
+
+[Sidenote: _Plate X._]
+
+No. XV.
+
+ARNFITHR, MATR, RAEIST RUNAR THAESAR.
+
+_Arnfith Mate carved these Runes._
+
+The word Matr may signify "the mighty," or "the greedy."--Professor
+STEPHENS.
+
+
+ARNFITHR MATR RAEIST RUNAR THAESAR.
+
+_Arnfinn Mat (perhaps the greedy) engraved these runes._
+
+Matr was a nickname.--Professor MUNCH.
+
+
+ARNFITHR MATR RAEIST RUNAR THAESAR.
+
+_Arnfinn, glutton, carved these Runes._--Professor RAFN.
+
+
+No. XVI.
+
+  MAETH, THAERI, OGHSE, ER, ATE, KOR, UKR.
+  TRAENILSONR, FYRIR, SUNAN LANT.
+
+  _With that Axe which Kor owned hews.
+  Traenaldson along South-lying lands._--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+
+  MAETH, THAEIREI [RUNE]HSE ERATI KOUKR TRAENILSONR.
+  FYRIR SUNAN LANT.
+
+_With this Axe which Goukr Traenaldson owned or possessed on the south
+side of the country._
+
+The beginning of the inscription is wanting. Gauk Trandilson was the
+foster-brother of Asgrim Elsdagrimson--described in "Burnt Njal," one of
+the chiefs in the south of Iceland about 990. The writer probably means to
+say that these runes were engraved with the same axe which Gauk Trandilson
+possessed at the end of the 10th century. The runes here found were
+perhaps engraved about the year 1152. No doubt "the land" here spoken of
+is Iceland, and the engraver an Icelander, perhaps even a descendant of
+the old chieftain.--Professor MUNCH.
+
+
+  MAETH THAERI ÖHSE ER ATI GÖUKR TRAEN
+  ILS SONR FYRIR SUNAN LAND.
+
+_With this Axe, owned by Gauk, the son of Trandil, in the South of the
+country._--Professor RAFN.
+
+
+No. XVII.
+
+HAEMUNTR, HARTHEKSI, RAEIST RUN.
+
+_Haermunt Hardaxe carved these Runes._--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+
+HAERMUNTR HARTHEKSI RAEIST RUN.
+
+_Hermund Hardaxe engraved these Runes._--Professor MUNCH.
+
+
+HAERMUNDR HARTHIGSI RAEIST RUN.
+
+_Hermund Hardaxe carved the Runes._
+
+Hermund probably had in his possession the axe which formerly belonged to
+Gauk Trandilson, and was used by him in carving the runes.--Professor
+RAFN.
+
+(_Note._--Professors Stephens, Munch, and Rafn, all agree that some
+letters have been lost or miscarried. The letters, [rune] [rune] at the
+end of the word run are obviously wanting.--J. F.)
+
+
+No. XVIII.
+
+RIST SA MATHR ER RUNSTR ER FYRIR VAESTAN HAF.
+
+_The man did cut most versed in Runes in the western countries._
+
+Professor Rafn gives nearly the same description of Gauk as Professor
+Munch. He reads Nos. xvi. and xviii. together. The words Fyrir vaestan
+haf, to the west of the sea, refer to the western countries, more
+especially the British Isles. The Palm-runes are rarely capable of being
+deciphered.
+
+(_Note._--This No. is taken in conjunction with No. xvi. by Professor
+Rafn.--J. F.)
+
+
+RIST, SA, MATHR, ER, RUNSTR, ER, FYRIR, VAESTAN HAF.
+
+_(These runes) risted that man, in Runes most skilful o'er the Western
+Seas._
+
+The Palm Runes on the first line indicate Thisar Runar--these
+Runes.--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+
+RIST SA MATHR ER RUNSTR ER FYRIR UAESTAN HAF.
+
+_That man engraved who is the best runed West of the Ocean._
+
+No doubt the writer belonged to Orkney, or to some of the other Norwegian
+possessions. The Bough-runes are not easy to decipher.--Professor MUNCH.
+
+
+No. XIX.
+
+      SIA, HOUGHR, UAR, FYRLATHIN HAELR,
+      THAEIR, UORO, HUATER, SLITU, ORO,
+      UT, NORTHR, ER, OLGHIT, MIKIT, THAT, UAR.
+  SIMON, SIGHRIK.
+    SIGRITH.                    INRONINSE ÆI.
+
+_This How was closed up--was quite abandoned. Out North is Fee (treasure)
+buried much. That was in Roninsey (North Ronaldshay Island)._
+
+The writing is in different hands apparently, and it is probable that the
+How was abandoned when the inscriptions were engraved. The three names are
+most likely the names of the writers: they point to treasure buried in
+North Ronaldshay.--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+(_Note._--North Ronaldshay is a wild island half-way between Kirkwall and
+the Fair Isle, and not easy of access.--J. F.)
+
+
+No. XX.
+
+  LOTHEBROKRA SYNAR,{1} GHAENAR,
+  MAEN, SAEM, THAEIR, UORO, FYRI, SIR,{2}--
+  IORSALAFARAR, BRUTU, ORKOUGH{3}--LIFMUT
+  SA, LI, AI, ARIS, LOFTIR,{4}--HIR UAR, FI FOLGHIT
+  MIKIT.{5} (RAEIST). SAEL ER, SA, ER, FINA,
+  MA, THAN, OUTH, HIN, MIKLA.{6}
+  OKO, NAEKN, BAR, FIRR, OUGHI, THISUM.{7}
+
+{1}_Lothbrok's sons._ {2}_Doughty men as they were for them, or, what
+doughty men they were._ {3}_Ierusalem Farers (pilgrims) broke open Ork
+How_--{4}_Shelter mound; that ill (this bad retreat) aye ariseth lofty
+(still stands erect)._ {5}_Here was fee buried much._ {6}_Happy is he who
+find may that treasure the mickle (that great wealth)._ {7}_Otho Naern
+bare past part how this. Otho was carried past this How in the ship
+Naern._
+
+Written apparently by seven different persons, perhaps some of Lothbrok's
+sons. This first writing was probably inscribed about the year 870 or 880,
+by the celebrated Scandinavian sea kings, and the others at a later
+period. One appears to complain of the mound itself--that bad
+retreat--perhaps on account of its affording shelter to the pirates who
+devastated the island; another inscription describes the breaking into the
+How by the Jerusalem travellers, and the later writings refer to the
+common belief at that time of the existence of concealed treasure. Naern
+is frequently used as a name for ships in Scandinavia. The word Baeirt (at
+the end of the fourth line) is not in the same hand as the rest of this
+line, and can only be considered as a mere scribble.--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+
+Nos. XIX. and XX.
+
+These must be taken together. The two first lines in both numbers, the 3d
+in No. xix. and the 4th in No. xx., must be read in continuation.
+
+  SIA HOUHR UAR FYLATHIN H . . . R LOTHBROKAR SYNER, HAENAR, THAEIRUORO
+        HUATER
+  SLETUORO MAEN SAEM THAEIR UORO FYRISIR.
+
+_This tumulus was formerly erected as tumulus_ (_for_ Lodbrok, if Haugr is
+read, or "_as that_ of" if we read hennar) _her sons they were gallant,
+hardly (there) were men (such as they were). For themselves_ (_i. e._
+shewed themselves).
+
+Then read line 3 in No. xx.--
+
+IORSALAFARAR BRUTU ORKHAUG.
+
+_The Jerusulem travellers broke the Orkhill._
+
+Then line 3 in No. xix. and 4 in xx., 4 in xix. and 5 in xx., taken in
+continuation, give--
+
+  UTNORTHR ER FE FOLGIT MIKIT THAT ER LA EFTIR, HER VA FE FOLGIT MIKIT
+        (RAEIST SIMON
+  SIGB. . . . SIGRITH) SAELL ER SA ER FINNA MA THAN OUTH HIN MIKLA.
+
+_North-westerly is much money absconded, that which lay behind, here was
+much money absconded (Simon----engraved); lucky is he who may find that
+great treasure._
+
+The raeist Simon, etc., was written afterwards, and does not belong to the
+sentence.
+
+The 6th and last line in No. xx. is--
+
+OKONAEKN BAR FE UR HAUGI THESSUM.
+
+_Okonaekn bore money out of (away from) this tumulus._
+
+It seems, then, that it was supposed to have been originally erected for a
+mighty woman called Lodbrok, who had gallant sons, and that the Jerusalem
+pilgrims had dug into the Orkhill, which was probably a different place to
+this Maes-Howe, that the treasure contained there had been taken away, and
+that he would be lucky who found it. It also implies that Okonaekn carried
+off some of the treasure.--Professor MUNCH.
+
+
+Nos. XIX. and XX.
+
+  SIA HÖUHR, VAR FYR LATHIN HAELR LOTHBROKAR
+  SYNER HAENAR THAEIR VÖRO HVATIR SLIKT VÖRO
+  MAEN SAEM THAEIR VÖRO FYRI SIR
+  IORSALAFARAR BRUTU ORKHÖUH LIFMND
+  SAILIA IARLS UT NORTHR IR FE FOLHIT MIKIT
+  THAT URLOFOIR HIR VAR FI FOLHGET MIKIT
+  RAEIST SIMON SIHR IN THO INGI SIHRITH
+  SAELIR SA IR FINA MA THAN OUTH HIN
+  MIKLA. OGDONAEGN BAR FI YR
+  OUHI THISUM.
+
+_This barrow was formerly a sorcery hall, erected for Lodbrok; her sons
+were brave, such were men as they were for themselves (such we may call
+valiant men, such as they were in their achievements)._
+
+_The Iorsalafarar (visitors of Jerusalem) broke open Orkhow . . . Earls._
+
+_To the north-west a great treasure has been hid (but few believe that), a
+great treasure was hid here.[5] Simon sigr (victor) carved (the Runes) and
+afterwards Inge._
+
+_Happy he who may discover this great wealth. Ogdonaegn carried away the
+goods from this barrow._
+
+Ogdonagn is probably a Gaelic name, perhaps corresponding to the present
+O'Donavan, and the person alluded to may have been of Scottish or Irish
+origin.--Professor RAFN.
+
+
+[Sidenote: _Plate XI._]
+
+No. XXI.
+
+ARNFITHR, RAEIST, RUNAR, THISAR, SONR STAINS.
+
+_Arnfith risted Runes there, the son of Stain. Thruki Let._
+
+The beginning of an unfinished formula.--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+
+ARNFITHR, RAEIST RUNAR THISAR SORN STAEINS THRUKR LIT.
+
+_Arnfinn the son of Steins engraved these Runes._
+
+The other letters are defective and give no distinct meaning.--Professor
+MUNCH.
+
+
+  ARNFITHR RAEIST RUNAR THISAR SONR STAINS.
+  THRUKR LIT.
+
+_Arnfinn, a son of Steins, carved these runes. Thrud caused_ . . . .
+(incomplete).--Professor RAFN.
+
+
+No. XXII.
+
+BOT ÆR OKTIL AT SOKUA, SUO IN KOTALANT.[6] _Sua Inklant._
+
+_Boot (blood money) is also to seek, so in Gothland, so in England._
+
+It may also be a fanciful Alphabet.--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+There are peculiar Runes, but too obscure for interpretation. Similar ones
+have been found near Baffins Bay. (_Vide_ Antiquitates
+Americanæ).--Professor MUNCH.
+
+This No. represents some signs belonging to the calendar--similar ones
+have been found in the Paradise cavern, and at Hof in Iceland. (_Vide_
+Rafn. Antiquitates Americanæ).--Professor RAFN.
+
+
+No. XXIII.
+
+IKIKAETHIR, KYNANA, IN, UAENSTA.
+
+_Inkikaethr, of women the fairest._
+
+Also the figure of an Otter with a fish in its mouth, meant for a
+decoration.--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+
+IKIKAERTH IR KYNANA IN UAENSTA.
+
+_Ingigerthr is of women the most beautiful._--Professor MUNCH.
+
+
+IGIGAERTH IR KYNANA IN VAENSTA.
+
+_Ingigerth is the fairest of the women._--Professor RAFN.
+
+
+[Sidenote: _Plate XII._]
+
+No. XXIV.
+
+No interpretation of this is offered by the learned Professors.
+
+
+Nos. XXV. and XXVI.
+
+A Dragon and Worm Knot.--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+
+No. XXV.
+
+This is a Dragon drawn with art. There is a similar one on a stone at
+Hunstead in Scania. It may be ascribed to the heathen times, as well as
+the construction of the barrow itself.--Professor RAFN.
+
+
+No. XXVI.
+
+A serpentine winding like those found on Runic stones in the Scandinavian
+north and on other monuments from the last period of heathenism, and the
+commencement of the Christian era.--Professor RAFN.
+
+
+[Sidenote: _Plate XIII._]
+
+The remaining Nos. are considered by all the learned Professors as
+"scribbles" or scratches, and must be considered as unimportant.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VII.]
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VIII.]
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE IX.]
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE X.]
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XI.]
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XII.]
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XIII.]
+
+
+
+
+Footnotes:
+
+[1] The country people state that the building was formerly inhabited by a
+person named Hogboy, possessing great strength. Haugbuie, in Norse,
+signifies "the ghost of the tomb;" and Haugr, "tumulus."
+
+[2] Professor Rafn says Lothbrok--a pair of shaggy trousers--was the
+well-known surname of Ragnar Lodbrok. At the time of the carving of the
+inscription, a popular tradition current in the Orkneys may have ascribed
+to far antiquity, and to the said hero of the mythico-historical times,
+the construction of the barrow; and on account of the want of historical
+knowledge, since the word lothbrok is of feminine gender, the hero may
+have been mistaken for a woman, and besides, the accounts in the sagas of
+his sons may have been repeated, that they were brave and valiant. The
+account given in the Fridthiofs Saga of the Earl Angantyre, reminds us of
+the pre-historic times of the Orkneys (_vide_ Tridthjóss Saga, c. 5.
+Thorsteins Saga Vikings). Here a popular tale preserved to us in Runes,
+does the same by telling us that this barrow was the sorcery platform
+erected of old for the use of Lodbrok, and was probably also a temple and
+place of worship.
+
+[3] The word read by Professor Rafn, Maur, instead of Mar, and considered
+as a proper name, is read mair or more by Professor Stephens. In the
+engraving No. 7, the letters are [rune] [rune] [rune] [rune] obviously
+m, a, i, r--mair. It must therefore be a matter of doubt whether we can
+receive this word as a proper name, and consequently whether the
+derivation of the word Maes-Howe, suggested by Professor Rafn, is
+admissible.
+
+[4] Professor Munch supposes that the Jerusalem travellers, who are
+described in No. 13 as having broken into the how, were connected with an
+expedition organized by Earl Ragnvald to the Holy Land. He says "many of
+the northern warriors joined the Earl in 1152. They assembled in Orkney,
+and after passing the winter there, sailed in the spring of 1153, and
+after being in Spain in December of that year, reached the Holy Land in
+August 1154; they went thence to Constantinople, where they passed the
+Christmas of 1154-55, returning home by different routes. During their
+stay in Orkney they had frequent quarrels with the inhabitants." As some
+of the inscriptions seem to indicate the existence of treasure in the
+tumulus, it is not unlikely that it should have been examined by these
+warriors, and that they afterwards inscribed their names, together with
+other remarks, on the walls.
+
+[5] There is a similar allusion to hid treasure on the wall of a rock at
+Berrig, in the Star valley North Throndheim County--"gull faitu nin alna
+nither"--They hid some gold nine ells deep in the earth.
+
+[6] This ("evidently very difficult carving," says Professor Stephens) may
+be taken as a fair specimen of the Bind-rune form of writing.
+
+"The first letter is B, a very rare form; the second an ornamental O, with
+three side strokes instead of two; the third a T, the strokes being
+reversed and repeated above and below; the fourth H/g, here used for Æ;
+the fifth, R; sixth, O, as before; seventh, Kt--[rune] and [rune]; eighth,
+[rune] (i and a), the side stroke being placed below; ninth, At,
+Bind-rune; tenth, an S; eleventh, O again; twelfth, KU--K and U;
+thirteenth, the monogram Asuo, A ([rune]), the side stroke thrice
+repeated, then S ([rune] for [rune]), an uncommon form, then U ([rune])
+below, and then ([rune]) with three strokes; fourteenth, the Bind-rune I N
+K ([rune] [rune] [rune]); fifteenth, an O; sixteenth, an ornamental T;
+seventeenth, the monogram Alant--A ([rune]) L ([rune]) reversed and below,
+and [rune] taken again, and N ([rune]) and T ([rune]) above twice; then
+eighteenth, the Bind-rune Sua, S ([rune]) U ([rune]) and A ([rune]) in the
+centre; nineteenth, The Bind-rune Ink, I [rune], and [rune]; and lastly
+the monogram lant L ([rune]), A [rune], and N [rune], and T in the
+centre--formed thus [rune]."
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+Passages in italics are indicated by _italics_.
+
+Superscripted letters are indicated by {superscript}.
+
+The original text includes Runic characters. For this text version, these
+letters have been replaced with [rune].
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notice of Runic Inscriptions
+Discovered during Recent Excavations in the Orkneys, by James Farrer
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTICE--RUNIC INSCRIPTIONS--ORKNEYS ***
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+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Notice of Runic Inscriptions Discovered during Recent Excavations in the Orkneys, by James Farrer.
+    </title>
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notice of Runic Inscriptions Discovered
+during Recent Excavations in the Orkneys, by James Farrer
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Notice of Runic Inscriptions Discovered during Recent Excavations in the Orkneys
+
+Author: James Farrer
+
+Release Date: January 1, 2011 [EBook #34816]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTICE--RUNIC INSCRIPTIONS--ORKNEYS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
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+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
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+
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+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h1>MAES-HOWE</h1>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><i>Printed by R. &amp; R. Clark, Edinburgh.</i></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><a name="frontis" id="frontis"></a>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/plate_001tmb.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<a href="images/plate_001.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></div>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate I.</span> GENERAL VIEW OF MAESHOWE.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">NOTICE<br />
+OF<br />
+RUNIC INSCRIPTIONS<br />
+DISCOVERED DURING RECENT<br />
+EXCAVATIONS IN THE ORKNEYS</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">MADE BY<br />
+JAMES FARRER, M.P.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">PRINTED FOR PRIVATE CIRCULATION<br />1862</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>PREFACE</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_ix">ix</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>DESCRIPTION OF MAES-HOWE</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>THE EXCAVATION OF MAES-HOWE</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>BARROWS AT BOOKAN</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Large Barrow Containing Graves</span></span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>MOUNDS AT STENNES</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>BARROW AT TENSTONE</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>APPENDIX</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Origin of Maes-Howe, and Date of Inscriptions</span></span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Readings of Inscriptions</span></span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr></table>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h2>LIST OF PLATES.</h2>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td align="right">I.</td><td>General View of Maes-Howe from the N. E.</td><td align="right"><small>TO FACE</small></td><td><a href="#frontis"><small>TITLE PAGE</small></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">II.</td><td>Interior View of Maes-Howe</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><small>PAGE</small> <a href="#Page_15">15</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">III.</td><td>General Plan and Section of Maes-Howe</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">IV.</td><td>Plan of Central Chamber, Passages, and Cells</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">V.</td><td>Sections of East and West Sides of Chamber</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">VI.</td><td>Sections of North and South Sides of Chamber and Passage</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4" align="center"><i>The numbers on Plates V. and VI. show the situation of the slabs containing<br />the Runic Inscriptions, which are numbered accordingly.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">VII.</td><td>Inscriptions Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">VIII.</td><td>Do. Nos. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">IX.</td><td>Do. Nos. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">X.</td><td>Do. Nos. 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">XI.</td><td>Do. Nos. 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4" align="center">[<i>The Inscriptions are drawn on a scale of 2 inches to one foot.</i>]</td></tr></table>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/deco_001.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h2>PREFACE.</h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">As</span> the following pages are intended only for private circulation among
+friends and acquaintances, and for presentation to those few Public
+Societies to whom such a subject may be interesting, it is hardly
+necessary to offer any apology for the many imperfections in the
+description of Maes-howe, which may doubtless be pointed out, and for the
+brief and cursory manner in which the subject is handled. I desire only to
+give a plain statement of facts, in the hope that attention may be drawn
+to this interesting discovery, and possibly some further impetus given to
+the elucidation of Runic literature. I have received from the learned
+professors, whose translations are given, much valuable information, of
+which, however, I can only partially avail myself, in consequence of my
+very imperfect acquaintance with Runology.</p>
+
+<p>I may add, that every possible care has been taken to ensure accuracy in
+the drawings. These and the ground plans were made by Mr. Gibb of
+Aberdeen&mdash;of whose care and accuracy in the drawings of ancient monuments
+Mr. Stuart has spoken so strongly in his &#8220;Sculptured Stones of Scotland,&#8221;
+printed for the Spalding Club. The Runes were mostly drawn by my friend
+Mr. George Petrie of Kirkwall, and the drawings afterwards<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span> compared by
+Mr. Gibb with the originals in the building of Maes-Howe. Two separate
+sets of casts were made for me by Mr. Henry Laing of Edinburgh (one of
+which is now in the National Museum of the Antiquaries of Scotland,
+Edinburgh, and the other in the Museum of the Royal Northern Society of
+Antiquaries at Copenhagen.) Nothing could exceed the pains taken by Mr.
+Petrie and Mr. Gibb; and the drawings made by Mr. Gibb were on two
+occasions collated by him with the casts in Edinburgh, so that I have
+every reason to believe that they are as perfect representations of the
+original writings on the walls of Maes-Howe as can be hoped for, and not
+the less so that the gentlemen who made the drawings and collations were
+unacquainted with Runes. I have confined myself to the interpretations
+furnished by the three eminent northern antiquaries who have undertaken
+the task of deciphering these rude inscriptions, feeling assured that the
+high reputation which they enjoy is a sufficient guarantee for the
+accuracy of their translations. In concluding these few remarks I am
+anxious to bear testimony to the valuable assistance I have received from
+my friend Mr. John Stuart, Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries of
+Scotland, to whom in reality I am chiefly indebted for the discovery of
+Maes-Howe, since I owe to his urgent suggestion that the great circle of
+Stennes, and the tumuli around it, had not been sufficiently examined, the
+successful excavation of this ancient &#8220;howe.&#8221; It is also highly
+satisfactory to me to know that Mr. Balfour of Balfour and Trenabie, on
+whose property this interesting relic of antiquity is situated, has taken
+the necessary steps to ensure its preservation&mdash;a precaution,
+unfortunately, too often neglected under similar circumstances.</p>
+
+<p class="right">JAMES FARRER.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ingleborough, Yorkshire, June 1862.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/deco_002.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h2>MAES-HOWE.</h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">Early</span> in the month of July 1861 I was enabled, by the kind permission of
+my friend David Balfour, Esq. of Balfour and Trenaby, to put in execution
+a scheme long contemplated, but from various circumstances unavoidably
+delayed, the excavation of some of the great tumuli in the neighbourhood
+of the Stones of Stennes, or Ring of Brogar. I had in the year 1854
+partially explored one of considerable size on the east side of the great
+circle of stones, which stands on the west shore of the Loch of Harray. No
+discovery, however, of any importance was then made.</p>
+
+<p>Some days were devoted to excavations close to Stennes, to which allusion
+will afterwards be made, but as several gentlemen of well-known
+antiquarian reputation from Edinburgh and Aberdeen were expected, and as I
+was desirous of having the benefit of their experience and advice, I
+determined at once to commence operations on the great tumulus of
+Maes-howe, the subject of this notice. My attention had been particularly
+called to this tumulus by Mr. Balfour, whose decided opinion that a
+careful examination might result in some important discovery, afforded me
+great encouragement, as I well knew that he had for many years taken
+considerable interest in Orkney antiquities, and his opinion that
+Maes-howe<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> was a sepulchral chamber, appeared to be confirmed by local
+traditions.<small><a name="f1.1" id="f1.1" href="#f1">[1]</a></small></p>
+
+<p>On the afternoon of Saturday the 6th of July, therefore, guided by the
+experience of Mr. George Petrie, and assisted by the professional
+knowledge of Mr. Wilson, road contractor, ground was broken on the west
+side of Maes-howe, and on the same evening, Mr. John Stuart and Mr. Joseph
+Robertson of Edinburgh, with Colonel Forbes Leslie of Rothie, and Mr.
+James Hay Chalmers of Aberdeen, arrived by the Prince Consort steamship.
+As it was anticipated that a couple of days would suffice to make a large
+opening in the tumulus, arrangements were made for meeting there on the
+10th of July. Before proceeding with the description of what followed, it
+may not be out of place to give a short account of the Stones of Stennes,
+as described by Lieutenant Thomas in a work published by him in 1851:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The Great Circle of Stennes, or Ring of Brogar, is a deeply entrenched
+circular space containing almost two acres and a half of superficies, of
+which the diameter is 366 feet. Around the circumference of the area, but
+about thirteen feet within the trench, are the erect stones, standing at
+an average distance of eighteen feet apart. They are totally unhewn, and
+vary considerably in form and size. The highest stone was found to be 13-9
+feet above the surface, and judging from some others which have fallen, it
+is sunk about eighteen inches in the ground. The smallest stone is less
+than six feet, but the average height is from eight to ten. The breadth
+varies from 2-6 to 7-9 feet, but the average may be stated at about 5
+feet, and the thickness about 1 foot&mdash;all of the old red sandstone
+formation. The trench round the area is in good preservation. The edge of
+the bank is still sharply defined, as well as the two foot-banks or
+entrances, which are placed exactly opposite to each other. They have no
+relation to the true or magnetic meridian, but are parallel to the general
+direction of the neck of land on which the circle is placed.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> The trench
+is 29 feet in breadth, and about 6 in depth, and the entrances are formed
+by narrow earth-banks across the fosse. The surface of the enclosed area
+has an average inclination to the eastward. It is highest on the
+north-west quarter, and the extreme difference of level is estimated to be
+from 6 to 7 feet. The trench has the same inclination, and therefore could
+never be designed to hold water.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Excavation of Maes-Howe.</span></h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>On Monday the 8th of July, a number of men under the superintendance of
+Alexander Johnson, Mr. Wilson&#8217;s foreman&mdash;a most active and intelligent
+fellow&mdash;proceeded with the work that had been commenced on the previous
+Saturday, and before evening discovered a passage on the west side, which
+afterwards proved to be the entrance into the interior of the tumulus.
+This passage was covered over with large flag-stones, one of which having
+been with some difficulty upraised, we effected an entrance, but found a
+considerable accumulation of earth and stones, which was removed on the
+following day, and Mr. Wilson, after careful examination, in which his
+engineering experience was of the highest importance, agreed to my
+suggestion that the excavation should be proceeded with from the centre of
+the hillock.</p>
+
+<p>I am chiefly indebted to my friend Mr. George Petrie for the following
+measurements, which I believe will be found to be substantially correct:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>The tumulus is about 92 feet in diameter, 36 feet high, and about 300 feet
+in circumference at the base. It is surrounded by a trench 40 feet wide,
+and varying in depth from 4 to 8 feet. It is situated on the north side of
+the new road leading to Stromness from Kirkwall, being about 6 miles from
+the former, and 9 from the latter place. It is about 200 yards distant
+from the road, and a mile and a half from the Stones of Stennes. It has
+undoubtedly been entered at some remote period, probably by the Northmen,
+who, as is well known, were not deterred by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> feelings either of religion
+or superstition, from opening and ransacking any place likely to repay
+them for their trouble. Whether they were the first to break into the
+building, or whether they found it in a state of comparative ruin, the
+natural result of great antiquity, can now only be matter of conjecture.
+It is obvious that little respect has been paid to the dead, since the
+stones used for closing up the cells, in which it is supposed they were
+deposited, were found torn out and buried in the mass of ruins filling up
+the interior of the chamber to which these cells are attached.</p>
+
+<p>The passage leading to the central chamber is 2 feet 4 inches wide at its
+mouth, and appears to have been the same in height, but the covering
+stones had been removed, or had fallen in for about 22&#189; feet. The
+passage then increases in dimensions to 3&#188; feet in width, and 4 feet 4
+inches in height, and continues for 26 feet, when it is again narrowed by
+two upright stone slabs to 2 feet 5 inches. These slabs are each 2 feet 4
+inches broad, and immediately beyond them the passage extends 2 feet 10
+inches, and then opens into the central chamber. Its dimensions from the
+slabs to its opening into the chamber are 3 feet 4 inches wide, and 4 feet
+8 inches high. At the commencement of the passage there is a triangular
+recess in the wall about 2 feet deep, and 3&#189; in height and width, in
+front and opposite to it in the passage, a stone of corresponding shape
+and dimensions, suggesting the idea that it might have been used to close
+the passage, and that it was pushed back into the recess in the wall when
+admission into the chamber was desired. From this recess to the chamber,
+the sides of the passage, the floor and roof, are formed by four immense
+slabs of flagstone; three of these stones are broken, and the fourth
+slightly cracked.</p>
+
+<p>After a few days&#8217; labour the whole of the rubbish filling the chamber was
+removed, but long ere this was accomplished, the keen eye of Mr. Joseph
+Robertson discovered the first of the Runic inscriptions. They were high
+up on the walls of the building, smaller and less distinctly drawn than
+many that were afterwards discovered, but the important fact of the
+existence of Runic inscriptions in Orkney, where none had hitherto been
+found, was at once established.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/plate_002tmb.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<a href="images/plate_002.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></div>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate II.</span> INTERIOR VIEW OF MAESHOWE.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>The chamber when cleared out proved to be about 15 feet square on the
+level of the floor, and 13 feet in height, to the top of the present
+walls. Immediately opposite to the passage is an opening in the wall 3
+feet from the floor. This is the entrance to a cell or small chamber in
+the wall, 5 feet 8 inches long, 4&#189; feet wide, and 3&#189; high. A large
+flagstone is laid as a raised floor between the entrance and the inner end
+of the chamber. The entrance is 2 feet wide, 2&#189; high, and 22&#189; inches
+long. On the two opposite walls of the chamber are similar openings in the
+walls. The one on the right is 2&#189; feet wide, 2 feet 9 inches high, and
+1 foot 8 inches long. It gives admission to a cell 6 feet 10 inches long,
+4 feet 7 inches wide, 3&#189; feet high, and has a raised flagstone floor,
+as in the other chamber. The opening on the left is 2&#188; feet wide, 2&#189;
+high, and 1&#190; long, and about 3 feet above the floor of the chamber. The
+cell of which this is the entrance is 5 feet 7 inches long, 4 feet 8
+inches wide, and 3 feet 4 inches high. It has no raised floor like the two
+other cells. The roofs, floors, and back walls of the cells are each
+formed by a single slab of stone, and stones corresponding in size and
+shape to the openings in the walls were found on the floor in front of
+them. The natural inference is that they were originally the seals of the
+chambers in which the honoured dead reposed.</p>
+
+<p>The four walls of the central chamber converge towards the top by the
+successive projection of each stone or flag, commencing about 6 feet from
+the level of the floor, as is usually found to be the style of building,
+both in the Pict&#8217;s houses or burghs, and in the still more primitive
+subterranean dwellings known as Weems. The top of the chamber would thus
+necessarily be of small dimensions, and the aperture easily closed by one
+large flagstone. This top, or cover stone, together with a considerable
+portion of the upper part of the walls, has been thrown down, and the
+highest part of the existing walls is only about 13 feet from the level of
+the floor. At that point, the opposite walls have approached to within 10
+feet of each other, so that the chamber is now 15 feet square at the
+floor, and 10 feet at the top of the walls, in their present condition.</p>
+
+<p>Large quantities of earth had been piled up over the building when
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>completed. In each angle of the central chamber stands a large buttress,
+doubtless intended to strengthen the walls, and support them under the
+pressure of their own weight, and that of the mass of earth with which the
+whole was covered. These buttresses vary somewhat in dimensions, but they
+are on an average about 3 feet square at the base, and from 9 to 10 feet
+high, with the exception of one which is only 8 feet high. In each
+buttress one side is formed by a single slab. The walls of the chamber are
+built with large stones, which generally extend the whole length of the
+wall. No lime or mortar of any kind has been used.</p>
+
+<p>The entire number of Runic characters may be about 935, exclusive of
+scribbles and many doubtful marks. The monograms and bind-runes, or
+connected consonants, are considered as forming one letter. There are also
+some marks which may have been intended to represent a horse and an otter
+with a fish in its mouth; also, a winged dragon and a worm knot, which
+last has much the appearance of one of the great Saurians. The two hind
+legs are very plainly defined.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h2><span class="smcap">Barrows at Bookan.</span></h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>This barrow is in the parish of Sandwick, but so near to Stennes that it
+may have been regarded as connected with the great circle. It is on the
+property of Mr. Watt of Skail, in the West Mainland. It was opened on the
+6th of July, and proved to be a collection of kists or graves. At the
+north end of the central kist, a flint lance head, and several fragments
+of clay vessels or urns, were found, together with a lump of heavy metal,
+supposed to be Manganese, but no bones. In some of the other kists were
+human remains in a very decayed state, two jaw bones being the most
+perfect. These were much distorted.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Petrie gives me the following measurements:&mdash;The Barrow is about 44
+feet in diameter, and about 6 feet high. About 11 feet within the outer
+margin of the base of the barrow is a circular wall or facing about 1 foot
+high. From the south side of this wall a low passage, 6 feet 3 inches<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>
+long, 21 inches in height, and the same in width, leads to a chamber or
+kist 7 feet long and 4&#189; wide. At the north end of this there was
+another kist 4 feet 8 inches long, and 3 feet wide. On the east side there
+was one 4 feet 8 inches long, and 2 feet 9 inches wide; and on the west
+side two kists, both of which were of the same length as that on the east
+side, and both were 3 feet in width. They were all about 2 feet 8 inches
+deep. The foundation of the surrounding wall or facing was considerably
+above the level of the floors of the kists.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3>LARGE BARROW CONTAINING GRAVES.</h3>
+
+<p>The excavation of this barrow was commenced on the 17th of July 1854. It
+was found to contain graves, in one of which was an urn with a quantity of
+burnt bones and ashes. It was formed out of a micaceous stone not
+belonging to Orkney. It was 1 foot 9 inches in diameter, about 18 inches
+deep, and 5 feet 10 inches in circumference, the rim, which projected on
+the outside all round, was an inch and a half wide, the kist in which it
+was deposited was 2 feet and a half in length, and 2 feet in width, but
+the side stones which protected the kist were nearly 6 feet in length, and
+at the angles, and on the outside of the kist were quantities of small
+rolled pebbles and gravel, probably intended to assist in draining off
+water. Clay was placed inside the kist at the different angles; the flags
+were about an inch and a half thick, but much decayed; the cover stone was
+of an irregular shape, about 4 feet long and 2&#189; wide; the urn rested
+upon the corners of four flags; it was partly decayed, and could not be
+removed till after an interval of two days, when I succeeded in raising
+it. It is now in the Museum of the Society of Antiquaries at Edinburgh, to
+whom I presented it, with the consent of Mr. Balfour.</p>
+
+<p>In another grave within the same barrow was found a small urn composed of
+baked clay and gravel, nearly filled with soil, and only one or two small
+pieces of bone. It was brought to Kirkwall, but could not be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> preserved,
+in consequence of its decayed condition. It was 5 inches in diameter, 17
+in circumference, and 5 deep. The kist was 2 feet 9&#189; inches long, and 1
+foot 7 inches wide. The bones, in this instance, had not been placed in
+the urn, but were laid on a flagstone in the north-west angle of the kist.
+It is not improbable that further investigation might lead to the
+discovery of other interments within the same barrow, since neither of
+those before described were in the centre of the tumulus, and several
+instances have occurred where they have been found near the outside.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h2><span class="smcap">Mounds at Stennes.</span></h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>In the year 1854, I had partially opened one of the largest of these
+hillocks, but further examination last July did not encourage the belief
+that it was sepulchral. I was however advised to examine one on the west
+side of the Stones of Stennes, and directly opposite to the one previously
+mentioned. In both of them the workmen penetrated to a depth of 22 feet,
+and over an area of 9 square feet in the one on the west side of the great
+circle, but there was no appearance of any kind of building. The material
+of which these hillocks are composed is precisely the same as that which
+still exists within the circle of stones, and I infer that when the moat
+surrounding the circle was excavated, advantage was taken of the
+circumstance to raise these hillocks. Fragments of animal, but no human
+bones, were found in each, but in both instances near the top. Building
+stones are found at the base of both hillocks, but always embedded in the
+soil; those which were easy of removal having no doubt been long since
+taken away by the country people. Sections were made at right angles in
+both of the hillocks, and it was clearly ascertained that no building of
+any size could be concealed within.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p>
+<h2><span class="smcap">Tenstone.</span></h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>In this barrow, which is in the parish of Sandwick, but adjoining Stennes,
+I found the remains of two stone urns. The barrow had been evidently
+previously opened. There was reason to believe that these urns had been in
+separate kists. They were formed out of a micaceous stone, but the attempt
+to unite the fragments was quite hopeless. A few small pieces of human
+bone were found. The cover and sidestones of the kists remained in the
+grave.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/deco_003.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/deco_004.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/plate_003tmb.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<a href="images/plate_003.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></div>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate III.</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/plate_004_full.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="images/plate_004_left.jpg"><small>Larger Image Left</small></a></td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="center"><a href="images/plate_004_right.jpg"><small>Larger Image Right</small></a></td></tr></table>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate IV.</span> GROUND PLAN OF CENTRE CHAMBER &amp;<sup>c.</sup></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/plate_005tmb.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<a href="images/plate_005.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></div>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate V.</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/plate_006_full.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="images/plate_006_left.jpg"><small>Larger Image Left</small></a></td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="center"><a href="images/plate_006_right.jpg"><small>Larger Image Right</small></a></td></tr></table>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate VI.</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/deco_001.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h2>APPENDIX.</h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Origin of Maes-Howe.</i></div>
+
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">It</span> is proposed now to inquire into the origin of Maes-Howe, at what time,
+and for what purpose it was constructed, and who were the people whose
+names and writings are found engraved on its walls. I am indebted to the
+learned Professors who have furnished me with their translation of the
+inscriptions, for the information which is embodied in the following
+pages.</p>
+
+<p>It is much to be regretted that the inscriptions are so indefinite, and
+frequently so much defaced. Moreover, Nos. 19 and 20 alone make any
+allusion to the erection of Maes-Howe. Professor Rafn believes that it was
+a sorcery hall for Lodbrok,<small><a name="f2.1" id="f2.1" href="#f2">[2]</a></small> a female magician, Professor Munch, that it
+was the burial-place of a woman of the same name, while Professor
+Stephens, who expresses no opinion as to the time when the building was
+raised, considers the writings which speak of Lodbrok&#8217;s sons, as
+indicative of its having been used in early times by the celebrated
+Scandinavian Vikings of that name, as a fortress and place of retreat. The
+low and narrow cells, as well as the low passage leading to the interior,
+fully justify the opinion that it was undoubtedly at one time a place of
+burial. The massive stones forming the floor and side walls of the
+passage, and also those used in the inside to support the buttresses, are
+similar in character to the neighbouring circle of stones at Stennes. The
+architecture also is most<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> primitive, and it is evident that the whole
+work must have been one requiring much time and labour. The present form
+of the mound does not favour the idea that it was <i>originally</i> a platform,
+and used for the performance of religious rites, though this would not be
+inconsistent with the idea that it had been adopted to that purpose at
+some remote period, having been previously used as a place of interment.</p>
+
+<p>If we find difficulty in determining the period when the mound was first
+raised, almost equal difficulty arises in assigning to any fixed time the
+engraving of the numerous inscriptions. Many of them are no doubt to be
+attributed to the Crusaders, but there are others of probably far earlier
+date than the twelfth century, when, as stated by Professor Munch, the
+Orkney Jarl, Ragnvald, about the year 1152-3, organized his naval
+expedition to the Holy Land. That the writings have been engraved at
+intervals during a long period of time&mdash;perhaps, as suggested by Professor
+Stephens, during the ninth, tenth, and eleventh centuries, or even
+later&mdash;is sufficiently obvious. Some of the stones have the words very
+faintly and imperfectly engraved, while in others the lines are sharply
+and distinctly cut. The absence of division between the letters (for the
+<i>dots</i> are very uncertain in their position, and are probably for the most
+part accidental) sufficiently accounts for the difference of reading, in
+several of the inscriptions. The variety of type&mdash;there being no fewer
+than 18 different forms of A, many of them it is true, <i>like</i>, but still
+<i>different</i>; to say nothing of Diphthongs, the Bind-runes, or consonants
+and vowels connected, as <img src="images/rune1_pg22.png" alt="" /> (&aelig;) or <img src="images/rune2_pg22.png" alt="" /> (a) and
+<img src="images/rune3_pg22.png" alt="" /> (k) <img src="images/rune4_pg22.png" alt="" /> or
+(a) and (<img src="images/rune5_pg22.png" alt="" />) forming AK, Ar, and others of a similar
+nature&mdash;necessarily renders the task of translation, more especially when
+the letters are indistinct and perhaps unfinished, one of difficulty and
+uncertainty.</p>
+
+<p>Very few of the <i>old</i> Northern letters are found. The &#8220;Dragon&#8221; and &#8220;Worm
+Knot&#8221; are still perfectly distinct, and have evidently been carved by
+superior artists. With the exception of two stones&mdash;one of which is shewn
+in the drawing of the interior of the tumulus, and on which four letters
+are carved&mdash;none have been found bearing any inscription amongst the
+debris, nor is there any reason to suppose that stones bearing
+inscriptions have been removed from the walls. The two stones before
+alluded to had evidently been used to close up the cells, and lay on the
+basement floor just below the entrances to the cells from which they had
+been rudely torn. In one of the cells, that on the left side of the
+chamber, a few letters were indistinctly written. By accident they were
+forgotten, and no casts were taken of them. It is not easy to account for
+the various elevations at which the carvings were made. Those on the
+higher parts could not have been reached by persons standing at the
+bottom, but they might have been inscribed after the roof had been broken
+in, and when the building was in a partially ruined state. Many of the
+marks, possibly some of the &#8220;scratches&#8221; or &#8220;scribbles&#8221; to which no
+importance is attached, and perhaps even some of the doubtful letters, may
+be the result of violence used in breaking in the roof. Most of the Runes
+belong to the Norwegian division of the Scandinavian class, and have
+nothing to do with the Gothic or older alphabet, but, in the opinion of
+Professor Munch, they exhibit some archaicisms which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> prevent their being
+placed in the latest times of the Norwegian class; they must therefore be
+referred to about <span class="smcaplc">A. D.</span> 1150.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Date of Inscriptions.</i></div>
+
+<p>The meaning of the word Maes-Howe is very obscure. It is, as Professor
+Munch remarks, not easy to explain. The haugr, pronounced how, is plain
+enough; the word Maes might have been derived from Meitis, pronounced
+almost like Meiss, Meitir, gen. Meiris, which was the name of a fabulous
+sea king, and was afterwards used to denominate any mighty king or
+warrior. Meiris-haugr therefore might have been synonymous with the how,
+or tumulus of this fabulous sea king. This opinion of Professor Munch&#8217;s is
+at all events not unlikely to be correct; certainly local tradition has
+always ascribed a sepulchral character to the mound. Professor Rafn thinks
+that the word is derived from Mar,<small><a name="f3.1" id="f3.1" href="#f3">[3]</a></small> the name of a man, and that valuable
+information might be obtained if it were found possible to read with a
+greater degree of accuracy the Runes Nos. 6 and 7, since Orki and Mar are
+named in these inscriptions, and it is to be inferred that Mar Orkason had
+engraved some of these Runes.</p>
+
+<p>Nos. 13 and 20 are justly attributed to the times of the Crusaders,<small><a name="f4.1" id="f4.1" href="#f4">[4]</a></small> but
+many of the other inscriptions must have been engraved by different
+persons at different times. Professor Stephens believes that most of them
+are of a much earlier date than the twelfth century, and this opinion is
+much strengthened by the worn appearance of some of the Runes, and the
+uncertain character of others. Some of the proper names cannot be read as
+certainly correct, owing to the marks and abrasures in the stones. Two of
+them, Orki and Oframr, are supposed to be hitherto quite unknown, and may
+therefore perhaps be referred to the earlier inhabitants of the How,
+whilst Gawkr and Trandill both belong to an historical person in Iceland.
+The other names are common, and known from Runic inscriptions, as well as
+from ancient manuscripts and documents. The name Ingibiorg, occurs several
+times in the Orkneyinga Saga, and was by no means an uncommon name in
+Orkney. Ingibiorg, the widow of earl Thorfinn (who died in 1064)
+afterwards married Malcolm, king of Scotland; but it cannot be safely
+asserted that this was the Ingibiorg mentioned in No. 8. On the whole, it
+seems not unreasonable to suppose that all the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> names found inscribed on
+the walls may belong to persons who lived since the construction of the
+barrow, and that we have as yet no certain evidence to justify us in
+determining either the name of the builder, or the period when the tumulus
+was first erected.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the inscriptions are in the subjoined form of the later Runic
+alphabet, or the &#8220;Norwegian division of the Scandinavian Runes&#8221; as
+described by Professor Munch. The dots inside the B, and G, do not occur
+here, and the <img src="images/rune1_pg24.png" alt="" /> (y) is not often used.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/runes.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>In the earlier or &#8220;Gothic&#8221; Alphabet, many of the letters are quite
+different.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/deco_005.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/deco_002.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">Readings of the Inscriptions by Professors<br />Stephens, Munch, Rafn.</span></h2>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Plate <span class="smcaplc">VII</span>.</i></div>
+<p class="center">No. I.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Thatir Vikinkr</span> . . . <span class="smcap">a, kom, Vtir, Hir, til</span>.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Thatir the Viking, came here to weary&mdash;(perhaps from the sea, or from battle.)</i></p>
+
+<p>The inscription is incomplete, several letters being obliterated. The a in
+the Bind-rune Ak is probably the termination of the word Fra,
+from.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Stephens</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Thatir Vikinkr</span> . . . <span class="smcaplc">KOMUTIRHIRTIL.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>That which the Wicing</i> . . . <i>came outerly here to.</i></p>
+
+<p>This is only a fragment, some of the letters being obliterated. It may
+mean that a pirate or Wicing had been at the tumulus and found something,
+or that some person had found what the Wicing had left. It may however be
+merely the name of some person, as Vikingr is sometimes used as a
+Christian name.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Munch</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">That Ir Vikingr</span> . . . <span class="smcap">A Kom Ut Irhirtil.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>This is a Viking</i> . . . <i>come out is hereto.</i></p>
+
+<p>The inscription is incomplete. Vikingr may be the name of a
+man.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Rafn</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">No. II.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Molfr Kolbainssonr Raeist Runa Thesa Ghaut.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Molf Kolbainsson carved these Runes to Gaut.</i></p>
+
+<p>Probably a memorial to a comrade who had fallen in battle.&mdash;Professor
+<span class="smcap">Stephens</span>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Tholfr Kolbeinssonr raeist runar thesa.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Tholf Colbanesson engraved these Runes.</i></p>
+
+<p>The last word, read as haua, seems superfluous. It is possible there may
+have been some mis-spelling, the first <img src="images/rune1_pg26.png" alt="" /> (a) in haua may have been an
+<img src="images/rune2_pg26.png" alt="" /> (e) the dot having been a little prolonged,
+<img src="images/rune3_pg26.png" alt="" /> and the <img src="images/rune4_pg26.png" alt="" />
+(u or v) may have been intended for an R, the word would then read h&eacute;r &aacute;,
+hereon, or on this stone.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Munch</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Tholfr Kolbeinssonr reist Runar thessar hatt.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Tholf Kolbeinsson carved these Runes on High.</i>&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Rafn</span>.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>Note.</i>&mdash;Nos. 1 and 2 are both engraved on the upper part of the
+building.&mdash;J. F.)</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">No. III.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Bra Hoh Thana.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Bra hewed this.</i></p>
+
+<p>The third letter <img src="images/rune5_pg26.png" alt="" /> (a) is very rare, and is an indication of the
+great antiquity of the inscription. The word hew is often used for carve
+or write.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Stephens</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Bre Hoh Thena</span>, <i>or</i>, <span class="smcaplc">BRAUT HAUG THENNA</span>.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Broke this tumulus.</i></p>
+
+<p>The inscription seems to be incomplete, some words may have been engraved
+on another stone and lost.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Munch</span>.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>Note.</i>&mdash;The present state of the stone hardly justifies this
+supposition.&mdash;J. F.)</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Bre h&ouml;h Thena, bre hoh Thenna.</span></p>
+
+<p>Professor Rafn does not translate this. He remarks that what precedes is
+&#8220;incomplete and undecipherable.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">No. IV.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Vemuntr Raeist.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Vemunt carved.</i>&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Stephens</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Vemuntr Raeist.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Wemund engraved (these Runes).</i>&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Munch</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Vimundr Raeist.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Vemund carved (the Runes).</i>&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Rafn</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">No. V.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br />F, U, Th, O, R, K, H, N, I, A, S, T, B, M, L, Y.</p>
+
+<p>This is the Scandinavian Runic Futhork, or Alphabet. The form of the
+second letter is very rare, the last three are also very unusual, and may
+be considered as an indication that the building had been for a long
+period of time in the hands of many people. It was the custom to write the
+Alphabet wherever it was most likely to meet the eye, and a passing
+visitor, or treasure seeker, would have hardly taken so much
+trouble.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Stephens</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br />F, U, Th, O, R, K, H, N, I, A, S, T, B, U, L, U.</p>
+
+<p>The Runic Alphabet&mdash;Some of the letters here have been placed out of their
+proper order, owing probably to carelessness on the part of the writer.
+Time has also produced its effects upon the letters, the &#449; is clearly
+<img src="images/rune1_pg27.png" alt="" />, and the long stroke in the third letter <img src="images/rune2_pg27.png" alt="" /> (th) is also
+accidental.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Munch</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br />F U Th O R K  H N I A S  T B M L R.</p>
+
+<p>The common Runic Alphabet.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Rafn</span>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">No. VI.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Orkasonr, Saghthi, a, Runom, thaeim, Ir, Han, Ristu.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Orkason said</i>, <i>in the Runes which he wrote.</i></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">No. VII.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Nuari Kulturmr, Sikurthr, Iru, Falnir, Kiaebik, Uil Saeghian Ir, So, Mair.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Orkason said in the Runes which he wrote&mdash;Nuari, Kulturmr Sikurthr, Iru, are fallen.<br />Kiaebik will say ye (tell you) so more.</i></p>
+
+<p>These two inscriptions must be taken together; they have been written at
+the same time, and by the same person. It is probably a military message
+from some battle-field, sent through a trusty officer who is commissioned
+to make known the details. The word Nuari is very doubtful; this part of
+the inscription is very indistinct. It becomes more legible advancing from
+left to right.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Stephens</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Orkasonr sagthi a run om theim er halir ristu.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>The son of Orca dictated the Runes which heroes engraved.</i></p>
+
+<p>There seems to have been some blunder in the writing. If the dot on the
+right side of the letter <img src="images/rune1_pg28.png" alt="" /> has been the end of a stroke, it would
+convert the letter into the Bind-rune <img src="images/rune2_pg28.png" alt="" /> (Al.) and if the <img src="images/rune3_pg28.png" alt="" /> were
+a combination of L and R, the word would then read Halir, that is
+Men-fellows-heroes. The second part of the inscription, No. 7, is only a
+fragment&mdash;perhaps some part of a verse, but it is doubtful.&mdash;Professor
+<span class="smcap">Munch</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Orkason sahthi A Runum Thaeim Ir Han Risti</span> . . . <span class="smcap">Saethian Ir So Maur</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>The resolution which this Mar Orkason mentioned in the Runes he carved.</i></p>
+
+<p>The two inscriptions are to be read together, but much of No. 7, is very
+indistinct.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Rafn</span>.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Plate <span class="smcaplc">VIII</span>.</i></div>
+
+<p class="center">No. VIII.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Ingibiorgh, Hin, Faret, Lutin, Hir, Mighil, ofl, ate.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Ingibiorgh, the fair lady. Many a woman hath fared skinclad (or bent) here, (who) great wealth owned.</i></p>
+
+<p>Ingibiorgh probably resided here for safety, and, as the word Lutin
+signifies <i>bent</i>, it may refer to the low cells which are within the walls
+of the How. (<i>Note.</i>&mdash;The entrance also is very low and narrow.) The six
+Crypt Runes, or secret staves, represent the letters, A. &AElig;. R. L. I. K.
+R., and signify Aalikr or Erling, a proper name, or perhaps the beginning
+of some sentence.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Stephens</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Inkibiorh, Hin, Fahra, &AElig;Hkia Morhk, Kona,<br />
+H&aelig;fer, Faret, Lut, in Hir Mikil Oflati.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Ingiburg, the fair widow! Many a woman has wandered stooping in here (although) ever so haughty.</i></p>
+
+<p>The writer is probably recording the name of some fair woman, who has
+perhaps slighted him, and then reflects that the women who had been buried
+here, though ever so haughty, had been curbed by death. Ingibjorg, or
+Inkibiorh, is a common female name in the north. The other characters in
+the third line are known as Limouna, or Bough Runes. They were used in the
+later times of the Runic period, in the same manner as the Irish Ogum, but
+are not here intelligible. The writer probably intended to represent the
+chief vowels&mdash;A. E. I. O. Y. U. The Runic alphabet was divided into
+classes; the strokes on the left of the vertical line indicating the
+class, and those on the right the rune itself. Figures of fishes were
+occasionally in use, and were known as Fish-runes.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Munch</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Ingibiorg Hin Fahra &AElig;hkia a Morhg Kona<br />
+H&aelig;fir Farit Lut in Hir Mihkil Oflati.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Ingibiorg, the fair widow, or Ingibiorg the Fair, the widow. Many a rather proud woman<br />
+did walk here stooping (bent forward), or did walk stooping here in (into).</i></p>
+
+<p>The Palm-runes underneath cannot be read in the usual manner; the first,
+third, and fourth of the runes being a, o, and i; the writer probably
+intended to give all the vowels, but some of the letters have been
+obviously miscarved, and have perhaps been altered and defaced at a later
+period by other persons. In the first of them a cross line has been added
+to shew that the letter <img src="images/rune1_pg29.png" alt="" /> or (a) is intended.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Rafn</span>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">No. IX.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Thorny Saerth</span> . . . <span class="smcap">Haelghis Raeisto</span>.<br />
+<br />
+<i>The javelin pierceth</i> . . . <i>Haelghis carved</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Haelghis was probably an Englishman or Frislander. The inscription is much
+worn, and evidently very old. The last letter <img src="images/rune1_pg30.png" alt="" /> is the old northern
+<img src="images/rune2_pg30.png" alt="" />.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Stephens</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Thornu Saerth</span> . . . <span class="smcap">Haelhi Raeist R</span>.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Thorny</i> . . . <i>Haelhi engraved</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Thorny is a female name. Saerth is unintelligible; something is wanting
+here; the last letter R. is clearly the beginning of the word
+Runar.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Munch</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Thorny Saerth</span> . . . <span class="smcap">Haelhi Raeist</span>.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Thorny S&aelig;rd</i> . . . <i>Helge carved</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The word Saerth is of doubtful meaning.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Rafn</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Plate <span class="smcaplc">IX</span>.</i></div>
+<p class="center">No. X.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Thorer Formir</span>, a proper name.<br />
+<br />
+or<br />
+<br />
+<i>Thorer Fonkmir.</i> Thorer, follow me.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Stephens</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Probably the name of a man: there is a rude figure of a horse
+engraved.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Munch</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Thorir Fomir, a name of doubtful import. F&aacute; m&egrave;r, perhaps procure me.
+Thorer, procure me the cross. The great cross underneath may refer to the
+Crusade. (<i>Note.</i>&mdash;This cross has been apparently engraved at a
+comparatively late period.)&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Rafn</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">No. XI.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Raeist runar thesar Oframr Sighurthersonr.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Ofram Sigurthson carved these Runes.</i></p>
+
+<p>Several of the letters at the beginning are obliterated. The crosses may
+be intended for ornament.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Stephens</span>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Reist Runar Thessar Uframr Sigurtharsonr.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Ofram, the son of Siward, engraved these Runes.</i>&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Munch</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Raeist Runar Thaesir Oframr Sihurtharsonr.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Ofram Sigurdson carved these Runes.</i></p>
+
+<p>The word Oframr, or Uframr, is hardly to be found anywhere else. It
+signifies &#8220;the modest,&#8221; &#8220;the reserved.&#8221; The seven crosses denote that this
+man was one of the Crusaders.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Rafn</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">No. XII.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Otar, Fila, Raeist, Runar Thesar.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Otar Fila carved these runes.</i>&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Stephens</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Iotar, Fila, Reist Runar Thessar.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Iotar Fila engraved these runes.</i>&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Munch</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Iota Fila Raeist Runar Thisar.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Iotar Fila carved these runes.</i></p>
+
+<p>This is an unknown name.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Rafn</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">No. XIII.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">That, Man, Sat, Ir, Eki&aelig;, He, At, Feuar, Fort, Abrot,<br />
+Thrim Notom, Uarfi, Brot, Fort, Haeltr, &AElig;nthaeir.</span></p>
+
+<p>This is to be read from right to left. (The figure at the beginning is
+probably a mere scratch. J. F.) It reads thus:&mdash;That man who sat here in
+ache (sorrowfully) He at the Fee-Ware (at the treasure-gate&mdash;from the
+treasure-guard) forth a broke, with three comrades from the stronghold
+broke forth the Hero &AElig;nthaeir. This probably announces the escape of a
+prisoner, perhaps an Englishman, as is indicated by some of the
+words&mdash;That for Sa, He for Han, as examples. He boasts of his escape. He
+may, however, have intended to record a message.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Stephens</span>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">No. XIV.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Jorsala Men Burtu Hauk.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Jerusalam Men broke into How.</i></p>
+
+<p>&AElig;hiiminii, a proper name; the second word is too faintly written to be
+translated; &AElig;misris, a proper name. There are some more very indistinct
+letters; probably they once indicated&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br />Ireskir Maen . . . Irish Men.</p>
+
+<p>The stone exhibits traces of former writings, which renders the new
+carvings very doubtful.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Stephens</span>.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">That Man Sat</span> . . . <span class="smcap">&AElig;he at Feuar Fort.</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Abrot Thrim Notom Var Fi Brot Fort Haeltr.</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">&AElig;n Thaeir</span> (No. XIV.), <span class="smcap">Jorsalamen Burtu Hauk thaena.</span></td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Professor Munch reads Nos. XIII. and XIV. together.</p>
+
+<p>To be read from right to left, and No. XIV. taken in conjunction with it.
+This does not that (fool!) remember that the treasury was (already)
+carried away. Three nights was the treasury carried away rather (<i>i. e.</i>,
+before) than the Jerusalem travellers broke this tumulus.&mdash;Professor
+<span class="smcap">Munch</span>.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">That Man Sat Er Igi Saehi At Fe Var F&oelig;rt<br />
+Abrot Thrim Nottom Var Fe Br&ouml;t F&oelig;rt<br />
+Haeldr &AElig;n Thaeir<br />
+Iorsalamen Burtu haug Thaena.</span></td></tr></table>
+
+<p>It is true indeed, as Inge states, that the goods were carried away during
+three nights. The goods were carried away before the Ioraslamen broke open
+this barrow. Many of the other runes cannot be made out; some of the
+smaller ones are very indistinct.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Rafn</span>.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>Note.</i>&mdash;Nos. XIII. and XIV. appear to be read as one inscription by the
+Professor.&mdash;J. F.)</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Plate <span class="smcaplc">X</span>.</i></div>
+<p class="center">No. XV.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Arnfithr, Matr, Raeist Runar thaesar.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Arnfith Mate carved these Runes.</i></p>
+
+<p>The word Matr may signify &#8220;the mighty,&#8221; or &#8220;the greedy.&#8221;&mdash;Professor
+<span class="smcap">Stephens</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Arnfithr Matr Raeist Runar Thaesar.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Arnfinn Mat (perhaps the greedy) engraved these runes.</i></p>
+
+<p>Matr was a nickname.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Munch</span>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Arnfithr Matr Raeist Runar Thaesar.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Arnfinn, glutton, carved these Runes.</i>&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Rafn</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">No. XVI.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Maeth, thaeri, Oghse, Er, Ate, Kor, Ukr.<br />
+Traenilsonr, Fyrir, Sunan lant.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>With that Axe which Kor owned hews.<br />
+Traenaldson along South-lying lands.</i>&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Stephens</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Maeth, Thaeirei <img src="images/rune1_pg33.png" alt="" />Hse Erati Koukr Traenilsonr.<br />
+Fyrir Sunan Lant.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>With this Axe which Goukr Traenaldson owned or possessed on the south side of the country.</i></p>
+
+<p>The beginning of the inscription is wanting. Gauk Trandilson was the
+foster-brother of Asgrim Elsdagrimson&mdash;described in &#8220;Burnt Njal,&#8221; one of
+the chiefs in the south of Iceland about 990. The writer probably means to
+say that these runes were engraved with the same axe which Gauk Trandilson
+possessed at the end of the 10th century. The runes here found were
+perhaps engraved about the year 1152. No doubt &#8220;the land&#8221; here spoken of
+is Iceland, and the engraver an Icelander, perhaps even a descendant of
+the old chieftain.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Munch</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Maeth Thaeri &Ouml;hse Er Ati G&ouml;ukr Traen<br />
+Ils Sonr Fyrir Sunan Land.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>With this Axe, owned by Gauk, the son of Trandil, in the South of the country.</i>&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Rafn</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">No. XVII.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Haemuntr, Hartheksi, Raeist Run.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Haermunt Hardaxe carved these Runes.</i>&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Stephens</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Haermuntr Hartheksi Raeist Run.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Hermund Hardaxe engraved these Runes.</i>&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Munch</span>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Haermundr Harthigsi Raeist Run.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Hermund Hardaxe carved the Runes.</i></p>
+
+<p>Hermund probably had in his possession the axe which formerly belonged to
+Gauk Trandilson, and was used by him in carving the runes.&mdash;Professor
+<span class="smcap">Rafn</span>.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>Note</i>.&mdash;Professors Stephens, Munch, and Rafn, all agree that some
+letters have been lost or miscarried. The letters, <img src="images/rune1_pg34.png" alt="" /> at the
+end of the word run are obviously wanting.&mdash;J. F.)</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">No. XVIII.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Rist Sa Mathr Er Runstr Er Fyrir Vaestan Haf.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>The man did cut most versed in Runes in the western countries.</i></p>
+
+<p>Professor Rafn gives nearly the same description of Gauk as Professor
+Munch. He reads Nos. xvi. and xviii. together. The words Fyrir vaestan
+haf, to the west of the sea, refer to the western countries, more
+especially the British Isles. The Palm-runes are rarely capable of being
+deciphered.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>Note.</i>&mdash;This No. is taken in conjunction with No. xvi. by Professor
+Rafn.&mdash;J. F.)</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br />
+<span class="smcap">Rist, Sa, Mathr, Er, Runstr, Er, Fyrir, Vaestan Haf.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>(These runes) risted that man, in Runes most skilful o&#8217;er the Western Seas.</i></p>
+
+<p>The Palm Runes on the first line indicate Thisar Runar&mdash;these
+Runes.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Stephens</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Rist Sa Mathr Er Runstr Er Fyrir Uaestan Haf.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>That man engraved who is the best runed West of the Ocean.</i></p>
+
+<p>No doubt the writer belonged to Orkney, or to some of the other Norwegian
+possessions. The Bough-runes are not easy to decipher.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Munch</span>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">No. XIX.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Sia, Houghr, Uar, Fyrlathin Haelr,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Thaeir, Uoro, Huater, Slitu, Oro,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ut, Northr, Er, Olghit, Mikit, That, Uar.</span></span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Simon, Sighrik.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Sigrith.</span><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span><span class="smcap">Inroninse &AElig;i.</span></span></td></tr></table>
+
+<p class="center"><i>This How was closed up&mdash;was quite abandoned. Out North is Fee (treasure)
+buried much.<br />That was in Roninsey (North Ronaldshay Island).</i></p>
+
+<p>The writing is in different hands apparently, and it is probable that the
+How was abandoned when the inscriptions were engraved. The three names are
+most likely the names of the writers: they point to treasure buried in
+North Ronaldshay.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Stephens</span>.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>Note.</i>&mdash;North Ronaldshay is a wild island half-way between Kirkwall and
+the Fair Isle, and not easy of access.&mdash;J. F.)</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">No. XX.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Lothebrokra Synar,<sup>1</sup> Ghaenar,<br />
+Maen, Saem, Thaeir, Uoro, Fyri, Sir,<sup>2</sup>&mdash;<br />
+Iorsalafarar, Brutu, Orkough<sup>3</sup>&mdash;Lifmut<br />
+Sa, Li, Ai, Aris, Loftir,<sup>4</sup>&mdash;Hir Uar, Fi Folghit<br />
+Mikit.<sup>5</sup> (Raeist). Sael Er, Sa, Er, Fina,<br />
+Ma, Than, Outh, Hin, Mikla.<sup>6</sup><br />
+Oko, Naekn, Bar, Firr, Oughi, Thisum.<sup>7</sup></span></td></tr></table>
+
+<p><sup>1</sup><i>Lothbrok&#8217;s sons.</i> <sup>2</sup><i>Doughty men as they were for them, or, what
+doughty men they were.</i> <sup>3</sup><i>Ierusalem Farers (pilgrims) broke open Ork
+How</i>&mdash;<sup>4</sup><i>Shelter mound; that ill (this bad retreat) aye ariseth lofty
+(still stands erect).</i> <sup>5</sup><i>Here was fee buried much.</i> <sup>6</sup><i>Happy is he who
+find may that treasure the mickle (that great wealth).</i> <sup>7</sup><i>Otho Naern
+bare past part how this. Otho was carried past this How in the ship Naern.</i></p>
+
+<p>Written apparently by seven different persons, perhaps some of Lothbrok&#8217;s
+sons. This first writing was probably inscribed about the year 870 or 880,
+by the celebrated Scandinavian sea kings, and the others at a later
+period. One appears to complain of the mound <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>itself&mdash;that bad
+retreat&mdash;perhaps on account of its affording shelter to the pirates who
+devastated the island; another inscription describes the breaking into the
+How by the Jerusalem travellers, and the later writings refer to the
+common belief at that time of the existence of concealed treasure. Naern
+is frequently used as a name for ships in Scandinavia. The word Baeirt (at
+the end of the fourth line) is not in the same hand as the rest of this
+line, and can only be considered as a mere scribble.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Stephens</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">Nos. XIX. and XX.</p>
+
+<p>These must be taken together. The two first lines in both numbers, the 3d
+in No. xix. and the 4th in No. xx., must be read in continuation.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Sia Houhr Uar Fylathin H . . . r Lothbrokar Syner, Haenar, Thaeiruoro Huater<br />
+Sletuoro Maen Saem Thaeir Uoro Fyrisir.</span></p>
+
+<p><i>This tumulus was formerly erected as tumulus</i> (<i>for</i> Lodbrok, if Haugr is
+read, or &#8220;<i>as that</i> of&#8221; if we read hennar) <i>her sons they were gallant,
+hardly (there) were men (such as they were). For themselves</i> (<i>i. e.</i>
+shewed themselves).</p>
+
+<p>Then read line 3 in No. xx.&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Iorsalafarar brutu Orkhaug.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>The Jerusulem travellers broke the Orkhill.</i></p>
+
+<p>Then line 3 in No. xix. and 4 in xx., 4 in xix. and 5 in xx., taken in
+continuation, give&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Utnorthr Er fe folgit Mikit that er la eftir, her va fe folgit Mikit (raeist Simon<br />
+Sigb. . . . Sigrith) Saell er sa er finna ma than outh hin mikla.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>North-westerly is much money absconded, that which lay behind, here was much money<br />
+absconded (Simon&mdash;&mdash;engraved); lucky is he who may find that great treasure.</i></p>
+
+<p>The raeist Simon, etc., was written afterwards, and does not belong to the
+sentence.</p>
+
+<p>The 6th and last line in No. xx. is&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Okonaekn Bar Fe Ur haugi thessum.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Okonaekn bore money out of (away from) this tumulus.</i></p>
+
+<p>It seems, then, that it was supposed to have been originally erected for a
+mighty woman called Lodbrok, who had gallant sons, and that the Jerusalem
+pilgrims had dug into the Orkhill, which was probably a different place to
+this Maes-Howe, that the treasure contained there had been taken away, and
+that he would be lucky who found it. It also implies that Okonaekn carried
+off some of the treasure.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Munch</span>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">Nos. XIX. and XX.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Sia H&ouml;uhr, Var Fyr Lathin Haelr Lothbrokar<br />
+Syner Haenar Thaeir V&ouml;ro Hvatir Slikt V&ouml;ro<br />
+Maen Saem Thaeir V&ouml;ro Fyri Sir<br />
+Iorsalafarar Brutu Orkh&ouml;uh Lifmnd<br />
+Sailia Iarls Ut Northr Ir Fe Folhit Mikit<br />
+That Urlofoir Hir Var Fi Folhget Mikit<br />
+Raeist Simon Sihr in Tho Ingi Sihrith<br />
+Saelir Sa Ir Fina Ma Than Outh Hin<br />
+Mikla. Ogdonaegn Bar Fi yr<br />
+Ouhi Thisum.</span></td></tr></table>
+
+<p><i>This barrow was formerly a sorcery hall, erected for Lodbrok; her sons
+were brave, such were men as they were for themselves (such we may call
+valiant men, such as they were in their achievements).</i></p>
+
+<p><i>The Iorsalafarar (visitors of Jerusalem) broke open Orkhow . . . Earls.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>To the north-west a great treasure has been hid (but few believe that), a
+great treasure was hid here.</i><small><a name="f5.1" id="f5.1" href="#f5">[5]</a></small> <i>Simon sigr (victor) carved (the Runes) and
+afterwards Inge.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Happy he who may discover this great wealth. Ogdonaegn carried away the
+goods from this barrow.</i></p>
+
+
+<p>Ogdonagn is probably a Gaelic name, perhaps corresponding to the present
+O&#8217;Donavan, and the person alluded to may have been of Scottish or Irish
+origin.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Rafn</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Plate <span class="smcaplc">XI</span>.</i></div>
+<p class="center">No. XXI.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Arnfithr, Raeist, Runar, Thisar, Sonr Stains.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Arnfith risted Runes there, the son of Stain. Thruki Let.</i></p>
+
+<p>The beginning of an unfinished formula.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Stephens</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Arnfithr, Raeist Runar Thisar Sorn Staeins Thrukr Lit.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Arnfinn the son of Steins engraved these Runes.</i></p>
+
+<p>The other letters are defective and give no distinct meaning.&mdash;Professor
+<span class="smcap">Munch</span>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Arnfithr Raeist Runar Thisar Sonr Stains.</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Thrukr Lit.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Arnfinn, a son of Steins, carved these runes. Thrud caused</i> . . . . (incomplete).&mdash;Professor<br />
+<span class="smcap">Rafn</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">No. XXII.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Bot &AElig;r Oktil at Sokua, Suo in Kotalant.</span><small><a name="f6.1" id="f6.1" href="#f6">[6]</a></small> <i>Sua Inklant.<br />
+<br />
+Boot (blood money) is also to seek, so in Gothland, so in England.</i></p>
+
+<p>It may also be a fanciful Alphabet.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Stephens</span>.</p>
+
+<p>There are peculiar Runes, but too obscure for interpretation. Similar ones
+have been found near Baffins Bay. (<i>Vide</i> Antiquitates
+American&aelig;).&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Munch</span>.</p>
+
+<p>This No. represents some signs belonging to the calendar&mdash;similar ones
+have been found in the Paradise cavern, and at Hof in Iceland. (<i>Vide</i>
+Rafn. Antiquitates American&aelig;).&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Rafn</span>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">No. XXIII.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Ikikaethir, Kynana, In, Uaensta.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Inkikaethr, of women the fairest.</i></p>
+
+<p>Also the figure of an Otter with a fish in its mouth, meant for a
+decoration.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Stephens</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Ikikaerth Ir Kynana in Uaensta.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Ingigerthr is of women the most beautiful.</i>&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Munch</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Igigaerth Ir Kynana In Vaensta.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Ingigerth is the fairest of the women.</i>&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Rafn</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Plate <span class="smcaplc">XII</span>.</i></div>
+<p class="center">No. XXIV.</p>
+
+<p>No interpretation of this is offered by the learned Professors.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">Nos. XXV. and XXVI.</p>
+
+<p>A Dragon and Worm Knot.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Stephens</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">No. XXV.</p>
+
+<p>This is a Dragon drawn with art. There is a similar one on a stone at
+Hunstead in Scania. It may be ascribed to the heathen times, as well as
+the construction of the barrow itself.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Rafn</span>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">No. XXVI.</p>
+
+<p>A serpentine winding like those found on Runic stones in the Scandinavian
+north and on other monuments from the last period of heathenism, and the
+commencement of the Christian era.&mdash;Professor <span class="smcap">Rafn</span>.</p>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Plate <span class="smcaplc">XIII</span>.</i></div>
+
+<p>The remaining Nos. are considered by all the learned Professors as
+&#8220;scribbles&#8221; or scratches, and must be considered as unimportant.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/plate_007tmb.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<a href="images/plate_007.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></div>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate VII.</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/plate_008tmb.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<a href="images/plate_008.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></div>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate VIII.</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/plate_009_full.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="images/plate_009_left.jpg"><small>Larger Image Left</small></a></td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="center"><a href="images/plate_009_right.jpg"><small>Larger Image Right</small></a></td></tr></table>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate IX.</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/plate_010_full.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td align="center"><a href="images/plate_010_left.jpg"><small>Larger Image Left</small></a></td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="center"><a href="images/plate_010_right.jpg"><small>Larger Image Right</small></a></td></tr></table>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate X.</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/plate_011tmb.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<a href="images/plate_011.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></div>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate XI.</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/plate_012tmb.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<a href="images/plate_012.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></div>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate XII.</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/plate_013tmb.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<a href="images/plate_013.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></div>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate XIII.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><strong>Footnotes:</strong></p>
+
+<p><a name="f1" id="f1" href="#f1.1">[1]</a> The country people state that the building was formerly inhabited by a
+person named Hogboy, possessing great strength. Haugbuie, in Norse,
+signifies &#8220;the ghost of the tomb;&#8221; and Haugr, &#8220;tumulus.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><a name="f2" id="f2" href="#f2.1">[2]</a> Professor Rafn says Lothbrok&mdash;a pair of shaggy trousers&mdash;was the
+well-known surname of Ragnar Lodbrok. At the time of the carving of the
+inscription, a popular tradition current in the Orkneys may have ascribed
+to far antiquity, and to the said hero of the mythico-historical times,
+the construction of the barrow; and on account of the want of historical
+knowledge, since the word lothbrok is of feminine gender, the hero may
+have been mistaken for a woman, and besides, the accounts in the sagas of
+his sons may have been repeated, that they were brave and valiant. The
+account given in the Fridthiofs Saga of the Earl Angantyre, reminds us of
+the pre-historic times of the Orkneys (<i>vide</i> Tridthj&oacute;ss Saga, c. 5.
+Thorsteins Saga Vikings). Here a popular tale preserved to us in Runes,
+does the same by telling us that this barrow was the sorcery platform
+erected of old for the use of Lodbrok, and was probably also a temple and
+place of worship.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f3" id="f3" href="#f3.1">[3]</a> The word read by Professor Rafn, Maur, instead of Mar, and considered
+as a proper name, is read mair or more by Professor Stephens. In the
+engraving No. 7, the letters are <img src="images/rune1_fn3.png" alt="" /> obviously
+m, a, i, r&mdash;mair. It must therefore be a matter of doubt whether we can
+receive this word as a proper name, and consequently whether the
+derivation of the word Maes-Howe, suggested by Professor Rafn, is
+admissible.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f4" id="f4" href="#f4.1">[4]</a> Professor Munch supposes that the Jerusalem travellers, who are
+described in No. 13 as having broken into the how, were connected with an
+expedition organized by Earl Ragnvald to the Holy Land. He says &#8220;many of
+the northern warriors joined the Earl in 1152. They assembled in Orkney,
+and after passing the winter there, sailed in the spring of 1153, and
+after being in Spain in December of that year, reached the Holy Land in
+August 1154; they went thence to Constantinople, where they passed the
+Christmas of 1154-55, returning home by different routes. During their
+stay in Orkney they had frequent quarrels with the inhabitants.&#8221; As some
+of the inscriptions seem to indicate the existence of treasure in the
+tumulus, it is not unlikely that it should have been examined by these
+warriors, and that they afterwards inscribed their names, together with
+other remarks, on the walls.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f5" id="f5" href="#f5.1">[5]</a> There is a similar allusion to hid treasure on the wall of a rock at
+Berrig, in the Star valley North Throndheim County&mdash;&#8220;gull faitu nin alna
+nither&#8221;&mdash;They hid some gold nine ells deep in the earth.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f6" id="f6" href="#f6.1">[6]</a> This (&#8220;evidently very difficult carving,&#8221; says Professor Stephens) may
+be taken as a fair specimen of the Bind-rune form of writing.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The first letter is B, a very rare form; the second an ornamental O, with
+three side strokes instead of two; the third a T, the strokes being
+reversed and repeated above and below; the fourth <img src="images/rune1_fn6.png" alt="" />, here used for &AElig;;
+the fifth, R; sixth, O, as before; seventh, Kt&mdash;<img src="images/rune2_fn6.png" alt="" /> and <img src="images/rune3_fn6.png" alt="" />; eighth,
+<img src="images/rune4_fn6.png" alt="" /> (i and a), the side stroke being placed below; ninth, At,
+Bind-rune; tenth, an S; eleventh, O again; twelfth, KU&mdash;K and U;
+thirteenth, the monogram Asuo, A (<img src="images/rune5_fn6.png" alt="" />), the side stroke thrice
+repeated, then S (<img src="images/rune6_fn6.png" alt="" /> for <img src="images/rune7_fn6.png" alt="" />), an uncommon form, then U (<img src="images/rune8_fn6.png" alt="" />)
+below, and then (<img src="images/rune9_fn6.png" alt="" />) with three strokes; fourteenth, the Bind-rune I N
+K (<img src="images/rune10_fn6.png" alt="" />); fifteenth, an O; sixteenth, an ornamental T;
+seventeenth, the monogram Alant&mdash;A (<img src="images/rune11_fn6.png" alt="" />) L (<img src="images/rune12_fn6.png" alt="" />) reversed and below,
+and <img src="images/rune13_fn6.png" alt="" /> taken again, and N (<img src="images/rune14_fn6.png" alt="" />) and T
+(<img src="images/rune15_fn6.png" alt="" />) above twice; then
+eighteenth, the Bind-rune Sua, S (<img src="images/rune16_fn6.png" alt="" />) U (<img src="images/rune17_fn6.png" alt="" />)
+and A (<img src="images/rune18_fn6.png" alt="" />) in the centre; nineteenth, The Bind-rune Ink,
+<span class="smcaplc">I</span> <img src="images/rune19_fn6.png" alt="" />, and <img src="images/rune20_fn6.png" alt="" />; and lastly
+the monogram lant L (<img src="images/rune21_fn6.png" alt="" />), A <img src="images/rune22_fn6.png" alt="" />, and
+N <img src="images/rune23_fn6.png" alt="" />, and T in the centre&mdash;formed thus <img src="images/rune24_fn6.png" alt="" />.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notice of Runic Inscriptions
+Discovered during Recent Excavations in the Orkneys, by James Farrer
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+</body>
+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notice of Runic Inscriptions Discovered
+during Recent Excavations in the Orkneys, by James Farrer
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Notice of Runic Inscriptions Discovered during Recent Excavations in the Orkneys
+
+Author: James Farrer
+
+Release Date: January 1, 2011 [EBook #34816]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTICE--RUNIC INSCRIPTIONS--ORKNEYS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+MAES-HOWE
+
+
+
+
+_Printed by R. & R. Clark, Edinburgh._
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE I. GENERAL VIEW OF MAESHOWE.]
+
+
+
+
+  NOTICE OF RUNIC INSCRIPTIONS
+  DISCOVERED DURING RECENT
+  EXCAVATIONS IN THE ORKNEYS
+
+  MADE BY JAMES FARRER, M.P.
+
+  PRINTED FOR PRIVATE CIRCULATION
+  1862
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                     PAGE
+
+  PREFACE                                              ix
+
+  DESCRIPTION OF MAES-HOWE                             11
+
+  THE EXCAVATION OF MAES-HOWE                          13
+
+  BARROWS AT BOOKAN                                    16
+    LARGE BARROW CONTAINING GRAVES                     17
+
+  MOUNDS AT STENNES                                    18
+
+  BARROW AT TENSTONE                                   19
+
+  APPENDIX                                             21
+    ORIGIN OF MAES-HOWE, AND DATE OF INSCRIPTIONS      21
+    READINGS OF INSCRIPTIONS                           25
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF PLATES.
+
+
+     I. General View of Maes-Howe from the N. E.      TO FACE TITLE PAGE
+
+    II. Interior View of Maes-Howe      "                        PAGE 15
+
+   III. General Plan and Section of Maes-Howe             "           20
+
+    IV. Plan of Central Chamber, Passages, and Cells      "           20
+
+     V. Sections of East and West Sides of Chamber        "           20
+
+    VI. Sections of North and South Sides of Chamber
+        and Passage                                       "           20
+
+  _The numbers on Plates V. and VI. show the situation of the slabs
+  containing the Runic Inscriptions, which are numbered accordingly._
+
+   VII. Inscriptions Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9       "           40
+
+  VIII. Do. Nos. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14                       "           40
+
+    IX. Do. Nos. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20                   "           40
+
+     X. Do. Nos. 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26                   "           40
+
+    XI. Do. Nos. 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32                   "           40
+
+  [_The Inscriptions are drawn on a scale of 2 inches to one foot._]
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+As the following pages are intended only for private circulation among
+friends and acquaintances, and for presentation to those few Public
+Societies to whom such a subject may be interesting, it is hardly
+necessary to offer any apology for the many imperfections in the
+description of Maes-howe, which may doubtless be pointed out, and for the
+brief and cursory manner in which the subject is handled. I desire only to
+give a plain statement of facts, in the hope that attention may be drawn
+to this interesting discovery, and possibly some further impetus given to
+the elucidation of Runic literature. I have received from the learned
+professors, whose translations are given, much valuable information, of
+which, however, I can only partially avail myself, in consequence of my
+very imperfect acquaintance with Runology.
+
+I may add, that every possible care has been taken to ensure accuracy in
+the drawings. These and the ground plans were made by Mr. Gibb of
+Aberdeen--of whose care and accuracy in the drawings of ancient monuments
+Mr. Stuart has spoken so strongly in his "Sculptured Stones of Scotland,"
+printed for the Spalding Club. The Runes were mostly drawn by my friend
+Mr. George Petrie of Kirkwall, and the drawings afterwards compared by
+Mr. Gibb with the originals in the building of Maes-Howe. Two separate
+sets of casts were made for me by Mr. Henry Laing of Edinburgh (one of
+which is now in the National Museum of the Antiquaries of Scotland,
+Edinburgh, and the other in the Museum of the Royal Northern Society of
+Antiquaries at Copenhagen.) Nothing could exceed the pains taken by Mr.
+Petrie and Mr. Gibb; and the drawings made by Mr. Gibb were on two
+occasions collated by him with the casts in Edinburgh, so that I have
+every reason to believe that they are as perfect representations of the
+original writings on the walls of Maes-Howe as can be hoped for, and not
+the less so that the gentlemen who made the drawings and collations were
+unacquainted with Runes. I have confined myself to the interpretations
+furnished by the three eminent northern antiquaries who have undertaken
+the task of deciphering these rude inscriptions, feeling assured that the
+high reputation which they enjoy is a sufficient guarantee for the
+accuracy of their translations. In concluding these few remarks I am
+anxious to bear testimony to the valuable assistance I have received from
+my friend Mr. John Stuart, Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries of
+Scotland, to whom in reality I am chiefly indebted for the discovery of
+Maes-Howe, since I owe to his urgent suggestion that the great circle of
+Stennes, and the tumuli around it, had not been sufficiently examined, the
+successful excavation of this ancient "howe." It is also highly
+satisfactory to me to know that Mr. Balfour of Balfour and Trenabie, on
+whose property this interesting relic of antiquity is situated, has taken
+the necessary steps to ensure its preservation--a precaution,
+unfortunately, too often neglected under similar circumstances.
+
+JAMES FARRER.
+
+INGLEBOROUGH, YORKSHIRE, JUNE 1862.
+
+
+
+
+MAES-HOWE.
+
+
+Early in the month of July 1861 I was enabled, by the kind permission of
+my friend David Balfour, Esq. of Balfour and Trenaby, to put in execution
+a scheme long contemplated, but from various circumstances unavoidably
+delayed, the excavation of some of the great tumuli in the neighbourhood
+of the Stones of Stennes, or Ring of Brogar. I had in the year 1854
+partially explored one of considerable size on the east side of the great
+circle of stones, which stands on the west shore of the Loch of Harray. No
+discovery, however, of any importance was then made.
+
+Some days were devoted to excavations close to Stennes, to which allusion
+will afterwards be made, but as several gentlemen of well-known
+antiquarian reputation from Edinburgh and Aberdeen were expected, and as I
+was desirous of having the benefit of their experience and advice, I
+determined at once to commence operations on the great tumulus of
+Maes-howe, the subject of this notice. My attention had been particularly
+called to this tumulus by Mr. Balfour, whose decided opinion that a
+careful examination might result in some important discovery, afforded me
+great encouragement, as I well knew that he had for many years taken
+considerable interest in Orkney antiquities, and his opinion that
+Maes-howe was a sepulchral chamber, appeared to be confirmed by local
+traditions.[1]
+
+On the afternoon of Saturday the 6th of July, therefore, guided by the
+experience of Mr. George Petrie, and assisted by the professional
+knowledge of Mr. Wilson, road contractor, ground was broken on the west
+side of Maes-howe, and on the same evening, Mr. John Stuart and Mr. Joseph
+Robertson of Edinburgh, with Colonel Forbes Leslie of Rothie, and Mr.
+James Hay Chalmers of Aberdeen, arrived by the Prince Consort steamship.
+As it was anticipated that a couple of days would suffice to make a large
+opening in the tumulus, arrangements were made for meeting there on the
+10th of July. Before proceeding with the description of what followed, it
+may not be out of place to give a short account of the Stones of Stennes,
+as described by Lieutenant Thomas in a work published by him in 1851:--
+
+"The Great Circle of Stennes, or Ring of Brogar, is a deeply entrenched
+circular space containing almost two acres and a half of superficies, of
+which the diameter is 366 feet. Around the circumference of the area, but
+about thirteen feet within the trench, are the erect stones, standing at
+an average distance of eighteen feet apart. They are totally unhewn, and
+vary considerably in form and size. The highest stone was found to be 13-9
+feet above the surface, and judging from some others which have fallen, it
+is sunk about eighteen inches in the ground. The smallest stone is less
+than six feet, but the average height is from eight to ten. The breadth
+varies from 2-6 to 7-9 feet, but the average may be stated at about 5
+feet, and the thickness about 1 foot--all of the old red sandstone
+formation. The trench round the area is in good preservation. The edge of
+the bank is still sharply defined, as well as the two foot-banks or
+entrances, which are placed exactly opposite to each other. They have no
+relation to the true or magnetic meridian, but are parallel to the general
+direction of the neck of land on which the circle is placed. The trench
+is 29 feet in breadth, and about 6 in depth, and the entrances are formed
+by narrow earth-banks across the fosse. The surface of the enclosed area
+has an average inclination to the eastward. It is highest on the
+north-west quarter, and the extreme difference of level is estimated to be
+from 6 to 7 feet. The trench has the same inclination, and therefore could
+never be designed to hold water."
+
+
+
+
+THE EXCAVATION OF MAES-HOWE.
+
+
+On Monday the 8th of July, a number of men under the superintendance of
+Alexander Johnson, Mr. Wilson's foreman--a most active and intelligent
+fellow--proceeded with the work that had been commenced on the previous
+Saturday, and before evening discovered a passage on the west side, which
+afterwards proved to be the entrance into the interior of the tumulus.
+This passage was covered over with large flag-stones, one of which having
+been with some difficulty upraised, we effected an entrance, but found a
+considerable accumulation of earth and stones, which was removed on the
+following day, and Mr. Wilson, after careful examination, in which his
+engineering experience was of the highest importance, agreed to my
+suggestion that the excavation should be proceeded with from the centre of
+the hillock.
+
+I am chiefly indebted to my friend Mr. George Petrie for the following
+measurements, which I believe will be found to be substantially correct:--
+
+The tumulus is about 92 feet in diameter, 36 feet high, and about 300 feet
+in circumference at the base. It is surrounded by a trench 40 feet wide,
+and varying in depth from 4 to 8 feet. It is situated on the north side of
+the new road leading to Stromness from Kirkwall, being about 6 miles from
+the former, and 9 from the latter place. It is about 200 yards distant
+from the road, and a mile and a half from the Stones of Stennes. It has
+undoubtedly been entered at some remote period, probably by the Northmen,
+who, as is well known, were not deterred by feelings either of religion
+or superstition, from opening and ransacking any place likely to repay
+them for their trouble. Whether they were the first to break into the
+building, or whether they found it in a state of comparative ruin, the
+natural result of great antiquity, can now only be matter of conjecture.
+It is obvious that little respect has been paid to the dead, since the
+stones used for closing up the cells, in which it is supposed they were
+deposited, were found torn out and buried in the mass of ruins filling up
+the interior of the chamber to which these cells are attached.
+
+The passage leading to the central chamber is 2 feet 4 inches wide at its
+mouth, and appears to have been the same in height, but the covering
+stones had been removed, or had fallen in for about 22-1/2 feet. The
+passage then increases in dimensions to 3-1/4 feet in width, and 4 feet 4
+inches in height, and continues for 26 feet, when it is again narrowed by
+two upright stone slabs to 2 feet 5 inches. These slabs are each 2 feet 4
+inches broad, and immediately beyond them the passage extends 2 feet 10
+inches, and then opens into the central chamber. Its dimensions from the
+slabs to its opening into the chamber are 3 feet 4 inches wide, and 4 feet
+8 inches high. At the commencement of the passage there is a triangular
+recess in the wall about 2 feet deep, and 3-1/2 in height and width, in
+front and opposite to it in the passage, a stone of corresponding shape
+and dimensions, suggesting the idea that it might have been used to close
+the passage, and that it was pushed back into the recess in the wall when
+admission into the chamber was desired. From this recess to the chamber,
+the sides of the passage, the floor and roof, are formed by four immense
+slabs of flagstone; three of these stones are broken, and the fourth
+slightly cracked.
+
+After a few days' labour the whole of the rubbish filling the chamber was
+removed, but long ere this was accomplished, the keen eye of Mr. Joseph
+Robertson discovered the first of the Runic inscriptions. They were high
+up on the walls of the building, smaller and less distinctly drawn than
+many that were afterwards discovered, but the important fact of the
+existence of Runic inscriptions in Orkney, where none had hitherto been
+found, was at once established.
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE II. INTERIOR VIEW OF MAESHOWE.]
+
+
+The chamber when cleared out proved to be about 15 feet square on the
+level of the floor, and 13 feet in height, to the top of the present
+walls. Immediately opposite to the passage is an opening in the wall 3
+feet from the floor. This is the entrance to a cell or small chamber in
+the wall, 5 feet 8 inches long, 4-1/2 feet wide, and 3-1/2 high. A large
+flagstone is laid as a raised floor between the entrance and the inner end
+of the chamber. The entrance is 2 feet wide, 2-1/2 high, and 22-1/2 inches
+long. On the two opposite walls of the chamber are similar openings in the
+walls. The one on the right is 2-1/2 feet wide, 2 feet 9 inches high, and
+1 foot 8 inches long. It gives admission to a cell 6 feet 10 inches long,
+4 feet 7 inches wide, 3-1/2 feet high, and has a raised flagstone floor,
+as in the other chamber. The opening on the left is 2-1/4 feet wide, 2-1/2
+high, and 1-3/4 long, and about 3 feet above the floor of the chamber. The
+cell of which this is the entrance is 5 feet 7 inches long, 4 feet 8
+inches wide, and 3 feet 4 inches high. It has no raised floor like the two
+other cells. The roofs, floors, and back walls of the cells are each
+formed by a single slab of stone, and stones corresponding in size and
+shape to the openings in the walls were found on the floor in front of
+them. The natural inference is that they were originally the seals of the
+chambers in which the honoured dead reposed.
+
+The four walls of the central chamber converge towards the top by the
+successive projection of each stone or flag, commencing about 6 feet from
+the level of the floor, as is usually found to be the style of building,
+both in the Pict's houses or burghs, and in the still more primitive
+subterranean dwellings known as Weems. The top of the chamber would thus
+necessarily be of small dimensions, and the aperture easily closed by one
+large flagstone. This top, or cover stone, together with a considerable
+portion of the upper part of the walls, has been thrown down, and the
+highest part of the existing walls is only about 13 feet from the level of
+the floor. At that point, the opposite walls have approached to within 10
+feet of each other, so that the chamber is now 15 feet square at the
+floor, and 10 feet at the top of the walls, in their present condition.
+
+Large quantities of earth had been piled up over the building when
+completed. In each angle of the central chamber stands a large buttress,
+doubtless intended to strengthen the walls, and support them under the
+pressure of their own weight, and that of the mass of earth with which the
+whole was covered. These buttresses vary somewhat in dimensions, but they
+are on an average about 3 feet square at the base, and from 9 to 10 feet
+high, with the exception of one which is only 8 feet high. In each
+buttress one side is formed by a single slab. The walls of the chamber are
+built with large stones, which generally extend the whole length of the
+wall. No lime or mortar of any kind has been used.
+
+The entire number of Runic characters may be about 935, exclusive of
+scribbles and many doubtful marks. The monograms and bind-runes, or
+connected consonants, are considered as forming one letter. There are also
+some marks which may have been intended to represent a horse and an otter
+with a fish in its mouth; also, a winged dragon and a worm knot, which
+last has much the appearance of one of the great Saurians. The two hind
+legs are very plainly defined.
+
+
+
+
+BARROWS AT BOOKAN.
+
+
+This barrow is in the parish of Sandwick, but so near to Stennes that it
+may have been regarded as connected with the great circle. It is on the
+property of Mr. Watt of Skail, in the West Mainland. It was opened on the
+6th of July, and proved to be a collection of kists or graves. At the
+north end of the central kist, a flint lance head, and several fragments
+of clay vessels or urns, were found, together with a lump of heavy metal,
+supposed to be Manganese, but no bones. In some of the other kists were
+human remains in a very decayed state, two jaw bones being the most
+perfect. These were much distorted.
+
+Mr. Petrie gives me the following measurements:--The Barrow is about 44
+feet in diameter, and about 6 feet high. About 11 feet within the outer
+margin of the base of the barrow is a circular wall or facing about 1 foot
+high. From the south side of this wall a low passage, 6 feet 3 inches
+long, 21 inches in height, and the same in width, leads to a chamber or
+kist 7 feet long and 4-1/2 wide. At the north end of this there was
+another kist 4 feet 8 inches long, and 3 feet wide. On the east side there
+was one 4 feet 8 inches long, and 2 feet 9 inches wide; and on the west
+side two kists, both of which were of the same length as that on the east
+side, and both were 3 feet in width. They were all about 2 feet 8 inches
+deep. The foundation of the surrounding wall or facing was considerably
+above the level of the floors of the kists.
+
+
+LARGE BARROW CONTAINING GRAVES.
+
+The excavation of this barrow was commenced on the 17th of July 1854. It
+was found to contain graves, in one of which was an urn with a quantity of
+burnt bones and ashes. It was formed out of a micaceous stone not
+belonging to Orkney. It was 1 foot 9 inches in diameter, about 18 inches
+deep, and 5 feet 10 inches in circumference, the rim, which projected on
+the outside all round, was an inch and a half wide, the kist in which it
+was deposited was 2 feet and a half in length, and 2 feet in width, but
+the side stones which protected the kist were nearly 6 feet in length, and
+at the angles, and on the outside of the kist were quantities of small
+rolled pebbles and gravel, probably intended to assist in draining off
+water. Clay was placed inside the kist at the different angles; the flags
+were about an inch and a half thick, but much decayed; the cover stone was
+of an irregular shape, about 4 feet long and 2-1/2 wide; the urn rested
+upon the corners of four flags; it was partly decayed, and could not be
+removed till after an interval of two days, when I succeeded in raising
+it. It is now in the Museum of the Society of Antiquaries at Edinburgh, to
+whom I presented it, with the consent of Mr. Balfour.
+
+In another grave within the same barrow was found a small urn composed of
+baked clay and gravel, nearly filled with soil, and only one or two small
+pieces of bone. It was brought to Kirkwall, but could not be preserved,
+in consequence of its decayed condition. It was 5 inches in diameter, 17
+in circumference, and 5 deep. The kist was 2 feet 9-1/2 inches long, and 1
+foot 7 inches wide. The bones, in this instance, had not been placed in
+the urn, but were laid on a flagstone in the north-west angle of the kist.
+It is not improbable that further investigation might lead to the
+discovery of other interments within the same barrow, since neither of
+those before described were in the centre of the tumulus, and several
+instances have occurred where they have been found near the outside.
+
+
+
+
+MOUNDS AT STENNES.
+
+
+In the year 1854, I had partially opened one of the largest of these
+hillocks, but further examination last July did not encourage the belief
+that it was sepulchral. I was however advised to examine one on the west
+side of the Stones of Stennes, and directly opposite to the one previously
+mentioned. In both of them the workmen penetrated to a depth of 22 feet,
+and over an area of 9 square feet in the one on the west side of the great
+circle, but there was no appearance of any kind of building. The material
+of which these hillocks are composed is precisely the same as that which
+still exists within the circle of stones, and I infer that when the moat
+surrounding the circle was excavated, advantage was taken of the
+circumstance to raise these hillocks. Fragments of animal, but no human
+bones, were found in each, but in both instances near the top. Building
+stones are found at the base of both hillocks, but always embedded in the
+soil; those which were easy of removal having no doubt been long since
+taken away by the country people. Sections were made at right angles in
+both of the hillocks, and it was clearly ascertained that no building of
+any size could be concealed within.
+
+
+
+
+TENSTONE.
+
+
+In this barrow, which is in the parish of Sandwick, but adjoining Stennes,
+I found the remains of two stone urns. The barrow had been evidently
+previously opened. There was reason to believe that these urns had been in
+separate kists. They were formed out of a micaceous stone, but the attempt
+to unite the fragments was quite hopeless. A few small pieces of human
+bone were found. The cover and sidestones of the kists remained in the
+grave.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE III.]
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE IV. GROUND PLAN OF CENTRE CHAMBER &c.]
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE V.]
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VI.]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+[Sidenote: _Origin of Maes-Howe._]
+
+It is proposed now to inquire into the origin of Maes-Howe, at what time,
+and for what purpose it was constructed, and who were the people whose
+names and writings are found engraved on its walls. I am indebted to the
+learned Professors who have furnished me with their translation of the
+inscriptions, for the information which is embodied in the following
+pages.
+
+It is much to be regretted that the inscriptions are so indefinite, and
+frequently so much defaced. Moreover, Nos. 19 and 20 alone make any
+allusion to the erection of Maes-Howe. Professor Rafn believes that it was
+a sorcery hall for Lodbrok,[2] a female magician, Professor Munch, that it
+was the burial-place of a woman of the same name, while Professor
+Stephens, who expresses no opinion as to the time when the building was
+raised, considers the writings which speak of Lodbrok's sons, as
+indicative of its having been used in early times by the celebrated
+Scandinavian Vikings of that name, as a fortress and place of retreat. The
+low and narrow cells, as well as the low passage leading to the interior,
+fully justify the opinion that it was undoubtedly at one time a place of
+burial. The massive stones forming the floor and side walls of the
+passage, and also those used in the inside to support the buttresses, are
+similar in character to the neighbouring circle of stones at Stennes. The
+architecture also is most primitive, and it is evident that the whole
+work must have been one requiring much time and labour. The present form
+of the mound does not favour the idea that it was _originally_ a platform,
+and used for the performance of religious rites, though this would not be
+inconsistent with the idea that it had been adopted to that purpose at
+some remote period, having been previously used as a place of interment.
+
+If we find difficulty in determining the period when the mound was first
+raised, almost equal difficulty arises in assigning to any fixed time the
+engraving of the numerous inscriptions. Many of them are no doubt to be
+attributed to the Crusaders, but there are others of probably far earlier
+date than the twelfth century, when, as stated by Professor Munch, the
+Orkney Jarl, Ragnvald, about the year 1152-3, organized his naval
+expedition to the Holy Land. That the writings have been engraved at
+intervals during a long period of time--perhaps, as suggested by Professor
+Stephens, during the ninth, tenth, and eleventh centuries, or even
+later--is sufficiently obvious. Some of the stones have the words very
+faintly and imperfectly engraved, while in others the lines are sharply
+and distinctly cut. The absence of division between the letters (for the
+_dots_ are very uncertain in their position, and are probably for the most
+part accidental) sufficiently accounts for the difference of reading, in
+several of the inscriptions. The variety of type--there being no fewer
+than 18 different forms of A, many of them it is true, _like_, but still
+_different_; to say nothing of Diphthongs, the Bind-runes, or consonants
+and vowels connected, as [rune] (ae) or [rune] (a) and [rune] (k) [rune] or
+(a) and ([rune]) forming AK, Ar, and others of a similar
+nature--necessarily renders the task of translation, more especially when
+the letters are indistinct and perhaps unfinished, one of difficulty and
+uncertainty.
+
+Very few of the _old_ Northern letters are found. The "Dragon" and "Worm
+Knot" are still perfectly distinct, and have evidently been carved by
+superior artists. With the exception of two stones--one of which is shewn
+in the drawing of the interior of the tumulus, and on which four letters
+are carved--none have been found bearing any inscription amongst the
+debris, nor is there any reason to suppose that stones bearing
+inscriptions have been removed from the walls. The two stones before
+alluded to had evidently been used to close up the cells, and lay on the
+basement floor just below the entrances to the cells from which they had
+been rudely torn. In one of the cells, that on the left side of the
+chamber, a few letters were indistinctly written. By accident they were
+forgotten, and no casts were taken of them. It is not easy to account for
+the various elevations at which the carvings were made. Those on the
+higher parts could not have been reached by persons standing at the
+bottom, but they might have been inscribed after the roof had been broken
+in, and when the building was in a partially ruined state. Many of the
+marks, possibly some of the "scratches" or "scribbles" to which no
+importance is attached, and perhaps even some of the doubtful letters, may
+be the result of violence used in breaking in the roof. Most of the Runes
+belong to the Norwegian division of the Scandinavian class, and have
+nothing to do with the Gothic or older alphabet, but, in the opinion of
+Professor Munch, they exhibit some archaicisms which prevent their being
+placed in the latest times of the Norwegian class; they must therefore be
+referred to about A. D. 1150.
+
+[Sidenote: _Date of Inscriptions._]
+
+The meaning of the word Maes-Howe is very obscure. It is, as Professor
+Munch remarks, not easy to explain. The haugr, pronounced how, is plain
+enough; the word Maes might have been derived from Meitis, pronounced
+almost like Meiss, Meitir, gen. Meiris, which was the name of a fabulous
+sea king, and was afterwards used to denominate any mighty king or
+warrior. Meiris-haugr therefore might have been synonymous with the how,
+or tumulus of this fabulous sea king. This opinion of Professor Munch's is
+at all events not unlikely to be correct; certainly local tradition has
+always ascribed a sepulchral character to the mound. Professor Rafn thinks
+that the word is derived from Mar,[3] the name of a man, and that valuable
+information might be obtained if it were found possible to read with a
+greater degree of accuracy the Runes Nos. 6 and 7, since Orki and Mar are
+named in these inscriptions, and it is to be inferred that Mar Orkason had
+engraved some of these Runes.
+
+Nos. 13 and 20 are justly attributed to the times of the Crusaders,[4] but
+many of the other inscriptions must have been engraved by different
+persons at different times. Professor Stephens believes that most of them
+are of a much earlier date than the twelfth century, and this opinion is
+much strengthened by the worn appearance of some of the Runes, and the
+uncertain character of others. Some of the proper names cannot be read as
+certainly correct, owing to the marks and abrasures in the stones. Two of
+them, Orki and Oframr, are supposed to be hitherto quite unknown, and may
+therefore perhaps be referred to the earlier inhabitants of the How,
+whilst Gawkr and Trandill both belong to an historical person in Iceland.
+The other names are common, and known from Runic inscriptions, as well as
+from ancient manuscripts and documents. The name Ingibiorg, occurs several
+times in the Orkneyinga Saga, and was by no means an uncommon name in
+Orkney. Ingibiorg, the widow of earl Thorfinn (who died in 1064)
+afterwards married Malcolm, king of Scotland; but it cannot be safely
+asserted that this was the Ingibiorg mentioned in No. 8. On the whole, it
+seems not unreasonable to suppose that all the names found inscribed on
+the walls may belong to persons who lived since the construction of the
+barrow, and that we have as yet no certain evidence to justify us in
+determining either the name of the builder, or the period when the tumulus
+was first erected.
+
+Most of the inscriptions are in the subjoined form of the later Runic
+alphabet, or the "Norwegian division of the Scandinavian Runes" as
+described by Professor Munch. The dots inside the B, and G, do not occur
+here, and the [rune] (y) is not often used.
+
+[Illustration: Alphabet]
+
+In the earlier or "Gothic" Alphabet, many of the letters are quite
+different.
+
+
+
+
+READINGS OF THE INSCRIPTIONS BY PROFESSORS STEPHENS, MUNCH, RAFN.
+
+
+[Sidenote: _Plate VII._]
+
+No. I.
+
+THATIR VIKINKR . . . A, KOM, VTIR, HIR, TIL.
+
+_Thatir the Viking, came here to weary--(perhaps from the sea, or from
+battle.)_
+
+The inscription is incomplete, several letters being obliterated. The a in
+the Bind-rune Ak is probably the termination of the word Fra,
+from.--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+
+THATIR VIKINKR . . . KOMUTIRHIRTIL.
+
+_That which the Wicing . . . came outerly here to._
+
+This is only a fragment, some of the letters being obliterated. It may
+mean that a pirate or Wicing had been at the tumulus and found something,
+or that some person had found what the Wicing had left. It may however be
+merely the name of some person, as Vikingr is sometimes used as a
+Christian name.--Professor MUNCH.
+
+
+THAT IR VIKINGR . . . A KOM UT IRHIRTIL.
+
+_This is a Viking . . . come out is hereto._
+
+The inscription is incomplete. Vikingr may be the name of a
+man.--Professor RAFN.
+
+
+No. II.
+
+MOLFR KOLBAINSSONR RAEIST RUNA THESA GHAUT.
+
+_Molf Kolbainsson carved these Runes to Gaut._
+
+Probably a memorial to a comrade who had fallen in battle.--Professor
+STEPHENS.
+
+
+THOLFR KOLBEINSSONR RAEIST RUNAR THESA.
+
+_Tholf Colbanesson engraved these Runes._
+
+The last word, read as haua, seems superfluous. It is possible there may
+have been some mis-spelling, the first [rune] (a) in haua may have been an
+[rune] (e) the dot having been a little prolonged, [rune] and the [rune]
+(u or v) may have been intended for an R, the word would then read her a,
+hereon, or on this stone.--Professor MUNCH.
+
+
+THOLFR KOLBEINSSONR REIST RUNAR THESSAR HATT.
+
+_Tholf Kolbeinsson carved these Runes on High._--Professor RAFN.
+
+(_Note._--Nos. 1 and 2 are both engraved on the upper part of the
+building.--J. F.)
+
+
+No. III.
+
+BRA HOH THANA.
+
+_Bra hewed this._
+
+The third letter [rune] (a) is very rare, and is an indication of the
+great antiquity of the inscription. The word hew is often used for carve
+or write.--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+
+BRE HOH THENA, _or_, BRAUT HAUG THENNA.
+
+_Broke this tumulus._
+
+The inscription seems to be incomplete, some words may have been engraved
+on another stone and lost.--Professor MUNCH.
+
+(_Note._--The present state of the stone hardly justifies this
+supposition.--J. F.)
+
+
+BRE HOeH THENA, BRE HOH THENNA.
+
+Professor Rafn does not translate this. He remarks that what precedes is
+"incomplete and undecipherable."
+
+
+No. IV.
+
+VEMUNTR RAEIST.
+
+_Vemunt carved._--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+
+VEMUNTR RAEIST.
+
+_Wemund engraved (these Runes)._--Professor MUNCH.
+
+
+VIMUNDR RAEIST.
+
+_Vemund carved (the Runes)._--Professor RAFN.
+
+
+No. V.
+
+F, U, Th, O, R, K, H, N, I, A, S, T, B, M, L, Y.
+
+This is the Scandinavian Runic Futhork, or Alphabet. The form of the
+second letter is very rare, the last three are also very unusual, and may
+be considered as an indication that the building had been for a long
+period of time in the hands of many people. It was the custom to write the
+Alphabet wherever it was most likely to meet the eye, and a passing
+visitor, or treasure seeker, would have hardly taken so much
+trouble.--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+
+F, U, Th, O, R, K, H, N, I, A, S, T, B, U, L, U.
+
+The Runic Alphabet--Some of the letters here have been placed out of their
+proper order, owing probably to carelessness on the part of the writer.
+Time has also produced its effects upon the letters, the [rune] is clearly
+[rune], and the long stroke in the third letter [rune] (th) is also
+accidental.--Professor MUNCH.
+
+
+F U Th O R K  H N I A S  T B M L R.
+
+The common Runic Alphabet.--Professor RAFN.
+
+
+No. VI.
+
+ORKASONR, SAGHTHI, A, RUNOM, THAEIM, IR, HAN, RISTU.
+
+_Orkason said, in the Runes which he wrote._
+
+
+No. VII.
+
+NUARI KULTURMR, SIKURTHR, IRU, FALNIR, KIAEBIK, UIL SAEGHIAN IR, SO, MAIR.
+
+_Orkason said in the Runes which he wrote--Nuari, Kulturmr Sikurthr, Iru,
+are fallen. Kiaebik will say ye (tell you) so more._
+
+These two inscriptions must be taken together; they have been written at
+the same time, and by the same person. It is probably a military message
+from some battle-field, sent through a trusty officer who is commissioned
+to make known the details. The word Nuari is very doubtful; this part of
+the inscription is very indistinct. It becomes more legible advancing from
+left to right.--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+
+ORKASONR SAGTHI A RUN OM THEIM ER HALIR RISTU.
+
+_The son of Orca dictated the Runes which heroes engraved._
+
+There seems to have been some blunder in the writing. If the dot on the
+right side of the letter [rune] has been the end of a stroke, it would
+convert the letter into the Bind-rune [rune] (Al.) and if the [rune] were
+a combination of L and R, the word would then read Halir, that is
+Men-fellows-heroes. The second part of the inscription, No. 7, is only a
+fragment--perhaps some part of a verse, but it is doubtful.--Professor
+MUNCH.
+
+
+ORKASON SAHTHI A RUNUM THAEIM IR HAN RISTI . . . SAETHIAN IR SO MAUR
+
+_The resolution which this Mar Orkason mentioned in the Runes he carved._
+
+The two inscriptions are to be read together, but much of No. 7, is very
+indistinct.--Professor RAFN.
+
+
+[Sidenote: _Plate VIII._]
+
+No. VIII.
+
+INGIBIORGH, HIN, FARET, LUTIN, HIR, MIGHIL, OFL, ATE.
+
+_Ingibiorgh, the fair lady. Many a woman hath fared skinclad (or bent)
+here, (who) great wealth owned._
+
+Ingibiorgh probably resided here for safety, and, as the word Lutin
+signifies _bent_, it may refer to the low cells which are within the walls
+of the How. (_Note._--The entrance also is very low and narrow.) The six
+Crypt Runes, or secret staves, represent the letters, A. AE. R. L. I. K.
+R., and signify Aalikr or Erling, a proper name, or perhaps the beginning
+of some sentence.--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+
+  INKIBIORH, HIN, FAHRA, AEHKIA MORHK, KONA,
+  HAEFER, FARET, LUT, IN HIR MIKIL OFLATI.
+
+_Ingiburg, the fair widow! Many a woman has wandered stooping in here
+(although) ever so haughty._
+
+The writer is probably recording the name of some fair woman, who has
+perhaps slighted him, and then reflects that the women who had been buried
+here, though ever so haughty, had been curbed by death. Ingibjorg, or
+Inkibiorh, is a common female name in the north. The other characters in
+the third line are known as Limouna, or Bough Runes. They were used in the
+later times of the Runic period, in the same manner as the Irish Ogum, but
+are not here intelligible. The writer probably intended to represent the
+chief vowels--A. E. I. O. Y. U. The Runic alphabet was divided into
+classes; the strokes on the left of the vertical line indicating the
+class, and those on the right the rune itself. Figures of fishes were
+occasionally in use, and were known as Fish-runes.--Professor MUNCH.
+
+
+  INGIBIORG HIN FAHRA AEHKIA A MORHG KONA
+  HAEFIR FARIT LUT IN HIR MIHKIL OFLATI.
+
+_Ingibiorg, the fair widow, or Ingibiorg the Fair, the widow. Many a
+rather proud woman did walk here stooping (bent forward), or did walk
+stooping here in (into)._
+
+The Palm-runes underneath cannot be read in the usual manner; the first,
+third, and fourth of the runes being a, o, and i; the writer probably
+intended to give all the vowels, but some of the letters have been
+obviously miscarved, and have perhaps been altered and defaced at a later
+period by other persons. In the first of them a cross line has been added
+to shew that the letter [rune] or (a) is intended.--Professor RAFN.
+
+
+No. IX.
+
+THORNY SAERTH . . . HAELGHIS RAEISTO.
+
+_The javelin pierceth . . . Haelghis carved._
+
+Haelghis was probably an Englishman or Frislander. The inscription is much
+worn, and evidently very old. The last letter [rune] is the old northern
+[rune].--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+
+THORNU SAERTH . . . HAELHI RAEIST R.
+
+_Thorny . . . Haelhi engraved._
+
+Thorny is a female name. Saerth is unintelligible; something is wanting
+here; the last letter R. is clearly the beginning of the word
+Runar.--Professor MUNCH.
+
+
+THORNY SAERTH . . . HAELHI RAEIST.
+
+_Thorny Saerd . . . Helge carved._
+
+The word Saerth is of doubtful meaning.--Professor RAFN.
+
+
+[Sidenote: _Plate IX._]
+
+No. X.
+
+THORER FORMIR, a proper name.
+
+or
+
+_Thorer Fonkmir._ Thorer, follow me.--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+Probably the name of a man: there is a rude figure of a horse
+engraved.--Professor MUNCH.
+
+Thorir Fomir, a name of doubtful import. Fa mer, perhaps procure me.
+Thorer, procure me the cross. The great cross underneath may refer to the
+Crusade. (_Note._--This cross has been apparently engraved at a
+comparatively late period.)--Professor RAFN.
+
+
+No. XI.
+
+RAEIST RUNAR THESAR OFRAMR SIGHURTHERSONR.
+
+_Ofram Sigurthson carved these Runes._
+
+Several of the letters at the beginning are obliterated. The crosses may
+be intended for ornament.--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+
+REIST RUNAR THESSAR UFRAMR SIGURTHARSONR.
+
+_Ofram, the son of Siward, engraved these Runes._--Professor MUNCH.
+
+
+RAEIST RUNAR THAESIR OFRAMR SIHURTHARSONR.
+
+_Ofram Sigurdson carved these Runes._
+
+The word Oframr, or Uframr, is hardly to be found anywhere else. It
+signifies "the modest," "the reserved." The seven crosses denote that this
+man was one of the Crusaders.--Professor RAFN.
+
+
+No. XII.
+
+OTAR, FILA, RAEIST, RUNAR THESAR.
+
+_Otar Fila carved these runes._--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+
+IOTAR, FILA, REIST RUNAR THESSAR.
+
+_Iotar Fila engraved these runes._--Professor MUNCH.
+
+
+IOTA FILA RAEIST RUNAR THISAR.
+
+_Iotar Fila carved these runes._
+
+This is an unknown name.--Professor RAFN.
+
+
+No. XIII.
+
+  THAT, MAN, SAT, IR, EKIAE, HE, AT, FEUAR, FORT, ABROT,
+  THRIM NOTOM, UARFI, BROT, FORT, HAELTR, AENTHAEIR.
+
+This is to be read from right to left. (The figure at the beginning is
+probably a mere scratch. J. F.) It reads thus:--That man who sat here in
+ache (sorrowfully) He at the Fee-Ware (at the treasure-gate--from the
+treasure-guard) forth a broke, with three comrades from the stronghold
+broke forth the Hero AEnthaeir. This probably announces the escape of a
+prisoner, perhaps an Englishman, as is indicated by some of the
+words--That for Sa, He for Han, as examples. He boasts of his escape. He
+may, however, have intended to record a message.--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+
+No. XIV.
+
+JORSALA MEN BURTU HAUK.
+
+_Jerusalam Men broke into How._
+
+AEhiiminii, a proper name; the second word is too faintly written to be
+translated; AEmisris, a proper name. There are some more very indistinct
+letters; probably they once indicated--
+
+
+Ireskir Maen . . . Irish Men.
+
+The stone exhibits traces of former writings, which renders the new
+carvings very doubtful.--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+
+  THAT MAN SAT . . . AEHE AT FEUAR FORT.
+  ABROT THRIM NOTOM VAR FI BROT FORT HAELTR.
+  AEN THAEIR (No. XIV.), JORSALAMEN BURTU HAUK THAENA.
+
+Professor Munch reads Nos. XIII. and XIV. together.
+
+To be read from right to left, and No. XIV. taken in conjunction with it.
+This does not that (fool!) remember that the treasury was (already)
+carried away. Three nights was the treasury carried away rather (_i. e._,
+before) than the Jerusalem travellers broke this tumulus.--Professor
+MUNCH.
+
+
+  THAT MAN SAT ER IGI SAEHI AT FE VAR FOERT
+  ABROT THRIM NOTTOM VAR FE BROeT FOERT
+  HAELDR AEN THAEIR
+  IORSALAMEN BURTU HAUG THAENA.
+
+It is true indeed, as Inge states, that the goods were carried away during
+three nights. The goods were carried away before the Ioraslamen broke open
+this barrow. Many of the other runes cannot be made out; some of the
+smaller ones are very indistinct.--Professor RAFN.
+
+(_Note._--Nos. XIII. and XIV. appear to be read as one inscription by the
+Professor.--J. F.)
+
+
+[Sidenote: _Plate X._]
+
+No. XV.
+
+ARNFITHR, MATR, RAEIST RUNAR THAESAR.
+
+_Arnfith Mate carved these Runes._
+
+The word Matr may signify "the mighty," or "the greedy."--Professor
+STEPHENS.
+
+
+ARNFITHR MATR RAEIST RUNAR THAESAR.
+
+_Arnfinn Mat (perhaps the greedy) engraved these runes._
+
+Matr was a nickname.--Professor MUNCH.
+
+
+ARNFITHR MATR RAEIST RUNAR THAESAR.
+
+_Arnfinn, glutton, carved these Runes._--Professor RAFN.
+
+
+No. XVI.
+
+  MAETH, THAERI, OGHSE, ER, ATE, KOR, UKR.
+  TRAENILSONR, FYRIR, SUNAN LANT.
+
+  _With that Axe which Kor owned hews.
+  Traenaldson along South-lying lands._--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+
+  MAETH, THAEIREI [RUNE]HSE ERATI KOUKR TRAENILSONR.
+  FYRIR SUNAN LANT.
+
+_With this Axe which Goukr Traenaldson owned or possessed on the south
+side of the country._
+
+The beginning of the inscription is wanting. Gauk Trandilson was the
+foster-brother of Asgrim Elsdagrimson--described in "Burnt Njal," one of
+the chiefs in the south of Iceland about 990. The writer probably means to
+say that these runes were engraved with the same axe which Gauk Trandilson
+possessed at the end of the 10th century. The runes here found were
+perhaps engraved about the year 1152. No doubt "the land" here spoken of
+is Iceland, and the engraver an Icelander, perhaps even a descendant of
+the old chieftain.--Professor MUNCH.
+
+
+  MAETH THAERI OeHSE ER ATI GOeUKR TRAEN
+  ILS SONR FYRIR SUNAN LAND.
+
+_With this Axe, owned by Gauk, the son of Trandil, in the South of the
+country._--Professor RAFN.
+
+
+No. XVII.
+
+HAEMUNTR, HARTHEKSI, RAEIST RUN.
+
+_Haermunt Hardaxe carved these Runes._--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+
+HAERMUNTR HARTHEKSI RAEIST RUN.
+
+_Hermund Hardaxe engraved these Runes._--Professor MUNCH.
+
+
+HAERMUNDR HARTHIGSI RAEIST RUN.
+
+_Hermund Hardaxe carved the Runes._
+
+Hermund probably had in his possession the axe which formerly belonged to
+Gauk Trandilson, and was used by him in carving the runes.--Professor
+RAFN.
+
+(_Note._--Professors Stephens, Munch, and Rafn, all agree that some
+letters have been lost or miscarried. The letters, [rune] [rune] at the
+end of the word run are obviously wanting.--J. F.)
+
+
+No. XVIII.
+
+RIST SA MATHR ER RUNSTR ER FYRIR VAESTAN HAF.
+
+_The man did cut most versed in Runes in the western countries._
+
+Professor Rafn gives nearly the same description of Gauk as Professor
+Munch. He reads Nos. xvi. and xviii. together. The words Fyrir vaestan
+haf, to the west of the sea, refer to the western countries, more
+especially the British Isles. The Palm-runes are rarely capable of being
+deciphered.
+
+(_Note._--This No. is taken in conjunction with No. xvi. by Professor
+Rafn.--J. F.)
+
+
+RIST, SA, MATHR, ER, RUNSTR, ER, FYRIR, VAESTAN HAF.
+
+_(These runes) risted that man, in Runes most skilful o'er the Western
+Seas._
+
+The Palm Runes on the first line indicate Thisar Runar--these
+Runes.--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+
+RIST SA MATHR ER RUNSTR ER FYRIR UAESTAN HAF.
+
+_That man engraved who is the best runed West of the Ocean._
+
+No doubt the writer belonged to Orkney, or to some of the other Norwegian
+possessions. The Bough-runes are not easy to decipher.--Professor MUNCH.
+
+
+No. XIX.
+
+      SIA, HOUGHR, UAR, FYRLATHIN HAELR,
+      THAEIR, UORO, HUATER, SLITU, ORO,
+      UT, NORTHR, ER, OLGHIT, MIKIT, THAT, UAR.
+  SIMON, SIGHRIK.
+    SIGRITH.                    INRONINSE AEI.
+
+_This How was closed up--was quite abandoned. Out North is Fee (treasure)
+buried much. That was in Roninsey (North Ronaldshay Island)._
+
+The writing is in different hands apparently, and it is probable that the
+How was abandoned when the inscriptions were engraved. The three names are
+most likely the names of the writers: they point to treasure buried in
+North Ronaldshay.--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+(_Note._--North Ronaldshay is a wild island half-way between Kirkwall and
+the Fair Isle, and not easy of access.--J. F.)
+
+
+No. XX.
+
+  LOTHEBROKRA SYNAR,{1} GHAENAR,
+  MAEN, SAEM, THAEIR, UORO, FYRI, SIR,{2}--
+  IORSALAFARAR, BRUTU, ORKOUGH{3}--LIFMUT
+  SA, LI, AI, ARIS, LOFTIR,{4}--HIR UAR, FI FOLGHIT
+  MIKIT.{5} (RAEIST). SAEL ER, SA, ER, FINA,
+  MA, THAN, OUTH, HIN, MIKLA.{6}
+  OKO, NAEKN, BAR, FIRR, OUGHI, THISUM.{7}
+
+{1}_Lothbrok's sons._ {2}_Doughty men as they were for them, or, what
+doughty men they were._ {3}_Ierusalem Farers (pilgrims) broke open Ork
+How_--{4}_Shelter mound; that ill (this bad retreat) aye ariseth lofty
+(still stands erect)._ {5}_Here was fee buried much._ {6}_Happy is he who
+find may that treasure the mickle (that great wealth)._ {7}_Otho Naern
+bare past part how this. Otho was carried past this How in the ship
+Naern._
+
+Written apparently by seven different persons, perhaps some of Lothbrok's
+sons. This first writing was probably inscribed about the year 870 or 880,
+by the celebrated Scandinavian sea kings, and the others at a later
+period. One appears to complain of the mound itself--that bad
+retreat--perhaps on account of its affording shelter to the pirates who
+devastated the island; another inscription describes the breaking into the
+How by the Jerusalem travellers, and the later writings refer to the
+common belief at that time of the existence of concealed treasure. Naern
+is frequently used as a name for ships in Scandinavia. The word Baeirt (at
+the end of the fourth line) is not in the same hand as the rest of this
+line, and can only be considered as a mere scribble.--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+
+Nos. XIX. and XX.
+
+These must be taken together. The two first lines in both numbers, the 3d
+in No. xix. and the 4th in No. xx., must be read in continuation.
+
+  SIA HOUHR UAR FYLATHIN H . . . R LOTHBROKAR SYNER, HAENAR, THAEIRUORO
+        HUATER
+  SLETUORO MAEN SAEM THAEIR UORO FYRISIR.
+
+_This tumulus was formerly erected as tumulus_ (_for_ Lodbrok, if Haugr is
+read, or "_as that_ of" if we read hennar) _her sons they were gallant,
+hardly (there) were men (such as they were). For themselves_ (_i. e._
+shewed themselves).
+
+Then read line 3 in No. xx.--
+
+IORSALAFARAR BRUTU ORKHAUG.
+
+_The Jerusulem travellers broke the Orkhill._
+
+Then line 3 in No. xix. and 4 in xx., 4 in xix. and 5 in xx., taken in
+continuation, give--
+
+  UTNORTHR ER FE FOLGIT MIKIT THAT ER LA EFTIR, HER VA FE FOLGIT MIKIT
+        (RAEIST SIMON
+  SIGB. . . . SIGRITH) SAELL ER SA ER FINNA MA THAN OUTH HIN MIKLA.
+
+_North-westerly is much money absconded, that which lay behind, here was
+much money absconded (Simon----engraved); lucky is he who may find that
+great treasure._
+
+The raeist Simon, etc., was written afterwards, and does not belong to the
+sentence.
+
+The 6th and last line in No. xx. is--
+
+OKONAEKN BAR FE UR HAUGI THESSUM.
+
+_Okonaekn bore money out of (away from) this tumulus._
+
+It seems, then, that it was supposed to have been originally erected for a
+mighty woman called Lodbrok, who had gallant sons, and that the Jerusalem
+pilgrims had dug into the Orkhill, which was probably a different place to
+this Maes-Howe, that the treasure contained there had been taken away, and
+that he would be lucky who found it. It also implies that Okonaekn carried
+off some of the treasure.--Professor MUNCH.
+
+
+Nos. XIX. and XX.
+
+  SIA HOeUHR, VAR FYR LATHIN HAELR LOTHBROKAR
+  SYNER HAENAR THAEIR VOeRO HVATIR SLIKT VOeRO
+  MAEN SAEM THAEIR VOeRO FYRI SIR
+  IORSALAFARAR BRUTU ORKHOeUH LIFMND
+  SAILIA IARLS UT NORTHR IR FE FOLHIT MIKIT
+  THAT URLOFOIR HIR VAR FI FOLHGET MIKIT
+  RAEIST SIMON SIHR IN THO INGI SIHRITH
+  SAELIR SA IR FINA MA THAN OUTH HIN
+  MIKLA. OGDONAEGN BAR FI YR
+  OUHI THISUM.
+
+_This barrow was formerly a sorcery hall, erected for Lodbrok; her sons
+were brave, such were men as they were for themselves (such we may call
+valiant men, such as they were in their achievements)._
+
+_The Iorsalafarar (visitors of Jerusalem) broke open Orkhow . . . Earls._
+
+_To the north-west a great treasure has been hid (but few believe that), a
+great treasure was hid here.[5] Simon sigr (victor) carved (the Runes) and
+afterwards Inge._
+
+_Happy he who may discover this great wealth. Ogdonaegn carried away the
+goods from this barrow._
+
+Ogdonagn is probably a Gaelic name, perhaps corresponding to the present
+O'Donavan, and the person alluded to may have been of Scottish or Irish
+origin.--Professor RAFN.
+
+
+[Sidenote: _Plate XI._]
+
+No. XXI.
+
+ARNFITHR, RAEIST, RUNAR, THISAR, SONR STAINS.
+
+_Arnfith risted Runes there, the son of Stain. Thruki Let._
+
+The beginning of an unfinished formula.--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+
+ARNFITHR, RAEIST RUNAR THISAR SORN STAEINS THRUKR LIT.
+
+_Arnfinn the son of Steins engraved these Runes._
+
+The other letters are defective and give no distinct meaning.--Professor
+MUNCH.
+
+
+  ARNFITHR RAEIST RUNAR THISAR SONR STAINS.
+  THRUKR LIT.
+
+_Arnfinn, a son of Steins, carved these runes. Thrud caused_ . . . .
+(incomplete).--Professor RAFN.
+
+
+No. XXII.
+
+BOT AER OKTIL AT SOKUA, SUO IN KOTALANT.[6] _Sua Inklant._
+
+_Boot (blood money) is also to seek, so in Gothland, so in England._
+
+It may also be a fanciful Alphabet.--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+There are peculiar Runes, but too obscure for interpretation. Similar ones
+have been found near Baffins Bay. (_Vide_ Antiquitates
+Americanae).--Professor MUNCH.
+
+This No. represents some signs belonging to the calendar--similar ones
+have been found in the Paradise cavern, and at Hof in Iceland. (_Vide_
+Rafn. Antiquitates Americanae).--Professor RAFN.
+
+
+No. XXIII.
+
+IKIKAETHIR, KYNANA, IN, UAENSTA.
+
+_Inkikaethr, of women the fairest._
+
+Also the figure of an Otter with a fish in its mouth, meant for a
+decoration.--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+
+IKIKAERTH IR KYNANA IN UAENSTA.
+
+_Ingigerthr is of women the most beautiful._--Professor MUNCH.
+
+
+IGIGAERTH IR KYNANA IN VAENSTA.
+
+_Ingigerth is the fairest of the women._--Professor RAFN.
+
+
+[Sidenote: _Plate XII._]
+
+No. XXIV.
+
+No interpretation of this is offered by the learned Professors.
+
+
+Nos. XXV. and XXVI.
+
+A Dragon and Worm Knot.--Professor STEPHENS.
+
+
+No. XXV.
+
+This is a Dragon drawn with art. There is a similar one on a stone at
+Hunstead in Scania. It may be ascribed to the heathen times, as well as
+the construction of the barrow itself.--Professor RAFN.
+
+
+No. XXVI.
+
+A serpentine winding like those found on Runic stones in the Scandinavian
+north and on other monuments from the last period of heathenism, and the
+commencement of the Christian era.--Professor RAFN.
+
+
+[Sidenote: _Plate XIII._]
+
+The remaining Nos. are considered by all the learned Professors as
+"scribbles" or scratches, and must be considered as unimportant.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VII.]
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VIII.]
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE IX.]
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE X.]
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XI.]
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XII.]
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XIII.]
+
+
+
+
+Footnotes:
+
+[1] The country people state that the building was formerly inhabited by a
+person named Hogboy, possessing great strength. Haugbuie, in Norse,
+signifies "the ghost of the tomb;" and Haugr, "tumulus."
+
+[2] Professor Rafn says Lothbrok--a pair of shaggy trousers--was the
+well-known surname of Ragnar Lodbrok. At the time of the carving of the
+inscription, a popular tradition current in the Orkneys may have ascribed
+to far antiquity, and to the said hero of the mythico-historical times,
+the construction of the barrow; and on account of the want of historical
+knowledge, since the word lothbrok is of feminine gender, the hero may
+have been mistaken for a woman, and besides, the accounts in the sagas of
+his sons may have been repeated, that they were brave and valiant. The
+account given in the Fridthiofs Saga of the Earl Angantyre, reminds us of
+the pre-historic times of the Orkneys (_vide_ Tridthjoss Saga, c. 5.
+Thorsteins Saga Vikings). Here a popular tale preserved to us in Runes,
+does the same by telling us that this barrow was the sorcery platform
+erected of old for the use of Lodbrok, and was probably also a temple and
+place of worship.
+
+[3] The word read by Professor Rafn, Maur, instead of Mar, and considered
+as a proper name, is read mair or more by Professor Stephens. In the
+engraving No. 7, the letters are [rune] [rune] [rune] [rune] obviously
+m, a, i, r--mair. It must therefore be a matter of doubt whether we can
+receive this word as a proper name, and consequently whether the
+derivation of the word Maes-Howe, suggested by Professor Rafn, is
+admissible.
+
+[4] Professor Munch supposes that the Jerusalem travellers, who are
+described in No. 13 as having broken into the how, were connected with an
+expedition organized by Earl Ragnvald to the Holy Land. He says "many of
+the northern warriors joined the Earl in 1152. They assembled in Orkney,
+and after passing the winter there, sailed in the spring of 1153, and
+after being in Spain in December of that year, reached the Holy Land in
+August 1154; they went thence to Constantinople, where they passed the
+Christmas of 1154-55, returning home by different routes. During their
+stay in Orkney they had frequent quarrels with the inhabitants." As some
+of the inscriptions seem to indicate the existence of treasure in the
+tumulus, it is not unlikely that it should have been examined by these
+warriors, and that they afterwards inscribed their names, together with
+other remarks, on the walls.
+
+[5] There is a similar allusion to hid treasure on the wall of a rock at
+Berrig, in the Star valley North Throndheim County--"gull faitu nin alna
+nither"--They hid some gold nine ells deep in the earth.
+
+[6] This ("evidently very difficult carving," says Professor Stephens) may
+be taken as a fair specimen of the Bind-rune form of writing.
+
+"The first letter is B, a very rare form; the second an ornamental O, with
+three side strokes instead of two; the third a T, the strokes being
+reversed and repeated above and below; the fourth H/g, here used for AE;
+the fifth, R; sixth, O, as before; seventh, Kt--[rune] and [rune]; eighth,
+[rune] (i and a), the side stroke being placed below; ninth, At,
+Bind-rune; tenth, an S; eleventh, O again; twelfth, KU--K and U;
+thirteenth, the monogram Asuo, A ([rune]), the side stroke thrice
+repeated, then S ([rune] for [rune]), an uncommon form, then U ([rune])
+below, and then ([rune]) with three strokes; fourteenth, the Bind-rune I N
+K ([rune] [rune] [rune]); fifteenth, an O; sixteenth, an ornamental T;
+seventeenth, the monogram Alant--A ([rune]) L ([rune]) reversed and below,
+and [rune] taken again, and N ([rune]) and T ([rune]) above twice; then
+eighteenth, the Bind-rune Sua, S ([rune]) U ([rune]) and A ([rune]) in the
+centre; nineteenth, The Bind-rune Ink, I [rune], and [rune]; and lastly
+the monogram lant L ([rune]), A [rune], and N [rune], and T in the
+centre--formed thus [rune]."
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+Passages in italics are indicated by _italics_.
+
+Superscripted letters are indicated by {superscript}.
+
+The original text includes Runic characters. For this text version, these
+letters have been replaced with [rune].
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notice of Runic Inscriptions
+Discovered during Recent Excavations in the Orkneys, by James Farrer
+
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