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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Comrade Kropotkin, by Victor Robinson
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Comrade Kropotkin
+
+Author: Victor Robinson
+
+Release Date: December 24, 2010 [EBook #34745]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COMRADE KROPOTKIN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Fritz Ohrenschall, Sania Ali Mirza, Martin
+Pettit and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+LIVES OF GREAT ALTRURIANS
+
+COMRADE KROPOTKIN
+
+BY
+VICTOR ROBINSON
+
+"_To liberate one's country!" she said. "It is terrible even to utter
+those words, they are so grand._" TURGENEV: "On the Eve."
+
+PRICE, ONE DOLLAR
+THE ALTRURIANS
+12 MOUNT MORRIS PARK WEST
+NEW YORK CITY
+1908
+
+
+This book is not copyrighted--
+
+How could it be?
+
+
+[Illustration: PETER ALEXEIVITCH KROPOTKIN
+
+Born in the Old Esquerries' Quarter of Moscow in 1842]
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+DEDICATION
+
+FOREWORD
+                                    PAGE
+UNDER NICHOLAS I.                      7
+
+SCENES FROM SERFDOM                   15
+
+EXPLORATIONS                          23
+
+THE NIHILISTS                         29
+
+THE TERRORISTS                        36
+
+SOPHIA PEROVSKAYA                     43
+
+THE FORTRESS OF PETER AND PAUL        54
+
+BROTHERS                              62
+
+THE OPEN GATE                         71
+
+FROM THE PRINTING PRESS               82
+
+IN LATER LIFE                        106
+
+THE HISTORIAN OF THE REVOLUTION      120
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+                                     FACING
+PETER KROPOTKIN      Frontispiece     PAGE
+
+THE SCAFFOLD'S BRIDE                   32
+
+NICHOLAS CHAYKOVSKY                    44
+
+SOPHIA PEROVSKAYA                      52
+
+BEFORE THE SEARCH                      66
+
+THE COSSACKS                          112
+
+
+
+
+_TO GEORGE KENNAN_
+
+     _I dedicate this work. I need not say why. He will know--
+     Everyone will know. With tears, during the night,
+     I have read your book, thou earnest truth-seeker.
+     O compassionate traveler, what a man you must have been!
+     For the weary Siberian exiles called you
+     'Dear George Ivanovich!' With a heart
+     Full of thankfulness for the work you have done,
+     I lay my bitter and bloody pages at your feet._
+                                          VICTOR ROBINSON
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+
+Bernard Shaw calls us a nation of villagers. To a large extent this
+appellation holds good. We are so self-sufficient unto ourselves that
+the most important events in the world leave us cold if they take place
+outside of the realm of the star-spangled banner.
+
+A wonderful and terrible thing is happening in the largest empire on
+earth; a downtrodden people is engaged in a death-grapple with its
+merciless rulers; and never were masters so inhuman, and never were
+people so heroic. In comparison with this titanic struggle the French
+Revolution itself sinks into insignificance. But what do we know about
+it? And what do we care? Russia is far away.... Once in a while the
+report of a particularly atrocious massacre, or a particularly cruel
+torture inflicted upon a young girl revolutionist will shock our
+sensibilities, will cause a pang in our hearts, will perhaps make our
+hair stand on end,--but in a day or two we forget all about it. We are
+so busy!
+
+No wonder that this battle-drama appeals with special force, and exerts
+a special charm on the young of all lands,--the young who worship
+Freedom, and whose breasts beat warmly for Ideals. No wonder therefore
+that it appeals to Victor Robinson.
+
+This essay was written at the age of twenty, and the youth of the author
+will serve as an apology, if apology be needed, for the sharpness of
+some of the expressions found in these pages. But is excuse really
+necessary? I hardly think so. No language can be too strong when
+condemning the Russian Bureaucracy, no judgment can be too severe when
+pronounced on czardom and its cruel minions. In fact the English
+language sometimes seems inadequate....
+
+A remarkable commentary on the conditions in Russia is the fact that he
+who studies them carefully and thoroly, be he the gentlest and sweetest
+youth who would not harm a fly or tread on a worm, becomes saturated
+with the conviction that in Russia, the rebel's bomb and pistol and
+dagger are not only legitimate and necessary, but even noble weapons of
+defense and offense.
+
+I refrain from any remarks as to the intrinsic value of this book, as it
+is perhaps not quite proper for a father to criticize, favorably or
+otherwise, the literary productions of his son. One comment however I
+would like to make: For one who is utterly unfamiliar with the Russian
+language, and who has worked alone and unaided, (in the leisure moments
+left over by strenuous college studies), the author has accomplished a
+rather noteworthy feat. He has succeeded in imbuing the book with such
+an atmosphere, in presenting such vivid and faithful glimpses of Russian
+life and literature, and exhibiting such wide and varied knowledge of
+the subject, that even a Russian writer would not be ashamed to have his
+name appear on the title-page of this volume.
+
+Love understandeth all things.
+
+DR. WILLIAM J. ROBINSON.
+New York City, November 11, 1908.
+
+
+
+
+UNDER NICHOLAS I.
+
+     I understand that doom awaits him who first rises against the
+     oppressors of the people. When has Liberty been redeemed without
+     victims? Fate has already condemned me. I shall perish for my
+     native land. I feel it, I know it, and gladly bless my
+     destiny.--_Ryleev._
+
+
+A fabled king of Thrace fed his horses on human flesh, but a real czar
+of Russia washed his streets with blood. On his accession to the red
+throne, the Iron Despot immediately expelled progress from his empire by
+butchering the Decembrists--those pioneers of freedom who fought for a
+constitution and the abolition of serfdom. Exiles began to tramp the
+lonely Siberian highway, and from the time of that Nicholas I. to this
+Nicholas II.--a period of 75 years--over a million political prisoners
+have taken the 'long journey.'
+
+The mighty country was turned into a military camp. The term of service
+was twenty-five years. The life was so hard that when a man was
+recruited, his relatives followed him as if to his grave. His mother ran
+after him, and sometimes fell dead on the spot. The emperor spent his
+time reviewing troops and altering uniforms.[1] If an officer appeared
+in the streets with the hooks of his uncomfortable collar unfastened, he
+was liable to be degraded to the rank of a common soldier and deported
+to some distant province. If a soldier complained of his diet, or was
+guilty of the slightest infraction of the most insignificant rule, he
+was condemned to run the gauntlet. He was stripped naked, his hands were
+tied behind him, and he was brought between two long rows of pawing
+privates and eager 'non-coms,' equipped and armed with sticks, whips and
+gun-stocks. Behind the soldiers stood officers commanding, "Harder!
+Harder!" Thru these lines the victim was compelled to run--because in
+yesterday's paltry parade conducted by a petty sergeant, he scratched
+his itching neck. At first it was his shoulders which they struck, but
+before he had gone very far he had no longer a back, but only a bleeding
+mass of quivering flesh thru which parts of the bones protruded. A
+doctor was always present to see that the culprit did not die before
+receiving his full punishment. That is, if he were booked for 500 blows
+and was on the point of succumbing after receiving 300, it was the
+physician's duty to send him to a hospital to regain sufficient strength
+to allow the additional 200 to be administered. However, in spite of the
+medicus, the mangled men often perished before their time, and then
+there was nothing to do but beat the corpse.[2]
+
+During this reign originated the widespread system of stealing Jewish
+children from their homes, separating them from their families, severing
+them from their faith, and bringing them up to serve in the army. These
+were the Cantonists.[3] Thus it came about that when a mother of Israel
+gave birth to a boy, she did not rejoice as for one born and living, but
+lamented as for one dead and departed. (Sometimes Jewish mothers saved
+their children from the army by cutting off their fingers, or taking out
+one of their eyes).
+
+Liberty was so shackeled she did not even dare weep aloud.[4] Since that
+unlucky day when Ryleev, Pestel, Bestuzhev, Kakovsky and
+Muraviov-Apostol dangled from a tall straight post and a strong
+crossbar, no revolutionist arose to oppose tyranny. During all the many
+years of the reign of Nicholas-with-the-Stick, no ray of light
+brightened a darkened nation, no torch glimmered in the bloody gloom.
+Hope was dead. Freedom was buried. Literature was in exile. Knowledge
+lay in a closed coffin. But censorship was alive, and autocracy had more
+eyes than Argus.
+
+An anonymous pamphlet, toward the end of his reign, cried out that the
+czar had rolled a great stone before the door of the sepulchure of
+Truth, that he had placed a strong guard round her tomb, and in the
+exultation of his heart had exclaimed, "For thee, no resurrection!"
+
+So thoroly was liberalism crushed, so completely was absolutism supreme,
+that 'Nikolaus Palkin' walked the streets of bleeding Russia unattended
+and unafraid.
+
+Alas, when a nation has only knees to bend, but no hands to strike!
+
+After his shadow had obscured the sun for a quarter of a century, a
+brilliant festival was given in his honor at Moscow--called the Holy
+City because it contains a Miracle Monastery for glorifying God and a
+Kremlin Fortress for crucifying Man. It was a fancy-dress ball, and a
+thousand gorgeous uniforms were there, from the leather coat of the
+Tungus to the embroidered flummery of the chamberlain. In this affair
+the children of the nobility played an important part. They were
+lavishly attired, and each carried an ensign representing the arms of
+the provinces of the Russian empire. At a given signal the little
+emblem-bearers began to march, and on reaching the purple platform upon
+which the royal family sat, all standards were lowered. The inflexible
+autocrat viewed the scene with satisfaction--all the provinces bowed
+before him. When the children retired to the rear of the immense hall,
+someone pulled the smallest of the boys from the ranks and placed him on
+the imperial elevation. The lad was arrayed as a Persian prince, and
+wore a jewel-covered belt and a high bonnet. Nicholas I. looked at his
+chubby face all surrounded with pretty curls and taking him to the
+czarevna Marie Alexandrovna, said in his military voice, "This is the
+sort of boy you must bring me." The woman was gravid at the time, and
+the soldier-like joke made her blush.
+
+"Will you have some sweets?" asked the emperor.
+
+"I want some of those tiny biscuits which were served at tea," eagerly
+responded the child. A waiter was called and he emptied a full tray into
+the tall bonnet.
+
+"I will take them home to Sasha," said the curly little cherub.
+
+Mikhael--the czar's brother--now paid attention to the little visitor.
+"When you are a good boy," he said, "they treat you so," and he passed
+his rough hand downwards over the rotund features of the diminutive
+would-be Persian; "but when you are naughty, they treat you so," and he
+rubbed the child's nose upward.
+
+The poor innocent did his best to restrain himself, but unhappily the
+gushing tears could not be repressed. The ladies at once took his part,
+and Marie Alexandrovna set him by her side on a velvet chair with a
+gilded back--William Morris being then unknown. Soon the big eyes began
+to close, and drowsily putting his beautiful head in the lap of the
+future empress, the boy fell soundly asleep.
+
+And the frolic went on. Under the glittering chandeliers the dancers
+glided. Over the waxen floors the merry feet waltzed. Wine disappeared
+by barrels, and revelry ran riot. Swords, spurs, buckles, medals,
+diamonds--how they all sparkled! The smooth-cheeked courtiers and the
+slick-tongued cavaliers gaily jested, and the silk-swathed ladies
+flirted their proverbial fans and smiled flatteringly at their wit, but
+not the wisest of them knew that someday this babe would awake and make
+his name terrible to the ears of tyrants!
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] See "Russia," by Alfred Rambaud.
+
+[2] Among those who witnessed this spectacle was Germain de Lagny, who
+describes it in his book, "The Knout and the Russians" ... "After
+fourteen hundred strokes, his face which had long before begun to turn
+blue, assumed suddenly a greenish hue; his eyes became haggard and
+almost started out of their sockets, from which large blood-colored
+tears trickeled down and stained his cheeks. He was gasping and
+gradually sinking. The officer who accompanied me ordered the ranks to
+open, and I approached the body. The skin was literally ploughed up, and
+had, so to say, disappeared. The flesh was hacked to pieces and almost
+reduced to a state of jelly; long stripes hung down the prisoner's sides
+like so many thongs, while other pieces remained fastened and glued to
+the sticks of the executioners. The muscles, too, were torn to shreds.
+No mortal tongue can ever convey a just idea of the sight.... It was
+seven months before he was cured and his health re-established; and, at
+the expiration of this period, he was solemnly taken back to the place
+of execution, and forced once more to run the gauntlet, in order to
+receive his full amount of six thousand strokes. He died at the
+commencement of this second punishment.... After all, Russia is only an
+immense barrack, in which every one is in a state of arrest." Yet the
+author of these words was a worshipper of Nicholas!
+
+[3] They were called Cantonists because they were kept and trained in
+military settlements or cantons under Arakcheev. It is a most remarkable
+fact--considering the circumstance that they were taken away in early
+childhood--that several Cantonists who were able to live thru the
+horrors of the service, returned to their homes as orthodox and as
+fanatically devoted to their religion as if they had spent the preceding
+twenty-five years not in the military barracks of the gentiles, but in
+cheder and shool reciting the Torah.
+
+[4] He slaughtered Poland like a hound tears a hare. "But below all (in
+the Museum of the Kremlin), far beneath the feet of the Emperor, in dust
+and ignominy and on the floor, is flung the very Constitution of
+Poland--parchment for parchment, ink for ink, good promise for good
+promise--which Alexander I. gave with so many smiles, and which Nicholas
+I. took away with so much bloodshed."--Andrew D. White, "The Development
+and Overthrow of Serfdom in Russia," Atlantic Monthly November 1862.
+This sentence which I have quoted is correct, but the reader who is
+unfamiliar with Russian history had better avoid the article, as the
+last paragraph alone contains as many lies as there are kalachi in
+Moscow.
+
+
+
+
+SCENES FROM SERFDOM
+
+     To be sold, three coachmen, well-trained and handsome; and two
+     girls, the one eighteen and the other fifteen years of age, both of
+     them good-looking and well acquainted with various kinds of
+     handiwork. In the same house there are for sale two hairdressers;
+     the one twenty-one years of age can read, write, play on a musical
+     instrument, and act as huntsman; the other can dress ladies' and
+     gentlemen's hair. In the same house are sold pianos and organs.
+
+     Advertisement in the _Moscow Gazette_, 1801.
+
+
+Peter Kropotkin's father was a general and a prince. His family
+originated with a grandson of Rostislav Mstislavich the Bold. His
+ancestors had been Grand Princes of Smolensk. He was a descendant of the
+house of Rurik, and judged from the standpoint of heredity, had more
+right to the throne than the Romanoffs. Incidentally he was like most
+military men--barbarous, pitiless, merciless. He owned twelve hundred
+male serfs. We do not know how many maids. Neither do we know how many
+were scarred by the knout, how many were flogged till the breath of life
+left them, nor how many hanged themselves under his window.
+
+If this brave warrior--who received the cross of Saint Anne for
+gallantry, because his servant Froll rushed into the flames to save a
+child--became imbued with the notion that there was not sufficient hay
+in the barn, he would call one of his serfs, strike him in the face, and
+accuse him of overfeeding the horses. In order to prove he was right he
+would make another calculation, and come to the conclusion there was too
+much hay. So he would bang his slave again for not giving the equidae
+enuf. Suddenly he would sit down and write a note: Take So and So to the
+police station, and let 100 lashes with the birch rod be administered to
+him.
+
+On such occasions Peter would run out--his rosy cheeks wet with
+weeping--catch the unhappy soul in a dark passage, and try to kiss his
+hand. The serf would tear it away, and say bitterly, "Let me alone; you
+too, when you grow up, will you not be just the same?"
+
+"No, no, never!" cried the child, while the hot tears choked him and
+made him cough for breath.
+
+The females of all animals, having dislikes and preferences, exercise
+the right of selection; rejecting one and receiving another; sending
+away a male who is repulsive to them, and accepting a wooer they find
+attractive.[5]
+
+Such absurd liberty was never allowed the serfs. They married when,
+where and whom the master wished. The Kropotkins owned a woman named
+Polya--intelligent and artistic--an exceptional serf. Her body was
+bound; her hands were doomed to labor; her talents brought benefits not
+to herself; her skill was at the service of others; her industry
+profited her owners; she was a chattel, chained and confined--but her
+heart could not be controlled. She deeply loved a neighboring servant,
+and was with child from him. The lover, forgetting the Russian proverb,
+"One cannot break a stone wall with his forehead," implored permission
+to marry her.... The Kropotkins owned also a dwarf called 'bandy-legged
+Filka.' Because of a terrible kick which he received in his boyhood, he
+ceased to grow. His legs were crooked, his feet were turned inward, his
+nose was broken, his jaw was deformed. It was the General's will that
+the refined Polya should wed this unsightly imp. She was forced to
+obey. The 'happy couple' were sent to the estate of Ryazan.[6]
+
+During the sixth year of the reign of Alexander II., a servant dashed
+wildly into Peter Kropotkin's room. It was early in the morning, and
+Kropotkin was still in bed. But the servant brandished the tea tray and
+babbled excitedly, "Prince, freedom! The manifesto is posted on the
+Gostinoi Dvor." In a moment Kropotkin was dressed and began to run out.
+Just then a friend came running in. "Kropotkin, freedom!" he shouted,
+"Here is the manifesto!"
+
+Kropotkin read it. His eyes beamed. He stamped his feet. O happy day! No
+more slavery--serfdom was abolished--the muzhiks were free. Not the dark
+ghosts of reaction, but the luminous sons of light had triumphed. Not
+Shuvaloff, Muravioff, and Trepoff, but Herzen, Turgenev and
+Chernishevsky.[7]
+
+That afternoon Kropotkin attended the last performance of the Italian
+Opera. Baveri, the conductor of the band, raised his baton; the
+musicians began to play, but human voices drowned the notes, for the
+people were shouting for their czar--Redeemer!--Deliverer! Then Baveri
+stopped, but the hurrahs did not. Again Baveri waved his stick wildly in
+the air, the fiddlers grasped tightly their bows, the drummers beat with
+all their strength, the players inflated their lungs and blew the brazen
+instruments with might and main, but from that powerful band not a bar
+of music could be heard, for the people were shouting for their
+czar--Immanuel!--Illustrious! Strangers met in the streets, embraced,
+kissed each other thrice on the cheek, and shouted for their
+czar--Father!--Messiah! In front of the royal palace, peasants and
+professors mingled, and shouted for their czar--Emancipator!--Liberator!
+When he really appeared, crowds eager and immense, ran after the
+carriage and shouted for their czar--Tsar Osvoboditel!
+
+As a dream disappears at dawn, so died this enthusiasm. The brief moment
+of promise was followed by an eternal hour of despair; the short day was
+succeeded by the endless night. Hell may not be Hell, but a Romanoff is
+a Romanoff. Only one year later, the despot in Alexander awoke--mature
+and monstrous. If the dead could touch the living, Nicholas would have
+hugged his son. The steps of the scaffold became slippery with the blood
+of the best. The rope of the hangman was jerked day and night, and the
+key of the jailer creaked in a thousand locks. Reaction had won, and
+liberalism lay covered with a crimson shroud.
+
+The Valuev volcano vomited its smothering lava as far as Siberia, and
+General Kukel who with Kropotkin's help was preparing a long list of
+necessary reforms, was dismissed from his post because another place had
+been found for him--in prison.
+
+On the other hand there was a district chief who robbed the peasants and
+whipped their wives, and whose brutality and dishonesty were so
+unanswerably exposed by the energetic Kropotkin that this officer was
+also transfered--to a higher position in Kamchatka where he found more
+roubles for his purse and more women for his knout.
+
+When Kropotkin returned to St. Petersburg on an official commission, a
+high functionary said to him, "Do you know that Chernishevsky has been
+arrested? He is now in the fortress."
+
+"Chernishevsky? What has he done?"
+
+"Nothing in particular, nothing! But _mon cher_, you know--state
+considerations!... Such a clever man, awfully clever! And such an
+influence he has upon the youth. You understand that a government cannot
+tolerate that: that's impossible! intolerable _mon cher, dans un Etat
+bien ordonné_!"[8]
+
+For these mad acts of a drunken despotism, there was neither shadow of
+excuse nor shade of reason, except that a Romanoff was hungry and
+thirsty for victims, satisfying the blood-craving spirit that cried
+within him, demanding that the brightest youths and the noblest girls be
+changed to lifeless corpses.
+
+Is it any wonder that men who on the great day of emancipation quoted
+with tears in their eyes the beautiful article by Herzen,[9] "Thou hast
+conquered, Galilean," now recited these other words by the same exile:
+"Alexander Nikolaevich, why did you not die on that day? Your name would
+have been transmitted in history as that of a hero."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[5] See Darwin's "Descent of Man."
+
+[6] Yet Kropotkin was not among the cruelest proprietors. To read what
+occurred on the estate of General Arakcheev is enuf to drive the
+stoutest mind insane. In the "Russki Archiv" is an account of a woman
+who by the most horrible tortures killed hundreds of her serfs, chiefly
+of the female sex, several of them young girls of eleven and twelve.
+Another woman murdered a serf boy by pricking him with a pen-knife,
+because he had neglected to take proper care of a rabbit. See Sir D. M.
+Wallace's "Russia." Also the "Memoirs of a Sportsman" and "Mumu" by
+Turgenev.
+
+[7] Leonora B. Lang, who translated Rambaud's "Histoire de la Russie"
+from French to English, says there are about thirteen ways of spelling
+Patzinak. Ditto for Chernishevsky. The form which I have chosen is
+perhaps as proper as any, and simpler than most. An English reader is
+not supposed to be able to pronounce Tschernyschewskiy.
+
+[8] See P. Kropotkin's "Memoirs of a Revolutionist."
+
+[9] For an account of Herzen's influence, see the "Russian Revolutionary
+Movement," by Konni Zilliacus. This excellent volume which all should
+read is of especial interest to Finns.
+
+
+
+
+EXPLORATIONS
+
+     And at the same time falls upon his ear the plaintive song of the
+     Russian peasant; all wailing and lamentation, in which so many ages
+     of suffering seem concentrated. His squalid misery, his whole life
+     stands forth full of sorrow and outrage. Look at him; exhausted by
+     hunger, broken down by toil, the eternal slave of the privileged
+     classes, working without pause, without hope of redemption. For the
+     government purposely keeps him ignorant, and every one robs him,
+     every one tramples on him, and no one stretches out a hand to
+     assist him. No one? Not so. The young man knows now "what to do."
+     He will stretch forth his hand. He will tell the peasant how to
+     free himself and how to become happy. His heart throbs for this
+     poor sufferer who can only weep. The flush of enthusiasm mounts to
+     his brow, and with burning glances he takes in his heart a solemn
+     oath to concentrate all his life, all his strength, all his
+     thoughts, to the liberation of this population which drains its
+     life blood in order that he, the favored son of privilege, may live
+     at his ease, study, and instruct himself. He will take off the fine
+     clothes that burn into his very flesh; he will put on the rough
+     coat and the wooden shoes of the peasant, and abandoning the
+     splendid paternal palace which oppresses him like the reproach of a
+     crime, he will go forth "among the people" in some remote district,
+     and there, the slender and delicate descendant of a noble race, he
+     will do the hard work of the peasant, enduring every privation in
+     order to carry to him the words of redemption, the Gospel of our
+     age,--Socialism. What matters to him if the cut-throats of the
+     Government lay hands upon him? What to him are exile, Siberia,
+     death? Full of his sublime idea, clear, splendid, vivifying as the
+     mid-day sun, he defies suffering, and would meet death with a
+     glance of enthusiasm and a smile of happiness.--STEPNIAK:
+     _Underground Russia_.
+
+
+Peter Kropotkin came into life sailing on its topmost wave. The fat of
+the land, and its milk and honey were his. Personally, nothing was
+denied him. All the gifts had been lavished upon him. Position was his,
+health he had in abundance, he was as handsome as the characters in
+Tolstoy's _War and Peace_, and his talents were many and varied. To use
+the Russian vernacular, he was born in his shirt.
+
+But not praise from princes or bows from beauties could induce him to
+fritter away his splendid energies in senseless dinky-dinks at Moscow or
+foppish balls at Petersburg. He wished to exercise head, hand and heart,
+for he agreed with John Ruskin that whatever else you are, you must not
+be useless and you must not be cruel--two adjectives which best portray
+the average official.
+
+As has already been said, while still a youth Kropotkin went to Siberia
+to aid Kukel improve the prisons, the exile system, etc. But when the
+Herzen-reading Kukel was recalled, and it was no longer permitted to
+mention the word "reform," Kropotkin became an explorer.
+
+Being clever, he soon made several important discoveries--the
+border-ridge of the Khingan, the tertiary volcanoes of the Uyun
+Kholdonsti, a direct route to the Amur.
+
+Also it is interesting to remember that he was among the first Europeans
+who entered Manchuria,[10] and he went at the risk of being put in a
+cage and conveyed across the Gobi on a camel's back. It was impossible
+to go as an officer, so Kropotkin disguised himself as a trader, put on
+a long blue cotton dress, and acted like a Muscovite merchant--sitting
+on the edge of the chair, pouring his tea in the saucer, blowing on it
+with puffed-out cheeks and staring eyes, and nibbling tiny particles
+from his lump of sugar.
+
+One night as he wandered thru a Chinese town, the inhabitants by signs
+asked him why such a young man wore a beard. Answering by the same
+means, Kropotkin told them that if he had nothing else to eat he could
+eat the beard. This caused the Celestials to roar with laughter, and
+they petted him tenderly, showed him their houses, and offered him more
+pipes than Skitaletz's Gavril Petrovitch could have smoked.
+
+In 1866, Kropotkin found what previous explorers had vainly sought--a
+communication between the gold mines of Yakutsk and Transbaikalia.
+
+Then came what he considers his chief contribution to science: the
+important discovery that the maps of Northern Asia were incorrect,
+because the main lines of structure run neither north and south, nor
+east and west, but from the southwest to the northeast.[11]
+
+Later Kropotkin was to lead an expedition to the Arctic seas, but as the
+government was spending enormous sums in erecting scaffolds, it could
+not spare a poltinik for explorations in unknown regions. However the
+Geographical Society sent him to Finland to study the glacial deposits.
+Here he made valuable researches relative to the glaciation of the
+country. He conceived the idea of writing a monumental physical
+geography of Northern Europe. His chief ambition was to become the
+Secretary of the Society, for then he would be in a condition to
+considerably advance the cause of science.
+
+But because he now had more leisure than formerly, he began seriously to
+think of another subject--The People. When he crossed a plain which had
+no interest for a geologist, he thought of their sufferings. When he
+walked from one gravel pit to another, he mused on their downtrodden
+hopes. Sometimes the hammer would pause in mid-air before it struck the
+chisel, because the naturalist was dreaming of these plundered beings.
+After collecting an immense amount of evidence, he anticipated what keen
+joy he would have in analysing and arranging it for publication; but
+then another feeling would assert itself--what right had he to this
+happiness when all around him were men and women and children
+struggling and slaving for a bit of mouldy bread? Yes, yes, Kropotkin
+was thinking about the hungry people.
+
+It was in the autumn of 1871, as he looked over the hillocks of Finland,
+and saw with his scientific eye the ice accumulating in the archipelagos
+at the dawn of mankind, that he received this telegram from the
+Geographical Society: "The council begs you to accept the position of
+secretary to the society."
+
+At last Kropotkin was in a position to realise his old dream, but he
+pondered much before answering, for he now dreamed a new dream--how to
+lighten the burdens of the overworked people.
+
+A voice in the wind said, "To work for Science is great."
+
+Then another voice spoke saying, "To toil for Humanity is greater."
+
+So Kropotkin wired, "Most cordial thanks, but cannot accept." The chisel
+of the geologist slipped from his fingers, and from that day on Peter
+Kropotkin carried in his upraised hand a burning torch for the weary
+people.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[10] By P. Kropotkin: "A Journey from the Trans-Baikal to the Amur by
+Way of Manchuria," in the "Russian Messenger," June 1865.
+
+[11] Not even Kropotkin's enemies have denied his scientific ability.
+Zenker, in his unfair and unsympathetic book on "Anarchism" says, "The
+dreaded Anarchist Kropotkin is and always has been active as a writer of
+geographical and geological works, and enjoys a considerable reputation
+in these sciences, apart from his activity as a Socialist teacher and
+agitator." The conservative Hon. Andrew D. White in his "Autobiography"
+calls him "one of the most gifted scientific thinkers of our time." The
+unbelievably cruel Pobedonostzeff--who would gladly have used the
+thumb-screws on him--refers to him as "a learned geographer and
+sociologist."
+
+
+
+
+THE NIHILISTS
+
+     "He is a nihilist."
+
+     "What!" cried his father. As to Paul Petrovitch, he raised his
+     knife, on the end of which was a small bit of butter, and remained
+     motionless.
+
+     "He is a nihilist," repeated Arcadi.
+
+     "A nihilist," said Nicholas Petrovitch. "This word must come from
+     the Latin _Nihil_, nothing, as far as I can judge; and consequently
+     it signifies a man who ... who recognizes nothing?"
+
+     "Or rather who respects nothing," said Paul Petrovitch; and he
+     began again to butter his bread.
+
+     "A man who looks at everything from a critical point of view," said
+     Arcadi.
+
+     "Does that not come to the same thing?" asked his uncle.
+
+     "No, not at all; a nihilist is a man who bows before no authority,
+     who accepts no principle without examination, no matter what credit
+     the principle has."--TURGENEV: _Fathers and Sons_.
+
+
+It was a cheerless Saint Petersburg to which Kropotkin returned--a city
+in the grip of the powers of darkness. The officials despoiled the
+muzhiks of their last copecks, and if the poor peasants sought redress
+in institutions ironically known as "courts of justice,"[12] they were
+either imprisoned for life or murdered outright--at the order of the
+very men who were fleshed with pillage.
+
+The best writers had escaped abroad, or languished in faraway Siberia,
+or had departed upon a still longer journey.
+
+Where was Lavrov? Who heard of Mikhailov? What fortress held Pisarev?
+Why sat no ardent youths at Chernishevsky's feet?
+
+The reformers who had worked for the abolition of serfdom were still. An
+uncanny fear possessed them. They trembled at the thought of Trepoff.
+They shuddered at the sight of Shuvaloff. They wished nothing but
+obscurity; they prayed only for oblivion to cover them. They denied with
+pale faces that they had ever held advanced opinions. They were a
+pitiful lot, but it is hard to blame them. Like a blood-crazed beast
+Alexander roamed his empire, slaughtering human beings with a ferocity
+that would have made a pack of wolves protest. In the dead of the night
+they were shot--and sometimes at dawn. No reasons were assigned, no
+questions answered. Russia prostrated herself at the feet of
+power--poisoned with the fangs of force. Little wonder the old
+generation was frightened.
+
+The lime had grown in their bones, and to have these bones crushed by
+Katkoff in the casemates of the Fortress of Peter and Paul was not
+pleasant. The fathers withdrew from the society of their sons. Even the
+older brothers held aloof. At every step the young people heard,
+"Prudence, young man." Never before was youth so deserted, and never
+before was youth so splendid, so supreme, so sublime. Was it for them to
+follow the craven footsteps of a cowardly generation? Let the
+overcrowded prisons answer! Let the youngster-jammed dungeons reply!
+
+From the army came the young officer and cast aside his uniform. From
+the palace stepped forth the young prince and threw off his costly
+mantle. From the general's family hastened the young heiress and put
+away her silken dresses.
+
+It is not for a halting tongue to celebrate this youthful band of
+pioneers. It is not for a faltering pen to chant praises to those whose
+glory is unrivalled. History has not seen their equals. They deserve the
+worship of a better world than this. We who have no faith in God or
+reverence for Government, may well bow our heads at the recollection of
+men who left comfortable firesides to expose themselves to maddening
+tortures. We may well fall right down on our knees at the thought of
+women who bade farewell to wealthy parents to bare their breasts to the
+sabre of the gendarme and the embrace of the cossack.
+
+Authorities they rejected. The chains of custom they rent asunder. Even
+the axiomatic they re-examined. With the luke-warm, half-hearted
+agnosticism of Huxley, they were dissatisfied. Out-and-out apostles of
+Atheism were they, and one of the first books they printed was Ludwig
+Buchner's. The theory of transformism they eagerly accepted, and more
+than any English evolutionist they would gladly have died to prove
+Darwin right and Cuvier wrong.[13]
+
+Only one mistake they made--they spat upon Art. They found no joy in
+beauty. An arched rainbow, a Grecian urn, a vine-covered cottage, were
+nothing to them. They scorned the laurels of the golden-haired Apollo.
+They claimed a shoemaker was superior to Raphael because he makes useful
+things while the other does not.
+
+[Illustration: THE SCAFFOLD'S BRIDE
+
+It is for such girls that the czar buys rope.]
+
+Their sacred watchword was: To The People. This great movement--which
+Turgenev[14] named Nihilism--spread rapidly. Many schools were
+established and enormous numbers of peasants flocked to them. The old
+sat on the benches with their grandchildren and did their best to learn.
+Teachers and the taught were enthused with the great idea. Leaders and
+the led were comrades. The youths did not spend a couple of hours with
+the peasants and then run off to indulge in an abnormal orgy prepared by
+a pathic Grand Duke. Altho several were heirs to fortunes, they refused
+to accept any money from their parents. They lived exactly like the
+peasants, several in a room, ate black bread and dressed in boots and
+sheepskin. Many of the girls formerly owned a trunkful of jewels and a
+houseful of servants, but now they dispensed with chignon and crinoline.
+They cropped their hair close and put on blue spectacles so they might
+not be fair in the eyes of men. They wanted no love affairs. They wanted
+to educate the ignorant. Children of the rich, offsprings of
+aristocrats, scions of nobility, brought up in luxury, encouraged in
+idleness, unused to manual work, unaccustomed to physical labor, they
+now toiled fifteen hours a day in the factories. To look peasant-like,
+the prettiest maidens rubbed their cheeks with grease and steeped their
+hands in brine. All the woes of the commoners they accepted for
+themselves. Were there ever before such luminous sons, such divine
+daughters? Ask history for a parallel, and Clio's scroll is blank!
+
+Let this statement stand--indeed not even the twisted intellect of the
+perverted W. T. Stead[15] could demolish it--had the autocracy
+permitted these young teachers to continue their educative work among
+the peasants, Russia to-day would not be a nation of illiterate muzhiks,
+and millions who are now hopelessly blind would have eyes that see.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[12] "This court is worse than a house of ill-fame; there they sell only
+bodies, but here you prostitute honor and justice and law."--IPPOLIT
+MISHKIN.
+
+[13] If the reader has not read Stepniak's "Underground Russia" he
+should do so without delay.
+
+[14] See his "Fathers and Sons," but avoid the abominable translation by
+Eugene Schuyler. To the eternal honor of the nihilists it must be said
+that they instantly and emphatically repudiated the hero of this novel,
+the brutal Bazarov. I myself have no hesitancy in saying that I prefer
+even the perfumed dandy Paul Petrovitch, to this harsh, coarse,
+repulsive, insulting individual who treats his loving parents like dogs,
+and who refers to a beautiful woman by exclaiming, "What a magnificent
+body! How fine it would look on a dissecting table!" Here is one of the
+curiosities of literature: a great artist conceives a great admiration
+for a great type, and yet he produces--a caricature! But Kropotkin seems
+to have a somewhat higher opinion of Bazarov, for in a letter which I
+received from him, he says, "Those Nihilists who understood Bazarov as
+Pisarev did, were right. Those who reproached Turgenev for Bazarov's
+scorn to work for mankind were right again. Turgenev has not succeeded
+in representing the man of action whom he admired well enough to excite
+the uninitiated admiration of the reader." For a correct representation
+of a nihilist in a novel--which the nihilists themselves heartily
+accepted--see the character of Rakmetov in Chernishevsky's wonderful
+"What is to be done?" Among those who enthusiastically praised this work
+was Sophia Perovskaya.
+
+[15] The English eulogist of Russian officialism, the hypocrite who is
+intimate with Nicholas II., the scoundrel who praises Trepoff, and yet
+speaks of uplifting humanity!! He has written a lying book, "The Truth
+About Russia."
+
+
+
+
+THE TERRORISTS
+
+     In July 1906, I was in Bialystok. A pogrom had just been started. I
+     saw women who were repeatedly raped before the eyes of their
+     husbands and their fathers. I saw a child, four years old,
+     deliberately shot in the arm by a soldier. I saw a girl of twelve
+     shot in the stomach. I saw a hospital that was purposely fired upon
+     by soldiers merely to create a panic among the patients. The local
+     schoolmaster was killed by three gendarmes driving nails into his
+     skull. The whole reason for the massacre was to terrify the
+     population into submitting meekly to various governmental
+     impositions. The massacre is a recognized weapon of the Russian
+     Government, often used to shape political ends. By what standards
+     of the eternal verities is it wrong to combat this kind of
+     slaughter by removing the official or officials responsible? To
+     assassinate an Alikhanov, a Pavlov, a Min, a Dubossov, a Sergius, a
+     Plehve, is, to my mind, precisely like killing a rattlesnake that
+     has crawled into a nursery, or stamping out a pest, or blowing up a
+     building to stop the further spread of the flames.
+            KELLOGG DURLAND: _The Necessity for Terrorism in Russia_.
+
+
+It is not often remembered--tho it should be--that at this time these
+Nihilists were not politicals, and did not fight czarism. Their object
+was to teach the alphabet, not to overthrow the dynasty. It was only
+when the government condemned to a slow death in Siberia every one who
+printed a leaflet, or distributed a pamphlet, or attended a meeting, or
+listened to a speaker, or joined a co-operative association, or started
+an experimental farm, or went to a technical school, or taught a
+peasant--that they commenced to oppose the Romanoff regime. It was only
+when the ultimatum, "No schools allowed!"[16] was for several years
+rammed down their throats at the point of the bayonet that the Nihilists
+became Terrorists. It was only when the prisons overflowed with their
+young warm blood that Sophia Perovskaya waved her handkerchief.
+
+The shaft of truth is naked, and so armored with bias is the mind of
+man, that the missle cannot pierce the mail. In spite of the
+unanswerable array of historical data, many will still exclaim, "We do
+not believe in using force in Russia. We believe in education."
+
+O huge Sviatogor, giant-hero of the primitive Russians, endow us with
+your mighty nerves, lest we burst!
+
+There was a girl--Miss Gukovskaya. A young girl--fourteen years old.[17]
+She addressed a crowd--about Kovalsky. She was transported to a remote
+part of Siberia for life. The child could not endure the wilderness and
+drowned herself in the Yenisei.
+
+There was another girl who gave a single pamphlet to a worker. Her
+punishment was nine years of hard labor and then life-long exile among
+Siberian snows.
+
+A young man was found reading a book not admired by the censor. He was
+put in prison and kept there until he committed suicide.
+
+When the gay and gentle Starinyevitch was a student, a manifesto was
+found in his possession. Unwilling to incriminate another, he refused to
+say from whom he received it. For this omission he spent twenty years
+in filthy prisons.
+
+While searching the room of Rosovsky who was not yet twenty, the police
+discovered a proclamation of the Executive Committee.
+
+"Who gave it to you?"
+
+"That I cannot say. I am not a spy."
+
+He was sentenced to death and died on the scaffold.[18]
+
+Kropotkin mentions another youth of nineteen who posted a circular in a
+railway station. He was caught and killed--hanged I think. "He was a
+boy," says Kropotkin, "He was a boy but he died like a man."
+
+Ask a Revolutionist if he knows Sophia Bardina and his glowing eyes will
+answer yes. Because she read a couple of articles in public, she was
+condemned to several years' penal servitude, which by special favor of
+the czar was commuted to life-long exile.
+
+Leo Deutsch in his mild and modest _Sixteen Tears in Siberia_, tells of
+a few girls of Romny who hit upon the plan of loaning one another books
+and making notes on them. Soon a few young men joined, and thus was
+formed a small reading society, such as might help to pass away the long
+winter evenings in the dull provincial town. For this--and for
+absolutely nothing but this--"the conspirators of Romny" were deported
+across the Urals.
+
+Only a couple of years ago, several schoolteachers met at Tiflis to
+discuss the best method of improving their educational curricula. A
+commander entered and cried, "Disperse!" Turning to his cossacks he
+said, "These women are yours"--and all were raped with impunity.
+
+As long as the Romanoffs rule Russia, only idiots opaque and impervious
+to reason, can speak of education without action.
+
+If education were permitted, revolutionary violence would not be,
+because terrorism is the last straw to which the drowning nation
+clutches. They cling to this because under existing circumstances
+nothing else is possible, nothing, nothing, nothing.
+
+Russia has produced no greater Terrorist than Gregory Gershuni, and when
+this glorious Jew stood before his "judges" he told them: "History will
+forgive you everything; the centuries of oppression, the millions you
+have starved to death, the other millions you have sent to be butchered
+on the battlefield; everything but this--that you have driven us who
+mean well with our fatherland to seek recourse in murder."[19]
+
+Men cannot meet for purposes of discussion, because if they do, they
+will be beaten and bayoneted. Children cannot, for they will be hacked
+to pieces. Women cannot, for their bodies will be utilized to warm the
+beds of cossacks.
+
+Such liberticide must be answered by tyrannicide! And the hand that
+holds a dagger, red with the blood of a despot, is the noblest hand of
+all!
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[16] This fact is so notorious that even an obscurantist like W. R.
+Morfill must admit it. See the passage in his mediocre book, "Russia."
+But illiberal as this work is, it at least is not outrageous. What
+however are we to do with Augustus Hare ("Studies in Russia") who writes
+that exile to Siberia is pleasant; with Rev. Henry Landsell ("Through
+Siberia") who informs us that punishment with the knout was not painful;
+with Miss Annette Meakin ("A Ribbon of Iron") who describes the cruel
+Gribsky as a kindly man; with John A. Logan ("Joyful Russia") who is
+religiously convinced that the czar is an angel; with Francis H. Skrine
+("Expansion of Russia") who approves the worst crimes of the house of
+Romanoff. Of course lackeys are always plentiful, but how sad that
+Russian Despotism should have Anglo-American defenders.
+
+[17] Russian heroines begin early. The renowned Vera Zasulitch was just
+sweet sixteen when she startled the world by shooting and wounding the
+murderous General Trepoff.
+
+[18] See "Russia Under the Czars," by Stepniak.
+
+[19] This is the sentiment of all Russian Rebels. When the beautiful
+revolutionary nurse, Anna Korba, was on trial, 1882, she said, "If the
+party of the Will of the People adopts the policy of terror, it is not
+because it prefers terrorism, but because terrorism is the only possible
+method of attaining the objects set before it by the historical
+conditions of Russian life. These are sad and fateful words, and they
+bear a prophecy of terrible calamity. Gentlemen--Senators, you are well
+acquainted with the fundamental laws of the Russian Empire. You are
+aware that no one has a right to advocate any change in the existing
+imperial form of Government, or even to think of such a thing. Merely to
+present to the Crown a collective petition is forbidden--and yet the
+country is growing and developing, the conditions of social life are
+becoming day by day more and more complicated, and the moment approaches
+when the Russian people will burst thru the barriers from which there is
+no exit." Here she was interrupted by the presiding judge, but
+continued, "The historical task set before the party of the Will of the
+People is to widen these barriers and to obtain for Russia independence
+and freedom. The means for the attainment of these objects depend
+directly upon the Government. We do not adher obstinately to terrorism.
+The hand that is raised to strike will instantly fall if the Government
+will change the political conditions of life. Our party has patriotic
+self-control enuf not to take revenge for its bleeding wounds; but,
+unless it prove false to the Russian people, it cannot lay down its arms
+until it has conquered for that people freedom and well-being." One of
+the last things that Stepniak tells us in "King Stork and King Log" is:
+"Terrorism is the worst of all methods of revolutionary warfare, and
+there is only one thing that is worse still--slavish submissiveness, and
+the absence of any protest."----An unusually good editorial, "The
+Meaning of Terrorism," appeared recently in the New York Evening Post,
+in which it was correctly said, "In exchange for freedom of
+self-expression, the Revolutionists stand ready instantly to abandon
+terror, and they point for proof of their sincerity to the cessation of
+warfare during the period when the Duma was being elected and sat, to
+their readiness even now to suspend hostilities for the coming
+elections; small reason tho they have for confidence in the future plans
+of the government."----The Boston Herald (March 16, 1905), in a column
+editorial called "How Assassins Are Made," says, "The dark cloud of
+Russian oppression is riven only by thunderbolts. There is no wind of
+free speech to drive it away."----The editor of Altruria (November 1907)
+in answering a gentleman who objected to terrorism in Russia, writes,
+"When he says 'there are other ways,' he is mistaken. That's all. That
+is just the trouble. In Russia there are no other ways; not at present.
+There was hope of peaceful reformation; the Government destroyed that
+hope. The bomb and the bullet, therefore remain the only weapon."
+
+
+
+
+SOPHIA PEROVSKAYA
+
+     All the condemned died like heroes. Kibalkitch and Geliabov
+     appeared very calm and resigned. Timothy Mikhailov pale but firm;
+     Rysakov calm and under control, but his face was as white as a
+     sheet. Sophia Perovskaya's courage struck us all with astonishment.
+     Not a sign of fear of death in her lovely countenance. Her cheeks
+     wore the fresh roses of youth and health, and a heroine's soul
+     gleamed from her gentle, but firm and serious face.
+          --From the reactionary _Kolnische Zeitung_.
+
+
+Russia has long been famous for its circles, which far surpass in
+interest and excellence, those of any other country. According to the
+calculation of the police, each member contributes to the society either
+a pint or a quart of blood, but this computation is too conservative.
+Those who join Russian Circles do not measure the amount, but are ready
+to give unto the last drop. At these meetings, chairmen and ceremony are
+unknown. Those present sit on chairs, lean against the window-sill, or
+squat on a broken sofa. They sing melancholy songs, smoke cigarettes and
+overwork the samovar. They dress carelessly in loose blouses of colored
+calico. Their hair is disheveled, their faces are flushed, their eyes
+are blazing. All argue at once, and in order to make themselves heard,
+interrupt each other, shout animatedly, bang the table, and rattle the
+spoon in the glass. The noise is deafening, but from the din of the
+debate fly forth sparks which may eventually inflame even this outraged
+empire of officials and icons.
+
+In 1872, Kropotkin joined the most important of these groups--the Circle
+of Chaykovsky. Kropotkin was now a thoro-going revolutionist, and it is
+foolish to ask as Grand Duke Nicholas did, "When did you begin to
+entertain such ideas?"
+
+In a country like Russia, where the present government incites the
+troops to massacre the people, hoping in this way to prolong its
+existence;[20] where the wardens do a thriving business by turning over
+the female prisoners to the soldiers at so much a piece; where the
+Dnieper-Demons beat women to the ground and ride their horses over their
+bosoms; where they toss children in the air and catch them on their
+bayonets;[21] where they hack babes in twain and hurl the bleeding
+pieces at their agonized mothers; where they hammer spikes thru the
+heads of old men;[22] where youths are exiled for life for reading a
+forbidden author; where vulgar officers command refined women to become
+their mistresses[23] or pay the penalty of having their families shipped
+to that side of the tear-drenched monument which says, "Asia;" where
+officials who plan pogroms are promoted, and those who protest are
+imprisoned[24] where tortures like pricking out the eyes[25] and
+striking the stomach are perpetrated; where virgin and matron are used
+to glut the lust of the cossack;[26] where such crimes are openly
+committed from dawn to dusk and thru the darkness of the black night,
+that at mere thought of them the suffering brain reels, and the
+horrified senses faint--in a land like this could a Peter Kropotkin
+remain Chamberlain to the Czarina?
+
+[Illustration: NICHOLAS CHAYKOVSKY
+
+"The Father of the Russian Revolution."]
+
+Such rare-souled characters formed this Circle, that Kropotkin spent
+here the two happiest years of his life. To pass whole days with
+Nicholas Chaykovsky, to speak with the Kornilov sisters, to work with
+the young Kuprianov, to grasp the honest hand of Stepniak, to enter the
+room at night in top-boots after lecturing to peasants, and see sweet
+Sophia Perovskaya say severely, "How dare you bring so much mud in this
+house!"--what life could be intenser?
+
+The Circle of Chaykovsky held its meetings in a little dwelling in the
+suburbs of Saint Petersburg. There was nothing about it to excite
+suspicion. The neighbors often saw the mistress attending to her
+business. They knew her to be an artisan's wife, an ordinary
+workingwoman. She wore a cotton dress and men's shoes, her head was
+covered with a fancy kerchief, and she trudged slowly along, carrying on
+her shoulders full pails of water from the Neva River.
+
+But they did not know that she belonged to the highest aristocracy; that
+one of her ancestors was the morganatic husband of Empress Elizabeth,
+daughter of Peter the Great; that her grandfather was Minister of Public
+Instruction; that her uncle was a renowned conqueror in Asia Minor; that
+her father was Governor General of St. Petersburg; that she herself had
+shone in the most fashionable drawing rooms of the capital, and that her
+name was Sophia Perovskaya,--a name which thrills the soul of every
+rebel to its center.
+
+Physically she was like a novelist's heroine. She had golden hair and
+her eyes were blue. A lissom figure, a musical voice, a charming
+laugh.[27] Pure with a maiden's modesty, chaste with a virginal shyness.
+So graceful and girlish that she never looked more than eighteen--even
+when she was twenty-six. Of such a sympathetic nature that when she
+became a nurse, sufferers whose nerves quivered in distress, claimed
+their agony abated as soon as she entered. Her mother she loved to
+adoration, and often at the risk of her life, she left her hiding-place
+to give Varvara Sergyevna the joy of folding her hunted child in her
+aching arms. Her father had human form, but was in reality a fiend, yet
+rejoice that he lived, for from his ultra-reactionary loins was born the
+white queen of the red revolution.
+
+From her sixteenth year, Sonya was ready to die for the Cause--with a
+smile on her beautiful lips and a wave of her graceful hand, with the
+crimson banner above her head, and upon her bosom a red carnation. I
+speak figuratively. She would not have worn these things. She was
+altogether too simple.
+
+Hers was a life full of pain, and in 1881 came the supreme sorrow. Her
+heart twitched with the torture, for Andrew Geliabov, the man she loved
+so fondly, was in the casemate of the fortress, and all knew, and Sonya
+knew too, that soon around his beloved neck would be a bluish streak.
+Yet her brilliant intellect was not dimmed or darkened. That will of
+iron and those nerves of steel, neither broke nor faltered. It was then
+that she arranged every detail for the assassination of Alexander II.
+She may have wept in private, but to her comrades she said with dry
+eyes, "When I give the signal, throw the bomb."
+
+The appointed day came. In a metal-clad carriage, the czar drove to the
+parade. Behind him in a sledge rode Colonel Dvorjitsky. Burning eyes
+looked at a girl. A handkerchief fluttered in the air--Sonya's signal!
+Rysakov threw his bomb. The Emperor alighted--unhurt. Then Grinevetsky
+too, flung a blessed ball of Kibalkitch's make, and within a few hours
+the old despot and the young martyr passed out of the world.
+
+Sophia Perovskaya inspired the greatest stanzas of the Poet of the
+Sierras, for usually the verse of the slangy Joaquin Miller is mediocre.
+But how grand are these!:
+
+
+     "A storm burst forth! From out the storm
+     The clean, red lightning leapt,
+     And lo, a prostrate royal form ...
+     And Alexander slept!
+     Down thru the snow, all smoking, warm
+     Like any blood, his crept.
+     Yea, one lay dead, for millions dead!
+     One red spot in the snow
+     For one long damning line of red,
+     Where exiles endless go--
+     The babe at breast, the mother's head
+     Bowed down and dying so.
+
+     And did a woman do this deed?
+     Then build her scaffold high,
+     That all may on her forehead read
+     The martyr's right to die!
+     Ring Cossack round on royal steed!
+     Now lift her to the sky!
+     But see! From out the black hood shines
+     A light few look upon!
+     Lorn exiles, see, from dark, deep mines,
+     A star at burst of dawn!...
+     A thud! A creak of hangman's lines!--
+     A frail shape jerked and drawn!..."
+
+
+Before stepping upon the scaffold, Sophia Perovskaya wrote a note. (I
+know it has often been printed, but how can I help publishing it again?)
+Think you she laments that one so gifted should perish so young? Read:
+
+"Mother, mother! Beloved, beloved one! If you only knew how cruelly I
+suffer at the thought of the sorrow and torture I have caused you,
+dearest--! I beg and beseech you not to rack your tender heart for my
+sake. Spare yourself, and think of all those who are round you at home,
+and who love you no less than I do--and need you constantly; and who,
+more than I, are entitled to your love and affection. Spare yourself
+too, for the sake of me, who would be so happy if only the agonizing
+thought of the sorrow I have caused you did not torture me so
+unspeakably. Sorrow not over my fate which I created for myself, as you
+know, at the strict behest of my conscience. You know that I could not
+have acted differently, that I was obliged to do what my heart ordered,
+that I had to go and leave you, beloved mother, when my country called
+me. Do not think that the death that inevitably awaits me has any terror
+for my soul. That which has happened is only, you know, what I have been
+expecting every day, every hour, during all those years, and what sooner
+or later, must overtake me and my friends. Soon, in the course of a few
+days, I must die for the cause, for the idea, for which I devoted my
+life and all the powers of my soul and body. How happy I should be then,
+dearest, beloved! Once more I beseech you not to mourn for me. You are
+well aware how ineffably I love you, I have always, always, loved you.
+By this love I conjure you to forgive your Sonya! Again and again I kiss
+your beloved hands, and on my knees, thank you for all you have given me
+during every moment of my life. On my knees I beseech you to bear to all
+the dear ones at home my last loving greetings! To-morrow I shall stand
+once more in the presence of my judges; probably for the last time. But
+my clothes are so shabby, and I wanted to tidy myself up a bit. Buy and
+send me, dearest mama, a little white collar and a pair of simple loose
+sleeves with links. Perhaps it will be vouchsafed us once again to
+meet. Till then, farewell! Do not forget my last fervent prayer, my
+last thought: forgive me and do not bewail me."
+
+[Illustration: SOPHIA PEROVSKAYA
+
+She was hanged in her twenties, but her name is as immortal as the
+eternal sun.]
+
+Yes, this is her letter. "Buy and send me, dearest mama, a little white
+collar and a pair of simple loose sleeves with links."
+
+A woman still--but glorified, radiant, resplendent--a woman all
+inspired, upraised, exalted, uplifted, aureoled.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[20] See the book on massacres by the ex-bureaucrat Prince Urusoff, in
+which the high official shows that the government itself is the chief
+pogrom-preparer. Translated by Herman Rosenthal.
+
+[21] See "Within the Pale," by Michael Davitt. Also Bialik's "'Al
+Shechitah," either in the Jewish Quarterly Review or The Maccabean,
+January 1907. Translation by Helena Frank.
+
+[22] See the "Report of the Duma Commission on the Pogrom at Bialystok,"
+published in the London Jewish Chronicle, July 1906. Reprinted in its
+entirety in the American Jewish Year Book, 1906-1907. At Kishineff, the
+wife of Fanorissi Siss had nails driven thru her eyes. See also Book II
+of "Gillette's Social Redemption," and Kropotkin's letter in the London
+Times, July 25, 1908.
+
+[23] See "Russia from Within," by Alexander Ular. This truthful volume
+contains many horrible revelations concerning the fearfully cruel and
+corrupt Grand Dukes.
+
+[24] For a well-edited "Table of Pogroms" see American Jewish Year Book,
+1906-1907. Out of hundreds of examples, here is one: On the last day of
+October 1905, a frightful carnage overtook the Jews in Odessa. Their
+financial loss amounted to at least one million rubles, and six thousand
+of them were killed and injured. The Self-Defense was well organized,
+but when they fought too valiantly, the police surrounded them and shot
+them down. The janitors were ordered to point out Jewish flats to the
+mob. An imperial Ukase was published, thanking the troops for their
+excellent work. Nineteen officers who tried to prevent the wholesale
+butchery were transfered to obscure posts, while Neidhardt who was
+Prefect of Police at this time was promoted to the position of Governor
+of Nishni-Novgorod. I purposely quote very modern instances, so English
+readers will see that the crimes of the Romanoffs are not things of the
+past.
+
+[25] See "The Revolution in the Baltic Provinces." The author's name is
+withheld for obvious reasons, but the terrible little book is edited by
+J. Ramsay MacDonald, a well-known member of Parliament. The reader of
+nervous temperament will not find the chapter on the "Torture Chambers
+of Riga," at all enjoyable.
+
+[26] For numerous instances see the "Red Reign," by Kellogg Durland.
+From every standpoint this is one of the most admirable works that has
+appeared on Russia.
+
+[27] "She had the ready laugh of a girl, and laughed with so much
+heartiness, and so unaffectedly, that she really seemed a young lass of
+sixteen.... At dinner time, when all met, there was chatting and joking
+as tho nothing was at stake, and it was then that Sophia Perovskaya--at
+the very moment when she had in her pocket a loaded revolver intended to
+blow up everything and everybody into the air--most frequently delighted
+the company with her silver laugh."--STEPNIAK.
+
+
+
+
+THE FORTRESS OF PETER AND PAUL
+
+     A strange feeling came over me when I saw that I was being conveyed
+     to this prison, used by the Government of the Czars for political
+     offenders only; a place never spoken of in Russia without a
+     shudder.--LEO DEUTSCH: _Sixteen Years in Siberia_.
+
+
+The Circle of Chaykovsky exerted an immense influence all over the
+empire, forming branches in every province, and producing the greatest
+of the Russian Revolutionists. Yet the particular group to which
+Kropotkin belonged was daily decreasing, on account of the imprisonment
+of its members.
+
+In January 1874, the police became so vigilant that the remaining
+comrades thought it wise for Stepniak to leave St. Petersburg. But this
+noble and lovable giant, whose simplicity earned him the epithet of
+"Baby," refused to obey. He protested warmly, and remained at his risky
+post until the Nihilists actually forced him to depart to a safer city.
+
+It was also time for Kropotkin--who had become famous by his speeches to
+the 'prostoi narod'--to conceal himself, but in his case a strange
+circumstance prevented. He had just completed his essay on the glacial
+formations, and it was necessary to read it at a meeting of the
+Geographical Society. When he finished, an animated discussion began,
+but laurels were on Kropotkin's head; it was admitted that all old
+theories concerning the diluvial period in Russia were erroneous. This
+paper produced such an excellent impression that it was proposed to
+nominate the author president of the Physical Geography section. So
+Kropotkin sat among the fine gentlemen, and shook hands with the
+dignified professors, and smilingly thanked the learned savants for the
+honors they conferred upon him, but inwardly he asked himself if he
+would not spend that very night in the prison of the Third Section.
+
+His guess was not a bad one. He was soon arrested. After certain tedious
+formalities, he was put in a cab. A colossal Circassian sat at his side.
+The genial Kropotkin spoke to him, but the mass of meat only snored.
+Many of Kropotkin's comrades were already entombed in Litovsky prison,
+but his question if he too were going there was unanswered. Then the cab
+crossed Palace Bridge, and it was no longer necessary to interrogate the
+guardian. Peter Kropotkin knew he was bound for that silent coffin of
+stone which darkly rises like a Hell-on-Earth--the Fortress of Saint
+Peter and Saint Paul.
+
+He leaned over and looked at the flowing Neva, knowing he would not soon
+see the graceful river again. Over the gulf of Finland, clouds were
+hanging, but the prisoner searched for patches of blue sky. The sun was
+going down, wearily perhaps, but proudly, for as it slowly sank below
+the horizon it left behind it gossamer colors of sapphire and scarlet,
+with glint and glow of gold. (And the officer snored.)
+
+The carriage turned to the left and entered a dark passage. Kropotkin
+was now within the gate of the Cemetery for the Living, the mouldy,
+murderous Tomb of Torture. Thru his mind flashed all the horrors of this
+famous prison whose dreaded name is uttered only in a voice hushed and
+awed.[28] Within these walls the Decembrists became martyrs. Here
+Nechaev--in the gloomy Alexis ravelin[29]--was kept a prisoner for life.
+Here Perovskaya had been confined. Here was incarcerated the
+poet-prince Odoevsky, about whose early death the banished Lermontov
+wrote so tender an elegy.
+
+The carriage stopped before another gate which was opened by soldiers.
+Here Catherine II.[30] buried alive all who opposed her abominations.
+Here the terrible Minich tortured his enemies until they expired from
+the agony. Here Princess Tarakanova was locked in a cell which filled
+with water, causing the rats to climb upon her body to save themselves
+from drowning. Here in the awful loneliness of the silent dungeons, an
+army of unfortunates had gone insane.
+
+The carriage rested again and Kropotkin was taken to a third iron gate
+which opened into a dark room where he could vaguely see several
+soldiers in soft felt boots gliding noiselessly about as if they were
+phantoms from another world. He recalled that here was caged much of the
+winged glory of Russian Literature--Ryleev, the poet of freedom whose
+forbidden ballads Kropotkin's mother copied in her note-books;
+Griboyedov who wrote one immortal masterpiece[31] and then put pen no
+more to paper because the censor mutilated his work beyond recognition;
+Shevchenko who dipped his quill in a soul of tears and wrote
+heart-breaking poetry about his fellow-serfs; Dostoyevsky, the sensitive
+novelist who described so well the injured and insulted; Pisarev, a
+truly marvellous critic whose voice was a trumpet-call arousing the
+youth to a higher life; Chernishevsky, the profoundest thinker of his
+time, as great a genius as the race of man has produced.[32] These--and
+how many more!--had spent weary years in the fortress where he was now
+walking.
+
+He remembered that in one of these cells the dauntless Karakozov was
+frightfully maltreated by being deprived of sleep. The gendarmes, who
+were changed every two hours, were ordered to keep him awake. Karakozov
+was inventive, and as he sat on his small stool he would cross his legs,
+and swing one of them to make his tormentors believe he was up;
+meanwhile he would steal a nap, continuing to swing his leg. When the
+gendarmes--depraved, imbruted blood-spillers--discovered the deception,
+they shook him every few moments whether he swung his limb or not. It is
+also quite certain that all his joints were crushed, for when he was
+taken out from the fortress to be hanged, he looked like a lump of
+rubber or heap of jelly. His head, arms, legs, trunk, were altogether
+loose as if they contained no bones or only broken ones. It was terrible
+to see the strenuous efforts he made to ascend the scaffold.
+
+Kropotkin was taken to another black hall where armed sentries were
+moving. He thought of the mighty Bakunin, who was kept in an Austrian
+prison chained to the wall for two years, and then spent six more in
+this Fortress of Peter and Paul, and yet came out as fresh and pink as a
+boy.
+
+He was put into a cell--a casemate originally intended for a cannon. A
+heavy oak door was shut behind him, a huge key turned in the lock, and
+the prince who had slept in the lap of an empress, who had been petted
+by Nicholas I., and who as sergeant of the corps of pages became the
+closest personal attendant of Alexander II., was left alone in a
+darksome reduit.
+
+The prisoner examined his cell. High up in the granite wall a hole was
+cut. Kropotkin dragged his stool there, looked out and listened.
+Emptiness--no sound. He tapped the walls--no response. He struck the
+floor with his foot--no reply. He spoke to the sentry--no answer. The
+coldness, the dampness, the darkness were bad enuf, but this utter
+silence, this intense stillness, this grave-like deadness were
+maddening.
+
+No human being addressed him; no living thing held intercourse with
+him--except the pigeons which came morning and afternoon to his window
+to receive food thru the grating. Only the bells of the fortress
+cathedral were heard. Every quarter of an hour they chimed to the glory
+of Jesus, and every midnight they pealed forth, "God save the Czar."
+
+Then all was mute ... and nothing more....
+
+Not only did no one speak to him, he was not even permitted to speak to
+himself. When the killing silence first began to oppress him, he hummed
+a tune. Then the spirit of song took hold of him, and he raised his
+voice. He sang from his favorite opera, Glinka's _Ruslan and
+Ludmila_--"Have I then to say farewell to love forever?"
+
+"Sir," said a bass voice thru the food-window, "do not sing!"
+
+A few days later, Peter Kropotkin could not sing.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[28] See the "Memoirs of a Revolutionist."
+
+[29] See the "Russian Bastille" by Simon O. Pollock in the International
+Socialist Review, March 1907.
+
+[30] If anyone cares to know to what sexual depravities royal ladies can
+descend, let him read what Dr. W. W. Sanger says about Empress Elizabeth
+and the two Catherines in his valuable "History of Prostitution." The
+number of lovers they caressed was surpassed only by the number of
+thinkers they tortured. The first-named had a reputation for humaneness.
+Does this mean that during her reign no one was exiled? No, it means
+that during her reign only 80,000 of her subjects were knouted and
+deported to Siberia.
+
+[31] Prophetically named "The Misfortune of Having Brains." (Gore ot
+Uma).
+
+[32] For a brief but sympathetic sketch of Chernishevsky by one who knew
+him personally, see the "Russian Revolt" by Edmund Noble. It contains
+this sentence: "Such was the cost of trying to be a Cobden or a Bright
+in Russia!"
+
+
+
+
+BROTHERS
+
+     The worst is, that the gendarmes cannot live without political
+     plots; if they have none to deal with in reality, they must invent
+     some; otherwise they run the risk of seeing their budget diminished
+     for the next year. This is the reason why alarming reports as to
+     future political attempts circulate as a rule a few weeks and even
+     months before the renewal of the special budget serving to pay this
+     sort of people.--MAXIM KOVALEVSKY: _Russian Political
+     Institutions_.
+
+
+So time crept on with crippled feet, halting and limping on its broken
+crutches, held back by heavy ball and clanking chain. Thru the five feet
+of granite the sun could not penetrate, but grief came in thru the
+mortar. No oxygen passed the Judas, but with noisy wings sorrow flew in
+the embrasure. The oaken doors held freedom out, but sadness passed the
+bars of iron.
+
+A great blow came to Kropotkin. He heard news which sickened him. Life
+lost its meaning. His stool remained unused in the corner.[33] All the
+day long, and during the endless hours of night, he wandered up and
+down his cell like a dazed animal. Friendly faces could not see him, but
+distress was his warder, and despair became his familiar visitor. He had
+learnt of the arrest of his brother Alexander[34]--the Sasha for whom he
+had saved the tiny tea-cakes.
+
+The history of Peter Kropotkin can never be written and the name of
+Alexander left out. Tho only a year older, Sasha was in advance of him
+intellectually. This alone shows what a remarkable child he was, for
+Peter also was precocious: at twelve he dropped his title of prince,
+signing himself merely P. Kropotkin; at fourteen he wrote articles in
+favor of a constitution; and while still at school, he became the author
+of a text-book on physics which was printed for the use of his
+class-mates.
+
+But more than anyone else, it was Sasha who opened unknown vistas to
+him, who stimulated his mind, who guided his studies, and directed his
+reading.
+
+"What happiness," wrote Kropotkin many years later, "it was for me to
+have such a brother! To him I owe the best part of my development."
+
+However, we soon forget Sasha's abilities--great as they were--in the
+contemplation of his white soul, of his spotless character, of his open
+heart, of his affectionate and exceptional personality.
+
+When he grew to manhood, he departed from Russia. His spirit was too
+lofty to exist in this blood-soaked hell of ghoulish czars. He needed
+freedom like the eagle needs the mountain crag. Had he shared his
+brother's views, he would have remained to work and die for the Cause.
+But as it was his opinion that a popular uprising was an impossibility,
+he could take no part in political agitation, and he went to Switzerland
+with wife and child. Here his great scientific work assumed monumental
+proportions; it was to be a nineteenth century counterpart of the
+renowned _Tableau de la Nature_ of the Encyclopædists. He labored in
+love, for science was to him what it was to Darwin.
+
+Then he heard of Kropotkin's arrest. In a twinkling he left everything.
+He re-entered the gore-dripping cave of the Bloody Bear. For his loved
+brother's sake he breathed again the murderous miasma. Once more he
+walked in that cursed country where the nagaika of the cossack beats
+freedom to death.
+
+Better than anyone else, he knew that if Kropotkin could not write, he
+would die. The Geographical Society and the Academy of Sciences wished
+the prisoner to finish a volume on the glacial period, and using this as
+a support, Sasha petitioned the authorities to allow his brother resume
+work. He made every scholar in the capital miserable, and plagued every
+scientific association until they agreed to support his application.
+
+The fruit of this labor was that the governor entered Kropotkin's cell
+bearing precious gifts. It would take an Ippolit Mishkin in his most
+eloquent moment to describe the captive's unfathomable joy when he felt
+the paper beneath his palm and clutched in his hungry fingers, an inked
+pen!
+
+In the presence of gendarmes, the brothers were permitted to see each
+other.[35] Sasha was much agitated. He hated the very sight of the
+uniforms of the executioners, and was too frank to keep his feelings to
+himself. Kropotkin was happy to see his honest face, his eyes full of
+love, and yet he wished him as far away as Zurich, for he knew that tho
+Sasha now came to the Third Section by day of his own free will, the
+time would come when he would be brought there by night under the escort
+of blue-garbed gendarmes.
+
+Kropotkin was right. Sasha wrote a letter to his friend, the famous
+refugee and profound thinker, P. L. Lavrov, in which he mentioned his
+fears that his brother will fall ill in his armored chamber.
+
+The Third Section intercepted the letter and arrested the writer. This
+was the story which leaked into Kropotkin's cell and broke him down.
+
+
+There is a touching little poem by Nora Perry about two attractive young
+ladies who come home after the ball. It is late, and they sit on the bed
+in their pretty nightgowns, stockingless, slipperless, combing their
+beautiful hair. Their dresses and flowers and ribbons are scattered over
+the room. They talk of the evening's revel, and laugh idly at the waltz
+and merry quadrille. Yet the hearts of these girls are not quite as
+light as their lips, for they both love one man and they fall asleep
+dreaming of him--his face shines out like a star. Here the poetess leans
+over the alluring sleepers and whispers if they could but peep into the
+future, they would not be jealous of each other, for ere another year
+rolls by, one will be ready for bridal and the other for burial. The
+eyes of one will sparkle among her jewels; her cheeks will blush thru
+her curls, but the other will be in that cabalistic country where there
+is neither wish nor want.
+
+[Illustration: "BEFORE THE SEARCH"--_By Kolinichenko_
+
+A Russian student burning his papers.]
+
+Yet is it not well that we cannot lift the mysterious veil and peer
+behind the darksome curtain? Otherwise would not we see future tragedies
+that would rob us of all strength to live thru the present?
+
+Certain it is that had Kropotkin guessed the fate that was to befall
+Sasha, he would soon have left the fortress--carried out.
+
+It may be a mooted point as to whether cossacks or gendarmes have been
+more successful in violating women, but all will agree that the former
+are pre-eminent in sabering students, while the latter receive the palm
+when it comes to searching houses. When half a dozen of them,
+accompanied by an officer,[36] burst into Sasha's flat after midnight,
+on Christmas eve, they excelled themselves. Against Alexander Kropotkin
+there was no accusation except that he had written a personal letter to
+a personal friend. Yet the Third Section kept him a prisoner for several
+months.
+
+At this time his charming child, whom illness rendered still more
+affectionate and intelligent, was dying from consumption. It was not
+Sasha's nature to ask favors from his enemies, but when Death beckons
+with its bony finger, one cannot be proud. So Sasha asked permission to
+see his son for the last time. The request was refused. He begged to be
+allowed to go home for one hour, promising on his word of honor to
+return. The request was refused. Then the high-souled man cast his
+spirit in the dust before them and implored to be taken there in chains,
+and guarded by gendarmes. The request was refused.
+
+The child died; the mother went half mad with grief; Sasha was told he
+would be transported to one of the loneliest towns in farthest Siberia;
+that he would travel in a cart between two gendarmes; that his wife
+could not go with him, but might follow later.
+
+A year passed, and Sasha remained in exile. Another year, and he was
+still in Siberia. His sister Helene, without asking anyone, wrote a
+petition to the czar. She gave it to her cousin Dmitri Kropotkin, an
+unfeeling scoundrel who was afterwards killed by the revolutionist
+Goldenberg. At this time he was governor-general of Kharkoff,
+aide-de-camp of the emperor, and a favorite of the court. Heartless as
+he was, he thought it unjust for a non-political to be exiled so long,
+and he handed the petition personally to Alexander II., adding words of
+his own in support of it. Romanoff took the document and wrote upon it:
+
+"Let him remain there."[37]
+
+Ten years later. Sasha was still in bleak Siberia, cut off from his
+scientific work, severed from the intellectual world. A gloomy
+night--the wolves howled and Sasha lived. But these things could not go
+on forever. A silent night--the wail of the wolf ceased, and the soul of
+Sasha escaped.[38] Helene wrote no petitions to Death, but it was Death
+that liberated him.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[33] Determining to preserve his physical vigor, Kropotkin mapped out
+for himself a course in gymnastics. Among other feats, he made excellent
+if undignified use of his weighty oak stool. He balanced it on his nose
+and lifted it with his teeth; he put it on the end of his foot and
+raised it at right angles to his body; he turned it on its edges and
+twirled it like a wheel; he tossed it from one hand to the other, faster
+and faster; and he hurled it between, under, and across his legs.
+
+[34] That is, his arrest in 1875; for Alexander Kropotkin had previously
+been arrested and thrown into prison in 1858, for reading Emerson's
+essay on "Self-Reliance," which was loaned to him by a university
+professor. For a portrait and his noble behavior on this occasion, see
+George Kennan's world-known "Siberia and the Exile System."
+
+[35] See Kropotkin's "Memoirs of a Revolutionist."
+
+[36] "There is not depicted in Russian literature a single type of
+officer which inspires sympathy or commands respect."... "Each of these
+young officers knows a string of such anecdotes all relating to the same
+topic. Here we have a tipsy cornet who rushes among a crowd of Jews and
+scatters them with drawn saber. A sublieutenant sabers a student who had
+inadvertently jogged his elbow. An officer shoots dead a civilian who
+had ventured the remark that a gentleman never addressed ladies to whom
+he had not been introduced."--G. SAVITCH in La Revue.
+
+[37] This is a typical drop in the ocean of his extreme cruelty.--Among
+those who contributed to my "Symposium on Humanitarians," (see August
+1908 issue of the Medico-Pharmaceutical Critic and Guide), was the
+distinguished ex-ambassador to Germany and Russia, Andrew D. White,
+Ph.D., L.H.D., LL.D. He mentioned as one of his favorites, Alexander II.
+Naturally I could not understand such a barbaric choice. A little later,
+this eminent former President and Professor of Cornell University
+published his "Autobiography," and I found he was the apologist, admirer
+and friend of Pobedonostzeff! He speaks as highly of this relentless
+persecutor as of Leo Tolstoy! I deserve to have my face slapped for
+expecting Truth and Right from an official personage!
+
+[38] He committed suicide by shooting himself.
+
+
+
+
+THE OPEN GATE
+
+     The autumn night is dark as the crime of the traitor. But darker
+     still, piercing the mist like a gloomy vision, stands--the prison.
+     The sentinels are striding idly around, and in the deepness of the
+     night is heard their groanlike melancholy "Lis-ten!" Tho the walls
+     of the barrier are strong, tho the iron locks are unbreakable, tho
+     the eyes of the gaolers are keen, and everywhere are shining
+     bayonets, still the prison is not a morgue. Thou sentinel, be not
+     negligent, trust not the darkness, be careful, Lis-ten!...
+     MIKHAILOV.
+
+
+The plague of the prisons was upon Kropotkin--he was sick with
+scurvy[39] and dying from insufficient oxidation of the blood. The
+wretches who lifted the shutter of the Judas and spied upon him,
+believed he would soon change his silent casemate for a silent coffin.
+
+His relatives heard about his condition, and their alarm was great. His
+sister Helene tried to obtain his release on bail, but the procureur
+turned himself like a golden pheasant and said with a sinister smile,
+"If you bring me a doctor's certificate that he will die in ten days, I
+will release him." The girl fell in a chair and sobbed aloud. Shubin
+smiled again, for like Gorky's Tchizhik in _Orloff and his Wife_, he was
+fond of gratuitous entertainments.
+
+But a prince is not a peasant, and Kropotkin was examined by a thoroly
+competent physician who ordered his transfer to the military hospital
+(where politicals were sent when it was thought they would soon require
+an undertaker).
+
+Kropotkin improved at once. With a full chest he breathed the blest air
+which he had missed so long. The rays of the sun warmed him, and the
+scent of flowers gladdened his life. The immense window of his spacious
+room may have been grated, but it was never closed. He sat there all day
+gazing at the rows of trees. Later he was taken out for an hour's walk
+in the prison yard--large, and full of sweet growing grass. The first
+moment he entered it, he stopped on the doorstep unable to move. Before
+him was a gate, and it was open! He tried not to look at it, yet stared
+at it all the time.
+
+The desire of the moth for the flame, the attraction of steel for
+loadstone, the bond between chlorine and hydrogen, the affinity of
+kalium for the halogens--what are these compared to the passion of a
+prisoner for an open gate?
+
+Kropotkin trembled as if in a fever. From head to foot his body shook,
+while the heart leaped and his pulses throbbed. He soon managed to let
+his Circle know how near he was to liberty, and immediately the comrades
+determined to aid him in escaping. Plans and plots were devised and
+disposed of, till Kropotkin feared all would be too late. He violated
+the rules of hygiene, hoping to keep in bad health, for he knew his
+walks would be stopped as soon as the doctor pronounced him well. Alas!
+in spite of all his efforts, his weight increased, his eyes brightened,
+his complexion cleared, his digestion improved. All symptoms of scurvy
+left him,--the livid spots under the skin and the oozy spongy gums
+disappeared.
+
+At last all was ready. The revolutionists were sentimental, and decided
+the escape should occur June 29th, Old Style, for this is the day of
+Peter and Paul. It was arranged that Kropotkin's signal that all was
+well should be the taking off of his hat, and if all were right outside,
+the comrades would send up a red toy balloon. The day of the "saints"
+came. At the usual time--four o'clock--Kropotkin was brought out for his
+walk. He took off his hat, and waited for the little balloon. But in the
+air no red ball arose, and at the end of an awful hour, he returned to
+his cell--sick, crushed and broken.
+
+A peculiar thing had happened. Usually hundreds of balloons could be
+bought near the Gostinoi Dvor. Yet that day not a red one was seen--only
+blue and white ones were there. Later one was discovered in the
+possession of a child, but it was damaged and could not ascend. The
+comrades rushed into an optician's shop, bought an apparatus for making
+hydrogen, and filled the rubber with the gas. Had they pumped it full of
+fluorine, the result would not have been worse. No inflation occurred,
+and the unexpanded balloon did not fly--but time did. The comrades grew
+worried. Then a lady attached the useless toy to her umbrella, and
+holding it above her head walked along the prison wall. But Kropotkin
+saw nothing because the wall was high and the lady was short.
+
+The next day, at two, another lady came to the prison, bringing
+Kropotkin a watch. Not dreaming that a pocket time-piece could contain
+anything dangerous, the authorities passed it along without examination.
+Kropotkin did not look at the hour, but pulled off the lid, and found a
+tiny cipher note containing a new plan. (Had one of the officials
+performed this operation the lady's life would have been forfeited.)
+
+This time the comrades rented the bungalow opposite the hospital. A
+musician was there ready to play on his violin if all were well. For a
+mile around every cab had been hired to render pursuit difficult. But
+what was to be done with the soldier who was posted at the gate and who
+could easily prevent Kropotkin from gaining the street, by merely
+stepping in front of him with lowered bayonet? Ah, the comrades, like
+Chitchikoff in Gogol's _Dead Souls_, had an idea. This soldier had once
+worked in the laboratory of the hospital, and therefore they appointed
+one of their number to divert his attention by a discussion on
+microscopes.
+
+At four o'clock Kropotkin was escorted to the yard. He waited a moment,
+wiped his brow as if it were hot, and took off his hat. From the little
+gray house a violin sounded. The tones fell sweetly on Kropotkin's ears.
+He moved toward the gate intending to run in a moment. Suddenly--the
+music ceased. His heart hurt. Something writhed. One painful minute
+passed ... Two ... Three ... Four ... Five ... Ten minutes ... No music
+... A quarter of an hour.... Some heavily loaded carts entered the gate,
+and Kropotkin understood the cause of the interruption.
+
+Immediately the violin trilled. Kropotkin listened with interest. The
+musician was talented, and performed with much feeling. You felt that if
+three of the strings broke, like Paganini he would still make ravishing
+music on the fourth. Moreover his technique was perfect. He was playing
+a mazurka from Kontsky--wild, eager, thrilling,--a mad mazurka. It
+attracted Kropotkin like a magnet. It pulled him to the end of the
+footpath. He trembled lest it should stop again, but the intoxicated
+sounds floated over the prison yard, louder and louder, with
+ever-increasing passion and freedom.
+
+Kropotkin glanced at the sentry. This hero followed a line parallel to
+his, but five paces nearer the gate. He was supposed to walk directly
+behind the prisoner, but as Kropotkin always crawled feebly along at a
+snail's pace, the able-bodied sentry who was too vigorous to creep, hit
+upon the above device.
+
+Five paces nearer the gate--that was bad. But the sentry was only a
+sentry, while Peter Kropotkin was a mathematician and a psychologist. He
+calculated that if he began to run, the soldier instead of heading
+directly for the gate to cut off his escape, would obey his natural
+instinct and endeavor to seize him as quickly as possible. He would thus
+describe two sides of a triangle, of which Kropotkin would describe the
+third alone.
+
+Fortissimo--how loudly that violin played! Kropotkin ran!
+
+No sooner had he taken a few steps than some peasants who were piling
+wood, shouted, "He runs! Stop him"! It was for the people that Kropotkin
+was in prison; it was for them that he descended from his high estate;
+it was for them that he was ready to die at any moment. But the blocks
+with the slanted brows did not understand. At night when they lay on
+their rotting straw, they thanked the good gods for sending them such
+good masters. Now they called out, "Stop him! Stop him!"[40]
+
+When Kropotkin heard that cry, he fled with a speed equal to Commandant
+Masyukov's, when Madame Sigida struck him. Already the sentry--doing
+just what Kropotkin expected him to do--was at his heels. Three soldiers
+who were sitting on the doorstep, followed. The athletic sentinel was so
+confident he could outrun the invalid that he did not fire, but flung
+his rifle forward, trying to give the fleeing patient a bayonet-blow in
+the back. But it is never safe to take chances with even a sick runner,
+when he is sprinting for his life.
+
+"Did you ever see what a big tail that louse has under the microscope?"
+asked the scientific comrade of the soldier at the gate.
+
+"What, man! A tail? Why, man, you're crazy!"
+
+"That's right. It has a tail as long as that."
+
+"Come man, none of your tales now. Do you take me for a fool? I know a
+thing or two about the microscope myself."
+
+"But I tell you it has. I aught to know better. That's the very first
+thing I saw under the microscope."
+
+At this moment Kropotkin ran past them unnoticed, and tho usually much
+interested in convex lenses, took absolutely no part in the animated
+argument.
+
+On gaining the street he was dumfounded to see that the huge man who
+occupied the carriage wore a military cap. The unhappy thought came to
+him that he had been betrayed. But on running nearer he saw it was a
+friend.
+
+"Jump in! Jump in!" cried this modern Mikoula Selaninovich in a terrible
+voice, calling him a vile name. Leaning over to the coachman, he shoved
+a revolver in his face, screaming, "Gallop! Gallop! I will kill you,
+you----!!" using language abusive enuf to have made every foul-mouthed
+cossack in the cavalry stare in mute admiration.
+
+Springing into the air from a forefoot, the beautiful horse--a famous
+trotter named Barbar--flew along as if it were shod not with steel but
+with wings. When the cause of Revolution is triumphant, this flying
+quadruped should receive a statue of purest gold, for two years later it
+rendered another magnificent service to the movement by bearing to
+safety the Nihilist Stepniak, after he helped assassinate the monstrous
+Mezentsov--murderer of many.[41]
+
+Like lightning it leapt thru a narrow lane; they entered the immense
+Nevsky Prospect; they turned into a side-street; Kropotkin ran up a
+stair-case; the smiling comrade-coachman drove away. At the top of the
+steps waiting with painful anxiety was his sister-in-law. Physiologists
+claim it is impossible to do two things at one instant, but Kropotkin
+says that when he fell into her arms, she laughed and cried at once,
+and at the same time bade him change his clothes and crop his beard. Ten
+minutes later, he and his muscular Mikoula left the house, and took a
+cab. About an hour after, the house was searched, but as Kropotkin was
+not there, and it was necessary to arrest someone, the police took his
+sister and his sister-in-law.
+
+Kropotkin was puzzled where to spend the time till evening, but his big
+friend knew. He called out to the cabman, "To Donon!" which has the same
+significance in Saint Petersburg that Delmonico has in New York, or
+Cecil in London, or Doree in Paris, or Bristol in Berlin, or Sacher in
+Vienna.
+
+The decision was wise, for the police searched the dirty slums, but not
+the swell West End. So Kropotkin, dressed in an elegant costume, entered
+the aristocratic restaurant, and as he walks thru the halls flooded with
+light and crowded with guests, let us fill the biggest bumper with the
+richest wine, and quaff congratulations to the noblest prince that was
+ever imprisoned--and escaped.
+
+Then softly let us retreat on tiptoe, and glance at his products for the
+bookshelf.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[39] For a description of this disease, see Professor Osler's
+"Principles and Practise of Medicine."----"In parts of Russia scurvy is
+endemic, at certain seasons reaching epidemic proportions; and the
+leading authorities upon the disorder, now in that country, are almost
+unanimous, according to Hoffmann, in regarding it as
+infectious."----This reference to a physician reminds me of an
+interesting little book which has just appeared, "Glimpses of Medical
+Europe," by Dr. Ralph L. Thompson. Writing of Russia he says, "In St.
+Petersburg are fine parks and theatres and comfortable hotels in
+abundance. But despite it all there is an odd feeling of oppression that
+strikes one the moment he lands on Russian soil, and one doesn't breathe
+freely till he is out of it all."... "Personally I wouldn't mind
+foregoing health, friends and money, to fame; but if it came to a
+question of living in Russia, I would choose to die unknown."
+
+[40] For a work dealing with revolutionary workmen and peasants, see
+"Mother," by Maxim Gorky. See also the admirable "Russia's Message" by
+William English Walling. This book is illustrated with magnificent
+photographs, including the latest one of Kropotkin.
+
+[41] The Russian Revolutionists are too modest. Stepniak in "Underground
+Russia," finds it necessary to mention that Mezentsov was stabbed to
+death in the streets of Saint Petersburg in full daylight, but he does
+not tell the reader that he himself was the author of the glorious deed.
+To find this out, we must go to another work; for instance, Konni
+Zilliacus's "Russian Revolutionary Movement," or Leo Deutsch's "Sixteen
+Years in Siberia," (see the English translation by Helen Chisholm). On
+the other hand Deutsch escaped in a romantic manner from the prison in
+Kiev, but in his book he refers to it so casually that if we wish to
+learn the facts we must go to another work; either Stepniak's, or
+Professor Thun's "Geschichte der revolutionaren Bewegung in Russland."
+
+
+
+
+FROM THE PRINTING PRESS
+
+     You poets, painters, sculptors, musicians, if you understand your
+     true mission and the very interests of art itself, come with us.
+     Place your pen, your pencil, your chisel, your ideas at the service
+     of the revolution. Figure forth to us, in your eloquent style, or
+     your impressive pictures, the heroic struggles of the people
+     against their oppressors, fire the hearts of our youth with that
+     glorious revolutionary enthusiasm which inflamed the souls of our
+     ancestors; tell women what a noble career is that of a husband who
+     devotes his life to the great cause of social emancipation! Show
+     the people how hideous is their actual life, and place your hands
+     on the causes of its ugliness; tell us what a rational life would
+     be, if it did not encounter at every step the follies and ignomies
+     of our present social order.--P. KROPOTKIN: _An Appeal to the
+     Young_.
+
+
+Peter Kropotkin's writings range from obscure articles in unknown papers
+read by a handful of faithful subscribers, to cloth-bound far-famed
+volumes translated into several languages; include contributions to
+periodicals as revolutionary as _Revolte_ and as respectable as the
+_Atlantic Monthly_; embrace all subjects from machinery to music, and
+from Tolstoyism to Terrorism.
+
+Judged from a literary standpoint, his work is distinctly
+disappointing. It is styleless. But it has one redeeming feature:
+clearness. The man is straight. He is not ashamed of his ideas. He
+speaks right out. He is one of the few authors who writes for the
+peculiar purpose of being understood. He does not bury the flower of his
+thought in a wilderness of words.
+
+It cannot be contended that Kropotkin gave up his style because he
+writes for workers who are unable to appreciate the beauty of literary
+composition. A man may refuse a title with an oath as Carlyle did, or
+give it up as Kropotkin himself did, but he who has a style relinquishes
+it not, for this is a gift besides which the 'boast of heraldry' is as a
+puppy's snappish yelp unto the lion's mighty roar.
+
+Neither can it be claimed that Kropotkin's stylistic deficiency is due
+to the fact that he is an economist. So was Henry George, and yet there
+is a magical music in _Progress and Poverty_ which makes the phrases
+flow like a poem of Pushkin's.
+
+Nor can it be argued that his style has been spoilt by the circumstance
+that he writes in various languages, for in none of his work is there
+epigram, imagery or imagination--the glorious trinity of the stylists.
+But what has a foreign tongue to do with it? Was not Kossuth just as
+much an artist in English as in his native pepper? Even when he cried
+that we must seize the opportunity by the _front hair_? Many waters
+cannot quench love, and strange alphabets do not wipe out style.
+
+What is a stylist? He is one who handles words, who licks phrases into
+shape, who moulds clauses to his bidding, who compels a sentence to
+leave a deathless impression, who weaves a connected chain of harmony
+from the scattered links of language.
+
+Kropotkin has written very much, but practice does not make a stylist
+any more than learning the rules in the _Rationale of Verse_ makes one
+capable of producing _The Raven_. The secret of style is revealed to
+few. Its essence is a mystery in which only a handful are initiated. The
+elusive occultism of art consists in this--that a single expression has
+the power to either damn a passage into oblivion, or to emblazon it
+forever in eternity.
+
+To give a striking instance: When Edgar Poe first wrote _To Helen_,
+these lines composed the second stanza:
+
+
+     "On desperate seas long wont to roam,
+       Thy hyacinth hair, thy classic face,
+     Thy Naiad airs have brought me home
+       To the beauty of fair Greece,
+     And the grandeur of old Rome."
+
+
+In this case the concluding couplet is cheap and commonplace--"fair
+Greece" and "old Rome" being anemic expressions unfit to live. Poe
+amended it to read:
+
+
+       "To the glory that was Greece,
+     And the grandeur that was Rome."
+
+
+Miracle of Art! This is not a change, but an apotheosis. We now have two
+lines which lay before us in gorgeous perfection a picture of the past;
+two lines as splendid as they were sickly, as magnificent as formerly
+they were mediocre. Yet the idea is the same in both cases. What then is
+it which makes so much difference? It is the manner of expression--it is
+style--it is art.
+
+There is no reason why one man should be a stylist and another should
+not, but so it is. Huxley was a stylist; Darwin was not; Herzen, yes;
+Kropotkin, no.
+
+Being anxious to know Kropotkin's exact attitude towards Art, I wrote to
+him asking categorically: "In your opinion, have exquisite poets like
+Keats and Pushkin--who never touched social questions, but celebrated
+only beauty--been of much benefit to mankind?"
+
+He answered thus: "Not in a direct way, but perhaps _very much in an
+indirect way_: Pushkin by creating language,[42] and Keats by teaching
+love of nature. As to "exquisiteness," have we not had too much of those
+egotistic sweets?"
+
+Closely analysed, and reduced to its ultimate elements, this answer
+shows that Kropotkin has no use for art per se. According to him Keats
+and Pushkin are benefactors not because of their beautiful verses, but
+because of other reasons. Exquisiteness he condemns altogether. He
+rejects the doctrine of Art for the sake of Art. He does not subscribe
+to the creed of Flaubert, Gautier, Bouilhet, Maupassant, Anatole France
+and Lafcadio Hearn.
+
+I think Kropotkin is wrong, and I believe that because his work lacks
+artistic finish, much of it is doomed to perish.
+
+Maxim Gorky, in speaking of a brief period when the Russian Censorship
+was somewhat suspended, said, "Books fell over the land like flakes of
+snow, but their effect was as sparks of fire!"
+
+If Kropotkin wished to express the same idea, he would say it something
+like this: "Numerous books of all descriptions were published and
+distributed thruout Russia."
+
+How fine Gorky's; how poor Kropotkin's. How vivid the former; how weak
+the latter. This is the difference between style and lack of it. Not in
+the entire range of Kropotkin's writings is there a single sentence in
+any way comparing with the above one of Gorky's; for he who writes
+without art holds a crippled pen. I may be mistaken, but in my opinion
+this single quotation from the Bitter One is worth all Kropotkin's
+_Freedom Pamphlets_. It is sublime in its similes and exquisite in its
+antitheses. There is a power in it which unchains enthusiasm and awakens
+intensity. "Books fell over the land like flakes of snow, but their
+effect was as sparks of fire." It is art. It is unforgettable, while to
+remember a phrase from _Modern Science and Anarchism_ is impossible.
+
+With this introduction, we may proceed to examine his work, much of
+which is necessary and valuable, tho none of it is of primal or
+epoch-making importance. Stepniak is right when he says, "He is not a
+mere manufacturer of books. Beyond his purely scientific labors, he has
+never written any work of much moment." And as Herzen said of Ogaryov,
+we may remark of Kropotkin: "His chief life-work was the working out of
+such an ideal personality as he is himself."
+
+The majority of prominent periodicals in England and America to which
+Kropotkin has contributed, are listed in the _Reader's Guide_ which can
+be found in any library, and those interested can look them up. Of
+course, many of these articles are first-class, but I can stop to
+mention only two. See _Russia and the Student Riots_ (_Outlook_, April
+6, 1901), which deals with the disturbances which caused the young
+revolutionist, Peter Karpowitch, to kill Bogolepov, Minister of Public
+Instruction. It shows with painful clearness the extreme and useless
+savagery of that cruel, repulsive, Stead-praised, arch-murderer,
+Nicholas II.
+
+See also the _Present Crisis in Russia_, (_North American Review_, May
+1901). In this excellent essay he refers to the Procurator of the Holy
+Synod in these words: "Pobedonostzeff, a narrow-minded fanatic of the
+state religion, who--if it were only in his power--would have burnt at
+the stake all protestants against Orthodoxy and Catholicism."[43]
+
+Who should answer this article, but Pobedonostzeff himself! (_Russia and
+Popular Education_, _N. A. R._ September 1901). How strange when Light
+and Darkness are arrayed against each other![44] Pobedonostzeff calls
+Kropotkin "a learned geographer and sociologist;" but says; "Tho a
+Russian, he (Kropotkin) does not understand Russia, and is incapable of
+understanding his country; for the soul of the Russian people is a
+closed book to him which he has never opened." It is noteworthy that he
+does not attempt to deny Kropotkin's charge that if it were only in his
+power he would burn at the stake all protestants against orthodoxy and
+catholicism. Doubtless he considers this his chief crown of glory.
+
+There was a further response from Kropotkin, (_Russian Schools and the
+Holy Synod_, _N. A. R._ April 1902).
+
+Among his pamphlets which are used assiduously by the anarchists of all
+countries for propaganda, and which often cause the arrest of the
+devoted distributer, are: _Anarchism: Its Philosophy and Ideal. The
+State: Its Historic Role. War. Law and Authority. The Paris Commune.
+Organized Vengeance--called Justice. Anarchist Communism: Its Basis and
+Principles. An Appeal to the Young. The Psychology of Revolution. The
+Wage System._ These tracts are valuable as eye-openers to uneducated
+workmen, but they possess no merit whatsoever for cultured liberals.
+
+Altho Kropotkin has written more than thirty geographical articles for
+the _Encyclopedia Britannica_, it is difficult to think of this
+revolutionaire as a contributor to this backward publication. The
+_Encyclopedia Britannica_ is not on the trail for truth--it wants
+current prejudices. For instance, Professor Samuel Davidson, D. D., LL.
+D., was asked to contribute an essay on the _Canon_. Happening to be a
+scholar as well as a theolog, the venerable man was not satisfied with
+the logic of Father Irenaeus, that since the earth has four corners, and
+there are four winds, and animals have four legs, there must be four
+Gospels. His article was so mutilated by the editors of the
+_Encyclopedia_, that in justice to himself, he was obliged to publish
+the original version in book form, _The Canon of the Bible_. When the
+_Encyclopedia_ mentions liberty, it is from the reactionary viewpoint.
+The _American Supplement_ follows its parent in this respect, for here
+are eulogistic accounts of the second and third Alexanders, by Nathan
+Haskell Dole.[45] This literat is so ignorant of the most important
+epochs in the Russian Revolution, that he writes, "Vera Zasulich
+murdered General Trepov;" when all the world knows that Trepov was only
+wounded and soon recovered.[46] Luxuriously abound the weeds of his
+misstatements.[47] He speaks of the 'private virtues' of Alexander III.
+They must have been very private indeed, for no one ever discovered
+them. He speaks of his 'noble aspirations,' but the son of Maria of
+Hesse-Darmstadt had only this one aspiration: to wipe out freedom as
+effectually as a whirlwind blows away a puff of smoke. Such is the
+famous publication to which all school-girls resort when they must
+prepare a composition on Milton.
+
+Kropotkin's strictly scientific works, the _Orography of Asia_ and the
+_Glacial Period_ were written in Russian and have not been translated
+into English.
+
+During his imprisonment at Clairvaux, appeared his _Words of a Rebel_,
+1885, in French, published by Elisee Reclus. It is a critical exposition
+of Anarchism.[48]
+
+In 1886 he published his first book in English, _In Russian and French
+Prisons_. This work soon disappeared from the market. Kropotkin himself
+offered a high price for a copy, but could not obtain one. It seems the
+agents of the Russian government bought up the entire edition and
+destroyed it.
+
+In 1892 appeared his _Conquest of Bread_, in French, which has been
+translated into Dutch, German, Spanish, Portuguese, Norwegian, English.
+It is perhaps his most important work and has been much reviewed and
+quoted. Notice to those who wish to think: Study this volume.
+
+In 1898 appeared his _Fields, Factories and Workshops_. This highly
+excellent work is the splendid outcome of several essays which were
+written a decade previous for the _Nineteenth Century_ (1880-1890), and
+one for the Forum, (_Possibilities of Agriculture_, August 1890). If
+nations would follow this book, how great would be their gain in
+prosperity and happiness![49]
+
+This book is a plea for intensive agriculture, and in view of the great
+cry, "Back to the land!" which is sweeping over the nations, it is a
+fulfilled prophecy. It is the remedy for social ills--the solution of
+the labor problem. Kropotkin shows that by the new method of scientific
+farming, a man can make a living from an acre of ground,[50] and as soon
+as the workingman realizes this fact--and can get a bit of land--he will
+be able to discharge his employer and bounce his boss. By all means read
+the chapters on _The Possibilities of Agriculture_: no fairy-tale is
+more miraculous.[51]
+
+In 1899 appeared in book form the _Memoirs of a Revolutionist_ which had
+first run serially in the _Atlantic Monthly_, (September 1898 to
+September 1899), under the title, _Autobiography of a Revolutionist_. In
+the magazine, the introduction is by Robert Erskine Ely, who was
+Kropotkin's host when the Russian traveled in America. In the book,
+however, the preface is by Brandes. Neither of these forewords is
+brilliant, but the latter is the worse. When we think of Norway, we
+think of only one man--Ibsen. When we think of Denmark, we think of only
+one man--Brandes. But in this case his preface was a fizzle. In fact, it
+is almost as bad as the erudite Lavrov's preface to Stepniak's splendid
+_Underground Russia_. No better and nobler book than these _Memoirs_ has
+been written; nothing higher and purer could be written. Only one thing
+is lacking; indeed, it is the chief omission in the cosmos of
+Kropotkin--the poetic note. He is good and great, but the passionate
+fire is denied him. His soul is not aflame with poesy's burning brand.
+He could never cry out like the student Ivan Kalayev, "My soul is
+burning with stormy passion; my heart is full of battle-boldness. O, if
+I could only see the coming of liberty! O, to pull the mask of falsehood
+from the face of the murderer, to strike the tyrant with the steel-arm!
+Enuf tears! Let the glorious, victorious struggle arise! The people are
+calling us! It is a shame, it is a crime to wait longer! Fall upon the
+enemy, my honest hereditary sword! I am thine, altogether thine, O my
+country, my mother!" But leaving divine enthusiasm aside, this volume is
+perfection. He who peruses its loving pages, gains a tender brother
+whose body is unseen, but whose memory becomes imperishable. When you
+read it, you cry a little, because the man who wrote it was so kind.
+Across the miles you seem to hear his fraternal voice, and you know if
+you write to him, he will answer you thus: "Dear Comrade."--If you have
+time to read but a single volume a year, and desire one by a Russian,
+and ask my advice, I say: Read one of these--_Underground Russia_, by
+Stepniak; or _Memoirs of a Revolutionist_, by Kropotkin.[52]
+
+In 1902 he wrote _Modern Science and Anarchism_, a booklet of about one
+hundred pages which is much admired and extensively advertised by the
+anarchists.
+
+By far his most important work of recent years is, _Mutual Aid: A Factor
+in Evolution_.[53] His contention is that in progressive evolution,
+mutual aid plays a greater part than mutual struggle. He claims that
+most Darwinians have misinterpreted Darwin's ideas. For an able analysis
+of this great book, see the review by Professor Vladimir G.
+Simkhovitch, (_Popular Science Quarterly_, December 1903).
+
+In 1905 appeared his _Russian Literature_[54]--a very good and useful
+text-book--which originated in a series of eight lectures, delivered
+March 1901, at the Lowell Institute in Boston. It is not perfect, but
+this is not the author's fault. With only three hundred pages at his
+disposal, it is impossible to treat all adequately, while some writers
+had to be omitted entirely. For example, there is not a line about the
+famous anti-militarist novelist, Vsevolod Garshin (1855-1888), or of
+Simon Nadson (1862-1887), the exquisite and melancholy poet who chanted
+songs not at sunrise, but in shadow and solitude, and died in youth and
+sadness, leaving to the Outcasts of the Ages another great name to
+cherish.[55]
+
+In reading this book we experience a peculiarly uneasy sensation:--
+
+We read of Lomonosov, by far the greatest Russian of his age, whose life
+was broken by political persecution.
+
+We read of the moral Novikov, whom Catherine II. sentenced to serve
+fifteen years in a secret cell in Schusselburg.
+
+We read of Labzin, who wrote against corruption, and consequently was
+forced to end his days in exile.
+
+We read of Radischeff--the first to point out the horrors of
+serfdom--who was imprisoned, deported, and died by suicide.
+
+We read of the epoch-making Pushkin who was exiled to Kishinev at
+twenty, and later to Mikhailovskoye, and who escaped permanent political
+exile in Siberia by accident.
+
+We read of the Byronic Lermontov who was banished to the Caucasus for
+writing a poem on the death of Pushkin.
+
+We read of Ryleev, Odoevsky, Shevchenko, Griboyedov, Pisarev,
+Chernishevsky, whose martyrdoms I have already mentioned.
+
+We read of the brilliant and poetic Polezhaev, who was send to the
+barracks when a minor and died there from consumption.
+
+We read of the popular novelist Bestuzhev, who was exiled to Siberia and
+then sent to the Caucasus as a soldier.
+
+We read of the great Gogol who suffered at the hands of the censorship.
+
+We read of Turgenev who was arrested and exiled to his distant estates
+for writing a brief obituary notice of Gogol. Had it not been for his
+influential friends he would have gone to Siberia.
+
+We read of Leo Tolstoy whose excellent educational experiment was
+violently abolished by the government, so enraging this extraordinary
+man that he warned Alexander II. he would shoot the first police officer
+who would again dare to enter his home.
+
+We read of the high-strung Dostoyevsky who for no reason at all was
+sentenced to death, brought to the gibbet, pardoned there, condemned to
+hard labor, imprisoned, exiled, deprived of literary work, beaten with
+the cat-o'-nine-tails, tortured in a thousand ways, year after year,
+till he became a mental and physical wreck. In all the history of the
+human race, from the day that primitive man roamed the untamed forests,
+and stubbing his naked toe against a root, fell down to worship it, to
+placate it, to appease it, until the scientific time that a biologist
+like Haeckel absolutely denied the existence of god and soul,--there
+has been nothing more horribly cruel than the czarish treatment which
+the Russian government meted out to the gifted youth who produced a work
+in his early twenties that caused Nekrasov to cry out to Belinsky, "A
+new Gogol is born to us!"[56]
+
+We read of Plescheev, one of Russia's foremost poets, who was sent as a
+soldier to the Orenburg region, and endured persecution for years.
+
+We read of Mikhail Mikhailov--one of the most valued contributors to the
+_Sovremennik_. (The Contemporary), a wonderful periodical numbering
+among its contributors, Chernishevsky, Dobrolubov, Tolstoy,
+Nekrasov--who was condemned to hard labor in Siberia where he soon died.
+
+We read of Ostrovsky, the Father of the Russian Drama, who was placed
+under police supervision as a suspect.
+
+We read of the loving Levitov--"a pure flower of the Russian
+steppes"--who while a student was exiled to the far north, and later
+removed to Vologda where he was forced to live in complete isolation
+from everything intellectual and in awful poverty verging on starvation.
+
+We read of Petropavlovsky who was early exiled to the Siberian
+government of Tobolsk, where he was kept many years and from which he
+was released only to die soon after from consumption.
+
+We read of Saltykoff (Schedrin), the greatest of satirists, who was
+exiled for several years in the miserable provincial town of Vyatka.
+
+We read of Belinsky, the greatest of critics, who fortunately died young
+enuf to escape the fortress. When he was dying an agent of the
+state-police would call from time to time to ascertain if he were still
+alive. Had he recovered he would have been transfered to Peter and Paul.
+
+We read of the persecution of Palm and Potyekhin; of the years that
+Melshin, Korolenko, Zasodimsky, Elpatievsky, etc, spent in exile. By
+this time a terrible truth dawns upon the startled mind: In Romanoff's
+Russia, scarcely one single writer of worth has escaped imprisonment or
+banishment.[57] And these prophets who have been thus persecuted were
+not despicable rhymers like Alfred Austin, or duke-and-duchess novelists
+like Harold MacGrath. They were great-brained men whose mission was to
+uplift a nation. Had the Catherines, Nicholases, and Alexanders been
+less powerful, Russia would not now be the foulest blot on our
+skull-strewn earth.[58]
+
+Ivan Federof was the first of Russian printers. In 1564 he cast the
+Slavonic characters. Being accused of heresy, he fled for his life. The
+Lithuanian magnates with whom he sought refuge, forced him to till the
+soil. Unhappy Federof said, "It was not my work to sow the grain, but to
+scatter thru the earth food for the mind, nourishment for the souls of
+all mankind." He perished in Lemberg in extreme poverty.[59] Woful was
+his fate--symbolic of the sad destiny which was to befall every
+literary man in Knoutland.[60]
+
+Let the Russian who intends to become an author prepare his last will
+and testament, and notify the nearest undertaker. No night will be too
+dark to keep gendarmes from bursting into his room and hauling him off
+to a prison from which he may never emerge. (If he comes from an
+aristocratic family let him adopt an empty-eyed skull and yellow
+cross-bones as a suitable coat-of-arms). In the den of the bloody bear
+there is a blackness as of many clouds. Within this deep shadow, Virtue
+is slaughtered and Genius treated like an unwelcome cur.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[42] When Pushkin began to write, the Russian literary language was in a
+somewhat unsettled and nebulous state, and his poetry helped to form and
+fix it. He thus did for Russian literature what Chaucer did for English.
+
+[43] Kropotkin is too mild. Pobedonostzeff, world-renowned as the
+"Modern Torquemada," shed more blood, and was a colder and--if
+possible--crueller being than the terrible Spanish Inquisitor, while the
+physical tortures that he used, with the exception of burning at the
+stake which was too open an affair, were practically the same that were
+in vogue during the Dark Ages. He started numerous massacres which
+resulted in the deaths of great numbers. He often inflamed peoples who
+lived in harmony, to destroy each other. He was eminently successful in
+stirring up racial hatred and religious prejudice. "When I was in the
+Caucasus I saw the Georgian everywhere working peacefully and
+contentedly side by side with the Tartar and the Armenian. How happily
+and simply, like children, they played and sang and laughed, and how
+difficult now to believe that these simple, delightful people are busy
+killing each other in a senseless, stupid way, obedient to dark and evil
+influences."--Maxim Gorky in London Times. These "dark and evil
+influences" emanated from the medieval fissures in the theologic brain
+of Constantine Petrovitch Pobedonostzeff.
+
+[44] Twenty years previous, in the pages of this very magazine, the same
+thing occurred, for the enlightened Ingersoll and the orthodox Jeremiah
+Black argued about Christianity.
+
+[45] We would naturally expect better things from the author of that
+specially fine sonnet, "Russia" (see Stedman's American Anthology),
+beginning:
+
+
+     "Saturnian mother! why dost thou devour
+     Thy offspring, who by loving thee are curst?"
+
+
+[46] The same mistake (and a respectable number of others) is made by
+William Eleroy Curtis in his false and disgusting "The Land of the
+Nihilist." He devotes a whole chapter to Alexander II., speaks
+continually of his assassination, and yet does not know even the name of
+the famous assassin. He says it is Elnikoff (sic)! This is a bad guess.
+On this occasion two bombs were thrown. The first by Rysakov, and it
+destroyed the carriage. The second by Grinevetsky, and it destroyed the
+emperor. How carefully and conscientiously the well-informed author has
+studied the history of the Russian Revolution which he so vilely
+condemns! If he ever compiles a work on England, I dare say he will
+announce that Charles I. was sentenced to death by the Quakers.
+
+[47] It almost equals Broughton Brandenburg's "The Menace of the Red
+Flag" (Broadway Magazine, June 1908), in which Bakunin is called a
+Frenchman! I read the unlimited number of errors in this article with
+uncontrollable amazement. Few men, I said, are gifted with such an
+infinite amount of ignorance and godliness. The next day the newspapers
+announced that this same Saint Broughtonius had been arrested by his
+wife and was being sued for abandonment and non-support.
+
+P. S. As I correct these proofs I learn that Brandenburg the Blessed is
+again under arrest; this time for forging Grover Cleveland's signature
+to a campaign article and selling it to the New York Times for $200.
+
+[48] For an impartial discussion of the various anarchial schools,
+including of course Peter Kropotkin's, see "Anarchism" by Dr. Paul
+Eltzbacher.
+
+[49] Without venturing my own opinion, I must say that in this work
+Kropotkin enunciates a theory which few radicals accept--the
+Decentralisation of Industries. Briefly stated, the doctrine is this: It
+is untrue that certain nations are specialised either for industry or
+for agriculture. Countries which economists have declared to be merely
+agricultural lands, have recently advanced so rapidly in industries that
+the supremacy of the champions is seriously threatened. No one or two
+nations can again secure a monopoly of industry, for the tendency of
+modern civilization is towards a spreading and scattering of industries
+all over the earth. Not a mere shifting of the center of gravity from
+one country to another, as formerly happened in Europe when the
+commercial hegemony migrated from Italy to Spain, then to Holland, and
+finally to Britain, but an actual and permanent decentralisation of
+industry, by its very nature making it impossible for any nation to gain
+industrial ascendancy. Even the most backward nations will soon
+manufacture almost everything they need. There is much advantage in this
+combination of industrial with agricultural pursuits. It is well to have
+production for home use--each region producing and consuming its own
+manufactured goods and its own agricultural product.----Of course the
+Socialists are diametrically opposed to this contention, and they answer
+it with one word--the trusts.--When I spoke with Leonard D. Abbott about
+Kropotkin, he told me his high opinion of him, but soon referred to this
+hypothesis, and laughed. It was the same when I mentioned the point to
+Dr. Antoinette Konikov, etc. See Abbott's "A Visit to Prince Kropotkin,"
+(Twentieth Century, October 2, 1897).
+
+[50] My friend Elmer Littlefield has demonstrated the same thing on his
+acre on Fellowship Farm, Westwood, Mass. His magazine, Ariel, is an
+enthusiastic advocate of intensive agriculture.
+
+[51] Bolton Hall's "Three Acres and Liberty" is based to a great extent
+on this work of Kropotkin's.
+
+[52] After finishing the "Memoirs," my friend, Miss Margaret Scott wrote
+me: "As a system of ethical training it might be advisable to have our
+police lieutenants read one chapter a day of Kropotkin, while lawyers,
+mayors and such, should have to get thru three. Think of the mental
+upheaval!"
+
+[53] Spargo the Socialist--always a vehement foe of the
+Anarchists--calls this "a wonderful book." See his "The Socialists."
+
+[54] This book is not permitted in Russia--when Kellogg Durland traveled
+there, he had to rip off the cover and wrap the pages around his body.
+
+[55] Several intelligent Russians tell me Nadson is their favorite poet;
+therefore this must be considered a serious omission. One exclaimed,
+"What, he writes about Fet and not Nadson!"
+
+[56] On this subject see "Russia and the Russians," by Edmund Noble.
+
+[57] "The history of Russian Literature is a martyrology." See "Russian
+Traits and Terrors," by E. B. Lanin, the collective signature of several
+writers in the Fortnightly Review. The Twentieth Century (June 26, 1897)
+ends its review of this volume with this sentence: "Concerning Russian
+prisons the book makes revelations so sickening that language is
+polluted by the recital of them. Swinburne's fierce ode is mild in its
+characterization of their brutal infamy, and it is possible, after
+reading these pages to agree with Ernest Belfort Bax's assertion that
+any sane man, knowing the facts, who pronounces it wrong to assassinate
+the Czar, deliberately lies."--Swinburne's poem, "Russia: An Ode," altho
+it contains a few weak lines, is certainly one of the most fiery
+outbursts in the language, and is clearly the work of a master. Here is
+a representative passage:
+
+
+     "Hell recoils heart-stricken: horror worse than hell
+     Darkens earth and sickens heaven; life knows the spell,
+     Shudders, quails, and sinks--or, filled with fierier breath,
+     Rises red in arms devised of darkling death.
+     Pity mad with passion, anguish mad with shame,
+     Call aloud on justice by her darker name;
+     Love grows hate for love's sake; life takes death for guide.
+     Night hath none but one red star--Tyrannicide."
+
+
+[58] Imagine the United States of America if Franklin had been murdered,
+if Irving had been knouted, if Bryant had been exiled, if Emerson had
+been imprisoned, if Longfellow had been starved, if Whittier had been
+hanged, if Holmes had been flogged, if Thoreau had been shot, if Whitman
+had been poisoned, if Hawthorne had been chained with iron, if Lowell
+had been kept in a secret dungeon, if Motley had spent his life in a
+mine, if Parkman had been tortured, etc., etc., etc.
+
+[59] See "Russian Novelists" by Viscount Vogue. But the statements of
+this virulent French reactionary must be received with extreme caution
+as his perverted brains frequently prevent him from stating the truth.
+For example, in speaking of Turgenev, he says, "But, tho always ready to
+help others, he certainly never gave his aid to any political intriguer.
+Was it natural that a man of his refinement and high culture should have
+aided the schemes of wild and fruitless political conspiracies?" By
+'political intriguer' he means an 'enemy to the empire, a revolutionist.
+Now the facts are that no one was of greater use to Herzen the
+arch-revolutionist and his thundering Kolokol, than Turgenev. Herzen was
+in England and often it was impossible to explain how he knew some of
+the events which he described. It was Turgenev who furnished him this
+information. All this is revealed by the published correspondence of
+Herzen and Turgenev. Turgenev was fully and entirely in sympathy with
+the Russian Revolution. He earnestly desired to meet Ippolit Mishkin,
+and begged Kropotkin to tell him all he knew about this defiant
+revolutionary orator. Turgenev deeply loved his own Bazaroff, and in
+explaining him says, "If the reader is not won by Bazaroff,
+notwithstanding his roughness, absence of heart, pitiless dryness and
+terseness, then the fault is with me--I have missed my aim; but to
+sweeten him with syrup (to use Bazaroff's own language), this I did not
+want to do, altho perhaps thru that I would have won Russian youth at
+once to my side.... When he calls himself nihilist, you must read
+revolutionist."
+
+[60] This does not include obsequious authors like Derzhavin and
+Karamzin. Masters are usually willing to fling a few crumbs to their
+fawning dogs.
+
+
+
+
+IN LATER LIFE
+
+     There are at this moment only two great Russians who think for the
+     Russian people, and whose thoughts belong to mankind,--Leo Tolstoy
+     and Peter Kropotkin.--GEORG BRANDES
+
+
+A storm careered madly over the Northern Sea, its impatient waves
+heaving and howling, leaping with a burning frenzy, the fuming raging
+billows surging and swelling, calling and crying, roaring louder and
+louder, vaulting higher and higher.
+
+The steamer shook and swayed and struggled; the frightened passengers
+sought shelter in their state-rooms, but one of them sat for hours upon
+the stem of the deck, enjoying the tempest intensely, putting out his
+face so it could be watered by the foam of the dashing waves. This was
+Kropotkin. After the years he had spent in the charnel cell, no wonder
+every fibre in his body was trembling and throbbing to meet the force
+and passion of the sea-storm.
+
+He landed safely in the country where Herzen founded _The Bell_, where
+Lavrov edited _Forward_, where Felix Volkhovsky was to conduct _Free
+Russia_, and where he himself was to start _Freedom_.
+
+For over thirty years he has remained abroad. He never returned to
+Russia. He is one of the few revolutionists who never went back to that
+sunken swamp where liberty's wrapped in her winding-sheets, while
+tyranny's robed in ermine. There are two reasons for this. In the first
+place he became interested in a new-born idea--Anarchism--and felt he
+could be more useful as an apostle of this movement than as a rebel in
+Trepovdom. As is well-known, his lectures and writings on the subject
+have earned him the title, "Father of Anarchist-Communism." Secondly,
+when the Nihilists were changed (by purple butchers) into Terrorists,
+they dropped their propaganda of pamphlets to study the properties of
+petroleum, and thus were forced to neglect the varletry. However,
+Kropotkin's sympathies drew him more and more towards those human
+machines who toil so hard for their bread that if you cut their pennies
+open, the blood would gush from them.
+
+About a year after his escape, Kropotkin attended an important labor
+congress in Belgium (1877). A few days later the police received an
+order to arrest him. At this time the theologians were in power, and
+the Belgian comrades knowing a clerical ministry would be only too
+willing to turn him over to the blood-sucking czar, insisted upon his
+leaving the country. On returning to his hotel, he found his good friend
+James Guillaume--small physically, big in all other respects--barring
+the way to his room, and sternly announcing that Kropotkin could enter
+only by using force against him.
+
+The next morning the ejected delegate sailed for London, but soon went
+to Paris where he helped to form radical groups. Again he was wanted by
+the police, but by mistake they arrested a Russian student (1878). Later
+he left for Switzerland where he founded an anarchistic paper, _Le
+Revolte_ (1879).
+
+Two years later Alexander II. was assassinated. The government hanged
+the revolutionists at home, but pretended the exiles abroad were
+responsible for the deed. The Holy League was formed to execute the
+refugees. An officer who knew Kropotkin when he was a page de chambre,
+was appointed to kill him. A woman was sent from Petersburg to Geneva to
+lead the conspiracy. Kropotkin took matters coolly, collected a pile of
+threatening letters--of which the police later relieved him--and
+nothing happened except that Helvetia was told if it did not expel the
+agitator, then Alexander III., the Lord's Anointed, would drive out from
+Russia all the Swiss governesses and ladies' maids, while the czarina
+would refuse to eat Swiss cheese. This was more than the little republic
+could stand, and Kropotkin was told to go. He says he did not take
+umbrage at this.
+
+He went once more to London, where he met his old comrade Chaykovsky,
+and together they began to preach their gospel of freedom. Always to
+work for the liberation of humanity--that isn't such a bad idea, is
+it?[61]
+
+At this time there was no movement in the Island which had imbibed the
+narcotic of reaction and lay in a wakeless torpor, and Kropotkin and his
+devoted wife felt so lonely among the napping Britons that they decided
+to cross the channel. "Better a prison in France than this grave," they
+said. They were followed by an army of informers, freely furnished by
+the loving Russian Government which cannot bear to see its children
+travel without suitable protection. Not to be outdone in courtesy, the
+French police soon escorted him to the official lodging-house.
+
+Kropotkin was incarcerated in the central prison of Clairvaux where had
+been confined old Blanqui--the communard at whose burial Louise Michel
+spoke words which will have no funeral. Kropotkin was well-treated, the
+officials were polite, and he was permitted to give his fellow-prisoners
+instruction in physics, languages, geometry and cosmography.
+Unfortunately, Clairvaux is built on marshy ground, and Kropotkin fell
+sick from malaria. His wife who was studying in Paris, preparing for the
+degree of Doctor of Science, hastened from Wurtz's laboratory to the
+prison-town. She remained there until her iconoclast was released. This
+event occurred after three years' imprisonment. He then went to the
+capital, lectured to an audience of several thousand, and left France
+immediately to avoid a forcible expulsion.
+
+Such are some of the scenes in the life of Peter Kropotkin--imprisoned
+by governments, pursued by police, followed by spies,[62] hounded by
+agents of autocracy.
+
+This peace-loving man whose name is synonym for kindness, this tender
+soul as modest as Newton, as gentle as Darwin, has been hunted from
+frontier to border-line. Against none of his persecutors does he utter a
+single invective. He is the epitome of mildness, the incarnation of
+humaneness.[63]
+
+Ask anyone who has seen Kropotkin for an hour or has known him for a
+generation, to describe his most characteristic trait, and the
+invariable answer will be: simplicity. His is a great spirit--it has
+cast out flam. "Kropotkin is one of the most sincere and frank of men,"
+says Stepniak. "He always says the truth, pure and simple, without any
+regard for the _amour propre_ of his hearers, or for any consideration
+whatever. This is the most striking and sympathetic feature of his
+character. Every word he says may be absolutely believed. His sincerity
+is such, that sometimes in the ardour of discussion an entirely fresh
+consideration unexpectedly presents itself to his mind, and sets him
+thinking. He immediately stops, remains quite absorbed for a moment, and
+then begins to think aloud, speaking as tho he were an opponent. At
+other times he carries on this discussion mentally, and after some
+moments of silence, turning to his astonished adversary, smilingly says,
+'You are right.' This absolute sincerity renders him the best of
+friends, and gives especial weight to his praise and blame."
+
+[Illustration: THE COSSACKS
+
+Indulging in a favorite Russian pastime.]
+
+Most of Kropotkin's Russian revolutionary comrades--using the term
+Comrade in its broad sense--ended their days in misery. Kroutikoff
+strangled himself with a piece of linen; Stransky poisoned himself;
+Zapolsky cut his throat with a pair of scissors; Leontovitch and
+Bogomoloff hacked theirs with a bit of glass; Zhutin died in chains
+bound to the wall; Kolenkin perished from wounds torn open by fetters;
+Rodin poisoned himself with matches; Nathalie Armfeldt died of prison
+consumption; Beverly was wounded with bullets and murdered with
+bayonet-thrusts; Ivan Cherniavsky and wife and child were transported to
+Irkutsk, the temperature was thirty degrees below zero, and the baby
+died, while the mother went mad, howled, laughed, prayed, cursed,
+rocked the dead infant in her arms and sang nursery songs;[64]
+Semyonovsky shot himself; Uspensky hanged himself; Martinova was dragged
+to the police station on the very day that she expected to become a
+mother; Gratchevsky threw kerosene from his lamp over himself, set it on
+fire and died shrieking--but at least he escaped from Schlusselburg;
+Edelson was marched to the Arctic zone even after he had become insane;
+Mukhanov was killed with a volley of balls; Sergius Pik was struck in
+the head, his jaw was smashed by the gendarmes' guns, a ghastly hole was
+made above his eye, his blood and brains oozed and fell on his
+chest;[65] Sophia Gurevitch was ripped open with bayonets; Sherstnova
+was shot to death for signaling with a hand-mirror; the young wife of
+Felix Volkhovsky shot herself thru the head; the wonderful Kuprianov
+died in prison at the age of nineteen; Shtchedrin was chained to the
+barrow, became insane and so perished; Nadyeshda Sigida was flogged to
+death;[66] Marie Vetrova was raped and murdered;[67] Jessy Helfman was
+tortured indescribably; Bobohov swallowed a handful of opium; Ossinsky's
+hair turned white in five minutes; Maria Kovalevskaya--cover thy face,
+freedom--suffered, took poison and died in the prison infirmary;
+Yakimova stayed up nights in the Trubetzkoi Ravelin to prevent the rats
+from devouring her baby; Olga Lubatovitch was stripped naked by men and
+beaten; Malyovany died in exile; the student Schmidt was murdered in his
+cell by his jailers; Spiridonova was violated by a cossack officer and
+by a police chief; the high-minded Plotnikoff ended his days in an
+asylum; Bogulubov became a raving lunatic; Serdukov was so broken that
+he shot himself after his release; the poet Polivanoff also committed
+suicide thus--(Ah, those twenty long years in Schlusselburg!); the noble
+Balmaschoff was hanged; the beautiful Zinaida too; Isaiev, Okladsky,
+Zubkovsky went mad; Kviotkovsky, Presniakoff, Soukanoff died in Skipper
+Peter's Prison; Buzinsky, Gellis, Ignatius Ivanoff succumbed in the
+Key-Town Fortress; to Federoff was reserved a fate worse than death,
+worse than torture, worse than madness, for it was his destiny to become
+a dupe of the Black Hundreds and unwittingly slay Georg Iollos--lover of
+liberty;[68] Ludmila Volkenstein,--but why continue an unhappy list
+which has neither beginning nor end? I could fill a library with such
+cases.
+
+
+Such individual torments fell not to the lot of Peter Kropotkin.
+Personally he has been favored by fortune. He has touched existence on
+every side and lived every life. The wisdom of the world is in his
+brain, and within his heart is lodged all its goodness. His experience
+has been unusually wide. He has been on intimate terms with czar and
+serf, he has met millionaire and mendicant, he has hobnobbed with prince
+and pauper. He has lectured to aristocratic audiences who gazed calmly
+at him thru gilded lorgnettes and foppish monocles, and to
+empty-stomached workmen who cried loudly, "Pierre! Pierre! Notre
+Pierre!"[69]
+
+The finest men of all nations have honored him. When a prisoner at
+Clairvaux, a petition for his release was signed by such geniuses as
+Herbert Spencer, Victor Hugo and Algernon Swinburne. When he required
+books, Ernest Renan put his library at his service. While at Paris,
+Turgenev--who won immortality by a single word--wished to be introduced
+to him and celebrate his escape by a little banquet. When Catherine
+Breshkovskaya journeyed for the first time to Petersburg, Kropotkin was
+on the same train; they discussed problems, and this extraordinary woman
+says his words thrilled like fire.[70] Elie Reclus was his brother.
+Elisee published his writings and asked him to contribute to his
+Geography--the greatest in existence. Jean Grave is his disciple. Ernest
+Crosby loved him. Georg Brandes praises him lavishly. Zola paid his work
+a high compliment. Elizabeth Cady Stanton spent an interesting day at
+his home. J. Scott Keltie, the eminent authority on African history, is
+one of his warmest friends. Bates, the Naturalist on the Amazons whom
+Darwin mentions so often, appreciated his scientific ability. Enrico
+Ferri closely studied his works. The learned Lavrov was his comrade.
+Denjiro Kotoku, the Japanese essayist who founded the radical
+_Heiminshimbun_, considers him one of the greatest humanitarians of the
+nineteenth century.[71] At the home of Edward Clodd he argued with Grant
+Allen. When at East Aurora, I saw only one picture over the desk of
+Elbert Hubbard, and that was Kropotkin. Those who have read _De
+Profundis_ will recall in what high pure words Oscar Wilde speaks of
+him. Tolstoy calls him a learned man.[72] The authors of _Russian Traits
+and Terrors_ speak of him as "one whose scientific accuracy and
+objectivity is beyond praise." James Knowles so respected him that he
+allowed him to write anarchistic articles for his high-toned _Nineteenth
+Century_. Laurence Gronlound gives him as a type of the ideal anarchist.
+In the soul of every libertarian swings a fragrant censer which offers
+up olibanum to the stainless character of the great revolutionist. Put
+those who love Kropotkin on one side, and those who don't on the other,
+and you will have separated the heralds of the morning from the spooks
+of the night. It is no more necessary to be an anarchist-communist to
+have a warm spot in your heart for Peter Kropotkin, than it is necessary
+to believe in Adam and Eve to enjoy Milton's _Paradise Lost_.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[61] Kropotkin is still able to cross London Bridge, but his comrade is
+missing. For many years Chaykovsky kept away from Russia. During a whole
+generation the man who taught Perovskaya was a wanderer in other lands.
+Some months ago he went back--he could control his yearning no longer.
+He is now in the Fortress of Peter and Paul. The Father of the
+Revolution will sleep among his children.
+
+P. S. As this book goes to press, the happy news comes that Chaykovsky
+has been liberated on a heavy bail, but it is not yet known what the
+government intends to do with him.
+
+[62] Some types are depicted in Gorky's latest work, "The Spy,"
+translated by Thomas Seltzer. Because of its subject-matter this book
+acts as an emetic.
+
+[63] remember hearing James F. Morton, A. M.--author of the excellent
+essay "The Curse of Race Prejudice"--speak to Elbert Hubbard about
+Catherine Breshkovskaya whom he had seen at the Sunrise Club, and in
+wishing to illustrate her gentleness and lack of resentment for those
+who ill-treated her, he called her "a female Kropotkin."
+
+[64] When George Kennan heard this woman's story, his face became wet
+with tears almost for the first time since boyhood. See his admirable
+but terrible "Siberia and the Exile System."
+
+[65] See the letter by the eye-witness Nicholas Zotoff (hanged August 7,
+1889). It is published in "King Stork and King Log," a two-volume work
+by Stepniak.
+
+[66] Leo Deutsch was a prisoner at Kara at the time of this tragedy, and
+he describes it in his "Sixteen Years in Siberia."
+
+[67] See "Woman, the Glory of the Russian Revolution" (Altruria, July
+1907), by Dr. Sonia Winstan. Note this sentence: "In arrests the police
+are always more cruel to women than to men, and I have seen women
+dragged by the hair to jail thru the streets of St. Petersburg, while
+men in the same group were led along in the ordinary way. In the prisons
+innocent young women are often placed with the lowest murderers."
+
+[68] In Robert Crozier Long's "The Black Hundreds," in The Cosmopolitan,
+January 1908.
+
+[69] "He is an incomparable agitator. Gifted with a ready and eager
+eloquence, he becomes all passion when he mounts the platform. Like all
+true orators, he is stimulated by the sight of the crowd which is
+listening to him. Upon the platform this man is transformed. He trembles
+with emotion; his voice vibrates with that accent of profound
+conviction, not to be mistaken or counterfeited, and only heard when it
+is not merely the mouth which speaks, but the innermost heart. His
+speeches, altho he cannot be called an orator of the first rank, produce
+an immense impression; for when feeling is so intense it is
+communicative, and electrifies an audience. When, pale and trembling, he
+descends from the platform, the whole room throbs with
+applause."--STEPNIAK.
+
+[70] In Ernest Poole's "Catherine Breshkovskaya" in the Outlook. See
+also Kennan. After being a Siberian exile for over twenty-two years she
+came to America to collect funds for the Revolution, and immediately
+went back to Russia. She was captured, and like Chaykovsky is now in the
+fortress of Peter and Paul. She often said it was a shame for a
+Revolutionist to die in bed.
+
+[71] In my "Symposium on Humanitarians." For several other contributors
+who mentioned Kropotkin as one of their favorites, see this "Symposium,"
+now published in book form by The Altrurians.
+
+[72] In the "Russian Revolution," a senseless pamphlet, edited by V.
+Tchertkoff who is talented enuf to be doing better things. When it comes
+to a question of righteous resistance, Leo Tolstoy is unbearable. A man
+who can say in effect, "Let the officials do whatever they want to do,
+let them shoot you down as often as they please, let them fill every
+prison in vast Russia with your bodies, let them rape your mothers and
+daughters and wives, let them hang your young children, but never resist
+in any way, only think of Jesus and read the Gospels,"--such a man is
+what the doctors call non compos mentis. No wonder the Russian
+Government does not molest him. The gentle Kropotkin says, "I am in
+sympathy with most of Tolstoy's work, tho there are many of his ideas
+with which I absolutely disagree--his asceticism, for instance, and his
+doctrine of non-resistance. It seems to me, too, that he has bound
+himself, without reason or judgment, to the letter of the New
+Testament."
+
+
+
+
+THE HISTORIAN OF THE REVOLUTION
+
+     The heroism of our Russian comrades in the face of torture and
+     death will be told in days to come by generations made rich by
+     their sacrifices. History will pay an eternal homage to the victims
+     of the bloody tyranny which now rules Russia.--J. RAMSAY
+     MACDONALD, M. P.
+
+
+To the present generation of Russian Revolutionists Kropotkin is not an
+influence, but an inspiration. He is not a leader but an elder brother.
+He is to them a type of the man who without a moment's hesitation leaves
+everything for the Cause. He is a powerful voice crying out loudly
+against the oppressors of mankind. Voices like these they hear
+distinctly, and follow eagerly, tho they lead to a cold Siberian grave.
+
+With the lavishness of the mountain cataract that wastes its waters on
+the rocks, the young radicals of Russia pour out their blood for an
+ignorant[73] and ungrateful people. As willingly as lovers walk to the
+altar, they go to the slaughter. They die as serenely as if they had a
+thousand lives to lose instead of one. When a Revolutionist is hanged,
+another takes his place while the gallow-grass around the choked neck is
+still visible. Imprison them for a quarter of a century, and on the day
+of their release they will conspire against czardom.[74] Torture them in
+the mines of Nerchinsk, beat the men with the plet, rape the girls at
+will, thrust them into black holes swarming with vermin and rodents,
+taunt them, starve them, chill them, strike them to the ground, stamp on
+their faces with military boots, deprive them of air, worry their nerves
+to the breaking-point, string them up on slippery scaffolds, and they
+will only shout, "Long live the Revolution!"[75]
+
+Liberty is the goddess they worship, and for her sake, when necessary,
+they taste no food by day and touch no pillow by night. For her they put
+away books and handle bombs, and exchange palaces for prisons, and leave
+desks for dungeons, and go from colleges to coffins. Their backs are
+ready for the lash, their throats are prepared for the noose.
+
+If the end comes at dawn in the yard of the Schlusselburg Prison, or at
+noon below the level of the Neva in the Fortress of Peter and Paul, or
+at midnight among the silent snows of Saghalien,--O liberty, how thy
+lovers meet it!
+
+Against an autocracy as powerful as the Romanoff dynasty, rebels have
+never before contended. In all the world no men and women like those of
+Young Russia. From primal days to modern times, no martyrs like these.
+Such sacrifices were never seen before.[76] Few expect to live beyond
+twenty, and thousands upon thousands perish long before that age.[77]
+They offer themselves to be nipped in the fairest hour of their proudest
+bloom. O brilliant-eyed youth, O rosy-cheeked maid, be not so heedless
+of yourselves. Think a little of the pleasures of life. Leave the stupid
+muzhik to his fate, and cross the sea to a freer land.
+
+But from the foot of the scaffold there comes a cry, and from the
+steppes of Siberia is heard a voice, and from the saltworks of Usolie
+rings an answer, and from the gold-mines of Kara comes a response, and
+from the Butirki of Moscow someone speaks, and from the prison of
+Akatui, Young Russia utters the same word--Svoboda! Svoboda! Svoboda!
+
+Sometime in the future, when the true historian of the Russian
+Revolution appears, he will write of men and women of so exalted a
+nature, that antiquity will be dumb and boast no more her classic
+heroes.
+
+He will write of Bakunin, the Jupiter from whose forehead leaped a
+full-fledged movement;
+
+Of Dobroluboff, the genius who perished at twenty-five with a vaster
+wisdom to his credit than any youngster of whom we have record;
+
+Of Olga Lubatovitch, the immortal girl in whose great heart burnt the
+undying fire of insurrection;
+
+Of Vera Figner, the poetess, a woman of the rarest beauty and the
+highest talents, who passed her life behind stone walls;
+
+Of Aaron Sundelevitch, the thoughtful Jew who established the first free
+printing press in Saint Petersburg;
+
+Of Zuckerman, who was so merry that even in hell he jested, but who
+after all was only human and committed suicide in the wilds of Yakutsk;
+
+Of Maria Kutitonskaya, who was ready to be hanged with a baby in her
+womb;
+
+Of Eugene Semyonovsky, who wrote a letter to his father before
+committing suicide, that would make everything on earth--except of
+course an official--weep;
+
+Of the taciturn Kibalchitch, who was arrested for giving a pamphlet to a
+peasant, and who, hearing in prison that an attempt had been made to
+exterminate the imperial family, broke his habitual silence by
+exclaiming, "It's good! It's fine! If they don't send me to Siberia,
+I'll study nitroglycerine,"--and who kept his promise, for he was the
+chemist who prepared the bomb that caused the blood of Alexander to
+redden the snow;
+
+Of Ippolit Mishkin, the hero of the Case where all were heroes, whose
+oratory inflamed all Russia, who was sentenced because he tried to
+rescue Chernishevsky, who received fifteen additional years for making a
+speech in prison over the dead body of Comrade Leo Dmohovsky, a man whom
+Turgenev wished to know, and whom Perovskaya wished to save;
+
+Of Demetrius Lisogub, the millionaire who lived like a pauper, giving
+everything to the Cause and spending nothing on himself, grudging every
+coin he had to pay for his bread, dressing in rags even during the
+severest winters, supporting for a time the whole revolutionary
+movement, but continually sorrowing that in order not to forfeit his
+wealth he could take no active part in the battle, and smiling with
+happiness only when brought to the scaffold in the hangman's cart, for
+at last he could bestow more than money--he could sacrifice himself;
+
+Of the printer Maria Kriloff who tho old, ill and half-blind, worked
+with so much devotion that she excelled young and strong compositors,
+and who stuck to her post until she was arrested, weapons in hand, in
+the secret printing-office of _Cherny Perediel_;
+
+Of the intrepid Sophia Bogomoletz, who left husband and child for the
+Revolution, and spent her life in prison;
+
+Of Nicholas Blinoff, who was slaughtered in the Jewish pogrom in
+Zhitomir with the word 'Brother' on his noble lips;
+
+Of young Leo Weinstein, who fell in the same massacre crying 'Comrades;'
+
+Of the child Silin of Warsaw, who when only fifteen years of age was
+condemned to death; when he was led out with bandaged eyes to be shot on
+the sand-hills, he wept so bitterly that the soldiers called to him, "Do
+not cry, there is no pain," upon which he shouted back, "I am crying
+because I must die before accomplishing anything."
+
+He will tell how Valerian Ossinsky died, and then we will not think of
+Christ upon the Cross.
+
+He will write of those soft-eyed, sweet-voiced, tender Terrorists whose
+blessed bombs and bullets laid tyrants low: Zinaida who shot Min;
+Spiridonova who slew Lujenovsky; Bizenko who killed Sakharoff; Eserskaja
+who assassinated Klingenberg; Ragozinnikova who destroyed Maximoffsky.
+
+Of those noble and daring youths who struck to the death their country's
+oppressors: Kaltourin and Gelvakov who dispatched Strelnikoff;
+Balmaschoff who executed Sipyagin; Karpowitch who ended the days of
+Bogolepoff; Kalayev who removed Sergius; Schaumann who aimed well at
+Bobrikoff; Sazonov who wiped out Plehve.
+
+Of these he will write and of many, many more whose names are unknown to
+an ignorant public which yells itself hoarse for empty-headed officials,
+but whose memories encircle the hearts of freedom's orphans.
+
+He will write too, of a revolutionary thinker who dreams a philosophy
+which would dethrone tyranny and upraise liberty, the humanitarian who
+harbors a love which reaches to the uttermost ends of the earth, the
+true World-Man of the Better-Day--Comrade Kropotkin.
+
+               _Reader, I press your hand warmly_
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[73] See "The Laborer and the Man with the White Hand" in Turgenev's
+"Poems in Prose."
+
+[74] Since they are not permitted to work for freedom from the
+house-tops, they must do it in their secret chambers.
+
+[75] For a Russian revolutionary drama powerfully depicting such a
+scene, see "On the Eve," by Dr. Leopold Kampf. It has no connection with
+Turgenev's great novel of the same name. For a tragedy whose interest
+centers around a beautiful young man who has become insane in a Russian
+prison, see "To the Stars," by Leonid Andreyev, (Translated by Dr. A.
+Goudiss, Poet Lore, Winter 1907). Called by Helen A. Clarke, "a play in
+which there is no villain except the far-off Russian Government."
+
+[76]
+
+
+     "Since the world's first wail went up from lands and seas
+     Ears have heard not, tongues have told not things like these.
+     Dante, led by love's and hate's accordant spell
+     Down the deepest and the loathiest ways of hell,
+     Where beyond the brook of blood the rain was fire,
+     Where the scalps were masked with dung more deep than mire,
+     Saw not, where filth was foulest, and the night
+     Darkest, depths whose fiends could match the Muscovite.
+     Set beside this truth, his deadliest vision seems
+     Pale and pure and painless as a virgin's dreams.
+     Maidens dead beneath the clasping lash, and wives
+     Rent with deadlier pangs than death--for shame survives,
+     Naked, mad, starved, scourged, spurned, frozen, fallen, deflowered,
+     Souls and bodies as by fangs of beasts devoured.
+     Sounds that hell would hear not, sights no thoughts could shape,
+     Limbs that feel as flame the ravenous grasp of rape," etc.
+                               SWINBURNE: "Russia: An Ode."
+
+
+[77] "Marie Spiridonova was only twenty-one when she killed Lujenovsky;
+and in St. Petersburg I knew a girl, a medical student--sweet, quiet,
+all soul--who was barely eighteen when she said to me, simply "I shall
+live but a year or two--no more." In this expectancy of death there is
+no mawkishness, no pose. They have seen their comrades go after a few
+days or years of service; their fate will be the same." LeRoy Scott,
+"The Terrorists," in Everybody's Magazine.
+
+
+
+
+Announcements
+
+
+
+
+Lives of Great Altrurians
+
+BY VICTOR ROBINSON
+
+
+This is to be a series of biographies of men and women whose life-work
+was the liberation of humanity from bondage. Not of bishops and warriors
+will Victor Robinson write, but of the Great Companions whose lances
+struck the shields of despotism. These lives are to be of no standard
+size and will not be written on contract-time. A great deal of
+inclination and a little bit of opportunity will be the determining
+factors.
+
+Out of this series, two numbers have already been published:
+
+
+WILLIAM GODWIN AND MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT
+PETER KROPOTKIN
+
+
+The rest of the subjects are still lodged within the cerebral cells of
+the author. The following are in preparation for precious print:
+
+
+MAXIM GORKY
+WALT WHITMAN
+ROBERT INGERSOLL
+ELISEE RECLUS
+THOMAS PAINE
+FERDINAND LASSALLE
+KARL MARX
+VICTOR HUGO
+ALEXANDER HERZEN
+GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI
+HERBERT SPENCER
+HENRIK IBSEN
+THOMAS HUXLEY
+LEO TOLSTOY
+CHARLES DARWIN
+ERNEST HAECKEL
+LOUISE MICHEL
+EMILE ZOLA
+AUGUST COMTE
+BARUCH SPINOZA
+IVAN TURGENEV
+HARRIET MARTINEAU
+GIORDANO BRUNO
+GRANT ALLEN
+WENDELL PHILLIPS
+HENRY GEORGE
+HENRY THOREAU
+MRS. STANTON
+
+
+
+
+William Godwin and Mary Wollstonecraft
+
+BY VICTOR ROBINSON
+
+Written in the Author's Eighteenth Year
+
+
+William Godwin was the father of philosophic radicalism in England. His
+wife, Mary Wollstonecraft, was the pioneer of the woman suffrage
+movement. Yet the present generation of reformers knows little about
+these glorious Liberals. This booklet tells briefly of Godwin's early
+life, of his development from orthodoxy to rationalism, of his
+epoch-making "Political Justice," of his narrow escape from imprisonment
+on the charge of high treason, of his first meeting and dislike of Mary
+Wollstonecraft, of his later love and marriage with her, of her former
+marriage and attempt at suicide, of their views on the marriage
+relation, of the storm which Mary Wollstonecraft caused by writing "A
+Vindication of the Rights of Woman," of her lamented death, of her
+talented daughter who eloped with Shelley, of Godwin's subsequent love
+affairs, of his philosophy, of his old age, etc.
+
+
+     +_Pierre Ramus_+: in "Die Freie Generation:"
+
+     Selten wohl, dass uns eine kleine Broschurenschrift in die Hände
+     fiel, die mit ähnlicher Glut des edelsten Idealismus verfasst ist,
+     wie jene unseres amerikanischen Genossen Victor Robinson.
+
+     +_Eugene V. Debs_+, in "Appeal to Reason:"
+
+     The story of William Godwin and Mary Wollstonecraft is now in
+     pamphlet form, fresh from the gifted pen of Victor Robinson. It is
+     a story of two great souls charmingly told by another.
+
+     +_Elbert Hubbard_+, editor of "The Philistine:"
+
+     At the Roycroft Chapel, Victor gave us a most admirable address on
+     Godwin--quite the best thing he ever did.
+
+     +_John Sherwin Crosby_+, author of "Government:" I shall prize your
+     very graphic sketch because of its intrinsic worth.
+
+     +_William Lloyd Garrison_+, the son of the great Abolitionist:
+
+     I have read with pleasure your estimate of these brave thinkers.
+     What surviving qualities have truth and courage!
+
+     +_Clinton P. Farrell_+, brother-in-law and publisher of Ingersoll:
+     Many many thanks for this beautiful booklet--a gem. May you live
+     long and continue in the making of good books.
+
+     +_Voltairine de Cleyre_+, the most radical woman in Philadelphia:
+
+     I am glad that some one has taken up the work I began some fifteen
+     years ago,--that of compelling the deserved recognition due to Mary
+     Wollstonecraft from the English-speaking radical world.
+
+     +_Champe S. Andrews_+, counsel of the Medical Society of New York:
+
+     I am indebted to you for the very delightful monograph on the lives
+     of William Godwin and Mary Wollstonecraft. I value this book on
+     account of its excellent literary and biographical value.
+
+     +_Henry J. Weeks_+, lover of our furred and feathered brothers:
+
+     As soon as I received your book, my wife read it to me from
+     beginning to end, starting with loving interest and ending with
+     sympathetic tears. Then I read it again myself. Then I called upon
+     my friend Fred Heath, editor of "The Social Democratic Herald," and
+     talked to him about my "William and Mary," and together we hied to
+     the public library and made a search for all we could find about
+     the lives of these interesting friends.
+
+           +_Artistically printed      Illustrated with portraits
+                          25 cents, postpaid_+
+
+
+THE ALTRURIANS
+
+12 MT. MORRIS PARK, WEST, NEW YORK CITY
+
+
+
+
+A Symposium on Humanitarians
+
+CONDUCTED BY
+
+VICTOR ROBINSON
+
+
+"Name your 10 favorite humanitarians of the 19th century." To this
+interesting question, replies have been received from 100 men and women,
+many of them of national and some of international fame. Among the
+contributors are:
+
+
+ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE
+ERNEST CROSBY
+ALEXIS ALADIN
+PAUL CARUS
+ABRAHAM JACOBI
+EUGENE DEBS
+ROSE HARTWICK THORPE
+BENJAMIN R. TUCKER
+JOHN SPARGO
+WILLIAM MARION REEDY
+EDWARD BLISS FOOTE
+HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT
+EMMA GOLDMAN
+HARRIOT STANTON BLATCH
+HYPATIA BRADLAUGH
+LUTHER BURBANK
+HERBERT N. CASSON
+VOLTAIRINE DE CLEYRE
+INA COOLBRITH
+HAVELOCK ELLIS
+HARRISON GREY FISKE
+B.O. FLOWER
+HAMLIN GARLAND
+WM. LLOYD GARRISON
+JACOB GORDIN
+MOSES HARMAN
+MORRIS ROSENFELD
+SADAKICHI HARTMAN
+HENRY HOLT
+GEO. WHARTON JAMES
+ALEXANDER BERKMAN
+JOSEPH JASTROW
+BOLTON HALL
+ANDREW D. WHITE
+JACQUES LOEB
+ROSE PASTOR STOKES
+EDWIN MARKHAM
+N.O. NELSON
+SIMON NEWCOMB
+LOUIS F. POST
+
+_Finely printed. Paper 25c. Cloth 50c._
+
+
+THE ALTRURIANS
+
+12 MT. MORRIS PARK, WEST, NEW YORK CITY
+
+
+
+
+NEVER-TOLD TALES
+
+Graphic Stories of the Evils of Sexual Ignorance
+
+BY DR. WILLIAM J. ROBINSON
+
+
+It is time that these tales should no longer remain "Never Told Tales."
+It is time that the ignorance which costs so much health, so much
+happiness, so many lives, should no longer be permitted to hold its
+blighting sway in our midst; it is time that life-destroying prudery
+should give way to vitalizing knowledge; it is time that sanctimonious
+hypocracy should give way to common-sense. It is time in short, that
+darkness should give way to light, and misery to happiness--it is time,
+therefore, that the "Never-Told Tales" should at last be told!
+
+The author is convinced that if these tales were put into the hands of
+every man and woman about to marry, and into the hands of every father
+and mother who have adolescent children, much misery would be prevented
+and much good would be accomplished. Hence does he send them forth into
+the world....
+          _From the Author's Preface._
+
+Artistically bound and printed. Cloth $1, postpaid
+
+
+PUBLISHED BY
+
+THE ALTRURIANS
+
+12 MOUNT MORRIS PARK WEST
+
+NEW YORK CITY
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Comrade Kropotkin, by Victor Robinson
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COMRADE KROPOTKIN ***
+
+***** This file should be named 34745-8.txt or 34745-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/3/4/7/4/34745/
+
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diff --git a/34745-8.zip b/34745-8.zip
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+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Comrade Kropotkin, by Victor Robinson.
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+
+    p {  margin-top: .75em;
+         text-align: justify;
+         margin-bottom: .75em;
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+    p.bold2 {text-align: center; font-weight: bold; font-size: 150%;}
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+    p.drop { text-indent: 0em;}
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+
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+         text-align: center; /* all headings centered */
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+            /*  visibility: hidden;  */
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+                text-indent: 0px;
+              } /* page numbers */
+
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+    .smcap    {font-variant: small-caps;}
+
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+
+    .mynote { background-color: #DDE; color: black; padding: .5em; margin-left: 20%;
+              margin-right: 20%; } /* colored box for notes at beginning of file */
+
+    .fnanchor         { font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;}
+
+    .poem             {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; text-align: left;}
+    .poem br          {display: none;}
+    .poem .stanza     {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;}
+    .poem div        {display: block; margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem div.i1     {display: block; margin-left: 1em;}
+    </style>
+  </head>
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Comrade Kropotkin, by Victor Robinson
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Comrade Kropotkin
+
+Author: Victor Robinson
+
+Release Date: December 24, 2010 [EBook #34745]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COMRADE KROPOTKIN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Fritz Ohrenschall, Sania Ali Mirza, Martin
+Pettit and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class = "mynote"><p class="center">Transcriber's Note:<br /><br />
+Click on the page number to see an image of the original page.</p></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_a" id="Page_a"></a>[<a href="images/005.png">+</a>]</span></p>
+
+<div class="center"><img src="images/imgfrontpiece.jpg" width='597' height='700' alt="Peter Alexeivitch Kropotkin
+Born in the Old Esquerries' Quarter of Moscow in 1842" /></div>
+
+<p class="bold"><span class="smcap">Peter Alexeivitch Kropotkin</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">Born in the Old Esquerries' Quarter of Moscow in 1842</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_b" id="Page_b"></a>[<a href="images/006.png">+</a>]</span></p>
+
+<p class="bold">LIVES OF GREAT ALTRURIANS</p>
+
+<h1><span>COMRADE KROPOTKIN</span><br /><span id="id1">BY</span> <span>VICTOR ROBINSON</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="block">
+<p>"<i>To liberate one's country!" she<br />
+said. "It is terrible even to utter<br />
+those words, they are so grand.</i>"<br />
+<span class="s4">&nbsp;</span><span class="smcap">Turgenev</span>: "On the Eve."</p></div>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center">PRICE, ONE DOLLAR<br />THE ALTRURIANS<br />
+<span class="smcap">12 Mount Morris Park West<br />New York City</span><br />1908</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_c" id="Page_c"></a>[<a href="images/007.png">+</a>]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">This book is not copyrighted&mdash;<br />How could it be?</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1"></a>[<a href="images/008.png">1</a>]</span></p>
+
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+<table class="tbrk" summary="CONTENTS">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="left"><span class="smcap">Dedication</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="left"><span class="smcap">Foreword</span></td>
+    <td>PAGE</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="left"><span class="smcap">Under Nicholas I.</span></td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="left"><span class="smcap">Scenes from Serfdom</span></td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="left"><span class="smcap">Explorations</span></td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="left"><span class="smcap">The Nihilists</span></td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="left"><span class="smcap">The Terrorists</span></td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="left"><span class="smcap">Sophia Perovskaya</span></td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="left"><span class="smcap">The Fortress of Peter and Paul</span></td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="left"><span class="smcap">Brothers</span></td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="left"><span class="smcap">The Open Gate</span></td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="left"><span class="smcap">From the Printing Press</span></td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="left"><span class="smcap">In Later Life</span></td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="left"><span class="smcap">The Historian of the Revolution</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
+
+<table class="tbrk" summary="ILLUSTRATIONS">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="left"><span class="smcap">Peter Kropotkin</span><span class="s4">&nbsp;</span>
+<a href="#Page_a">Frontispiece</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>FACING<br />PAGE</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="left"><span class="smcap">The Scaffold's Bride</span></td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_d">32</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="left"><span class="smcap">Nicholas Chaykovsky</span></td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_f">44</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="left"><span class="smcap">Sophia Perovskaya</span></td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_h">52</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="left"><span class="smcap">Before the Search</span></td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_j">66</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="left"><span class="smcap">The Cossacks</span></td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_l">112</a></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2"></a>[<a href="images/009.png">2</a>]</span></p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3"></a>[<a href="images/010.png">3</a>]</span></p>
+
+<div class="block2">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<div class="center"><i>TO GEORGE KENNAN</i></div>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<div><i>I dedicate this work. I need not say why. He will know&mdash;</i></div>
+<div><i>Everyone will know. With tears, during the night,</i></div>
+<div><i>I have read your book, thou earnest truth-seeker.</i></div>
+<div><i>O compassionate traveler, what a man you must have been!</i></div>
+<div><i>For the weary Siberian exiles called you</i></div>
+<div><i>'Dear George Ivanovich!' With a heart</i></div>
+<div><i>Full of thankfulness for the work you have done,</i></div>
+<div><i>I lay my bitter and bloody pages at your feet.</i></div>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<div class="right"><span class="smcap">Victor Robinson</span></div>
+</div></div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4"></a>[<a href="images/011.png">4</a>]</span></p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5"></a>[<a href="images/012.png">5</a>]</span></p>
+
+<h2><span>FOREWORD</span></h2>
+
+<p>Bernard Shaw calls us a nation of villagers. To a large extent this
+appellation holds good. We are so self-sufficient unto ourselves that
+the most important events in the world leave us cold if they take place
+outside of the realm of the star-spangled banner.</p>
+
+<p>A wonderful and terrible thing is happening in the largest empire on
+earth; a downtrodden people is engaged in a death-grapple with its
+merciless rulers; and never were masters so inhuman, and never were
+people so heroic. In comparison with this titanic struggle the French
+Revolution itself sinks into insignificance. But what do we know about
+it? And what do we care? Russia is far away.... Once in a while the
+report of a particularly atrocious massacre, or a particularly cruel
+torture inflicted upon a young girl revolutionist will shock our
+sensibilities, will cause a pang in our hearts, will perhaps make our
+hair stand on end,&mdash;but in a day or two we forget all about it. We are so busy!</p>
+
+<p>No wonder that this battle-drama appeals with special force, and exerts
+a special charm on the young of all lands,&mdash;the young who worship
+Freedom, and whose breasts beat warmly for Ideals. No wonder therefore
+that it appeals to Victor Robinson.</p>
+
+<p>This essay was written at the age of twenty, and the youth of the author
+will serve as an apology, if apology be needed, for the sharpness of
+some of the expressions found in these pages. But is excuse really
+necessary? I hardly think so. No language can be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6"></a>[<a href="images/013.png">6</a>]</span> too strong when
+condemning the Russian Bureaucracy, no judgment can be too severe when
+pronounced on czardom and its cruel minions. In fact the English
+language sometimes seems inadequate....</p>
+
+<p>A remarkable commentary on the conditions in Russia is the fact that he
+who studies them carefully and thoroly, be he the gentlest and sweetest
+youth who would not harm a fly or tread on a worm, becomes saturated
+with the conviction that in Russia, the rebel's bomb and pistol and
+dagger are not only legitimate and necessary, but even noble weapons of
+defense and offense.</p>
+
+<p>I refrain from any remarks as to the intrinsic value of this book, as it
+is perhaps not quite proper for a father to criticize, favorably or
+otherwise, the literary productions of his son. One comment however I
+would like to make: For one who is utterly unfamiliar with the Russian
+language, and who has worked alone and unaided, (in the leisure moments
+left over by strenuous college studies), the author has accomplished a
+rather noteworthy feat. He has succeeded in imbuing the book with such
+an atmosphere, in presenting such vivid and faithful glimpses of Russian
+life and literature, and exhibiting such wide and varied knowledge of
+the subject, that even a Russian writer would not be ashamed to have his
+name appear on the title-page of this volume.</p>
+
+<p>Love understandeth all things.</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Dr. William J. Robinson.</span></p>
+
+<p>New York City, November 11, 1908.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7"></a>[<a href="images/014.png">7</a>]</span></p>
+
+<h2><span>UNDER NICHOLAS I.</span></h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>I understand that doom awaits him who first rises against the
+oppressors of the people. When has Liberty been redeemed without
+victims? Fate has already condemned me. I shall perish for my
+native land. I feel it, I know it, and gladly bless my
+destiny.&mdash;<i>Ryleev.</i></p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="drop"><img src="images/dropa.jpg" alt="A" width="100" height="101" /> fabled king of Thrace fed his horses on human flesh, but a real czar
+of Russia washed his streets with blood. On his accession to the red
+throne, the Iron Despot immediately expelled progress from his empire by
+butchering the Decembrists&mdash;those pioneers of freedom who fought for a
+constitution and the abolition of serfdom. Exiles began to tramp the
+lonely Siberian highway, and from the time of that Nicholas I. to this
+Nicholas II.&mdash;a period of 75 years&mdash;over a million political prisoners
+have taken the 'long journey.'</p>
+
+<p>The mighty country was turned into a military camp. The term of service
+was twenty-five years. The life was so hard that when a man was
+recruited, his relatives followed him as if to his grave. His mother ran
+after him, and sometimes<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8"></a>[<a href="images/015.png">8</a>]</span> fell dead on the spot. The emperor spent his
+time reviewing troops and altering uniforms.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> If an officer appeared
+in the streets with the hooks of his uncomfortable collar unfastened, he
+was liable to be degraded to the rank of a common soldier and deported
+to some distant province. If a soldier complained of his diet, or was
+guilty of the slightest infraction of the most insignificant rule, he
+was condemned to run the gauntlet. He was stripped naked, his hands were
+tied behind him, and he was brought between two long rows of pawing
+privates and eager 'non-coms,' equipped and armed with sticks, whips and
+gun-stocks. Behind the soldiers stood officers commanding, "Harder!
+Harder!" Thru these lines the victim was compelled to run&mdash;because in
+yesterday's paltry parade conducted by a petty sergeant, he scratched
+his itching neck. At first it was his shoulders which they struck, but
+before he had gone very far he had no longer a back, but only a bleeding
+mass of quivering flesh thru which parts of the bones protruded. A
+doctor was always present to see that the culprit did not die before
+receiving his full punishment. That is, if he were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9"></a>[<a href="images/016.png">9</a>]</span> booked for 500 blows
+and was on the point of succumbing after receiving 300, it was the
+physician's duty to send him to a hospital to regain sufficient strength
+to allow the additional 200 to be administered. However, in spite of the
+medicus, the mangled men often perished before their time, and then
+there was nothing to do but beat the corpse.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+<p>During this reign originated the widespread system of stealing Jewish
+children from their homes, separating them from their families, severing
+them from their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10"></a>[<a href="images/017.png">10</a>]</span> faith, and bringing them up to serve in the army. These
+were the Cantonists.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> Thus it came about that when a mother of Israel
+gave birth to a boy, she did not rejoice as for one born and living, but
+lamented as for one dead and departed. (Sometimes Jewish mothers saved
+their children from the army by cutting off their fingers, or taking out
+one of their eyes).</p>
+
+<p>Liberty was so shackeled she did not even dare weep aloud.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> Since that
+unlucky day when Ryleev, Pestel, Bestuzhev, Kakovsky and
+Muraviov-Apostol dangled from a tall straight post and a strong
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11"></a>[<a href="images/018.png">11</a>]</span>crossbar, no revolutionist arose to oppose tyranny. During all the many
+years of the reign of Nicholas-with-the-Stick, no ray of light
+brightened a darkened nation, no torch glimmered in the bloody gloom.
+Hope was dead. Freedom was buried. Literature was in exile. Knowledge
+lay in a closed coffin. But censorship was alive, and autocracy had more
+eyes than Argus.</p>
+
+<p>An anonymous pamphlet, toward the end of his reign, cried out that the
+czar had rolled a great stone before the door of the sepulchure of
+Truth, that he had placed a strong guard round her tomb, and in the
+exultation of his heart had exclaimed, "For thee, no resurrection!"</p>
+
+<p>So thoroly was liberalism crushed, so completely was absolutism supreme,
+that 'Nikolaus Palkin' walked the streets of bleeding Russia unattended and unafraid.</p>
+
+<p>Alas, when a nation has only knees to bend, but no hands to strike!</p>
+
+<p>After his shadow had obscured the sun for a quarter of a century, a
+brilliant festival was given in his honor at Moscow&mdash;called the Holy
+City because it contains a Miracle Monastery for glorifying God and a
+Kremlin Fortress for crucifying Man. It was a fancy-dress ball, and a
+thousand<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12"></a>[<a href="images/019.png">12</a>]</span> gorgeous uniforms were there, from the leather coat of the
+Tungus to the embroidered flummery of the chamberlain. In this affair
+the children of the nobility played an important part. They were
+lavishly attired, and each carried an ensign representing the arms of
+the provinces of the Russian empire. At a given signal the little
+emblem-bearers began to march, and on reaching the purple platform upon
+which the royal family sat, all standards were lowered. The inflexible
+autocrat viewed the scene with satisfaction&mdash;all the provinces bowed
+before him. When the children retired to the rear of the immense hall,
+someone pulled the smallest of the boys from the ranks and placed him on
+the imperial elevation. The lad was arrayed as a Persian prince, and
+wore a jewel-covered belt and a high bonnet. Nicholas I. looked at his
+chubby face all surrounded with pretty curls and taking him to the
+czarevna Marie Alexandrovna, said in his military voice, "This is the
+sort of boy you must bring me." The woman was gravid at the time, and
+the soldier-like joke made her blush.</p>
+
+<p>"Will you have some sweets?" asked the emperor.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13"></a>[<a href="images/020.png">13</a>]</span></p><p>"I want some of those tiny biscuits which were served at tea," eagerly
+responded the child. A waiter was called and he emptied a full tray into the tall bonnet.</p>
+
+<p>"I will take them home to Sasha," said the curly little cherub.</p>
+
+<p>Mikhael&mdash;the czar's brother&mdash;now paid attention to the little visitor.
+"When you are a good boy," he said, "they treat you so," and he passed
+his rough hand downwards over the rotund features of the diminutive
+would-be Persian; "but when you are naughty, they treat you so," and he
+rubbed the child's nose upward.</p>
+
+<p>The poor innocent did his best to restrain himself, but unhappily the
+gushing tears could not be repressed. The ladies at once took his part,
+and Marie Alexandrovna set him by her side on a velvet chair with a
+gilded back&mdash;William Morris being then unknown. Soon the big eyes began
+to close, and drowsily putting his beautiful head in the lap of the
+future empress, the boy fell soundly asleep.</p>
+
+<p>And the frolic went on. Under the glittering chandeliers the dancers
+glided. Over the waxen floors the merry feet waltzed. Wine disappeared
+by barrels, and revelry<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14"></a>[<a href="images/021.png">14</a>]</span> ran riot. Swords, spurs, buckles, medals,
+diamonds&mdash;how they all sparkled! The smooth-cheeked courtiers and the
+slick-tongued cavaliers gaily jested, and the silk-swathed ladies
+flirted their proverbial fans and smiled flatteringly at their wit, but
+not the wisest of them knew that someday this babe would awake and make
+his name terrible to the ears of tyrants!</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> See "Russia," by Alfred Rambaud.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Among those who witnessed this spectacle was Germain de
+Lagny, who describes it in his book, "The Knout and the Russians" ...
+"After fourteen hundred strokes, his face which had long before begun to
+turn blue, assumed suddenly a greenish hue; his eyes became haggard and
+almost started out of their sockets, from which large blood-colored
+tears trickeled down and stained his cheeks. He was gasping and
+gradually sinking. The officer who accompanied me ordered the ranks to
+open, and I approached the body. The skin was literally ploughed up, and
+had, so to say, disappeared. The flesh was hacked to pieces and almost
+reduced to a state of jelly; long stripes hung down the prisoner's sides
+like so many thongs, while other pieces remained fastened and glued to
+the sticks of the executioners. The muscles, too, were torn to shreds.
+No mortal tongue can ever convey a just idea of the sight.... It was
+seven months before he was cured and his health re-established; and, at
+the expiration of this period, he was solemnly taken back to the place
+of execution, and forced once more to run the gauntlet, in order to
+receive his full amount of six thousand strokes. He died at the
+commencement of this second punishment.... After all, Russia is only an
+immense barrack, in which every one is in a state of arrest." Yet the
+author of these words was a worshipper of Nicholas!</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> They were called Cantonists because they were kept and
+trained in military settlements or cantons under Arakcheev. It is a most
+remarkable fact&mdash;considering the circumstance that they were taken away
+in early childhood&mdash;that several Cantonists who were able to live thru
+the horrors of the service, returned to their homes as orthodox and as
+fanatically devoted to their religion as if they had spent the preceding
+twenty-five years not in the military barracks of the gentiles, but in
+cheder and shool reciting the Torah.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> He slaughtered Poland like a hound tears a hare. "But below
+all (in the Museum of the Kremlin), far beneath the feet of the Emperor,
+in dust and ignominy and on the floor, is flung the very Constitution of
+Poland&mdash;parchment for parchment, ink for ink, good promise for good
+promise&mdash;which Alexander I. gave with so many smiles, and which Nicholas
+I. took away with so much bloodshed."&mdash;Andrew D. White, "The Development
+and Overthrow of Serfdom in Russia," Atlantic Monthly November 1862.
+This sentence which I have quoted is correct, but the reader who is
+unfamiliar with Russian history had better avoid the article, as the
+last paragraph alone contains as many lies as there are kalachi in Moscow.</p></div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15"></a>[<a href="images/022.png">15</a>]</span></p>
+
+<h2><span>SCENES FROM SERFDOM</span></h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>To be sold, three coachmen, well-trained and handsome; and two
+girls, the one eighteen and the other fifteen years of age, both of
+them good-looking and well acquainted with various kinds of
+handiwork. In the same house there are for sale two hairdressers;
+the one twenty-one years of age can read, write, play on a musical
+instrument, and act as huntsman; the other can dress ladies' and
+gentlemen's hair. In the same house are sold pianos and organs.</p>
+
+<p>Advertisement in the <i>Moscow Gazette</i>, 1801.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="drop"><img src="images/dropp.jpg" alt="P" width="100" height="98" />eter Kropotkin's father was a general and a prince. His family
+originated with a grandson of Rostislav Mstislavich the Bold. His
+ancestors had been Grand Princes of Smolensk. He was a descendant of the
+house of Rurik, and judged from the standpoint of heredity, had more
+right to the throne than the Romanoffs. Incidentally he was like most
+military men&mdash;barbarous, pitiless, merciless. He owned twelve hundred
+male serfs. We do not know how many maids. Neither do we know how many
+were scarred by the knout, how many were flogged till the breath of life
+left them, nor how many hanged themselves under his window.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16"></a>[<a href="images/023.png">16</a>]</span></p><p>If this brave warrior&mdash;who received the cross of Saint Anne for
+gallantry, because his servant Froll rushed into the flames to save a
+child&mdash;became imbued with the notion that there was not sufficient hay
+in the barn, he would call one of his serfs, strike him in the face, and
+accuse him of overfeeding the horses. In order to prove he was right he
+would make another calculation, and come to the conclusion there was too
+much hay. So he would bang his slave again for not giving the equidae
+enuf. Suddenly he would sit down and write a note: Take So and So to the
+police station, and let 100 lashes with the birch rod be administered to him.</p>
+
+<p>On such occasions Peter would run out&mdash;his rosy cheeks wet with
+weeping&mdash;catch the unhappy soul in a dark passage, and try to kiss his
+hand. The serf would tear it away, and say bitterly, "Let me alone; you
+too, when you grow up, will you not be just the same?"</p>
+
+<p>"No, no, never!" cried the child, while the hot tears choked him and
+made him cough for breath.</p>
+
+<p>The females of all animals, having dislikes and preferences, exercise
+the right of selection; rejecting one and receiving <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17"></a>[<a href="images/024.png">17</a>]</span>another; sending
+away a male who is repulsive to them, and accepting a wooer they find
+attractive.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p>
+
+<p>Such absurd liberty was never allowed the serfs. They married when,
+where and whom the master wished. The Kropotkins owned a woman named
+Polya&mdash;intelligent and artistic&mdash;an exceptional serf. Her body was
+bound; her hands were doomed to labor; her talents brought benefits not
+to herself; her skill was at the service of others; her industry
+profited her owners; she was a chattel, chained and confined&mdash;but her
+heart could not be controlled. She deeply loved a neighboring servant,
+and was with child from him. The lover, forgetting the Russian proverb,
+"One cannot break a stone wall with his forehead," implored permission
+to marry her.... The Kropotkins owned also a dwarf called 'bandy-legged
+Filka.' Because of a terrible kick which he received in his boyhood, he
+ceased to grow. His legs were crooked, his feet were turned inward, his
+nose was broken, his jaw was deformed. It was the General's will that
+the refined Polya should wed this unsightly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18"></a>[<a href="images/025.png">18</a>]</span> imp. She was forced to
+obey. The 'happy couple' were sent to the estate of Ryazan.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p>
+
+<p>During the sixth year of the reign of Alexander II., a servant dashed
+wildly into Peter Kropotkin's room. It was early in the morning, and
+Kropotkin was still in bed. But the servant brandished the tea tray and
+babbled excitedly, "Prince, freedom! The manifesto is posted on the
+Gostinoi Dvor." In a moment Kropotkin was dressed and began to run out.
+Just then a friend came running in. "Kropotkin, freedom!" he shouted,
+"Here is the manifesto!"</p>
+
+<p>Kropotkin read it. His eyes beamed. He stamped his feet. O happy day! No
+more slavery&mdash;serfdom was abolished&mdash;the muzhiks were free. Not the dark
+ghosts of reaction, but the luminous sons of light had triumphed. Not
+Shuvaloff, Muravioff,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19"></a>[<a href="images/026.png">19</a>]</span> and Trepoff, but Herzen, Turgenev and
+Chernishevsky.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p>
+
+<p>That afternoon Kropotkin attended the last performance of the Italian
+Opera. Baveri, the conductor of the band, raised his baton; the
+musicians began to play, but human voices drowned the notes, for the
+people were shouting for their czar&mdash;Redeemer!&mdash;Deliverer! Then Baveri
+stopped, but the hurrahs did not. Again Baveri waved his stick wildly in
+the air, the fiddlers grasped tightly their bows, the drummers beat with
+all their strength, the players inflated their lungs and blew the brazen
+instruments with might and main, but from that powerful band not a bar
+of music could be heard, for the people were shouting for their
+czar&mdash;Immanuel!&mdash;Illustrious! Strangers met in the streets, embraced,
+kissed each other thrice on the cheek, and shouted for their
+czar&mdash;Father!&mdash;Messiah! In front of the royal palace, peasants and
+professors mingled, and shouted for their czar&mdash;Emancipator!&mdash;Liberator!
+When he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20"></a>[<a href="images/027.png">20</a>]</span> really appeared, crowds eager and immense, ran after the
+carriage and shouted for their czar&mdash;Tsar Osvoboditel!</p>
+
+<p>As a dream disappears at dawn, so died this enthusiasm. The brief moment
+of promise was followed by an eternal hour of despair; the short day was
+succeeded by the endless night. Hell may not be Hell, but a Romanoff is
+a Romanoff. Only one year later, the despot in Alexander awoke&mdash;mature
+and monstrous. If the dead could touch the living, Nicholas would have
+hugged his son. The steps of the scaffold became slippery with the blood
+of the best. The rope of the hangman was jerked day and night, and the
+key of the jailer creaked in a thousand locks. Reaction had won, and
+liberalism lay covered with a crimson shroud.</p>
+
+<p>The Valuev volcano vomited its smothering lava as far as Siberia, and
+General Kukel who with Kropotkin's help was preparing a long list of
+necessary reforms, was dismissed from his post because another place had
+been found for him&mdash;in prison.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand there was a district chief who robbed the peasants and
+whipped their wives, and whose brutality and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21"></a>[<a href="images/028.png">21</a>]</span>dishonesty were so
+unanswerably exposed by the energetic Kropotkin that this officer was
+also transfered&mdash;to a higher position in Kamchatka where he found more
+roubles for his purse and more women for his knout.</p>
+
+<p>When Kropotkin returned to St. Petersburg on an official commission, a
+high functionary said to him, "Do you know that Chernishevsky has been
+arrested? He is now in the fortress."</p>
+
+<p>"Chernishevsky? What has he done?"</p>
+
+<p>"Nothing in particular, nothing! But <i>mon cher</i>, you know&mdash;state
+considerations!... Such a clever man, awfully clever! And such an
+influence he has upon the youth. You understand that a government cannot
+tolerate that: that's impossible! intolerable <i>mon cher, dans un Etat
+bien ordonn&eacute;</i>!"<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p>
+
+<p>For these mad acts of a drunken despotism, there was neither shadow of
+excuse nor shade of reason, except that a Romanoff was hungry and
+thirsty for victims, satisfying the blood-craving spirit that cried
+within him, demanding that the brightest youths and the noblest girls be
+changed to lifeless corpses.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22"></a>[<a href="images/029.png">22</a>]</span></p><p>Is it any wonder that men who on the great day of emancipation quoted
+with tears in their eyes the beautiful article by Herzen,<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> "Thou hast
+conquered, Galilean," now recited these other words by the same exile:
+"Alexander Nikolaevich, why did you not die on that day? Your name would
+have been transmitted in history as that of a hero."</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> See Darwin's "Descent of Man."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Yet Kropotkin was not among the cruelest proprietors. To
+read what occurred on the estate of General Arakcheev is enuf to drive
+the stoutest mind insane. In the "Russki Archiv" is an account of a
+woman who by the most horrible tortures killed hundreds of her serfs,
+chiefly of the female sex, several of them young girls of eleven and
+twelve. Another woman murdered a serf boy by pricking him with a
+pen-knife, because he had neglected to take proper care of a rabbit. See
+Sir D. M. Wallace's "Russia." Also the "Memoirs of a Sportsman" and
+"Mumu" by Turgenev.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Leonora B. Lang, who translated Rambaud's "Histoire de la
+Russie" from French to English, says there are about thirteen ways of
+spelling Patzinak. Ditto for Chernishevsky. The form which I have chosen
+is perhaps as proper as any, and simpler than most. An English reader is
+not supposed to be able to pronounce Tschernyschewskiy.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> See P. Kropotkin's "Memoirs of a Revolutionist."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> For an account of Herzen's influence, see the "Russian
+Revolutionary Movement," by Konni Zilliacus. This excellent volume which
+all should read is of especial interest to Finns.</p></div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23"></a>[<a href="images/030.png">23</a>]</span></p>
+
+<h2><span>EXPLORATIONS</span></h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>And at the same time falls upon his ear the plaintive song of the
+Russian peasant; all wailing and lamentation, in which so many ages
+of suffering seem concentrated. His squalid misery, his whole life
+stands forth full of sorrow and outrage. Look at him; exhausted by
+hunger, broken down by toil, the eternal slave of the privileged
+classes, working without pause, without hope of redemption. For the
+government purposely keeps him ignorant, and every one robs him,
+every one tramples on him, and no one stretches out a hand to
+assist him. No one? Not so. The young man knows now "what to do."
+He will stretch forth his hand. He will tell the peasant how to
+free himself and how to become happy. His heart throbs for this
+poor sufferer who can only weep. The flush of enthusiasm mounts to
+his brow, and with burning glances he takes in his heart a solemn
+oath to concentrate all his life, all his strength, all his
+thoughts, to the liberation of this population which drains its
+life blood in order that he, the favored son of privilege, may live
+at his ease, study, and instruct himself. He will take off the fine
+clothes that burn into his very flesh; he will put on the rough
+coat and the wooden shoes of the peasant, and abandoning the
+splendid paternal palace which oppresses him like the reproach of a
+crime, he will go forth "among the people" in some remote district,
+and there, the slender and delicate descendant of a noble race, he
+will do the hard work of the peasant, enduring every privation in
+order to carry to him<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24"></a>[<a href="images/031.png">24</a>]</span> the words of redemption, the Gospel of our
+age,&mdash;Socialism. What matters to him if the cut-throats of the
+Government lay hands upon him? What to him are exile, Siberia,
+death? Full of his sublime idea, clear, splendid, vivifying as the
+mid-day sun, he defies suffering, and would meet death with a
+glance of enthusiasm and a smile of happiness.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Stepniak</span>:
+<i>Underground Russia</i>.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="drop"><img src="images/dropp.jpg" alt="P" width="100" height="98" />eter Kropotkin came into life sailing on its topmost wave. The fat of
+the land, and its milk and honey were his. Personally, nothing was
+denied him. All the gifts had been lavished upon him. Position was his,
+health he had in abundance, he was as handsome as the characters in
+Tolstoy's <i>War and Peace</i>, and his talents were many and varied. To use
+the Russian vernacular, he was born in his shirt.</p>
+
+<p>But not praise from princes or bows from beauties could induce him to
+fritter away his splendid energies in senseless dinky-dinks at Moscow or
+foppish balls at Petersburg. He wished to exercise head, hand and heart,
+for he agreed with John Ruskin that whatever else you are, you must not
+be useless and you must not be cruel&mdash;two adjectives which best portray
+the average official.</p>
+
+<p>As has already been said, while still a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25"></a>[<a href="images/032.png">25</a>]</span> youth Kropotkin went to Siberia
+to aid Kukel improve the prisons, the exile system, etc. But when the
+Herzen-reading Kukel was recalled, and it was no longer permitted to
+mention the word "reform," Kropotkin became an explorer.</p>
+
+<p>Being clever, he soon made several important discoveries&mdash;the
+border-ridge of the Khingan, the tertiary volcanoes of the Uyun
+Kholdonsti, a direct route to the Amur.</p>
+
+<p>Also it is interesting to remember that he was among the first Europeans
+who entered Manchuria,<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> and he went at the risk of being put in a
+cage and conveyed across the Gobi on a camel's back. It was impossible
+to go as an officer, so Kropotkin disguised himself as a trader, put on
+a long blue cotton dress, and acted like a Muscovite merchant&mdash;sitting
+on the edge of the chair, pouring his tea in the saucer, blowing on it
+with puffed-out cheeks and staring eyes, and nibbling tiny particles
+from his lump of sugar.</p>
+
+<p>One night as he wandered thru a Chinese town, the inhabitants by signs
+asked him why such a young man wore a beard.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26"></a>[<a href="images/033.png">26</a>]</span> Answering by the same
+means, Kropotkin told them that if he had nothing else to eat he could
+eat the beard. This caused the Celestials to roar with laughter, and
+they petted him tenderly, showed him their houses, and offered him more
+pipes than Skitaletz's Gavril Petrovitch could have smoked.</p>
+
+<p>In 1866, Kropotkin found what previous explorers had vainly sought&mdash;a
+communication between the gold mines of Yakutsk and Transbaikalia.</p>
+
+<p>Then came what he considers his chief contribution to science: the
+important discovery that the maps of Northern Asia were incorrect,
+because the main lines of structure run neither north and south, nor
+east and west, but from the southwest to the northeast.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p>
+
+<p>Later Kropotkin was to lead an expedition to the Arctic seas, but as the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27"></a>[<a href="images/034.png">27</a>]</span>government was spending enormous sums in erecting scaffolds, it could
+not spare a poltinik for explorations in unknown regions. However the
+Geographical Society sent him to Finland to study the glacial deposits.
+Here he made valuable researches relative to the glaciation of the
+country. He conceived the idea of writing a monumental physical
+geography of Northern Europe. His chief ambition was to become the
+Secretary of the Society, for then he would be in a condition to
+considerably advance the cause of science.</p>
+
+<p>But because he now had more leisure than formerly, he began seriously to
+think of another subject&mdash;The People. When he crossed a plain which had
+no interest for a geologist, he thought of their sufferings. When he
+walked from one gravel pit to another, he mused on their downtrodden
+hopes. Sometimes the hammer would pause in mid-air before it struck the
+chisel, because the naturalist was dreaming of these plundered beings.
+After collecting an immense amount of evidence, he anticipated what keen
+joy he would have in analysing and arranging it for publication; but
+then another feeling would assert itself&mdash;what right had he to this
+happiness when all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28"></a>[<a href="images/035.png">28</a>]</span> around him were men and women and children
+struggling and slaving for a bit of mouldy bread? Yes, yes, Kropotkin
+was thinking about the hungry people.</p>
+
+<p>It was in the autumn of 1871, as he looked over the hillocks of Finland,
+and saw with his scientific eye the ice accumulating in the archipelagos
+at the dawn of mankind, that he received this telegram from the
+Geographical Society: "The council begs you to accept the position of
+secretary to the society."</p>
+
+<p>At last Kropotkin was in a position to realise his old dream, but he
+pondered much before answering, for he now dreamed a new dream&mdash;how to
+lighten the burdens of the overworked people.</p>
+
+<p>A voice in the wind said, "To work for Science is great."</p>
+
+<p>Then another voice spoke saying, "To toil for Humanity is greater."</p>
+
+<p>So Kropotkin wired, "Most cordial thanks, but cannot accept." The chisel
+of the geologist slipped from his fingers, and from that day on Peter
+Kropotkin carried in his upraised hand a burning torch for the weary people.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> By P. Kropotkin: "A Journey from the Trans-Baikal to the
+Amur by Way of Manchuria," in the "Russian Messenger," June 1865.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Not even Kropotkin's enemies have denied his scientific
+ability. Zenker, in his unfair and unsympathetic book on "Anarchism"
+says, "The dreaded Anarchist Kropotkin is and always has been active as
+a writer of geographical and geological works, and enjoys a considerable
+reputation in these sciences, apart from his activity as a Socialist
+teacher and agitator." The conservative Hon. Andrew D. White in his
+"Autobiography" calls him "one of the most gifted scientific thinkers of
+our time." The unbelievably cruel Pobedonostzeff&mdash;who would gladly have
+used the thumb-screws on him&mdash;refers to him as "a learned geographer and
+sociologist."</p></div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29"></a>[<a href="images/036.png">29</a>]</span></p>
+
+<h2><span>THE NIHILISTS</span></h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>"He is a nihilist."</p>
+
+<p>"What!" cried his father. As to Paul Petrovitch, he raised his
+knife, on the end of which was a small bit of butter, and remained
+motionless.</p>
+
+<p>"He is a nihilist," repeated Arcadi.</p>
+
+<p>"A nihilist," said Nicholas Petrovitch. "This word must come from
+the Latin <i>Nihil</i>, nothing, as far as I can judge; and consequently
+it signifies a man who ... who recognizes nothing?"</p>
+
+<p>"Or rather who respects nothing," said Paul Petrovitch; and he
+began again to butter his bread.</p>
+
+<p>"A man who looks at everything from a critical point of view," said Arcadi.</p>
+
+<p>"Does that not come to the same thing?" asked his uncle.</p>
+
+<p>"No, not at all; a nihilist is a man who bows before no authority,
+who accepts no principle without examination, no matter what credit
+the principle has."&mdash;<span class="smcap">Turgenev</span>: <i>Fathers and Sons</i>.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="drop"><img src="images/dropi.jpg" alt="I" width="100" height="99" />t was a cheerless Saint Petersburg to which Kropotkin returned&mdash;a city
+in the grip of the powers of darkness. The officials despoiled the
+muzhiks of their last copecks, and if the poor peasants sought redress
+in institutions ironically known as "courts of justice,"<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> they were
+either imprisoned for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30"></a>[<a href="images/037.png">30</a>]</span> life or murdered outright&mdash;at the order of the
+very men who were fleshed with pillage.</p>
+
+<p>The best writers had escaped abroad, or languished in faraway Siberia,
+or had departed upon a still longer journey.</p>
+
+<p>Where was Lavrov? Who heard of Mikhailov? What fortress held Pisarev?
+Why sat no ardent youths at Chernishevsky's feet?</p>
+
+<p>The reformers who had worked for the abolition of serfdom were still. An
+uncanny fear possessed them. They trembled at the thought of Trepoff.
+They shuddered at the sight of Shuvaloff. They wished nothing but
+obscurity; they prayed only for oblivion to cover them. They denied with
+pale faces that they had ever held advanced opinions. They were a
+pitiful lot, but it is hard to blame them. Like a blood-crazed beast
+Alexander roamed his empire, slaughtering human beings with a ferocity
+that would have made a pack of wolves protest. In the dead of the night
+they were shot&mdash;and sometimes at dawn. No reasons were assigned, no
+questions answered. Russia prostrated herself at the feet of
+power&mdash;poisoned with the fangs of force. Little wonder the old
+generation was frightened.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31"></a>[<a href="images/038.png">31</a>]</span></p><p>The lime had grown in their bones, and to have these bones crushed by
+Katkoff in the casemates of the Fortress of Peter and Paul was not
+pleasant. The fathers withdrew from the society of their sons. Even the
+older brothers held aloof. At every step the young people heard,
+"Prudence, young man." Never before was youth so deserted, and never
+before was youth so splendid, so supreme, so sublime. Was it for them to
+follow the craven footsteps of a cowardly generation? Let the
+overcrowded prisons answer! Let the youngster-jammed dungeons reply!</p>
+
+<p>From the army came the young officer and cast aside his uniform. From
+the palace stepped forth the young prince and threw off his costly
+mantle. From the general's family hastened the young heiress and put
+away her silken dresses.</p>
+
+<p>It is not for a halting tongue to celebrate this youthful band of
+pioneers. It is not for a faltering pen to chant praises to those whose
+glory is unrivalled. History has not seen their equals. They deserve the
+worship of a better world than this. We who have no faith in God or
+reverence for Government, may well bow our heads at the recollection of
+men who left <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32"></a>[<a href="images/039.png">32</a>]</span>comfortable firesides to expose themselves to maddening
+tortures. We may well fall right down on our knees at the thought of
+women who bade farewell to wealthy parents to bare their breasts to the
+sabre of the gendarme and the embrace of the cossack.</p>
+
+<p>Authorities they rejected. The chains of custom they rent asunder. Even
+the axiomatic they re-examined. With the luke-warm, half-hearted
+agnosticism of Huxley, they were dissatisfied. Out-and-out apostles of
+Atheism were they, and one of the first books they printed was Ludwig
+Buchner's. The theory of transformism they eagerly accepted, and more
+than any English evolutionist they would gladly have died to prove
+Darwin right and Cuvier wrong.<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
+
+<p>Only one mistake they made&mdash;they spat upon Art. They found no joy in
+beauty. An arched rainbow, a Grecian urn, a vine-covered cottage, were
+nothing to them. They scorned the laurels of the golden-haired Apollo.
+They claimed a shoemaker was superior to Raphael because he makes useful
+things while the other does not.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_d" id="Page_d"></a>[<a href="images/040.png">+</a>]</span></p>
+
+<div class="center"><img src="images/img32.jpg" width='416' height='700' alt="The Scaffold's Bride
+It is for such girls that the czar buys rope." /></div>
+
+<p class="bold"><span class="smcap">The Scaffold's Bride</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">It is for such girls that the czar buys rope.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_e" id="Page_e"></a>[<a href="images/041.png">+</a>]</span></p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33"></a>[<a href="images/042.png">33</a>]</span></p><p>Their sacred watchword was: To The People. This great movement&mdash;which
+Turgenev<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> named Nihilism&mdash;spread rapidly. Many schools were
+established and enormous numbers of peasants flocked to them. The old
+sat on the benches with their grandchildren and did their best to learn.
+Teachers and the taught were enthused with the great idea. Leaders and
+the led were comrades. The youths did not spend a couple of hours with
+the peasants and then run off to indulge in an abnormal orgy prepared by
+a pathic Grand Duke.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34"></a>[<a href="images/043.png">34</a>]</span> Altho several were heirs to fortunes, they refused
+to accept any money from their parents. They lived exactly like the
+peasants, several in a room, ate black bread and dressed in boots and
+sheepskin. Many of the girls formerly owned a trunkful of jewels and a
+houseful of servants, but now they dispensed with chignon and crinoline.
+They cropped their hair close and put on blue spectacles so they might
+not be fair in the eyes of men. They wanted no love affairs. They wanted
+to educate the ignorant. Children of the rich, offsprings of
+aristocrats, scions of nobility, brought up in luxury, encouraged in
+idleness, unused to manual work, unaccustomed to physical labor, they
+now toiled fifteen hours a day in the factories. To look peasant-like,
+the prettiest maidens rubbed their cheeks with grease and steeped their
+hands in brine. All the woes of the commoners they accepted for
+themselves. Were there ever before such luminous sons, such divine
+daughters? Ask history for a parallel, and Clio's scroll is blank!</p>
+
+<p>Let this statement stand&mdash;indeed not even the twisted intellect of the
+perverted W. T. Stead<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> could demolish it&mdash;had the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35"></a>[<a href="images/044.png">35</a>]</span>autocracy
+permitted these young teachers to continue their educative work among
+the peasants, Russia to-day would not be a nation of illiterate muzhiks,
+and millions who are now hopelessly blind would have eyes that see.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> "This court is worse than a house of ill-fame; there they
+sell only bodies, but here you prostitute honor and justice and
+law."&mdash;<span class="smcap">Ippolit Mishkin.</span></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> If the reader has not read Stepniak's "Underground Russia"
+he should do so without delay.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> See his "Fathers and Sons," but avoid the abominable
+translation by Eugene Schuyler. To the eternal honor of the nihilists it
+must be said that they instantly and emphatically repudiated the hero of
+this novel, the brutal Bazarov. I myself have no hesitancy in saying
+that I prefer even the perfumed dandy Paul Petrovitch, to this harsh,
+coarse, repulsive, insulting individual who treats his loving parents
+like dogs, and who refers to a beautiful woman by exclaiming, "What a
+magnificent body! How fine it would look on a dissecting table!" Here is
+one of the curiosities of literature: a great artist conceives a great
+admiration for a great type, and yet he produces&mdash;a caricature! But
+Kropotkin seems to have a somewhat higher opinion of Bazarov, for in a
+letter which I received from him, he says, "Those Nihilists who
+understood Bazarov as Pisarev did, were right. Those who reproached
+Turgenev for Bazarov's scorn to work for mankind were right again.
+Turgenev has not succeeded in representing the man of action whom he
+admired well enough to excite the uninitiated admiration of the reader."
+For a correct representation of a nihilist in a novel&mdash;which the
+nihilists themselves heartily accepted&mdash;see the character of Rakmetov in
+Chernishevsky's wonderful "What is to be done?" Among those who
+enthusiastically praised this work was Sophia Perovskaya.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> The English eulogist of Russian officialism, the hypocrite
+who is intimate with Nicholas II., the scoundrel who praises Trepoff,
+and yet speaks of uplifting humanity!! He has written a lying book, "The
+Truth About Russia."</p></div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36"></a>[<a href="images/045.png">36</a>]</span></p>
+
+<h2><span>THE TERRORISTS</span></h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>In July 1906, I was in Bialystok. A pogrom had just been started. I
+saw women who were repeatedly raped before the eyes of their
+husbands and their fathers. I saw a child, four years old,
+deliberately shot in the arm by a soldier. I saw a girl of twelve
+shot in the stomach. I saw a hospital that was purposely fired upon
+by soldiers merely to create a panic among the patients. The local
+schoolmaster was killed by three gendarmes driving nails into his
+skull. The whole reason for the massacre was to terrify the
+population into submitting meekly to various governmental
+impositions. The massacre is a recognized weapon of the Russian
+Government, often used to shape political ends. By what standards
+of the eternal verities is it wrong to combat this kind of
+slaughter by removing the official or officials responsible? To
+assassinate an Alikhanov, a Pavlov, a Min, a Dubossov, a Sergius, a
+Plehve, is, to my mind, precisely like killing a rattlesnake that
+has crawled into a nursery, or stamping out a pest, or blowing up a
+building to stop the further spread of the flames.</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Kellogg Durland</span>: <i>The Necessity for
+Terrorism in Russia</i>.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="drop"><img src="images/dropi.jpg" alt="I" width="100" height="99" />t is not often remembered&mdash;tho it should be&mdash;that at this time these
+Nihilists were not politicals, and did not fight czarism. Their object
+was to teach the alphabet, not to overthrow the dynasty. It was only
+when<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37"></a>[<a href="images/046.png">37</a>]</span> the government condemned to a slow death in Siberia every one who
+printed a leaflet, or distributed a pamphlet, or attended a meeting, or
+listened to a speaker, or joined a co-operative association, or started
+an experimental farm, or went to a technical school, or taught a
+peasant&mdash;that they commenced to oppose the Romanoff regime. It was only
+when the ultimatum, "No schools allowed!"<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> was for several years
+rammed down their throats at the point of the bayonet that the Nihilists
+became Terrorists. It was only when the prisons overflowed with their
+young warm blood that Sophia Perovskaya waved her handkerchief.</p>
+
+<p>The shaft of truth is naked, and so armored with bias is the mind of
+man, that the missle cannot pierce the mail. In spite<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38"></a>[<a href="images/047.png">38</a>]</span> of the
+unanswerable array of historical data, many will still exclaim, "We do
+not believe in using force in Russia. We believe in education."</p>
+
+<p>O huge Sviatogor, giant-hero of the primitive Russians, endow us with
+your mighty nerves, lest we burst!</p>
+
+<p>There was a girl&mdash;Miss Gukovskaya. A young girl&mdash;fourteen years old.<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a>
+She addressed a crowd&mdash;about Kovalsky. She was transported to a remote
+part of Siberia for life. The child could not endure the wilderness and
+drowned herself in the Yenisei.</p>
+
+<p>There was another girl who gave a single pamphlet to a worker. Her
+punishment was nine years of hard labor and then life-long exile among Siberian snows.</p>
+
+<p>A young man was found reading a book not admired by the censor. He was
+put in prison and kept there until he committed suicide.</p>
+
+<p>When the gay and gentle Starinyevitch was a student, a manifesto was
+found in his possession. Unwilling to incriminate another, he refused to
+say from whom he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39"></a>[<a href="images/048.png">39</a>]</span> received it. For this omission he spent twenty years
+in filthy prisons.</p>
+
+<p>While searching the room of Rosovsky who was not yet twenty, the police
+discovered a proclamation of the Executive Committee.</p>
+
+<p>"Who gave it to you?"</p>
+
+<p>"That I cannot say. I am not a spy."</p>
+
+<p>He was sentenced to death and died on the scaffold.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p>
+
+<p>Kropotkin mentions another youth of nineteen who posted a circular in a
+railway station. He was caught and killed&mdash;hanged I think. "He was a
+boy," says Kropotkin, "He was a boy but he died like a man."</p>
+
+<p>Ask a Revolutionist if he knows Sophia Bardina and his glowing eyes will
+answer yes. Because she read a couple of articles in public, she was
+condemned to several years' penal servitude, which by special favor of
+the czar was commuted to life-long exile.</p>
+
+<p>Leo Deutsch in his mild and modest <i>Sixteen Tears in Siberia</i>, tells of
+a few girls of Romny who hit upon the plan of loaning one another books
+and making notes on them. Soon a few young men joined,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40"></a>[<a href="images/049.png">40</a>]</span> and thus was
+formed a small reading society, such as might help to pass away the long
+winter evenings in the dull provincial town. For this&mdash;and for
+absolutely nothing but this&mdash;"the conspirators of Romny" were deported
+across the Urals.</p>
+
+<p>Only a couple of years ago, several schoolteachers met at Tiflis to
+discuss the best method of improving their educational curricula. A
+commander entered and cried, "Disperse!" Turning to his cossacks he
+said, "These women are yours"&mdash;and all were raped with impunity.</p>
+
+<p>As long as the Romanoffs rule Russia, only idiots opaque and impervious
+to reason, can speak of education without action.</p>
+
+<p>If education were permitted, revolutionary violence would not be,
+because terrorism is the last straw to which the drowning nation
+clutches. They cling to this because under existing circumstances
+nothing else is possible, nothing, nothing, nothing.</p>
+
+<p>Russia has produced no greater Terrorist than Gregory Gershuni, and when
+this glorious Jew stood before his "judges" he told them: "History will
+forgive you everything; the centuries of oppression, the millions you
+have starved to death, the other<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41"></a>[<a href="images/050.png">41</a>]</span> millions you have sent to be butchered
+on the battlefield; everything but this&mdash;that you have driven us who
+mean well with our fatherland to seek recourse in murder."<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42"></a>[<a href="images/051.png">42</a>]</span></p><p>Men cannot meet for purposes of discussion, because if they do, they
+will be beaten and bayoneted. Children cannot, for they will be hacked
+to pieces. Women cannot, for their bodies will be utilized to warm the
+beds of cossacks.</p>
+
+<p>Such liberticide must be answered by tyrannicide! And the hand that
+holds a dagger, red with the blood of a despot, is the noblest hand of all!</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> This fact is so notorious that even an obscurantist like
+W. R. Morfill must admit it. See the passage in his mediocre book,
+"Russia." But illiberal as this work is, it at least is not outrageous.
+What however are we to do with Augustus Hare ("Studies in Russia") who
+writes that exile to Siberia is pleasant; with Rev. Henry Landsell
+("Through Siberia") who informs us that punishment with the knout was
+not painful; with Miss Annette Meakin ("A Ribbon of Iron") who describes
+the cruel Gribsky as a kindly man; with John A. Logan ("Joyful Russia")
+who is religiously convinced that the czar is an angel; with Francis H.
+Skrine ("Expansion of Russia") who approves the worst crimes of the
+house of Romanoff. Of course lackeys are always plentiful, but how sad
+that Russian Despotism should have Anglo-American defenders.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Russian heroines begin early. The renowned Vera Zasulitch
+was just sweet sixteen when she startled the world by shooting and
+wounding the murderous General Trepoff.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> See "Russia Under the Czars," by Stepniak.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> This is the sentiment of all Russian Rebels. When the
+beautiful revolutionary nurse, Anna Korba, was on trial, 1882, she said,
+"If the party of the Will of the People adopts the policy of terror, it
+is not because it prefers terrorism, but because terrorism is the only
+possible method of attaining the objects set before it by the historical
+conditions of Russian life. These are sad and fateful words, and they
+bear a prophecy of terrible calamity. Gentlemen&mdash;Senators, you are well
+acquainted with the fundamental laws of the Russian Empire. You are
+aware that no one has a right to advocate any change in the existing
+imperial form of Government, or even to think of such a thing. Merely to
+present to the Crown a collective petition is forbidden&mdash;and yet the
+country is growing and developing, the conditions of social life are
+becoming day by day more and more complicated, and the moment approaches
+when the Russian people will burst thru the barriers from which there is
+no exit." Here she was interrupted by the presiding judge, but
+continued, "The historical task set before the party of the Will of the
+People is to widen these barriers and to obtain for Russia independence
+and freedom. The means for the attainment of these objects depend
+directly upon the Government. We do not adher obstinately to terrorism.
+The hand that is raised to strike will instantly fall if the Government
+will change the political conditions of life. Our party has patriotic
+self-control enuf not to take revenge for its bleeding wounds; but,
+unless it prove false to the Russian people, it cannot lay down its arms
+until it has conquered for that people freedom and well-being." One of
+the last things that Stepniak tells us in "King Stork and King Log" is:
+"Terrorism is the worst of all methods of revolutionary warfare, and
+there is only one thing that is worse still&mdash;slavish submissiveness, and
+the absence of any protest."&mdash;&mdash;An unusually good editorial, "The
+Meaning of Terrorism," appeared recently in the New York Evening Post,
+in which it was correctly said, "In exchange for freedom of
+self-expression, the Revolutionists stand ready instantly to abandon
+terror, and they point for proof of their sincerity to the cessation of
+warfare during the period when the Duma was being elected and sat, to
+their readiness even now to suspend hostilities for the coming
+elections; small reason tho they have for confidence in the future plans
+of the government."&mdash;&mdash;The Boston Herald (March 16, 1905), in a column
+editorial called "How Assassins Are Made," says, "The dark cloud of
+Russian oppression is riven only by thunderbolts. There is no wind of
+free speech to drive it away."&mdash;&mdash;The editor of Altruria (November 1907)
+in answering a gentleman who objected to terrorism in Russia, writes,
+"When he says 'there are other ways,' he is mistaken. That's all. That
+is just the trouble. In Russia there are no other ways; not at present.
+There was hope of peaceful reformation; the Government destroyed that
+hope. The bomb and the bullet, therefore remain the only weapon."</p></div> </div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43"></a>[<a href="images/052.png">43</a>]</span></p>
+
+<h2><span>SOPHIA PEROVSKAYA</span></h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>All the condemned died like heroes. Kibalkitch and Geliabov
+appeared very calm and resigned. Timothy Mikhailov pale but firm;
+Rysakov calm and under control, but his face was as white as a
+sheet. Sophia Perovskaya's courage struck us all with astonishment.
+Not a sign of fear of death in her lovely countenance. Her cheeks
+wore the fresh roses of youth and health, and a heroine's soul
+gleamed from her gentle, but firm and serious face.</p>
+
+<p class="right">&mdash;From the reactionary <i>Kolnische Zeitung</i>.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="drop"><img src="images/dropr.jpg" alt="R" width="100" height="99" />ussia has long been famous for its circles, which far surpass in
+interest and excellence, those of any other country. According to the
+calculation of the police, each member contributes to the society either
+a pint or a quart of blood, but this computation is too conservative.
+Those who join Russian Circles do not measure the amount, but are ready
+to give unto the last drop. At these meetings, chairmen and ceremony are
+unknown. Those present sit on chairs, lean against the window-sill, or
+squat on a broken sofa. They sing melancholy songs, smoke cigarettes and
+overwork the samovar. They dress carelessly in loose blouses of colored
+calico. Their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44"></a>[<a href="images/053.png">44</a>]</span> hair is disheveled, their faces are flushed, their eyes
+are blazing. All argue at once, and in order to make themselves heard,
+interrupt each other, shout animatedly, bang the table, and rattle the
+spoon in the glass. The noise is deafening, but from the din of the
+debate fly forth sparks which may eventually inflame even this outraged
+empire of officials and icons.</p>
+
+<p>In 1872, Kropotkin joined the most important of these groups&mdash;the Circle
+of Chaykovsky. Kropotkin was now a thoro-going revolutionist, and it is
+foolish to ask as Grand Duke Nicholas did, "When did you begin to
+entertain such ideas?"</p>
+
+<p>In a country like Russia, where the present government incites the
+troops to massacre the people, hoping in this way to prolong its
+existence;<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> where the wardens do a thriving business by turning over
+the female prisoners to the soldiers at so much a piece; where the
+Dnieper-Demons beat women to the ground and ride their horses over their
+bosoms; where they toss children in the air and catch them on their</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_f" id="Page_f"></a>[<a href="images/054.png">+</a>]</span></p>
+
+<div class="center"><img src="images/img44.jpg" width='493' height='700' alt="Nicholas Chaykovsky
+The Father of the Russian Revolution." /></div>
+
+<p class="bold"><span class="smcap">Nicholas Chaykovsky</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">"The Father of the Russian Revolution."</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_g" id="Page_g"></a>[<a href="images/055.png">+</a>]</span></p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45"></a>[<a href="images/056.png">45</a>]</span>bayonets;<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> where they hack babes in twain and hurl the bleeding
+pieces at their agonized mothers; where they hammer spikes thru the
+heads of old men;<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> where youths are exiled for life for reading a
+forbidden author; where vulgar officers command refined women to become
+their mistresses<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> or pay the penalty of having their families shipped
+to that side of the tear-drenched monument which says, "Asia;" where
+officials who plan pogroms are promoted, and those who protest are
+imprisoned<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> where tortures like pricking<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46"></a>[<a href="images/057.png">46</a>]</span> out the eyes<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> and
+striking the stomach are perpetrated; where virgin and matron are used
+to glut the lust of the cossack;<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> where such crimes are openly
+committed from dawn to dusk and thru the darkness of the black night,
+that at mere thought of them the suffering brain reels, and the
+horrified senses faint&mdash;in a land like this could a Peter Kropotkin
+remain Chamberlain to the Czarina?</p>
+
+<p>Such rare-souled characters formed this Circle, that Kropotkin spent
+here the two happiest years of his life. To pass whole days with
+Nicholas Chaykovsky, to speak with the Kornilov sisters, to work with
+the young Kuprianov, to grasp the honest hand of Stepniak, to enter the
+room at night in top-boots after lecturing to peasants, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47"></a>[<a href="images/058.png">47</a>]</span> see sweet
+Sophia Perovskaya say severely, "How dare you bring so much mud in this
+house!"&mdash;what life could be intenser?</p>
+
+<p>The Circle of Chaykovsky held its meetings in a little dwelling in the
+suburbs of Saint Petersburg. There was nothing about it to excite
+suspicion. The neighbors often saw the mistress attending to her
+business. They knew her to be an artisan's wife, an ordinary
+workingwoman. She wore a cotton dress and men's shoes, her head was
+covered with a fancy kerchief, and she trudged slowly along, carrying on
+her shoulders full pails of water from the Neva River.</p>
+
+<p>But they did not know that she belonged to the highest aristocracy; that
+one of her ancestors was the morganatic husband of Empress Elizabeth,
+daughter of Peter the Great; that her grandfather was Minister of Public
+Instruction; that her uncle was a renowned conqueror in Asia Minor; that
+her father was Governor General of St. Petersburg; that she herself had
+shone in the most fashionable drawing rooms of the capital, and that her
+name was Sophia Perovskaya,&mdash;a name which thrills the soul of every
+rebel to its center.</p>
+
+<p>Physically she was like a novelist's <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48"></a>[<a href="images/059.png">48</a>]</span>heroine. She had golden hair and
+her eyes were blue. A lissom figure, a musical voice, a charming
+laugh.<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> Pure with a maiden's modesty, chaste with a virginal shyness.
+So graceful and girlish that she never looked more than eighteen&mdash;even
+when she was twenty-six. Of such a sympathetic nature that when she
+became a nurse, sufferers whose nerves quivered in distress, claimed
+their agony abated as soon as she entered. Her mother she loved to
+adoration, and often at the risk of her life, she left her hiding-place
+to give Varvara Sergyevna the joy of folding her hunted child in her
+aching arms. Her father had human form, but was in reality a fiend, yet
+rejoice that he lived, for from his ultra-reactionary loins was born the
+white queen of the red revolution.</p>
+
+<p>From her sixteenth year, Sonya was ready to die for the Cause&mdash;with a
+smile on her beautiful lips and a wave of her graceful hand, with the
+crimson banner above her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49"></a>[<a href="images/060.png">49</a>]</span> head, and upon her bosom a red carnation. I
+speak figuratively. She would not have worn these things. She was
+altogether too simple.</p>
+
+<p>Hers was a life full of pain, and in 1881 came the supreme sorrow. Her
+heart twitched with the torture, for Andrew Geliabov, the man she loved
+so fondly, was in the casemate of the fortress, and all knew, and Sonya
+knew too, that soon around his beloved neck would be a bluish streak.
+Yet her brilliant intellect was not dimmed or darkened. That will of
+iron and those nerves of steel, neither broke nor faltered. It was then
+that she arranged every detail for the assassination of Alexander II.
+She may have wept in private, but to her comrades she said with dry
+eyes, "When I give the signal, throw the bomb."</p>
+
+<p>The appointed day came. In a metal-clad carriage, the czar drove to the
+parade. Behind him in a sledge rode Colonel Dvorjitsky. Burning eyes
+looked at a girl. A handkerchief fluttered in the air&mdash;Sonya's signal!
+Rysakov threw his bomb. The Emperor alighted&mdash;unhurt. Then Grinevetsky
+too, flung a blessed ball of Kibalkitch's make, and within a few hours<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50"></a>[<a href="images/061.png">50</a>]</span>
+the old despot and the young martyr passed out of the world.</p>
+
+<p>Sophia Perovskaya inspired the greatest stanzas of the Poet of the
+Sierras, for usually the verse of the slangy Joaquin Miller is mediocre.
+But how grand are these!:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<div>"A storm burst forth! From out the storm</div>
+<div>The clean, red lightning leapt,</div>
+<div>And lo, a prostrate royal form ...</div>
+<div>And Alexander slept!</div>
+<div>Down thru the snow, all smoking, warm</div>
+<div>Like any blood, his crept.</div>
+<div>Yea, one lay dead, for millions dead!</div>
+<div>One red spot in the snow</div>
+<div>For one long damning line of red,</div>
+<div>Where exiles endless go&mdash;</div>
+<div>The babe at breast, the mother's head</div>
+<div>Bowed down and dying so.</div>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<div>And did a woman do this deed?</div>
+<div>Then build her scaffold high,</div>
+<div>That all may on her forehead read</div>
+<div>The martyr's right to die!</div>
+<div>Ring Cossack round on royal steed!</div>
+<div>Now lift her to the sky!</div>
+<div>But see! From out the black hood shines</div>
+<div>A light few look upon!</div>
+<div>Lorn exiles, see, from dark, deep mines,</div>
+<div>A star at burst of dawn!...</div>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51"></a>[<a href="images/062.png">51</a>]</span><div>A thud! A creak of hangman's lines!&mdash;</div>
+<div>A frail shape jerked and drawn!..."</div></div></div>
+
+<p>Before stepping upon the scaffold, Sophia Perovskaya wrote a note. (I
+know it has often been printed, but how can I help publishing it again?)
+Think you she laments that one so gifted should perish so young? Read:</p>
+
+<p>"Mother, mother! Beloved, beloved one! If you only knew how cruelly I
+suffer at the thought of the sorrow and torture I have caused you,
+dearest&mdash;! I beg and beseech you not to rack your tender heart for my
+sake. Spare yourself, and think of all those who are round you at home,
+and who love you no less than I do&mdash;and need you constantly; and who,
+more than I, are entitled to your love and affection. Spare yourself
+too, for the sake of me, who would be so happy if only the agonizing
+thought of the sorrow I have caused you did not torture me so
+unspeakably. Sorrow not over my fate which I created for myself, as you
+know, at the strict behest of my conscience. You know that I could not
+have acted differently, that I was obliged to do what my heart ordered,
+that I had to go and leave you, beloved mother,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52"></a>[<a href="images/063.png">52</a>]</span> when my country called
+me. Do not think that the death that inevitably awaits me has any terror
+for my soul. That which has happened is only, you know, what I have been
+expecting every day, every hour, during all those years, and what sooner
+or later, must overtake me and my friends. Soon, in the course of a few
+days, I must die for the cause, for the idea, for which I devoted my
+life and all the powers of my soul and body. How happy I should be then,
+dearest, beloved! Once more I beseech you not to mourn for me. You are
+well aware how ineffably I love you, I have always, always, loved you.
+By this love I conjure you to forgive your Sonya! Again and again I kiss
+your beloved hands, and on my knees, thank you for all you have given me
+during every moment of my life. On my knees I beseech you to bear to all
+the dear ones at home my last loving greetings! To-morrow I shall stand
+once more in the presence of my judges; probably for the last time. But
+my clothes are so shabby, and I wanted to tidy myself up a bit. Buy and
+send me, dearest mama, a little white collar and a pair of simple loose
+sleeves with links. Perhaps it will be vouchsafed us once again to</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_h" id="Page_h"></a>[<a href="images/064.png">+</a>]</span></p>
+
+<div class="center"><img src="images/img52.jpg" width='524' height='700' alt="Nicholas Chaykovsky
+The Father of the Russian Revolution." /></div>
+
+<p class="bold"><span class="smcap">Sophia Perovskaya</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">She was hanged in her twenties, but her name is as immortal as the
+eternal sun.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i"></a>[<a href="images/065.png">+</a>]</span></p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53"></a>[<a href="images/066.png">53</a>]</span>meet. Till then, farewell! Do not forget my last fervent prayer, my
+last thought: forgive me and do not bewail me."</p>
+
+<p>Yes, this is her letter. "Buy and send me, dearest mama, a little white
+collar and a pair of simple loose sleeves with links."</p>
+
+<p>A woman still&mdash;but glorified, radiant, resplendent&mdash;a woman all
+inspired, upraised, exalted, uplifted, aureoled.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> See the book on massacres by the ex-bureaucrat Prince
+Urusoff, in which the high official shows that the government itself is
+the chief pogrom-preparer. Translated by Herman Rosenthal.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> See "Within the Pale," by Michael Davitt. Also Bialik's
+"'Al Shechitah," either in the Jewish Quarterly Review or The Maccabean,
+January 1907. Translation by Helena Frank.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> See the "Report of the Duma Commission on the Pogrom at
+Bialystok," published in the London Jewish Chronicle, July 1906.
+Reprinted in its entirety in the American Jewish Year Book, 1906-1907.
+At Kishineff, the wife of Fanorissi Siss had nails driven thru her eyes.
+See also Book II of "Gillette's Social Redemption," and Kropotkin's
+letter in the London Times, July 25, 1908.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> See "Russia from Within," by Alexander Ular. This truthful
+volume contains many horrible revelations concerning the fearfully cruel
+and corrupt Grand Dukes.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> For a well-edited "Table of Pogroms" see American Jewish
+Year Book, 1906-1907. Out of hundreds of examples, here is one: On the
+last day of October 1905, a frightful carnage overtook the Jews in
+Odessa. Their financial loss amounted to at least one million rubles,
+and six thousand of them were killed and injured. The Self-Defense was
+well organized, but when they fought too valiantly, the police
+surrounded them and shot them down. The janitors were ordered to point
+out Jewish flats to the mob. An imperial Ukase was published, thanking
+the troops for their excellent work. Nineteen officers who tried to
+prevent the wholesale butchery were transfered to obscure posts, while
+Neidhardt who was Prefect of Police at this time was promoted to the
+position of Governor of Nishni-Novgorod. I purposely quote very modern
+instances, so English readers will see that the crimes of the Romanoffs
+are not things of the past.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> See "The Revolution in the Baltic Provinces." The author's
+name is withheld for obvious reasons, but the terrible little book is
+edited by J. Ramsay MacDonald, a well-known member of Parliament. The
+reader of nervous temperament will not find the chapter on the "Torture
+Chambers of Riga," at all enjoyable.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> For numerous instances see the "Red Reign," by Kellogg
+Durland. From every standpoint this is one of the most admirable works
+that has appeared on Russia.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> "She had the ready laugh of a girl, and laughed with so
+much heartiness, and so unaffectedly, that she really seemed a young
+lass of sixteen.... At dinner time, when all met, there was chatting and
+joking as tho nothing was at stake, and it was then that Sophia
+Perovskaya&mdash;at the very moment when she had in her pocket a loaded
+revolver intended to blow up everything and everybody into the air&mdash;most
+frequently delighted the company with her silver laugh."&mdash;<span class="smcap">Stepniak.</span></p></div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54"></a>[<a href="images/067.png">54</a>]</span></p>
+
+<h2><span>THE FORTRESS OF PETER AND PAUL</span></h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>A strange feeling came over me when I saw that I was being conveyed
+to this prison, used by the Government of the Czars for political
+offenders only; a place never spoken of in Russia without a
+shudder.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Leo Deutsch</span>: <i>Sixteen Years in Siberia</i>.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="drop"><img src="images/dropt.jpg" alt="T" width="100" height="98" />he Circle of Chaykovsky exerted an immense influence all over the
+empire, forming branches in every province, and producing the greatest
+of the Russian Revolutionists. Yet the particular group to which
+Kropotkin belonged was daily decreasing, on account of the imprisonment
+of its members.</p>
+
+<p>In January 1874, the police became so vigilant that the remaining
+comrades thought it wise for Stepniak to leave St. Petersburg. But this
+noble and lovable giant, whose simplicity earned him the epithet of
+"Baby," refused to obey. He protested warmly, and remained at his risky
+post until the Nihilists actually forced him to depart to a safer city.</p>
+
+<p>It was also time for Kropotkin&mdash;who had become famous by his speeches to
+the 'prostoi narod'&mdash;to conceal himself, but in his case a strange
+circumstance prevented.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55"></a>[<a href="images/068.png">55</a>]</span> He had just completed his essay on the glacial
+formations, and it was necessary to read it at a meeting of the
+Geographical Society. When he finished, an animated discussion began,
+but laurels were on Kropotkin's head; it was admitted that all old
+theories concerning the diluvial period in Russia were erroneous. This
+paper produced such an excellent impression that it was proposed to
+nominate the author president of the Physical Geography section. So
+Kropotkin sat among the fine gentlemen, and shook hands with the
+dignified professors, and smilingly thanked the learned savants for the
+honors they conferred upon him, but inwardly he asked himself if he
+would not spend that very night in the prison of the Third Section.</p>
+
+<p>His guess was not a bad one. He was soon arrested. After certain tedious
+formalities, he was put in a cab. A colossal Circassian sat at his side.
+The genial Kropotkin spoke to him, but the mass of meat only snored.
+Many of Kropotkin's comrades were already entombed in Litovsky prison,
+but his question if he too were going there was unanswered. Then the cab
+crossed Palace Bridge, and it was no longer necessary to interrogate the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56"></a>[<a href="images/069.png">56</a>]</span>guardian. Peter Kropotkin knew he was bound for that silent coffin of
+stone which darkly rises like a Hell-on-Earth&mdash;the Fortress of Saint
+Peter and Saint Paul.</p>
+
+<p>He leaned over and looked at the flowing Neva, knowing he would not soon
+see the graceful river again. Over the gulf of Finland, clouds were
+hanging, but the prisoner searched for patches of blue sky. The sun was
+going down, wearily perhaps, but proudly, for as it slowly sank below
+the horizon it left behind it gossamer colors of sapphire and scarlet,
+with glint and glow of gold. (And the officer snored.)</p>
+
+<p>The carriage turned to the left and entered a dark passage. Kropotkin
+was now within the gate of the Cemetery for the Living, the mouldy,
+murderous Tomb of Torture. Thru his mind flashed all the horrors of this
+famous prison whose dreaded name is uttered only in a voice hushed and
+awed.<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> Within these walls the Decembrists became martyrs. Here
+Nechaev&mdash;in the gloomy Alexis ravelin<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a>&mdash;was kept a prisoner for life.
+Here Perovskaya had been confined. Here was incarcerated the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57"></a>[<a href="images/070.png">57</a>]</span>
+poet-prince Odoevsky, about whose early death the banished Lermontov
+wrote so tender an elegy.</p>
+
+<p>The carriage stopped before another gate which was opened by soldiers.
+Here Catherine II.<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> buried alive all who opposed her abominations.
+Here the terrible Minich tortured his enemies until they expired from
+the agony. Here Princess Tarakanova was locked in a cell which filled
+with water, causing the rats to climb upon her body to save themselves
+from drowning. Here in the awful loneliness of the silent dungeons, an
+army of unfortunates had gone insane.</p>
+
+<p>The carriage rested again and Kropotkin was taken to a third iron gate
+which opened into a dark room where he could vaguely see several
+soldiers in soft felt boots gliding noiselessly about as if they were
+phantoms from another world. He recalled that here was caged much of the
+winged glory<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58"></a>[<a href="images/071.png">58</a>]</span> of Russian Literature&mdash;Ryleev, the poet of freedom whose
+forbidden ballads Kropotkin's mother copied in her note-books;
+Griboyedov who wrote one immortal masterpiece<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> and then put pen no
+more to paper because the censor mutilated his work beyond recognition;
+Shevchenko who dipped his quill in a soul of tears and wrote
+heart-breaking poetry about his fellow-serfs; Dostoyevsky, the sensitive
+novelist who described so well the injured and insulted; Pisarev, a
+truly marvellous critic whose voice was a trumpet-call arousing the
+youth to a higher life; Chernishevsky, the profoundest thinker of his
+time, as great a genius as the race of man has produced.<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> These&mdash;and
+how many more!&mdash;had spent weary years in the fortress where he was now walking.</p>
+
+<p>He remembered that in one of these cells the dauntless Karakozov was
+frightfully maltreated by being deprived of sleep. The gendarmes, who
+were changed every two hours, were ordered to keep him awake.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59"></a>[<a href="images/072.png">59</a>]</span> Karakozov
+was inventive, and as he sat on his small stool he would cross his legs,
+and swing one of them to make his tormentors believe he was up;
+meanwhile he would steal a nap, continuing to swing his leg. When the
+gendarmes&mdash;depraved, imbruted blood-spillers&mdash;discovered the deception,
+they shook him every few moments whether he swung his limb or not. It is
+also quite certain that all his joints were crushed, for when he was
+taken out from the fortress to be hanged, he looked like a lump of
+rubber or heap of jelly. His head, arms, legs, trunk, were altogether
+loose as if they contained no bones or only broken ones. It was terrible
+to see the strenuous efforts he made to ascend the scaffold.</p>
+
+<p>Kropotkin was taken to another black hall where armed sentries were
+moving. He thought of the mighty Bakunin, who was kept in an Austrian
+prison chained to the wall for two years, and then spent six more in
+this Fortress of Peter and Paul, and yet came out as fresh and pink as a boy.</p>
+
+<p>He was put into a cell&mdash;a casemate originally intended for a cannon. A
+heavy oak door was shut behind him, a huge key<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60"></a>[<a href="images/073.png">60</a>]</span> turned in the lock, and
+the prince who had slept in the lap of an empress, who had been petted
+by Nicholas I., and who as sergeant of the corps of pages became the
+closest personal attendant of Alexander II., was left alone in a darksome reduit.</p>
+
+<p>The prisoner examined his cell. High up in the granite wall a hole was
+cut. Kropotkin dragged his stool there, looked out and listened.
+Emptiness&mdash;no sound. He tapped the walls&mdash;no response. He struck the
+floor with his foot&mdash;no reply. He spoke to the sentry&mdash;no answer. The
+coldness, the dampness, the darkness were bad enuf, but this utter
+silence, this intense stillness, this grave-like deadness were maddening.</p>
+
+<p>No human being addressed him; no living thing held intercourse with
+him&mdash;except the pigeons which came morning and afternoon to his window
+to receive food thru the grating. Only the bells of the fortress
+cathedral were heard. Every quarter of an hour they chimed to the glory
+of Jesus, and every midnight they pealed forth, "God save the Czar."</p>
+
+<p>Then all was mute ... and nothing more....</p>
+
+<p>Not only did no one speak to him, he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61"></a>[<a href="images/074.png">61</a>]</span> was not even permitted to speak to
+himself. When the killing silence first began to oppress him, he hummed
+a tune. Then the spirit of song took hold of him, and he raised his
+voice. He sang from his favorite opera, Glinka's <i>Ruslan and
+Ludmila</i>&mdash;"Have I then to say farewell to love forever?"</p>
+
+<p>"Sir," said a bass voice thru the food-window, "do not sing!"</p>
+
+<p>A few days later, Peter Kropotkin could not sing.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> See the "Memoirs of a Revolutionist."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> See the "Russian Bastille" by Simon O. Pollock in the
+International Socialist Review, March 1907.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> If anyone cares to know to what sexual depravities royal
+ladies can descend, let him read what Dr. W. W. Sanger says about
+Empress Elizabeth and the two Catherines in his valuable "History of
+Prostitution." The number of lovers they caressed was surpassed only by
+the number of thinkers they tortured. The first-named had a reputation
+for humaneness. Does this mean that during her reign no one was exiled?
+No, it means that during her reign only 80,000 of her subjects were
+knouted and deported to Siberia.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Prophetically named "The Misfortune of Having Brains."
+(Gore ot Uma).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> For a brief but sympathetic sketch of Chernishevsky by one
+who knew him personally, see the "Russian Revolt" by Edmund Noble. It
+contains this sentence: "Such was the cost of trying to be a Cobden or a
+Bright in Russia!"</p></div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62"></a>[<a href="images/075.png">62</a>]</span></p>
+
+<h2><span>BROTHERS</span></h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>The worst is, that the gendarmes cannot live without political
+plots; if they have none to deal with in reality, they must invent
+some; otherwise they run the risk of seeing their budget diminished
+for the next year. This is the reason why alarming reports as to
+future political attempts circulate as a rule a few weeks and even
+months before the renewal of the special budget serving to pay this
+sort of people.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Maxim Kovalevsky</span>: <i>Russian Political
+Institutions</i>.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="drop"><img src="images/drops.jpg" alt="S" width="100" height="102" />o time crept on with crippled feet, halting and limping on its broken
+crutches, held back by heavy ball and clanking chain. Thru the five feet
+of granite the sun could not penetrate, but grief came in thru the
+mortar. No oxygen passed the Judas, but with noisy wings sorrow flew in
+the embrasure. The oaken doors held freedom out, but sadness passed the bars of iron.</p>
+
+<p>A great blow came to Kropotkin. He heard news which sickened him. Life
+lost its meaning. His stool remained unused in the corner.<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> All the
+day long, and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63"></a>[<a href="images/076.png">63</a>]</span>during the endless hours of night, he wandered up and
+down his cell like a dazed animal. Friendly faces could not see him, but
+distress was his warder, and despair became his familiar visitor. He had
+learnt of the arrest of his brother Alexander<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a>&mdash;the Sasha for whom he
+had saved the tiny tea-cakes.</p>
+
+<p>The history of Peter Kropotkin can never be written and the name of
+Alexander left out. Tho only a year older, Sasha was in advance of him
+intellectually. This alone shows what a remarkable child he was, for
+Peter also was precocious: at twelve he dropped his title of prince,
+signing himself merely P. Kropotkin; at fourteen he wrote articles in
+favor of a constitution; and while still at school, he became the author
+of a text-book on physics which was printed for the use of his class-mates.</p>
+
+<p>But more than anyone else, it was Sasha who opened unknown vistas to
+him, who stimulated his mind, who guided his studies, and directed his reading.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64"></a>[<a href="images/077.png">64</a>]</span></p><p>"What happiness," wrote Kropotkin many years later, "it was for me to
+have such a brother! To him I owe the best part of my development."</p>
+
+<p>However, we soon forget Sasha's abilities&mdash;great as they were&mdash;in the
+contemplation of his white soul, of his spotless character, of his open
+heart, of his affectionate and exceptional personality.</p>
+
+<p>When he grew to manhood, he departed from Russia. His spirit was too
+lofty to exist in this blood-soaked hell of ghoulish czars. He needed
+freedom like the eagle needs the mountain crag. Had he shared his
+brother's views, he would have remained to work and die for the Cause.
+But as it was his opinion that a popular uprising was an impossibility,
+he could take no part in political agitation, and he went to Switzerland
+with wife and child. Here his great scientific work assumed monumental
+proportions; it was to be a nineteenth century counterpart of the
+renowned <i>Tableau de la Nature</i> of the Encyclop&aelig;dists. He labored in
+love, for science was to him what it was to Darwin.</p>
+
+<p>Then he heard of Kropotkin's arrest. In a twinkling he left everything.
+He re-entered the gore-dripping cave of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65"></a>[<a href="images/078.png">65</a>]</span> Bloody Bear. For his loved
+brother's sake he breathed again the murderous miasma. Once more he
+walked in that cursed country where the nagaika of the cossack beats
+freedom to death.</p>
+
+<p>Better than anyone else, he knew that if Kropotkin could not write, he
+would die. The Geographical Society and the Academy of Sciences wished
+the prisoner to finish a volume on the glacial period, and using this as
+a support, Sasha petitioned the authorities to allow his brother resume
+work. He made every scholar in the capital miserable, and plagued every
+scientific association until they agreed to support his application.</p>
+
+<p>The fruit of this labor was that the governor entered Kropotkin's cell
+bearing precious gifts. It would take an Ippolit Mishkin in his most
+eloquent moment to describe the captive's unfathomable joy when he felt
+the paper beneath his palm and clutched in his hungry fingers, an inked pen!</p>
+
+<p>In the presence of gendarmes, the brothers were permitted to see each
+other.<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> Sasha was much agitated. He hated the very sight of the
+uniforms of the executioners, and was too frank to keep his <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66"></a>[<a href="images/079.png">66</a>]</span>feelings to
+himself. Kropotkin was happy to see his honest face, his eyes full of
+love, and yet he wished him as far away as Zurich, for he knew that tho
+Sasha now came to the Third Section by day of his own free will, the
+time would come when he would be brought there by night under the escort
+of blue-garbed gendarmes.</p>
+
+<p>Kropotkin was right. Sasha wrote a letter to his friend, the famous
+refugee and profound thinker, P. L. Lavrov, in which he mentioned his
+fears that his brother will fall ill in his armored chamber.</p>
+
+<p>The Third Section intercepted the letter and arrested the writer. This
+was the story which leaked into Kropotkin's cell and broke him down.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>There is a touching little poem by Nora Perry about two attractive young
+ladies who come home after the ball. It is late, and they sit on the bed
+in their pretty nightgowns, stockingless, slipperless, combing their
+beautiful hair. Their dresses and flowers and ribbons are scattered over
+the room. They talk of the evening's revel, and laugh idly at the waltz
+and merry quadrille. Yet the hearts of these girls are not quite as
+light as their lips, for they both</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_j" id="Page_j"></a>[<a href="images/080.png">+</a>]</span></p>
+
+<div class="center"><img src="images/img66.jpg" width='700' height='512' alt="Nicholas Chaykovsky
+The Father of the Russian Revolution." /></div>
+
+<p class="bold"><span class="smcap">Before the Search</span>"&mdash;<i>By Kolinichenko</i></p>
+
+<p class="center">A Russian student burning his papers.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_k" id="Page_k"></a>[<a href="images/081.png">+</a>]</span></p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67"></a>[<a href="images/082.png">67</a>]</span>love one man and they fall asleep
+dreaming of him&mdash;his face shines out like a star. Here the poetess leans
+over the alluring sleepers and whispers if they could but peep into the
+future, they would not be jealous of each other, for ere another year
+rolls by, one will be ready for bridal and the other for burial. The
+eyes of one will sparkle among her jewels; her cheeks will blush thru
+her curls, but the other will be in that cabalistic country where there
+is neither wish nor want.</p>
+
+<p>Yet is it not well that we cannot lift the mysterious veil and peer
+behind the darksome curtain? Otherwise would not we see future tragedies
+that would rob us of all strength to live thru the present?</p>
+
+<p>Certain it is that had Kropotkin guessed the fate that was to befall
+Sasha, he would soon have left the fortress&mdash;carried out.</p>
+
+<p>It may be a mooted point as to whether cossacks or gendarmes have been
+more successful in violating women, but all will agree that the former
+are pre-eminent in sabering students, while the latter receive the palm
+when it comes to searching houses. When half a dozen of them,
+accompanied by an officer,<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> burst into Sasha's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68"></a>[<a href="images/083.png">68</a>]</span> flat after midnight,
+on Christmas eve, they excelled themselves. Against Alexander Kropotkin
+there was no accusation except that he had written a personal letter to
+a personal friend. Yet the Third Section kept him a prisoner for several months.</p>
+
+<p>At this time his charming child, whom illness rendered still more
+affectionate and intelligent, was dying from consumption. It was not
+Sasha's nature to ask favors from his enemies, but when Death beckons
+with its bony finger, one cannot be proud. So Sasha asked permission to
+see his son for the last time. The request was refused. He begged to be
+allowed to go home for one hour, promising on his word of honor to
+return. The request was refused. Then the high-souled man cast his
+spirit in the dust before them and implored to be taken there in chains,
+and guarded by gendarmes. The request was refused.</p>
+
+<p>The child died; the mother went half mad<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69"></a>[<a href="images/084.png">69</a>]</span> with grief; Sasha was told he
+would be transported to one of the loneliest towns in farthest Siberia;
+that he would travel in a cart between two gendarmes; that his wife
+could not go with him, but might follow later.</p>
+
+<p>A year passed, and Sasha remained in exile. Another year, and he was
+still in Siberia. His sister Helene, without asking anyone, wrote a
+petition to the czar. She gave it to her cousin Dmitri Kropotkin, an
+unfeeling scoundrel who was afterwards killed by the revolutionist
+Goldenberg. At this time he was governor-general of Kharkoff,
+aide-de-camp of the emperor, and a favorite of the court. Heartless as
+he was, he thought it unjust for a non-political to be exiled so long,
+and he handed the petition personally to Alexander II., adding words of
+his own in support of it. Romanoff took the document and wrote upon it:</p>
+
+<p>"Let him remain there."<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70"></a>[<a href="images/085.png">70</a>]</span></p><p>Ten years later. Sasha was still in bleak Siberia, cut off from his
+scientific work, severed from the intellectual world. A gloomy
+night&mdash;the wolves howled and Sasha lived. But these things could not go
+on forever. A silent night&mdash;the wail of the wolf ceased, and the soul of
+Sasha escaped.<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> Helene wrote no petitions to Death, but it was Death
+that liberated him.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> Determining to preserve his physical vigor, Kropotkin
+mapped out for himself a course in gymnastics. Among other feats, he
+made excellent if undignified use of his weighty oak stool. He balanced
+it on his nose and lifted it with his teeth; he put it on the end of his
+foot and raised it at right angles to his body; he turned it on its
+edges and twirled it like a wheel; he tossed it from one hand to the
+other, faster and faster; and he hurled it between, under, and across his legs.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> That is, his arrest in 1875; for Alexander Kropotkin had
+previously been arrested and thrown into prison in 1858, for reading
+Emerson's essay on "Self-Reliance," which was loaned to him by a
+university professor. For a portrait and his noble behavior on this
+occasion, see George Kennan's world-known "Siberia and the Exile System."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> See Kropotkin's "Memoirs of a Revolutionist."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> "There is not depicted in Russian literature a single type
+of officer which inspires sympathy or commands respect."... "Each of
+these young officers knows a string of such anecdotes all relating to
+the same topic. Here we have a tipsy cornet who rushes among a crowd of
+Jews and scatters them with drawn saber. A sublieutenant sabers a
+student who had inadvertently jogged his elbow. An officer shoots dead a
+civilian who had ventured the remark that a gentleman never addressed
+ladies to whom he had not been introduced."&mdash;<span class="smcap">G. Savitch</span> in La Revue.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> This is a typical drop in the ocean of his extreme
+cruelty.&mdash;Among those who contributed to my "Symposium on
+Humanitarians," (see August 1908 issue of the Medico-Pharmaceutical
+Critic and Guide), was the distinguished ex-ambassador to Germany and
+Russia, Andrew D. White, Ph.D., L.H.D., LL.D. He mentioned as one of his
+favorites, Alexander II. Naturally I could not understand such a
+barbaric choice. A little later, this eminent former President and
+Professor of Cornell University published his "Autobiography," and I
+found he was the apologist, admirer and friend of Pobedonostzeff! He
+speaks as highly of this relentless persecutor as of Leo Tolstoy! I
+deserve to have my face slapped for expecting Truth and Right from an
+official personage!</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> He committed suicide by shooting himself.</p></div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71"></a>[<a href="images/086.png">71</a>]</span></p>
+
+<h2><span>THE OPEN GATE</span></h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>The autumn night is dark as the crime of the traitor. But darker
+still, piercing the mist like a gloomy vision, stands&mdash;the prison.
+The sentinels are striding idly around, and in the deepness of the
+night is heard their groanlike melancholy "Lis-ten!" Tho the walls
+of the barrier are strong, tho the iron locks are unbreakable, tho
+the eyes of the gaolers are keen, and everywhere are shining
+bayonets, still the prison is not a morgue. Thou sentinel, be not
+negligent, trust not the darkness, be careful, Lis-ten!...
+<span class="smcap">Mikhailov</span>.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="drop"><img src="images/dropt.jpg" alt="T" width="100" height="98" />he plague of the prisons was upon Kropotkin&mdash;he was sick with
+scurvy<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> and dying from insufficient oxidation of the blood. The
+wretches who lifted the shutter of the Judas and spied upon him,
+believed he would<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72"></a>[<a href="images/087.png">72</a>]</span> soon change his silent casemate for a silent coffin.</p>
+
+<p>His relatives heard about his condition, and their alarm was great. His
+sister Helene tried to obtain his release on bail, but the procureur
+turned himself like a golden pheasant and said with a sinister smile,
+"If you bring me a doctor's certificate that he will die in ten days, I
+will release him." The girl fell in a chair and sobbed aloud. Shubin
+smiled again, for like Gorky's Tchizhik in <i>Orloff and his Wife</i>, he was
+fond of gratuitous entertainments.</p>
+
+<p>But a prince is not a peasant, and Kropotkin was examined by a thoroly
+competent physician who ordered his transfer to the military hospital
+(where politicals were sent when it was thought they would soon require an undertaker).</p>
+
+<p>Kropotkin improved at once. With a full chest he breathed the blest air
+which he had missed so long. The rays of the sun warmed him, and the
+scent of flowers gladdened his life. The immense window of his spacious
+room may have been grated, but it was never closed. He sat there all day
+gazing at the rows of trees. Later he was taken out for an hour's walk
+in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73"></a>[<a href="images/088.png">73</a>]</span> prison yard&mdash;large, and full of sweet growing grass. The first
+moment he entered it, he stopped on the doorstep unable to move. Before
+him was a gate, and it was open! He tried not to look at it, yet stared
+at it all the time.</p>
+
+<p>The desire of the moth for the flame, the attraction of steel for
+loadstone, the bond between chlorine and hydrogen, the affinity of
+kalium for the halogens&mdash;what are these compared to the passion of a
+prisoner for an open gate?</p>
+
+<p>Kropotkin trembled as if in a fever. From head to foot his body shook,
+while the heart leaped and his pulses throbbed. He soon managed to let
+his Circle know how near he was to liberty, and immediately the comrades
+determined to aid him in escaping. Plans and plots were devised and
+disposed of, till Kropotkin feared all would be too late. He violated
+the rules of hygiene, hoping to keep in bad health, for he knew his
+walks would be stopped as soon as the doctor pronounced him well. Alas!
+in spite of all his efforts, his weight increased, his eyes brightened,
+his complexion cleared, his digestion improved. All symptoms of scurvy
+left him,&mdash;the livid spots under the skin and the oozy spongy gums disappeared.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74"></a>[<a href="images/089.png">74</a>]</span></p><p>At last all was ready. The revolutionists were sentimental, and decided
+the escape should occur June 29th, Old Style, for this is the day of
+Peter and Paul. It was arranged that Kropotkin's signal that all was
+well should be the taking off of his hat, and if all were right outside,
+the comrades would send up a red toy balloon. The day of the "saints"
+came. At the usual time&mdash;four o'clock&mdash;Kropotkin was brought out for his
+walk. He took off his hat, and waited for the little balloon. But in the
+air no red ball arose, and at the end of an awful hour, he returned to
+his cell&mdash;sick, crushed and broken.</p>
+
+<p>A peculiar thing had happened. Usually hundreds of balloons could be
+bought near the Gostinoi Dvor. Yet that day not a red one was seen&mdash;only
+blue and white ones were there. Later one was discovered in the
+possession of a child, but it was damaged and could not ascend. The
+comrades rushed into an optician's shop, bought an apparatus for making
+hydrogen, and filled the rubber with the gas. Had they pumped it full of
+fluorine, the result would not have been worse. No inflation occurred,
+and the unexpanded balloon did not fly&mdash;but time did. The comrades grew
+worried. Then<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75"></a>[<a href="images/090.png">75</a>]</span> a lady attached the useless toy to her umbrella, and
+holding it above her head walked along the prison wall. But Kropotkin
+saw nothing because the wall was high and the lady was short.</p>
+
+<p>The next day, at two, another lady came to the prison, bringing
+Kropotkin a watch. Not dreaming that a pocket time-piece could contain
+anything dangerous, the authorities passed it along without examination.
+Kropotkin did not look at the hour, but pulled off the lid, and found a
+tiny cipher note containing a new plan. (Had one of the officials
+performed this operation the lady's life would have been forfeited.)</p>
+
+<p>This time the comrades rented the bungalow opposite the hospital. A
+musician was there ready to play on his violin if all were well. For a
+mile around every cab had been hired to render pursuit difficult. But
+what was to be done with the soldier who was posted at the gate and who
+could easily prevent Kropotkin from gaining the street, by merely
+stepping in front of him with lowered bayonet? Ah, the comrades, like
+Chitchikoff in Gogol's <i>Dead Souls</i>, had an idea. This soldier had once
+worked in the laboratory of the hospital, and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76"></a>[<a href="images/091.png">76</a>]</span>therefore they appointed
+one of their number to divert his attention by a discussion on microscopes.</p>
+
+<p>At four o'clock Kropotkin was escorted to the yard. He waited a moment,
+wiped his brow as if it were hot, and took off his hat. From the little
+gray house a violin sounded. The tones fell sweetly on Kropotkin's ears.
+He moved toward the gate intending to run in a moment. Suddenly&mdash;the
+music ceased. His heart hurt. Something writhed. One painful minute
+passed ... Two ... Three ... Four ... Five ... Ten minutes ... No music
+... A quarter of an hour.... Some heavily loaded carts entered the gate,
+and Kropotkin understood the cause of the interruption.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately the violin trilled. Kropotkin listened with interest. The
+musician was talented, and performed with much feeling. You felt that if
+three of the strings broke, like Paganini he would still make ravishing
+music on the fourth. Moreover his technique was perfect. He was playing
+a mazurka from Kontsky&mdash;wild, eager, thrilling,&mdash;a mad mazurka. It
+attracted Kropotkin like a magnet. It pulled him to the end of the
+footpath. He trembled lest it should stop again, but the intoxicated<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77"></a>[<a href="images/092.png">77</a>]</span>
+sounds floated over the prison yard, louder and louder, with
+ever-increasing passion and freedom.</p>
+
+<p>Kropotkin glanced at the sentry. This hero followed a line parallel to
+his, but five paces nearer the gate. He was supposed to walk directly
+behind the prisoner, but as Kropotkin always crawled feebly along at a
+snail's pace, the able-bodied sentry who was too vigorous to creep, hit
+upon the above device.</p>
+
+<p>Five paces nearer the gate&mdash;that was bad. But the sentry was only a
+sentry, while Peter Kropotkin was a mathematician and a psychologist. He
+calculated that if he began to run, the soldier instead of heading
+directly for the gate to cut off his escape, would obey his natural
+instinct and endeavor to seize him as quickly as possible. He would thus
+describe two sides of a triangle, of which Kropotkin would describe the third alone.</p>
+
+<p>Fortissimo&mdash;how loudly that violin played! Kropotkin ran!</p>
+
+<p>No sooner had he taken a few steps than some peasants who were piling
+wood, shouted, "He runs! Stop him"! It was for the people that Kropotkin
+was in prison; it was for them that he descended from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78"></a>[<a href="images/093.png">78</a>]</span> his high estate;
+it was for them that he was ready to die at any moment. But the blocks
+with the slanted brows did not understand. At night when they lay on
+their rotting straw, they thanked the good gods for sending them such
+good masters. Now they called out, "Stop him! Stop him!"<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a></p>
+
+<p>When Kropotkin heard that cry, he fled with a speed equal to Commandant
+Masyukov's, when Madame Sigida struck him. Already the sentry&mdash;doing
+just what Kropotkin expected him to do&mdash;was at his heels. Three soldiers
+who were sitting on the doorstep, followed. The athletic sentinel was so
+confident he could outrun the invalid that he did not fire, but flung
+his rifle forward, trying to give the fleeing patient a bayonet-blow in
+the back. But it is never safe to take chances with even a sick runner,
+when he is sprinting for his life.</p>
+
+<p>"Did you ever see what a big tail that louse has under the microscope?"
+asked the scientific comrade of the soldier at the gate.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79"></a>[<a href="images/094.png">79</a>]</span></p><p>"What, man! A tail? Why, man, you're crazy!"</p>
+
+<p>"That's right. It has a tail as long as that."</p>
+
+<p>"Come man, none of your tales now. Do you take me for a fool? I know a
+thing or two about the microscope myself."</p>
+
+<p>"But I tell you it has. I aught to know better. That's the very first
+thing I saw under the microscope."</p>
+
+<p>At this moment Kropotkin ran past them unnoticed, and tho usually much
+interested in convex lenses, took absolutely no part in the animated argument.</p>
+
+<p>On gaining the street he was dumfounded to see that the huge man who
+occupied the carriage wore a military cap. The unhappy thought came to
+him that he had been betrayed. But on running nearer he saw it was a friend.</p>
+
+<p>"Jump in! Jump in!" cried this modern Mikoula Selaninovich in a terrible
+voice, calling him a vile name. Leaning over to the coachman, he shoved
+a revolver in his face, screaming, "Gallop! Gallop! I will kill you,
+you&mdash;&mdash;!!" using language abusive enuf to have made every foul-mouthed
+cossack in the cavalry stare in mute admiration.</p>
+
+<p>Springing into the air from a forefoot, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80"></a>[<a href="images/095.png">80</a>]</span> beautiful horse&mdash;a famous
+trotter named Barbar&mdash;flew along as if it were shod not with steel but
+with wings. When the cause of Revolution is triumphant, this flying
+quadruped should receive a statue of purest gold, for two years later it
+rendered another magnificent service to the movement by bearing to
+safety the Nihilist Stepniak, after he helped assassinate the monstrous
+Mezentsov&mdash;murderer of many.<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a></p>
+
+<p>Like lightning it leapt thru a narrow lane; they entered the immense
+Nevsky Prospect; they turned into a side-street; Kropotkin ran up a
+stair-case; the smiling comrade-coachman drove away. At the top of the
+steps waiting with painful anxiety was his sister-in-law. Physiologists
+claim it is impossible to do two things at one instant, but Kropotkin
+says that when he fell into<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81"></a>[<a href="images/096.png">81</a>]</span> her arms, she laughed and cried at once,
+and at the same time bade him change his clothes and crop his beard. Ten
+minutes later, he and his muscular Mikoula left the house, and took a
+cab. About an hour after, the house was searched, but as Kropotkin was
+not there, and it was necessary to arrest someone, the police took his
+sister and his sister-in-law.</p>
+
+<p>Kropotkin was puzzled where to spend the time till evening, but his big
+friend knew. He called out to the cabman, "To Donon!" which has the same
+significance in Saint Petersburg that Delmonico has in New York, or
+Cecil in London, or Doree in Paris, or Bristol in Berlin, or Sacher in Vienna.</p>
+
+<p>The decision was wise, for the police searched the dirty slums, but not
+the swell West End. So Kropotkin, dressed in an elegant costume, entered
+the aristocratic restaurant, and as he walks thru the halls flooded with
+light and crowded with guests, let us fill the biggest bumper with the
+richest wine, and quaff congratulations to the noblest prince that was
+ever imprisoned&mdash;and escaped.</p>
+
+<p>Then softly let us retreat on tiptoe, and glance at his products for the bookshelf.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> For a description of this disease, see Professor Osler's
+"Principles and Practise of Medicine."&mdash;&mdash;"In parts of Russia scurvy is
+endemic, at certain seasons reaching epidemic proportions; and the
+leading authorities upon the disorder, now in that country, are almost
+unanimous, according to Hoffmann, in regarding it as
+infectious."&mdash;&mdash;This reference to a physician reminds me of an
+interesting little book which has just appeared, "Glimpses of Medical
+Europe," by Dr. Ralph L. Thompson. Writing of Russia he says, "In St.
+Petersburg are fine parks and theatres and comfortable hotels in
+abundance. But despite it all there is an odd feeling of oppression that
+strikes one the moment he lands on Russian soil, and one doesn't breathe
+freely till he is out of it all."... "Personally I wouldn't mind
+foregoing health, friends and money, to fame; but if it came to a
+question of living in Russia, I would choose to die unknown."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> For a work dealing with revolutionary workmen and
+peasants, see "Mother," by Maxim Gorky. See also the admirable "Russia's
+Message" by William English Walling. This book is illustrated with
+magnificent photographs, including the latest one of Kropotkin.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> The Russian Revolutionists are too modest. Stepniak in
+"Underground Russia," finds it necessary to mention that Mezentsov was
+stabbed to death in the streets of Saint Petersburg in full daylight,
+but he does not tell the reader that he himself was the author of the
+glorious deed. To find this out, we must go to another work; for
+instance, Konni Zilliacus's "Russian Revolutionary Movement," or Leo
+Deutsch's "Sixteen Years in Siberia," (see the English translation by
+Helen Chisholm). On the other hand Deutsch escaped in a romantic manner
+from the prison in Kiev, but in his book he refers to it so casually
+that if we wish to learn the facts we must go to another work; either
+Stepniak's, or Professor Thun's "Geschichte der revolutionaren Bewegung
+in Russland."</p></div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82"></a>[<a href="images/097.png">82</a>]</span></p>
+
+<h2><span>FROM THE PRINTING PRESS</span></h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>You poets, painters, sculptors, musicians, if you understand your
+true mission and the very interests of art itself, come with us.
+Place your pen, your pencil, your chisel, your ideas at the service
+of the revolution. Figure forth to us, in your eloquent style, or
+your impressive pictures, the heroic struggles of the people
+against their oppressors, fire the hearts of our youth with that
+glorious revolutionary enthusiasm which inflamed the souls of our
+ancestors; tell women what a noble career is that of a husband who
+devotes his life to the great cause of social emancipation! Show
+the people how hideous is their actual life, and place your hands
+on the causes of its ugliness; tell us what a rational life would
+be, if it did not encounter at every step the follies and ignomies
+of our present social order.&mdash;<span class="smcap">P. Kropotkin</span>: <i>An Appeal to the
+Young</i>.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="drop"><img src="images/dropp.jpg" alt="P" width="100" height="98" />eter Kropotkin's writings range from obscure articles in unknown papers
+read by a handful of faithful subscribers, to cloth-bound far-famed
+volumes translated into several languages; include contributions to
+periodicals as revolutionary as <i>Revolte</i> and as respectable as the
+<i>Atlantic Monthly</i>; embrace all subjects from machinery to music, and
+from Tolstoyism to Terrorism.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83"></a>[<a href="images/098.png">83</a>]</span></p><p>Judged from a literary standpoint, his work is distinctly
+disappointing. It is styleless. But it has one redeeming feature:
+clearness. The man is straight. He is not ashamed of his ideas. He
+speaks right out. He is one of the few authors who writes for the
+peculiar purpose of being understood. He does not bury the flower of his
+thought in a wilderness of words.</p>
+
+<p>It cannot be contended that Kropotkin gave up his style because he
+writes for workers who are unable to appreciate the beauty of literary
+composition. A man may refuse a title with an oath as Carlyle did, or
+give it up as Kropotkin himself did, but he who has a style relinquishes
+it not, for this is a gift besides which the 'boast of heraldry' is as a
+puppy's snappish yelp unto the lion's mighty roar.</p>
+
+<p>Neither can it be claimed that Kropotkin's stylistic deficiency is due
+to the fact that he is an economist. So was Henry George, and yet there
+is a magical music in <i>Progress and Poverty</i> which makes the phrases
+flow like a poem of Pushkin's.</p>
+
+<p>Nor can it be argued that his style has been spoilt by the circumstance
+that he writes in various languages, for in none of his work is there
+epigram, imagery or <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84"></a>[<a href="images/099.png">84</a>]</span>imagination&mdash;the glorious trinity of the stylists.
+But what has a foreign tongue to do with it? Was not Kossuth just as
+much an artist in English as in his native pepper? Even when he cried
+that we must seize the opportunity by the <i>front hair</i>? Many waters
+cannot quench love, and strange alphabets do not wipe out style.</p>
+
+<p>What is a stylist? He is one who handles words, who licks phrases into
+shape, who moulds clauses to his bidding, who compels a sentence to
+leave a deathless impression, who weaves a connected chain of harmony
+from the scattered links of language.</p>
+
+<p>Kropotkin has written very much, but practice does not make a stylist
+any more than learning the rules in the <i>Rationale of Verse</i> makes one
+capable of producing <i>The Raven</i>. The secret of style is revealed to
+few. Its essence is a mystery in which only a handful are initiated. The
+elusive occultism of art consists in this&mdash;that a single expression has
+the power to either damn a passage into oblivion, or to emblazon it
+forever in eternity.</p>
+
+<p>To give a striking instance: When Edgar Poe first wrote <i>To Helen</i>,
+these lines composed the second stanza:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85"></a>[<a href="images/100.png">85</a>]</span><div>"On desperate seas long wont to roam,</div>
+<div class="i1">Thy hyacinth hair, thy classic face,</div>
+<div>Thy Naiad airs have brought me home</div>
+<div class="i1">To the beauty of fair Greece,</div>
+<div>And the grandeur of old Rome."</div>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>In this case the concluding couplet is cheap and commonplace&mdash;"fair
+Greece" and "old Rome" being anemic expressions unfit to live. Poe amended it to read:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<div class="i1">"To the glory that was Greece,</div>
+<div>And the grandeur that was Rome."</div>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Miracle of Art! This is not a change, but an apotheosis. We now have two
+lines which lay before us in gorgeous perfection a picture of the past;
+two lines as splendid as they were sickly, as magnificent as formerly
+they were mediocre. Yet the idea is the same in both cases. What then is
+it which makes so much difference? It is the manner of expression&mdash;it is
+style&mdash;it is art.</p>
+
+<p>There is no reason why one man should be a stylist and another should
+not, but so it is. Huxley was a stylist; Darwin was not; Herzen, yes; Kropotkin, no.</p>
+
+<p>Being anxious to know Kropotkin's exact attitude towards Art, I wrote to
+him asking categorically: "In your opinion, have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86"></a>[<a href="images/101.png">86</a>]</span> exquisite poets like
+Keats and Pushkin&mdash;who never touched social questions, but celebrated
+only beauty&mdash;been of much benefit to mankind?"</p>
+
+<p>He answered thus: "Not in a direct way, but perhaps <i>very much in an
+indirect way</i>: Pushkin by creating language,<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> and Keats by teaching
+love of nature. As to "exquisiteness," have we not had too much of those egotistic sweets?"</p>
+
+<p>Closely analysed, and reduced to its ultimate elements, this answer
+shows that Kropotkin has no use for art per se. According to him Keats
+and Pushkin are benefactors not because of their beautiful verses, but
+because of other reasons. Exquisiteness he condemns altogether. He
+rejects the doctrine of Art for the sake of Art. He does not subscribe
+to the creed of Flaubert, Gautier, Bouilhet, Maupassant, Anatole France
+and Lafcadio Hearn.</p>
+
+<p>I think Kropotkin is wrong, and I believe that because his work lacks
+artistic finish, much of it is doomed to perish.</p>
+
+<p>Maxim Gorky, in speaking of a brief period when the Russian Censorship
+was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87"></a>[<a href="images/102.png">87</a>]</span> somewhat suspended, said, "Books fell over the land like flakes of
+snow, but their effect was as sparks of fire!"</p>
+
+<p>If Kropotkin wished to express the same idea, he would say it something
+like this: "Numerous books of all descriptions were published and
+distributed thruout Russia."</p>
+
+<p>How fine Gorky's; how poor Kropotkin's. How vivid the former; how weak
+the latter. This is the difference between style and lack of it. Not in
+the entire range of Kropotkin's writings is there a single sentence in
+any way comparing with the above one of Gorky's; for he who writes
+without art holds a crippled pen. I may be mistaken, but in my opinion
+this single quotation from the Bitter One is worth all Kropotkin's
+<i>Freedom Pamphlets</i>. It is sublime in its similes and exquisite in its
+antitheses. There is a power in it which unchains enthusiasm and awakens
+intensity. "Books fell over the land like flakes of snow, but their
+effect was as sparks of fire." It is art. It is unforgettable, while to
+remember a phrase from <i>Modern Science and Anarchism</i> is impossible.</p>
+
+<p>With this introduction, we may proceed to examine his work, much of
+which is necessary and valuable, tho none of it is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88"></a>[<a href="images/103.png">88</a>]</span> of primal or
+epoch-making importance. Stepniak is right when he says, "He is not a
+mere manufacturer of books. Beyond his purely scientific labors, he has
+never written any work of much moment." And as Herzen said of Ogaryov,
+we may remark of Kropotkin: "His chief life-work was the working out of
+such an ideal personality as he is himself."</p>
+
+<p>The majority of prominent periodicals in England and America to which
+Kropotkin has contributed, are listed in the <i>Reader's Guide</i> which can
+be found in any library, and those interested can look them up. Of
+course, many of these articles are first-class, but I can stop to
+mention only two. See <i>Russia and the Student Riots</i> (<i>Outlook</i>, April
+6, 1901), which deals with the disturbances which caused the young
+revolutionist, Peter Karpowitch, to kill Bogolepov, Minister of Public
+Instruction. It shows with painful clearness the extreme and useless
+savagery of that cruel, repulsive, Stead-praised, arch-murderer, Nicholas II.</p>
+
+<p>See also the <i>Present Crisis in Russia</i>, (<i>North American Review</i>, May
+1901). In this excellent essay he refers to the Procurator of the Holy
+Synod in these words: "Pobedonostzeff, a narrow-minded fanatic<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89"></a>[<a href="images/104.png">89</a>]</span> of the
+state religion, who&mdash;if it were only in his power&mdash;would have burnt at
+the stake all protestants against Orthodoxy and Catholicism."<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></p>
+
+<p>Who should answer this article, but Pobedonostzeff himself! (<i>Russia and
+Popular Education</i>, <i>N. A. R.</i> September 1901). How strange when Light
+and Darkness are arrayed against each other!<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> Pobedonostzeff calls
+Kropotkin "a learned geographer and sociologist;" but says; "Tho a
+Russian, he (Kropotkin) does not understand Russia, and is incapable of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90"></a>[<a href="images/105.png">90</a>]</span>understanding his country; for the soul of the Russian people is a
+closed book to him which he has never opened." It is noteworthy that he
+does not attempt to deny Kropotkin's charge that if it were only in his
+power he would burn at the stake all protestants against orthodoxy and
+catholicism. Doubtless he considers this his chief crown of glory.</p>
+
+<p>There was a further response from Kropotkin, (<i>Russian Schools and the
+Holy Synod</i>, <i>N. A. R.</i> April 1902).</p>
+
+<p>Among his pamphlets which are used assiduously by the anarchists of all
+countries for propaganda, and which often cause the arrest of the
+devoted distributer, are: <i>Anarchism: Its Philosophy and Ideal. The
+State: Its Historic Role. War. Law and Authority. The Paris Commune.
+Organized Vengeance&mdash;called Justice. Anarchist Communism: Its Basis and
+Principles. An Appeal to the Young. The Psychology of Revolution. The
+Wage System.</i> These tracts are valuable as eye-openers to uneducated
+workmen, but they possess no merit whatsoever for cultured liberals.</p>
+
+<p>Altho Kropotkin has written more than thirty geographical articles for
+the <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>, it is difficult to think<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91"></a>[<a href="images/106.png">91</a>]</span> of this
+revolutionaire as a contributor to this backward publication. The
+<i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i> is not on the trail for truth&mdash;it wants
+current prejudices. For instance, Professor Samuel Davidson, D. D., LL.
+D., was asked to contribute an essay on the <i>Canon</i>. Happening to be a
+scholar as well as a theolog, the venerable man was not satisfied with
+the logic of Father Irenaeus, that since the earth has four corners, and
+there are four winds, and animals have four legs, there must be four
+Gospels. His article was so mutilated by the editors of the
+<i>Encyclopedia</i>, that in justice to himself, he was obliged to publish
+the original version in book form, <i>The Canon of the Bible</i>. When the
+<i>Encyclopedia</i> mentions liberty, it is from the reactionary viewpoint.
+The <i>American Supplement</i> follows its parent in this respect, for here
+are eulogistic accounts of the second and third Alexanders, by Nathan
+Haskell Dole.<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> This literat is so ignorant of the most important
+epochs in the Russian Revolution, that he writes, "Vera Zasulich
+murdered General Trepov;" when all the world knows that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92"></a>[<a href="images/107.png">92</a>]</span> Trepov was only
+wounded and soon recovered.<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> Luxuriously abound the weeds of his
+misstatements.<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> He speaks of the 'private virtues' of Alexander III.
+They must have been very private indeed, for no one ever discovered
+them. He speaks of his 'noble aspirations,' but the son of Maria of
+Hesse-Darmstadt had only this one aspiration: to wipe out freedom as
+effectually as a whirlwind blows away a puff of smoke. Such is the
+famous publication to which all school-girls resort when they must
+prepare a composition on Milton.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93"></a>[<a href="images/108.png">93</a>]</span></p><p>Kropotkin's strictly scientific works, the <i>Orography of Asia</i> and the
+<i>Glacial Period</i> were written in Russian and have not been translated into English.</p>
+
+<p>During his imprisonment at Clairvaux, appeared his <i>Words of a Rebel</i>,
+1885, in French, published by Elisee Reclus. It is a critical exposition
+of Anarchism.<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a></p>
+
+<p>In 1886 he published his first book in English, <i>In Russian and French
+Prisons</i>. This work soon disappeared from the market. Kropotkin himself
+offered a high price for a copy, but could not obtain one. It seems the
+agents of the Russian government bought up the entire edition and destroyed it.</p>
+
+<p>In 1892 appeared his <i>Conquest of Bread</i>, in French, which has been
+translated into Dutch, German, Spanish, Portuguese, Norwegian, English.
+It is perhaps his most important work and has been much reviewed and
+quoted. Notice to those who wish to think: Study this volume.</p>
+
+<p>In 1898 appeared his <i>Fields, Factories and Workshops</i>. This highly
+excellent work is the splendid outcome of several essays<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94"></a>[<a href="images/109.png">94</a>]</span> which were
+written a decade previous for the <i>Nineteenth Century</i> (1880-1890), and
+one for the Forum, (<i>Possibilities of Agriculture</i>, August 1890). If
+nations would follow this book, how great would be their gain in
+prosperity and happiness!<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a></p>
+
+<p>This book is a plea for intensive agriculture, and in view of the great
+cry,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95"></a>[<a href="images/110.png">95</a>]</span> "Back to the land!" which is sweeping over the nations, it is a
+fulfilled prophecy. It is the remedy for social ills&mdash;the solution of
+the labor problem. Kropotkin shows that by the new method of scientific
+farming, a man can make a living from an acre of ground,<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> and as soon
+as the workingman realizes this fact&mdash;and can get a bit of land&mdash;he will
+be able to discharge his employer and bounce his boss. By all means read
+the chapters on <i>The Possibilities of Agriculture</i>: no fairy-tale is
+more miraculous.<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a></p>
+
+<p>In 1899 appeared in book form the <i>Memoirs of a Revolutionist</i> which had
+first run serially in the <i>Atlantic Monthly</i>, (September 1898 to
+September 1899), under the title, <i>Autobiography of a Revolutionist</i>. In
+the magazine, the introduction is by Robert Erskine Ely, who was
+Kropotkin's host when the Russian traveled in America. In the book,
+however, the preface is by Brandes. Neither of these forewords is
+brilliant, but the latter is the worse. When<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96"></a>[<a href="images/111.png">96</a>]</span> we think of Norway, we
+think of only one man&mdash;Ibsen. When we think of Denmark, we think of only
+one man&mdash;Brandes. But in this case his preface was a fizzle. In fact, it
+is almost as bad as the erudite Lavrov's preface to Stepniak's splendid
+<i>Underground Russia</i>. No better and nobler book than these <i>Memoirs</i> has
+been written; nothing higher and purer could be written. Only one thing
+is lacking; indeed, it is the chief omission in the cosmos of
+Kropotkin&mdash;the poetic note. He is good and great, but the passionate
+fire is denied him. His soul is not aflame with poesy's burning brand.
+He could never cry out like the student Ivan Kalayev, "My soul is
+burning with stormy passion; my heart is full of battle-boldness. O, if
+I could only see the coming of liberty! O, to pull the mask of falsehood
+from the face of the murderer, to strike the tyrant with the steel-arm!
+Enuf tears! Let the glorious, victorious struggle arise! The people are
+calling us! It is a shame, it is a crime to wait longer! Fall upon the
+enemy, my honest hereditary sword! I am thine, altogether thine, O my
+country, my mother!" But leaving divine enthusiasm aside, this volume is
+perfection. He who peruses its loving pages, gains a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97"></a>[<a href="images/112.png">97</a>]</span> tender brother
+whose body is unseen, but whose memory becomes imperishable. When you
+read it, you cry a little, because the man who wrote it was so kind.
+Across the miles you seem to hear his fraternal voice, and you know if
+you write to him, he will answer you thus: "Dear Comrade."&mdash;If you have
+time to read but a single volume a year, and desire one by a Russian,
+and ask my advice, I say: Read one of these&mdash;<i>Underground Russia</i>, by
+Stepniak; or <i>Memoirs of a Revolutionist</i>, by Kropotkin.<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a></p>
+
+<p>In 1902 he wrote <i>Modern Science and Anarchism</i>, a booklet of about one
+hundred pages which is much admired and extensively advertised by the anarchists.</p>
+
+<p>By far his most important work of recent years is, <i>Mutual Aid: A Factor
+in Evolution</i>.<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> His contention is that in progressive evolution,
+mutual aid plays a greater part than mutual struggle. He claims that
+most Darwinians have misinterpreted Darwin's ideas. For an able analysis
+of this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98"></a>[<a href="images/113.png">98</a>]</span> great book, see the review by Professor Vladimir G.
+Simkhovitch, (<i>Popular Science Quarterly</i>, December 1903).</p>
+
+<p>In 1905 appeared his <i>Russian Literature</i><a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a>&mdash;a very good and useful
+text-book&mdash;which originated in a series of eight lectures, delivered
+March 1901, at the Lowell Institute in Boston. It is not perfect, but
+this is not the author's fault. With only three hundred pages at his
+disposal, it is impossible to treat all adequately, while some writers
+had to be omitted entirely. For example, there is not a line about the
+famous anti-militarist novelist, Vsevolod Garshin (1855-1888), or of
+Simon Nadson (1862-1887), the exquisite and melancholy poet who chanted
+songs not at sunrise, but in shadow and solitude, and died in youth and
+sadness, leaving to the Outcasts of the Ages another great name to
+cherish.<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a></p>
+
+<p>In reading this book we experience a peculiarly uneasy sensation:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>We read of Lomonosov, by far the greatest Russian of his age, whose life
+was broken by political persecution.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99"></a>[<a href="images/114.png">99</a>]</span></p><p>We read of the moral Novikov, whom Catherine II. sentenced to serve
+fifteen years in a secret cell in Schusselburg.</p>
+
+<p>We read of Labzin, who wrote against corruption, and consequently was
+forced to end his days in exile.</p>
+
+<p>We read of Radischeff&mdash;the first to point out the horrors of
+serfdom&mdash;who was imprisoned, deported, and died by suicide.</p>
+
+<p>We read of the epoch-making Pushkin who was exiled to Kishinev at
+twenty, and later to Mikhailovskoye, and who escaped permanent political
+exile in Siberia by accident.</p>
+
+<p>We read of the Byronic Lermontov who was banished to the Caucasus for
+writing a poem on the death of Pushkin.</p>
+
+<p>We read of Ryleev, Odoevsky, Shevchenko, Griboyedov, Pisarev,
+Chernishevsky, whose martyrdoms I have already mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>We read of the brilliant and poetic Polezhaev, who was send to the
+barracks when a minor and died there from consumption.</p>
+
+<p>We read of the popular novelist Bestuzhev, who was exiled to Siberia and
+then sent to the Caucasus as a soldier.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100"></a>[<a href="images/115.png">100</a>]</span></p><p>We read of the great Gogol who suffered at the hands of the censorship.</p>
+
+<p>We read of Turgenev who was arrested and exiled to his distant estates
+for writing a brief obituary notice of Gogol. Had it not been for his
+influential friends he would have gone to Siberia.</p>
+
+<p>We read of Leo Tolstoy whose excellent educational experiment was
+violently abolished by the government, so enraging this extraordinary
+man that he warned Alexander II. he would shoot the first police officer
+who would again dare to enter his home.</p>
+
+<p>We read of the high-strung Dostoyevsky who for no reason at all was
+sentenced to death, brought to the gibbet, pardoned there, condemned to
+hard labor, imprisoned, exiled, deprived of literary work, beaten with
+the cat-o'-nine-tails, tortured in a thousand ways, year after year,
+till he became a mental and physical wreck. In all the history of the
+human race, from the day that primitive man roamed the untamed forests,
+and stubbing his naked toe against a root, fell down to worship it, to
+placate it, to appease it, until the scientific time that a biologist
+like Haeckel absolutely denied the existence of god and soul,&mdash;there
+has<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101"></a>[<a href="images/116.png">101</a>]</span> been nothing more horribly cruel than the czarish treatment which
+the Russian government meted out to the gifted youth who produced a work
+in his early twenties that caused Nekrasov to cry out to Belinsky, "A
+new Gogol is born to us!"<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a></p>
+
+<p>We read of Plescheev, one of Russia's foremost poets, who was sent as a
+soldier to the Orenburg region, and endured persecution for years.</p>
+
+<p>We read of Mikhail Mikhailov&mdash;one of the most valued contributors to the
+<i>Sovremennik</i>. (The Contemporary), a wonderful periodical numbering
+among its contributors, Chernishevsky, Dobrolubov, Tolstoy,
+Nekrasov&mdash;who was condemned to hard labor in Siberia where he soon died.</p>
+
+<p>We read of Ostrovsky, the Father of the Russian Drama, who was placed
+under police supervision as a suspect.</p>
+
+<p>We read of the loving Levitov&mdash;"a pure flower of the Russian
+steppes"&mdash;who while a student was exiled to the far north, and later
+removed to Vologda where he was forced to live in complete isolation
+from everything intellectual and in awful poverty verging on starvation.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102"></a>[<a href="images/117.png">102</a>]</span></p><p>We read of Petropavlovsky who was early exiled to the Siberian
+government of Tobolsk, where he was kept many years and from which he
+was released only to die soon after from consumption.</p>
+
+<p>We read of Saltykoff (Schedrin), the greatest of satirists, who was
+exiled for several years in the miserable provincial town of Vyatka.</p>
+
+<p>We read of Belinsky, the greatest of critics, who fortunately died young
+enuf to escape the fortress. When he was dying an agent of the
+state-police would call from time to time to ascertain if he were still
+alive. Had he recovered he would have been transfered to Peter and Paul.</p>
+
+<p>We read of the persecution of Palm and Potyekhin; of the years that
+Melshin, Korolenko, Zasodimsky, Elpatievsky, etc, spent in exile. By
+this time a terrible truth dawns upon the startled mind: In Romanoff's
+Russia, scarcely one single writer of worth has escaped imprisonment or
+banishment.<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103"></a>[<a href="images/118.png">103</a>]</span>And these prophets who have been thus persecuted were
+not despicable rhymers like Alfred Austin, or duke-and-duchess novelists
+like Harold MacGrath. They were great-brained men whose mission was to
+uplift a nation. Had the Catherines, Nicholases, and Alexanders been
+less powerful, Russia would not now be the foulest blot on our
+skull-strewn earth.<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a></p>
+
+<p>Ivan Federof was the first of Russian printers. In 1564 he cast the
+Slavonic characters. Being accused of heresy, he fled for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104"></a>[<a href="images/119.png">104</a>]</span> his life. The
+Lithuanian magnates with whom he sought refuge, forced him to till the
+soil. Unhappy Federof said, "It was not my work to sow the grain, but to
+scatter thru the earth food for the mind, nourishment for the souls of
+all mankind." He perished in Lemberg in extreme poverty.<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> Woful was
+his fate&mdash;symbolic of the sad<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105"></a>[<a href="images/120.png">105</a>]</span> destiny which was to befall every
+literary man in Knoutland.<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a></p>
+
+<p>Let the Russian who intends to become an author prepare his last will
+and testament, and notify the nearest undertaker. No night will be too
+dark to keep gendarmes from bursting into his room and hauling him off
+to a prison from which he may never emerge. (If he comes from an
+aristocratic family let him adopt an empty-eyed skull and yellow
+cross-bones as a suitable coat-of-arms). In the den of the bloody bear
+there is a blackness as of many clouds. Within this deep shadow, Virtue
+is slaughtered and Genius treated like an unwelcome cur.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> When Pushkin began to write, the Russian literary language
+was in a somewhat unsettled and nebulous state, and his poetry helped to
+form and fix it. He thus did for Russian literature what Chaucer did for English.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Kropotkin is too mild. Pobedonostzeff, world-renowned as
+the "Modern Torquemada," shed more blood, and was a colder and&mdash;if
+possible&mdash;crueller being than the terrible Spanish Inquisitor, while the
+physical tortures that he used, with the exception of burning at the
+stake which was too open an affair, were practically the same that were
+in vogue during the Dark Ages. He started numerous massacres which
+resulted in the deaths of great numbers. He often inflamed peoples who
+lived in harmony, to destroy each other. He was eminently successful in
+stirring up racial hatred and religious prejudice. "When I was in the
+Caucasus I saw the Georgian everywhere working peacefully and
+contentedly side by side with the Tartar and the Armenian. How happily
+and simply, like children, they played and sang and laughed, and how
+difficult now to believe that these simple, delightful people are busy
+killing each other in a senseless, stupid way, obedient to dark and evil
+influences."&mdash;Maxim Gorky in London Times. These "dark and evil
+influences" emanated from the medieval fissures in the theologic brain
+of Constantine Petrovitch Pobedonostzeff.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> Twenty years previous, in the pages of this very magazine,
+the same thing occurred, for the enlightened Ingersoll and the orthodox
+Jeremiah Black argued about Christianity.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> We would naturally expect better things from the author of
+that specially fine sonnet, "Russia" (see Stedman's American Anthology),
+beginning:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<div>"Saturnian mother! why dost thou devour</div>
+<div>Thy offspring, who by loving thee are curst?"</div>
+</div></div></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> The same mistake (and a respectable number of others) is
+made by William Eleroy Curtis in his false and disgusting "The Land of
+the Nihilist." He devotes a whole chapter to Alexander II., speaks
+continually of his assassination, and yet does not know even the name of
+the famous assassin. He says it is Elnikoff (sic)! This is a bad guess.
+On this occasion two bombs were thrown. The first by Rysakov, and it
+destroyed the carriage. The second by Grinevetsky, and it destroyed the
+emperor. How carefully and conscientiously the well-informed author has
+studied the history of the Russian Revolution which he so vilely
+condemns! If he ever compiles a work on England, I dare say he will
+announce that Charles I. was sentenced to death by the Quakers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> It almost equals Broughton Brandenburg's "The Menace of
+the Red Flag" (Broadway Magazine, June 1908), in which Bakunin is called
+a Frenchman! I read the unlimited number of errors in this article with
+uncontrollable amazement. Few men, I said, are gifted with such an
+infinite amount of ignorance and godliness. The next day the newspapers
+announced that this same Saint Broughtonius had been arrested by his
+wife and was being sued for abandonment and non-support.
+</p><p>
+P. S. As I correct these proofs I learn that Brandenburg the Blessed is
+again under arrest; this time for forging Grover Cleveland's signature
+to a campaign article and selling it to the New York Times for $200.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> For an impartial discussion of the various anarchial
+schools, including of course Peter Kropotkin's, see "Anarchism" by Dr.
+Paul Eltzbacher.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> Without venturing my own opinion, I must say that in this
+work Kropotkin enunciates a theory which few radicals accept&mdash;the
+Decentralisation of Industries. Briefly stated, the doctrine is this: It
+is untrue that certain nations are specialised either for industry or
+for agriculture. Countries which economists have declared to be merely
+agricultural lands, have recently advanced so rapidly in industries that
+the supremacy of the champions is seriously threatened. No one or two
+nations can again secure a monopoly of industry, for the tendency of
+modern civilization is towards a spreading and scattering of industries
+all over the earth. Not a mere shifting of the center of gravity from
+one country to another, as formerly happened in Europe when the
+commercial hegemony migrated from Italy to Spain, then to Holland, and
+finally to Britain, but an actual and permanent decentralisation of
+industry, by its very nature making it impossible for any nation to gain
+industrial ascendancy. Even the most backward nations will soon
+manufacture almost everything they need. There is much advantage in this
+combination of industrial with agricultural pursuits. It is well to have
+production for home use&mdash;each region producing and consuming its own
+manufactured goods and its own agricultural product.&mdash;&mdash;Of course the
+Socialists are diametrically opposed to this contention, and they answer
+it with one word&mdash;the trusts.&mdash;When I spoke with Leonard D. Abbott about
+Kropotkin, he told me his high opinion of him, but soon referred to this
+hypothesis, and laughed. It was the same when I mentioned the point to
+Dr. Antoinette Konikov, etc. See Abbott's "A Visit to Prince Kropotkin,"
+(Twentieth Century, October 2, 1897).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> My friend Elmer Littlefield has demonstrated the same
+thing on his acre on Fellowship Farm, Westwood, Mass. His magazine,
+Ariel, is an enthusiastic advocate of intensive agriculture.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> Bolton Hall's "Three Acres and Liberty" is based to a
+great extent on this work of Kropotkin's.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> After finishing the "Memoirs," my friend, Miss Margaret
+Scott wrote me: "As a system of ethical training it might be advisable
+to have our police lieutenants read one chapter a day of Kropotkin,
+while lawyers, mayors and such, should have to get thru three. Think of
+the mental upheaval!"</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> Spargo the Socialist&mdash;always a vehement foe of the
+Anarchists&mdash;calls this "a wonderful book." See his "The Socialists."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> This book is not permitted in Russia&mdash;when Kellogg Durland
+traveled there, he had to rip off the cover and wrap the pages around his body.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> Several intelligent Russians tell me Nadson is their
+favorite poet; therefore this must be considered a serious omission. One
+exclaimed, "What, he writes about Fet and not Nadson!"</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> On this subject see "Russia and the Russians," by Edmund
+Noble.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> "The history of Russian Literature is a martyrology." See
+"Russian Traits and Terrors," by E. B. Lanin, the collective signature
+of several writers in the Fortnightly Review. The Twentieth Century
+(June 26, 1897) ends its review of this volume with this sentence:
+"Concerning Russian prisons the book makes revelations so sickening that
+language is polluted by the recital of them. Swinburne's fierce ode is
+mild in its characterization of their brutal infamy, and it is possible,
+after reading these pages to agree with Ernest Belfort Bax's assertion
+that any sane man, knowing the facts, who pronounces it wrong to
+assassinate the Czar, deliberately lies."&mdash;Swinburne's poem, "Russia: An
+Ode," altho it contains a few weak lines, is certainly one of the most
+fiery outbursts in the language, and is clearly the work of a master.
+Here is a representative passage:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<div>"Hell recoils heart-stricken: horror worse than hell</div>
+<div>Darkens earth and sickens heaven; life knows the spell,</div>
+<div>Shudders, quails, and sinks&mdash;or, filled with fierier breath,</div>
+<div>Rises red in arms devised of darkling death.</div>
+<div>Pity mad with passion, anguish mad with shame,</div>
+<div>Call aloud on justice by her darker name;</div>
+<div>Love grows hate for love's sake; life takes death for guide.</div>
+<div>Night hath none but one red star&mdash;Tyrannicide."</div>
+</div></div></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Imagine the United States of America if Franklin had been
+murdered, if Irving had been knouted, if Bryant had been exiled, if
+Emerson had been imprisoned, if Longfellow had been starved, if Whittier
+had been hanged, if Holmes had been flogged, if Thoreau had been shot,
+if Whitman had been poisoned, if Hawthorne had been chained with iron,
+if Lowell had been kept in a secret dungeon, if Motley had spent his
+life in a mine, if Parkman had been tortured, etc., etc., etc.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> See "Russian Novelists" by Viscount Vogue. But the
+statements of this virulent French reactionary must be received with
+extreme caution as his perverted brains frequently prevent him from
+stating the truth. For example, in speaking of Turgenev, he says, "But,
+tho always ready to help others, he certainly never gave his aid to any
+political intriguer. Was it natural that a man of his refinement and
+high culture should have aided the schemes of wild and fruitless
+political conspiracies?" By 'political intriguer' he means an 'enemy to
+the empire, a revolutionist. Now the facts are that no one was of
+greater use to Herzen the arch-revolutionist and his thundering Kolokol,
+than Turgenev. Herzen was in England and often it was impossible to
+explain how he knew some of the events which he described. It was
+Turgenev who furnished him this information. All this is revealed by the
+published correspondence of Herzen and Turgenev. Turgenev was fully and
+entirely in sympathy with the Russian Revolution. He earnestly desired
+to meet Ippolit Mishkin, and begged Kropotkin to tell him all he knew
+about this defiant revolutionary orator. Turgenev deeply loved his own
+Bazaroff, and in explaining him says, "If the reader is not won by
+Bazaroff, notwithstanding his roughness, absence of heart, pitiless
+dryness and terseness, then the fault is with me&mdash;I have missed my aim;
+but to sweeten him with syrup (to use Bazaroff's own language), this I
+did not want to do, altho perhaps thru that I would have won Russian
+youth at once to my side.... When he calls himself nihilist, you must
+read revolutionist."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> This does not include obsequious authors like Derzhavin
+and Karamzin. Masters are usually willing to fling a few crumbs to their
+fawning dogs.</p></div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106"></a>[<a href="images/121.png">106</a>]</span></p>
+
+<h2><span>IN LATER LIFE</span></h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>There are at this moment only two great Russians who think for the
+Russian people, and whose thoughts belong to mankind,&mdash;Leo Tolstoy
+and Peter Kropotkin.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Georg Brandes</span></p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="drop"><img src="images/dropa.jpg" alt="A" width="100" height="101" /> storm careered madly over the Northern Sea, its impatient waves
+heaving and howling, leaping with a burning frenzy, the fuming raging
+billows surging and swelling, calling and crying, roaring louder and
+louder, vaulting higher and higher.</p>
+
+<p>The steamer shook and swayed and struggled; the frightened passengers
+sought shelter in their state-rooms, but one of them sat for hours upon
+the stem of the deck, enjoying the tempest intensely, putting out his
+face so it could be watered by the foam of the dashing waves. This was
+Kropotkin. After the years he had spent in the charnel cell, no wonder
+every fibre in his body was trembling and throbbing to meet the force
+and passion of the sea-storm.</p>
+
+<p>He landed safely in the country where Herzen founded <i>The Bell</i>, where
+Lavrov edited <i>Forward</i>, where Felix Volkhovsky was to conduct <i>Free
+Russia</i>, and where he himself was to start <i>Freedom</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107"></a>[<a href="images/122.png">107</a>]</span></p><p>For over thirty years he has remained abroad. He never returned to
+Russia. He is one of the few revolutionists who never went back to that
+sunken swamp where liberty's wrapped in her winding-sheets, while
+tyranny's robed in ermine. There are two reasons for this. In the first
+place he became interested in a new-born idea&mdash;Anarchism&mdash;and felt he
+could be more useful as an apostle of this movement than as a rebel in
+Trepovdom. As is well-known, his lectures and writings on the subject
+have earned him the title, "Father of Anarchist-Communism." Secondly,
+when the Nihilists were changed (by purple butchers) into Terrorists,
+they dropped their propaganda of pamphlets to study the properties of
+petroleum, and thus were forced to neglect the varletry. However,
+Kropotkin's sympathies drew him more and more towards those human
+machines who toil so hard for their bread that if you cut their pennies
+open, the blood would gush from them.</p>
+
+<p>About a year after his escape, Kropotkin attended an important labor
+congress in Belgium (1877). A few days later the police received an
+order to arrest him. At this time the theologians were in power,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108"></a>[<a href="images/123.png">108</a>]</span> and
+the Belgian comrades knowing a clerical ministry would be only too
+willing to turn him over to the blood-sucking czar, insisted upon his
+leaving the country. On returning to his hotel, he found his good friend
+James Guillaume&mdash;small physically, big in all other respects&mdash;barring
+the way to his room, and sternly announcing that Kropotkin could enter
+only by using force against him.</p>
+
+<p>The next morning the ejected delegate sailed for London, but soon went
+to Paris where he helped to form radical groups. Again he was wanted by
+the police, but by mistake they arrested a Russian student (1878). Later
+he left for Switzerland where he founded an anarchistic paper, <i>Le Revolte</i> (1879).</p>
+
+<p>Two years later Alexander II. was assassinated. The government hanged
+the revolutionists at home, but pretended the exiles abroad were
+responsible for the deed. The Holy League was formed to execute the
+refugees. An officer who knew Kropotkin when he was a page de chambre,
+was appointed to kill him. A woman was sent from Petersburg to Geneva to
+lead the conspiracy. Kropotkin took matters coolly, collected a pile of
+threatening letters&mdash;of which the police later relieved him&mdash;and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109"></a>[<a href="images/124.png">109</a>]</span>
+nothing happened except that Helvetia was told if it did not expel the
+agitator, then Alexander III., the Lord's Anointed, would drive out from
+Russia all the Swiss governesses and ladies' maids, while the czarina
+would refuse to eat Swiss cheese. This was more than the little republic
+could stand, and Kropotkin was told to go. He says he did not take umbrage at this.</p>
+
+<p>He went once more to London, where he met his old comrade Chaykovsky,
+and together they began to preach their gospel of freedom. Always to
+work for the liberation of humanity&mdash;that isn't such a bad idea, is
+it?<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a></p>
+
+<p>At this time there was no movement in the Island which had imbibed the
+narcotic of reaction and lay in a wakeless torpor, and Kropotkin and his
+devoted wife felt so lonely among the napping Britons that they decided
+to cross the channel. "Better a prison in France than this grave," they
+said. They were followed by an army of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110"></a>[<a href="images/125.png">110</a>]</span> informers, freely furnished by
+the loving Russian Government which cannot bear to see its children
+travel without suitable protection. Not to be outdone in courtesy, the
+French police soon escorted him to the official lodging-house.</p>
+
+<p>Kropotkin was incarcerated in the central prison of Clairvaux where had
+been confined old Blanqui&mdash;the communard at whose burial Louise Michel
+spoke words which will have no funeral. Kropotkin was well-treated, the
+officials were polite, and he was permitted to give his fellow-prisoners
+instruction in physics, languages, geometry and cosmography.
+Unfortunately, Clairvaux is built on marshy ground, and Kropotkin fell
+sick from malaria. His wife who was studying in Paris, preparing for the
+degree of Doctor of Science, hastened from Wurtz's laboratory to the
+prison-town. She remained there until her iconoclast was released. This
+event occurred after three years' imprisonment. He then went to the
+capital, lectured to an audience of several thousand, and left France
+immediately to avoid a forcible expulsion.</p>
+
+<p>Such are some of the scenes in the life of Peter Kropotkin&mdash;imprisoned
+by governments, pursued by police, followed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111"></a>[<a href="images/126.png">111</a>]</span> by spies,<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> hounded by
+agents of autocracy.</p>
+
+<p>This peace-loving man whose name is synonym for kindness, this tender
+soul as modest as Newton, as gentle as Darwin, has been hunted from
+frontier to border-line. Against none of his persecutors does he utter a
+single invective. He is the epitome of mildness, the incarnation of
+humaneness.<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a></p>
+
+<p>Ask anyone who has seen Kropotkin for an hour or has known him for a
+generation, to describe his most characteristic trait, and the
+invariable answer will be: simplicity. His is a great spirit&mdash;it has
+cast out flam. "Kropotkin is one of the most sincere and frank of men,"
+says Stepniak. "He always says the truth, pure and simple, without any
+regard for the <i>amour propre</i> of his hearers, or for any consideration
+whatever. This is the most striking and sympathetic feature of his
+character. Every word he says may be absolutely believed. His sincerity
+is such, that sometimes in the ardour of discussion an entirely fresh
+consideration <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112"></a>[<a href="images/127.png">112</a>]</span>unexpectedly presents itself to his mind, and sets him
+thinking. He immediately stops, remains quite absorbed for a moment, and
+then begins to think aloud, speaking as tho he were an opponent. At
+other times he carries on this discussion mentally, and after some
+moments of silence, turning to his astonished adversary, smilingly says,
+'You are right.' This absolute sincerity renders him the best of
+friends, and gives especial weight to his praise and blame."</p>
+
+<p>Most of Kropotkin's Russian revolutionary comrades&mdash;using the term
+Comrade in its broad sense&mdash;ended their days in misery. Kroutikoff
+strangled himself with a piece of linen; Stransky poisoned himself;
+Zapolsky cut his throat with a pair of scissors; Leontovitch and
+Bogomoloff hacked theirs with a bit of glass; Zhutin died in chains
+bound to the wall; Kolenkin perished from wounds torn open by fetters;
+Rodin poisoned himself with matches; Nathalie Armfeldt died of prison
+consumption; Beverly was wounded with bullets and murdered with
+bayonet-thrusts; Ivan Cherniavsky and wife and child were transported to
+Irkutsk, the temperature was thirty degrees below zero, and the baby
+died, while the mother went mad, howled, laughed, prayed,</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_l" id="Page_l"></a>[<a href="images/128.png">+</a>]</span></p>
+
+<div class="center"><img src="images/img112.jpg" width='700' height='408' alt="The Cossacks
+Indulging in a favorite Russian pastime." /></div>
+
+<p class="bold"><span class="smcap">The Cossacks</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">Indulging in a favorite Russian pastime.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_m" id="Page_m"></a>[<a href="images/129.png">+</a>]</span></p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113"></a>[<a href="images/130.png">113</a>]</span>cursed,
+rocked the dead infant in her arms and sang nursery songs;<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a>
+Semyonovsky shot himself; Uspensky hanged himself; Martinova was dragged
+to the police station on the very day that she expected to become a
+mother; Gratchevsky threw kerosene from his lamp over himself, set it on
+fire and died shrieking&mdash;but at least he escaped from Schlusselburg;
+Edelson was marched to the Arctic zone even after he had become insane;
+Mukhanov was killed with a volley of balls; Sergius Pik was struck in
+the head, his jaw was smashed by the gendarmes' guns, a ghastly hole was
+made above his eye, his blood and brains oozed and fell on his
+chest;<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> Sophia Gurevitch was ripped open with bayonets; Sherstnova
+was shot to death for signaling with a hand-mirror; the young wife of
+Felix Volkhovsky shot herself thru the head; the wonderful Kuprianov
+died in prison at the age of nineteen; Shtchedrin was chained to the
+barrow, became insane and so perished; Nadyeshda Sigida was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114"></a>[<a href="images/131.png">114</a>]</span> flogged to
+death;<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> Marie Vetrova was raped and murdered;<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> Jessy Helfman was
+tortured indescribably; Bobohov swallowed a handful of opium; Ossinsky's
+hair turned white in five minutes; Maria Kovalevskaya&mdash;cover thy face,
+freedom&mdash;suffered, took poison and died in the prison infirmary;
+Yakimova stayed up nights in the Trubetzkoi Ravelin to prevent the rats
+from devouring her baby; Olga Lubatovitch was stripped naked by men and
+beaten; Malyovany died in exile; the student Schmidt was murdered in his
+cell by his jailers; Spiridonova was violated by a cossack officer and
+by a police chief; the high-minded Plotnikoff ended his days in an
+asylum; Bogulubov became a raving lunatic; Serdukov was so broken that
+he shot himself after his release; the poet Polivanoff also committed
+suicide thus&mdash;(Ah, those twenty long years in Schlusselburg!); the noble
+Balmaschoff was hanged; the beautiful <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115"></a>[<a href="images/132.png">115</a>]</span>Zinaida too; Isaiev, Okladsky,
+Zubkovsky went mad; Kviotkovsky, Presniakoff, Soukanoff died in Skipper
+Peter's Prison; Buzinsky, Gellis, Ignatius Ivanoff succumbed in the
+Key-Town Fortress; to Federoff was reserved a fate worse than death,
+worse than torture, worse than madness, for it was his destiny to become
+a dupe of the Black Hundreds and unwittingly slay Georg Iollos&mdash;lover of
+liberty;<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> Ludmila Volkenstein,&mdash;but why continue an unhappy list
+which has neither beginning nor end? I could fill a library with such cases.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Such individual torments fell not to the lot of Peter Kropotkin.
+Personally he has been favored by fortune. He has touched existence on
+every side and lived every life. The wisdom of the world is in his
+brain, and within his heart is lodged all its goodness. His experience
+has been unusually wide. He has been on intimate terms with czar and
+serf, he has met millionaire and mendicant, he has hobnobbed with prince
+and pauper. He has lectured to aristocratic audiences who gazed calmly
+at him thru gilded lorgnettes and foppish monocles, and to
+empty-stomached <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116"></a>[<a href="images/133.png">116</a>]</span>workmen who cried loudly, "Pierre! Pierre! Notre
+Pierre!"<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a></p>
+
+<p>The finest men of all nations have honored him. When a prisoner at
+Clairvaux, a petition for his release was signed by such geniuses as
+Herbert Spencer, Victor Hugo and Algernon Swinburne. When he required
+books, Ernest Renan put his library at his service. While at Paris,
+Turgenev&mdash;who won immortality by a single word&mdash;wished to be introduced
+to him and celebrate his escape by a little banquet. When Catherine
+Breshkovskaya journeyed for the first time to Petersburg, Kropotkin was
+on the same train; they discussed problems, and this extraordinary woman
+says his words thrilled like fire.<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> Elie Reclus<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117"></a>[<a href="images/134.png">117</a>]</span> was his brother.
+Elisee published his writings and asked him to contribute to his
+Geography&mdash;the greatest in existence. Jean Grave is his disciple. Ernest
+Crosby loved him. Georg Brandes praises him lavishly. Zola paid his work
+a high compliment. Elizabeth Cady Stanton spent an interesting day at
+his home. J. Scott Keltie, the eminent authority on African history, is
+one of his warmest friends. Bates, the Naturalist on the Amazons whom
+Darwin mentions so often, appreciated his scientific ability. Enrico
+Ferri closely studied his works. The learned Lavrov was his comrade.
+Denjiro Kotoku, the Japanese essayist who founded the radical
+<i>Heiminshimbun</i>, considers him one of the greatest humanitarians of the
+nineteenth century.<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> At the home of Edward Clodd he argued with Grant
+Allen. When at East Aurora, I saw only one picture over the desk of
+Elbert Hubbard, and that was Kropotkin. Those who have read <i>De
+Profundis</i> will recall in what high pure words Oscar Wilde<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118"></a>[<a href="images/135.png">118</a>]</span> speaks of
+him. Tolstoy calls him a learned man.<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> The authors of <i>Russian Traits
+and Terrors</i> speak of him as "one whose scientific accuracy and
+objectivity is beyond praise." James Knowles so respected him that he
+allowed him to write anarchistic articles for his high-toned <i>Nineteenth
+Century</i>. Laurence Gronlound gives him as a type of the ideal anarchist.
+In the soul of every libertarian swings a fragrant censer which offers
+up olibanum to the stainless character of the great revolutionist. Put
+those who love Kropotkin on one side, and those who don't on the other,
+and you will have separated the heralds of the morning from the spooks
+of the night. It is no<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119"></a>[<a href="images/136.png">119</a>]</span> more necessary to be an anarchist-communist to
+have a warm spot in your heart for Peter Kropotkin, than it is necessary
+to believe in Adam and Eve to enjoy Milton's <i>Paradise Lost</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> Kropotkin is still able to cross London Bridge, but his
+comrade is missing. For many years Chaykovsky kept away from Russia.
+During a whole generation the man who taught Perovskaya was a wanderer
+in other lands. Some months ago he went back&mdash;he could control his
+yearning no longer. He is now in the Fortress of Peter and Paul. The
+Father of the Revolution will sleep among his children.
+</p><p>
+P. S. As this book goes to press, the happy news comes that Chaykovsky
+has been liberated on a heavy bail, but it is not yet known what the
+government intends to do with him.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> Some types are depicted in Gorky's latest work, "The Spy,"
+translated by Thomas Seltzer. Because of its subject-matter this book
+acts as an emetic.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> remember hearing James F. Morton, A. M.&mdash;author of the
+excellent essay "The Curse of Race Prejudice"&mdash;speak to Elbert Hubbard
+about Catherine Breshkovskaya whom he had seen at the Sunrise Club, and
+in wishing to illustrate her gentleness and lack of resentment for those
+who ill-treated her, he called her "a female Kropotkin."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> When George Kennan heard this woman's story, his face
+became wet with tears almost for the first time since boyhood. See his
+admirable but terrible "Siberia and the Exile System."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> See the letter by the eye-witness Nicholas Zotoff (hanged
+August 7, 1889). It is published in "King Stork and King Log," a
+two-volume work by Stepniak.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> Leo Deutsch was a prisoner at Kara at the time of this
+tragedy, and he describes it in his "Sixteen Years in Siberia."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> See "Woman, the Glory of the Russian Revolution"
+(Altruria, July 1907), by Dr. Sonia Winstan. Note this sentence: "In
+arrests the police are always more cruel to women than to men, and I
+have seen women dragged by the hair to jail thru the streets of St.
+Petersburg, while men in the same group were led along in the ordinary
+way. In the prisons innocent young women are often placed with the
+lowest murderers."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> In Robert Crozier Long's "The Black Hundreds," in The
+Cosmopolitan, January 1908.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> "He is an incomparable agitator. Gifted with a ready and
+eager eloquence, he becomes all passion when he mounts the platform.
+Like all true orators, he is stimulated by the sight of the crowd which
+is listening to him. Upon the platform this man is transformed. He
+trembles with emotion; his voice vibrates with that accent of profound
+conviction, not to be mistaken or counterfeited, and only heard when it
+is not merely the mouth which speaks, but the innermost heart. His
+speeches, altho he cannot be called an orator of the first rank, produce
+an immense impression; for when feeling is so intense it is
+communicative, and electrifies an audience. When, pale and trembling, he
+descends from the platform, the whole room throbs with
+applause."&mdash;<span class="smcap">Stepniak.</span></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> In Ernest Poole's "Catherine Breshkovskaya" in the
+Outlook. See also Kennan. After being a Siberian exile for over
+twenty-two years she came to America to collect funds for the
+Revolution, and immediately went back to Russia. She was captured, and
+like Chaykovsky is now in the fortress of Peter and Paul. She often said
+it was a shame for a Revolutionist to die in bed.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> In my "Symposium on Humanitarians." For several other
+contributors who mentioned Kropotkin as one of their favorites, see this
+"Symposium," now published in book form by The Altrurians.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> In the "Russian Revolution," a senseless pamphlet, edited
+by V. Tchertkoff who is talented enuf to be doing better things. When it
+comes to a question of righteous resistance, Leo Tolstoy is unbearable.
+A man who can say in effect, "Let the officials do whatever they want to
+do, let them shoot you down as often as they please, let them fill every
+prison in vast Russia with your bodies, let them rape your mothers and
+daughters and wives, let them hang your young children, but never resist
+in any way, only think of Jesus and read the Gospels,"&mdash;such a man is
+what the doctors call non compos mentis. No wonder the Russian
+Government does not molest him. The gentle Kropotkin says, "I am in
+sympathy with most of Tolstoy's work, tho there are many of his ideas
+with which I absolutely disagree&mdash;his asceticism, for instance, and his
+doctrine of non-resistance. It seems to me, too, that he has bound
+himself, without reason or judgment, to the letter of the New
+Testament."</p></div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120"></a>[<a href="images/137.png">120</a>]</span></p>
+
+<h2><span>THE HISTORIAN OF THE REVOLUTION</span></h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>The heroism of our Russian comrades in the face of torture and
+death will be told in days to come by generations made rich by
+their sacrifices. History will pay an eternal homage to the victims
+of the bloody tyranny which now rules Russia.&mdash;<span class="smcap">J. Ramsay
+MacDonald</span>, M. P.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="drop"><img src="images/dropt.jpg" alt="T" width="100" height="98" />o the present generation of Russian Revolutionists Kropotkin is not an
+influence, but an inspiration. He is not a leader but an elder brother.
+He is to them a type of the man who without a moment's hesitation leaves
+everything for the Cause. He is a powerful voice crying out loudly
+against the oppressors of mankind. Voices like these they hear
+distinctly, and follow eagerly, tho they lead to a cold Siberian grave.</p>
+
+<p>With the lavishness of the mountain cataract that wastes its waters on
+the rocks, the young radicals of Russia pour out their blood for an
+ignorant<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> and ungrateful people. As willingly as lovers walk to the
+altar, they go to the slaughter. They die as serenely as if they had a
+thousand lives to lose instead of one. When a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121"></a>[<a href="images/138.png">121</a>]</span>Revolutionist is hanged,
+another takes his place while the gallow-grass around the choked neck is
+still visible. Imprison them for a quarter of a century, and on the day
+of their release they will conspire against czardom.<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> Torture them in
+the mines of Nerchinsk, beat the men with the plet, rape the girls at
+will, thrust them into black holes swarming with vermin and rodents,
+taunt them, starve them, chill them, strike them to the ground, stamp on
+their faces with military boots, deprive them of air, worry their nerves
+to the breaking-point, string them up on slippery scaffolds, and they
+will only shout, "Long live the Revolution!"<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a></p>
+
+<p>Liberty is the goddess they worship, and for her sake, when necessary,
+they taste no food by day and touch no pillow by night. For her they put
+away books and handle bombs, and exchange palaces for prisons, and leave
+desks for dungeons, and go from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122"></a>[<a href="images/139.png">122</a>]</span> colleges to coffins. Their backs are
+ready for the lash, their throats are prepared for the noose.</p>
+
+<p>If the end comes at dawn in the yard of the Schlusselburg Prison, or at
+noon below the level of the Neva in the Fortress of Peter and Paul, or
+at midnight among the silent snows of Saghalien,&mdash;O liberty, how thy
+lovers meet it!</p>
+
+<p>Against an autocracy as powerful as the Romanoff dynasty, rebels have
+never before contended. In all the world no men and women like those of
+Young Russia. From primal days to modern times, no martyrs like these.
+Such sacrifices were never seen before.<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> Few expect to live beyond
+twenty, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123"></a>[<a href="images/140.png">123</a>]</span> thousands upon thousands perish long before that age.<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a>
+They offer themselves to be nipped in the fairest hour of their proudest
+bloom. O brilliant-eyed youth, O rosy-cheeked maid, be not so heedless
+of yourselves. Think a little of the pleasures of life. Leave the stupid
+muzhik to his fate, and cross the sea to a freer land.</p>
+
+<p>But from the foot of the scaffold there comes a cry, and from the
+steppes of Siberia is heard a voice, and from the saltworks of Usolie
+rings an answer, and from the gold-mines of Kara comes a response, and
+from the Butirki of Moscow someone speaks, and from the prison of
+Akatui, Young Russia utters the same word&mdash;Svoboda! Svoboda! Svoboda!</p>
+
+<p>Sometime in the future, when the true historian of the Russian
+Revolution appears, he will write of men and women of so exalted a
+nature, that antiquity will be dumb and boast no more her classic heroes.</p>
+
+<p>He will write of Bakunin, the Jupiter<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124"></a>[<a href="images/141.png">124</a>]</span> from whose forehead leaped a
+full-fledged movement;</p>
+
+<p>Of Dobroluboff, the genius who perished at twenty-five with a vaster
+wisdom to his credit than any youngster of whom we have record;</p>
+
+<p>Of Olga Lubatovitch, the immortal girl in whose great heart burnt the
+undying fire of insurrection;</p>
+
+<p>Of Vera Figner, the poetess, a woman of the rarest beauty and the
+highest talents, who passed her life behind stone walls;</p>
+
+<p>Of Aaron Sundelevitch, the thoughtful Jew who established the first free
+printing press in Saint Petersburg;</p>
+
+<p>Of Zuckerman, who was so merry that even in hell he jested, but who
+after all was only human and committed suicide in the wilds of Yakutsk;</p>
+
+<p>Of Maria Kutitonskaya, who was ready to be hanged with a baby in her womb;</p>
+
+<p>Of Eugene Semyonovsky, who wrote a letter to his father before
+committing suicide, that would make everything on earth&mdash;except of
+course an official&mdash;weep;</p>
+
+<p>Of the taciturn Kibalchitch, who was arrested for giving a pamphlet to a
+peasant, and who, hearing in prison that an attempt had been made to
+exterminate the imperial<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125"></a>[<a href="images/142.png">125</a>]</span> family, broke his habitual silence by
+exclaiming, "It's good! It's fine! If they don't send me to Siberia,
+I'll study nitroglycerine,"&mdash;and who kept his promise, for he was the
+chemist who prepared the bomb that caused the blood of Alexander to
+redden the snow;</p>
+
+<p>Of Ippolit Mishkin, the hero of the Case where all were heroes, whose
+oratory inflamed all Russia, who was sentenced because he tried to
+rescue Chernishevsky, who received fifteen additional years for making a
+speech in prison over the dead body of Comrade Leo Dmohovsky, a man whom
+Turgenev wished to know, and whom Perovskaya wished to save;</p>
+
+<p>Of Demetrius Lisogub, the millionaire who lived like a pauper, giving
+everything to the Cause and spending nothing on himself, grudging every
+coin he had to pay for his bread, dressing in rags even during the
+severest winters, supporting for a time the whole revolutionary
+movement, but continually sorrowing that in order not to forfeit his
+wealth he could take no active part in the battle, and smiling with
+happiness only when brought to the scaffold in the hangman's cart, for
+at last he could bestow more than money&mdash;he could sacrifice himself;</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126"></a>[<a href="images/143.png">126</a>]</span></p><p>Of the printer Maria Kriloff who tho old, ill and half-blind, worked
+with so much devotion that she excelled young and strong compositors,
+and who stuck to her post until she was arrested, weapons in hand, in
+the secret printing-office of <i>Cherny Perediel</i>;</p>
+
+<p>Of the intrepid Sophia Bogomoletz, who left husband and child for the
+Revolution, and spent her life in prison;</p>
+
+<p>Of Nicholas Blinoff, who was slaughtered in the Jewish pogrom in
+Zhitomir with the word 'Brother' on his noble lips;</p>
+
+<p>Of young Leo Weinstein, who fell in the same massacre crying 'Comrades;'</p>
+
+<p>Of the child Silin of Warsaw, who when only fifteen years of age was
+condemned to death; when he was led out with bandaged eyes to be shot on
+the sand-hills, he wept so bitterly that the soldiers called to him, "Do
+not cry, there is no pain," upon which he shouted back, "I am crying
+because I must die before accomplishing anything."</p>
+
+<p>He will tell how Valerian Ossinsky died, and then we will not think of
+Christ upon the Cross.</p>
+
+<p>He will write of those soft-eyed, sweet-voiced, tender Terrorists whose
+blessed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127"></a>[<a href="images/144.png">127</a>]</span> bombs and bullets laid tyrants low: Zinaida who shot Min;
+Spiridonova who slew Lujenovsky; Bizenko who killed Sakharoff; Eserskaja
+who assassinated Klingenberg; Ragozinnikova who destroyed Maximoffsky.</p>
+
+<p>Of those noble and daring youths who struck to the death their country's
+oppressors: Kaltourin and Gelvakov who dispatched Strelnikoff;
+Balmaschoff who executed Sipyagin; Karpowitch who ended the days of
+Bogolepoff; Kalayev who removed Sergius; Schaumann who aimed well at
+Bobrikoff; Sazonov who wiped out Plehve.</p>
+
+<p>Of these he will write and of many, many more whose names are unknown to
+an ignorant public which yells itself hoarse for empty-headed officials,
+but whose memories encircle the hearts of freedom's orphans.</p>
+
+<p>He will write too, of a revolutionary thinker who dreams a philosophy
+which would dethrone tyranny and upraise liberty, the humanitarian who
+harbors a love which reaches to the uttermost ends of the earth, the
+true World-Man of the Better-Day&mdash;Comrade Kropotkin.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Reader, I press your hand warmly</i></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> See "The Laborer and the Man with the White Hand" in
+Turgenev's "Poems in Prose."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> Since they are not permitted to work for freedom from the
+house-tops, they must do it in their secret chambers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> For a Russian revolutionary drama powerfully depicting
+such a scene, see "On the Eve," by Dr. Leopold Kampf. It has no
+connection with Turgenev's great novel of the same name. For a tragedy
+whose interest centers around a beautiful young man who has become
+insane in a Russian prison, see "To the Stars," by Leonid Andreyev,
+(Translated by Dr. A. Goudiss, Poet Lore, Winter 1907). Called by Helen
+A. Clarke, "a play in which there is no villain except the far-off
+Russian Government."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a>
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<div>"Since the world's first wail went up from lands and seas</div>
+<div>Ears have heard not, tongues have told not things like these.</div>
+<div>Dante, led by love's and hate's accordant spell</div>
+<div>Down the deepest and the loathiest ways of hell,</div>
+<div>Where beyond the brook of blood the rain was fire,</div>
+<div>Where the scalps were masked with dung more deep than mire,</div>
+<div>Saw not, where filth was foulest, and the night</div>
+<div>Darkest, depths whose fiends could match the Muscovite.</div>
+<div>Set beside this truth, his deadliest vision seems</div>
+<div>Pale and pure and painless as a virgin's dreams.</div>
+<div>Maidens dead beneath the clasping lash, and wives</div>
+<div>Rent with deadlier pangs than death&mdash;for shame survives,</div>
+<div>Naked, mad, starved, scourged, spurned, frozen, fallen, deflowered,</div>
+<div>Souls and bodies as by fangs of beasts devoured.</div>
+<div>Sounds that hell would hear not, sights no thoughts could shape,</div>
+<div>Limbs that feel as flame the ravenous grasp of rape," etc.</div>
+<div><span class="s4">&nbsp;</span><span class="smcap">Swinburne</span>: "Russia: An Ode."</div>
+</div></div></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> "Marie Spiridonova was only twenty-one when she killed
+Lujenovsky; and in St. Petersburg I knew a girl, a medical
+student&mdash;sweet, quiet, all soul&mdash;who was barely eighteen when she said
+to me, simply "I shall live but a year or two&mdash;no more." In this
+expectancy of death there is no mawkishness, no pose. They have seen
+their comrades go after a few days or years of service; their fate will
+be the same." LeRoy Scott, "The Terrorists," in Everybody's Magazine.</p></div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_n" id="Page_n"></a>[<a href="images/145.png">+</a>]</span></p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_o" id="Page_o"></a>[<a href="images/146.png">+</a>]</span></p>
+
+<p class="bold2">Announcements</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_p" id="Page_p"></a>[<a href="images/147.png">+</a>]</span></p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_q" id="Page_q"></a>[<a href="images/148.png">+</a>]</span></p>
+
+<p class="bold2">Lives of Great Altrurians</p>
+
+<p class="bold">BY VICTOR ROBINSON</p>
+
+<p>This is to be a series of biographies of men and women whose life-work
+was the liberation of humanity from bondage. Not of bishops and warriors
+will Victor Robinson write, but of the Great Companions whose lances
+struck the shields of despotism. These lives are to be of no standard
+size and will not be written on contract-time. A great deal of
+inclination and a little bit of opportunity will be the determining
+factors.</p>
+
+<p>Out of this series, two numbers have already been published:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p><span class="smcap">William Godwin and Mary Wollstonecraft</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Peter Kropotkin</span></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The rest of the subjects are still lodged within the cerebral cells of
+the author. The following are in preparation for precious print:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p><span class="smcap">Maxim Gorky</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Walt Whitman</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Robert Ingersoll</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Elisee Reclus</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Thomas Paine</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Ferdinand Lassalle</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Karl Marx</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Victor Hugo</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Alexander Herzen</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Giuseppe Garibaldi</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Herbert Spencer</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Henrik Ibsen</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Thomas Huxley</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Leo Tolstoy</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Charles Darwin</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Ernest Haeckel</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Louise Michel</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Emile Zola</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">August Comte</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Baruch Spinoza</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Ivan Turgenev</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Harriet Martineau</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Giordano Bruno</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Grant Allen</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Wendell Phillips</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Henry George</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Henry Thoreau</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Mrs. Stanton</span></p></blockquote>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_r" id="Page_r"></a>[<a href="images/149.png">+</a>]</span></p>
+
+<p class="bold2">William Godwin and Mary Wollstonecraft</p>
+
+<p class="bold">BY VICTOR ROBINSON</p>
+
+<p class="center">Written in the Author's Eighteenth Year</p>
+
+<hr class="smler" />
+
+<p>William Godwin was the father of philosophic radicalism in England. His
+wife, Mary Wollstonecraft, was the pioneer of the woman suffrage
+movement. Yet the present generation of reformers knows little about
+these glorious Liberals. This booklet tells briefly of Godwin's early
+life, of his development from orthodoxy to rationalism, of his
+epoch-making "Political Justice," of his narrow escape from imprisonment
+on the charge of high treason, of his first meeting and dislike of Mary
+Wollstonecraft, of his later love and marriage with her, of her former
+marriage and attempt at suicide, of their views on the marriage
+relation, of the storm which Mary Wollstonecraft caused by writing "A
+Vindication of the Rights of Woman," of her lamented death, of her
+talented daughter who eloped with Shelley, of Godwin's subsequent love
+affairs, of his philosophy, of his old age, etc.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p><b><i>Pierre Ramus</i></b>: in "Die Freie Generation:"</p>
+
+<p>Selten wohl, dass uns eine kleine Broschurenschrift in die H&auml;nde
+fiel, die mit &auml;hnlicher Glut des edelsten Idealismus verfasst ist,
+wie jene unseres amerikanischen Genossen Victor Robinson.</p>
+
+<p><b><i>Eugene V. Debs</i></b>, in "Appeal to Reason:"</p>
+
+<p>The story of William Godwin and Mary Wollstonecraft is now in
+pamphlet form, fresh from the gifted pen of Victor Robinson. It is
+a story of two great souls charmingly told by another.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_s" id="Page_s"></a>[<a href="images/150.png">+</a>]</span></p>
+
+<p><b><i>Elbert Hubbard</i></b>, editor of "The Philistine:"</p>
+
+<p>At the Roycroft Chapel, Victor gave us a most admirable address on
+Godwin&mdash;quite the best thing he ever did.</p>
+
+<p><b><i>John Sherwin Crosby</i></b>, author of "Government:" I shall prize your
+very graphic sketch because of its intrinsic worth.</p>
+
+<p><b><i>William Lloyd Garrison</i></b>, the son of the great Abolitionist:</p>
+
+<p>I have read with pleasure your estimate of these brave thinkers.
+What surviving qualities have truth and courage!</p>
+
+<p><b><i>Clinton P. Farrell</i></b>, brother-in-law and publisher of Ingersoll:
+Many many thanks for this beautiful booklet&mdash;a gem. May you live
+long and continue in the making of good books.</p>
+
+<p><b><i>Voltairine de Cleyre</i></b>, the most radical woman in Philadelphia:</p>
+
+<p>I am glad that some one has taken up the work I began some fifteen
+years ago,&mdash;that of compelling the deserved recognition due to Mary
+Wollstonecraft from the English-speaking radical world.</p>
+
+<p><b><i>Champe S. Andrews</i></b>, counsel of the Medical Society of New York:</p>
+
+<p>I am indebted to you for the very delightful monograph on the lives
+of William Godwin and Mary Wollstonecraft. I value this book on
+account of its excellent literary and biographical value.</p>
+
+<p><b><i>Henry J. Weeks</i></b>, lover of our furred and feathered brothers:</p>
+
+<p>As soon as I received your book, my wife read it to me from
+beginning to end, starting with loving interest and ending with
+sympathetic tears. Then I read it again myself. Then I called upon
+my friend Fred Heath, editor of "The Social Democratic Herald," and
+talked to him about my "William and Mary," and together we hied to
+the public library and made a search for all we could find about
+the lives of these interesting friends.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="bold"><i>Artistically printed<span class="s4">&nbsp;</span>Illustrated with portraits<br />
+25 cents, postpaid</i></p>
+
+<p class="center">THE ALTRURIANS</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">12 Mt. Morris Park, West, New York City</span></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_t" id="Page_t"></a>[<a href="images/151.png">+</a>]</span></p>
+
+<p class="bold2">A Symposium on Humanitarians</p>
+
+<p class="center">CONDUCTED BY</p>
+
+<p class="bold">VICTOR ROBINSON</p>
+
+<p>"Name your 10 favorite humanitarians of the 19th century." To this
+interesting question, replies have been received from 100 men and women,
+many of them of national and some of international fame. Among the
+contributors are:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p><span class="smcap">Alfred Russel Wallace</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Ernest Crosby</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Alexis Aladin</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Paul Carus</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Abraham Jacobi</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Eugene Debs</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Rose Hartwick Thorpe</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Benjamin R. Tucker</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">John Spargo</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">William Marion Reedy</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Edward Bliss Foote</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Hubert Howe Bancroft</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Emma Goldman</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Harriot Stanton Blatch</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Hypatia Bradlaugh</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Luther Burbank</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Herbert N. Casson</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Voltairine de Cleyre</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Ina Coolbrith</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Havelock Ellis</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Harrison Grey Fiske</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">B.O. Flower</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Hamlin Garland</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Wm. Lloyd Garrison</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Jacob Gordin</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Moses Harman</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Morris Rosenfeld</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Sadakichi Hartman</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Henry Holt</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Geo. Wharton James</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Alexander Berkman</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Joseph Jastrow</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Bolton Hall</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Andrew D. White</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Jacques Loeb</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Rose Pastor Stokes</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Edwin Markham</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">N.O. Nelson</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Simon Newcomb</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Louis F. Post</span></p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Finely printed. Paper 25c. Cloth 50c.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center">THE ALTRURIANS</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">12 Mt. Morris Park, West, New York City</span></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_u" id="Page_u"></a>[<a href="images/152.png">+</a>]</span></p>
+
+<p class="bold2">NEVER-TOLD TALES</p>
+
+<p class="bold">Graphic Stories of the Evils of Sexual Ignorance</p>
+
+<p class="center">BY DR. WILLIAM J. ROBINSON</p>
+
+<p>It is time that these tales should no longer remain "Never Told Tales."
+It is time that the ignorance which costs so much health, so much
+happiness, so many lives, should no longer be permitted to hold its
+blighting sway in our midst; it is time that life-destroying prudery
+should give way to vitalizing knowledge; it is time that sanctimonious
+hypocracy should give way to common-sense. It is time in short, that
+darkness should give way to light, and misery to happiness&mdash;it is time,
+therefore, that the "Never-Told Tales" should at last be told!</p>
+
+<p>The author is convinced that if these tales were put into the hands of
+every man and woman about to marry, and into the hands of every father
+and mother who have adolescent children, much misery would be prevented
+and much good would be accomplished. Hence does he send them forth into
+the world....</p>
+
+<p class="right"><i>From the Author's Preface.</i></p>
+
+<hr class="smler" />
+
+<p class="center">Artistically bound and printed. Cloth $1, postpaid</p>
+
+<p class="center">PUBLISHED BY</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE ALTRURIANS</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">12 Mount Morris Park West</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">New York City</span></p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Comrade Kropotkin, by Victor Robinson
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+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Comrade Kropotkin, by Victor Robinson
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Comrade Kropotkin
+
+Author: Victor Robinson
+
+Release Date: December 24, 2010 [EBook #34745]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COMRADE KROPOTKIN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Fritz Ohrenschall, Sania Ali Mirza, Martin
+Pettit and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+LIVES OF GREAT ALTRURIANS
+
+COMRADE KROPOTKIN
+
+BY
+VICTOR ROBINSON
+
+"_To liberate one's country!" she said. "It is terrible even to utter
+those words, they are so grand._" TURGENEV: "On the Eve."
+
+PRICE, ONE DOLLAR
+THE ALTRURIANS
+12 MOUNT MORRIS PARK WEST
+NEW YORK CITY
+1908
+
+
+This book is not copyrighted--
+
+How could it be?
+
+
+[Illustration: PETER ALEXEIVITCH KROPOTKIN
+
+Born in the Old Esquerries' Quarter of Moscow in 1842]
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+DEDICATION
+
+FOREWORD
+                                    PAGE
+UNDER NICHOLAS I.                      7
+
+SCENES FROM SERFDOM                   15
+
+EXPLORATIONS                          23
+
+THE NIHILISTS                         29
+
+THE TERRORISTS                        36
+
+SOPHIA PEROVSKAYA                     43
+
+THE FORTRESS OF PETER AND PAUL        54
+
+BROTHERS                              62
+
+THE OPEN GATE                         71
+
+FROM THE PRINTING PRESS               82
+
+IN LATER LIFE                        106
+
+THE HISTORIAN OF THE REVOLUTION      120
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+                                     FACING
+PETER KROPOTKIN      Frontispiece     PAGE
+
+THE SCAFFOLD'S BRIDE                   32
+
+NICHOLAS CHAYKOVSKY                    44
+
+SOPHIA PEROVSKAYA                      52
+
+BEFORE THE SEARCH                      66
+
+THE COSSACKS                          112
+
+
+
+
+_TO GEORGE KENNAN_
+
+     _I dedicate this work. I need not say why. He will know--
+     Everyone will know. With tears, during the night,
+     I have read your book, thou earnest truth-seeker.
+     O compassionate traveler, what a man you must have been!
+     For the weary Siberian exiles called you
+     'Dear George Ivanovich!' With a heart
+     Full of thankfulness for the work you have done,
+     I lay my bitter and bloody pages at your feet._
+                                          VICTOR ROBINSON
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+
+Bernard Shaw calls us a nation of villagers. To a large extent this
+appellation holds good. We are so self-sufficient unto ourselves that
+the most important events in the world leave us cold if they take place
+outside of the realm of the star-spangled banner.
+
+A wonderful and terrible thing is happening in the largest empire on
+earth; a downtrodden people is engaged in a death-grapple with its
+merciless rulers; and never were masters so inhuman, and never were
+people so heroic. In comparison with this titanic struggle the French
+Revolution itself sinks into insignificance. But what do we know about
+it? And what do we care? Russia is far away.... Once in a while the
+report of a particularly atrocious massacre, or a particularly cruel
+torture inflicted upon a young girl revolutionist will shock our
+sensibilities, will cause a pang in our hearts, will perhaps make our
+hair stand on end,--but in a day or two we forget all about it. We are
+so busy!
+
+No wonder that this battle-drama appeals with special force, and exerts
+a special charm on the young of all lands,--the young who worship
+Freedom, and whose breasts beat warmly for Ideals. No wonder therefore
+that it appeals to Victor Robinson.
+
+This essay was written at the age of twenty, and the youth of the author
+will serve as an apology, if apology be needed, for the sharpness of
+some of the expressions found in these pages. But is excuse really
+necessary? I hardly think so. No language can be too strong when
+condemning the Russian Bureaucracy, no judgment can be too severe when
+pronounced on czardom and its cruel minions. In fact the English
+language sometimes seems inadequate....
+
+A remarkable commentary on the conditions in Russia is the fact that he
+who studies them carefully and thoroly, be he the gentlest and sweetest
+youth who would not harm a fly or tread on a worm, becomes saturated
+with the conviction that in Russia, the rebel's bomb and pistol and
+dagger are not only legitimate and necessary, but even noble weapons of
+defense and offense.
+
+I refrain from any remarks as to the intrinsic value of this book, as it
+is perhaps not quite proper for a father to criticize, favorably or
+otherwise, the literary productions of his son. One comment however I
+would like to make: For one who is utterly unfamiliar with the Russian
+language, and who has worked alone and unaided, (in the leisure moments
+left over by strenuous college studies), the author has accomplished a
+rather noteworthy feat. He has succeeded in imbuing the book with such
+an atmosphere, in presenting such vivid and faithful glimpses of Russian
+life and literature, and exhibiting such wide and varied knowledge of
+the subject, that even a Russian writer would not be ashamed to have his
+name appear on the title-page of this volume.
+
+Love understandeth all things.
+
+DR. WILLIAM J. ROBINSON.
+New York City, November 11, 1908.
+
+
+
+
+UNDER NICHOLAS I.
+
+     I understand that doom awaits him who first rises against the
+     oppressors of the people. When has Liberty been redeemed without
+     victims? Fate has already condemned me. I shall perish for my
+     native land. I feel it, I know it, and gladly bless my
+     destiny.--_Ryleev._
+
+
+A fabled king of Thrace fed his horses on human flesh, but a real czar
+of Russia washed his streets with blood. On his accession to the red
+throne, the Iron Despot immediately expelled progress from his empire by
+butchering the Decembrists--those pioneers of freedom who fought for a
+constitution and the abolition of serfdom. Exiles began to tramp the
+lonely Siberian highway, and from the time of that Nicholas I. to this
+Nicholas II.--a period of 75 years--over a million political prisoners
+have taken the 'long journey.'
+
+The mighty country was turned into a military camp. The term of service
+was twenty-five years. The life was so hard that when a man was
+recruited, his relatives followed him as if to his grave. His mother ran
+after him, and sometimes fell dead on the spot. The emperor spent his
+time reviewing troops and altering uniforms.[1] If an officer appeared
+in the streets with the hooks of his uncomfortable collar unfastened, he
+was liable to be degraded to the rank of a common soldier and deported
+to some distant province. If a soldier complained of his diet, or was
+guilty of the slightest infraction of the most insignificant rule, he
+was condemned to run the gauntlet. He was stripped naked, his hands were
+tied behind him, and he was brought between two long rows of pawing
+privates and eager 'non-coms,' equipped and armed with sticks, whips and
+gun-stocks. Behind the soldiers stood officers commanding, "Harder!
+Harder!" Thru these lines the victim was compelled to run--because in
+yesterday's paltry parade conducted by a petty sergeant, he scratched
+his itching neck. At first it was his shoulders which they struck, but
+before he had gone very far he had no longer a back, but only a bleeding
+mass of quivering flesh thru which parts of the bones protruded. A
+doctor was always present to see that the culprit did not die before
+receiving his full punishment. That is, if he were booked for 500 blows
+and was on the point of succumbing after receiving 300, it was the
+physician's duty to send him to a hospital to regain sufficient strength
+to allow the additional 200 to be administered. However, in spite of the
+medicus, the mangled men often perished before their time, and then
+there was nothing to do but beat the corpse.[2]
+
+During this reign originated the widespread system of stealing Jewish
+children from their homes, separating them from their families, severing
+them from their faith, and bringing them up to serve in the army. These
+were the Cantonists.[3] Thus it came about that when a mother of Israel
+gave birth to a boy, she did not rejoice as for one born and living, but
+lamented as for one dead and departed. (Sometimes Jewish mothers saved
+their children from the army by cutting off their fingers, or taking out
+one of their eyes).
+
+Liberty was so shackeled she did not even dare weep aloud.[4] Since that
+unlucky day when Ryleev, Pestel, Bestuzhev, Kakovsky and
+Muraviov-Apostol dangled from a tall straight post and a strong
+crossbar, no revolutionist arose to oppose tyranny. During all the many
+years of the reign of Nicholas-with-the-Stick, no ray of light
+brightened a darkened nation, no torch glimmered in the bloody gloom.
+Hope was dead. Freedom was buried. Literature was in exile. Knowledge
+lay in a closed coffin. But censorship was alive, and autocracy had more
+eyes than Argus.
+
+An anonymous pamphlet, toward the end of his reign, cried out that the
+czar had rolled a great stone before the door of the sepulchure of
+Truth, that he had placed a strong guard round her tomb, and in the
+exultation of his heart had exclaimed, "For thee, no resurrection!"
+
+So thoroly was liberalism crushed, so completely was absolutism supreme,
+that 'Nikolaus Palkin' walked the streets of bleeding Russia unattended
+and unafraid.
+
+Alas, when a nation has only knees to bend, but no hands to strike!
+
+After his shadow had obscured the sun for a quarter of a century, a
+brilliant festival was given in his honor at Moscow--called the Holy
+City because it contains a Miracle Monastery for glorifying God and a
+Kremlin Fortress for crucifying Man. It was a fancy-dress ball, and a
+thousand gorgeous uniforms were there, from the leather coat of the
+Tungus to the embroidered flummery of the chamberlain. In this affair
+the children of the nobility played an important part. They were
+lavishly attired, and each carried an ensign representing the arms of
+the provinces of the Russian empire. At a given signal the little
+emblem-bearers began to march, and on reaching the purple platform upon
+which the royal family sat, all standards were lowered. The inflexible
+autocrat viewed the scene with satisfaction--all the provinces bowed
+before him. When the children retired to the rear of the immense hall,
+someone pulled the smallest of the boys from the ranks and placed him on
+the imperial elevation. The lad was arrayed as a Persian prince, and
+wore a jewel-covered belt and a high bonnet. Nicholas I. looked at his
+chubby face all surrounded with pretty curls and taking him to the
+czarevna Marie Alexandrovna, said in his military voice, "This is the
+sort of boy you must bring me." The woman was gravid at the time, and
+the soldier-like joke made her blush.
+
+"Will you have some sweets?" asked the emperor.
+
+"I want some of those tiny biscuits which were served at tea," eagerly
+responded the child. A waiter was called and he emptied a full tray into
+the tall bonnet.
+
+"I will take them home to Sasha," said the curly little cherub.
+
+Mikhael--the czar's brother--now paid attention to the little visitor.
+"When you are a good boy," he said, "they treat you so," and he passed
+his rough hand downwards over the rotund features of the diminutive
+would-be Persian; "but when you are naughty, they treat you so," and he
+rubbed the child's nose upward.
+
+The poor innocent did his best to restrain himself, but unhappily the
+gushing tears could not be repressed. The ladies at once took his part,
+and Marie Alexandrovna set him by her side on a velvet chair with a
+gilded back--William Morris being then unknown. Soon the big eyes began
+to close, and drowsily putting his beautiful head in the lap of the
+future empress, the boy fell soundly asleep.
+
+And the frolic went on. Under the glittering chandeliers the dancers
+glided. Over the waxen floors the merry feet waltzed. Wine disappeared
+by barrels, and revelry ran riot. Swords, spurs, buckles, medals,
+diamonds--how they all sparkled! The smooth-cheeked courtiers and the
+slick-tongued cavaliers gaily jested, and the silk-swathed ladies
+flirted their proverbial fans and smiled flatteringly at their wit, but
+not the wisest of them knew that someday this babe would awake and make
+his name terrible to the ears of tyrants!
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] See "Russia," by Alfred Rambaud.
+
+[2] Among those who witnessed this spectacle was Germain de Lagny, who
+describes it in his book, "The Knout and the Russians" ... "After
+fourteen hundred strokes, his face which had long before begun to turn
+blue, assumed suddenly a greenish hue; his eyes became haggard and
+almost started out of their sockets, from which large blood-colored
+tears trickeled down and stained his cheeks. He was gasping and
+gradually sinking. The officer who accompanied me ordered the ranks to
+open, and I approached the body. The skin was literally ploughed up, and
+had, so to say, disappeared. The flesh was hacked to pieces and almost
+reduced to a state of jelly; long stripes hung down the prisoner's sides
+like so many thongs, while other pieces remained fastened and glued to
+the sticks of the executioners. The muscles, too, were torn to shreds.
+No mortal tongue can ever convey a just idea of the sight.... It was
+seven months before he was cured and his health re-established; and, at
+the expiration of this period, he was solemnly taken back to the place
+of execution, and forced once more to run the gauntlet, in order to
+receive his full amount of six thousand strokes. He died at the
+commencement of this second punishment.... After all, Russia is only an
+immense barrack, in which every one is in a state of arrest." Yet the
+author of these words was a worshipper of Nicholas!
+
+[3] They were called Cantonists because they were kept and trained in
+military settlements or cantons under Arakcheev. It is a most remarkable
+fact--considering the circumstance that they were taken away in early
+childhood--that several Cantonists who were able to live thru the
+horrors of the service, returned to their homes as orthodox and as
+fanatically devoted to their religion as if they had spent the preceding
+twenty-five years not in the military barracks of the gentiles, but in
+cheder and shool reciting the Torah.
+
+[4] He slaughtered Poland like a hound tears a hare. "But below all (in
+the Museum of the Kremlin), far beneath the feet of the Emperor, in dust
+and ignominy and on the floor, is flung the very Constitution of
+Poland--parchment for parchment, ink for ink, good promise for good
+promise--which Alexander I. gave with so many smiles, and which Nicholas
+I. took away with so much bloodshed."--Andrew D. White, "The Development
+and Overthrow of Serfdom in Russia," Atlantic Monthly November 1862.
+This sentence which I have quoted is correct, but the reader who is
+unfamiliar with Russian history had better avoid the article, as the
+last paragraph alone contains as many lies as there are kalachi in
+Moscow.
+
+
+
+
+SCENES FROM SERFDOM
+
+     To be sold, three coachmen, well-trained and handsome; and two
+     girls, the one eighteen and the other fifteen years of age, both of
+     them good-looking and well acquainted with various kinds of
+     handiwork. In the same house there are for sale two hairdressers;
+     the one twenty-one years of age can read, write, play on a musical
+     instrument, and act as huntsman; the other can dress ladies' and
+     gentlemen's hair. In the same house are sold pianos and organs.
+
+     Advertisement in the _Moscow Gazette_, 1801.
+
+
+Peter Kropotkin's father was a general and a prince. His family
+originated with a grandson of Rostislav Mstislavich the Bold. His
+ancestors had been Grand Princes of Smolensk. He was a descendant of the
+house of Rurik, and judged from the standpoint of heredity, had more
+right to the throne than the Romanoffs. Incidentally he was like most
+military men--barbarous, pitiless, merciless. He owned twelve hundred
+male serfs. We do not know how many maids. Neither do we know how many
+were scarred by the knout, how many were flogged till the breath of life
+left them, nor how many hanged themselves under his window.
+
+If this brave warrior--who received the cross of Saint Anne for
+gallantry, because his servant Froll rushed into the flames to save a
+child--became imbued with the notion that there was not sufficient hay
+in the barn, he would call one of his serfs, strike him in the face, and
+accuse him of overfeeding the horses. In order to prove he was right he
+would make another calculation, and come to the conclusion there was too
+much hay. So he would bang his slave again for not giving the equidae
+enuf. Suddenly he would sit down and write a note: Take So and So to the
+police station, and let 100 lashes with the birch rod be administered to
+him.
+
+On such occasions Peter would run out--his rosy cheeks wet with
+weeping--catch the unhappy soul in a dark passage, and try to kiss his
+hand. The serf would tear it away, and say bitterly, "Let me alone; you
+too, when you grow up, will you not be just the same?"
+
+"No, no, never!" cried the child, while the hot tears choked him and
+made him cough for breath.
+
+The females of all animals, having dislikes and preferences, exercise
+the right of selection; rejecting one and receiving another; sending
+away a male who is repulsive to them, and accepting a wooer they find
+attractive.[5]
+
+Such absurd liberty was never allowed the serfs. They married when,
+where and whom the master wished. The Kropotkins owned a woman named
+Polya--intelligent and artistic--an exceptional serf. Her body was
+bound; her hands were doomed to labor; her talents brought benefits not
+to herself; her skill was at the service of others; her industry
+profited her owners; she was a chattel, chained and confined--but her
+heart could not be controlled. She deeply loved a neighboring servant,
+and was with child from him. The lover, forgetting the Russian proverb,
+"One cannot break a stone wall with his forehead," implored permission
+to marry her.... The Kropotkins owned also a dwarf called 'bandy-legged
+Filka.' Because of a terrible kick which he received in his boyhood, he
+ceased to grow. His legs were crooked, his feet were turned inward, his
+nose was broken, his jaw was deformed. It was the General's will that
+the refined Polya should wed this unsightly imp. She was forced to
+obey. The 'happy couple' were sent to the estate of Ryazan.[6]
+
+During the sixth year of the reign of Alexander II., a servant dashed
+wildly into Peter Kropotkin's room. It was early in the morning, and
+Kropotkin was still in bed. But the servant brandished the tea tray and
+babbled excitedly, "Prince, freedom! The manifesto is posted on the
+Gostinoi Dvor." In a moment Kropotkin was dressed and began to run out.
+Just then a friend came running in. "Kropotkin, freedom!" he shouted,
+"Here is the manifesto!"
+
+Kropotkin read it. His eyes beamed. He stamped his feet. O happy day! No
+more slavery--serfdom was abolished--the muzhiks were free. Not the dark
+ghosts of reaction, but the luminous sons of light had triumphed. Not
+Shuvaloff, Muravioff, and Trepoff, but Herzen, Turgenev and
+Chernishevsky.[7]
+
+That afternoon Kropotkin attended the last performance of the Italian
+Opera. Baveri, the conductor of the band, raised his baton; the
+musicians began to play, but human voices drowned the notes, for the
+people were shouting for their czar--Redeemer!--Deliverer! Then Baveri
+stopped, but the hurrahs did not. Again Baveri waved his stick wildly in
+the air, the fiddlers grasped tightly their bows, the drummers beat with
+all their strength, the players inflated their lungs and blew the brazen
+instruments with might and main, but from that powerful band not a bar
+of music could be heard, for the people were shouting for their
+czar--Immanuel!--Illustrious! Strangers met in the streets, embraced,
+kissed each other thrice on the cheek, and shouted for their
+czar--Father!--Messiah! In front of the royal palace, peasants and
+professors mingled, and shouted for their czar--Emancipator!--Liberator!
+When he really appeared, crowds eager and immense, ran after the
+carriage and shouted for their czar--Tsar Osvoboditel!
+
+As a dream disappears at dawn, so died this enthusiasm. The brief moment
+of promise was followed by an eternal hour of despair; the short day was
+succeeded by the endless night. Hell may not be Hell, but a Romanoff is
+a Romanoff. Only one year later, the despot in Alexander awoke--mature
+and monstrous. If the dead could touch the living, Nicholas would have
+hugged his son. The steps of the scaffold became slippery with the blood
+of the best. The rope of the hangman was jerked day and night, and the
+key of the jailer creaked in a thousand locks. Reaction had won, and
+liberalism lay covered with a crimson shroud.
+
+The Valuev volcano vomited its smothering lava as far as Siberia, and
+General Kukel who with Kropotkin's help was preparing a long list of
+necessary reforms, was dismissed from his post because another place had
+been found for him--in prison.
+
+On the other hand there was a district chief who robbed the peasants and
+whipped their wives, and whose brutality and dishonesty were so
+unanswerably exposed by the energetic Kropotkin that this officer was
+also transfered--to a higher position in Kamchatka where he found more
+roubles for his purse and more women for his knout.
+
+When Kropotkin returned to St. Petersburg on an official commission, a
+high functionary said to him, "Do you know that Chernishevsky has been
+arrested? He is now in the fortress."
+
+"Chernishevsky? What has he done?"
+
+"Nothing in particular, nothing! But _mon cher_, you know--state
+considerations!... Such a clever man, awfully clever! And such an
+influence he has upon the youth. You understand that a government cannot
+tolerate that: that's impossible! intolerable _mon cher, dans un Etat
+bien ordonne_!"[8]
+
+For these mad acts of a drunken despotism, there was neither shadow of
+excuse nor shade of reason, except that a Romanoff was hungry and
+thirsty for victims, satisfying the blood-craving spirit that cried
+within him, demanding that the brightest youths and the noblest girls be
+changed to lifeless corpses.
+
+Is it any wonder that men who on the great day of emancipation quoted
+with tears in their eyes the beautiful article by Herzen,[9] "Thou hast
+conquered, Galilean," now recited these other words by the same exile:
+"Alexander Nikolaevich, why did you not die on that day? Your name would
+have been transmitted in history as that of a hero."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[5] See Darwin's "Descent of Man."
+
+[6] Yet Kropotkin was not among the cruelest proprietors. To read what
+occurred on the estate of General Arakcheev is enuf to drive the
+stoutest mind insane. In the "Russki Archiv" is an account of a woman
+who by the most horrible tortures killed hundreds of her serfs, chiefly
+of the female sex, several of them young girls of eleven and twelve.
+Another woman murdered a serf boy by pricking him with a pen-knife,
+because he had neglected to take proper care of a rabbit. See Sir D. M.
+Wallace's "Russia." Also the "Memoirs of a Sportsman" and "Mumu" by
+Turgenev.
+
+[7] Leonora B. Lang, who translated Rambaud's "Histoire de la Russie"
+from French to English, says there are about thirteen ways of spelling
+Patzinak. Ditto for Chernishevsky. The form which I have chosen is
+perhaps as proper as any, and simpler than most. An English reader is
+not supposed to be able to pronounce Tschernyschewskiy.
+
+[8] See P. Kropotkin's "Memoirs of a Revolutionist."
+
+[9] For an account of Herzen's influence, see the "Russian Revolutionary
+Movement," by Konni Zilliacus. This excellent volume which all should
+read is of especial interest to Finns.
+
+
+
+
+EXPLORATIONS
+
+     And at the same time falls upon his ear the plaintive song of the
+     Russian peasant; all wailing and lamentation, in which so many ages
+     of suffering seem concentrated. His squalid misery, his whole life
+     stands forth full of sorrow and outrage. Look at him; exhausted by
+     hunger, broken down by toil, the eternal slave of the privileged
+     classes, working without pause, without hope of redemption. For the
+     government purposely keeps him ignorant, and every one robs him,
+     every one tramples on him, and no one stretches out a hand to
+     assist him. No one? Not so. The young man knows now "what to do."
+     He will stretch forth his hand. He will tell the peasant how to
+     free himself and how to become happy. His heart throbs for this
+     poor sufferer who can only weep. The flush of enthusiasm mounts to
+     his brow, and with burning glances he takes in his heart a solemn
+     oath to concentrate all his life, all his strength, all his
+     thoughts, to the liberation of this population which drains its
+     life blood in order that he, the favored son of privilege, may live
+     at his ease, study, and instruct himself. He will take off the fine
+     clothes that burn into his very flesh; he will put on the rough
+     coat and the wooden shoes of the peasant, and abandoning the
+     splendid paternal palace which oppresses him like the reproach of a
+     crime, he will go forth "among the people" in some remote district,
+     and there, the slender and delicate descendant of a noble race, he
+     will do the hard work of the peasant, enduring every privation in
+     order to carry to him the words of redemption, the Gospel of our
+     age,--Socialism. What matters to him if the cut-throats of the
+     Government lay hands upon him? What to him are exile, Siberia,
+     death? Full of his sublime idea, clear, splendid, vivifying as the
+     mid-day sun, he defies suffering, and would meet death with a
+     glance of enthusiasm and a smile of happiness.--STEPNIAK:
+     _Underground Russia_.
+
+
+Peter Kropotkin came into life sailing on its topmost wave. The fat of
+the land, and its milk and honey were his. Personally, nothing was
+denied him. All the gifts had been lavished upon him. Position was his,
+health he had in abundance, he was as handsome as the characters in
+Tolstoy's _War and Peace_, and his talents were many and varied. To use
+the Russian vernacular, he was born in his shirt.
+
+But not praise from princes or bows from beauties could induce him to
+fritter away his splendid energies in senseless dinky-dinks at Moscow or
+foppish balls at Petersburg. He wished to exercise head, hand and heart,
+for he agreed with John Ruskin that whatever else you are, you must not
+be useless and you must not be cruel--two adjectives which best portray
+the average official.
+
+As has already been said, while still a youth Kropotkin went to Siberia
+to aid Kukel improve the prisons, the exile system, etc. But when the
+Herzen-reading Kukel was recalled, and it was no longer permitted to
+mention the word "reform," Kropotkin became an explorer.
+
+Being clever, he soon made several important discoveries--the
+border-ridge of the Khingan, the tertiary volcanoes of the Uyun
+Kholdonsti, a direct route to the Amur.
+
+Also it is interesting to remember that he was among the first Europeans
+who entered Manchuria,[10] and he went at the risk of being put in a
+cage and conveyed across the Gobi on a camel's back. It was impossible
+to go as an officer, so Kropotkin disguised himself as a trader, put on
+a long blue cotton dress, and acted like a Muscovite merchant--sitting
+on the edge of the chair, pouring his tea in the saucer, blowing on it
+with puffed-out cheeks and staring eyes, and nibbling tiny particles
+from his lump of sugar.
+
+One night as he wandered thru a Chinese town, the inhabitants by signs
+asked him why such a young man wore a beard. Answering by the same
+means, Kropotkin told them that if he had nothing else to eat he could
+eat the beard. This caused the Celestials to roar with laughter, and
+they petted him tenderly, showed him their houses, and offered him more
+pipes than Skitaletz's Gavril Petrovitch could have smoked.
+
+In 1866, Kropotkin found what previous explorers had vainly sought--a
+communication between the gold mines of Yakutsk and Transbaikalia.
+
+Then came what he considers his chief contribution to science: the
+important discovery that the maps of Northern Asia were incorrect,
+because the main lines of structure run neither north and south, nor
+east and west, but from the southwest to the northeast.[11]
+
+Later Kropotkin was to lead an expedition to the Arctic seas, but as the
+government was spending enormous sums in erecting scaffolds, it could
+not spare a poltinik for explorations in unknown regions. However the
+Geographical Society sent him to Finland to study the glacial deposits.
+Here he made valuable researches relative to the glaciation of the
+country. He conceived the idea of writing a monumental physical
+geography of Northern Europe. His chief ambition was to become the
+Secretary of the Society, for then he would be in a condition to
+considerably advance the cause of science.
+
+But because he now had more leisure than formerly, he began seriously to
+think of another subject--The People. When he crossed a plain which had
+no interest for a geologist, he thought of their sufferings. When he
+walked from one gravel pit to another, he mused on their downtrodden
+hopes. Sometimes the hammer would pause in mid-air before it struck the
+chisel, because the naturalist was dreaming of these plundered beings.
+After collecting an immense amount of evidence, he anticipated what keen
+joy he would have in analysing and arranging it for publication; but
+then another feeling would assert itself--what right had he to this
+happiness when all around him were men and women and children
+struggling and slaving for a bit of mouldy bread? Yes, yes, Kropotkin
+was thinking about the hungry people.
+
+It was in the autumn of 1871, as he looked over the hillocks of Finland,
+and saw with his scientific eye the ice accumulating in the archipelagos
+at the dawn of mankind, that he received this telegram from the
+Geographical Society: "The council begs you to accept the position of
+secretary to the society."
+
+At last Kropotkin was in a position to realise his old dream, but he
+pondered much before answering, for he now dreamed a new dream--how to
+lighten the burdens of the overworked people.
+
+A voice in the wind said, "To work for Science is great."
+
+Then another voice spoke saying, "To toil for Humanity is greater."
+
+So Kropotkin wired, "Most cordial thanks, but cannot accept." The chisel
+of the geologist slipped from his fingers, and from that day on Peter
+Kropotkin carried in his upraised hand a burning torch for the weary
+people.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[10] By P. Kropotkin: "A Journey from the Trans-Baikal to the Amur by
+Way of Manchuria," in the "Russian Messenger," June 1865.
+
+[11] Not even Kropotkin's enemies have denied his scientific ability.
+Zenker, in his unfair and unsympathetic book on "Anarchism" says, "The
+dreaded Anarchist Kropotkin is and always has been active as a writer of
+geographical and geological works, and enjoys a considerable reputation
+in these sciences, apart from his activity as a Socialist teacher and
+agitator." The conservative Hon. Andrew D. White in his "Autobiography"
+calls him "one of the most gifted scientific thinkers of our time." The
+unbelievably cruel Pobedonostzeff--who would gladly have used the
+thumb-screws on him--refers to him as "a learned geographer and
+sociologist."
+
+
+
+
+THE NIHILISTS
+
+     "He is a nihilist."
+
+     "What!" cried his father. As to Paul Petrovitch, he raised his
+     knife, on the end of which was a small bit of butter, and remained
+     motionless.
+
+     "He is a nihilist," repeated Arcadi.
+
+     "A nihilist," said Nicholas Petrovitch. "This word must come from
+     the Latin _Nihil_, nothing, as far as I can judge; and consequently
+     it signifies a man who ... who recognizes nothing?"
+
+     "Or rather who respects nothing," said Paul Petrovitch; and he
+     began again to butter his bread.
+
+     "A man who looks at everything from a critical point of view," said
+     Arcadi.
+
+     "Does that not come to the same thing?" asked his uncle.
+
+     "No, not at all; a nihilist is a man who bows before no authority,
+     who accepts no principle without examination, no matter what credit
+     the principle has."--TURGENEV: _Fathers and Sons_.
+
+
+It was a cheerless Saint Petersburg to which Kropotkin returned--a city
+in the grip of the powers of darkness. The officials despoiled the
+muzhiks of their last copecks, and if the poor peasants sought redress
+in institutions ironically known as "courts of justice,"[12] they were
+either imprisoned for life or murdered outright--at the order of the
+very men who were fleshed with pillage.
+
+The best writers had escaped abroad, or languished in faraway Siberia,
+or had departed upon a still longer journey.
+
+Where was Lavrov? Who heard of Mikhailov? What fortress held Pisarev?
+Why sat no ardent youths at Chernishevsky's feet?
+
+The reformers who had worked for the abolition of serfdom were still. An
+uncanny fear possessed them. They trembled at the thought of Trepoff.
+They shuddered at the sight of Shuvaloff. They wished nothing but
+obscurity; they prayed only for oblivion to cover them. They denied with
+pale faces that they had ever held advanced opinions. They were a
+pitiful lot, but it is hard to blame them. Like a blood-crazed beast
+Alexander roamed his empire, slaughtering human beings with a ferocity
+that would have made a pack of wolves protest. In the dead of the night
+they were shot--and sometimes at dawn. No reasons were assigned, no
+questions answered. Russia prostrated herself at the feet of
+power--poisoned with the fangs of force. Little wonder the old
+generation was frightened.
+
+The lime had grown in their bones, and to have these bones crushed by
+Katkoff in the casemates of the Fortress of Peter and Paul was not
+pleasant. The fathers withdrew from the society of their sons. Even the
+older brothers held aloof. At every step the young people heard,
+"Prudence, young man." Never before was youth so deserted, and never
+before was youth so splendid, so supreme, so sublime. Was it for them to
+follow the craven footsteps of a cowardly generation? Let the
+overcrowded prisons answer! Let the youngster-jammed dungeons reply!
+
+From the army came the young officer and cast aside his uniform. From
+the palace stepped forth the young prince and threw off his costly
+mantle. From the general's family hastened the young heiress and put
+away her silken dresses.
+
+It is not for a halting tongue to celebrate this youthful band of
+pioneers. It is not for a faltering pen to chant praises to those whose
+glory is unrivalled. History has not seen their equals. They deserve the
+worship of a better world than this. We who have no faith in God or
+reverence for Government, may well bow our heads at the recollection of
+men who left comfortable firesides to expose themselves to maddening
+tortures. We may well fall right down on our knees at the thought of
+women who bade farewell to wealthy parents to bare their breasts to the
+sabre of the gendarme and the embrace of the cossack.
+
+Authorities they rejected. The chains of custom they rent asunder. Even
+the axiomatic they re-examined. With the luke-warm, half-hearted
+agnosticism of Huxley, they were dissatisfied. Out-and-out apostles of
+Atheism were they, and one of the first books they printed was Ludwig
+Buchner's. The theory of transformism they eagerly accepted, and more
+than any English evolutionist they would gladly have died to prove
+Darwin right and Cuvier wrong.[13]
+
+Only one mistake they made--they spat upon Art. They found no joy in
+beauty. An arched rainbow, a Grecian urn, a vine-covered cottage, were
+nothing to them. They scorned the laurels of the golden-haired Apollo.
+They claimed a shoemaker was superior to Raphael because he makes useful
+things while the other does not.
+
+[Illustration: THE SCAFFOLD'S BRIDE
+
+It is for such girls that the czar buys rope.]
+
+Their sacred watchword was: To The People. This great movement--which
+Turgenev[14] named Nihilism--spread rapidly. Many schools were
+established and enormous numbers of peasants flocked to them. The old
+sat on the benches with their grandchildren and did their best to learn.
+Teachers and the taught were enthused with the great idea. Leaders and
+the led were comrades. The youths did not spend a couple of hours with
+the peasants and then run off to indulge in an abnormal orgy prepared by
+a pathic Grand Duke. Altho several were heirs to fortunes, they refused
+to accept any money from their parents. They lived exactly like the
+peasants, several in a room, ate black bread and dressed in boots and
+sheepskin. Many of the girls formerly owned a trunkful of jewels and a
+houseful of servants, but now they dispensed with chignon and crinoline.
+They cropped their hair close and put on blue spectacles so they might
+not be fair in the eyes of men. They wanted no love affairs. They wanted
+to educate the ignorant. Children of the rich, offsprings of
+aristocrats, scions of nobility, brought up in luxury, encouraged in
+idleness, unused to manual work, unaccustomed to physical labor, they
+now toiled fifteen hours a day in the factories. To look peasant-like,
+the prettiest maidens rubbed their cheeks with grease and steeped their
+hands in brine. All the woes of the commoners they accepted for
+themselves. Were there ever before such luminous sons, such divine
+daughters? Ask history for a parallel, and Clio's scroll is blank!
+
+Let this statement stand--indeed not even the twisted intellect of the
+perverted W. T. Stead[15] could demolish it--had the autocracy
+permitted these young teachers to continue their educative work among
+the peasants, Russia to-day would not be a nation of illiterate muzhiks,
+and millions who are now hopelessly blind would have eyes that see.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[12] "This court is worse than a house of ill-fame; there they sell only
+bodies, but here you prostitute honor and justice and law."--IPPOLIT
+MISHKIN.
+
+[13] If the reader has not read Stepniak's "Underground Russia" he
+should do so without delay.
+
+[14] See his "Fathers and Sons," but avoid the abominable translation by
+Eugene Schuyler. To the eternal honor of the nihilists it must be said
+that they instantly and emphatically repudiated the hero of this novel,
+the brutal Bazarov. I myself have no hesitancy in saying that I prefer
+even the perfumed dandy Paul Petrovitch, to this harsh, coarse,
+repulsive, insulting individual who treats his loving parents like dogs,
+and who refers to a beautiful woman by exclaiming, "What a magnificent
+body! How fine it would look on a dissecting table!" Here is one of the
+curiosities of literature: a great artist conceives a great admiration
+for a great type, and yet he produces--a caricature! But Kropotkin seems
+to have a somewhat higher opinion of Bazarov, for in a letter which I
+received from him, he says, "Those Nihilists who understood Bazarov as
+Pisarev did, were right. Those who reproached Turgenev for Bazarov's
+scorn to work for mankind were right again. Turgenev has not succeeded
+in representing the man of action whom he admired well enough to excite
+the uninitiated admiration of the reader." For a correct representation
+of a nihilist in a novel--which the nihilists themselves heartily
+accepted--see the character of Rakmetov in Chernishevsky's wonderful
+"What is to be done?" Among those who enthusiastically praised this work
+was Sophia Perovskaya.
+
+[15] The English eulogist of Russian officialism, the hypocrite who is
+intimate with Nicholas II., the scoundrel who praises Trepoff, and yet
+speaks of uplifting humanity!! He has written a lying book, "The Truth
+About Russia."
+
+
+
+
+THE TERRORISTS
+
+     In July 1906, I was in Bialystok. A pogrom had just been started. I
+     saw women who were repeatedly raped before the eyes of their
+     husbands and their fathers. I saw a child, four years old,
+     deliberately shot in the arm by a soldier. I saw a girl of twelve
+     shot in the stomach. I saw a hospital that was purposely fired upon
+     by soldiers merely to create a panic among the patients. The local
+     schoolmaster was killed by three gendarmes driving nails into his
+     skull. The whole reason for the massacre was to terrify the
+     population into submitting meekly to various governmental
+     impositions. The massacre is a recognized weapon of the Russian
+     Government, often used to shape political ends. By what standards
+     of the eternal verities is it wrong to combat this kind of
+     slaughter by removing the official or officials responsible? To
+     assassinate an Alikhanov, a Pavlov, a Min, a Dubossov, a Sergius, a
+     Plehve, is, to my mind, precisely like killing a rattlesnake that
+     has crawled into a nursery, or stamping out a pest, or blowing up a
+     building to stop the further spread of the flames.
+            KELLOGG DURLAND: _The Necessity for Terrorism in Russia_.
+
+
+It is not often remembered--tho it should be--that at this time these
+Nihilists were not politicals, and did not fight czarism. Their object
+was to teach the alphabet, not to overthrow the dynasty. It was only
+when the government condemned to a slow death in Siberia every one who
+printed a leaflet, or distributed a pamphlet, or attended a meeting, or
+listened to a speaker, or joined a co-operative association, or started
+an experimental farm, or went to a technical school, or taught a
+peasant--that they commenced to oppose the Romanoff regime. It was only
+when the ultimatum, "No schools allowed!"[16] was for several years
+rammed down their throats at the point of the bayonet that the Nihilists
+became Terrorists. It was only when the prisons overflowed with their
+young warm blood that Sophia Perovskaya waved her handkerchief.
+
+The shaft of truth is naked, and so armored with bias is the mind of
+man, that the missle cannot pierce the mail. In spite of the
+unanswerable array of historical data, many will still exclaim, "We do
+not believe in using force in Russia. We believe in education."
+
+O huge Sviatogor, giant-hero of the primitive Russians, endow us with
+your mighty nerves, lest we burst!
+
+There was a girl--Miss Gukovskaya. A young girl--fourteen years old.[17]
+She addressed a crowd--about Kovalsky. She was transported to a remote
+part of Siberia for life. The child could not endure the wilderness and
+drowned herself in the Yenisei.
+
+There was another girl who gave a single pamphlet to a worker. Her
+punishment was nine years of hard labor and then life-long exile among
+Siberian snows.
+
+A young man was found reading a book not admired by the censor. He was
+put in prison and kept there until he committed suicide.
+
+When the gay and gentle Starinyevitch was a student, a manifesto was
+found in his possession. Unwilling to incriminate another, he refused to
+say from whom he received it. For this omission he spent twenty years
+in filthy prisons.
+
+While searching the room of Rosovsky who was not yet twenty, the police
+discovered a proclamation of the Executive Committee.
+
+"Who gave it to you?"
+
+"That I cannot say. I am not a spy."
+
+He was sentenced to death and died on the scaffold.[18]
+
+Kropotkin mentions another youth of nineteen who posted a circular in a
+railway station. He was caught and killed--hanged I think. "He was a
+boy," says Kropotkin, "He was a boy but he died like a man."
+
+Ask a Revolutionist if he knows Sophia Bardina and his glowing eyes will
+answer yes. Because she read a couple of articles in public, she was
+condemned to several years' penal servitude, which by special favor of
+the czar was commuted to life-long exile.
+
+Leo Deutsch in his mild and modest _Sixteen Tears in Siberia_, tells of
+a few girls of Romny who hit upon the plan of loaning one another books
+and making notes on them. Soon a few young men joined, and thus was
+formed a small reading society, such as might help to pass away the long
+winter evenings in the dull provincial town. For this--and for
+absolutely nothing but this--"the conspirators of Romny" were deported
+across the Urals.
+
+Only a couple of years ago, several schoolteachers met at Tiflis to
+discuss the best method of improving their educational curricula. A
+commander entered and cried, "Disperse!" Turning to his cossacks he
+said, "These women are yours"--and all were raped with impunity.
+
+As long as the Romanoffs rule Russia, only idiots opaque and impervious
+to reason, can speak of education without action.
+
+If education were permitted, revolutionary violence would not be,
+because terrorism is the last straw to which the drowning nation
+clutches. They cling to this because under existing circumstances
+nothing else is possible, nothing, nothing, nothing.
+
+Russia has produced no greater Terrorist than Gregory Gershuni, and when
+this glorious Jew stood before his "judges" he told them: "History will
+forgive you everything; the centuries of oppression, the millions you
+have starved to death, the other millions you have sent to be butchered
+on the battlefield; everything but this--that you have driven us who
+mean well with our fatherland to seek recourse in murder."[19]
+
+Men cannot meet for purposes of discussion, because if they do, they
+will be beaten and bayoneted. Children cannot, for they will be hacked
+to pieces. Women cannot, for their bodies will be utilized to warm the
+beds of cossacks.
+
+Such liberticide must be answered by tyrannicide! And the hand that
+holds a dagger, red with the blood of a despot, is the noblest hand of
+all!
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[16] This fact is so notorious that even an obscurantist like W. R.
+Morfill must admit it. See the passage in his mediocre book, "Russia."
+But illiberal as this work is, it at least is not outrageous. What
+however are we to do with Augustus Hare ("Studies in Russia") who writes
+that exile to Siberia is pleasant; with Rev. Henry Landsell ("Through
+Siberia") who informs us that punishment with the knout was not painful;
+with Miss Annette Meakin ("A Ribbon of Iron") who describes the cruel
+Gribsky as a kindly man; with John A. Logan ("Joyful Russia") who is
+religiously convinced that the czar is an angel; with Francis H. Skrine
+("Expansion of Russia") who approves the worst crimes of the house of
+Romanoff. Of course lackeys are always plentiful, but how sad that
+Russian Despotism should have Anglo-American defenders.
+
+[17] Russian heroines begin early. The renowned Vera Zasulitch was just
+sweet sixteen when she startled the world by shooting and wounding the
+murderous General Trepoff.
+
+[18] See "Russia Under the Czars," by Stepniak.
+
+[19] This is the sentiment of all Russian Rebels. When the beautiful
+revolutionary nurse, Anna Korba, was on trial, 1882, she said, "If the
+party of the Will of the People adopts the policy of terror, it is not
+because it prefers terrorism, but because terrorism is the only possible
+method of attaining the objects set before it by the historical
+conditions of Russian life. These are sad and fateful words, and they
+bear a prophecy of terrible calamity. Gentlemen--Senators, you are well
+acquainted with the fundamental laws of the Russian Empire. You are
+aware that no one has a right to advocate any change in the existing
+imperial form of Government, or even to think of such a thing. Merely to
+present to the Crown a collective petition is forbidden--and yet the
+country is growing and developing, the conditions of social life are
+becoming day by day more and more complicated, and the moment approaches
+when the Russian people will burst thru the barriers from which there is
+no exit." Here she was interrupted by the presiding judge, but
+continued, "The historical task set before the party of the Will of the
+People is to widen these barriers and to obtain for Russia independence
+and freedom. The means for the attainment of these objects depend
+directly upon the Government. We do not adher obstinately to terrorism.
+The hand that is raised to strike will instantly fall if the Government
+will change the political conditions of life. Our party has patriotic
+self-control enuf not to take revenge for its bleeding wounds; but,
+unless it prove false to the Russian people, it cannot lay down its arms
+until it has conquered for that people freedom and well-being." One of
+the last things that Stepniak tells us in "King Stork and King Log" is:
+"Terrorism is the worst of all methods of revolutionary warfare, and
+there is only one thing that is worse still--slavish submissiveness, and
+the absence of any protest."----An unusually good editorial, "The
+Meaning of Terrorism," appeared recently in the New York Evening Post,
+in which it was correctly said, "In exchange for freedom of
+self-expression, the Revolutionists stand ready instantly to abandon
+terror, and they point for proof of their sincerity to the cessation of
+warfare during the period when the Duma was being elected and sat, to
+their readiness even now to suspend hostilities for the coming
+elections; small reason tho they have for confidence in the future plans
+of the government."----The Boston Herald (March 16, 1905), in a column
+editorial called "How Assassins Are Made," says, "The dark cloud of
+Russian oppression is riven only by thunderbolts. There is no wind of
+free speech to drive it away."----The editor of Altruria (November 1907)
+in answering a gentleman who objected to terrorism in Russia, writes,
+"When he says 'there are other ways,' he is mistaken. That's all. That
+is just the trouble. In Russia there are no other ways; not at present.
+There was hope of peaceful reformation; the Government destroyed that
+hope. The bomb and the bullet, therefore remain the only weapon."
+
+
+
+
+SOPHIA PEROVSKAYA
+
+     All the condemned died like heroes. Kibalkitch and Geliabov
+     appeared very calm and resigned. Timothy Mikhailov pale but firm;
+     Rysakov calm and under control, but his face was as white as a
+     sheet. Sophia Perovskaya's courage struck us all with astonishment.
+     Not a sign of fear of death in her lovely countenance. Her cheeks
+     wore the fresh roses of youth and health, and a heroine's soul
+     gleamed from her gentle, but firm and serious face.
+          --From the reactionary _Kolnische Zeitung_.
+
+
+Russia has long been famous for its circles, which far surpass in
+interest and excellence, those of any other country. According to the
+calculation of the police, each member contributes to the society either
+a pint or a quart of blood, but this computation is too conservative.
+Those who join Russian Circles do not measure the amount, but are ready
+to give unto the last drop. At these meetings, chairmen and ceremony are
+unknown. Those present sit on chairs, lean against the window-sill, or
+squat on a broken sofa. They sing melancholy songs, smoke cigarettes and
+overwork the samovar. They dress carelessly in loose blouses of colored
+calico. Their hair is disheveled, their faces are flushed, their eyes
+are blazing. All argue at once, and in order to make themselves heard,
+interrupt each other, shout animatedly, bang the table, and rattle the
+spoon in the glass. The noise is deafening, but from the din of the
+debate fly forth sparks which may eventually inflame even this outraged
+empire of officials and icons.
+
+In 1872, Kropotkin joined the most important of these groups--the Circle
+of Chaykovsky. Kropotkin was now a thoro-going revolutionist, and it is
+foolish to ask as Grand Duke Nicholas did, "When did you begin to
+entertain such ideas?"
+
+In a country like Russia, where the present government incites the
+troops to massacre the people, hoping in this way to prolong its
+existence;[20] where the wardens do a thriving business by turning over
+the female prisoners to the soldiers at so much a piece; where the
+Dnieper-Demons beat women to the ground and ride their horses over their
+bosoms; where they toss children in the air and catch them on their
+bayonets;[21] where they hack babes in twain and hurl the bleeding
+pieces at their agonized mothers; where they hammer spikes thru the
+heads of old men;[22] where youths are exiled for life for reading a
+forbidden author; where vulgar officers command refined women to become
+their mistresses[23] or pay the penalty of having their families shipped
+to that side of the tear-drenched monument which says, "Asia;" where
+officials who plan pogroms are promoted, and those who protest are
+imprisoned[24] where tortures like pricking out the eyes[25] and
+striking the stomach are perpetrated; where virgin and matron are used
+to glut the lust of the cossack;[26] where such crimes are openly
+committed from dawn to dusk and thru the darkness of the black night,
+that at mere thought of them the suffering brain reels, and the
+horrified senses faint--in a land like this could a Peter Kropotkin
+remain Chamberlain to the Czarina?
+
+[Illustration: NICHOLAS CHAYKOVSKY
+
+"The Father of the Russian Revolution."]
+
+Such rare-souled characters formed this Circle, that Kropotkin spent
+here the two happiest years of his life. To pass whole days with
+Nicholas Chaykovsky, to speak with the Kornilov sisters, to work with
+the young Kuprianov, to grasp the honest hand of Stepniak, to enter the
+room at night in top-boots after lecturing to peasants, and see sweet
+Sophia Perovskaya say severely, "How dare you bring so much mud in this
+house!"--what life could be intenser?
+
+The Circle of Chaykovsky held its meetings in a little dwelling in the
+suburbs of Saint Petersburg. There was nothing about it to excite
+suspicion. The neighbors often saw the mistress attending to her
+business. They knew her to be an artisan's wife, an ordinary
+workingwoman. She wore a cotton dress and men's shoes, her head was
+covered with a fancy kerchief, and she trudged slowly along, carrying on
+her shoulders full pails of water from the Neva River.
+
+But they did not know that she belonged to the highest aristocracy; that
+one of her ancestors was the morganatic husband of Empress Elizabeth,
+daughter of Peter the Great; that her grandfather was Minister of Public
+Instruction; that her uncle was a renowned conqueror in Asia Minor; that
+her father was Governor General of St. Petersburg; that she herself had
+shone in the most fashionable drawing rooms of the capital, and that her
+name was Sophia Perovskaya,--a name which thrills the soul of every
+rebel to its center.
+
+Physically she was like a novelist's heroine. She had golden hair and
+her eyes were blue. A lissom figure, a musical voice, a charming
+laugh.[27] Pure with a maiden's modesty, chaste with a virginal shyness.
+So graceful and girlish that she never looked more than eighteen--even
+when she was twenty-six. Of such a sympathetic nature that when she
+became a nurse, sufferers whose nerves quivered in distress, claimed
+their agony abated as soon as she entered. Her mother she loved to
+adoration, and often at the risk of her life, she left her hiding-place
+to give Varvara Sergyevna the joy of folding her hunted child in her
+aching arms. Her father had human form, but was in reality a fiend, yet
+rejoice that he lived, for from his ultra-reactionary loins was born the
+white queen of the red revolution.
+
+From her sixteenth year, Sonya was ready to die for the Cause--with a
+smile on her beautiful lips and a wave of her graceful hand, with the
+crimson banner above her head, and upon her bosom a red carnation. I
+speak figuratively. She would not have worn these things. She was
+altogether too simple.
+
+Hers was a life full of pain, and in 1881 came the supreme sorrow. Her
+heart twitched with the torture, for Andrew Geliabov, the man she loved
+so fondly, was in the casemate of the fortress, and all knew, and Sonya
+knew too, that soon around his beloved neck would be a bluish streak.
+Yet her brilliant intellect was not dimmed or darkened. That will of
+iron and those nerves of steel, neither broke nor faltered. It was then
+that she arranged every detail for the assassination of Alexander II.
+She may have wept in private, but to her comrades she said with dry
+eyes, "When I give the signal, throw the bomb."
+
+The appointed day came. In a metal-clad carriage, the czar drove to the
+parade. Behind him in a sledge rode Colonel Dvorjitsky. Burning eyes
+looked at a girl. A handkerchief fluttered in the air--Sonya's signal!
+Rysakov threw his bomb. The Emperor alighted--unhurt. Then Grinevetsky
+too, flung a blessed ball of Kibalkitch's make, and within a few hours
+the old despot and the young martyr passed out of the world.
+
+Sophia Perovskaya inspired the greatest stanzas of the Poet of the
+Sierras, for usually the verse of the slangy Joaquin Miller is mediocre.
+But how grand are these!:
+
+
+     "A storm burst forth! From out the storm
+     The clean, red lightning leapt,
+     And lo, a prostrate royal form ...
+     And Alexander slept!
+     Down thru the snow, all smoking, warm
+     Like any blood, his crept.
+     Yea, one lay dead, for millions dead!
+     One red spot in the snow
+     For one long damning line of red,
+     Where exiles endless go--
+     The babe at breast, the mother's head
+     Bowed down and dying so.
+
+     And did a woman do this deed?
+     Then build her scaffold high,
+     That all may on her forehead read
+     The martyr's right to die!
+     Ring Cossack round on royal steed!
+     Now lift her to the sky!
+     But see! From out the black hood shines
+     A light few look upon!
+     Lorn exiles, see, from dark, deep mines,
+     A star at burst of dawn!...
+     A thud! A creak of hangman's lines!--
+     A frail shape jerked and drawn!..."
+
+
+Before stepping upon the scaffold, Sophia Perovskaya wrote a note. (I
+know it has often been printed, but how can I help publishing it again?)
+Think you she laments that one so gifted should perish so young? Read:
+
+"Mother, mother! Beloved, beloved one! If you only knew how cruelly I
+suffer at the thought of the sorrow and torture I have caused you,
+dearest--! I beg and beseech you not to rack your tender heart for my
+sake. Spare yourself, and think of all those who are round you at home,
+and who love you no less than I do--and need you constantly; and who,
+more than I, are entitled to your love and affection. Spare yourself
+too, for the sake of me, who would be so happy if only the agonizing
+thought of the sorrow I have caused you did not torture me so
+unspeakably. Sorrow not over my fate which I created for myself, as you
+know, at the strict behest of my conscience. You know that I could not
+have acted differently, that I was obliged to do what my heart ordered,
+that I had to go and leave you, beloved mother, when my country called
+me. Do not think that the death that inevitably awaits me has any terror
+for my soul. That which has happened is only, you know, what I have been
+expecting every day, every hour, during all those years, and what sooner
+or later, must overtake me and my friends. Soon, in the course of a few
+days, I must die for the cause, for the idea, for which I devoted my
+life and all the powers of my soul and body. How happy I should be then,
+dearest, beloved! Once more I beseech you not to mourn for me. You are
+well aware how ineffably I love you, I have always, always, loved you.
+By this love I conjure you to forgive your Sonya! Again and again I kiss
+your beloved hands, and on my knees, thank you for all you have given me
+during every moment of my life. On my knees I beseech you to bear to all
+the dear ones at home my last loving greetings! To-morrow I shall stand
+once more in the presence of my judges; probably for the last time. But
+my clothes are so shabby, and I wanted to tidy myself up a bit. Buy and
+send me, dearest mama, a little white collar and a pair of simple loose
+sleeves with links. Perhaps it will be vouchsafed us once again to
+meet. Till then, farewell! Do not forget my last fervent prayer, my
+last thought: forgive me and do not bewail me."
+
+[Illustration: SOPHIA PEROVSKAYA
+
+She was hanged in her twenties, but her name is as immortal as the
+eternal sun.]
+
+Yes, this is her letter. "Buy and send me, dearest mama, a little white
+collar and a pair of simple loose sleeves with links."
+
+A woman still--but glorified, radiant, resplendent--a woman all
+inspired, upraised, exalted, uplifted, aureoled.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[20] See the book on massacres by the ex-bureaucrat Prince Urusoff, in
+which the high official shows that the government itself is the chief
+pogrom-preparer. Translated by Herman Rosenthal.
+
+[21] See "Within the Pale," by Michael Davitt. Also Bialik's "'Al
+Shechitah," either in the Jewish Quarterly Review or The Maccabean,
+January 1907. Translation by Helena Frank.
+
+[22] See the "Report of the Duma Commission on the Pogrom at Bialystok,"
+published in the London Jewish Chronicle, July 1906. Reprinted in its
+entirety in the American Jewish Year Book, 1906-1907. At Kishineff, the
+wife of Fanorissi Siss had nails driven thru her eyes. See also Book II
+of "Gillette's Social Redemption," and Kropotkin's letter in the London
+Times, July 25, 1908.
+
+[23] See "Russia from Within," by Alexander Ular. This truthful volume
+contains many horrible revelations concerning the fearfully cruel and
+corrupt Grand Dukes.
+
+[24] For a well-edited "Table of Pogroms" see American Jewish Year Book,
+1906-1907. Out of hundreds of examples, here is one: On the last day of
+October 1905, a frightful carnage overtook the Jews in Odessa. Their
+financial loss amounted to at least one million rubles, and six thousand
+of them were killed and injured. The Self-Defense was well organized,
+but when they fought too valiantly, the police surrounded them and shot
+them down. The janitors were ordered to point out Jewish flats to the
+mob. An imperial Ukase was published, thanking the troops for their
+excellent work. Nineteen officers who tried to prevent the wholesale
+butchery were transfered to obscure posts, while Neidhardt who was
+Prefect of Police at this time was promoted to the position of Governor
+of Nishni-Novgorod. I purposely quote very modern instances, so English
+readers will see that the crimes of the Romanoffs are not things of the
+past.
+
+[25] See "The Revolution in the Baltic Provinces." The author's name is
+withheld for obvious reasons, but the terrible little book is edited by
+J. Ramsay MacDonald, a well-known member of Parliament. The reader of
+nervous temperament will not find the chapter on the "Torture Chambers
+of Riga," at all enjoyable.
+
+[26] For numerous instances see the "Red Reign," by Kellogg Durland.
+From every standpoint this is one of the most admirable works that has
+appeared on Russia.
+
+[27] "She had the ready laugh of a girl, and laughed with so much
+heartiness, and so unaffectedly, that she really seemed a young lass of
+sixteen.... At dinner time, when all met, there was chatting and joking
+as tho nothing was at stake, and it was then that Sophia Perovskaya--at
+the very moment when she had in her pocket a loaded revolver intended to
+blow up everything and everybody into the air--most frequently delighted
+the company with her silver laugh."--STEPNIAK.
+
+
+
+
+THE FORTRESS OF PETER AND PAUL
+
+     A strange feeling came over me when I saw that I was being conveyed
+     to this prison, used by the Government of the Czars for political
+     offenders only; a place never spoken of in Russia without a
+     shudder.--LEO DEUTSCH: _Sixteen Years in Siberia_.
+
+
+The Circle of Chaykovsky exerted an immense influence all over the
+empire, forming branches in every province, and producing the greatest
+of the Russian Revolutionists. Yet the particular group to which
+Kropotkin belonged was daily decreasing, on account of the imprisonment
+of its members.
+
+In January 1874, the police became so vigilant that the remaining
+comrades thought it wise for Stepniak to leave St. Petersburg. But this
+noble and lovable giant, whose simplicity earned him the epithet of
+"Baby," refused to obey. He protested warmly, and remained at his risky
+post until the Nihilists actually forced him to depart to a safer city.
+
+It was also time for Kropotkin--who had become famous by his speeches to
+the 'prostoi narod'--to conceal himself, but in his case a strange
+circumstance prevented. He had just completed his essay on the glacial
+formations, and it was necessary to read it at a meeting of the
+Geographical Society. When he finished, an animated discussion began,
+but laurels were on Kropotkin's head; it was admitted that all old
+theories concerning the diluvial period in Russia were erroneous. This
+paper produced such an excellent impression that it was proposed to
+nominate the author president of the Physical Geography section. So
+Kropotkin sat among the fine gentlemen, and shook hands with the
+dignified professors, and smilingly thanked the learned savants for the
+honors they conferred upon him, but inwardly he asked himself if he
+would not spend that very night in the prison of the Third Section.
+
+His guess was not a bad one. He was soon arrested. After certain tedious
+formalities, he was put in a cab. A colossal Circassian sat at his side.
+The genial Kropotkin spoke to him, but the mass of meat only snored.
+Many of Kropotkin's comrades were already entombed in Litovsky prison,
+but his question if he too were going there was unanswered. Then the cab
+crossed Palace Bridge, and it was no longer necessary to interrogate the
+guardian. Peter Kropotkin knew he was bound for that silent coffin of
+stone which darkly rises like a Hell-on-Earth--the Fortress of Saint
+Peter and Saint Paul.
+
+He leaned over and looked at the flowing Neva, knowing he would not soon
+see the graceful river again. Over the gulf of Finland, clouds were
+hanging, but the prisoner searched for patches of blue sky. The sun was
+going down, wearily perhaps, but proudly, for as it slowly sank below
+the horizon it left behind it gossamer colors of sapphire and scarlet,
+with glint and glow of gold. (And the officer snored.)
+
+The carriage turned to the left and entered a dark passage. Kropotkin
+was now within the gate of the Cemetery for the Living, the mouldy,
+murderous Tomb of Torture. Thru his mind flashed all the horrors of this
+famous prison whose dreaded name is uttered only in a voice hushed and
+awed.[28] Within these walls the Decembrists became martyrs. Here
+Nechaev--in the gloomy Alexis ravelin[29]--was kept a prisoner for life.
+Here Perovskaya had been confined. Here was incarcerated the
+poet-prince Odoevsky, about whose early death the banished Lermontov
+wrote so tender an elegy.
+
+The carriage stopped before another gate which was opened by soldiers.
+Here Catherine II.[30] buried alive all who opposed her abominations.
+Here the terrible Minich tortured his enemies until they expired from
+the agony. Here Princess Tarakanova was locked in a cell which filled
+with water, causing the rats to climb upon her body to save themselves
+from drowning. Here in the awful loneliness of the silent dungeons, an
+army of unfortunates had gone insane.
+
+The carriage rested again and Kropotkin was taken to a third iron gate
+which opened into a dark room where he could vaguely see several
+soldiers in soft felt boots gliding noiselessly about as if they were
+phantoms from another world. He recalled that here was caged much of the
+winged glory of Russian Literature--Ryleev, the poet of freedom whose
+forbidden ballads Kropotkin's mother copied in her note-books;
+Griboyedov who wrote one immortal masterpiece[31] and then put pen no
+more to paper because the censor mutilated his work beyond recognition;
+Shevchenko who dipped his quill in a soul of tears and wrote
+heart-breaking poetry about his fellow-serfs; Dostoyevsky, the sensitive
+novelist who described so well the injured and insulted; Pisarev, a
+truly marvellous critic whose voice was a trumpet-call arousing the
+youth to a higher life; Chernishevsky, the profoundest thinker of his
+time, as great a genius as the race of man has produced.[32] These--and
+how many more!--had spent weary years in the fortress where he was now
+walking.
+
+He remembered that in one of these cells the dauntless Karakozov was
+frightfully maltreated by being deprived of sleep. The gendarmes, who
+were changed every two hours, were ordered to keep him awake. Karakozov
+was inventive, and as he sat on his small stool he would cross his legs,
+and swing one of them to make his tormentors believe he was up;
+meanwhile he would steal a nap, continuing to swing his leg. When the
+gendarmes--depraved, imbruted blood-spillers--discovered the deception,
+they shook him every few moments whether he swung his limb or not. It is
+also quite certain that all his joints were crushed, for when he was
+taken out from the fortress to be hanged, he looked like a lump of
+rubber or heap of jelly. His head, arms, legs, trunk, were altogether
+loose as if they contained no bones or only broken ones. It was terrible
+to see the strenuous efforts he made to ascend the scaffold.
+
+Kropotkin was taken to another black hall where armed sentries were
+moving. He thought of the mighty Bakunin, who was kept in an Austrian
+prison chained to the wall for two years, and then spent six more in
+this Fortress of Peter and Paul, and yet came out as fresh and pink as a
+boy.
+
+He was put into a cell--a casemate originally intended for a cannon. A
+heavy oak door was shut behind him, a huge key turned in the lock, and
+the prince who had slept in the lap of an empress, who had been petted
+by Nicholas I., and who as sergeant of the corps of pages became the
+closest personal attendant of Alexander II., was left alone in a
+darksome reduit.
+
+The prisoner examined his cell. High up in the granite wall a hole was
+cut. Kropotkin dragged his stool there, looked out and listened.
+Emptiness--no sound. He tapped the walls--no response. He struck the
+floor with his foot--no reply. He spoke to the sentry--no answer. The
+coldness, the dampness, the darkness were bad enuf, but this utter
+silence, this intense stillness, this grave-like deadness were
+maddening.
+
+No human being addressed him; no living thing held intercourse with
+him--except the pigeons which came morning and afternoon to his window
+to receive food thru the grating. Only the bells of the fortress
+cathedral were heard. Every quarter of an hour they chimed to the glory
+of Jesus, and every midnight they pealed forth, "God save the Czar."
+
+Then all was mute ... and nothing more....
+
+Not only did no one speak to him, he was not even permitted to speak to
+himself. When the killing silence first began to oppress him, he hummed
+a tune. Then the spirit of song took hold of him, and he raised his
+voice. He sang from his favorite opera, Glinka's _Ruslan and
+Ludmila_--"Have I then to say farewell to love forever?"
+
+"Sir," said a bass voice thru the food-window, "do not sing!"
+
+A few days later, Peter Kropotkin could not sing.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[28] See the "Memoirs of a Revolutionist."
+
+[29] See the "Russian Bastille" by Simon O. Pollock in the International
+Socialist Review, March 1907.
+
+[30] If anyone cares to know to what sexual depravities royal ladies can
+descend, let him read what Dr. W. W. Sanger says about Empress Elizabeth
+and the two Catherines in his valuable "History of Prostitution." The
+number of lovers they caressed was surpassed only by the number of
+thinkers they tortured. The first-named had a reputation for humaneness.
+Does this mean that during her reign no one was exiled? No, it means
+that during her reign only 80,000 of her subjects were knouted and
+deported to Siberia.
+
+[31] Prophetically named "The Misfortune of Having Brains." (Gore ot
+Uma).
+
+[32] For a brief but sympathetic sketch of Chernishevsky by one who knew
+him personally, see the "Russian Revolt" by Edmund Noble. It contains
+this sentence: "Such was the cost of trying to be a Cobden or a Bright
+in Russia!"
+
+
+
+
+BROTHERS
+
+     The worst is, that the gendarmes cannot live without political
+     plots; if they have none to deal with in reality, they must invent
+     some; otherwise they run the risk of seeing their budget diminished
+     for the next year. This is the reason why alarming reports as to
+     future political attempts circulate as a rule a few weeks and even
+     months before the renewal of the special budget serving to pay this
+     sort of people.--MAXIM KOVALEVSKY: _Russian Political
+     Institutions_.
+
+
+So time crept on with crippled feet, halting and limping on its broken
+crutches, held back by heavy ball and clanking chain. Thru the five feet
+of granite the sun could not penetrate, but grief came in thru the
+mortar. No oxygen passed the Judas, but with noisy wings sorrow flew in
+the embrasure. The oaken doors held freedom out, but sadness passed the
+bars of iron.
+
+A great blow came to Kropotkin. He heard news which sickened him. Life
+lost its meaning. His stool remained unused in the corner.[33] All the
+day long, and during the endless hours of night, he wandered up and
+down his cell like a dazed animal. Friendly faces could not see him, but
+distress was his warder, and despair became his familiar visitor. He had
+learnt of the arrest of his brother Alexander[34]--the Sasha for whom he
+had saved the tiny tea-cakes.
+
+The history of Peter Kropotkin can never be written and the name of
+Alexander left out. Tho only a year older, Sasha was in advance of him
+intellectually. This alone shows what a remarkable child he was, for
+Peter also was precocious: at twelve he dropped his title of prince,
+signing himself merely P. Kropotkin; at fourteen he wrote articles in
+favor of a constitution; and while still at school, he became the author
+of a text-book on physics which was printed for the use of his
+class-mates.
+
+But more than anyone else, it was Sasha who opened unknown vistas to
+him, who stimulated his mind, who guided his studies, and directed his
+reading.
+
+"What happiness," wrote Kropotkin many years later, "it was for me to
+have such a brother! To him I owe the best part of my development."
+
+However, we soon forget Sasha's abilities--great as they were--in the
+contemplation of his white soul, of his spotless character, of his open
+heart, of his affectionate and exceptional personality.
+
+When he grew to manhood, he departed from Russia. His spirit was too
+lofty to exist in this blood-soaked hell of ghoulish czars. He needed
+freedom like the eagle needs the mountain crag. Had he shared his
+brother's views, he would have remained to work and die for the Cause.
+But as it was his opinion that a popular uprising was an impossibility,
+he could take no part in political agitation, and he went to Switzerland
+with wife and child. Here his great scientific work assumed monumental
+proportions; it was to be a nineteenth century counterpart of the
+renowned _Tableau de la Nature_ of the Encyclopaedists. He labored in
+love, for science was to him what it was to Darwin.
+
+Then he heard of Kropotkin's arrest. In a twinkling he left everything.
+He re-entered the gore-dripping cave of the Bloody Bear. For his loved
+brother's sake he breathed again the murderous miasma. Once more he
+walked in that cursed country where the nagaika of the cossack beats
+freedom to death.
+
+Better than anyone else, he knew that if Kropotkin could not write, he
+would die. The Geographical Society and the Academy of Sciences wished
+the prisoner to finish a volume on the glacial period, and using this as
+a support, Sasha petitioned the authorities to allow his brother resume
+work. He made every scholar in the capital miserable, and plagued every
+scientific association until they agreed to support his application.
+
+The fruit of this labor was that the governor entered Kropotkin's cell
+bearing precious gifts. It would take an Ippolit Mishkin in his most
+eloquent moment to describe the captive's unfathomable joy when he felt
+the paper beneath his palm and clutched in his hungry fingers, an inked
+pen!
+
+In the presence of gendarmes, the brothers were permitted to see each
+other.[35] Sasha was much agitated. He hated the very sight of the
+uniforms of the executioners, and was too frank to keep his feelings to
+himself. Kropotkin was happy to see his honest face, his eyes full of
+love, and yet he wished him as far away as Zurich, for he knew that tho
+Sasha now came to the Third Section by day of his own free will, the
+time would come when he would be brought there by night under the escort
+of blue-garbed gendarmes.
+
+Kropotkin was right. Sasha wrote a letter to his friend, the famous
+refugee and profound thinker, P. L. Lavrov, in which he mentioned his
+fears that his brother will fall ill in his armored chamber.
+
+The Third Section intercepted the letter and arrested the writer. This
+was the story which leaked into Kropotkin's cell and broke him down.
+
+
+There is a touching little poem by Nora Perry about two attractive young
+ladies who come home after the ball. It is late, and they sit on the bed
+in their pretty nightgowns, stockingless, slipperless, combing their
+beautiful hair. Their dresses and flowers and ribbons are scattered over
+the room. They talk of the evening's revel, and laugh idly at the waltz
+and merry quadrille. Yet the hearts of these girls are not quite as
+light as their lips, for they both love one man and they fall asleep
+dreaming of him--his face shines out like a star. Here the poetess leans
+over the alluring sleepers and whispers if they could but peep into the
+future, they would not be jealous of each other, for ere another year
+rolls by, one will be ready for bridal and the other for burial. The
+eyes of one will sparkle among her jewels; her cheeks will blush thru
+her curls, but the other will be in that cabalistic country where there
+is neither wish nor want.
+
+[Illustration: "BEFORE THE SEARCH"--_By Kolinichenko_
+
+A Russian student burning his papers.]
+
+Yet is it not well that we cannot lift the mysterious veil and peer
+behind the darksome curtain? Otherwise would not we see future tragedies
+that would rob us of all strength to live thru the present?
+
+Certain it is that had Kropotkin guessed the fate that was to befall
+Sasha, he would soon have left the fortress--carried out.
+
+It may be a mooted point as to whether cossacks or gendarmes have been
+more successful in violating women, but all will agree that the former
+are pre-eminent in sabering students, while the latter receive the palm
+when it comes to searching houses. When half a dozen of them,
+accompanied by an officer,[36] burst into Sasha's flat after midnight,
+on Christmas eve, they excelled themselves. Against Alexander Kropotkin
+there was no accusation except that he had written a personal letter to
+a personal friend. Yet the Third Section kept him a prisoner for several
+months.
+
+At this time his charming child, whom illness rendered still more
+affectionate and intelligent, was dying from consumption. It was not
+Sasha's nature to ask favors from his enemies, but when Death beckons
+with its bony finger, one cannot be proud. So Sasha asked permission to
+see his son for the last time. The request was refused. He begged to be
+allowed to go home for one hour, promising on his word of honor to
+return. The request was refused. Then the high-souled man cast his
+spirit in the dust before them and implored to be taken there in chains,
+and guarded by gendarmes. The request was refused.
+
+The child died; the mother went half mad with grief; Sasha was told he
+would be transported to one of the loneliest towns in farthest Siberia;
+that he would travel in a cart between two gendarmes; that his wife
+could not go with him, but might follow later.
+
+A year passed, and Sasha remained in exile. Another year, and he was
+still in Siberia. His sister Helene, without asking anyone, wrote a
+petition to the czar. She gave it to her cousin Dmitri Kropotkin, an
+unfeeling scoundrel who was afterwards killed by the revolutionist
+Goldenberg. At this time he was governor-general of Kharkoff,
+aide-de-camp of the emperor, and a favorite of the court. Heartless as
+he was, he thought it unjust for a non-political to be exiled so long,
+and he handed the petition personally to Alexander II., adding words of
+his own in support of it. Romanoff took the document and wrote upon it:
+
+"Let him remain there."[37]
+
+Ten years later. Sasha was still in bleak Siberia, cut off from his
+scientific work, severed from the intellectual world. A gloomy
+night--the wolves howled and Sasha lived. But these things could not go
+on forever. A silent night--the wail of the wolf ceased, and the soul of
+Sasha escaped.[38] Helene wrote no petitions to Death, but it was Death
+that liberated him.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[33] Determining to preserve his physical vigor, Kropotkin mapped out
+for himself a course in gymnastics. Among other feats, he made excellent
+if undignified use of his weighty oak stool. He balanced it on his nose
+and lifted it with his teeth; he put it on the end of his foot and
+raised it at right angles to his body; he turned it on its edges and
+twirled it like a wheel; he tossed it from one hand to the other, faster
+and faster; and he hurled it between, under, and across his legs.
+
+[34] That is, his arrest in 1875; for Alexander Kropotkin had previously
+been arrested and thrown into prison in 1858, for reading Emerson's
+essay on "Self-Reliance," which was loaned to him by a university
+professor. For a portrait and his noble behavior on this occasion, see
+George Kennan's world-known "Siberia and the Exile System."
+
+[35] See Kropotkin's "Memoirs of a Revolutionist."
+
+[36] "There is not depicted in Russian literature a single type of
+officer which inspires sympathy or commands respect."... "Each of these
+young officers knows a string of such anecdotes all relating to the same
+topic. Here we have a tipsy cornet who rushes among a crowd of Jews and
+scatters them with drawn saber. A sublieutenant sabers a student who had
+inadvertently jogged his elbow. An officer shoots dead a civilian who
+had ventured the remark that a gentleman never addressed ladies to whom
+he had not been introduced."--G. SAVITCH in La Revue.
+
+[37] This is a typical drop in the ocean of his extreme cruelty.--Among
+those who contributed to my "Symposium on Humanitarians," (see August
+1908 issue of the Medico-Pharmaceutical Critic and Guide), was the
+distinguished ex-ambassador to Germany and Russia, Andrew D. White,
+Ph.D., L.H.D., LL.D. He mentioned as one of his favorites, Alexander II.
+Naturally I could not understand such a barbaric choice. A little later,
+this eminent former President and Professor of Cornell University
+published his "Autobiography," and I found he was the apologist, admirer
+and friend of Pobedonostzeff! He speaks as highly of this relentless
+persecutor as of Leo Tolstoy! I deserve to have my face slapped for
+expecting Truth and Right from an official personage!
+
+[38] He committed suicide by shooting himself.
+
+
+
+
+THE OPEN GATE
+
+     The autumn night is dark as the crime of the traitor. But darker
+     still, piercing the mist like a gloomy vision, stands--the prison.
+     The sentinels are striding idly around, and in the deepness of the
+     night is heard their groanlike melancholy "Lis-ten!" Tho the walls
+     of the barrier are strong, tho the iron locks are unbreakable, tho
+     the eyes of the gaolers are keen, and everywhere are shining
+     bayonets, still the prison is not a morgue. Thou sentinel, be not
+     negligent, trust not the darkness, be careful, Lis-ten!...
+     MIKHAILOV.
+
+
+The plague of the prisons was upon Kropotkin--he was sick with
+scurvy[39] and dying from insufficient oxidation of the blood. The
+wretches who lifted the shutter of the Judas and spied upon him,
+believed he would soon change his silent casemate for a silent coffin.
+
+His relatives heard about his condition, and their alarm was great. His
+sister Helene tried to obtain his release on bail, but the procureur
+turned himself like a golden pheasant and said with a sinister smile,
+"If you bring me a doctor's certificate that he will die in ten days, I
+will release him." The girl fell in a chair and sobbed aloud. Shubin
+smiled again, for like Gorky's Tchizhik in _Orloff and his Wife_, he was
+fond of gratuitous entertainments.
+
+But a prince is not a peasant, and Kropotkin was examined by a thoroly
+competent physician who ordered his transfer to the military hospital
+(where politicals were sent when it was thought they would soon require
+an undertaker).
+
+Kropotkin improved at once. With a full chest he breathed the blest air
+which he had missed so long. The rays of the sun warmed him, and the
+scent of flowers gladdened his life. The immense window of his spacious
+room may have been grated, but it was never closed. He sat there all day
+gazing at the rows of trees. Later he was taken out for an hour's walk
+in the prison yard--large, and full of sweet growing grass. The first
+moment he entered it, he stopped on the doorstep unable to move. Before
+him was a gate, and it was open! He tried not to look at it, yet stared
+at it all the time.
+
+The desire of the moth for the flame, the attraction of steel for
+loadstone, the bond between chlorine and hydrogen, the affinity of
+kalium for the halogens--what are these compared to the passion of a
+prisoner for an open gate?
+
+Kropotkin trembled as if in a fever. From head to foot his body shook,
+while the heart leaped and his pulses throbbed. He soon managed to let
+his Circle know how near he was to liberty, and immediately the comrades
+determined to aid him in escaping. Plans and plots were devised and
+disposed of, till Kropotkin feared all would be too late. He violated
+the rules of hygiene, hoping to keep in bad health, for he knew his
+walks would be stopped as soon as the doctor pronounced him well. Alas!
+in spite of all his efforts, his weight increased, his eyes brightened,
+his complexion cleared, his digestion improved. All symptoms of scurvy
+left him,--the livid spots under the skin and the oozy spongy gums
+disappeared.
+
+At last all was ready. The revolutionists were sentimental, and decided
+the escape should occur June 29th, Old Style, for this is the day of
+Peter and Paul. It was arranged that Kropotkin's signal that all was
+well should be the taking off of his hat, and if all were right outside,
+the comrades would send up a red toy balloon. The day of the "saints"
+came. At the usual time--four o'clock--Kropotkin was brought out for his
+walk. He took off his hat, and waited for the little balloon. But in the
+air no red ball arose, and at the end of an awful hour, he returned to
+his cell--sick, crushed and broken.
+
+A peculiar thing had happened. Usually hundreds of balloons could be
+bought near the Gostinoi Dvor. Yet that day not a red one was seen--only
+blue and white ones were there. Later one was discovered in the
+possession of a child, but it was damaged and could not ascend. The
+comrades rushed into an optician's shop, bought an apparatus for making
+hydrogen, and filled the rubber with the gas. Had they pumped it full of
+fluorine, the result would not have been worse. No inflation occurred,
+and the unexpanded balloon did not fly--but time did. The comrades grew
+worried. Then a lady attached the useless toy to her umbrella, and
+holding it above her head walked along the prison wall. But Kropotkin
+saw nothing because the wall was high and the lady was short.
+
+The next day, at two, another lady came to the prison, bringing
+Kropotkin a watch. Not dreaming that a pocket time-piece could contain
+anything dangerous, the authorities passed it along without examination.
+Kropotkin did not look at the hour, but pulled off the lid, and found a
+tiny cipher note containing a new plan. (Had one of the officials
+performed this operation the lady's life would have been forfeited.)
+
+This time the comrades rented the bungalow opposite the hospital. A
+musician was there ready to play on his violin if all were well. For a
+mile around every cab had been hired to render pursuit difficult. But
+what was to be done with the soldier who was posted at the gate and who
+could easily prevent Kropotkin from gaining the street, by merely
+stepping in front of him with lowered bayonet? Ah, the comrades, like
+Chitchikoff in Gogol's _Dead Souls_, had an idea. This soldier had once
+worked in the laboratory of the hospital, and therefore they appointed
+one of their number to divert his attention by a discussion on
+microscopes.
+
+At four o'clock Kropotkin was escorted to the yard. He waited a moment,
+wiped his brow as if it were hot, and took off his hat. From the little
+gray house a violin sounded. The tones fell sweetly on Kropotkin's ears.
+He moved toward the gate intending to run in a moment. Suddenly--the
+music ceased. His heart hurt. Something writhed. One painful minute
+passed ... Two ... Three ... Four ... Five ... Ten minutes ... No music
+... A quarter of an hour.... Some heavily loaded carts entered the gate,
+and Kropotkin understood the cause of the interruption.
+
+Immediately the violin trilled. Kropotkin listened with interest. The
+musician was talented, and performed with much feeling. You felt that if
+three of the strings broke, like Paganini he would still make ravishing
+music on the fourth. Moreover his technique was perfect. He was playing
+a mazurka from Kontsky--wild, eager, thrilling,--a mad mazurka. It
+attracted Kropotkin like a magnet. It pulled him to the end of the
+footpath. He trembled lest it should stop again, but the intoxicated
+sounds floated over the prison yard, louder and louder, with
+ever-increasing passion and freedom.
+
+Kropotkin glanced at the sentry. This hero followed a line parallel to
+his, but five paces nearer the gate. He was supposed to walk directly
+behind the prisoner, but as Kropotkin always crawled feebly along at a
+snail's pace, the able-bodied sentry who was too vigorous to creep, hit
+upon the above device.
+
+Five paces nearer the gate--that was bad. But the sentry was only a
+sentry, while Peter Kropotkin was a mathematician and a psychologist. He
+calculated that if he began to run, the soldier instead of heading
+directly for the gate to cut off his escape, would obey his natural
+instinct and endeavor to seize him as quickly as possible. He would thus
+describe two sides of a triangle, of which Kropotkin would describe the
+third alone.
+
+Fortissimo--how loudly that violin played! Kropotkin ran!
+
+No sooner had he taken a few steps than some peasants who were piling
+wood, shouted, "He runs! Stop him"! It was for the people that Kropotkin
+was in prison; it was for them that he descended from his high estate;
+it was for them that he was ready to die at any moment. But the blocks
+with the slanted brows did not understand. At night when they lay on
+their rotting straw, they thanked the good gods for sending them such
+good masters. Now they called out, "Stop him! Stop him!"[40]
+
+When Kropotkin heard that cry, he fled with a speed equal to Commandant
+Masyukov's, when Madame Sigida struck him. Already the sentry--doing
+just what Kropotkin expected him to do--was at his heels. Three soldiers
+who were sitting on the doorstep, followed. The athletic sentinel was so
+confident he could outrun the invalid that he did not fire, but flung
+his rifle forward, trying to give the fleeing patient a bayonet-blow in
+the back. But it is never safe to take chances with even a sick runner,
+when he is sprinting for his life.
+
+"Did you ever see what a big tail that louse has under the microscope?"
+asked the scientific comrade of the soldier at the gate.
+
+"What, man! A tail? Why, man, you're crazy!"
+
+"That's right. It has a tail as long as that."
+
+"Come man, none of your tales now. Do you take me for a fool? I know a
+thing or two about the microscope myself."
+
+"But I tell you it has. I aught to know better. That's the very first
+thing I saw under the microscope."
+
+At this moment Kropotkin ran past them unnoticed, and tho usually much
+interested in convex lenses, took absolutely no part in the animated
+argument.
+
+On gaining the street he was dumfounded to see that the huge man who
+occupied the carriage wore a military cap. The unhappy thought came to
+him that he had been betrayed. But on running nearer he saw it was a
+friend.
+
+"Jump in! Jump in!" cried this modern Mikoula Selaninovich in a terrible
+voice, calling him a vile name. Leaning over to the coachman, he shoved
+a revolver in his face, screaming, "Gallop! Gallop! I will kill you,
+you----!!" using language abusive enuf to have made every foul-mouthed
+cossack in the cavalry stare in mute admiration.
+
+Springing into the air from a forefoot, the beautiful horse--a famous
+trotter named Barbar--flew along as if it were shod not with steel but
+with wings. When the cause of Revolution is triumphant, this flying
+quadruped should receive a statue of purest gold, for two years later it
+rendered another magnificent service to the movement by bearing to
+safety the Nihilist Stepniak, after he helped assassinate the monstrous
+Mezentsov--murderer of many.[41]
+
+Like lightning it leapt thru a narrow lane; they entered the immense
+Nevsky Prospect; they turned into a side-street; Kropotkin ran up a
+stair-case; the smiling comrade-coachman drove away. At the top of the
+steps waiting with painful anxiety was his sister-in-law. Physiologists
+claim it is impossible to do two things at one instant, but Kropotkin
+says that when he fell into her arms, she laughed and cried at once,
+and at the same time bade him change his clothes and crop his beard. Ten
+minutes later, he and his muscular Mikoula left the house, and took a
+cab. About an hour after, the house was searched, but as Kropotkin was
+not there, and it was necessary to arrest someone, the police took his
+sister and his sister-in-law.
+
+Kropotkin was puzzled where to spend the time till evening, but his big
+friend knew. He called out to the cabman, "To Donon!" which has the same
+significance in Saint Petersburg that Delmonico has in New York, or
+Cecil in London, or Doree in Paris, or Bristol in Berlin, or Sacher in
+Vienna.
+
+The decision was wise, for the police searched the dirty slums, but not
+the swell West End. So Kropotkin, dressed in an elegant costume, entered
+the aristocratic restaurant, and as he walks thru the halls flooded with
+light and crowded with guests, let us fill the biggest bumper with the
+richest wine, and quaff congratulations to the noblest prince that was
+ever imprisoned--and escaped.
+
+Then softly let us retreat on tiptoe, and glance at his products for the
+bookshelf.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[39] For a description of this disease, see Professor Osler's
+"Principles and Practise of Medicine."----"In parts of Russia scurvy is
+endemic, at certain seasons reaching epidemic proportions; and the
+leading authorities upon the disorder, now in that country, are almost
+unanimous, according to Hoffmann, in regarding it as
+infectious."----This reference to a physician reminds me of an
+interesting little book which has just appeared, "Glimpses of Medical
+Europe," by Dr. Ralph L. Thompson. Writing of Russia he says, "In St.
+Petersburg are fine parks and theatres and comfortable hotels in
+abundance. But despite it all there is an odd feeling of oppression that
+strikes one the moment he lands on Russian soil, and one doesn't breathe
+freely till he is out of it all."... "Personally I wouldn't mind
+foregoing health, friends and money, to fame; but if it came to a
+question of living in Russia, I would choose to die unknown."
+
+[40] For a work dealing with revolutionary workmen and peasants, see
+"Mother," by Maxim Gorky. See also the admirable "Russia's Message" by
+William English Walling. This book is illustrated with magnificent
+photographs, including the latest one of Kropotkin.
+
+[41] The Russian Revolutionists are too modest. Stepniak in "Underground
+Russia," finds it necessary to mention that Mezentsov was stabbed to
+death in the streets of Saint Petersburg in full daylight, but he does
+not tell the reader that he himself was the author of the glorious deed.
+To find this out, we must go to another work; for instance, Konni
+Zilliacus's "Russian Revolutionary Movement," or Leo Deutsch's "Sixteen
+Years in Siberia," (see the English translation by Helen Chisholm). On
+the other hand Deutsch escaped in a romantic manner from the prison in
+Kiev, but in his book he refers to it so casually that if we wish to
+learn the facts we must go to another work; either Stepniak's, or
+Professor Thun's "Geschichte der revolutionaren Bewegung in Russland."
+
+
+
+
+FROM THE PRINTING PRESS
+
+     You poets, painters, sculptors, musicians, if you understand your
+     true mission and the very interests of art itself, come with us.
+     Place your pen, your pencil, your chisel, your ideas at the service
+     of the revolution. Figure forth to us, in your eloquent style, or
+     your impressive pictures, the heroic struggles of the people
+     against their oppressors, fire the hearts of our youth with that
+     glorious revolutionary enthusiasm which inflamed the souls of our
+     ancestors; tell women what a noble career is that of a husband who
+     devotes his life to the great cause of social emancipation! Show
+     the people how hideous is their actual life, and place your hands
+     on the causes of its ugliness; tell us what a rational life would
+     be, if it did not encounter at every step the follies and ignomies
+     of our present social order.--P. KROPOTKIN: _An Appeal to the
+     Young_.
+
+
+Peter Kropotkin's writings range from obscure articles in unknown papers
+read by a handful of faithful subscribers, to cloth-bound far-famed
+volumes translated into several languages; include contributions to
+periodicals as revolutionary as _Revolte_ and as respectable as the
+_Atlantic Monthly_; embrace all subjects from machinery to music, and
+from Tolstoyism to Terrorism.
+
+Judged from a literary standpoint, his work is distinctly
+disappointing. It is styleless. But it has one redeeming feature:
+clearness. The man is straight. He is not ashamed of his ideas. He
+speaks right out. He is one of the few authors who writes for the
+peculiar purpose of being understood. He does not bury the flower of his
+thought in a wilderness of words.
+
+It cannot be contended that Kropotkin gave up his style because he
+writes for workers who are unable to appreciate the beauty of literary
+composition. A man may refuse a title with an oath as Carlyle did, or
+give it up as Kropotkin himself did, but he who has a style relinquishes
+it not, for this is a gift besides which the 'boast of heraldry' is as a
+puppy's snappish yelp unto the lion's mighty roar.
+
+Neither can it be claimed that Kropotkin's stylistic deficiency is due
+to the fact that he is an economist. So was Henry George, and yet there
+is a magical music in _Progress and Poverty_ which makes the phrases
+flow like a poem of Pushkin's.
+
+Nor can it be argued that his style has been spoilt by the circumstance
+that he writes in various languages, for in none of his work is there
+epigram, imagery or imagination--the glorious trinity of the stylists.
+But what has a foreign tongue to do with it? Was not Kossuth just as
+much an artist in English as in his native pepper? Even when he cried
+that we must seize the opportunity by the _front hair_? Many waters
+cannot quench love, and strange alphabets do not wipe out style.
+
+What is a stylist? He is one who handles words, who licks phrases into
+shape, who moulds clauses to his bidding, who compels a sentence to
+leave a deathless impression, who weaves a connected chain of harmony
+from the scattered links of language.
+
+Kropotkin has written very much, but practice does not make a stylist
+any more than learning the rules in the _Rationale of Verse_ makes one
+capable of producing _The Raven_. The secret of style is revealed to
+few. Its essence is a mystery in which only a handful are initiated. The
+elusive occultism of art consists in this--that a single expression has
+the power to either damn a passage into oblivion, or to emblazon it
+forever in eternity.
+
+To give a striking instance: When Edgar Poe first wrote _To Helen_,
+these lines composed the second stanza:
+
+
+     "On desperate seas long wont to roam,
+       Thy hyacinth hair, thy classic face,
+     Thy Naiad airs have brought me home
+       To the beauty of fair Greece,
+     And the grandeur of old Rome."
+
+
+In this case the concluding couplet is cheap and commonplace--"fair
+Greece" and "old Rome" being anemic expressions unfit to live. Poe
+amended it to read:
+
+
+       "To the glory that was Greece,
+     And the grandeur that was Rome."
+
+
+Miracle of Art! This is not a change, but an apotheosis. We now have two
+lines which lay before us in gorgeous perfection a picture of the past;
+two lines as splendid as they were sickly, as magnificent as formerly
+they were mediocre. Yet the idea is the same in both cases. What then is
+it which makes so much difference? It is the manner of expression--it is
+style--it is art.
+
+There is no reason why one man should be a stylist and another should
+not, but so it is. Huxley was a stylist; Darwin was not; Herzen, yes;
+Kropotkin, no.
+
+Being anxious to know Kropotkin's exact attitude towards Art, I wrote to
+him asking categorically: "In your opinion, have exquisite poets like
+Keats and Pushkin--who never touched social questions, but celebrated
+only beauty--been of much benefit to mankind?"
+
+He answered thus: "Not in a direct way, but perhaps _very much in an
+indirect way_: Pushkin by creating language,[42] and Keats by teaching
+love of nature. As to "exquisiteness," have we not had too much of those
+egotistic sweets?"
+
+Closely analysed, and reduced to its ultimate elements, this answer
+shows that Kropotkin has no use for art per se. According to him Keats
+and Pushkin are benefactors not because of their beautiful verses, but
+because of other reasons. Exquisiteness he condemns altogether. He
+rejects the doctrine of Art for the sake of Art. He does not subscribe
+to the creed of Flaubert, Gautier, Bouilhet, Maupassant, Anatole France
+and Lafcadio Hearn.
+
+I think Kropotkin is wrong, and I believe that because his work lacks
+artistic finish, much of it is doomed to perish.
+
+Maxim Gorky, in speaking of a brief period when the Russian Censorship
+was somewhat suspended, said, "Books fell over the land like flakes of
+snow, but their effect was as sparks of fire!"
+
+If Kropotkin wished to express the same idea, he would say it something
+like this: "Numerous books of all descriptions were published and
+distributed thruout Russia."
+
+How fine Gorky's; how poor Kropotkin's. How vivid the former; how weak
+the latter. This is the difference between style and lack of it. Not in
+the entire range of Kropotkin's writings is there a single sentence in
+any way comparing with the above one of Gorky's; for he who writes
+without art holds a crippled pen. I may be mistaken, but in my opinion
+this single quotation from the Bitter One is worth all Kropotkin's
+_Freedom Pamphlets_. It is sublime in its similes and exquisite in its
+antitheses. There is a power in it which unchains enthusiasm and awakens
+intensity. "Books fell over the land like flakes of snow, but their
+effect was as sparks of fire." It is art. It is unforgettable, while to
+remember a phrase from _Modern Science and Anarchism_ is impossible.
+
+With this introduction, we may proceed to examine his work, much of
+which is necessary and valuable, tho none of it is of primal or
+epoch-making importance. Stepniak is right when he says, "He is not a
+mere manufacturer of books. Beyond his purely scientific labors, he has
+never written any work of much moment." And as Herzen said of Ogaryov,
+we may remark of Kropotkin: "His chief life-work was the working out of
+such an ideal personality as he is himself."
+
+The majority of prominent periodicals in England and America to which
+Kropotkin has contributed, are listed in the _Reader's Guide_ which can
+be found in any library, and those interested can look them up. Of
+course, many of these articles are first-class, but I can stop to
+mention only two. See _Russia and the Student Riots_ (_Outlook_, April
+6, 1901), which deals with the disturbances which caused the young
+revolutionist, Peter Karpowitch, to kill Bogolepov, Minister of Public
+Instruction. It shows with painful clearness the extreme and useless
+savagery of that cruel, repulsive, Stead-praised, arch-murderer,
+Nicholas II.
+
+See also the _Present Crisis in Russia_, (_North American Review_, May
+1901). In this excellent essay he refers to the Procurator of the Holy
+Synod in these words: "Pobedonostzeff, a narrow-minded fanatic of the
+state religion, who--if it were only in his power--would have burnt at
+the stake all protestants against Orthodoxy and Catholicism."[43]
+
+Who should answer this article, but Pobedonostzeff himself! (_Russia and
+Popular Education_, _N. A. R._ September 1901). How strange when Light
+and Darkness are arrayed against each other![44] Pobedonostzeff calls
+Kropotkin "a learned geographer and sociologist;" but says; "Tho a
+Russian, he (Kropotkin) does not understand Russia, and is incapable of
+understanding his country; for the soul of the Russian people is a
+closed book to him which he has never opened." It is noteworthy that he
+does not attempt to deny Kropotkin's charge that if it were only in his
+power he would burn at the stake all protestants against orthodoxy and
+catholicism. Doubtless he considers this his chief crown of glory.
+
+There was a further response from Kropotkin, (_Russian Schools and the
+Holy Synod_, _N. A. R._ April 1902).
+
+Among his pamphlets which are used assiduously by the anarchists of all
+countries for propaganda, and which often cause the arrest of the
+devoted distributer, are: _Anarchism: Its Philosophy and Ideal. The
+State: Its Historic Role. War. Law and Authority. The Paris Commune.
+Organized Vengeance--called Justice. Anarchist Communism: Its Basis and
+Principles. An Appeal to the Young. The Psychology of Revolution. The
+Wage System._ These tracts are valuable as eye-openers to uneducated
+workmen, but they possess no merit whatsoever for cultured liberals.
+
+Altho Kropotkin has written more than thirty geographical articles for
+the _Encyclopedia Britannica_, it is difficult to think of this
+revolutionaire as a contributor to this backward publication. The
+_Encyclopedia Britannica_ is not on the trail for truth--it wants
+current prejudices. For instance, Professor Samuel Davidson, D. D., LL.
+D., was asked to contribute an essay on the _Canon_. Happening to be a
+scholar as well as a theolog, the venerable man was not satisfied with
+the logic of Father Irenaeus, that since the earth has four corners, and
+there are four winds, and animals have four legs, there must be four
+Gospels. His article was so mutilated by the editors of the
+_Encyclopedia_, that in justice to himself, he was obliged to publish
+the original version in book form, _The Canon of the Bible_. When the
+_Encyclopedia_ mentions liberty, it is from the reactionary viewpoint.
+The _American Supplement_ follows its parent in this respect, for here
+are eulogistic accounts of the second and third Alexanders, by Nathan
+Haskell Dole.[45] This literat is so ignorant of the most important
+epochs in the Russian Revolution, that he writes, "Vera Zasulich
+murdered General Trepov;" when all the world knows that Trepov was only
+wounded and soon recovered.[46] Luxuriously abound the weeds of his
+misstatements.[47] He speaks of the 'private virtues' of Alexander III.
+They must have been very private indeed, for no one ever discovered
+them. He speaks of his 'noble aspirations,' but the son of Maria of
+Hesse-Darmstadt had only this one aspiration: to wipe out freedom as
+effectually as a whirlwind blows away a puff of smoke. Such is the
+famous publication to which all school-girls resort when they must
+prepare a composition on Milton.
+
+Kropotkin's strictly scientific works, the _Orography of Asia_ and the
+_Glacial Period_ were written in Russian and have not been translated
+into English.
+
+During his imprisonment at Clairvaux, appeared his _Words of a Rebel_,
+1885, in French, published by Elisee Reclus. It is a critical exposition
+of Anarchism.[48]
+
+In 1886 he published his first book in English, _In Russian and French
+Prisons_. This work soon disappeared from the market. Kropotkin himself
+offered a high price for a copy, but could not obtain one. It seems the
+agents of the Russian government bought up the entire edition and
+destroyed it.
+
+In 1892 appeared his _Conquest of Bread_, in French, which has been
+translated into Dutch, German, Spanish, Portuguese, Norwegian, English.
+It is perhaps his most important work and has been much reviewed and
+quoted. Notice to those who wish to think: Study this volume.
+
+In 1898 appeared his _Fields, Factories and Workshops_. This highly
+excellent work is the splendid outcome of several essays which were
+written a decade previous for the _Nineteenth Century_ (1880-1890), and
+one for the Forum, (_Possibilities of Agriculture_, August 1890). If
+nations would follow this book, how great would be their gain in
+prosperity and happiness![49]
+
+This book is a plea for intensive agriculture, and in view of the great
+cry, "Back to the land!" which is sweeping over the nations, it is a
+fulfilled prophecy. It is the remedy for social ills--the solution of
+the labor problem. Kropotkin shows that by the new method of scientific
+farming, a man can make a living from an acre of ground,[50] and as soon
+as the workingman realizes this fact--and can get a bit of land--he will
+be able to discharge his employer and bounce his boss. By all means read
+the chapters on _The Possibilities of Agriculture_: no fairy-tale is
+more miraculous.[51]
+
+In 1899 appeared in book form the _Memoirs of a Revolutionist_ which had
+first run serially in the _Atlantic Monthly_, (September 1898 to
+September 1899), under the title, _Autobiography of a Revolutionist_. In
+the magazine, the introduction is by Robert Erskine Ely, who was
+Kropotkin's host when the Russian traveled in America. In the book,
+however, the preface is by Brandes. Neither of these forewords is
+brilliant, but the latter is the worse. When we think of Norway, we
+think of only one man--Ibsen. When we think of Denmark, we think of only
+one man--Brandes. But in this case his preface was a fizzle. In fact, it
+is almost as bad as the erudite Lavrov's preface to Stepniak's splendid
+_Underground Russia_. No better and nobler book than these _Memoirs_ has
+been written; nothing higher and purer could be written. Only one thing
+is lacking; indeed, it is the chief omission in the cosmos of
+Kropotkin--the poetic note. He is good and great, but the passionate
+fire is denied him. His soul is not aflame with poesy's burning brand.
+He could never cry out like the student Ivan Kalayev, "My soul is
+burning with stormy passion; my heart is full of battle-boldness. O, if
+I could only see the coming of liberty! O, to pull the mask of falsehood
+from the face of the murderer, to strike the tyrant with the steel-arm!
+Enuf tears! Let the glorious, victorious struggle arise! The people are
+calling us! It is a shame, it is a crime to wait longer! Fall upon the
+enemy, my honest hereditary sword! I am thine, altogether thine, O my
+country, my mother!" But leaving divine enthusiasm aside, this volume is
+perfection. He who peruses its loving pages, gains a tender brother
+whose body is unseen, but whose memory becomes imperishable. When you
+read it, you cry a little, because the man who wrote it was so kind.
+Across the miles you seem to hear his fraternal voice, and you know if
+you write to him, he will answer you thus: "Dear Comrade."--If you have
+time to read but a single volume a year, and desire one by a Russian,
+and ask my advice, I say: Read one of these--_Underground Russia_, by
+Stepniak; or _Memoirs of a Revolutionist_, by Kropotkin.[52]
+
+In 1902 he wrote _Modern Science and Anarchism_, a booklet of about one
+hundred pages which is much admired and extensively advertised by the
+anarchists.
+
+By far his most important work of recent years is, _Mutual Aid: A Factor
+in Evolution_.[53] His contention is that in progressive evolution,
+mutual aid plays a greater part than mutual struggle. He claims that
+most Darwinians have misinterpreted Darwin's ideas. For an able analysis
+of this great book, see the review by Professor Vladimir G.
+Simkhovitch, (_Popular Science Quarterly_, December 1903).
+
+In 1905 appeared his _Russian Literature_[54]--a very good and useful
+text-book--which originated in a series of eight lectures, delivered
+March 1901, at the Lowell Institute in Boston. It is not perfect, but
+this is not the author's fault. With only three hundred pages at his
+disposal, it is impossible to treat all adequately, while some writers
+had to be omitted entirely. For example, there is not a line about the
+famous anti-militarist novelist, Vsevolod Garshin (1855-1888), or of
+Simon Nadson (1862-1887), the exquisite and melancholy poet who chanted
+songs not at sunrise, but in shadow and solitude, and died in youth and
+sadness, leaving to the Outcasts of the Ages another great name to
+cherish.[55]
+
+In reading this book we experience a peculiarly uneasy sensation:--
+
+We read of Lomonosov, by far the greatest Russian of his age, whose life
+was broken by political persecution.
+
+We read of the moral Novikov, whom Catherine II. sentenced to serve
+fifteen years in a secret cell in Schusselburg.
+
+We read of Labzin, who wrote against corruption, and consequently was
+forced to end his days in exile.
+
+We read of Radischeff--the first to point out the horrors of
+serfdom--who was imprisoned, deported, and died by suicide.
+
+We read of the epoch-making Pushkin who was exiled to Kishinev at
+twenty, and later to Mikhailovskoye, and who escaped permanent political
+exile in Siberia by accident.
+
+We read of the Byronic Lermontov who was banished to the Caucasus for
+writing a poem on the death of Pushkin.
+
+We read of Ryleev, Odoevsky, Shevchenko, Griboyedov, Pisarev,
+Chernishevsky, whose martyrdoms I have already mentioned.
+
+We read of the brilliant and poetic Polezhaev, who was send to the
+barracks when a minor and died there from consumption.
+
+We read of the popular novelist Bestuzhev, who was exiled to Siberia and
+then sent to the Caucasus as a soldier.
+
+We read of the great Gogol who suffered at the hands of the censorship.
+
+We read of Turgenev who was arrested and exiled to his distant estates
+for writing a brief obituary notice of Gogol. Had it not been for his
+influential friends he would have gone to Siberia.
+
+We read of Leo Tolstoy whose excellent educational experiment was
+violently abolished by the government, so enraging this extraordinary
+man that he warned Alexander II. he would shoot the first police officer
+who would again dare to enter his home.
+
+We read of the high-strung Dostoyevsky who for no reason at all was
+sentenced to death, brought to the gibbet, pardoned there, condemned to
+hard labor, imprisoned, exiled, deprived of literary work, beaten with
+the cat-o'-nine-tails, tortured in a thousand ways, year after year,
+till he became a mental and physical wreck. In all the history of the
+human race, from the day that primitive man roamed the untamed forests,
+and stubbing his naked toe against a root, fell down to worship it, to
+placate it, to appease it, until the scientific time that a biologist
+like Haeckel absolutely denied the existence of god and soul,--there
+has been nothing more horribly cruel than the czarish treatment which
+the Russian government meted out to the gifted youth who produced a work
+in his early twenties that caused Nekrasov to cry out to Belinsky, "A
+new Gogol is born to us!"[56]
+
+We read of Plescheev, one of Russia's foremost poets, who was sent as a
+soldier to the Orenburg region, and endured persecution for years.
+
+We read of Mikhail Mikhailov--one of the most valued contributors to the
+_Sovremennik_. (The Contemporary), a wonderful periodical numbering
+among its contributors, Chernishevsky, Dobrolubov, Tolstoy,
+Nekrasov--who was condemned to hard labor in Siberia where he soon died.
+
+We read of Ostrovsky, the Father of the Russian Drama, who was placed
+under police supervision as a suspect.
+
+We read of the loving Levitov--"a pure flower of the Russian
+steppes"--who while a student was exiled to the far north, and later
+removed to Vologda where he was forced to live in complete isolation
+from everything intellectual and in awful poverty verging on starvation.
+
+We read of Petropavlovsky who was early exiled to the Siberian
+government of Tobolsk, where he was kept many years and from which he
+was released only to die soon after from consumption.
+
+We read of Saltykoff (Schedrin), the greatest of satirists, who was
+exiled for several years in the miserable provincial town of Vyatka.
+
+We read of Belinsky, the greatest of critics, who fortunately died young
+enuf to escape the fortress. When he was dying an agent of the
+state-police would call from time to time to ascertain if he were still
+alive. Had he recovered he would have been transfered to Peter and Paul.
+
+We read of the persecution of Palm and Potyekhin; of the years that
+Melshin, Korolenko, Zasodimsky, Elpatievsky, etc, spent in exile. By
+this time a terrible truth dawns upon the startled mind: In Romanoff's
+Russia, scarcely one single writer of worth has escaped imprisonment or
+banishment.[57] And these prophets who have been thus persecuted were
+not despicable rhymers like Alfred Austin, or duke-and-duchess novelists
+like Harold MacGrath. They were great-brained men whose mission was to
+uplift a nation. Had the Catherines, Nicholases, and Alexanders been
+less powerful, Russia would not now be the foulest blot on our
+skull-strewn earth.[58]
+
+Ivan Federof was the first of Russian printers. In 1564 he cast the
+Slavonic characters. Being accused of heresy, he fled for his life. The
+Lithuanian magnates with whom he sought refuge, forced him to till the
+soil. Unhappy Federof said, "It was not my work to sow the grain, but to
+scatter thru the earth food for the mind, nourishment for the souls of
+all mankind." He perished in Lemberg in extreme poverty.[59] Woful was
+his fate--symbolic of the sad destiny which was to befall every
+literary man in Knoutland.[60]
+
+Let the Russian who intends to become an author prepare his last will
+and testament, and notify the nearest undertaker. No night will be too
+dark to keep gendarmes from bursting into his room and hauling him off
+to a prison from which he may never emerge. (If he comes from an
+aristocratic family let him adopt an empty-eyed skull and yellow
+cross-bones as a suitable coat-of-arms). In the den of the bloody bear
+there is a blackness as of many clouds. Within this deep shadow, Virtue
+is slaughtered and Genius treated like an unwelcome cur.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[42] When Pushkin began to write, the Russian literary language was in a
+somewhat unsettled and nebulous state, and his poetry helped to form and
+fix it. He thus did for Russian literature what Chaucer did for English.
+
+[43] Kropotkin is too mild. Pobedonostzeff, world-renowned as the
+"Modern Torquemada," shed more blood, and was a colder and--if
+possible--crueller being than the terrible Spanish Inquisitor, while the
+physical tortures that he used, with the exception of burning at the
+stake which was too open an affair, were practically the same that were
+in vogue during the Dark Ages. He started numerous massacres which
+resulted in the deaths of great numbers. He often inflamed peoples who
+lived in harmony, to destroy each other. He was eminently successful in
+stirring up racial hatred and religious prejudice. "When I was in the
+Caucasus I saw the Georgian everywhere working peacefully and
+contentedly side by side with the Tartar and the Armenian. How happily
+and simply, like children, they played and sang and laughed, and how
+difficult now to believe that these simple, delightful people are busy
+killing each other in a senseless, stupid way, obedient to dark and evil
+influences."--Maxim Gorky in London Times. These "dark and evil
+influences" emanated from the medieval fissures in the theologic brain
+of Constantine Petrovitch Pobedonostzeff.
+
+[44] Twenty years previous, in the pages of this very magazine, the same
+thing occurred, for the enlightened Ingersoll and the orthodox Jeremiah
+Black argued about Christianity.
+
+[45] We would naturally expect better things from the author of that
+specially fine sonnet, "Russia" (see Stedman's American Anthology),
+beginning:
+
+
+     "Saturnian mother! why dost thou devour
+     Thy offspring, who by loving thee are curst?"
+
+
+[46] The same mistake (and a respectable number of others) is made by
+William Eleroy Curtis in his false and disgusting "The Land of the
+Nihilist." He devotes a whole chapter to Alexander II., speaks
+continually of his assassination, and yet does not know even the name of
+the famous assassin. He says it is Elnikoff (sic)! This is a bad guess.
+On this occasion two bombs were thrown. The first by Rysakov, and it
+destroyed the carriage. The second by Grinevetsky, and it destroyed the
+emperor. How carefully and conscientiously the well-informed author has
+studied the history of the Russian Revolution which he so vilely
+condemns! If he ever compiles a work on England, I dare say he will
+announce that Charles I. was sentenced to death by the Quakers.
+
+[47] It almost equals Broughton Brandenburg's "The Menace of the Red
+Flag" (Broadway Magazine, June 1908), in which Bakunin is called a
+Frenchman! I read the unlimited number of errors in this article with
+uncontrollable amazement. Few men, I said, are gifted with such an
+infinite amount of ignorance and godliness. The next day the newspapers
+announced that this same Saint Broughtonius had been arrested by his
+wife and was being sued for abandonment and non-support.
+
+P. S. As I correct these proofs I learn that Brandenburg the Blessed is
+again under arrest; this time for forging Grover Cleveland's signature
+to a campaign article and selling it to the New York Times for $200.
+
+[48] For an impartial discussion of the various anarchial schools,
+including of course Peter Kropotkin's, see "Anarchism" by Dr. Paul
+Eltzbacher.
+
+[49] Without venturing my own opinion, I must say that in this work
+Kropotkin enunciates a theory which few radicals accept--the
+Decentralisation of Industries. Briefly stated, the doctrine is this: It
+is untrue that certain nations are specialised either for industry or
+for agriculture. Countries which economists have declared to be merely
+agricultural lands, have recently advanced so rapidly in industries that
+the supremacy of the champions is seriously threatened. No one or two
+nations can again secure a monopoly of industry, for the tendency of
+modern civilization is towards a spreading and scattering of industries
+all over the earth. Not a mere shifting of the center of gravity from
+one country to another, as formerly happened in Europe when the
+commercial hegemony migrated from Italy to Spain, then to Holland, and
+finally to Britain, but an actual and permanent decentralisation of
+industry, by its very nature making it impossible for any nation to gain
+industrial ascendancy. Even the most backward nations will soon
+manufacture almost everything they need. There is much advantage in this
+combination of industrial with agricultural pursuits. It is well to have
+production for home use--each region producing and consuming its own
+manufactured goods and its own agricultural product.----Of course the
+Socialists are diametrically opposed to this contention, and they answer
+it with one word--the trusts.--When I spoke with Leonard D. Abbott about
+Kropotkin, he told me his high opinion of him, but soon referred to this
+hypothesis, and laughed. It was the same when I mentioned the point to
+Dr. Antoinette Konikov, etc. See Abbott's "A Visit to Prince Kropotkin,"
+(Twentieth Century, October 2, 1897).
+
+[50] My friend Elmer Littlefield has demonstrated the same thing on his
+acre on Fellowship Farm, Westwood, Mass. His magazine, Ariel, is an
+enthusiastic advocate of intensive agriculture.
+
+[51] Bolton Hall's "Three Acres and Liberty" is based to a great extent
+on this work of Kropotkin's.
+
+[52] After finishing the "Memoirs," my friend, Miss Margaret Scott wrote
+me: "As a system of ethical training it might be advisable to have our
+police lieutenants read one chapter a day of Kropotkin, while lawyers,
+mayors and such, should have to get thru three. Think of the mental
+upheaval!"
+
+[53] Spargo the Socialist--always a vehement foe of the
+Anarchists--calls this "a wonderful book." See his "The Socialists."
+
+[54] This book is not permitted in Russia--when Kellogg Durland traveled
+there, he had to rip off the cover and wrap the pages around his body.
+
+[55] Several intelligent Russians tell me Nadson is their favorite poet;
+therefore this must be considered a serious omission. One exclaimed,
+"What, he writes about Fet and not Nadson!"
+
+[56] On this subject see "Russia and the Russians," by Edmund Noble.
+
+[57] "The history of Russian Literature is a martyrology." See "Russian
+Traits and Terrors," by E. B. Lanin, the collective signature of several
+writers in the Fortnightly Review. The Twentieth Century (June 26, 1897)
+ends its review of this volume with this sentence: "Concerning Russian
+prisons the book makes revelations so sickening that language is
+polluted by the recital of them. Swinburne's fierce ode is mild in its
+characterization of their brutal infamy, and it is possible, after
+reading these pages to agree with Ernest Belfort Bax's assertion that
+any sane man, knowing the facts, who pronounces it wrong to assassinate
+the Czar, deliberately lies."--Swinburne's poem, "Russia: An Ode," altho
+it contains a few weak lines, is certainly one of the most fiery
+outbursts in the language, and is clearly the work of a master. Here is
+a representative passage:
+
+
+     "Hell recoils heart-stricken: horror worse than hell
+     Darkens earth and sickens heaven; life knows the spell,
+     Shudders, quails, and sinks--or, filled with fierier breath,
+     Rises red in arms devised of darkling death.
+     Pity mad with passion, anguish mad with shame,
+     Call aloud on justice by her darker name;
+     Love grows hate for love's sake; life takes death for guide.
+     Night hath none but one red star--Tyrannicide."
+
+
+[58] Imagine the United States of America if Franklin had been murdered,
+if Irving had been knouted, if Bryant had been exiled, if Emerson had
+been imprisoned, if Longfellow had been starved, if Whittier had been
+hanged, if Holmes had been flogged, if Thoreau had been shot, if Whitman
+had been poisoned, if Hawthorne had been chained with iron, if Lowell
+had been kept in a secret dungeon, if Motley had spent his life in a
+mine, if Parkman had been tortured, etc., etc., etc.
+
+[59] See "Russian Novelists" by Viscount Vogue. But the statements of
+this virulent French reactionary must be received with extreme caution
+as his perverted brains frequently prevent him from stating the truth.
+For example, in speaking of Turgenev, he says, "But, tho always ready to
+help others, he certainly never gave his aid to any political intriguer.
+Was it natural that a man of his refinement and high culture should have
+aided the schemes of wild and fruitless political conspiracies?" By
+'political intriguer' he means an 'enemy to the empire, a revolutionist.
+Now the facts are that no one was of greater use to Herzen the
+arch-revolutionist and his thundering Kolokol, than Turgenev. Herzen was
+in England and often it was impossible to explain how he knew some of
+the events which he described. It was Turgenev who furnished him this
+information. All this is revealed by the published correspondence of
+Herzen and Turgenev. Turgenev was fully and entirely in sympathy with
+the Russian Revolution. He earnestly desired to meet Ippolit Mishkin,
+and begged Kropotkin to tell him all he knew about this defiant
+revolutionary orator. Turgenev deeply loved his own Bazaroff, and in
+explaining him says, "If the reader is not won by Bazaroff,
+notwithstanding his roughness, absence of heart, pitiless dryness and
+terseness, then the fault is with me--I have missed my aim; but to
+sweeten him with syrup (to use Bazaroff's own language), this I did not
+want to do, altho perhaps thru that I would have won Russian youth at
+once to my side.... When he calls himself nihilist, you must read
+revolutionist."
+
+[60] This does not include obsequious authors like Derzhavin and
+Karamzin. Masters are usually willing to fling a few crumbs to their
+fawning dogs.
+
+
+
+
+IN LATER LIFE
+
+     There are at this moment only two great Russians who think for the
+     Russian people, and whose thoughts belong to mankind,--Leo Tolstoy
+     and Peter Kropotkin.--GEORG BRANDES
+
+
+A storm careered madly over the Northern Sea, its impatient waves
+heaving and howling, leaping with a burning frenzy, the fuming raging
+billows surging and swelling, calling and crying, roaring louder and
+louder, vaulting higher and higher.
+
+The steamer shook and swayed and struggled; the frightened passengers
+sought shelter in their state-rooms, but one of them sat for hours upon
+the stem of the deck, enjoying the tempest intensely, putting out his
+face so it could be watered by the foam of the dashing waves. This was
+Kropotkin. After the years he had spent in the charnel cell, no wonder
+every fibre in his body was trembling and throbbing to meet the force
+and passion of the sea-storm.
+
+He landed safely in the country where Herzen founded _The Bell_, where
+Lavrov edited _Forward_, where Felix Volkhovsky was to conduct _Free
+Russia_, and where he himself was to start _Freedom_.
+
+For over thirty years he has remained abroad. He never returned to
+Russia. He is one of the few revolutionists who never went back to that
+sunken swamp where liberty's wrapped in her winding-sheets, while
+tyranny's robed in ermine. There are two reasons for this. In the first
+place he became interested in a new-born idea--Anarchism--and felt he
+could be more useful as an apostle of this movement than as a rebel in
+Trepovdom. As is well-known, his lectures and writings on the subject
+have earned him the title, "Father of Anarchist-Communism." Secondly,
+when the Nihilists were changed (by purple butchers) into Terrorists,
+they dropped their propaganda of pamphlets to study the properties of
+petroleum, and thus were forced to neglect the varletry. However,
+Kropotkin's sympathies drew him more and more towards those human
+machines who toil so hard for their bread that if you cut their pennies
+open, the blood would gush from them.
+
+About a year after his escape, Kropotkin attended an important labor
+congress in Belgium (1877). A few days later the police received an
+order to arrest him. At this time the theologians were in power, and
+the Belgian comrades knowing a clerical ministry would be only too
+willing to turn him over to the blood-sucking czar, insisted upon his
+leaving the country. On returning to his hotel, he found his good friend
+James Guillaume--small physically, big in all other respects--barring
+the way to his room, and sternly announcing that Kropotkin could enter
+only by using force against him.
+
+The next morning the ejected delegate sailed for London, but soon went
+to Paris where he helped to form radical groups. Again he was wanted by
+the police, but by mistake they arrested a Russian student (1878). Later
+he left for Switzerland where he founded an anarchistic paper, _Le
+Revolte_ (1879).
+
+Two years later Alexander II. was assassinated. The government hanged
+the revolutionists at home, but pretended the exiles abroad were
+responsible for the deed. The Holy League was formed to execute the
+refugees. An officer who knew Kropotkin when he was a page de chambre,
+was appointed to kill him. A woman was sent from Petersburg to Geneva to
+lead the conspiracy. Kropotkin took matters coolly, collected a pile of
+threatening letters--of which the police later relieved him--and
+nothing happened except that Helvetia was told if it did not expel the
+agitator, then Alexander III., the Lord's Anointed, would drive out from
+Russia all the Swiss governesses and ladies' maids, while the czarina
+would refuse to eat Swiss cheese. This was more than the little republic
+could stand, and Kropotkin was told to go. He says he did not take
+umbrage at this.
+
+He went once more to London, where he met his old comrade Chaykovsky,
+and together they began to preach their gospel of freedom. Always to
+work for the liberation of humanity--that isn't such a bad idea, is
+it?[61]
+
+At this time there was no movement in the Island which had imbibed the
+narcotic of reaction and lay in a wakeless torpor, and Kropotkin and his
+devoted wife felt so lonely among the napping Britons that they decided
+to cross the channel. "Better a prison in France than this grave," they
+said. They were followed by an army of informers, freely furnished by
+the loving Russian Government which cannot bear to see its children
+travel without suitable protection. Not to be outdone in courtesy, the
+French police soon escorted him to the official lodging-house.
+
+Kropotkin was incarcerated in the central prison of Clairvaux where had
+been confined old Blanqui--the communard at whose burial Louise Michel
+spoke words which will have no funeral. Kropotkin was well-treated, the
+officials were polite, and he was permitted to give his fellow-prisoners
+instruction in physics, languages, geometry and cosmography.
+Unfortunately, Clairvaux is built on marshy ground, and Kropotkin fell
+sick from malaria. His wife who was studying in Paris, preparing for the
+degree of Doctor of Science, hastened from Wurtz's laboratory to the
+prison-town. She remained there until her iconoclast was released. This
+event occurred after three years' imprisonment. He then went to the
+capital, lectured to an audience of several thousand, and left France
+immediately to avoid a forcible expulsion.
+
+Such are some of the scenes in the life of Peter Kropotkin--imprisoned
+by governments, pursued by police, followed by spies,[62] hounded by
+agents of autocracy.
+
+This peace-loving man whose name is synonym for kindness, this tender
+soul as modest as Newton, as gentle as Darwin, has been hunted from
+frontier to border-line. Against none of his persecutors does he utter a
+single invective. He is the epitome of mildness, the incarnation of
+humaneness.[63]
+
+Ask anyone who has seen Kropotkin for an hour or has known him for a
+generation, to describe his most characteristic trait, and the
+invariable answer will be: simplicity. His is a great spirit--it has
+cast out flam. "Kropotkin is one of the most sincere and frank of men,"
+says Stepniak. "He always says the truth, pure and simple, without any
+regard for the _amour propre_ of his hearers, or for any consideration
+whatever. This is the most striking and sympathetic feature of his
+character. Every word he says may be absolutely believed. His sincerity
+is such, that sometimes in the ardour of discussion an entirely fresh
+consideration unexpectedly presents itself to his mind, and sets him
+thinking. He immediately stops, remains quite absorbed for a moment, and
+then begins to think aloud, speaking as tho he were an opponent. At
+other times he carries on this discussion mentally, and after some
+moments of silence, turning to his astonished adversary, smilingly says,
+'You are right.' This absolute sincerity renders him the best of
+friends, and gives especial weight to his praise and blame."
+
+[Illustration: THE COSSACKS
+
+Indulging in a favorite Russian pastime.]
+
+Most of Kropotkin's Russian revolutionary comrades--using the term
+Comrade in its broad sense--ended their days in misery. Kroutikoff
+strangled himself with a piece of linen; Stransky poisoned himself;
+Zapolsky cut his throat with a pair of scissors; Leontovitch and
+Bogomoloff hacked theirs with a bit of glass; Zhutin died in chains
+bound to the wall; Kolenkin perished from wounds torn open by fetters;
+Rodin poisoned himself with matches; Nathalie Armfeldt died of prison
+consumption; Beverly was wounded with bullets and murdered with
+bayonet-thrusts; Ivan Cherniavsky and wife and child were transported to
+Irkutsk, the temperature was thirty degrees below zero, and the baby
+died, while the mother went mad, howled, laughed, prayed, cursed,
+rocked the dead infant in her arms and sang nursery songs;[64]
+Semyonovsky shot himself; Uspensky hanged himself; Martinova was dragged
+to the police station on the very day that she expected to become a
+mother; Gratchevsky threw kerosene from his lamp over himself, set it on
+fire and died shrieking--but at least he escaped from Schlusselburg;
+Edelson was marched to the Arctic zone even after he had become insane;
+Mukhanov was killed with a volley of balls; Sergius Pik was struck in
+the head, his jaw was smashed by the gendarmes' guns, a ghastly hole was
+made above his eye, his blood and brains oozed and fell on his
+chest;[65] Sophia Gurevitch was ripped open with bayonets; Sherstnova
+was shot to death for signaling with a hand-mirror; the young wife of
+Felix Volkhovsky shot herself thru the head; the wonderful Kuprianov
+died in prison at the age of nineteen; Shtchedrin was chained to the
+barrow, became insane and so perished; Nadyeshda Sigida was flogged to
+death;[66] Marie Vetrova was raped and murdered;[67] Jessy Helfman was
+tortured indescribably; Bobohov swallowed a handful of opium; Ossinsky's
+hair turned white in five minutes; Maria Kovalevskaya--cover thy face,
+freedom--suffered, took poison and died in the prison infirmary;
+Yakimova stayed up nights in the Trubetzkoi Ravelin to prevent the rats
+from devouring her baby; Olga Lubatovitch was stripped naked by men and
+beaten; Malyovany died in exile; the student Schmidt was murdered in his
+cell by his jailers; Spiridonova was violated by a cossack officer and
+by a police chief; the high-minded Plotnikoff ended his days in an
+asylum; Bogulubov became a raving lunatic; Serdukov was so broken that
+he shot himself after his release; the poet Polivanoff also committed
+suicide thus--(Ah, those twenty long years in Schlusselburg!); the noble
+Balmaschoff was hanged; the beautiful Zinaida too; Isaiev, Okladsky,
+Zubkovsky went mad; Kviotkovsky, Presniakoff, Soukanoff died in Skipper
+Peter's Prison; Buzinsky, Gellis, Ignatius Ivanoff succumbed in the
+Key-Town Fortress; to Federoff was reserved a fate worse than death,
+worse than torture, worse than madness, for it was his destiny to become
+a dupe of the Black Hundreds and unwittingly slay Georg Iollos--lover of
+liberty;[68] Ludmila Volkenstein,--but why continue an unhappy list
+which has neither beginning nor end? I could fill a library with such
+cases.
+
+
+Such individual torments fell not to the lot of Peter Kropotkin.
+Personally he has been favored by fortune. He has touched existence on
+every side and lived every life. The wisdom of the world is in his
+brain, and within his heart is lodged all its goodness. His experience
+has been unusually wide. He has been on intimate terms with czar and
+serf, he has met millionaire and mendicant, he has hobnobbed with prince
+and pauper. He has lectured to aristocratic audiences who gazed calmly
+at him thru gilded lorgnettes and foppish monocles, and to
+empty-stomached workmen who cried loudly, "Pierre! Pierre! Notre
+Pierre!"[69]
+
+The finest men of all nations have honored him. When a prisoner at
+Clairvaux, a petition for his release was signed by such geniuses as
+Herbert Spencer, Victor Hugo and Algernon Swinburne. When he required
+books, Ernest Renan put his library at his service. While at Paris,
+Turgenev--who won immortality by a single word--wished to be introduced
+to him and celebrate his escape by a little banquet. When Catherine
+Breshkovskaya journeyed for the first time to Petersburg, Kropotkin was
+on the same train; they discussed problems, and this extraordinary woman
+says his words thrilled like fire.[70] Elie Reclus was his brother.
+Elisee published his writings and asked him to contribute to his
+Geography--the greatest in existence. Jean Grave is his disciple. Ernest
+Crosby loved him. Georg Brandes praises him lavishly. Zola paid his work
+a high compliment. Elizabeth Cady Stanton spent an interesting day at
+his home. J. Scott Keltie, the eminent authority on African history, is
+one of his warmest friends. Bates, the Naturalist on the Amazons whom
+Darwin mentions so often, appreciated his scientific ability. Enrico
+Ferri closely studied his works. The learned Lavrov was his comrade.
+Denjiro Kotoku, the Japanese essayist who founded the radical
+_Heiminshimbun_, considers him one of the greatest humanitarians of the
+nineteenth century.[71] At the home of Edward Clodd he argued with Grant
+Allen. When at East Aurora, I saw only one picture over the desk of
+Elbert Hubbard, and that was Kropotkin. Those who have read _De
+Profundis_ will recall in what high pure words Oscar Wilde speaks of
+him. Tolstoy calls him a learned man.[72] The authors of _Russian Traits
+and Terrors_ speak of him as "one whose scientific accuracy and
+objectivity is beyond praise." James Knowles so respected him that he
+allowed him to write anarchistic articles for his high-toned _Nineteenth
+Century_. Laurence Gronlound gives him as a type of the ideal anarchist.
+In the soul of every libertarian swings a fragrant censer which offers
+up olibanum to the stainless character of the great revolutionist. Put
+those who love Kropotkin on one side, and those who don't on the other,
+and you will have separated the heralds of the morning from the spooks
+of the night. It is no more necessary to be an anarchist-communist to
+have a warm spot in your heart for Peter Kropotkin, than it is necessary
+to believe in Adam and Eve to enjoy Milton's _Paradise Lost_.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[61] Kropotkin is still able to cross London Bridge, but his comrade is
+missing. For many years Chaykovsky kept away from Russia. During a whole
+generation the man who taught Perovskaya was a wanderer in other lands.
+Some months ago he went back--he could control his yearning no longer.
+He is now in the Fortress of Peter and Paul. The Father of the
+Revolution will sleep among his children.
+
+P. S. As this book goes to press, the happy news comes that Chaykovsky
+has been liberated on a heavy bail, but it is not yet known what the
+government intends to do with him.
+
+[62] Some types are depicted in Gorky's latest work, "The Spy,"
+translated by Thomas Seltzer. Because of its subject-matter this book
+acts as an emetic.
+
+[63] remember hearing James F. Morton, A. M.--author of the excellent
+essay "The Curse of Race Prejudice"--speak to Elbert Hubbard about
+Catherine Breshkovskaya whom he had seen at the Sunrise Club, and in
+wishing to illustrate her gentleness and lack of resentment for those
+who ill-treated her, he called her "a female Kropotkin."
+
+[64] When George Kennan heard this woman's story, his face became wet
+with tears almost for the first time since boyhood. See his admirable
+but terrible "Siberia and the Exile System."
+
+[65] See the letter by the eye-witness Nicholas Zotoff (hanged August 7,
+1889). It is published in "King Stork and King Log," a two-volume work
+by Stepniak.
+
+[66] Leo Deutsch was a prisoner at Kara at the time of this tragedy, and
+he describes it in his "Sixteen Years in Siberia."
+
+[67] See "Woman, the Glory of the Russian Revolution" (Altruria, July
+1907), by Dr. Sonia Winstan. Note this sentence: "In arrests the police
+are always more cruel to women than to men, and I have seen women
+dragged by the hair to jail thru the streets of St. Petersburg, while
+men in the same group were led along in the ordinary way. In the prisons
+innocent young women are often placed with the lowest murderers."
+
+[68] In Robert Crozier Long's "The Black Hundreds," in The Cosmopolitan,
+January 1908.
+
+[69] "He is an incomparable agitator. Gifted with a ready and eager
+eloquence, he becomes all passion when he mounts the platform. Like all
+true orators, he is stimulated by the sight of the crowd which is
+listening to him. Upon the platform this man is transformed. He trembles
+with emotion; his voice vibrates with that accent of profound
+conviction, not to be mistaken or counterfeited, and only heard when it
+is not merely the mouth which speaks, but the innermost heart. His
+speeches, altho he cannot be called an orator of the first rank, produce
+an immense impression; for when feeling is so intense it is
+communicative, and electrifies an audience. When, pale and trembling, he
+descends from the platform, the whole room throbs with
+applause."--STEPNIAK.
+
+[70] In Ernest Poole's "Catherine Breshkovskaya" in the Outlook. See
+also Kennan. After being a Siberian exile for over twenty-two years she
+came to America to collect funds for the Revolution, and immediately
+went back to Russia. She was captured, and like Chaykovsky is now in the
+fortress of Peter and Paul. She often said it was a shame for a
+Revolutionist to die in bed.
+
+[71] In my "Symposium on Humanitarians." For several other contributors
+who mentioned Kropotkin as one of their favorites, see this "Symposium,"
+now published in book form by The Altrurians.
+
+[72] In the "Russian Revolution," a senseless pamphlet, edited by V.
+Tchertkoff who is talented enuf to be doing better things. When it comes
+to a question of righteous resistance, Leo Tolstoy is unbearable. A man
+who can say in effect, "Let the officials do whatever they want to do,
+let them shoot you down as often as they please, let them fill every
+prison in vast Russia with your bodies, let them rape your mothers and
+daughters and wives, let them hang your young children, but never resist
+in any way, only think of Jesus and read the Gospels,"--such a man is
+what the doctors call non compos mentis. No wonder the Russian
+Government does not molest him. The gentle Kropotkin says, "I am in
+sympathy with most of Tolstoy's work, tho there are many of his ideas
+with which I absolutely disagree--his asceticism, for instance, and his
+doctrine of non-resistance. It seems to me, too, that he has bound
+himself, without reason or judgment, to the letter of the New
+Testament."
+
+
+
+
+THE HISTORIAN OF THE REVOLUTION
+
+     The heroism of our Russian comrades in the face of torture and
+     death will be told in days to come by generations made rich by
+     their sacrifices. History will pay an eternal homage to the victims
+     of the bloody tyranny which now rules Russia.--J. RAMSAY
+     MACDONALD, M. P.
+
+
+To the present generation of Russian Revolutionists Kropotkin is not an
+influence, but an inspiration. He is not a leader but an elder brother.
+He is to them a type of the man who without a moment's hesitation leaves
+everything for the Cause. He is a powerful voice crying out loudly
+against the oppressors of mankind. Voices like these they hear
+distinctly, and follow eagerly, tho they lead to a cold Siberian grave.
+
+With the lavishness of the mountain cataract that wastes its waters on
+the rocks, the young radicals of Russia pour out their blood for an
+ignorant[73] and ungrateful people. As willingly as lovers walk to the
+altar, they go to the slaughter. They die as serenely as if they had a
+thousand lives to lose instead of one. When a Revolutionist is hanged,
+another takes his place while the gallow-grass around the choked neck is
+still visible. Imprison them for a quarter of a century, and on the day
+of their release they will conspire against czardom.[74] Torture them in
+the mines of Nerchinsk, beat the men with the plet, rape the girls at
+will, thrust them into black holes swarming with vermin and rodents,
+taunt them, starve them, chill them, strike them to the ground, stamp on
+their faces with military boots, deprive them of air, worry their nerves
+to the breaking-point, string them up on slippery scaffolds, and they
+will only shout, "Long live the Revolution!"[75]
+
+Liberty is the goddess they worship, and for her sake, when necessary,
+they taste no food by day and touch no pillow by night. For her they put
+away books and handle bombs, and exchange palaces for prisons, and leave
+desks for dungeons, and go from colleges to coffins. Their backs are
+ready for the lash, their throats are prepared for the noose.
+
+If the end comes at dawn in the yard of the Schlusselburg Prison, or at
+noon below the level of the Neva in the Fortress of Peter and Paul, or
+at midnight among the silent snows of Saghalien,--O liberty, how thy
+lovers meet it!
+
+Against an autocracy as powerful as the Romanoff dynasty, rebels have
+never before contended. In all the world no men and women like those of
+Young Russia. From primal days to modern times, no martyrs like these.
+Such sacrifices were never seen before.[76] Few expect to live beyond
+twenty, and thousands upon thousands perish long before that age.[77]
+They offer themselves to be nipped in the fairest hour of their proudest
+bloom. O brilliant-eyed youth, O rosy-cheeked maid, be not so heedless
+of yourselves. Think a little of the pleasures of life. Leave the stupid
+muzhik to his fate, and cross the sea to a freer land.
+
+But from the foot of the scaffold there comes a cry, and from the
+steppes of Siberia is heard a voice, and from the saltworks of Usolie
+rings an answer, and from the gold-mines of Kara comes a response, and
+from the Butirki of Moscow someone speaks, and from the prison of
+Akatui, Young Russia utters the same word--Svoboda! Svoboda! Svoboda!
+
+Sometime in the future, when the true historian of the Russian
+Revolution appears, he will write of men and women of so exalted a
+nature, that antiquity will be dumb and boast no more her classic
+heroes.
+
+He will write of Bakunin, the Jupiter from whose forehead leaped a
+full-fledged movement;
+
+Of Dobroluboff, the genius who perished at twenty-five with a vaster
+wisdom to his credit than any youngster of whom we have record;
+
+Of Olga Lubatovitch, the immortal girl in whose great heart burnt the
+undying fire of insurrection;
+
+Of Vera Figner, the poetess, a woman of the rarest beauty and the
+highest talents, who passed her life behind stone walls;
+
+Of Aaron Sundelevitch, the thoughtful Jew who established the first free
+printing press in Saint Petersburg;
+
+Of Zuckerman, who was so merry that even in hell he jested, but who
+after all was only human and committed suicide in the wilds of Yakutsk;
+
+Of Maria Kutitonskaya, who was ready to be hanged with a baby in her
+womb;
+
+Of Eugene Semyonovsky, who wrote a letter to his father before
+committing suicide, that would make everything on earth--except of
+course an official--weep;
+
+Of the taciturn Kibalchitch, who was arrested for giving a pamphlet to a
+peasant, and who, hearing in prison that an attempt had been made to
+exterminate the imperial family, broke his habitual silence by
+exclaiming, "It's good! It's fine! If they don't send me to Siberia,
+I'll study nitroglycerine,"--and who kept his promise, for he was the
+chemist who prepared the bomb that caused the blood of Alexander to
+redden the snow;
+
+Of Ippolit Mishkin, the hero of the Case where all were heroes, whose
+oratory inflamed all Russia, who was sentenced because he tried to
+rescue Chernishevsky, who received fifteen additional years for making a
+speech in prison over the dead body of Comrade Leo Dmohovsky, a man whom
+Turgenev wished to know, and whom Perovskaya wished to save;
+
+Of Demetrius Lisogub, the millionaire who lived like a pauper, giving
+everything to the Cause and spending nothing on himself, grudging every
+coin he had to pay for his bread, dressing in rags even during the
+severest winters, supporting for a time the whole revolutionary
+movement, but continually sorrowing that in order not to forfeit his
+wealth he could take no active part in the battle, and smiling with
+happiness only when brought to the scaffold in the hangman's cart, for
+at last he could bestow more than money--he could sacrifice himself;
+
+Of the printer Maria Kriloff who tho old, ill and half-blind, worked
+with so much devotion that she excelled young and strong compositors,
+and who stuck to her post until she was arrested, weapons in hand, in
+the secret printing-office of _Cherny Perediel_;
+
+Of the intrepid Sophia Bogomoletz, who left husband and child for the
+Revolution, and spent her life in prison;
+
+Of Nicholas Blinoff, who was slaughtered in the Jewish pogrom in
+Zhitomir with the word 'Brother' on his noble lips;
+
+Of young Leo Weinstein, who fell in the same massacre crying 'Comrades;'
+
+Of the child Silin of Warsaw, who when only fifteen years of age was
+condemned to death; when he was led out with bandaged eyes to be shot on
+the sand-hills, he wept so bitterly that the soldiers called to him, "Do
+not cry, there is no pain," upon which he shouted back, "I am crying
+because I must die before accomplishing anything."
+
+He will tell how Valerian Ossinsky died, and then we will not think of
+Christ upon the Cross.
+
+He will write of those soft-eyed, sweet-voiced, tender Terrorists whose
+blessed bombs and bullets laid tyrants low: Zinaida who shot Min;
+Spiridonova who slew Lujenovsky; Bizenko who killed Sakharoff; Eserskaja
+who assassinated Klingenberg; Ragozinnikova who destroyed Maximoffsky.
+
+Of those noble and daring youths who struck to the death their country's
+oppressors: Kaltourin and Gelvakov who dispatched Strelnikoff;
+Balmaschoff who executed Sipyagin; Karpowitch who ended the days of
+Bogolepoff; Kalayev who removed Sergius; Schaumann who aimed well at
+Bobrikoff; Sazonov who wiped out Plehve.
+
+Of these he will write and of many, many more whose names are unknown to
+an ignorant public which yells itself hoarse for empty-headed officials,
+but whose memories encircle the hearts of freedom's orphans.
+
+He will write too, of a revolutionary thinker who dreams a philosophy
+which would dethrone tyranny and upraise liberty, the humanitarian who
+harbors a love which reaches to the uttermost ends of the earth, the
+true World-Man of the Better-Day--Comrade Kropotkin.
+
+               _Reader, I press your hand warmly_
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[73] See "The Laborer and the Man with the White Hand" in Turgenev's
+"Poems in Prose."
+
+[74] Since they are not permitted to work for freedom from the
+house-tops, they must do it in their secret chambers.
+
+[75] For a Russian revolutionary drama powerfully depicting such a
+scene, see "On the Eve," by Dr. Leopold Kampf. It has no connection with
+Turgenev's great novel of the same name. For a tragedy whose interest
+centers around a beautiful young man who has become insane in a Russian
+prison, see "To the Stars," by Leonid Andreyev, (Translated by Dr. A.
+Goudiss, Poet Lore, Winter 1907). Called by Helen A. Clarke, "a play in
+which there is no villain except the far-off Russian Government."
+
+[76]
+
+
+     "Since the world's first wail went up from lands and seas
+     Ears have heard not, tongues have told not things like these.
+     Dante, led by love's and hate's accordant spell
+     Down the deepest and the loathiest ways of hell,
+     Where beyond the brook of blood the rain was fire,
+     Where the scalps were masked with dung more deep than mire,
+     Saw not, where filth was foulest, and the night
+     Darkest, depths whose fiends could match the Muscovite.
+     Set beside this truth, his deadliest vision seems
+     Pale and pure and painless as a virgin's dreams.
+     Maidens dead beneath the clasping lash, and wives
+     Rent with deadlier pangs than death--for shame survives,
+     Naked, mad, starved, scourged, spurned, frozen, fallen, deflowered,
+     Souls and bodies as by fangs of beasts devoured.
+     Sounds that hell would hear not, sights no thoughts could shape,
+     Limbs that feel as flame the ravenous grasp of rape," etc.
+                               SWINBURNE: "Russia: An Ode."
+
+
+[77] "Marie Spiridonova was only twenty-one when she killed Lujenovsky;
+and in St. Petersburg I knew a girl, a medical student--sweet, quiet,
+all soul--who was barely eighteen when she said to me, simply "I shall
+live but a year or two--no more." In this expectancy of death there is
+no mawkishness, no pose. They have seen their comrades go after a few
+days or years of service; their fate will be the same." LeRoy Scott,
+"The Terrorists," in Everybody's Magazine.
+
+
+
+
+Announcements
+
+
+
+
+Lives of Great Altrurians
+
+BY VICTOR ROBINSON
+
+
+This is to be a series of biographies of men and women whose life-work
+was the liberation of humanity from bondage. Not of bishops and warriors
+will Victor Robinson write, but of the Great Companions whose lances
+struck the shields of despotism. These lives are to be of no standard
+size and will not be written on contract-time. A great deal of
+inclination and a little bit of opportunity will be the determining
+factors.
+
+Out of this series, two numbers have already been published:
+
+
+WILLIAM GODWIN AND MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT
+PETER KROPOTKIN
+
+
+The rest of the subjects are still lodged within the cerebral cells of
+the author. The following are in preparation for precious print:
+
+
+MAXIM GORKY
+WALT WHITMAN
+ROBERT INGERSOLL
+ELISEE RECLUS
+THOMAS PAINE
+FERDINAND LASSALLE
+KARL MARX
+VICTOR HUGO
+ALEXANDER HERZEN
+GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI
+HERBERT SPENCER
+HENRIK IBSEN
+THOMAS HUXLEY
+LEO TOLSTOY
+CHARLES DARWIN
+ERNEST HAECKEL
+LOUISE MICHEL
+EMILE ZOLA
+AUGUST COMTE
+BARUCH SPINOZA
+IVAN TURGENEV
+HARRIET MARTINEAU
+GIORDANO BRUNO
+GRANT ALLEN
+WENDELL PHILLIPS
+HENRY GEORGE
+HENRY THOREAU
+MRS. STANTON
+
+
+
+
+William Godwin and Mary Wollstonecraft
+
+BY VICTOR ROBINSON
+
+Written in the Author's Eighteenth Year
+
+
+William Godwin was the father of philosophic radicalism in England. His
+wife, Mary Wollstonecraft, was the pioneer of the woman suffrage
+movement. Yet the present generation of reformers knows little about
+these glorious Liberals. This booklet tells briefly of Godwin's early
+life, of his development from orthodoxy to rationalism, of his
+epoch-making "Political Justice," of his narrow escape from imprisonment
+on the charge of high treason, of his first meeting and dislike of Mary
+Wollstonecraft, of his later love and marriage with her, of her former
+marriage and attempt at suicide, of their views on the marriage
+relation, of the storm which Mary Wollstonecraft caused by writing "A
+Vindication of the Rights of Woman," of her lamented death, of her
+talented daughter who eloped with Shelley, of Godwin's subsequent love
+affairs, of his philosophy, of his old age, etc.
+
+
+     +_Pierre Ramus_+: in "Die Freie Generation:"
+
+     Selten wohl, dass uns eine kleine Broschurenschrift in die Haende
+     fiel, die mit aehnlicher Glut des edelsten Idealismus verfasst ist,
+     wie jene unseres amerikanischen Genossen Victor Robinson.
+
+     +_Eugene V. Debs_+, in "Appeal to Reason:"
+
+     The story of William Godwin and Mary Wollstonecraft is now in
+     pamphlet form, fresh from the gifted pen of Victor Robinson. It is
+     a story of two great souls charmingly told by another.
+
+     +_Elbert Hubbard_+, editor of "The Philistine:"
+
+     At the Roycroft Chapel, Victor gave us a most admirable address on
+     Godwin--quite the best thing he ever did.
+
+     +_John Sherwin Crosby_+, author of "Government:" I shall prize your
+     very graphic sketch because of its intrinsic worth.
+
+     +_William Lloyd Garrison_+, the son of the great Abolitionist:
+
+     I have read with pleasure your estimate of these brave thinkers.
+     What surviving qualities have truth and courage!
+
+     +_Clinton P. Farrell_+, brother-in-law and publisher of Ingersoll:
+     Many many thanks for this beautiful booklet--a gem. May you live
+     long and continue in the making of good books.
+
+     +_Voltairine de Cleyre_+, the most radical woman in Philadelphia:
+
+     I am glad that some one has taken up the work I began some fifteen
+     years ago,--that of compelling the deserved recognition due to Mary
+     Wollstonecraft from the English-speaking radical world.
+
+     +_Champe S. Andrews_+, counsel of the Medical Society of New York:
+
+     I am indebted to you for the very delightful monograph on the lives
+     of William Godwin and Mary Wollstonecraft. I value this book on
+     account of its excellent literary and biographical value.
+
+     +_Henry J. Weeks_+, lover of our furred and feathered brothers:
+
+     As soon as I received your book, my wife read it to me from
+     beginning to end, starting with loving interest and ending with
+     sympathetic tears. Then I read it again myself. Then I called upon
+     my friend Fred Heath, editor of "The Social Democratic Herald," and
+     talked to him about my "William and Mary," and together we hied to
+     the public library and made a search for all we could find about
+     the lives of these interesting friends.
+
+           +_Artistically printed      Illustrated with portraits
+                          25 cents, postpaid_+
+
+
+THE ALTRURIANS
+
+12 MT. MORRIS PARK, WEST, NEW YORK CITY
+
+
+
+
+A Symposium on Humanitarians
+
+CONDUCTED BY
+
+VICTOR ROBINSON
+
+
+"Name your 10 favorite humanitarians of the 19th century." To this
+interesting question, replies have been received from 100 men and women,
+many of them of national and some of international fame. Among the
+contributors are:
+
+
+ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE
+ERNEST CROSBY
+ALEXIS ALADIN
+PAUL CARUS
+ABRAHAM JACOBI
+EUGENE DEBS
+ROSE HARTWICK THORPE
+BENJAMIN R. TUCKER
+JOHN SPARGO
+WILLIAM MARION REEDY
+EDWARD BLISS FOOTE
+HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT
+EMMA GOLDMAN
+HARRIOT STANTON BLATCH
+HYPATIA BRADLAUGH
+LUTHER BURBANK
+HERBERT N. CASSON
+VOLTAIRINE DE CLEYRE
+INA COOLBRITH
+HAVELOCK ELLIS
+HARRISON GREY FISKE
+B.O. FLOWER
+HAMLIN GARLAND
+WM. LLOYD GARRISON
+JACOB GORDIN
+MOSES HARMAN
+MORRIS ROSENFELD
+SADAKICHI HARTMAN
+HENRY HOLT
+GEO. WHARTON JAMES
+ALEXANDER BERKMAN
+JOSEPH JASTROW
+BOLTON HALL
+ANDREW D. WHITE
+JACQUES LOEB
+ROSE PASTOR STOKES
+EDWIN MARKHAM
+N.O. NELSON
+SIMON NEWCOMB
+LOUIS F. POST
+
+_Finely printed. Paper 25c. Cloth 50c._
+
+
+THE ALTRURIANS
+
+12 MT. MORRIS PARK, WEST, NEW YORK CITY
+
+
+
+
+NEVER-TOLD TALES
+
+Graphic Stories of the Evils of Sexual Ignorance
+
+BY DR. WILLIAM J. ROBINSON
+
+
+It is time that these tales should no longer remain "Never Told Tales."
+It is time that the ignorance which costs so much health, so much
+happiness, so many lives, should no longer be permitted to hold its
+blighting sway in our midst; it is time that life-destroying prudery
+should give way to vitalizing knowledge; it is time that sanctimonious
+hypocracy should give way to common-sense. It is time in short, that
+darkness should give way to light, and misery to happiness--it is time,
+therefore, that the "Never-Told Tales" should at last be told!
+
+The author is convinced that if these tales were put into the hands of
+every man and woman about to marry, and into the hands of every father
+and mother who have adolescent children, much misery would be prevented
+and much good would be accomplished. Hence does he send them forth into
+the world....
+          _From the Author's Preface._
+
+Artistically bound and printed. Cloth $1, postpaid
+
+
+PUBLISHED BY
+
+THE ALTRURIANS
+
+12 MOUNT MORRIS PARK WEST
+
+NEW YORK CITY
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Comrade Kropotkin, by Victor Robinson
+
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