diff options
Diffstat (limited to '34606-h')
| -rw-r--r-- | 34606-h/34606-h.htm | 9548 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34606-h/images/frontis.jpg | bin | 0 -> 221806 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34606-h/images/frontistmb.jpg | bin | 0 -> 72857 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34606-h/images/image1.jpg | bin | 0 -> 200959 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34606-h/images/image1tmb.jpg | bin | 0 -> 74515 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34606-h/images/image2.jpg | bin | 0 -> 106009 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34606-h/images/image3.jpg | bin | 0 -> 35286 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34606-h/images/image4.jpg | bin | 0 -> 35920 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34606-h/images/image5.jpg | bin | 0 -> 174420 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34606-h/images/image5tmb.jpg | bin | 0 -> 57344 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34606-h/images/image6.jpg | bin | 0 -> 159347 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34606-h/images/image6tmb.jpg | bin | 0 -> 49379 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34606-h/images/image7_bot.jpg | bin | 0 -> 46947 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34606-h/images/image7_bottmb.jpg | bin | 0 -> 19220 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34606-h/images/image7_mid.jpg | bin | 0 -> 85800 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34606-h/images/image7_midtmb.jpg | bin | 0 -> 40399 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34606-h/images/image7_tl.jpg | bin | 0 -> 33496 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34606-h/images/image7_tltmb.jpg | bin | 0 -> 12897 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34606-h/images/image7_tr.jpg | bin | 0 -> 27322 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34606-h/images/image7_trtmb.jpg | bin | 0 -> 10445 bytes |
20 files changed, 9548 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/34606-h/34606-h.htm b/34606-h/34606-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..39dc52b --- /dev/null +++ b/34606-h/34606-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,9548 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of What Gunpowder Plot Was, by Samuel Rawson Gardiner. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + p {margin-top: .75em; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: .75em;} + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center; clear: both;} + + hr {width: 33%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; clear: both;} + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body {margin-left: 12%; margin-right: 12%;} + + .pagenum {position: absolute; left: 92%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;} + + .blockquot {margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + .index {margin-left: 20%;} + .hang {margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;} + + .right {text-align: right;} + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .smcaplc {text-transform: lowercase; font-variant: small-caps;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + a:link {color:#0000ff; text-decoration:none} + a:visited {color:#6633cc; text-decoration:none} + + ins.correction {text-decoration:none; border-bottom: thin solid gray;} + + .ads {margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%;} + .adbox {border: solid 2px; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;} + .spacer {padding-left: 2em; padding-right: 2em;} + .bracket {font-size: 400%} + + .list {margin-left: 10%;} + .list2 {margin-left: 15%;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's What Gunpowder Plot Was, by Samuel Rawson Gardiner + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: What Gunpowder Plot Was + +Author: Samuel Rawson Gardiner + +Release Date: December 9, 2010 [EBook #34606] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WHAT GUNPOWDER PLOT WAS *** + + + + +Produced by Robin Monks and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries.) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<h1>WHAT GUNPOWDER PLOT WAS</h1> + +<p> <a name="frontis" id="frontis"></a></p><p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/frontistmb.jpg" alt="" /><br /> +<a href="images/frontis.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">View of the River Front of the House occupied by Whynniard</span></p> +<p class="center"><i>The words ‘Prince’s Chamber, House of Lords,’ in the foreground<br />can only mean that those buildings are behind the house.</i></p> +<p> </p><p> </p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<h1>WHAT GUNPOWDER PLOT WAS</h1> +<p> </p> +<p class="center">BY</p> +<p class="center"><strong>SAMUEL RAWSON GARDINER, D.C.L., LL.D.</strong></p> +<p class="center"><small>FELLOW OF MERTON COLLEGE, OXFORD</small></p> +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="center">LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.<br /> +39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON<br /> +NEW YORK AND BOMBAY<br /> +1897</p> +<p class="center">All rights reserved</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p><p> </p> +<div class="ads"><div class="adbox"> +<p class="center">WORKS<br />BY<br />SAMUEL RAWSON GARDINER, D.C.L. LL.D.</p> + +<p>HISTORY OF ENGLAND, from the Accession of James I. to the Outbreak of +the Civil War, 1603-1642. 10 vols. crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p>A HISTORY OF THE GREAT CIVIL WAR, 1642-1649. 4 vols. crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i> +each.</p> + +<p>A HISTORY OF THE COMMONWEALTH AND THE PROTECTORATE. 1649-1660. Vol. I. +1649-1651. With 14 Maps. 8vo. 21<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>A STUDENT’S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. From the Earliest Times to 1885.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Vol. I. (<span class="smcaplc">B.C.</span> 55-<span class="smcaplc">A.D.</span> 1509.) With 173 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. +4<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>Vol. II. (1509-1689.) With 96 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 4<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>Vol. III. (<ins class="correction" title="original: 1663">1689</ins>-1885.) With 109 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 4<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>⁂ <i>Complete in One Volume, with 378 Illustrations, crown +8vo. 12s.</i></p></div> + +<p>A SCHOOL ATLAS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. Edited by <span class="smcap">Samuel Rawson Gardiner</span>, +D.C.L. LL.D. With 66 Coloured Maps and 22 Plans of Battles and Sieges. +Fcp. 4to. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>⁂ This Atlas is intended to serve as a companion to Mr. S. R. +Gardiner’s ‘Student’s History of England.’ In addition to the historical +maps of the British Isles, in whole or in part, are others of +Continental countries or districts which were the scenes of events +connected more or less closely with English History. Indian and Colonial +development also obtain due recognition.</p> + +<p>CROMWELL’S PLACE IN HISTORY, Founded on Six Lectures delivered at +Oxford. Crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>WHAT GUNPOWDER PLOT WAS: a Reply to Father Gerard.</p> + +<p>THE FIRST TWO STUARTS AND THE PURITAN REVOLUTION, 1603-1660. 4 Maps. Fcp. 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR, 1618-1648. With a Map. Fcp. 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>OUTLINE OF ENGLISH HISTORY, <span class="smcaplc">B.C.</span> 55-<span class="smcaplc">A.D.</span> 1895. With 67 Woodcuts and 17 +Maps. Fcp. 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, 1789-1795. By Mrs. <span class="smcap">S. R. Gardiner</span>. With 7 Maps. +Fcp. 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center">LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO. 39 Paternoster Row, London<br />New York and Bombay.</p></div></div> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 50%;" /> +<h2>CONTENTS</h2> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table"> +<tr><td><small>CHAPTER</small></td><td> </td><td align="right"><small>PAGE</small></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">I.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">Historical Evidence</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">II.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">Guy Fawkes’s Story</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">III.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">The Later Documentary Evidence</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">IV.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">Structural Difficulties</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">V.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">The Discovery</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">VI.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">The Government and the Catholics</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">VII.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">The Government and the Priests</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td></tr></table> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table"> +<tr><td> </td><td align="right"><small>PAGE</small></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">View of the River Front of the House Occupied By Whynniard</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#frontis"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">From a Plan of the Ancient Palace of Westminster, by the late Mr. W. Capon</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">From a Plan of Part of Westminster</span>, 1685</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">From a Plan of Part of Westminster</span>, 1739</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">From a Plan of Westminster Hall and the Houses Of Parliament</span>, 1761</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">East End of the Prince’s Chamber</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_89">88</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Views of the East Side of the House of Lords, &c.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_90">89</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">The Four Walls of the so-called Cellar under the House of Lords</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_111">109</a></td></tr></table> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 50%;" /> +<h2>CHRONOLOGICAL NOTES</h2> + +<p class="center">(<i>Political events in italics</i>)</p> + +<table width="70%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table"> +<tr><td>1603.</td><td>March 24.—<i>Accession of James I.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>June 17.—<i>James informs Rosny of his intention to remit the Recusancy fines.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>July 17.—<i>James assures a deputation of Catholics that the fines will be remitted.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>Aug. 20.—<i>Parry writes to announce the overtures of the Nuncio in Paris.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td>1604.</td><td>Feb. 22.—<i>Proclamation banishing priests.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>March.—Catesby imparts the design to Winter.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>About the beginning of April.—Winter goes to Flanders.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>Towards the end of April.—Winter returns with Fawkes.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>Early in May.—The five conspirators take an oath, and then receive the sacrament.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>May 24.—Agreement for a lease of part of Whynniard’s block of houses.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>June.—(Shortly before midsummer Keyes sworn in and intrusted with the charge of the powder at Lambeth).</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>July 7.—<i>The Royal consent given to a new Recusancy Act.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>Aug.—<i>Executions under the Recusancy Act.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>Sept 5.—<i>Commission appointed to preside over the banishment of the priests.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>Sept. 14.—<i>The Council recommends that the Act shall not be put in force against lay Catholics.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>Nov. 28.—<i>Fines required from thirteen Catholics rich enough to pay</i> 20<i>l. a month.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>About Dec.—Bates sworn.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>About Dec. 11.—The five conspirators begin to dig the mine.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>Before Christmas.—The diggers having reached the wall of the House of Lords, suspend their work.</td></tr> +<tr><td>1605.</td><td>Jan.—The day cannot be fixed.—John Grant and Robert Winter sworn.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>About Jan. 18.—Work resumed.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>Jan.—Christopher Wright and Keyes brought to join in the work.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>About Feb. 2.—Wall of House of Lords excavated halfway through.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>Feb. 10.—<i>James orders that the Recusancy Act be fully executed.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>March, before Lady Day.—The conspirators begin to work a third time, but finding that the ‘cellar’ is to let, hire it, and having moved the powder into it, disperse.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>Oct. 26.—Monteagle receives the letter.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>27.—Ward informs Winter.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>28.—Winter informs Catesby.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>30.—Tresham returns to London.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>31.—Winter summons Tresham.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>Nov. 1.—Meeting of Tresham with Catesby and Winter.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>2.—Winter meets Tresham at Lincoln’s Inn.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>3.—Meeting behind St. Clement’s.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>4.—Percy goes to Sion. Fawkes taken.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>5.—Flight of the conspirators.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>6.—Arrival at Huddington at 2 <span class="smcaplc">P.M.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>7.—Arrival at Holbeche at 10 <span class="smcaplc">P.M.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td>8.—Capture at Holbeche.</td></tr></table> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 50%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> +<h1>WHAT GUNPOWDER PLOT WAS</h1> +<p> </p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I</h2> +<h3>HISTORICAL EVIDENCE</h3> + +<p><br />In ‘What was the Gunpowder Plot? The Traditional Story tested by +Original Evidence,’<small><a name="f1.1" id="f1.1" href="#f1">[1]</a></small> Father Gerard has set forth all the difficulties +he found while sifting the accessible evidence, and has deduced from his +examination a result which, though somewhat vague in itself, leaves upon +his readers a very distinct impression that the celebrated conspiracy +was mainly, if not altogether, a fiction devised by the Earl of +Salisbury for the purpose of maintaining or strengthening his position +in the government of the country under James I. Such, at least, is what +I gather of Father Gerard’s aim from a perusal of his book. Lest, +however, I should in any way do him an injustice, I proceed to quote the +summary placed by him at the conclusion of his argument:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span>“The evidence available to us appears to establish principally two +points: that the true history of the Gunpowder Plot is now known to +no man, and that the history commonly received is certainly untrue.</p> + +<p>“It is quite impossible to believe that the Government were not +aware of the Plot long before they announced its discovery.</p> + +<p>“It is difficult to believe that the proceedings of the +conspirators were actually such as they are related to have been.</p> + +<p>“It is unquestionable that the Government consistently falsified +the story and the evidence as presented to the world, and that the +points upon which they most insisted prove upon examination to be +the most doubtful.</p> + +<p>“There are grave reasons for the conclusion that the whole +transaction was dexterously contrived for the purpose which in fact +it opportunely served, by those who alone reaped benefit from it, +and who showed themselves so unscrupulous in the manner of +reaping.”</p></div> + +<p>No candid person, indeed, can feel surprise that any English Roman +Catholic, especially a Roman Catholic priest, should feel anxious to +wipe away the reproach which the plot has brought upon those who share +his faith. Not merely were his spiritual predecessors subjected to a +persecution borne with the noblest and least self-assertive constancy, +<ins class="correction" title="original: simlpy">simply</ins> in consequence of what is now known to all historical students to +have been the entirely false charge that the plot emanated from, or was +approved by the English Roman Catholics as a body, but this false belief +prevailed so widely that it must have hindered, to no slight extent, the +spread of that organisation which he regards as having been set<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> forth +by divine institution for the salvation of mankind. If Father Gerard has +gone farther than this, and has attempted to show that even the handful +of Catholics who took part in the plot were more sinned against than +sinning, I, for one, am not inclined to condemn him very harshly, even +if I am forced to repudiate alike his method and his conclusions.</p> + +<p>Erroneous as I hold them, Father Gerard’s conclusions at least call for +patient inquiry. Up to this time critics have urged that parts at least +of the public declarations of the Government were inconsistent with the +evidence, and have even pointed to deliberate falsification. Father +Gerard is, as far as I know, the first to go a step farther, and to +argue that much of the evidence itself has been tampered with, on the +ground that it is inconsistent with physical facts, so that things +cannot possibly have happened as they are said to have happened in +confessions attributed to the conspirators themselves. I can only speak +for myself when I say that after reading much hostile criticism of +Father Gerard’s book—and I would especially refer to a most able review +of it, so far as negative criticism can go, in the <i>Edinburgh Review</i> of +January last—I did not feel that all difficulties had been removed, or +that without further investigation I could safely maintain my former +attitude towards the traditional story. It is, indeed, plain, as the +<i>Edinburgh Review</i> has shown, that Father Gerard is unversed in the +methods of historical inquiry which have guided recent scholars. Yet, +for all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> that, he gives us hard nuts to crack; and, till they are +cracked, the story of Gunpowder Plot cannot be allowed to settle down in +peace.</p> + +<p>It seems strange to find a writer so regardless of what is, in these +days, considered the first canon of historical inquiry, that evidence +worth having must be almost entirely the evidence of contemporaries who +are in a position to know something about that which they assert. It is +true that this canon must not be received pedantically. Tradition is +worth something, at all events when it is not too far removed from its +source. If a man whose character for truthfulness stands high, tells me +that his father, also believed to be truthful, seriously informed him +that he had seen a certain thing happen, I should be much more likely to +believe that it was so than if a person, whom I knew to be untruthful, +informed me that he had himself witnessed something at the present day. +The historian is not bound, as the lawyer is, to reject hearsay +evidence, because it is his business to ascertain the truth of +individual assertions, whilst the lawyer has to think of the bearing of +the evidence not merely on the case of the prisoner in the dock, but on +an unrestricted number of possible prisoners, many of whom would be +unjustly condemned if hearsay evidence were admitted. The historian is, +however, bound to remember that evidence grows weaker with each link of +the chain. The injunction, “Always leave a story better than you found +it,” is in accordance with the facts of human<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> nature. Each reporter +inevitably accentuates the side of the narrative which strikes his +fancy, and drops some other part which interests him less. The rule laid +down by the late Mr. Spedding, “When a thing is asserted as a fact, +always ask who first reported it, and what means he had of knowing the +truth,” is an admirable corrective of loose traditional stories.</p> + +<p>A further test has to be applied by each investigator for himself. When +we have ascertained, as far as possible, on what evidence our knowledge +of an alleged fact rests, we have to consider the inherent probability +of the allegation. Is the statement about it in accordance with the +general workings of human nature, or with the particular working of the +nature of the persons to whom the action in question is ascribed? Father +Gerard, for instance, lavishly employs this test. Again and again be +tells us that such and such a statement is incredible, because, amongst +other reasons, the people about whom it was made could not possibly have +acted in the way ascribed to them. If I say in any of these cases that +it appears to me probable that they did so act, it is merely one +individual opinion against another. There is no mathematical certainty +on either side. All we can respectively do is to set forth the reasons +which incline us to one opinion or another, and leave the matter to +others to judge as they see fit.</p> + +<p>It will be necessary hereafter to deal at length with Father Gerard’s +attack upon the evidence, hitherto<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> accepted as conclusive, of the facts +of the plot. A short space may be allotted to the reasons for rejecting +his preliminary argument, that it was the opinion of some +contemporaries, and of some who lived in a later generation, that +Salisbury contrived the plot in part, if not altogether. Does he +realise, how difficult it is to prove such a thing by any external +evidence whatever? If hearsay evidence can be taken as an argument of +probability, and, in some cases, of strong probability, it is where some +one material fact is concerned. For instance, I am of opinion that it is +very likely that the story of Cromwell’s visit to the body of Charles I. +on the night after the King’s execution is true, though the evidence is +only that Spence heard it from Pope, and Pope heard it, mediately or +immediately, from Southampton, who, as is alleged, saw the scene with +his own eyes. It is very different when we are concerned with evidence +as to an intention necessarily kept secret, and only exhibited by overt +acts in such form as tampering with documents, suggesting false +explanation of evidence, and so forth. A rumour that Salisbury got up +the plot is absolutely worthless; a rumour that he forged a particular +instrument would be worth examining, because it might have proceeded +from some one who had seen him do it.</p> + +<p>For these reasons I must regard the whole of Father Gerard’s third +chapter on ‘The Opinion of Contemporaries and Historians’ as absolutely +worthless. To ask Mr. Spedding’s question, ‘What means had they of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> +knowing the truth?’ is quite sufficient to condemn the so-called +evidence. Professor Brewer, Lodge, and the author of the ‘Annals of +England,’<small><a name="f2.1" id="f2.1" href="#f2">[2]</a></small> to whose statements Father Gerard looks for support, all +wrote in the nineteenth century, and had no documents before them which +we are unable to examine for ourselves. Nor is reliance to be placed on +the statements of Father John Gerard, because though he is a +contemporary witness he had no more knowledge of Salisbury’s actions +than any indifferent person, and had far less knowledge of the evidence +than we ourselves possess. Bishop Talbot, again, we are told, asserted, +in 1658, ‘that Cecil was the contriver, or at least the fomenter, of +[the plot],’ because it ‘was testified by one of his own domestic +gentlemen, who advertised a certain Catholic, by name Master Buck, two +months before, of a wicked design his master had against Catholics.’<small><a name="f3.1" id="f3.1" href="#f3">[3]</a></small> +Was Salisbury such an idiot as to inform his ‘domestic gentleman’ that +he had made up his mind to invent Gunpowder Plot? What may reasonably be +supposed to have happened—on the supposition that Master Buck reported +the occurrence accurately—is that Salisbury had in familiar talk +disclosed, what was no secret, his animosity against the Catholics, and +his resolution to keep them down. Even the Puritan, Osborne, it seems, +thought the discovery ‘a neat device of the Treasurer’s, he being very +plentiful in such plots’; and the ‘Anglican Bishop,’ Goodman, writes, +that ‘the great <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>statesman had intelligence of all this, and because he +would show his service to the State, he would first contrive and then +discover a treason, and the more odious and hateful the treason were, +his service would be the greater and the more acceptable.’<small><a name="f4.1" id="f4.1" href="#f4">[4]</a></small> Father +Grene again, in a letter written in 1666, says that Bishop Usher was +divers times heard to say ‘that if the papists knew what he knew, the +blame of the Gunpowder Treason would not be with them.’ “In like +manner,” adds Father Gerard, citing a book published in 1673, “we find +it frequently asserted, on the authority of Lord Cobham and others, that +King James himself, when he had time to realise the truth of the matter, +was in the habit of speaking of the Fifth of November as ‘Cecil’s +holiday.’”<small><a name="f5.1" id="f5.1" href="#f5">[5]</a></small></p> + +<p>Lord Cobham (Richard Temple) was created a peer in 1669, so that the +story is given on very second-hand evidence indeed. The allegation about +Usher, even if true, is not to the point. We are all prepared now to say +as much as Usher is represented as saying. The blame of the Gunpowder +Treason does not lie on ‘the papists.’ It lies, at the most, on a small +body of conspirators, and even in their case, the Government must bear a +share of it, not because it invented or encouraged the plot, but +because, by the reinforcement of the penal laws, it irritated ardent and +excitable natures past endurance. If we had Usher’s actual words before +us we should know whether he meant more than this. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>At present we are +entirely in the dark. As for the evidence of Goodman and Osborne, it +proves no more than this, that there were rumours about to the effect +that the plot was got up by Salisbury. Neither Osborne nor Goodman are +exactly the authorities which stand high with a cautious inquirer, and +they had neither of them any personal acquaintance with the facts. Yet +we may fairly take it from them that rumours damaging to Salisbury were +in circulation. Is it, however, necessary to prove this? It was +inevitable that it should be so. Granted a Government which conducted +its investigations in secret, and which when it saw fit to publish +documents occasionally mutilated them to serve its own ends; granted, +too, a system of trial which gave little scope to the prisoner to bring +out the weakness of the prosecution, while it allowed evidence to be +produced which might have been extracted under torture, and what was to +be expected but that some people, in complete ignorance of the facts, +should, whenever any very extraordinary charge was made, assert +positively that the whole of the accusation had been invented by the +Government for political purposes?</p> + +<p>Once, indeed, Father Gerard proffers evidence which appears to bring the +accusation which he has brought against Salisbury nearer home. He +produces certain notes by an anonymous correspondent of Anthony Wood, +preserved in Fulman’s collection in the library of Corpus Christi +College, Oxford.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>“These remarkable notes, +he tells us,<small><a name="f6.1" id="f6.1" href="#f6">[6]</a></small> have been seen by Fulman, +who inserted in the margin various questions and objections, to +which the writer always supplied definite replies. In the following +version this supplementary information is incorporated in the body +of his statement, being distinguished by italics.”<small><a name="f7.1" id="f7.1" href="#f7">[7]</a></small></p></div> + +<p>The paper is as follows:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“I should be glad to understand what your friend driveth at about +the Fifth of November. It was without all peradventure a State +plot. I have collected many pregnant circumstances concerning it.</p> + +<p>“’Tis certain that the last Earl of Salisbury<small><a name="f8.1" id="f8.1" href="#f8">[8]</a></small> confessed to +William Lenthall it was his father’s contrivance; which Lenthall +soon after told one Mr. Webb (<i>John Webb, Esq.</i>), a person of +quality, and his kinsman, yet alive.</p> + +<p>“Sir Henry Wotton says, ’twas usual with Cecil to create plots that +he might have the honour of the discovery, or to such effect.</p> + +<p>“The Lord Monteagle knew there was a letter to be sent to him +before it came. (<i>Known by Edmund Church, Esq., his confidant.</i>)</p> + +<p>“Sir Everard Digby’s sons were both knighted soon after, and Sir +Kenelm would often say it was a State design to disengage the king +of his promise to the Pope and the King of Spain to indulge the +Catholics if ever he came to be king here; and somewhat to his<small><a name="f9.1" id="f9.1" href="#f9">[9]</a></small> +purpose was found in the Lord Wimbledon’s papers after his death.</p> + +<p>“Mr. Vowell, who was executed in the Rump time, did also affirm it +so.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>“Catesby’s man (<i>George Bartlet</i>) on his death-bed confessed his +master went to Salisbury House several nights before the discovery, +and was always brought privately in at a back door.”</p></div> + +<p>Father Gerard, it is true, does not lay very great stress on this +evidence; but neither does he subject it to the criticism to which it is +reasonably open. What is to be thought, for instance, of the accuracy of +a writer, who states that ‘Sir Everard Digby’s two sons were both +knighted soon after,’ when, as a matter of fact, the younger, Kenelm, +was not knighted till 1623, and the elder, John, not till 1635? Neither +Sir Kenelm’s alleged talk, nor that of Wotton and Vowell, prove +anything. On the statement about Catesby I shall have something to say +later, and, as will be seen, I am quite ready to accept what is said +about Monteagle. The most remarkable allegation in the paper is that +relating to the second Earl of Salisbury. In the first place it may be +noted that the story is produced long after the event. As the words +imply that Lenthall was dead when they were written down, and as his +death occurred in 1681, they relate to an event which occurred at least +seventy-six years before the story took the shape in which it here +reaches us. The second Earl of Salisbury, we are told, informed Lenthall +that the plot was ‘his father’s contrivance,’ and Lenthall told Webb. +Are we quite sure that the story has not been altered in the telling? +Such a very little change would be sufficient. If the second<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> Earl had +only said, “People talked about my father having contrived the plot,” +there would be nothing to object to. If we cannot conceive either +Lenthall or Webb being guilty of ‘leaving the story better than they +found it,’—though Wood, no doubt a prejudiced witness, says that +Lenthall was ‘the grand braggadocio and liar of the age in which he +lived’<small><a name="f10.1" id="f10.1" href="#f10">[10]</a></small>—our anonymous and erudite friend who perpetrated that little +blunder about the knighthood of Sir Everard Digby’s sons was quite +capable of the feat. The strongest objection against the truth of the +assertion, however, lies in its inherent improbability. Whatever else a +statesman may communicate to his son, we may be sure that he does not +confide to him such appalling guilt as this. A man who commits forgery, +and thereby sends several innocent fellow creatures to torture and +death, would surely not unburden his conscience to one of his own +children. <i>Maxima debetur pueris reverentia.</i> Moreover the second Earl, +who was only twenty-one years of age at his father’s death, was much too +dull to be an intellectual companion for him, and therefore the less +likely to invite an unprecedented confidence.</p> + +<p>It is not only on the reception of second-hand evidence that I find +myself at variance with Father Gerard. I also object to his criticism as +purely negative. He holds that the evidence in favour of the traditional +story breaks down, but he has nothing to substitute for it. He has not +made up his mind whether Salisbury <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>invented the whole plot or part of +it, or merely knew of its existence, and allowed its development till a +fitting time arrived for its suppression. Let me not be misunderstood. I +do not for an instant complain of a historian for honestly avowing that +he has not sufficient evidence to warrant a positive conclusion. What I +do complain of is, that Father Gerard has not started any single +hypothesis wherewith to test the evidence on which he relies, and has +thereby neglected the most potent instrument of historical +investigation. When a door-key is missing, the householder does not lose +time in deploring the intricacy of the lock, he tries every key at his +disposal to see whether it will fit the wards, and only sends for the +locksmith when he finds that his own keys are useless. So it is with +historical inquiry, at least in cases such as that of the Gunpowder +Plot, where we have a considerable mass of evidence before us. Try, if +need be, one hypothesis after another—Salisbury’s guilt, his +connivance, his innocence, or what you please. Apply them to the +evidence, and when one fails to unlock the secret, try another. Only +when all imaginable keys have failed have you a right to call the public +to witness your avowal of incompetence to solve the riddle.</p> + +<p>At all events, this is the course which I intend to pursue. My first +hypothesis is that the traditional story is true—cellar, mine, the +Monteagle letter and all. I cannot be content with merely negativing +Father Gerard’s inferences. I am certain that if this hypothesis<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> of +mine be false, it will be found to jar somewhere or another with +established facts. In that case we must try another key. Of course there +must be some ragged ends to the story—some details which must be left +in doubt; but I shall ask my readers to watch narrowly whether the +traditional story meets with any obstacles inconsistent with its +substantial truth.</p> + +<p>Before proceeding further, it will be well to remind my readers what the +so-called traditional story is—or, rather, the story which has been +told by writers who have in the present century availed themselves of +the manuscript treasures now at our disposal, and which are for the most +part in the Public Record Office. With this object, I cannot do better +than borrow the succinct narrative of the Edinburgh Reviewer.<small><a name="f11.1" id="f11.1" href="#f11">[11]</a></small></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Early in 1604, the three men, Robert Catesby, John Wright, and +Thomas Winter, meeting in a house at Lambeth, resolved on a Powder +Plot, though, of course, only in outline. By April they had added +to their number Wright’s brother-in-law, Thomas Percy, and Guy +Fawkes, a Yorkshire man of respectable family, but actually a +soldier of fortune, serving in the Spanish army in the Low +Countries, who was specially brought over to England as a capable +and resolute man. Later on they enlisted Wright’s brother +Christopher; Winter’s brother Robert; Robert Keyes, and a few more; +but all, with the exception of Thomas Bates, Catesby’s servant, men +of family, and for the most part of competent fortune, though Keyes +is said to have been in straitened circumstances, and Catesby to +have been impoverished by a heavy fine levied on him as a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>recusant.<small><a name="f12.1" id="f12.1" href="#f12">[12]</a></small> Percy, a second cousin of the Earl of +Northumberland, then captain of the Gentleman Pensioners, was +admitted by him into that body in—it is said—an irregular manner, +his relationship to the earl passing in lieu of the usual oath of +fidelity. The position gave him some authority and license near the +Court, and enabled him to hire a house, or part of a house, +adjoining the House of Lords. From the cellar of this house they +proposed to burrow under the House of Lords; to place there a large +quantity of powder, and to blow up the whole when the King and his +family were there assembled at the opening of Parliament. On +December 11, 1604, they began to dig in the cellar, and after a +fortnight’s labour, having come to a thick wall, they left off work +and separated for Christmas.</p> + +<p>Early in January they began at the wall, which they found to be +extremely hard, so that, after working for about two months,<small><a name="f13.1" id="f13.1" href="#f13">[13]</a></small> +they had not got more than half way through it. They then learned +that a cellar actually under the House of Lords, and used as a coal +cellar, was to be let; and as it was most suitable for their +design, Percy hired it as though for his own use. The digging was +stopped, and powder, to the amount of thirty-six barrels, was +brought into the cellar, where it was stowed under heaps of coal or +firewood, and so remained under the immediate care of Guy +Fawkes,<small><a name="f14.1" id="f14.1" href="#f14">[14]</a></small> till, on the night of November 4, 1605—the opening of +Parliament being fixed for the next day—Sir Thomas Knyvet, with a +party of men, was ordered to examine the cellar. He met Fawkes +coming out of it, arrested him, and on a close search, found the +powder, of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>which a mysterious warning had been conveyed to Lord +Monteagle a few days before. On the news of this discovery the +conspirators scattered, but by different roads rejoined each other +in Warwickshire, whence, endeavouring to raise the country, they +rode through Worcestershire, and were finally shot or taken +prisoners at Holbeche in Staffordshire.</p></div> + +<p>It is this story that I now propose to compare with the evidence. When +any insuperable difficulties appear, it will be time to try another key. +To reach the heart of the matter, let us put aside for the present all +questions arising out of the alleged discovery of the plot through the +letter received by Monteagle, and let us take it that Guy Fawkes has +already been arrested, brought into the King’s presence, and, on the +morning of the 5th, is put through his first examination.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 50%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II</h2> +<h3>GUY FAWKES’S STORY</h3> + +<p><br />First of all, let us restrict ourselves to the story told by Guy Fawkes +himself in the five<small><a name="f15.1" id="f15.1" href="#f15">[15]</a></small> examinations to which he was subjected +previously to his being put to the torture on November 9, and to the +letters, proclamations, &c., issued by the Government during the four +days commencing with the 5th. From these we learn, not only that +Fawkes’s account of the matter gradually developed, but that the +knowledge of the Government also developed; a fact which fits in very +well with the ‘traditional story,’ but which is hardly to be expected if +the Government account of the affair was cut-and-dried from the first.</p> + +<p>Fawkes’s first examination took place on the 5th, and was conducted by +Chief Justice Popham and Attorney-General Coke. It is true that only a +copy has reached us, but it is a copy taken for Coke’s use, as <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>is shown +by the headings of each paragraph inserted in the margin in his own +hand. It is therefore out of the question that Salisbury, if he had been +so minded, would have been able to falsify it. Each page has the +signature (in copy) of ‘Jhon Jhonson,’ the name by which Fawkes chose to +be known.</p> + +<p>The first part of the examination turns upon Fawkes’s movements abroad, +showing that the Government had already acquired information that he had +been beyond sea. Fawkes showed no reluctance to speak of his own +proceedings in the Low Countries, or to give the names of persons he had +met there, and who were beyond the reach of his examiners. As to his +movements after his return to England he was explicit enough so far as +he was himself concerned, and also about Percy, whose servant he +professed himself to be, and whose connection with the hiring of the +house could not be concealed. Fawkes stated that after coming back to +England he ‘came to the lodging near the Upper House of Parliament,’ and +‘that Percy hired the house of Whynniard for 12<i>l.</i> rent, about a year +and a half ago’; that his master, before his own going abroad, <i>i.e.</i>, +before Easter, 1605, ‘lay in the house about three or four times.’ +Further, he confessed ‘that about Christmas last,’ <i>i.e.</i>, Christmas, +1604, ‘he brought in the night time gunpowder [to the cellar under the +Upper House of Parliament.]’<small><a name="f16.1" id="f16.1" href="#f16">[16]</a></small> Afterwards he told how he covered the +powder with faggots, intending to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>blow up the King and the Lords; and, +being pressed how he knew that the King would be in the House on the +5th, said he knew it only from general report and by the making ready of +the King’s barge; but he would have ‘blown up the Upper House whensoever +the King was there.’ He further acknowledged that there was more than +one person concerned in the conspiracy, and said he himself had promised +not to reveal it, but denied that he had taken the sacrament on his +promise. Where the promise was given he could not remember, except that +it was in England. He refused to accuse his partners, saying that he +himself had provided the powder, and defrayed the cost of his journey +beyond sea, which was only undertaken ‘to see the country, and to pass +away the time.’ When he went, he locked up the powder and took the key +with him, and ‘one Gibbons’ wife, who dwells thereby, had the charge of +the residue of the house.’</p> + +<p>Such is that part of the story told by Fawkes which concerns us at +present. Of course there are discrepancies enough with other statements +given later on, and Father Gerard makes the most of them. What he does +not observe is that it is in the nature of the case that these +discrepancies should exist. It is obvious that Fawkes, who, as +subsequent experience shows, was no coward, had made up his mind to +shield as far as possible his confederates, and to take the whole of the +blame upon himself. He says, for instance, that Percy had only lain in +the house for three or four days<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> before Easter, 1605; a statement, as +subsequent evidence proved, quite untrue; he pretends not to know, +except from rumour and the preparations of the barge, that the King was +coming to the House of Lords on the 5th, a statement almost certainly +untrue. In order not to criminate others, and especially any priest, he +denies having taken the Sacrament on his promise, which is also untrue. +What is more noticeable is that he makes no mention of the mine, about +which so much was afterwards heard, evidently—so at least I read the +evidence—because he did not wish to bring upon the stage those who had +worked at it. If indeed the passage which I have placed in square +brackets be accepted as evidence, Fawkes did more than keep silence upon +the mine. He must have made a positive assertion, soon afterwards found +to be untrue, that the cellar was hired several months before it really +was.<small><a name="f17.1" id="f17.1" href="#f17">[17]</a></small> This passage is, however, inserted in a different hand from the +rest of the document. My own belief is that it gives a correct account +of a statement made by the prisoner, but omitted by the clerk who made +the copy for Coke, and inserted by some other person. Nobody that I can +think of had the slightest interest in adding the words, whilst they are +just what Fawkes might be expected to say if he wanted to lead his +examiners off the scent. At all events, even if these words be left out +of account, it must be admitted that Fawkes said nothing about the +existence of a mine.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>Though Fawkes kept silence as to the mine, he did not keep silence on +the desperate character of the work on which he had been engaged. “And,” +runs the record, “he confesseth that when the King had come to the +Parliament House this present day, and the Upper House had been sitting, +he meant to have fired the match and have fled for his own safety before +the powder had taken fire, and confesseth that if he had not been +apprehended this last night, he had blown up the Upper House, when the +King, Lords, Bishops, and others had been there, and saith that he spake +for [and provided]<small><a name="f18.1" id="f18.1" href="#f18">[18]</a></small> those bars and crows of iron, some in one place, +some in another, in London, lest it should be suspected, and saith that +he had some of them in or about Gracious Street.”<small><a name="f19.1" id="f19.1" href="#f19">[19]</a></small></p> + +<p>After this it will little avail Father Gerard to produce arguments in +support of the proposition that the story of the plot was contrived by +the Government as long as this burning record is allowed to stand. +Fawkes here clearly takes the whole terrible design, with the exception +of the incident of the mine, on his own shoulders. He may have lied to +save his friends; he certainly would not lie to save Salisbury.</p> + +<p>So far, however, there is no proof that Salisbury was not long ago +cognisant of the plot through one of the active conspirators. Yet, in +that case, it might be supposed that the accounts that he gave of his +discoveries <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span>would be less dependent than they were on the partial +revelations which came in day by day. There is, however, no hint of +superior knowledge in the draft of a letter intended to be sent by +Salisbury to Sir Thomas Parry, the English ambassador in Paris, and +dated on November 6, the day after that on which Fawkes’s first +examination was taken:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Sir Thomas Parry, it hath pleased Almighty God, out of his singular +goodness, to bring to light the most cruel and detestable practice +against the person of his Majesty and the whole estate of this +realm, that ever was conceived by the heart of man at any time or +in any place whatsoever, by which practice there was intended not +only the extirpation of the King’s Majesty and his issue royal, but +the whole subversion and downfal of this estate, the plot being to +take away at an instant the King, Queen, Prince, Council, Nobility, +Clergy, Judges, and the principal gentlemen of this realm, as they +should have been yesterday altogether assembled at the Parliament +House, in Westminster, the 5th of November, being Tuesday. The +means how to have compassed so great an act, was not to be +performed by strength of men or outward violence, for that might +have be espied and prevented in time; but by a secret conveying of +a great quantity of gunpowder into a vault under the Upper House of +Parliament, and so to have blown up all at a clap, if God out of +his mercy and his just revenge against so great an abomination had +not destined it to be discovered, though very miraculously even +some twelve hours before the matter should have been put into +execution. The person that was the principal undertaker of it, is +one Johnson, a Yorkshire man, and servant to one Thomas Percy, a +gentleman pensioner to his Majesty, and a near kinsman and a +special confidant to the Earl of Northumberland. This <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>Percy had +about a year and a half ago hired a part of Whynniard’s house in +the old palace, from whence he had access into this vault to lay +his wood and coal, and as it seemeth now, taken this place of +purpose to work some mischief in a fit time. He is a Papist by +profession, and so is this his man Johnson, a desperate fellow, +whom of late years he took into his service.</p> + +<p>Into this vault Johnson had, at sundry times, very privately +conveyed a great quantity of powder, and therewith filled two +hogsheads and some thirty-two small barrels; all which he had +cunningly covered with great store of billets and faggots, and on +Tuesday<small><a name="f20.1" id="f20.1" href="#f20">[20]</a></small> at midnight, as he was busy to prepare the things for +execution was apprehended in the place itself with a false lantern, +booted and spurred.<small><a name="f21.1" id="f21.1" href="#f21">[21]</a></small></p></div> + +<p>There is not much knowledge here beyond what Salisbury had learnt from +Fawkes’s own statement with all its deceptions. Nor, if there had been +any such knowledge, was it in any way revealed by the actions of the +Government on the 5th or on the morning of the 6th. On the 5th a +proclamation was issued for the apprehension of Percy alone.<small><a name="f22.1" id="f22.1" href="#f22">[22]</a></small> On the +same day Archbishop Bancroft forwarded to Salisbury a story, afterward +known to be untrue, that Percy had been seen riding towards Croydon; +whilst Popham sent another untrue story that he had been seen riding +towards Gravesend.<small><a name="f23.1" id="f23.1" href="#f23">[23]</a></small> A letter from Waad, the Lieutenant of the Tower, +of the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>same date, revealed the truth that Percy had escaped northwards. +Of course, Percy’s house was searched for papers, but those discovered +were of singularly little interest, and bore no relation to the +plot.<small><a name="f24.1" id="f24.1" href="#f24">[24]</a></small> An examination of a servant of Ambrose Rokewood, a Catholic +gentleman afterwards known to have been involved in the plot, and of the +landlady of the house in London in which Rokewood had been lodging, +brought out the names of persons who had been in his company, some of +whom were afterwards found to be amongst the conspirators; but there was +nothing in these examinations to connect them with the plot, and there +is no reason to suppose that they were prompted by anything more than a +notion that it would generally be worth while to trace the movements of +a noted Catholic gentleman. On the same day a letter from Chief Justice +Popham shows that inquiries were being directed into the movements of +other Catholics, and amongst them Christopher Wright, Keyes, and Winter; +but the tone of the letter shows that Popham was merely acting upon +general suspicion, and had no special information on which to work.<small><a name="f25.1" id="f25.1" href="#f25">[25]</a></small> +Up to the morning of November 6th, the action of Government was that of +men feeling in the dark, so far as anything not revealed by Fawkes was +concerned.</p> + +<p>Commissioners were now appointed to conduct the investigation further. +They were—Nottingham, Suffolk, Devonshire, Worcester, Northampton, +Salisbury, Mar, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>and Popham, with Attorney-General Coke in +attendance.<small><a name="f26.1" id="f26.1" href="#f26">[26]</a></small> This was hardly a body of men who would knowingly cover +an intrigue of Salisbury’s:—Worcester is always understood to have been +professedly a Catholic, Northampton was certainly one, though he +attended the King’s service, whilst Suffolk was friendly towards the +Catholics;<small><a name="f27.1" id="f27.1" href="#f27">[27]</a></small> and Nottingham, if he is no longer to be counted amongst +them,<small><a name="f28.1" id="f28.1" href="#f28">[28]</a></small> was at least not long afterwards a member of the party which +favoured an alliance with Spain, and therefore a policy of toleration +towards the Catholics. It is not the least of the objections to the view +which Father Gerard has taken, that it would have been impossible for +Salisbury to falsify examinations of prisoners without the connivance of +these men.</p> + +<p>Before five of these Commissioners—Nottingham, Suffolk, Devonshire, +Northampton, and Salisbury—Fawkes was examined a second time on the +forenoon of the 6th. In some way the Government had found out that Percy +had had a new door made in the wall leading to the cellar, and they now +drew from Fawkes an untrue statement that it was put in about the middle +of Lent, that is to say, early in March 1605.<small><a name="f29.1" id="f29.1" href="#f29">[29]</a></small> They had also +discovered a pair of brewer’s slings, by <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>which barrels were usually +carried between two men, and they pressed Fawkes hard to say who was his +partner in removing the barrels of gunpowder. He began by denying that +he had had a partner at all, but finally answered that ‘he cannot +discover the party, but’—<i>i.e.</i> lest—‘he shall bring him in question.’ +He also said that he had forgotten where he slept on Wednesday, Thursday +or Friday in the week before his arrest.<small><a name="f30.1" id="f30.1" href="#f30">[30]</a></small></p> + +<p>Upon this James himself intervened, submitting to the Commissioners a +series of questions with the object of drawing out of the prisoner a +true account of himself, and of his relations to Percy. A letter had +been found on Fawkes when he was taken, directed not to Johnson, but to +Fawkes, and this amongst other things had raised the King’s suspicions. +In his third examination, on the afternoon of the 6th, in the presence +of Northampton, Devonshire, Nottingham, and Salisbury, Fawkes gave a +good deal of information, more or less true, about himself; and, whilst +still maintaining that his real name was Johnson, said that the letter, +which was written by a Mrs. Bostock in Flanders, was addressed to him by +another name ‘because he called himself Fawkes,’ that is to say, because +he had acquired the name of Fawkes as an alias.</p> + +<p>‘If he will not otherwise confess,’ the King had ended by saying, ‘the +gentler tortures are to be first used unto him, <i>et sic per gradus ad +ima tenditur</i>.’ To <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>us living in the nineteenth century these words are +simply horrible. As a Scotchman, however, James had long been familiar +with the use of torture as an ordinary means of legal investigation, +whilst even in England, though unknown to the law, that is to say, to +the practice of the ordinary courts of justice, it had for some +generations been used not infrequently by order of the Council to +extract evidence from a recalcitrant witness, though, according to +Bacon, not for the purpose of driving him to incriminate himself. +Surely, if the use of torture was admissible at all, this was a case for +its employment. The prisoner had informed the Government that he had +been at the bottom of a plot of the most sanguinary kind, and had +acknowledged by implication that there were fellow-conspirators whom he +refused to name. If, indeed, Father Gerard’s view of the case, that the +Government, or at least Salisbury, had for some time known all about the +conspiracy, nothing—not even the Gunpowder Plot itself—could be more +atrocious than the infliction of torments on a fellow-creature to make +him reveal a secret already in their possession. If, however, the +evidence I have adduced be worth anything, this was by no means the +case. What it shows is, that on the afternoon of the 6th all that the +members of the Government were aware of was that an unknown number of +conspirators were at large—they knew not where—and might at that very +moment be appealing—they knew not with what effect—to Catholic +landowners and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> their tenants, who were, without doubt, exasperated by +the recent enforcement of the penal laws. We may, if we please, condemn +the conduct of the Government which had brought the danger of a general +Catholic rising within sight. We cannot deny that, at that particular +moment, they had real cause of alarm. At all events, no immediate steps +were taken to put this part of the King’s orders in execution. Some +little information, indeed, was coming in from other witnesses. In his +first examination, on November 5, Fawkes had stated that in his absence +he locked up the powder, and ‘one Gibbons’ wife who dwells thereby had +the charge of the residue of the house.’ An examination of her husband +on the 5th, however, only elicited that he, being a porter, had with two +others carried 3,000 billets into the vault.<small><a name="f31.1" id="f31.1" href="#f31">[31]</a></small> On the 6th Ellen, the +wife of Andrew Bright, stated that Percy’s servant had, about the +beginning of March, asked her to let the vault to his master, and that +she had consented to abandon her tenancy of it if Mrs. Whynniard, from +whom she held it, would consent. Mrs. Whynniard’s consent having been +obtained, Mrs. Bright, or rather Mrs. Skinner—she being a widow +remarried subsequently to Andrew <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> +Bright<small><a name="f32.1" id="f32.1" href="#f32">[32]</a></small>—received 2<i>l.</i> for giving +up the premises. The important point in this evidence is that the date +of March 1605, given as that on which Percy entered into possession of +the cellar, showed that Fawkes’s statement that he had brought powder +into the cellar at Christmas 1604 could not possibly be true. On the +7th, Mrs. Whynniard confirmed Mrs. Bright’s statement, and also stated +that, a year earlier, in March 1604, ‘Mr. Percy began to labour very +earnestly with this examinate and her husband to have the lodging by the +Parliament House, which one Mr. Henry Ferris, of Warwickshire, had long +held before, and having obtained the said Mr. Ferris’s good will to part +from it after long suit by himself and great entreaty of Mr. Carleton, +Mr. Epsley,<small><a name="f33.1" id="f33.1" href="#f33">[33]</a></small> and other gentlemen belonging to the Earl of +Northumberland, affirming him to be a very honest gentleman, and that +they could not have a better tenant, her husband and she were contented +to let him have the said lodging at the same rent Mr. Ferris paid for +it.’<small><a name="f34.1" id="f34.1" href="#f34">[34]</a></small> Mrs. Whynniard had plainly never heard of the mine; and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>that +the Government was in equal ignorance is shown by the endorsement on the +agreement of Ferris, or rather Ferrers, to make over his tenancy to +Percy. ‘The bargain between Ferris and Percy for the bloody cellar, +found in Winter’s lodging.’ Winter’s name had been under consideration +for some little time, and doubtless the discovery of this paper was made +on, or more probably before, the 7th. The Government, having as yet +nothing but Fawkes’s evidence to go upon, connected the hiring of the +house with the hiring of the cellar, and at least showed no signs of +suspecting anything more.</p> + +<p>On the same day, the 7th, something was definitely heard of the +proceedings of the other plotters, who had either gathered at Dunchurch +for the hunting-match, or had fled from London to join them, and a +proclamation was issued for the arrest of Percy, Catesby, Rokewood, +Thomas Winter, Edward<small><a name="f35.1" id="f35.1" href="#f35">[35]</a></small> Grant, John and Christopher Wright, and +Catesby’s servant, Robert Ashfield. They were charged with assembling in +troops in the counties of Warwick and Worcester, breaking into stables +and seizing horses.<small><a name="f36.1" id="f36.1" href="#f36">[36]</a></small> Fawkes, too, was on that day subjected to a +fourth examination.<small><a name="f37.1" id="f37.1" href="#f37">[37]</a></small> Not very much that was new was extracted from +him. He acknowledged that his real name was Guy Fawkes, that—which he +had denied before—he had received the Sacrament not to discover any of +the conspirators, and also that there had been at first five persons +privy to the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>plot, and afterwards five or six more ‘were generally +acquainted that an action was to be performed for the Catholic cause, +and saith that he doth not know that they were acquainted with the whole +conspiracy.’ Being asked whether Catesby, the two Wrights, Winter, or +Tresham were privy, he refused to accuse any one.</p> + +<p>The increase of the information received by the Government left its +trace on Salisbury’s correspondence. Whether the letter to Parry, from +which a quotation has already been given, was sent away on the 6th, is +unknown; but it was copied and completed, with sundry alterations, for +Cornwallis and Edmondes, the ambassadors at Madrid and Brussels, and +signed by Salisbury on the 7th, though it was kept back and sent off +with two postscripts on the 9th, and it is likely enough that the letter +to Parry was treated in the same way. One of the alterations concerns +Fawkes’s admission that he had taken the Sacrament as well as an oath to +keep the secret. What is of greater significance is, that there is +absolutely no mention of a mine in the letter. If it had really been +written on the 9th, this silence would have gone far to justify Father +Gerard’s suspicions, as the existence of the mine was certainly known to +the Government at that date. On the 7th the Government knew nothing of +it.<small><a name="f38.1" id="f38.1" href="#f38">[38]</a></small></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>That Fawkes had already been threatened with torture is known,<small><a name="f39.1" id="f39.1" href="#f39">[39]</a></small> and +it may easily be imagined that the threats had been redoubled after this +last unsatisfactory acknowledgment. On the morning of the 8th, however, +Waad, who was employed to worm out his secrets, reported that little was +to be expected. “I find this fellow,” he wrote, “who this day is in a +most stubborn and perverse humour, as dogged as if he were possessed. +Yesternight I had persuaded him to set down a clear narration of all his +wicked plots from the first entering to the same, to the end they +pretended, with the discourses and projects that were thought upon +amongst them, which he undertook [to do] and craved time this night to +bethink him the better; but this morning he hath changed his mind and is +[so] sullen and obstinate as there is no dealing with him.”<small><a name="f40.1" id="f40.1" href="#f40">[40]</a></small></p> + +<p>The sight of the examiners, together with the sight of the rack,<small><a name="f41.1" id="f41.1" href="#f41">[41]</a></small> +changed Fawkes’s mind to some extent. He was resolved that nothing but +actual torture should wring from him the names of his fellow plotters, +who so far as was known in London were still at large.<small><a name="f42.1" id="f42.1" href="#f42">[42]</a></small> He prepared +himself, however, to reveal the secrets of the plot so far as was +consistent with the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>concealment of the names of those concerned in it. +His fifth examination on the 8th, the last before the one taken under +torture on the 9th, gives to the inquirer into the reality of the plot +all that he wants to know.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“He confesseth,” so the tale begins, “that a practice was first +broken unto him against his Majesty for the Catholic cause, and not +invented or propounded by himself, and this was first propounded +unto him about Easter last was twelvemonth, beyond the seas in the +Low Countries, by an English layman,<small><a name="f43.1" id="f43.1" href="#f43">[43]</a></small> and that Englishman came +over with him in his company, into England, and they two and three +more<small><a name="f44.1" id="f44.1" href="#f44">[44]</a></small> were the first five mentioned in the former examination. +And they five resolving to do somewhat for the Catholic cause (a +vow being first taken by all of them for secrecy), one of the other +three<small><a name="f45.1" id="f45.1" href="#f45">[45]</a></small> propounded to perform it with powder, and resolved that +the place should be (where this action should be performed and +justice done) in or near the place of the sitting of the +Parliament, wherein Religion had been unjustly suppressed. This +being resolved, the manner of it was as followeth:—</p> + +<p>“First they hired the house at Westminster, of one Ferres, and +having his house they sought then<small><a name="f46.1" id="f46.1" href="#f46">[46]</a></small> to make a mine under the +Upper House of Parliament, and they began to make the mine in or +about the 11 of December, and they five first entered into the +works, and soone after took an other<small><a name="f47.1" id="f47.1" href="#f47">[47]</a></small> +to<small><a name="f48.1" id="f48.1" href="#f48">[48]</a></small> them, having first +sworn him and taken <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>the sacrament for secrecy; and when they came +to the wall (that was about three yards thick) and found it a +matter of great difficulty, they took to them an other in like +manner, with oath and sacrament as aforesaid;<small><a name="f49.1" id="f49.1" href="#f49">[49]</a></small> all which seven +were gentlemen of name and blood, and not any<small><a name="f50.1" id="f50.1" href="#f50">[50]</a></small> was employed in +or about this action (no, not so much as in digging and mining) +that was not a gentleman. And having wrought to the wall before +Christmas, they ceased until after the holidays, and the day before +Christmas (having a mass of earth that came out of the mine), they +carried it into the garden of the said house, and after Christmas +they wrought the wall till Candlemas, and wrought the wall half +through; and saith that all the time while the other<small><a name="f51.1" id="f51.1" href="#f51">[51]</a></small> wrought, +he stood as sentinel, to descry any man that came near, and when +any man came near to the place upon warning given by him, they +ceased until they had notice to proceed from him, and sayeth that +they seven all lay in the house, and had shot and powder, and they +all resolved to die in that place, before they yielded or were +taken.</p> + +<p>“And, as they were working, they heard a rushing in the cellar, +which grew by one<small><a name="f52.1" id="f52.1" href="#f52">[52]</a></small> Bright’s +selling of his coals,<small><a name="f53.1" id="f53.1" href="#f53">[53]</a></small> whereupon +this examinant, fearing they had been discovered, went into the +cellar, and viewed the cellar<small><a name="f54.1" id="f54.1" href="#f54">[54]</a></small> and perceiving the commodity +thereof for their purpose, and understanding how it would be +letten,<small><a name="f55.1" id="f55.1" href="#f55">[55]</a></small> his master, Mr. Percy, hired the cellar for a year for +4<i>l.</i> rent; and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>confesseth that after Christmas twenty barrels of +powder were brought by themselves to a house, which they had on the +Bankside in hampers, and from that house removed<small><a name="f56.1" id="f56.1" href="#f56">[56]</a></small> the powder to +the said house near the Upper House of Parliament; and presently, +upon hiring the cellar they themselves removed the powder into the +cellar, and covered the same with fagots which they had before laid +into the cellar.</p> + +<p>“After, about Easter, he went into the Low Countries (as he before +hath declared in his former examination) and that the true purpose +of his going over was, lest, being a dangerous man, he should be +known and suspected, and in the mean time he left the key of the +cellar with Mr. Percy, who, in his absence caused more billets to +be laid into the cellar, as in his former examination he confessed, +and returned about the end of August, or the beginning of +September, and went again to the said house, near to the said +cellar, and received the key of the cellar again of one of the +five,<small><a name="f57.1" id="f57.1" href="#f57">[57]</a></small> and then they brought in five or six barrels of powder +more into the cellar, which also they covered with billets, saving +four little barrels covered with fagots, and then this examinant +went into the country about the end of September.</p> + +<p>“It appeareth the powder was in the cellar placed as it was found +the 5 of November, when the Lords came to prorogue the Parliament, +and sayeth that he returned again to the said house near the cellar +on Wednesday the 30 of October.</p> + +<p>“<i>He confesseth he was at the Earl of Montgomery’s marriage, but, +as he sayeth, with no intention of evil having a sword about him, +and was very near to his Majesty and the Lords there present.</i><small><a name="f58.1" id="f58.1" href="#f58">[58]</a></small></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>“Forasmuch as they knew not well how they should come by the person +of the Duke Charles, being near London, where they had no forces +(if he had not been also blown up) he confesseth that it was +resolved among them that, the same day that this detestable act +should have been performed, the same day should other of their +confederacy have surprised the person of the Lady Elizabeth, and +presently have proclaimed her Queen, <i>to which purpose a +proclamation was drawn, as well to avow and justify the action, as +to have protested against the Union, and in no sort to have meddled +with religion therein, and would have protested also against all +strangers</i>, and this proclamation should have been made in the name +of the Lady Elizabeth.</p> + +<p>“Being demanded why they did not surprise the King’s person, and +draw him to the effecting of their purpose sayeth that so many must +have been acquainted with such an action as it<small><a name="f59.1" id="f59.1" href="#f59">[59]</a></small> would not have +been kept secret.</p> + +<p>“He confesseth that if their purpose had taken effect, until they +had had power enough, they would not have avowed the deed to be +theirs; but if their power (for their defence and safety) had been +sufficient, they themselves would then<small><a name="f60.1" id="f60.1" href="#f60">[60]</a></small> have taken it upon them. +They meant also to have sent for the prisoners in the Tower to have +come to them, of whom particularly they had some consultation.</p> + +<p>“He confesseth that the place of rendezvous was in Warwickshire, +and that armour was sent thither, but<small><a name="f61.1" id="f61.1" href="#f61">[61]</a></small> the particular +thereof<small><a name="f62.1" id="f62.1" href="#f62">[62]</a></small> he knows not.</p> + +<p>“He confesseth that they had consultation for the taking of the +Lady Mary into their possession, but knew not how to come by her.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>“And confesseth that provision was made by some of the conspiracy +of some armour of proof this last summer for this action.</p> + +<p>“He confesseth that the powder was bought by the common purse of +the confederates.</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table"> +<tr><td>“L. Admiral [Earl of Nottingham]<br /> +L. Chamberlain [Earl of Suffolk]<br /> +Earl of Devonshire<br /> +Earl of Northampton<br /> +Earl of Salisbury<br /> +Earl of Mar<br /> +Lord Chief Justice [Popham]<small><a name="f63.1" id="f63.1" href="#f63">[63]</a></small></td> +<td><span class="bracket">}</span></td> +<td>Attended by Mr.<br />Attorney-General [Coke].”</td></tr></table> +</div> + +<p>Father Gerard, who has printed this examination in his Appendix,<small><a name="f64.1" id="f64.1" href="#f64">[64]</a></small> +styles it a draft, placing on the opposite pages the published +confession of Guy Fawkes on November 17. That later confession, indeed, +though embodying many passages of the earlier one, contains so many new +statements, that it is a misapplication of words to speak of the one as +the draft of the other. A probable explanation of the similarity is that +when Fawkes was re-examined on the 17th, his former confession was +produced, and he was required to supplement it with fresh information.</p> + +<p>In one sense, indeed, the paper from which the examination of the 8th +has been printed both by Father Gerard and myself, may be styled a +draft, not of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>the examination of the 17th, but of a copy forwarded to +Edmondes on the 14th.<small><a name="f65.1" id="f65.1" href="#f65">[65]</a></small> The two passages crossed out and printed +above<small><a name="f66.1" id="f66.1" href="#f66">[66]</a></small> in italics have been omitted in the copy intended for the +ambassadors. All other differences, except those of punctuation, have +been given in my notes, and it will be seen that they are merely the +changes of a copyist from whom absolute verbal accuracy was not +required. Father Gerard, indeed, says that in the original of the +so-called draft five paragraphs were ‘ticked off for omission.’ He may +be right, but in Winter’s declaration of November 23, every paragraph is +marked in the same way, and, at all events, not one of the five +paragraphs is omitted in the copy sent to Edmondes.</p> + +<p>In any other sense to call this paper a draft is to beg the whole +question. What we want to know is whether it was a copy of the rough +notes of the examination, signed by Fawkes himself, or a pure invention +either of Salisbury or of the seven Commissioners and the +Attorney-General. Curiously enough, one of the crossed out passages +supplies evidence that the document is a genuine one. The first, indeed, +proves nothing either way, and was, perhaps, left out merely because it +was thought unwise to allow it to be known that the King had been so +carelessly guarded that Percy had been admitted to his presence with a +sword by his side. The second contains an intimation that the +conspirators did not intend to rely only on a Catholic rising. They +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>expected to have on their side Protestants who disliked the union with +Scotland, and who were ready to protest ‘against all strangers,’ that is +to say, against all Scots. We can readily understand that Privy +Councillors, knowing as they did the line taken by the King in the +matter of the union, would be unwilling to spread information of there +being in England a Protestant party opposed to the union, not only of +sufficient importance to be worth gaining, but so exasperated that even +these gunpowder plotters could think it possible to win them to their +side. Nor is this all. If it is difficult to conceive that the +Commissioners could have allowed such a paragraph to go abroad, it is at +least equally difficult to think of their inventing it. We may be sure +that if Fawkes had not made the statement, no one of the examiners would +ever have committed it to paper at all, and if the document is genuine +in this respect, why is it not to be held genuine from beginning to end?</p> + +<p>Father Gerard, indeed, objects to this view of the case that the +document ‘is unsigned; the list of witnesses is in the same handwriting +as the rest, and in no instance is a witness indicated by such a title +as he would employ for his signature. Throughout this paper Fawkes is +made to speak in the third person, and the names of accomplices to whom +he refers are not given.’<small><a name="f67.1" id="f67.1" href="#f67">[67]</a></small> All this is quite true, and unless I am +much mistaken, are evidences for the genuineness of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>the document, not +for its fabrication. If Salisbury had wished to palm off an invention of +his own as a copy of a true confession by Fawkes, he surely would not +have stuck at so small a thing as an alleged copy of the prisoner’s +signature, nor is it to be supposed that the original signatures of the +Commissioners would appear in what, in my contention, is a copy of a +lost original. As for the titles Lord Admiral and Lord Chamberlain being +used instead of their signatures, it was in accordance with official +usage. A letter, written on January 21, 1604-5, by the Council to the +Judges, bears nineteen names at the foot in the place where signatures +are ordinarily found. The first six names are given thus:—‘L. +Chancellor, L. Treasurer, L. Admirall, L. Chamberlaine, E. of +Northumberland, E. of Worcester.’<small><a name="f68.1" id="f68.1" href="#f68">[68]</a></small> Fawkes is made to speak in the +third person in all the four preceding examinations, three of which bear +his autograph signature. That the names of accomplices are not given is +exactly what one might expect from a man of his courage. All through the +five examinations he refused to break his oath not to reveal a name, +except in the case of Percy in which concealment was impossible. It +required the horrible torture of the 9th to wring a single name from +him.</p> + +<p>Moreover, Father Gerard further urges what he intends to be damaging to +the view taken by me, that a set of questions formed by Coke upon the +examination of the 7th, apparently for use on the 8th, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>is ‘not founded +on information already obtained, but is, in fact, what is known as a +“fishing document,” intended to elicit evidence of some kind.’<small><a name="f69.1" id="f69.1" href="#f69">[69]</a></small> +Exactly so! If Coke had to fish, casting his net as widely as Father +Gerard correctly shows him to have done, it is plain that the Government +had no direct knowledge to guide its inquiries. Father Gerard’s charge +therefore resolves itself into this: that Salisbury not only deceived +the public at large, but his brother-commissioners as well. Has he +seriously thought out all that is involved in this theory? Salisbury, +according to hypothesis, gets an altered copy of a confession drawn up, +or else a confession purely invented by himself. The clerk who makes it +is, of course, aware of what is being done, and also the second +clerk,<small><a name="f70.1" id="f70.1" href="#f70">[70]</a></small> who wrote out the further copy sent to Edmondes. Edmondes, at +least, received the second copy, and there can be little doubt that +other ambassadors received it also. How could Salisbury count on the +life-long silence of all these? Salisbury, as the event proved, was not +exactly loved by his colleagues, and if his brother-commissioners—every +one of them men of no slight influence at Court—had discovered that +their names had been taken in vain, it would not have been left to the +rumour of the streets to spread the news that Salisbury had been the +inventor of the plot. Nay, more than this. Father Gerard distinctly sets +down the story of the mine as an impossible one, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>therefore one +which must have been fabricated by Salisbury for his own purposes. The +allegation that there had been a mine was not subsequently kept in the +dark. It was proclaimed on the house-tops in every account of the plot +published to the world. And all the while, it seems, six out of these +seven Commissioners, to say nothing of the Attorney-General, knew that +it was all a lie—that Fawkes, when they examined him on the 8th, had +really said nothing about it, and yet, neither in public, nor, so far as +we know, in private—either in Salisbury’s lifetime or after his +death—did they breathe a word of the wrong that had been done to them +as well as to the conspirators!</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 50%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2> +<h3>THE LATER DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE.</h3> + +<p><br />Having thus, I hope, established that the story of the mine and cellar +is borne out by Fawkes’s own account, I proceed to examine into the +objections raised by Father Gerard to the documentary evidence after +November 8, the date of Fawkes’s last examination before he was +subjected to torture. In the declaration, signed with his tortured hand +on the 9th, before Coke, Waad and Forsett,<small><a name="f71.1" id="f71.1" href="#f71">[71]</a></small> and acknowledged before +the Commissioners on the 10th, Fawkes distinctly refers to the +examination of the 8th. “The plot,” he says, “was to blow up the King +with all the nobility about him in Parliament, as heretofore he hath +declared, to which end, they proceeded as is set down in the examination +taken (before the Lords of the Council Commissioners) yesternight.” +Here, then, is distinct evidence that Fawkes acknowledged that the +examination of the 8th had been taken in presence of the Commissioners, +and thus negatives the theory that that examination was invented or +altered by Salisbury, as these words <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>came on the 10th under the eyes of +the Commissioners themselves.<small><a name="f72.1" id="f72.1" href="#f72">[72]</a></small></p> + +<p>The fact is, that the declaration of the 9th fits the examination of the +8th as a glove does a hand. On the 8th, before torture, Fawkes described +what had been done, and gave the number of persons concerned in doing +it. On the 9th he is required not to repeat what he had said before, but +to give the missing names. This he now does. It was Thomas Winter who +had fetched him from the Low Countries, having first communicated their +design to a certain Owen.<small><a name="f73.1" id="f73.1" href="#f73">[73]</a></small> The other three, who made up the original +five, were Percy, Catesby, and John Wright. It was Gerard who had given +them the Sacrament.<small><a name="f74.1" id="f74.1" href="#f74">[74]</a></small> The other conspirators were Sir Everard Digby, +Robert Keyes, Christopher Wright, Thomas<small><a name="f75.1" id="f75.1" href="#f75">[75]</a></small> Grant, Francis Tresham, +Robert Winter, and Ambrose Rokewood. The very order in which the names +come <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>perhaps shows that the Government had as yet a very hazy idea of +the details of the conspiracy. The names of those who actually worked in +the mine are scattered at hap-hazard amongst those of the men who merely +countenanced the plot from a distance.</p> + +<p>However this may be, the 9th, the day on which Fawkes was put to the +torture, brought news to the Government that the fear of insurrection +need no longer be entertained. It had been known before this that +Fawkes’s confederates had met on the 5th at Dunchurch on the pretext of +a hunting match,<small><a name="f76.1" id="f76.1" href="#f76">[76]</a></small> and had been breaking open houses in Warwickshire +and Worcestershire in order to collect arms. Yet so indefinite was the +knowledge of the Council that, on the 8th, they offered a reward for the +apprehension of Percy alone, without including any of the other +conspirators.<small><a name="f77.1" id="f77.1" href="#f77">[77]</a></small> On the evening of +the 9th<small><a name="f78.1" id="f78.1" href="#f78">[78]</a></small> they received a letter +from Sir Richard Walsh, the Sheriff of Worcestershire:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“We think fit,” he wrote, “with all speed to certify your Lordships +of the happy success it hath pleased God to give us against the +rebellious assembly in these parts. After such time as they had +taken the horses from Warwick upon Tuesday night last,<small><a name="f79.1" id="f79.1" href="#f79">[79]</a></small> they +came to Mr. Robert Winter’s house to Huddington upon Wednesday +night,<small><a name="f80.1" id="f80.1" href="#f80">[80]</a></small> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>where—having entered—[they] armed themselves at all +points in open rebellion. They passed from thence upon Thursday +morning<small><a name="f81.1" id="f81.1" href="#f81">[81]</a></small> unto Hewell—the Lord Windsor’s house—which they +entered and took from thence by force great store of armour, +artillery of the said Lord Windsor’s, and passed that night into +the county of Staffordshire unto the house of one Stephen +Littleton, Gentleman, called Holbeche, about two miles distant from +Stourbridge whither we pursued, with the assistance of Sir John +Foliot, Knight, Francis Ketelsby, Esquire, Humphrey Salway, +Gentleman, Edmund Walsh, and Francis Conyers, Gentlemen, with few +other gentlemen and the power and face of the country. We made +against them upon Thursday morning,<small><a href="#f81">[81]</a></small> and freshly pursued them +until the next day,<small><a name="f82.1" id="f82.1" href="#f82">[82]</a></small> at which time about twelve or one of the +clock in the afternoon, we overtook them at the said Holbeche +House—the greatest part of their retinue and some of the better +sort being dispersed and fled before our coming, whereupon and +after summons and warning first given and proclamation in his +Highness’s name to yield and submit themselves—who refusing the +same, we fired some part of the house and assaulted some part of +the rebellious persons left in the said house, in which assault, +one Mr. Robert Catesby is slain, and three others verily thought +wounded to death whose names—as far as we can learn—are Thomas +Percy, Gentleman, John Wright, and Christopher Wright Gentlemen, +and these are apprehended and taken Thomas Winter Gentleman, John +Grant Gentleman, Henry Morgan Gentleman, Ambrose Rokewood +Gentleman, Thomas Ockley carpenter, Edmund Townsend servant to the +said John Grant, Nicholas Pelborrow, servant unto the said Ambrose +Rokewood, Edward Ockley carpenter, Richard Townsend servant to the +said Robert Winter, Richard Day servant <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>to the said Stephen +Littleton, which said prisoners are in safe custody here, and so +shall remain until your Honours good pleasures be further known. +The rest of that rebellious assembly is dispersed, we have caused +to be followed with fresh suite and hope of their speedy +apprehension. We have also thought fit to send unto your +Honours—according unto our duties—such letters as we have found +about the parties apprehended; and so resting in all duty at your +Honours’ further command, we take leave, from Stourbridge this +Saturday morning, being the ixth of this instant November 1605.</p> + +<p>“Your Honours’ most humble to be commanded,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 12em;">“<span class="smcap">Rich. Walsh.</span>”</span></p></div> + +<p>Percy and the two Wrights died of their wounds, so that, in addition to +Fawkes, Thomas Winter was the only one of the five original workers in +the mine in the hands of the Government. Of the seven others who had +been named in Fawkes’s confession of the 9th, Christopher Wright had +been killed; Rokewood, Robert Winter, and Grant had been apprehended at +Holbeche; Sir Everard Digby, Keyes, and Tresham were subsequently +arrested, as was Bates a servant of Catesby.</p> + +<p>That for some days the Government made no effort to get further +information about the mine and the cellar cannot be absolutely proved, +but nothing bearing on the subject has reached us except that, on the +14th, when a copy of Fawkes’s deposition of the 8th was forwarded to +Edmondes, the names of the twelve chief conspirators are given, not as +Fawkes gave them on the 9th, in two batches, but in three, Robert Winter +and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> Christopher Wright being said to have joined after the first five, +whilst Rokewood, Digby, Grant, Tresham, and Keyes are said to have been +‘privy to the practice of the powder but wrought not at the mine.’<small><a name="f83.1" id="f83.1" href="#f83">[83]</a></small> +As Keyes is the only one whose Christian name is not given, this list +must have been copied from one now in the Record Office, in which this +peculiarity is also found, and was probably drawn up on or about the +10th<small><a name="f84.1" id="f84.1" href="#f84">[84]</a></small> from further information derived from Fawkes when he certified +the confession dragged from him on the preceding day.<small><a href="#f84">[84]</a></small></p> + +<p>What really seems to have been at this time on the minds of the +investigators was the relationship of the Catholic noblemen to the plot. +On the 11th Talbot of Grafton was sent for. On the 15th Lords Montague +and Mordaunt were imprisoned in the Tower. On the 16th Mrs. Vaux and the +wives of ten of the conspirators were committed to various aldermen and +merchants of London.<small><a name="f85.1" id="f85.1" href="#f85">[85]</a></small> When +Fawkes was re-examined on the 16th,<small><a name="f86.1" id="f86.1" href="#f86">[86]</a></small> by +far the larger part of the answers elicited refer to the hints given, or +supposed to have been given, to Catholic noblemen to absent themselves +from Parliament <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span>on the 5th. Then comes a statement about Percy buying a +watch for Fawkes on the night of the 4th and sending it ‘to him by Keyes +at ten of the clock at night, because he should know how the time went +away.’ The last paragraph alone bears upon the project itself. “He also +saith he did not intend to set fire to the train [until] the King was +come to the House, and then he purposed to do it with a piece of +touchwood and with a match also, <i>which were about him when he was +apprehended on the 4th day of November at 11 of the clock at night</i> that +the powder might more surely take fire a quarter of an hour after.”</p> + +<p>The words printed in italics are an interlineation in Coke’s hand. They +evidently add nothing of the slightest importance to the evidence, and +cannot have been inserted with any design to prejudice the prisoner or +to carry conviction in quarters in which disbelief might be supposed to +exist. Is not the simple explanation sufficient, that when the evidence +was read over to the examinee, he added, either of his own motion or on +further question, this additional information. If this explanation is +accepted here, may it not also be accepted for other interlineations, +such as that relating to the cellar in the first examination?<small><a name="f87.1" id="f87.1" href="#f87">[87]</a></small></p> + +<p>That the examiners at this stage of the proceedings should not be eager +to ask further questions about the cellar and the mine was the most +natural thing in the world. They knew already <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>quite enough from +Fawkes’s earlier examinations to put them in possession of the general +features of the plot, and to them it was of far greater interest to +trace out its ramifications, and to discover whether a guilty knowledge +of it could be brought home either to noblemen or to priests, than to +attain to a descriptive knowledge of its details, which would be dear to +the heart of the newspaper correspondent of the present day. Yet, after +all, even in 1605, the public had to be taken into account. There must +be an open trial, and the more detailed the information that could be +got the more verisimilitude would be given to the story told. It is +probably, in part at least, to these considerations, as well as to some +natural curiosity on the part of the Commissioners themselves, that we +owe the examinations of Fawkes on the 17th and of Winter on the 23rd.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“Amongst all the confessions and ‘voluntary declarations’ extracted +from the conspirators,” writes Father Gerard, “there are two of +exceptional importance, as having furnished the basis of the story +told by the Government, and ever since generally accepted. These +are a long declaration made by Thomas Winter, and another by Guy +Fawkes, which alone were made public, being printed in the ‘King’s +Book,’ and from which are gathered the essential particulars of the +story, as we are accustomed to hear it.”</p></div> + +<p>If Father Gerard merely means that the story published by the Government +rested on these two confessions, and that the Government publications +were the source of all knowledge about the plot till the Record Office +was thrown open, in comparatively recent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> years, he says what is +perfectly true, and, it may be added, quite irrelevant. If he means that +our knowledge at the present day rests on these two documents, he is, as +I hope I have already shown, mistaken. With the first five examinations +of Fawkes in our hands, all the essential points of the conspiracy, +except the names, are revealed to us. The names are given in the +examination under torture, and a day or two later the Government was +able to classify these names, though we are unable to specify the source +from which it drew its information. If both the declarations to which +Father Gerard refers had been absolutely destroyed we should have missed +some picturesque details, which assist us somewhat in understanding what +took place; but we should have been able to set forth the main features +of the plot precisely as we do now.</p> + +<p>Nevertheless, as we do gain some additional information from these +documents, let us examine whether there are such symptoms of foul play +as Father Gerard thinks he can descry. Taking first Fawkes’s declaration +of November 17, it will be well to follow Father Gerard’s argument. He +brings into collocation three documents: first the interrogatories +prepared by Coke after the examination of the 7th, then the examination +of the 8th, which he calls a draft, and then the full declaration of the +17th, which undoubtedly bears the signature of Fawkes himself.</p> + +<p>That the three documents are very closely connected is undeniable. Take, +for instance, a paragraph to which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> Father Gerard not unnaturally draws +attention, in which the repetition of the words ‘the same day’ proves at +least partial identity of origin between Coke’s interrogatories and the +examination founded on them on the 8th.<small><a name="f88.1" id="f88.1" href="#f88">[88]</a></small></p> + +<p>“Was it not agreed,” asks Coke, “the same day that the act should have +been done, the same day, or soon after, the person of the Lady Elizabeth +should have been surprised?” “He confesseth,” Fawkes is stated to have +said, “that the same day this detestable act should have been performed +the same day should other of their confederacy have surprised the Lady +Elizabeth.” Yet before setting down Fawkes’s replies as a fabrication of +the Government, let us remember how evidence of this kind is taken and +reported. If we take up the report of a criminal trial in a modern +newspaper we shall find, for the most part, a flowing narrative put into +the mouths of witnesses. John Jones, let us say, is represented as +giving some such evidence as this: “I woke at two o’clock in the +morning, and, looking out of window, saw by the light of the moon John +Smith opening the stable door,” &c. Nobody who has attended a law court +imagines John Jones to have used these consecutive words. Questions are +put to him by the examining counsel. When did you wake? Did you see +anyone at the stable door? How came you to be able to see him, and so +forth; and it is by combining these questions with the Yes and No, and +other brief replies made by the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>witness, that the reporter constructs +his narrative with no appreciable violation of truth. Is it not +reasonable to suppose that the same practice prevailed in 1605? Fawkes, +I suppose, answered to Coke’s question, “Yes, others of the confederates +proposed to surprise her,” or something of the sort, and the result was +the combination of question and answer which is given above.</p> + +<p>What, however, was the relation between the examination of the 8th and +the declaration of the 17th? Father Gerard has printed them side by +side,<small><a name="f89.1" id="f89.1" href="#f89">[89]</a></small> and it is impossible to deny that the latter is founded on the +former. Some paragraphs of the examination are not represented in the +declaration, but these are paragraphs of no practical importance, and +those that are represented are modified. The modifications admitted, +however, are all consistent with what is a very probable supposition, +that the Government wanted to get Fawkes’s previous statements collected +in one paper. He had given his account of the plot on one occasion, the +names of the plotters on another, and had stated on a third that they +were to be classified in three divisions—those who worked first at the +mine, those who worked at it afterwards, and those who did not work at +all. If the Government drew up a form combining the three statements and +omitting immaterial matter, and got Fawkes to sign it, this would fully +account for the form in which we find the declaration. At the present +day, we should object to receive <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span>evidence from a man who had been +tortured once and might be tortured again; but as this declaration adds +nothing of any importance to our previous knowledge, it is unnecessary +to recur to first principles on this occasion.<small><a name="f90.1" id="f90.1" href="#f90">[90]</a></small></p> + +<p>Winter’s examination of the 23rd, as treated by Father Gerard, raises a +more difficult question. The document itself is at Hatfield, and there +is a copy of it in the ‘Gunpowder Plot Book’ in the Public Record +Office. “The ‘original’ document,” writes Father Gerard,<small><a name="f91.1" id="f91.1" href="#f91">[91]</a></small> “is at +Hatfield, and agrees in general so exactly with the copy as to +demonstrate the identity of their origin. But while, as we have seen, +the ‘copy’ is dated November 23rd, the ‘original’ is dated on the 25th.” +In a note, we are told ‘that this is not a slip of the pen is evidenced +by the fact that Winter first wrote 23, and then corrected it to 25.’ To +return to Father Gerard’s text, we find, “On a circumstance so +irregular, light is possibly thrown by a letter from Waad, the +Lieutenant of the Tower, to Cecil<small><a name="f92.1" id="f92.1" href="#f92">[92]</a></small> on the 20th of the same month. +‘Thomas Winter,’ he wrote, ‘doth find his hand so strong, as after +dinner he will settle himself to write that he hath verbally declared to +your Lordship, adding what he shall remember.’ The inference is +certainly suggested that torture had been used until the prisoner’s +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span>spirit was sufficiently broken to be ready to tell the story required +of him, and that the details were furnished by those who demanded it. It +must, moreover, be remarked that, although Winter’s ‘original’ +declaration is witnessed only by Sir E. Coke, the Attorney-General, it +appears in print attested by all those whom Cecil had selected for the +purpose two days before the declaration was made.”</p> + +<p>Apparently Father Gerard intends us to gather from his statement that +the whole confession of Winter was drawn up by the Government on or +before the 23rd, and that he was driven on the 25th by fears of renewed +torture to put his hand to a tissue of falsehoods contained in a paper +which the Government required him to copy out and sign. The whole of +this edifice, it will be seen, rests on the assertion that Winter first +wrote 23 and then corrected it to 25.</p> + +<p>So improbable did this assertion appear to me, that I wrote to Mr. +Gunton, the courteous secretary of the Marquis of Salisbury, requesting +him to examine the handwriting of the date in question. He tells me that +the confession itself is, as Father Gerard states, in Winter’s hand, as +is also the date ‘23 <sup>9 ber</sup> 1605.’ Two changes have been made; in the +first place 23 has been altered to 25, and there has been added at the +head of the paper: “The voluntary declaration of Thomas Winter, of +Hoodington, in the County of Worcester, gent. the 25 of November, 1605.” +“This heading,” Mr. Gunton writes, “is so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> tucked in at the top, that it +must, I think, have been written after the confession itself.” He also +assures me that the 5 of the substituted date and the 5 in the added +heading ‘are exactly alike, and both different from the 5’ at the end of +the date of the year, as written by Winter. “The heading,” Mr. Gunton +writes, “I believe to be in Coke’s hand. It is more carefully written +than he usually writes, and more carefully than his attestation at the +end; but as far as my judgment goes, it is decidedly his hand.”</p> + +<p>The alleged fact that lies at the basis of Father Gerard’s argument is +therefore finally disposed of. Why Coke, if Coke it was, changed the +date can be no more than matter for conjecture. Yet an explanation, +conjectural though it be, seems to me to be probable enough. We have +seen that Fawkes’s confession under torture bears two dates, the 9th, +when it was taken before Coke and Waad the Lieutenant of the Tower, +together with a magistrate, Edward Forsett; the second, on the 10th, +when it was declared before the Commissioners. Why may not this +confession of Winter’s have been subjected to a similar process. Winter, +I suppose, writes it on the 23rd, and it is then witnessed, as Father +Gerard says, by Coke alone. Though no copy with the autograph signatures +of the Commissioners exists it is reasonable to suppose that one was +made, in which a passage about Monteagle—whom the Government did not +wish to connect with the plot except as a discoverer—was omitted, and +that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> this, still bearing the date of the 23rd, may have been brought +before the Commissioners on the 25th. They would thus receive a +statement from Winter that it was his own, and the signatures of the +Commissioners would then be appended to it, together with those of Coke +and Waad. This then would be the document from which copies would be +taken for the use of individual Commissioners, and we can thus account +for Salisbury’s having appended to his own copy now in the Record +Office, “Taken before us, Nottingham, Suffolk, &c.” The recognition +before the Commissioners would become the official date, and Coke, +having access to the original, changes the date on which it was written +to that on which it was signed by the Commissioners. This explanation is +merely put forward as a possible one. The important point is that Father +Gerard’s argument founded on the alteration of the date is inadmissible, +now that Mr. Gunton has thrown light on the matter.</p> + +<p>Winter’s confession having been thus vindicated is here inserted, partly +because it gives the story from a different point of view from that of +Fawkes, and partly because it will enable those who read it to see for +themselves whether there is internal evidence of its having been +manipulated by the Government.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="center"><i>My Most Honourable Lords.</i></p> + +<p>“23 <sup>9 ber</sup> 1605.</p> + +<p>“Not out of hope to obtain pardon for speaking—of my temporal part +I may say the fault is greater than can be <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>forgiven—nor affecting +hereby the title of a good subject for I must redeem my country +from as great a danger as I have hazarded the bringing her into, +before I can purchase any such opinion; only at your Honours’ +command, I will briefly set down my own accusation, and how far I +have proceeded in this business which I shall the faithfuller do +since I see such courses are not pleasing to Almighty God; and that +all, or the most material parts have been already confessed.</p> + +<p>“I remained with my brother in the country for All-hollantide,<small><a name="f93.1" id="f93.1" href="#f93">[93]</a></small> +in the year of our Lord 1603, the first of the King’s reign, about +which time, Mr. Catesby sent thither, entreating me to come to +London, where he and other friends would be glad to see me. I +desired him to excuse me, for I found not myself very well +disposed, and (which had happened never to me before) returned the +messenger without my company. Shortly I received another letter, in +any wise to come. At the second summons I presently came up and +found him with Mr. John Wright at Lambeth, where he brake with me +how necessary it was not to forsake my country (for he knew I had +then a resolution to go over), but to deliver her from the +servitude in which she remained, or at least to assist her with our +uttermost endeavours. I answered that I had often hazarded my life +upon far lighter terms, and now would not refuse any good occasion +wherein I might do service to the Catholic cause; but, for myself, +I knew no mean probable to succeed. He said that he had bethought +him of a way at one instant to deliver us from all our bonds, and +without any foreign help<small><a name="f94.1" id="f94.1" href="#f94">[94]</a></small> to replant again the Catholic +religion, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span>withal told me in a word it was to blow up the +Parliament House with gunpowder; for, said he, in that place have +they done us all the mischief, and perchance God hath designed that +place for their punishment. I wondered at the strangeness of the +conceit, and told him that true it was this strake at the root and +would breed a confusion fit to beget new alterations, but if it +should not take effect (as most of this nature miscarried) the +scandal would be so great which the Catholic religion might hereby +sustain, as not only our enemies, but our friends also would with +good reason condemn us. He told me the nature of the disease +required so sharp a remedy, and asked me if I would give my +consent. I told him Yes, in this or what else soever, if he +resolved upon it, I would venture my life; but I proposed many +difficulties, as want of a house, and of one to carry the mine; +noise in the working, and such like. His answer was, let us give an +attempt, and where it faileth, pass no further. But first, quoth +he, because we will leave no peaceable and quiet way untried, you +shall go over and inform the Constable<small><a name="f95.1" id="f95.1" href="#f95">[95]</a></small> of the state of the +Catholics here in England, intreating him to solicit his Majesty at +his coming hither that the penal laws may be recalled, and we +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>admitted into the rank of his other subjects. Withal, you may +bring over some confidant gentleman such as you shall understand +best able for this business, and named unto me Mr. Fawkes. Shortly +after I passed the sea and found the Constable at Bergen, near +Dunkirk, where, by the help of Mr. Owen,<small><a name="f96.1" id="f96.1" href="#f96">[96]</a></small> I delivered my +message, whose answer was that he had strict command from his +master to do all good offices for the Catholics, and for his own +part he thought himself bound in conscience so to do, and that no +good occasion should be omitted, but spake to him nothing of this +matter.</p> + +<p>“Returning to Dunkirk with Mr. Owen, we had speach whether he +thought the Constable would faithfully help us or no. He said he +believed nothing less, and that they sought only their own ends, +holding small account of Catholics. I told him, that there were +many gentlemen in England, who would not forsake their country +until they had tried the uttermost, and rather venture their lives +than forsake her in this misery; and to add one more to our number +as a fit man, both for counsel and execution of whatsoever we +should resolve, wished for Mr. Fawkes whom I had heard good +commendations of. He told me the gentleman deserved no less, but +was at Brussels, and that if he came not, as happily he might, +before my departure, he would send him shortly after into England. +I went soon after to Ostend, where Sir William Stanley as then was +not, but came two days after. I remained with <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>him three or four +days, in which time I asked him, if the Catholics in England should +do anything to help themselves, whether he thought the Archduke +would second them. He answered, No; for all those parts were so +desirous of peace with England as they would endure no speach of +other enterprise, neither were it fit, said he, to set any project +afoot now the peace is upon concluding. I told him there was no +such resolution, and so fell to discourse of other matters until I +came to speak of Mr. Fawkes whose company I wished over into +England. I asked of his sufficiency in the wars, and told him we +should need such as he, if occasion required. He gave very good +commendations of him; and as we were thus discoursing and I ready +to depart for Nieuport and taking my leave of Sir William, Mr. +Fawkes came into our company newly returned and saluted us. This is +the gentleman, said Sir William, that you wished for, and so we +embraced again. I told him some good friends of his wished his +company in England; and that if he pleased to come to Dunkirk, we +would have further conference, whither I was then going: so taking +my leave of both, I departed. About two days after came Mr. Fawkes +to Dunkirk, where I told him that we were upon a resolution to do +somewhat in England if the peace with Spain helped us not, but had +as yet resolved upon nothing. Such or the like talk we passed at +Gravelines, where I lay for a wind, and when it served, came both +in one passage to Greenwich, near which place we took a pair of +oars, and so came up to London, and came to Mr. Catesby whom we +found in his lodging. He welcomed us into England, and asked me +what news from the Constable. I told him Good words, but I feared +the deeds would not answer. This was the beginning of Easter +term<small><a name="f97.1" id="f97.1" href="#f97">[97]</a></small> and about the midst of the same term (whether sent for <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>by +Mr. Catesby, or upon some business of his own) up came Mr. Thomas +Percy. The first word he spake (after he came into our company) was +Shall we always, gentlemen, talk and never do anything? Mr. Catesby +took him aside and had speech about somewhat to be done, so as +first we might all take an oath of secrecy, which we resolved +within two or three days to do, so as there we met behind St. +Clement’s, Mr. Catesby, Mr. Percy, Mr. Wright, Mr. Guy Fawkes, and +myself, and having, upon a primer given each other the oath of +secrecy in a chamber where no other body was, we went after into +the next room and heard mass, and received the blessed sacrament +upon the same. Then did Mr. Catesby disclose to Mr. Percy,<small><a name="f98.1" id="f98.1" href="#f98">[98]</a></small> and +I together with Jack Wright tell to Mr. Fawkes the business for +which they took this oath which they both approved; and then Mr. +Percy sent to take the house, which Mr. Catesby, in my absence, had +learnt did belong to one Ferris, which with some difficulty in the +end he obtained, and became, as Ferris before was, tenant to +Whynniard. Mr. Fawkes underwent the name of Mr. Percy’s man, +calling himself Johnson, because his face was the most unknown,<small><a name="f99.1" id="f99.1" href="#f99">[99]</a></small> +and received the keys of the house, until we heard <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span>that the +Parliament was adjourned to the 7 of February. At which time we all +departed several ways into the country, to meet again at the +beginning of Michaelmas term.<small><a name="f100.1" id="f100.1" href="#f100">[100]</a></small> Before this time also it was +thought convenient to have a house that might answer to Mr. +Percy’s, where we might make provision of powder and wood for the +mine which, being there made ready, should in a night be conveyed +by boat to the house by the Parliament because we were loth to foil +that with often going in and out. There was none that we could +devise so fit as Lambeth where Mr. Catesby often lay, and to be +keeper thereof, by Mr. Catesby’s choice, we received into the +number Keyes, as a trusty honest man.<small><a name="f101.1" id="f101.1" href="#f101">[101]</a></small></p> + +<p>“Some fortnight after, towards the beginning of the term, Mr. +Fawkes and I came to Mr. Catesby at Moorcrofts, where we agreed +that now was time to begin and set things in order for the mine, so +as Mr. Fawkes went to London and the next day sent for me to come +over to him. When I came, the cause was for that the Scottish Lords +were appointed to sit in conference on the Union in Mr. Percy’s +house. This hindered our beginning until a fortnight before +Christmas, by which time both Mr. Percy and Mr. Wright were come to +London, and we against their coming had provided a good part of the +powder, so as we all five entered with tools fit to begin our work, +having provided ourselves of baked-meats, the less to need sending +abroad. We entered late in the night, and were never seen, save +only Mr. Percy’s man, until Christmas-eve, in which time we wrought +under a little entry to the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>wall of the Parliament House, and +underpropped it as we went with wood.</p> + +<p>“Whilst we were together we began to fashion our business, and +discourse what we should do after this deed were done. The first +question was how we might surprise the next heir; the Prince +happily would be at the Parliament with the King his father: how +should we then be able to seize on the Duke?<small><a name="f102.1" id="f102.1" href="#f102">[102]</a></small> This burden Mr. +Percy undertook; that by his acquaintance he with another gentleman +would enter the chamber without suspicion, and having some dozen +others at several doors to expect his coming, and two or three on +horseback at the Court gate to receive him, he would undertake (the +blow being given, until which he would attend in the Duke’s +chamber) to carry him safe away, for he supposed most of the Court +would be absent, and such as were there not suspecting, or +unprovided for any such matter. For the Lady Elizabeth it were easy +to surprise her in the country by drawing friends together at a +hunting near the Lord Harrington’s, and Ashby, Mr. Catesby’s house, +being not far off was a fit place for preparation.</p> + +<p>“The next was for money and horses, which if we could provide in +any reasonable measure (having the heir apparent) and the first +knowledge by four or five days was odds sufficient. Then, what +Lords we should save from the Parliament, which was agreed in +general as many as we could that were Catholics or so disposed. +Next, what foreign princes we should acquaint with this before or +join with after. For this point we agreed that first we would not +enjoin princes to that secrecy nor oblige them by oath so to be +secure of their promise; besides, we know not whether they will +approve the project or dislike it, and if they do allow thereof, to +prepare before might beget <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span>suspicion and<small><a name="f103.1" id="f103.1" href="#f103">[103]</a></small> not to provide until +the business were acted; the same letter that carried news of the +thing done might as well entreat their help and furtherance. Spain +is too slow in his preparations to hope any good from in the first +extremities, and France too near and too dangerous, who with the +shipping of Holland we feared of all the world might make away with +us. But while we were in the middle of these discourses, we heard +that the Parliament should be anew adjourned until after +Michaelmas, upon which tidings we broke off both discourse and +working until after Christmas. About Candlemas we brought over in a +boat the powder which we had provided at Lambeth and layd it in Mr. +Percy’s house because we were willing to have all our danger in one +place. We wrought also another fortnight in the mine against the +stone wall, which was very hard to beat through, at which time we +called in Kit Wright, and near to Easter<small><a name="f104.1" id="f104.1" href="#f104">[104]</a></small> as we wrought the +third time, opportunity was given to hire the cellar, in which we +resolved to lay the powder and leave the mine.</p> + +<p>“Now by reason that the charge of maintaining us all so long +together, besides the number of several houses which for several +uses had been hired, and buying of powder, &c., had lain heavy on +Mr. Catesby alone to support, it was necessary for to call in some +others to ease his charge, and to that end desired leave that he +with Mr. Percy and a third whom they should call might acquaint +whom they thought fit and willing to the business, for many, said +he, may be content that I should know who would not therefore that +all the Company should be acquainted with their names. To this we +all agreed.</p> + +<p>“After this Mr. Fawkes laid into the cellar (which he had newly +taken) a thousand of billets and five hundred of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span>faggots, and with +that covered the powder, because we might have the house free to +suffer anyone to enter that would. Mr. Catesby wished us to +consider whether it were not now necessary to send Mr. Fawkes over, +both to absent himself for a time as also to acquaint Sir William +Stanley and Mr. Owen with this matter. We agreed that he should; +provided that he gave it them with the same oath that we had taken +before, viz., to keep it secret from all the world. The reason why +we desired Sir William Stanley should be acquainted herewith was to +have him with us so soon as he could, and, for Mr. Owen, he might +hold good correspondency after with foreign princes. So Mr. Fawkes +departed about Easter for Flanders and returned the later end of +August. He told me that when he arrived at Brussels, Sir William +Stanley was not returned from Spain, so as he uttered the matter +only to Owen, who seemed well pleased with the business, but told +him that surely Sir William would not be acquainted with any plot +as having business now afoot in the Court of England, but he +himself would be always ready to tell it him and send him away so +soon as it were done.</p> + +<p>“About this time did Mr. Percy and Mr. Catesby meet at the Bath +where they agreed that the company being yet but few, Mr. Catesby +should have the others’ authority to call in whom he thought best, +by which authority he called in after Sir Everard Digby, though at +what time I know not, and last of all Mr. Francis Tresham. The +first promised, as I heard Mr. Catesby say, fifteen hundred pounds. +Mr. Percy himself promised all that he could get of the Earl of +Northumberland’s rent,<small><a name="f105.1" id="f105.1" href="#f105">[105]</a></small> and to provide many galloping horses, +his number was ten.<small><a name="f106.1" id="f106.1" href="#f106">[106]</a></small> +Meanwhile Mr. Fawkes and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>myself alone +bought some new powder, as suspecting the first to be dank, and +conveyed it into the cellar and set it in order as we resolved it +should stand. Then was the Parliament anew prorogued until the 5 of +November; so as we all went down until some ten days before. When +Mr. Catesby came up with Mr. Fawkes to a house by Enfield Chase +called White Webbs, whither I came to them, and Mr. Catesby willed +me to inquire whether the young Prince<small><a name="f107.1" id="f107.1" href="#f107">[107]</a></small> came to Parliament, I +told him that his Grace thought not to be there. Then must we have +our horses, said Mr. Catesby, beyond the water,<small><a name="f108.1" id="f108.1" href="#f108">[108]</a></small> and provision +of more company to surprise the Prince and leave the Duke alone. +Two days after, being Sunday<small><a name="f109.1" id="f109.1" href="#f109">[109]</a></small> at night, in came one to my +chamber and told me that a letter had been given to my Lord +Monteagle to this effect, that he wished his lordship’s absence +from the Parliament because a blow would there be given, which +letter he presently carried to my Lord of Salisbury. On the morrow +I went to White Webbs and told it to Mr. Catesby, assuring him +withal that the matter was disclosed and wishing him in any wise to +forsake his country. He told me he would see further as yet and +resolved to send Mr. Fawkes to try the uttermost, protesting if the +part belonged to myself he would try the same adventure. On +Wednesday Mr. Fawkes went and returned at night, of which we were +very glad. Thursday<small><a name="f110.1" id="f110.1" href="#f110">[110]</a></small> I came to London, and Friday<small><a name="f111.1" id="f111.1" href="#f111">[111]</a></small> Mr. +Catesby, Mr. Tresham and I met at Barnet, where we questioned how +this letter should be sent to my Lord Monteagle, but could not +conceive, for Mr. Tresham forsware it, whom we only suspected. On +Saturday night<small><a name="f112.1" id="f112.1" href="#f112">[112]</a></small> I met Mr. Tresham again in Lincoln’s Inn Walks, +where he told such speeches that my Lord of Salisbury should use to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>the King, as I gave it lost the second time, and repeated the same +to Mr. Catesby, who hereupon was resolved to be gone, but stayed to +have Mr. Percy come up whose consent herein we wanted. On Sunday +night<small><a name="f113.1" id="f113.1" href="#f113">[113]</a></small> came Mr. Percy, and no ‘Nay,’ but would abide the +uttermost trial.</p> + +<p>“This suspicion of all hands put us into such confusion as Mr. +Catesby resolved to go down into the country the Monday<small><a name="f114.1" id="f114.1" href="#f114">[114]</a></small> that +Mr. Percy went to Sion and Mr. Percy resolved to follow the same +night or early the next morning. About five o’clock being +Tuesday<small><a name="f115.1" id="f115.1" href="#f115">[115]</a></small> came the younger Wright to my chamber and told me that +a nobleman called the Lord Monteagle, saying “Rise and come along +to Essex House, for I am going to call up my Lord of +Northumberland,” saying withal ‘the matter is discovered.’ “Go back +Mr. Wright,” quoth I, “and learn what you can at Essex Gate.” +Shortly he returned and said, “Surely all is lost, for Leyton is +got on horseback at Essex door, and as he parted, he asked if their +Lordship’s would have any more with him, and being answered “No,” +is rode as fast up Fleet Street as he can ride.” “Go you then,” +quoth I, “to Mr. Percy, for sure it is for him they seek, and bid +him begone: I will stay and see the uttermost.” Then I went to the +Court gates, and found them straitly guarded so as nobody could +enter. From thence I went down towards the Parliament House, and in +the middle of King’s Street found the guard standing that would not +let me pass, and as I returned, I heard one say, “There is a +treason discovered in which the King and the Lords shall have been +blown up,” so then I was fully satisfied that all was known, and +went to the stable where my gelding stood, and rode into the +country. Mr. Catesby had appointed our meeting at Dunchurch, but I +could not overtake them until I came to my brother’s which was +Wednesday night.<small><a name="f116.1" id="f116.1" href="#f116">[116]</a></small> On +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>Thursday<small><a name="f117.1" id="f117.1" href="#f117">[117]</a></small> we took the armour at my +Lord Windsor’s, and went that night to one Stephen Littleton’s +house, where the next day, being Friday,<small><a name="f118.1" id="f118.1" href="#f118">[118]</a></small> as I was early abroad +to discover, my man came to me and said that a heavy mischance had +severed all the company, for that Mr. Catesby, Mr. Rokewood and Mr. +Grant were burnt with gunpowder, upon which sight the rest +dispersed. Mr. Littleton wished me to fly and so would he. I told +him I would first see the body of my friend and bury him, +whatsoever befel me. When I came I found Mr. Catesby reasonable +well, Mr. Percy, both the Wrights, Mr. Rokewood and Mr. Grant. I +asked them what they resolved to do. They answered “We mean here to +die.” I said again I would take such part as they did. About eleven +of the clock came the company to beset the house, and as I walked +into the court was shot into the shoulder, which lost me the use of +my arm. The next shot was the elder Wright struck dead; after him +the younger Mr. Wright, and fourthly Ambrose Rokewood. Then, said +Mr. Catesby to me (standing before the door they were to enter), +“Stand by, Mr. Tom, and we will die together.” “Sir,” quoth I, “I +have lost the use of my right arm and I fear that will cause me to +be taken.” So as we stood close together Mr. Catesby, Mr. Percy and +myself, they two were shot (as far as I could guess, with one +bullet), and then the company entered upon me, hurt me in the belly +with a pike and gave me other wounds, until one came behind and +caught hold of both my arms, and so I remain, Your &c.”</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">“[Taken before us</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">“Nottingham, Suffolk, Northampton, Salisbury, Mar, Dunbar, Popham.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 12em;"><span class="smcap">Edw. Coke</span>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 12em;"><span class="smcap">W. Waad</span>.]”<small><a name="f119.1" id="f119.1" href="#f119">[119]</a></small></span></p></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>I have printed this interesting statement in full, because it is the +only way in which I can convey to my readers the sense of spontaneity +which pervades it from beginning to end. To me, at least, it seems +incredible that it was either written to order, or copied from a paper +drawn up by some agent of the Government. Nor is it to be forgotten that +if there was one thing the Government was anxious to secure, it was +evidence against the priests, and that no such evidence can be extracted +from this confession. What is, perhaps, still more to the point is, that +no candid person can, I imagine, rise from the perusal of these +sentences without having his estimate of the character of the +conspirators raised. There is no conscious assumption of high qualities, +but each touch as it comes strengthens the belief that the men concerned +in the plot were patient and loyal, brave beyond the limits of ordinary +bravery, and utterly without selfish aims. Could this result have been +attained by a confession written to order or dictated by Salisbury or +his agents, to whom the plotters were murderous villains of the basest +kind?</p> + +<p>There is nothing to show that Winter’s evidence was procured by torture. +Father Gerard, indeed, quotes a letter from Waad, written on the 21st, +in which he says that ‘Thomas Winter doth find his hand so strong as +after dinner he will settle himself to write that he hath verbally +declared to your Lordship adding what he shall remember.’ Considering +that he had a ball through his shoulder a fortnight before, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> +suggestion of torture is hardly needed to find a cause for his having +for some time been unable to use his hand.</p> + +<p>Before turning to another branch of the investigation, it will be +advisable to clear up one difficulty which is not quite so easy to +solve.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“Fawkes,” writes Father Gerard,<small><a name="f120.1" id="f120.1" href="#f120">[120]</a></small> “in the confession of November +17, mentioned Robert Keyes as amongst the first seven of the +conspirators who worked at the mine, and Robert Winter as one of +the five introduced at a later period. The names of these two were +deliberately interchanged in the published version, Robert Winter +appearing as a worker in the mine, and Keyes, who was an obscure +man, of no substance, among the gentlemen of property whose +resources were to have supported the subsequent rebellion. +Moreover, in the account of the same confession sent to Edmondes by +Cecil three days before Fawkes signed it—<i>i.e.</i>, November 14—the +same transposition occurs, Keyes being explicitly described as one +of those ‘who wrought not at the mine,’ although, as we have seen, +he is one of the three who alone make any mention of it.</p> + +<p>“Still more irregular is another circumstance. About November 28, +Sir Edward Coke, the Attorney-General, drew up certain further +notes of questions to be put to various prisoners. Amongst these we +read: ‘Winter<small><a name="f121.1" id="f121.1" href="#f121">[121]</a></small> to be examined of his brother, for no man else +can accuse him.’ But a fortnight or so before this time the +Secretary of State had officially informed the ambassador in the +Low Countries that Robert Winter was one of those deepest in the +treason, and, to say nothing of other evidence, a proclamation for +his apprehension had been issued on November 18th. Yet Coke’s +interrogatory seems to imply that nothing had yet been established +against him, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>that he was not known to the general body of the +traitors as a fellow-conspirator.”</p></div> + +<p>If this tangled skein is to be unravelled, the first thing to be done is +to place the facts in their chronological order, upon which many if not +all the difficulties will disappear, premising that, as a matter of +fact, Keyes did work at the mine, and Robert Winter did not.</p> + +<p>In his examination of November 7, in which no names appear, and nothing +is said about a mine, Fawkes spoke of five original conspirators, and of +five or six subsequently joining them, and being generally acquainted +with the plot.<small><a name="f122.1" id="f122.1" href="#f122">[122]</a></small> On the 8th,<small><a name="f123.1" id="f123.1" href="#f123">[123]</a></small> when the mine was first mentioned, +he divided the seven actual diggers into two classes: first, the five +who worked from the beginning, and, secondly, two who were afterwards +added to that number, saying nothing of the conspirators who took no +part in the mining operations. On the 9th, under torture, he gave the +names of the first five apart, and then lumped all the other +conspirators together, so that both Keyes and Robert Winter appear in +the same class. On the 17th he gave, as the names of two, who, as he now +said, subsequently worked at the mine, Christopher Wright and Robert +Winter, but the surname of the latter <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>is deleted with pen-strokes, and +that of Keyes substituted above it; whilst, in the list of the persons +made privy to the plot but not engaged in digging, we have the name of +Keyes, afterwards deleted, and that of Wynter substituted for it.<small><a name="f124.1" id="f124.1" href="#f124">[124]</a></small> +The only question is, when was the double substitution effected?</p> + +<p>As far as the action of the Government is known, we have the list +referred to at pp. 47, 48, and probably written on or about the +10th.<small><a name="f125.1" id="f125.1" href="#f125">[125]</a></small> In this the additional workers are first said to have been +John Grant and Christopher Wright. The former name is, however, +scratched out, and that of ‘Robyn Winter’ substituted for it, and from +this list is taken the one forwarded to Edmondes on the 14th.<small><a name="f126.1" id="f126.1" href="#f126">[126]</a></small> Even +if we could discover any conceivable motive for the Government wishing +to accuse Keyes rather than Winter, it would not help us to explain why +the name of Winter was substituted for that of Grant at one time, and +the name of Keyes substituted for that of Winter at another.</p> + +<p>On the other hand, Fawkes, if he had any knowledge of what was going on, +had at least a probable motive for putting Winter rather than Keyes in +the worse category. Keyes had been seized, whilst Winter was still at +large, and Fawkes may have thought that as Winter might make his escape +beyond sea, it was better to load him with the burden which really +belonged <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>to Keyes. If this solution be accepted as a possible one, it +is easy to understand how the Government fixed on Winter as one of the +actual diggers. On the 18th, the day after his name had been given by +Fawkes, a proclamation is issued for his apprehension as one ‘known to +be a principal.’<small><a name="f127.1" id="f127.1" href="#f127">[127]</a></small> It is not for ten days that any sign is given of a +belief that Keyes was the right man. Then, on the 28th, Coke suggests +that Thomas Winter may be examined about his brother, ‘for no man else +can accuse him,’ a suggestion which would be absurd if Fawkes’s +statement had still held good. On the 30th Keyes himself acknowledges +that he bought some of the powder and assisted in carrying it to +Ferrers’ house, and that he also helped to work at the mine.</p> + +<p>I am inclined therefore to assign the alteration of the name which +Fawkes gave in his examination of the 17th to some day shortly before +the 28th, and to think that the sending of the ‘King’s Book’<small><a name="f128.1" id="f128.1" href="#f128">[128]</a></small> to +press took place on some day between the 23rd, the date of Thomas +Winter’s examination, and the 28th. If so, the retention of the name of +Robert Winter amongst the diggers, and that of Keyes amongst those made +privy afterwards, needs no further explanation.<small><a name="f129.1" id="f129.1" href="#f129">[129]</a></small> Cromwell once +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span>adjured the Presbyterians of Edinburgh to believe it possible that they +might be mistaken. If Father Gerard would only believe it possible that +Salisbury may have been mistaken, he would hardly be so keen to mark +conscious deception, where deception is not <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span>necessarily to be found. +After all, the Government left the names of Winter and Keyes perfectly +legible under the pen-strokes drawn across them, and the change they +made was at least the erasure of a false statement and the substitution +of a true one.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 50%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2> +<h3>STRUCTURAL DIFFICULTIES.</h3> + +<p><br />From a study of the documentary evidence, I pass to an examination of +those structural conditions which Father Gerard pronounces to be fatal +to the ‘traditional’ story. The first step is obviously to ascertain the +exact position of Whynniard’s house, part of which was rented by Percy. +The investigator is, however, considerably assisted by Father Gerard, +who has successfully exploded the old belief that this building lay to +the southwest of the House of Lords. His argument, which appears to me +to be conclusive, runs as follows:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“That the lodging hired by Percy stood near the southeast corner of +the old House of Lords (<i>i.e.</i> nearer to the river than that +building, and adjacent to, if not adjoining the Prince’s Chamber) +is shown by the following arguments:—</p> + +<p>“1. John Shepherd, servant to Whynniard, gave evidence as to having +on a certain occasion seen from the river ‘a boat lie close to the +pale of Sir Thomas Parry’s garden, and men going to and from the +water through the back door that leadeth into Mr. Percy, his +lodging.—[<i>Gunpowder Plot Book</i>, 40, part 2.]</p> + +<p>“2. Fawkes, in his examination of November 5, 1605, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>speaks of the +window in his chamber near the Parliament House towards the +water-side.</p> + +<p>“3. It is said that when digging their mine the conspirators were +troubled by the influx of water from the river, which would be +impossible if they were working at the opposite side of the +Parliament House.”<small><a name="f130.1" id="f130.1" href="#f130">[130]</a></small></p></div> + +<p>I think, however, that a still closer identification is possible. On +page 80 will be seen a frontage towards the river, marked ‘very old +walls, remaining in 1795 & 1800,’ of which the line corresponds fairly +with that of the house in the view given as the frontispiece to this +volume.</p> + +<p>On part of the site behind it is written ‘Very Old House,’ and the +remainder is said to have been occupied by a garden for many years. It +may, however, be gathered from the view that this piece of ground was +covered by part of the house in 1799, and I imagine that the ‘many +years’ must have commenced in 1807, when the house was demolished (see +view at p. 89). If any doubt remains as to the locality of the front it +will be removed by Capon’s pencilled note on the door to the left,<small><a name="f131.1" id="f131.1" href="#f131">[131]</a></small> +stating that it led to Parliament Place.<small><a name="f132.1" id="f132.1" href="#f132">[132]</a></small></p> + +<p>The house marked separately to the right in the plan, as Mrs. Robe’s +house, 1799, is evidently identical <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span>with the more modern building in +the frontispiece, and therefore does not concern us.</p> + +<p>With this comparatively modern plan should be compared the three which +follow in succession (pp. 81, 82, 83), respectively dated 1685, 1739, +and 1761. They are taken from the Crace Collection of plans in the Print +Room of the British Museum, Portfolio xi. Nos. 30, 45, 46.</p> + +<p>The first of these three plans differs from the later ones in two +important particulars. In the first place, the shaded part indicating +buildings is divided by dark lines, and, in the second place, this +shaded part covers more ground. I suppose there can be little doubt that +the dark lines indicate party walls, and we are thus enabled to +understand how it is that, whilst in writing to Parry<small><a name="f133.1" id="f133.1" href="#f133">[133]</a></small> Salisbury +speaks of Percy as having taken a part of Whynniard’s house, Percy is +spoken of in all the remaining evidence that has reached us as taking a +house. Salisbury, no doubt, was thinking of the whole tenement held by +Whynniard as a house, whilst others gave that name to such a part of it +as could be separately held by a single tenant. The other difference +between the plans is less easy to explain. Neither of the later ones +show that excrescence towards the river-bank, abutting on its northern +side on Cotton Garden, which is so noted a feature in the plan of 1685. +At one time I was inclined to think that we had here the ‘low room new +builded,’ that in which Percy at first stored his powder; but this +would be to make the house rented by him far larger than it is likely to +have been. A more probable explanation is given by the plan itself. It +will be seen that the shading includes the internal courtyard, +perceptible in the two later plans, and it does not therefore +necessarily indicate the presence of buildings. May not the shaded part +reaching to the river mean no more than that in 1685 there was some yard +or garden specially attached to the House?</p> + +<p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/image1tmb.jpg" alt="" /><br /> +<a href="images/image1.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Part of a Plan of the Ancient Palace of Westminster, by +the late Mr. William Capon,<br />Measured and Drawn between 1793 and +1823.</span>—<i>Vetusta Monumenta</i>, vol. v.<br />The houses at the edge of the river +were not in existence in 1605,<br />the ground on which they were built having been reclaimed since that date.</p> + +<p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/image2.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">From a Plan of part of Westminster, 1685.</span></p> + +<p class="center">A. Probable position of the chamber attached to the House of Lords.<br />B. +Probable position of the house leased to Percy.<br />These references are not in the original plan.</p> + +<p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/image3.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">From a Plan of Part of Westminster, with Intended Improvements of<br />the Houses of Lords and Commons, by W. Kent, 1739.</span></p> + +<p class="center">A red line showing the ground set apart by Kent for building is omitted.</p> + +<p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/image4.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">From a Plan of Westminster Hall and the Houses of Parliament<br />as it appeared in 1761</span></p> +<p class="center">Part of this lettering is in pencil in the original plan.</p> +<p> </p> + +<p>Before giving reasons for selecting any one part of Whynniard’s block as +that rented from him by Percy, it is necessary to face a difficulty +raised by Father Gerard:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“Neither,” he writes, “does the house appear to have been well +suited for the purposes for which it was taken. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>Speed tells us, +and he is confirmed by Bishop Barlow, of Lincoln, that it was let +out to tenants only when Parliament was not assembled, and during a +session formed part of the premises at the disposal of the Lords, +whom it served as a withdrawing room. As this plot was of necessity +to take effect during a session, when the place would be in other +hands, it is very hard to understand how it was intended that the +final and all-important operation should be conducted.”<small><a name="f134.1" id="f134.1" href="#f134">[134]</a></small></p></div> + +<p>This objection is put still more strongly in a subsequent passage:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“We have already observed on the nature of the house occupied in +Percy’s name. If this were, as Speed tells us, and as there is no +reason to doubt, at the service of the Peers during a session for a +withdrawing-room, and if the session was to begin on November 5, +how could Fawkes hope not only to remain in possession, but to +carry on his strange proceedings unobserved amid the crowd of +lacqueys and officials with whom the opening of the Parliament by +the Sovereign must needs have flooded the premises. How was he, +unobserved, to get into the fatal ‘cellar’?”<small><a name="f135.1" id="f135.1" href="#f135">[135]</a></small></p></div> + +<p>It is easy enough to brush away Father Gerard’s alleged confirmation by +Bishop Barlow,<small><a name="f136.1" id="f136.1" href="#f136">[136]</a></small> who, writing as he did in the reign of Charles II., +carries no weight on such a point. Besides, he did not write a book on +the Gunpowder Plot at all. He merely republished, in 1679, an old +official narrative of the trial, with an <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>unimportant preface of his +own. What Father Gerard quotes here and elsewhere is, however, not even +taken from this republication, but from an anonymous pamphlet published +in 1678, and reprinted in <i>The Harleian Miscellany</i>, iii. 121, which is +avowedly a cento made up from earlier writers, and in which the words +referred to are doubtless copied directly from Speed.</p> + +<p>Speed’s own testimony, however, cannot be so lightly dismissed, +especially as it is found in the first edition of his <i>History</i>, +published in 1611, and therefore only six years after the event:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“No place,” he says, “was held fitter than a certain edifice +adjoining the wall of the Parliament House, which served for +withdrawing rooms for the assembled Lords, and out of Parliament +was at the disposal of the keeper of the place and wardrobe +thereunto belonging.”<small><a name="f137.1" id="f137.1" href="#f137">[137]</a></small></p></div> + +<p>This is quite specific, and unless Speed’s evidence can be in any way +modified, fully justifies Father Gerard in his contention. Let us, +however, turn to the agreement for the house in question:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“Memorandum that it is concluded between Thomas Percy of London +Esquire and Henry Ferrers of Bordesley Clinton in the County of +Warwick Gentleman the xxiiii day of March in the second year of our +Sovereign Lord King James.<small><a name="f138.1" id="f138.1" href="#f138">[138]</a></small></p> + +<p>“That the said Henry hath granted to the said Thomas to enjoy his +house in Westminster belonging to the Parliament House, the said +Thomas getting the consent of Mr. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span>Whynniard, and satisfying me, +the said Henry, for my charges bestowed thereupon, as shall be +thought fit by two indifferent men chosen between us.</p> + +<p>“And that he shall also have the other house that Gideon Gibbons +dwelleth in, with an assignment of a lease from Mr. Whynniard +thereof, satisfying me as aforesaid, and using the now tenant well.</p> + +<p>“And the said Thomas hath lent unto me the said Henry twenty +pounds, to be allowed upon reckoning or to be repaid again at the +will of the said Thomas.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 12em;">“<span class="smcap">Henry Ferrers.</span></span><br /> +<br /> +“Sealed and delivered in the presence of<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Jo: White and Christopher Symons.<small><a name="f139.1" id="f139.1" href="#f139">[139]</a></small>”</span></p></div> + +<p>It is therefore beyond question, on the evidence of this agreement, that +Speed was right in connecting with Parliament a house rented by Percy. +It is, however, also beyond question, on the evidence of the same +agreement, that he also took a second house, of which Whynniard was to +give him a lease. The inference that Percy would have been turned out of +this second house when Parliament met seems, therefore, to be untenable. +Whynniard, it may be observed, had, on March 24, 1602, been appointed, +in conjunction with his son, Keeper of the Old Palace,<small><a name="f140.1" id="f140.1" href="#f140">[140]</a></small> so that the +block of buildings concerned, which is within the Old Palace, may very +well have been his official residence.</p> + +<p>Let us now cast our eyes on the plan on p. 81. We find there a long +division of the building running <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span>between the wall of the House of Lords +and the back wall of the remainder of the block. It certainly looks as +if this must have been the house, or division of a house, belonging to +Parliament, and this probability is turned into something like certainty +by the two views that now follow, taken from the <i>Crace Collection</i>; +Views, Portfolio xv., Nos. 18, 26.</p> + +<p>It will be seen that the first of these two views, taken in 1804 (p. +88), shows us a large mullioned window, inside which must have been a +room of some considerable length to require so large an opening to admit +light, as its breadth must evidently have been limited. Such a room +would be out of place in the rambling building we have been examining, +but by no means out of place as a chamber or gallery connected with the +House of Lords, and capable of serving as a place of meeting for the +Commissioners appointed to consider a scheme of union with Scotland. A +glance at the view on page 89, which was taken in 1807, when the wall of +the House of Lords was being laid bare by the demolition of the houses +abutting on it, shows two apertures, a window with a Gothic arch, and an +opening with a square head, which may very well have served as a door, +whilst the window may have been blocked up. If such a connection with +the House of Lords can be established, there seems no reason to doubt +that we have the withdrawing room fixed beyond doubt. Father Gerard +mentions an old print representing ‘the two Houses assembled in the +presence of Queen Elizabeth,’ and having ‘windows on <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span>both sides.’<small><a name="f141.1" id="f141.1" href="#f141">[141]</a></small> +Such a print can only refer to a time before the mullioned chamber was +in existence, and therefore—unless this print, like a subsequent one, +was a mere copy of an earlier one still—we have fair evidence that +the large room was not in existence in some year in the reign of +Elizabeth, whilst the plan at p. 80 shows that it was in existence in +1685. That it was there in 1605 is not, indeed, to be proved by other +evidence than that it manifestly supplies us with the withdrawing room +for the Lords and for the Commissioners for the Union of which we hear +so much.</p> + +<p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/image5tmb.jpg" alt="" /><br /> +<a href="images/image5.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">East End of the Prince’s Chamber.</span><br /> +Published July 1, 1804, by J. T. Smith.</p> + +<p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/image6tmb.jpg" alt="" /><br /> +<a href="images/image6.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Views of the East Side of the House of Lords, the East +End of the Prince’s Chamber, &c.<br />Taken October 8, 1807.</span></p> + +<p class="center">N.B. From the doorway out of which a man is peeping, nearly in the +centre of the print,<br />Guy Fawkes was to have made his escape. Published Nov. 4, 1807, by J. T. Smith.</p> +<p> </p> + +<p>That in the early part of the nineteenth century the storey beneath this +room was occupied by a passage leading from the court opening on +Parliament Place, and Cotton Garden, is shown in the plan at p. 81; and +the views at pp. 88, 89, rather indicate that that passage was in +existence when the old house, which I call Whynniard’s block, was still +undemolished. If this was so, we are able to find a place for the +‘little entry,’ under which, according to Winter, the conspirators +worked. This view of the case, too, is borne out by Smith’s statement, +that ‘in the further end of that court,’ <i>i.e.</i> the court running up +from Parliament Place, ‘is a doorway, through which, and turning to the +left through another doorway, is the immediate way out of the cellar +where the powder-plot was intended to take effect.’<small><a name="f142.1" id="f142.1" href="#f142">[142]</a></small> It seems likely +that the whole long space under the withdrawing room was used as a +passage, though, on the other hand, the part of what was afterwards a +passage may have been <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>blocked by a room, in which case we have the ‘low +room new builded’—<i>i.e.</i> built in some year in Elizabeth’s reign—in +which the powder was stored.</p> + +<p>Having thus fixed the position of the house belonging to Parliament, and +shown that it probably consisted of a long room in one storey, we can +hardly fail to discover the second house as that marked B in the plan on +p. 81, since that house alone combines the conditions of being close to +the House of Lords, and having a door and window looking towards the +river.</p> + +<p>According to Father Gerard, however, the premises occupied by Percy were +far too small to make this explanation permissible.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“We learn,” he says, “on the unimpeachable evidence of Mrs. +Whynniard’s servant that the house afforded accommodation only for +one person at a time, so that when Percy came there to spend the +night, Fawkes, who passed for his man, had to lodge out. This +suggests another question. Percy’s pretext for laying in so much +fuel was that he meant to bring up his wife to live there. But how +could this be under such conditions?”<small><a name="f143.1" id="f143.1" href="#f143">[143]</a></small></p></div> + +<p>Mrs. Whynniard’s servant, however, Roger James, did not use the words +here put into his mouth. He said that he had heard from Mrs. Gibbons +‘that Mr. Percy hath lain in the said lodging divers times himself, but +when he lay there, his man lay abroad, there being but one bed in the +said lodging.’</p> + +<p>Fawkes, therefore, lodged out when his master came, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>not because there +was not a second room in the house, but because there was only one bed. +If Mrs. Percy arrived alone she would probably find one bed sufficient +for herself and her husband. If she brought any maidservants with her, +beds could be provided for them without much difficulty. Is it not +likely that the plan of sending Fawkes out to sleep was contrived with +the object of persuading the Whynniards that as matters stood no more +than one person could occupy the house at night, and of thus putting +them off the scent, at the time when the miners were congregated in it?</p> + +<p>A more serious problem is presented by Father Gerard’s inquiry ‘how +proceedings so remarkable’ as the digging of the mine could have escaped +the notice, not only of the Government, but of the entire neighbourhood.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“This,” he continues, “it must be remembered, was most populous. +There were people living in the very building a part of which +sheltered the conspirators. Around were thickly clustered the +dwellings of the Keeper of the Wardrobe, auditors and tellers of +the Exchequer, and other such officials. There were tradespeople +and workmen constantly employed close to the spot where the work +was going on; while the public character of the place makes it +impossible to suppose that tenants such as Percy and his friends, +who were little better than lodgers, could claim the exclusive use +of anything beyond the rooms they rented—even when allowed the use +of them—or could shut against the neighbours and visitors in +general the precincts of so frequented a spot.”<small><a name="f144.1" id="f144.1" href="#f144">[144]</a></small></p></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span>To this is added the following footnote:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“The buildings of the dissolved College of St. Stephen, comprising +those around the House of Lords, were granted by Edward VI. to Sir +Ralph Lane. They reverted to the Crown under Elizabeth, and were +appropriated as residences for the auditors and tellers of the +Exchequer. The locality became so populous that in 1606 it was +forbidden to erect more houses.”</p></div> + +<p>This statement is reinforced by a conjectural view of the neighbourhood +founded on the ‘best authorities’ by Mr. H. W. Brewer.<small><a name="f145.1" id="f145.1" href="#f145">[145]</a></small> Mr. Brewer +who has since kindly examined with me the drawings and plans in the +Crace Collection, on which I rely, has, I think, been misled by those +early semi-pictorial maps, which, though they may be relied on for +larger buildings, such as the House of Lords or St. Stephen’s Chapel, +are very imaginative in their treatment of private houses. In any case I +deny the existence of the two large houses placed by him between what I +infer to have been Whynniard’s house and the river side.</p> + +<p>The history of the land between the wall of the old palace on which +stood the river front of Whynniard’s house, and the bank of the Thames, +can be traced with tolerable accuracy. It formed part of a larger +estate, formerly the property of the dissolved chapel of St. Stephen, +granted by Edward VI. to Sir Ralph Fane;<small><a name="f146.1" id="f146.1" href="#f146">[146]</a></small> Father Gerard’s Sir Ralph +Lane being a misprint or a mistake. Fane, however, was hanged <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span>shortly +afterwards, and the estate, reverting to the Crown, was re-granted to +Sir John Gates.<small><a name="f147.1" id="f147.1" href="#f147">[147]</a></small> Again reverting to the Crown, it was dealt with in +separate portions, and the part on which the Exchequer officers’ +residences was built was to the north of Cotton Garden, and being quite +out of earshot of Whynniard’s house, need not concern us here. In 1588, +the Queen granted to John Whynniard, then an officer of the Wardrobe, a +lease of several parcels of ground for thirty years.<small><a name="f148.1" id="f148.1" href="#f148">[148]</a></small> Some of these +were near Whitehall, others to the south of Parliament Stairs. The only +one which concerns us is a piece of land lying between the wall of the +Old Palace, on which the river-front of Whynniard’s house was built, and +the Thames. In 1600 the reversion was granted to two men named Evershed +and Holland, who immediately sold it to Whynniard, thus constituting him +the owner of the land in perpetuity. In the deed conveying it to him, +this portion is styled:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“All that piece of waste land lying there right against the said +piece, and lieth and is without the said stone wall, that is to say +between the said passage or entry of the said Parliament House<small><a name="f149.1" id="f149.1" href="#f149">[149]</a></small> +on the north part, and abutteth upon the said stone wall which +compasseth the said Old Palace towards the West, and upon the +Thames aforesaid towards the East, and continueth at length between +the passage aforesaid and the sluice coming from the said +Parliament House, seventy-five foot.”<small><a name="f150.1" id="f150.1" href="#f150">[150]</a></small></p></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span>On this piece of waste land I place the garden mentioned in connection +with the house rented by Percy. This is far more probable than it was +where Mr. Brewer has placed it, in the narrow court which leads from +Parliament Place to the other side of Percy’s house, and ends by the +side of the Prince’s Chamber. If this arrangement be accepted, it gets +rid of the alleged populousness of neighbourhood. No doubt people +flocked up and down from Parliament Stairs, but they would be excluded +from the garden on the river side, and with few exceptions would pass on +without turning to the right into the court. Nobody who had not business +with Percy himself or with his neighbour on the south<small><a name="f151.1" id="f151.1" href="#f151">[151]</a></small> would be +likely to approach Percy’s door. As far as that side of the house was +concerned, it would be difficult to find a more secluded dwelling. The +Thames was then the ‘silent highway’ of London, and the sight of a barge +unloading before the back door of a house can have been no more +surprising than the sight of a gondola moored to the steps of a palace +on a canal in Venice. John Shepherd, for instance, was not startled by +the sight:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span>Memorandum that John Shepherd servant to the said Mr. Whynniard, +saith that the fourth of September last being Wednesday before the +Queen’s Majesty removed from Windsor to Hampton Court,<small><a name="f152.1" id="f152.1" href="#f152">[152]</a></small> he +being taken suddenly sick, and therefore sent away to London, and +coming late to lie at the Queen’s Bridge,<small><a name="f153.1" id="f153.1" href="#f153">[153]</a></small> the tide being high, +he saw a boat lie close by the pale of Sir Thomas Parry’s +garden<small><a name="f154.1" id="f154.1" href="#f154">[154]</a></small> and men going to and fro the water through the back +door that leadeth into Mr. Percy’s lodging, which he doth now +bethink himself of, though then, being sick and late, he did not +regard it.<small><a name="f155.1" id="f155.1" href="#f155">[155]</a></small></p></div> + +<p>It thus appears that this final supply of powder was carried in at +night, and by a way through the garden—not by the more frequented +Parliament Stairs.</p> + +<p>The story of the mine, no doubt, presents some difficulties which, +though by no means insuperable, cannot be solved with absolute certainty +without more information than we possess at present. We may, I think, +dismiss the suggestion of the Edinburgh Reviewer that the conspirators +may have dug straight down instead of making a tunnel, both because even +bunglers could hardly have occupied a fortnight in digging a pit a few +feet deep, and because their words about reaching the wall at the end of +the fortnight would, on this hypothesis, have no meaning. Thomas +Winter’s statement is that he and his comrades <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>‘wrought under a little +entry to the wall of the Parliament House.’<small><a name="f156.1" id="f156.1" href="#f156">[156]</a></small> The little entry, as I +have already argued,<small><a name="f157.1" id="f157.1" href="#f157">[157]</a></small> must be the covered passage under the +withdrawing room; a tunnel leading from the cellar of Percy’s house +would be about seven or eight feet long. The main difficulty at the +commencement of the work would be to get through the wall of Percy’s +house, and this, it may be noticed, neither Fawkes nor Winter speak of, +though they are very positive as to the difficulties presented by the +wall of the House of Lords. If, indeed, the wall on this side of Percy’s +house was, as may with great probability be conjectured, built of brick, +as the river front undoubtedly was,<small><a name="f158.1" id="f158.1" href="#f158">[158]</a></small> the difficulty cannot have been +great, as I have been informed by Mr. Henry Ward<small><a name="f159.1" id="f159.1" href="#f159">[159]</a></small> that the brick +used in those days was, both from its composition and from the method in +which it was dried, far softer than that employed in building at +present. We may, therefore, fairly start our miners in the cellar of +their own house with a soft brick wall to penetrate, and a tunnel +afterwards to construct, having wood ready to prop up the earth, and +appropriate implements to carry out their undertaking.<small><a name="f160.1" id="f160.1" href="#f160">[160]</a></small></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span>Here, however, Father Gerard waves us back:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“It is not easy,” he writes, “to understand how these amateurs +contrived to do so much without a catastrophe. To make a tunnel +through soft earth is a very delicate operation, replete with +unknown difficulties. To shore up the roof and sides there must, +moreover, have been required a large quantity of the ‘framed +timber’<small><a name="f161.1" id="f161.1" href="#f161">[161]</a></small> of which Speed tells us, and the provision and +importation of this must have been almost as hard to keep dark as +the exportation of the earth and stones. A still more critical +operation is that of meddling with the foundations of a +house—especially of an old and heavy structure—which a +professional craftsman would not venture upon except with extreme +care, and the employment of many precautions of which these +light-hearted adventurers knew nothing. Yet, recklessly breaking +their way out of one building, and to a large extent into another, +they appear to have occasioned neither crack nor settlement in +either.”<small><a name="f162.1" id="f162.1" href="#f162">[162]</a></small></p></div> + +<p>I have already dealt with the problem of bringing in articles by night, +and of getting through Percy’s wall. For the rest, Father Gerard forgets +that though six of the seven miners were amateurs, the seventh was not. +Fawkes had been eight years in the service of the Archdukes in the Low +Countries, and to soldiers on either side the war in the Low Countries +offered the most complete school of military mining then to be found in +the world. Though every soldier was not an engineer, he could not fail +to be <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span>in the way of hearing about, if not of actually witnessing, feats +of engineering skill, of which the object was not merely to undermine +fortifications with tunnels of far greater length than can have been +required by the conspirators, but to conduct the operation as quietly as +possible. It must surely have been the habit of these engineers to use +other implements than the noisy pick of the modern workman.<small><a name="f163.1" id="f163.1" href="#f163">[163]</a></small> Fawkes, +indeed, speaks of himself merely as a watcher whilst others worked. But +he was a modest man, and there can be no reasonable doubt that he +directed the operations.</p> + +<p>When the main wall was attacked after Christmas the conditions were +somewhat altered. The miners, indeed, may still have been able to avoid +the use of picks, and to employ drills and crowbars, but some noise they +must necessarily have made. Yet the chances of their being overheard +were very slight. Having taken the precaution to hire the long +withdrawing room and the passage or passage-room beneath it, the sounds +made on the lower part of the main wall could not very well reach the +ears of the tenants of the other houses in Whynniard’s block. The only +question is whether there was any one likely to hear them in the +so-called ‘cellar’ underneath the House of Lords, beneath which, again, +they intended to deposit their <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span>store of powder. What that chamber was +had best be told in Father Gerard’s own words:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“The old House of Lords,”<small><a name="f164.1" id="f164.1" href="#f164">[164]</a></small> he writes, “was a chamber occupying +the first floor of a building which stood about fifty yards from +the left bank of the Thames,<small><a name="f165.1" id="f165.1" href="#f165">[165]</a></small> to which it was parallel, the +stream at this point running about due north. Beneath the Peers’ +Chamber on the ground floor was a large room, which plays an +important part in our history. This had originally served as the +palace kitchen, and, though commonly described as a ‘cellar’ or a +‘vault,’ was in reality neither, for it stood on the level of the +ground outside, and had a flat ceiling formed by the beams which +supported the flooring of the Lords apartment above. It ran beneath +the said Peers’ Chamber from end to end, and measured seventy-seven +feet in length by twenty-four feet four inches in width.</p> + +<p>“At either end the building abutted upon another running +transversely to it; that on the north being the ‘Painted Chamber,’ +probably erected by Edward the Confessor, and that on the south the +‘Prince’s Chamber,’ assigned by its architectural features to the +reign of Henry III. The former served as a place of conference for +Lords and Commons, the latter as the robing-room of the Lords. The +royal throne stood at the south end of the House, near the Prince’s +Chamber.”<small><a name="f166.1" id="f166.1" href="#f166">[166]</a></small></p></div> + +<p>According to the story told by Fawkes this place was let to Mrs. Skinner +by Whynniard to store her <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span>coals in. In an early draft of the narrative +usually known as the ‘King’s Book,’<small><a name="f167.1" id="f167.1" href="#f167">[167]</a></small> we are told that there was +‘some stuff of the King’s which lay in part of a cellar under those +rooms’—<i>i.e.</i> the House of Lords, and ‘that Whynniard had let out some +part of a room directly under the Parliament chamber to one that used it +for a cellar.’ This statement is virtually repeated in the ‘King’s Book’ +itself, where Whynniard is said to have stated ‘that Thomas Percy had +hired both the house and part of the cellar or vault under the +same.’<small><a name="f168.1" id="f168.1" href="#f168">[168]</a></small> That part was so let is highly probable, as the internal +length of the old kitchen was about seventy-seven feet, and it would +therefore be far too large for the occupation of a single coalmonger. We +must thus imagine the so-called vault divided into two portions, +probably with a partition cutting off one from the other. If, therefore, +the conspirators restricted their operations to the night-time, there +was little danger of their being overheard. There was not much +likelihood either that Whynniard would get out of bed to visit the +tapestry or whatever the stuff belonging to the King may have been, or +that Mrs. Skinner would want to examine her coal-sacks whilst her +customers were asleep. The only risk was from some belated visitor +coming up the quiet court leading from Parliament Place to make his way +to one of the houses in <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>Whynniard’s block. Against this, however, the +plotters were secured by the watchfulness of Fawkes.</p> + +<p>The precautions taken by the conspirators did not render their task +easier. It was in the second fortnight, beginning after the middle of +January, when the hard work of getting through the strong and broad +foundation of the House of Lords tried their muscles and their patience, +that they swore in Christopher Wright, and brought over Keyes from +Lambeth together with the powder which they now stored in ‘a low room +new-builded.’<small><a name="f169.1" id="f169.1" href="#f169">[169]</a></small> After a fortnight’s work, reaching to Candlemas (Feb. +2), they had burrowed through about four feet six inches into the wall, +after which they again gave over working.<small><a name="f170.1" id="f170.1" href="#f170">[170]</a></small> Some time in the latter +part of March they returned to their operations, but they had scarcely +commenced when they found out that it would be possible for them to gain +possession of a locality more suited to their wants, and they therefore<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> +abandoned the project of the mine as no longer necessary.<small><a name="f171.1" id="f171.1" href="#f171">[171]</a></small></p> + +<p>Before passing from the story of the mine, the more important of Father +Gerard’s criticisms require an answer. How, he asks, could the +conspirators have got rid of such a mass of earth and stones without +exciting attention?<small><a name="f172.1" id="f172.1" href="#f172">[172]</a></small> Fawkes, indeed, says that ‘the day before +Christmas having a mass of earth that came out of the mine, they carried +it into the garden of the said house.’ Then Goodman declares that he saw +it,<small><a name="f173.1" id="f173.1" href="#f173">[173]</a></small> but, even if we assume that his memory did not play him false, +it is impossible that the whole of the produce of the first fortnight’s +diggings should be disposed of in this way. The shortest length that can +be ascribed to the mine before the wall was reached is eight feet, and +if we allow five feet for height and depth we have 200 cubical <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span>feet, or +a mass more than six feet every way, besides the stones coming out of +the wall after Christmas. Some of the earth may have been, as Fawkes +said, spread over the garden beds, but the greater part of it must have +been disposed of in some other way. Is it so very difficult to surmise +what that was? The nights were long and dark, and the river was very +close.</p> + +<p>We are further asked to explain how it was that, if there was really a +mine, the Government did not find it out for some days after the arrest +of Fawkes. Why should they? The only point at which it was accessible +was at its entrance in Percy’s own cellar, and it is an insult to the +sharp wits of the plotters, to suppose that they did not close it up as +soon as the project of the mine was abandoned. All that would be needed, +if the head of the mine descended, as it probably did, would be the +relaying of a couple or so of flagstones. How careful the plotters were +of wiping out all traces of their work, is shown by the evidence of +Whynniard’s servant, Roger James, who says that about Midsummer 1605, +Percy, appearing to pay his quarter’s rent, ‘agreed with one York, a +carpenter in Westminster, for the repairing of his lodging,’ adding +‘that he would send his man to pay the carpenter for the work he was to +do.’<small><a name="f174.1" id="f174.1" href="#f174">[174]</a></small> Either <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span>the mine had no existence, or all traces of it must +have been effectually removed before a carpenter was allowed to range +the house in the absence of both Percy and Fawkes. I must leave it to my +readers to decide which alternative they prefer.</p> + +<p>According to the usually received story, the conspirators, hearing a +rustling above their heads, imagined that their enterprise had been +discovered, but having sent Fawkes to ascertain the cause of the noise, +they learnt that Mrs. Skinner (afterwards Mrs. Bright) was selling +coals, and having also ascertained that she was willing to give up her +tenancy to them for a consideration, they applied to Whynniard—from +whom the so-called ‘cellar’ was leased through his wife, and obtained a +transfer of the premises to Percy. All that remained was to convey the +powder from the house to the ‘cellar,’ and after covering it with +billets and faggots, to wait quietly till Parliament met.</p> + +<p>Father Gerard’s first objection to this is, that whilst they were +mining, ‘ridiculous as is the supposition, the conspirators appear to +have been ignorant of the existence of the “cellar,” and to have fancied +that they were <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span>working their way immediately beneath the Chamber of +Peers.’ The supposition would be ridiculous enough if it were not a +figment of Father Gerard’s own brain. He relies on what he calls +‘Barlow’s Gunpowder Treason,’<small><a name="f175.1" id="f175.1" href="#f175">[175]</a></small> published in 1678, and on a remark +made by Tierney in 1841, adding that it is ‘obviously implied’ by Fawkes +and Winter. What Fawkes says on November 17 is:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“As they were working upon the wall, they heard a rushing in a +cellar of removing of coals; whereupon we feared we had been +discovered, and they sent me to go to the cellar, who finding that +the coals were a selling, and that the cellar was to be let, +viewing the commodity thereof for our purpose, Percy went and hired +the same for yearly rent.”<small><a name="f176.1" id="f176.1" href="#f176">[176]</a></small></p></div> + +<p>What Winter says is that, ‘near to Easter ... opportunity was given to +hire the cellar, in which we resolved to lay the powder and leave the +mine.’ What single word is there here about the conspirators thinking +that there was no storey intervening between the foundation and the +House of Lords? The mere fact of Percy having been in the house close to +the passage from which there was an opening closed only by a grating +into the ‘cellar’ itself,<small><a name="f177.1" id="f177.1" href="#f177">[177]</a></small> would negative the impossible +supposition. Father Gerard, however, adds that Mrs. Whynniard tells us +that the cellar was not to let, and that Bright, <i>i.e.</i> Mrs. Skinner, +had not the disposal of the lease, but one Skinner, and that Percy +‘laboured very earnestly before he succeeded in obtaining it.’ <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span>What +Mrs. Whynniard says is that the cellar had been already let, and that +her husband had not the disposal of it. Percy then ‘intreated that if he +could get Mrs. Skinner’s good-will therein, they would then be contented +to let him have it, whereto they granted it.’<small><a name="f178.1" id="f178.1" href="#f178">[178]</a></small> Is not this exactly +what one might expect to happen on an application for a lease held by a +tenant who proves willing to remove?</p> + +<p>Father Gerard proceeds to raise difficulties from the structural nature +of the cellar itself. Mr. William Capon, he says, examined the +foundations of the House of Lords when it was removed in 1823, and did +not discover the hole which the conspirators were alleged to have made. +His own statement, however, printed in the fifth volume of <i>Vetusta +Monumenta</i>,<small><a name="f179.1" id="f179.1" href="#f179">[179]</a></small> says nothing about the foundations; and besides, as +Father Gerard has shown, he had a totally erroneous theory of the place +whence he supposes the conspirators to have had access to the ‘cellar.’ +Nothing—as I have learnt by experience—is so likely as a false theory +to blind the eyes to existing evidence.</p> + +<p>Then we have remarks upon the mode of communication between Percy’s +house and the cellar. Father Gerard tells us that:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“Fawkes says (November 6th, 1605) that about the middle of +Lent<small><a name="f180.1" id="f180.1" href="#f180">[180]</a></small> of that year, Percy caused ‘a new door’ to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>be made into +it, that he might have a nearer way out of his own house into the +cellar.</p> + +<p>“This seems to imply that Percy took the cellar for his firewood +when there was no convenient communication between it and his +house. Moreover, it is not very easy to understand how a +tenant—under such conditions as his—was allowed at discretion to +knock doors through the walls of a royal palace. Neither did the +landlady say anything of this door-making, when detailing what she +knew of Percy’s proceedings.”</p></div> + +<p>Without perceiving it, Father Gerard proceeds to dispose of the +objection he had raised.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“In some notes of Sir E. Coke, it is said ‘The powder was first +brought into Percy’s house, and lay there in a low room new built, +and could not have been conveyed into the cellar but that all the +street must have seen it; and therefore he caused a new door out of +his house into the cellar to be made, where before there had been a +grate of iron.”<small><a name="f181.1" id="f181.1" href="#f181">[181]</a></small></p></div> + +<p>To Father Gerard this ‘looks very like an afterthought.’ Considering, +however, that every word except the part about the grating is based on +evidence which has reached us, it looks to me very like the truth. It +is, indeed, useless to attempt to reconcile the position of the doors +opening out of the ‘cellar’ apparently indicated on Capon’s plan (p. 80) +with those given in <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>Smith’s views (p. 109) of the four walls taken +from the inside of the cellar, and I therefore conclude that the +apertures shown in the former are really those of the House of Lords on +the upper storey, a conjecture which is supported by the insertion of a +flight of steps, which would lead nowhere if the whole plan was intended +to record merely the features of the lower level. In any case, Smith’s +illustration shows three entrances—one through the north wall which I +have marked <span class="smcaplc">A</span>, another with a triangular head near the north end of the +east wall marked <span class="smcaplc">B</span>, and a third with a square head near the south end of +the same wall marked <span class="smcaplc">C</span>. The first of these would naturally be used by +Mrs. Skinner, as it opened on a passage leading westwards, and we know +that she lived in King Street; the second would be used by Whynniard, +whilst, either he or some predecessor might very well have put up a +grating at the third to keep out thieves. That third aperture was, +however, just opposite Percy’s house, and when he hired Mrs. Skinner’s +part of the ‘cellar,’ he would necessarily wish to have it open and a +door substituted for the grating. There was no question of knocking +about the walls of a royal palace in the matter. If he had not that door +opened he must either use Whynniard’s, of which Whynniard presumably +wished to keep the key, or go round by Parliament Place to reach the one +hitherto used by Mrs. Skinner. It is true that, if the north door was +really the one used by Mrs. Skinner, it necessitates the conclusion that +there was no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> insurmountable barrier between Whynniard’s part of the +cellar, and that afterwards used by Percy. Moreover, it is almost +certainly shown that this was the case by the ease with which the +searchers got into Percy’s part of the cellar on the night of November +4th, though entering by another door. In this case the conspirators must +have been content with the strong probability that whenever their +landlord came into his end of the ‘cellar,’ he would not come further to +pull about the pile of wood with which their powder barrels were +covered. On the other hand, the entrances knocked in blocked-up arches +may not have been the same in 1605 and in 1807. At all events, the +square-headed aperture in Smith’s view agrees so well with that in the +view at p. 89, that it can be accepted without doubt as the one in which +Percy’s new door was substituted for a grating, and which led out of the +covered passage opening from the court leading from Parliament Place.</p> + +<p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table"> +<tr><td> </td><td><span style="margin-left: 11em;">A</span></td></tr> +<tr><td>North<br />Side</td><td align="center"><img src="images/image7_tltmb.jpg" alt="" /><br /><a href="images/image7_tl.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></td> + <td align="center"><img src="images/image7_trtmb.jpg" alt="" /><br /><a href="images/image7_tr.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></td><td>South<br />Side</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><span style="margin-left: 1em;">B</span></td><td><span style="margin-left: 14em;">C</span></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="2" align="center"><img src="images/image7_midtmb.jpg" alt="" /><br /><a href="images/image7_mid.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></td><td>East<br />Side</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="2" align="center"><img src="images/image7_bottmb.jpg" alt="" /><br /><a href="images/image7_bot.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></td><td>West<br />Side</td></tr></table> + +<p class="center">Four walls of the so-called cellar under the House of Lords.<br />From Smith’s <i>Antiquities of Westminster</i>, p. 39.</p> +<p> </p> + +<p>Though it is possible that Whynniard might, if he chose, come into the +plotters’ ‘cellar,’ we are under no compulsion to accept Father Gerard’s +assertion that Winter declared ‘that the confederates so arranged as to +leave the cellar free for all to enter who would.’<small><a name="f182.1" id="f182.1" href="#f182">[182]</a></small> “It is stated,” +writes Father Gerard, in another place, “in Winter’s long declaration on +this subject, that the barrels were thus completely hidden ‘because we +might have the house free to suffer anyone to enter that would,’ and we +find it mentioned by various writers, subsequently, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span>that free ingress +was actually allowed to the public.”<small><a name="f183.1" id="f183.1" href="#f183">[183]</a></small> As the subsequent writers +appear to be an anonymous writer, who wrote on <i>The Gunpowder Plot</i> +under the pseudonym of L., in 1805, and Hugh F. Martyndale, who wrote <i>A +Familiar Analysis of the Calendar of the Church of England</i> in 1830, I +am unable to take them very seriously. The extraordinary thing is that +Father Gerard does not see that his quotation from Winter is fatal to +his argument. Winter says that Fawkes covered the powder in the cellar +‘because we might have the house free to suffer anyone to enter that +would.<small><a name="f184.1" id="f184.1" href="#f184">[184]</a></small> The cellar was not part of the house; and, although the +words are not entirely free from ambiguity, the more reasonable +interpretation is that Fawkes disposed of the powder in the cellar, in +order that visitors might be freely admitted into the house. Winter, in +fact, makes no direct statement that the powder was moved, and it is +therefore fair to take this removal as included in what he says about +the faggots.</p> + +<p>As for the quantity of the gunpowder used, the opinion of the writer +discussed in the <i>Edinburgh Review</i> (January, 1897), appears reasonable +enough:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“Apart from the hearsay reports, Father Gerard seems to base his +computations on the statement that a barrel of gunpowder contained +400 pounds. This is an error. The barrel of gunpowder contained 100 +pounds;<small><a name="f185.1" id="f185.1" href="#f185">[185]</a></small> the last, which is rightly given at 2,400 pounds, +contained twenty-four <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span>barrels. The quantity of powder stored in +the cellar is repeatedly said, both in the depositions and the +indictment to have been thirty-six barrels—that is, a last and a +half, or about one ton twelve hundredweight; and this agrees very +exactly with the valuation of the powder at 200<i>l.</i> In 1588, the +cost of a barrel of 100 pounds was 5<i>l.</i> But to carry, and move, +and stow, a ton and a half in small portable barrels is a very +different thing from the task on which Father Gerard dwells of +moving and hiding, not only the large barrels of 400 pounds, but +also the hogsheads that were spoken of.”<small><a name="f186.1" id="f186.1" href="#f186">[186]</a></small></p></div> + +<p>I will merely add that Father Gerard’s surprise that the disposal of so +large a mass of powder is not to be traced is the less justifiable, as +the Ordnance accounts of the stores in the Tower have been very +irregularly preserved, those for the years with which we are concerned +being missing.</p> + +<p>Having thus, I hope, shown that the traditional account of the mine and +the cellar are consistent with the documentary and structural evidence, +I pass to the question of the accuracy of the alleged discovery of the +conspiracy.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 50%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V</h2> +<h3>THE DISCOVERY</h3> + +<p><br />In one way the evidence on the discovery of the plot differs from that +on the plot itself. The latter is straightforward and simple, its +discrepancies, where there are any, being reducible to the varying +amount of the knowledge of the Government. The same cannot be said of +the evidence relating to the mode in which the plot was discovered. If +we accept the traditional story that its discovery was owing to the +extraordinary letter brought to Monteagle at Hoxton, there are +disturbing elements in the case. In the first place, the Commissioners +would probably wish to conceal any mystery connected with the delivery +of the letter, if it were only for the sake of Monteagle, to whom they +owed so much; and, in the second place, when they had once committed +themselves to the theory that the King had discovered the sense of the +letter by a sort of Divine inspiration, there could not fail to be a +certain amount of shuffling to make this view square with the actual +facts. Other causes of hesitancy to set forth the full truth there may +have been, but these two were undeniably there.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span>Father Gerard, however, bars the way to the immediate discussion of +these points by a theory which he has indeed adopted from others, but +which he has made his own by the fulness with which he has treated it. +He holds that Salisbury knew of the plot long before the incident of the +letter occurred, a view which is by no means inconsistent with the +belief that the plot itself was genuine, and, it may be added, is far +less injurious to Salisbury’s character than the supposition that he had +either partially or wholly invented the plot itself. If the latter +charge could have been sustained Salisbury would have to be ranked +amongst the most infamous ministers known to history. If all that can be +said of him is that he kept silence longer than we should have expected, +we may feel curious as to his motives, or question his prudence, but we +shall have no reason to doubt his morality.</p> + +<p>Father Gerard, having convinced himself that in all probability the +Government, or, at least Salisbury, had long had a secret agent amongst +the plotters, fixes his suspicions primarily on Percy. Beginning by an +attack on Percy’s moral character, he writes as follows:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“It unfortunately appears that, all the time, this zealous convert +was a bigamist, having one wife living in the capital and another +in the provinces. When his name was published in connection with +the Plot, the magistrates of London arrested the one and those of +Warwickshire the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span>other, alike reporting to the secretary what they +had done, as may be seen in the State Paper Office.”<small><a name="f187.1" id="f187.1" href="#f187">[187]</a></small></p></div> + +<p>The papers in the Public Record Office here referred to prove nothing of +the sort. On November 5 Justice Grange writes to Salisbury that Percy +had a house in Holborne ‘where his wife is at this instant. She saith +her husband liveth not with her, but being attendant on the Right +Honourable the Earl of Northumberland, liveth and lodgeth as she +supposeth with him. She hath not seen him since Midsummer.<small><a name="f188.1" id="f188.1" href="#f188">[188]</a></small> She +liveth very private and teacheth children. I have caused some to watch +the house, as also to guard her until your Honour’s pleasure be further +known.’<small><a name="f189.1" id="f189.1" href="#f189">[189]</a></small> There is, however, nothing to show that Salisbury did not +within a couple of hours direct that she should be set free, as she had +evidently nothing to tell; nor is there anything here inconsistent with +her having been arrested in Warwickshire on the 12th, especially as she +was apprehended in the house of John Wright,<small><a name="f190.1" id="f190.1" href="#f190">[190]</a></small> her brother. What is +more likely than that, when the terrible catastrophe befell the poor +woman, she should have travelled down to seek refuge in her brother’s +house, where she might perchance hear some tidings of her husband? It is +adding a new terror to matrimony to suggest that a man is liable to be +charged with <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span>bigamy because his wife is seen in London one day and in +Warwickshire a week afterwards.</p> + +<p>The fact probably is that Father Gerard received the suggestion from +Goodman, whose belief that Percy was a bigamist rested on information +derived from some lady who may very well have been as hardened a gossip +as he was himself.<small><a name="f191.1" id="f191.1" href="#f191">[191]</a></small> His own attempt to bolster up the story by +further evidence can hardly be reckoned conclusive.</p> + +<p>In any case the question of Percy’s morality is quite irrelevant. It is +more to the purpose when Father Gerard quotes Goodman as asserting that +Percy had been a frequent visitor to Salisbury’s house by night.<small><a name="f192.1" id="f192.1" href="#f192">[192]</a></small></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“Sir Francis Moore,” he tells us, “... being the lord keeper +Egerton’s favourite, and having some occasion of business with him +at twelve of the clock at night, and going then homeward from York +House to the Middle Temple at two, several times he met Mr. Percy, +coming out of that great statesman’s house, and wondered what his +business should be there.”<small><a name="f193.1" id="f193.1" href="#f193">[193]</a></small></p></div> + +<p>There are many ways in which the conclusion that Percy went to tell +tales may be avoided. In the days of James I., the streets of London +were inconceivably dark to the man who at the present day is accustomed +to gas and electricity. Not even lanterns were permanently hung out for +many a year to come. Except when the moon was shining, the only light +was <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span>a lantern carried in the hand, and by the light of either it would +be easy to mistake the features of any one coming out from a door way. +Yet even if Moore’s evidence be accepted, the inference that Percy +betrayed the plot to Salisbury is not by any means a necessary one. +Percy may, as the Edinburgh Reviewer suggests, have been employed by +Northumberland. Nor does Father Gerard recognise that it was clearly +Percy’s business to place his connection with the Court as much in +evidence as possible. The more it was known that he was trusted by +Northumberland, and even by Salisbury, the less people were likely to +ask awkward questions as to his reasons for taking a house at +Westminster. In 1654 a Royalist gentleman arriving from the Continent to +take part in an insurrection against the Protector, went straight to +Cromwell’s Court in order to disarm suspicion. Why may not Percy have +acted in a similar way in 1605? All that we know of Percy’s character +militates against the supposition that he was a man to play the +dastardly part of an informer.</p> + +<p>Other pieces of evidence against Percy may be dismissed with equal +assurance. We are told, for instance,<small><a name="f194.1" id="f194.1" href="#f194">[194]</a></small> that Salisbury found a +difficulty in tracing Percy’s movements before the day on which +Parliament was to have been blown up; whereas, ten days before, the same +Percy had received a pass issued by the Commissioners of the North, as +posting to court for the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span>King’s especial service. The order, however, +is signed, not by the Commissioners of the North as a body, but by two +of their number, and was dated at Seaton Delaval in Northumberland.<small><a name="f195.1" id="f195.1" href="#f195">[195]</a></small> +As Percy’s business is known to have been the bringing up the Earl of +Northumberland’s rents, and he might have pleaded that it was his duty +to be in his place as Gentleman Pensioner at the meeting of Parliament, +two gentlemen living within hail of Alnwick were likely enough to +stretch a point in favour of the servant of the great earl. In any case +it was most unlikely that they should have thought it necessary to +acquaint the Secretary of State with the terms in which a posting order +had been couched.</p> + +<p>The supposition that Salisbury sent secret orders to the sheriff of +Worcestershire not to take Percy alive is sufficiently disposed of, as +the Edinburgh Reviewer has remarked, by Sheriff Walsh’s own letter, and +by the extreme improbability that if Salisbury had known Percy to have +been a government spy he would have calculated on his being such a +lunatic as to join the other conspirators in their flight, apparently +for the mere pleasure of getting himself shot.<small><a name="f196.1" id="f196.1" href="#f196">[196]</a></small> It may be <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span>added +that it is hard to imagine how Salisbury could know beforehand in what +county the rebels would be taken, and consequently to what sheriff he +should address his compromising communication. As to the suggestion that +there was something hidden behind the failure of the King’s messenger to +reach the sheriff with orders to avoid killing the chief conspirators, +on the ground that ‘the distance to be covered was about 112 miles, and +there were three days to do it in, for not till November 8 were the +fugitives surrounded,’ it may fairly be answered, in the first place, +that the whereabouts of the conspirators was not known at Westminster +till the Proclamation for their arrest was issued on the 7th, and in the +second place, that as the sheriff was constantly on the move in pursuit, +it must have been hard to catch him in the time which sufficed to send a +message to a fixed point at Westminster.<small><a name="f197.1" id="f197.1" href="#f197">[197]</a></small></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span>It is needless to argue that Catesby was not the informer. The evidence +is of the slightest, depending on the alleged statement by a +servant,<small><a name="f198.1" id="f198.1" href="#f198">[198]</a></small> long ago dead when it was committed to paper, and even +Father Gerard appears hardly to believe that the charge is tenable.</p> + +<p>There remains the case of Tresham. Since the publication of Jardine’s +work Tresham has been fixed on as the author or contriver of the letter +to Monteagle which, according to the constant assertion of the +Government, gave the first intimation of the existence of the plot, and +this view of the case was taken by many contemporaries. Tresham was the +last of three wealthy men—the others being Digby and Rokewood—who were +admitted to the plot because their money could be utilised in the +preparations for a rising. He was a cousin of Catesby and the two +Winters, and had taken part in the negotiations with Spain before the +death of Elizabeth. During the weeks immediately preceding November 5 +there had been much searching of heart amongst the plotters as to the +destruction in which Catholic peers would be involved, and it is +probable that hints were given to some of them that it would be well to +be absent from Parliament on the morning fixed for the explosion. +Amongst the peers connected with <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span>one or other of the plotters was Lord +Monteagle, who had married Tresham’s sister.</p> + +<p>That Tresham should have desired to warn his brother-in-law was the most +likely thing in the world. We know that he was in London on October 25 +or 26, because Thomas Winter received 100<i>l.</i> from him on one of those +days at his chambers in Clerkenwell.<small><a name="f199.1" id="f199.1" href="#f199">[199]</a></small> It was in the evening of the +26th that Monteagle arrived at his house at Hoxton though he had not +been there for more than twelve months. As he was sitting down to supper +one of his footmen brought him a letter. Monteagle on receiving it, took +the extraordinary course of handing it to one of his gentlemen named +Ward, and bade him read it aloud. The letter was anonymous, and ran as +follows:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“My Lord, out of the love I bear to some of your friends, I have a +care of your preservation. Therefore I would advise you, as you +tender your life, to devise some excuse to shift of your attendance +at this Parliament; for God and man hath concurred to punish the +wickedness of this time. And think not slightly of this +advertisement but retire yourself into your country, where you may +expect the event in safety, for though there be no appearance of +any stir, yet I say they shall receive a terrible blow this +Parliament, and yet they shall not see who hurts them. This counsel +is not to be contemned, because it may do you good, and can do you +no harm, for the danger is past as soon as you have burnt this +letter; and I hope <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span>God will give you the grace to make good use of +it, to whose holy protection I commend you.”</p></div> + +<p>Monteagle took the letter to Salisbury, and if the protestations of the +Government are to be trusted, this was the first that Salisbury or any +one of his fellow councillors heard of the conspiracy. Father Gerard +follows Jardine and others in thinking this to be improbable if not +incredible.</p> + +<p>It may at least be freely granted that it is hardly probable that +Monteagle had not heard of the plot before. As Jardine puts it +forcibly:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“The circumstance of Lord Monteagle’s unexpected visit to his house +at Hoxton, without any other assignable reason, on the evening in +question, looks like the arrangement of a convenient scene; and it +is deserving of notice that the gentleman to whom his lordship gave +the letter to read at his table was Thomas Ward, an intimate friend +of several of the conspirators, and suspected to have been an +accomplice in the treason. The open reading of such a letter before +his household (which, unless it be supposed to be part of a +counterplot, seems a very unnatural and imprudent course for Lord +Monteagle to adopt) might be intended to secure evidence that the +letter was the first intimation he had of the matter, and would +have the effect of giving notice to Ward that the plot was +discovered, in order that he might communicate the fact to the +conspirators. In truth he did so on the very next morning; and if +they had then taken the alarm, and instantly fled to Flanders (as +it is natural to suppose they would have done) every part of +Tresham’s object would have been attained. This scheme was +frustrated by the unexpected and extraordinary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> infatuation of the +conspirators themselves, who, notwithstanding their knowledge of +the letter, disbelieved the discovery of the plot from the absence +of any search at the cellar, and, omitting to avail themselves of +the means afforded for their flight, still lingered in +London.”<small><a name="f200.1" id="f200.1" href="#f200">[200]</a></small></p></div> + +<p>It is unnecessary to add any word to this, so far as it affects the +complicity of Tresham with Monteagle. I submit, however, that the +stronger is the evidence that the letter was prearranged with Monteagle +the more hopeless is the reasoning of those who, like Father Gerard, +hold that it was prearranged with Salisbury. Salisbury’s object, +according to Father Gerard’s hypothesis, was to gain credit by springing +upon the King and the world a partly or totally imaginary plot. If he +was to do this, he must have some evidence to bring which would convince +the world that the affair was not a mere imposture; and yet it is to be +imagined that he contrives a scheme which threatens to leave him in +possession of an obscure letter, and the knowledge that every one of the +plotters was safely beyond the sea. As a plan concocted by Monteagle and +Tresham to stop the plot, and at the same time secure the escape of +their guilty friends, the little comedy at Hoxton was admirably +concocted. From the point of view of the Government its advantages are +not obvious. Add to this that all Salisbury’s alleged previous knowledge +did not enable him to discover that a mine had been dug till Fawkes told +him <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>as late as November 8, and that the Government for two or three +days after Fawkes was taken were in the dark as to the whereabouts of +the conspirators, and we find every reason to believe that the statement +of the Government, that they only learnt the plot through the Monteagle +letter, was absolutely true.</p> + +<p>That the Government dealt tenderly with Tresham in not sending him to +the Tower till the 12th, and allowing him the consolation of his wife’s +nursing when he fell ill, is only what was to have been expected if they +had learnt from Monteagle the source of his information, whilst they +surely would have kept his wife from all access to him if he had had +reason to complain to her that he had been arrested in spite of his +services to the Government. After his death, which took place in the +Tower, there was no further consideration of him, and, on December 23, +the Council ordered that his head should be cut off and preserved till +further directions, but his body buried in the Tower.<small><a name="f201.1" id="f201.1" href="#f201">[201]</a></small></p> + +<p>It is unnecessary to go deeply into the question of the discrepancy +between the different accounts given by the Government of the manner in +which the Monteagle letter was expounded. The probable truth is that +Salisbury himself interpreted it correctly, and that his +fellow-councillors came to the same conclusion as himself. It was, +however, a matter of etiquette to hold that the King was as sharp-witted +as Elizabeth had been beautiful till the day of her death, and as the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span>solution of the riddle was not difficult, some councillor—perhaps +Salisbury himself—may very well have suggested that the paper should be +submitted to his Majesty. When he had guessed it, it would be also a +matter of etiquette to believe that by the direct inspiration of God his +Majesty had solved a problem which no other mortal could penetrate. We +are an incredulous race nowadays, and we no more believe in the Divine +inspiration of James I. than in the loveliness of Elizabeth at the age +of seventy; and we even find it difficult to understand Father Gerard’s +seriousness over the strain which the poor councillors had to put upon +themselves in fitting the facts to the courtly theory.</p> + +<p>Nor is there any reason to be surprised at the postponement by the +Government of all action to the night of November 4. It gave them a +better chance of coming upon the conspirators preparing for the action, +and if their knowledge was, as I hold it was, confined to the Monteagle +letter, they may well have thought it better not to frighten them into +flight by making premature inquiries. No doubt there was a danger of +gunpowder exploding and blowing up not only the empty House of Lords, +but a good many innocent people as well; but there had been no explosion +yet, and the powder was in the custody of men whose interest it was that + +there should be no explosion before the 5th. After all, neither the King +nor Salisbury, nor indeed any of the other councillors, lived<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> near +enough to be hurt by any accident that might occur. Smith’s wildly +improbable view that the shock might have ‘levelled and destroyed all +London and Westminster like an earthquake,’<small><a name="f202.1" id="f202.1" href="#f202">[202]</a></small> can hardly be taken +seriously.</p> + +<p>We now come to the alleged discrepancies between various accounts of +Fawkes’s seizure. Father Gerard compares three documents—(<i>a</i>) what he +terms ‘the account furnished by Salisbury for the information of the +King of France, November 6, 1605,’ (<i>b</i>) the letter sent on November 9 +to Edmondes and other ambassadors,<small><a name="f203.1" id="f203.1" href="#f203">[203]</a></small> and (<i>c</i>) the King’s Book. On +the first, I would remark that there is no evidence, I may add, no +probability, that, as it stands, it was ever despatched to France at +all. It is a draft written on the 6th, which was gradually moulded into +the form in which it was, as we happen to know, despatched on the 9th to +Edmondes and Cornwallis. If the despatches received by Parry had been +preserved, I do not doubt but that we should find that he also received +it in the same shape as the other ambassadors.</p> + +<p>Having premised this remark as a caution against examining the document +too narrowly, we may admit that the three statements differ about the +date at which the Monteagle letter was received—(<i>a</i>) says it was some +four or five days before the Parliament; (<i>b</i>) that it was eight days; +(<i>c</i>) that it was ten days. The third and latest statement is accurate; +but the mistakes of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span>the others are of no importance, except to show +that the draft was carelessly drawn up, probably by Munck, Salisbury’s +secretary, in whose handwriting it is; and that the mistake was +corrected with an approach to accuracy three days later, and made quite +right further on.</p> + +<p>With respect to the more important point raised by Father Gerard +that—while (<i>a</i>) does not mention Suffolk’s search in the afternoon, +(<i>b</i>) does not mention the presence of Fawkes at the time of the +afternoon visit—it is quite true that the hurried draft does not +mention Suffolk’s visit; but it is not true that it in any way denies +the fact that such a visit had taken place.</p> + +<p>Father Gerard abbreviates the story of (<i>a</i>) as follows:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“It was accordingly determined, the night before, ‘to make search +about that place, and to appoint a watch in the Old Palace to +observe what persons might resort thereunto.’</p> + +<p>“Sir T. Knyvet, being appointed to the charge thereof, <i>going by +chance, about midnight, into the vault, by another door,<small><a name="f204.1" id="f204.1" href="#f204">[204]</a></small> found +Fawkes within</i>. Thereupon he caused some few faggots to be removed, +and so discovered some of the barrels, ‘<i>merely, as it were, by +God’s direction, having no other cause but a general +jealousy</i>.’”<small><a name="f205.1" id="f205.1" href="#f205">[205]</a></small></p></div> + +<p>The italics are Father Gerard’s own, and I think we are fairly entitled +to complain, so far as the first phrase thus distinguished is concerned, +because being <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span>printed in this manner it looks like a quotation, though +as a matter of fact is not so. This departure from established usage is +the more unfortunate, as the one important word—‘chance’—upon which +Father Gerard’s argument depends, is a misprint or a miswriting for the +word ‘change,’ which is to be seen clearly written in the MS. The whole +passage as it there stands runs as follows:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“This advertisement being made known to his Majesty and the Lords, +their Lordships found not good, coming as it did in that fashion, +to give much credit to it, or to make any apprehension of it by +public show, nor yet so to contemn it as to do nothing at all in +it, but found convenient the night before under a pretext that some +of his Majesty’s wardrobe stuff was stolen and embezzled to make +search about that place, and to appoint a watch in the old palace +to observe what persons might resort thereabouts, and appointed the +charge thereof to Sir Thomas Knyvet, who about midnight going by +change into the vault by another door, found the fellow, as is said +before,<small><a name="f206.1" id="f206.1" href="#f206">[206]</a></small> whereupon suspicion being increased, he caused some +few faggots to be removed, and so discovered some of the barrels of +powder, merely, as it were, by God’s direction, having no other +cause but a general jealousy.”<small><a name="f207.1" id="f207.1" href="#f207">[207]</a></small></p></div> + +<p>If the word ‘chance’ had been found in the real letter, it could hardly +be interpreted otherwise than to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span>imply a negative of the earlier visit +said to have been followed by a resolve on the King’s part to search +farther. As the word stands, it may be accepted as evidence that an +earlier visit had taken place. How could Knyvet go ‘by change’ into the +vault by another door, unless he or someone else had gone in earlier by +some other approach? It is, however, the positive evidence which may be +adduced from this letter, which is most valuable. The letter is, as I +said, a mere hurried draft, in all probability never sent to anyone. It +is moreover quite inartistic in its harking back to the story of the +arrest after giving fuller details. Surely such a letter is better +calculated to reveal the truth than one subsequently drawn up upon +fuller consideration. What is it then, that stares us in the face, if we +accept this as a genuine result of the first impression made upon the +writer—whether he were Munck or Salisbury himself? What else than that +the Government had no other knowledge of the plot than that derived from +the Monteagle letter, and that not only because the writer says that the +discovery of the powder was ‘merely as it were, by God’s direction, +having no other cause but a general jealousy,’ but because the whole +letter, and still more the amplified version which quickly followed, is +redolent with uncertainty. Given that Suffolk’s mission in the afternoon +was what it was represented to be, it becomes quite intelligible why the +writer of the draft should be inclined to leave it unnoticed. It was an +investigation made by men who were afraid of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> being blown up, but almost +as much afraid of being made fools of by searching for gunpowder which +had no existence, upon the authority of a letter notoriously ambiguous.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“And so,” wrote Salisbury, in the letter despatched to the +ambassadors on the 9th,<small><a name="f208.1" id="f208.1" href="#f208">[208]</a></small> “on Monday in the afternoon, +accordingly the Lord Chamberlain, whose office is to see all places +of assembly put in readiness when the King’s person shall come, +took his coach privately, and after he had seen all other places in +the Parliament House, he took a slight occasion to peruse that +vault, where, finding only piles of billets and faggots heaped up, +which were things very ordinarily placed in that room, his Lordship +fell inquiring only who ought<small><a name="f209.1" id="f209.1" href="#f209">[209]</a></small> the same wood, observing the +proportion to be somewhat more than the housekeepers were likely to +lay in for their own use; and answer being made before the Lord +Monteagle, who was there present with the Lord Chamberlain, that +the wood belonged to Mr. Percy, his Lordship straightway conceived +some suspicion in regard of his person; and the Lord Monteagle also +took notice that there was great profession between Percy and him, +from which some inference might be made that it was a warning from +a friend, my Lord Chamberlain resolved absolutely to proceed in a +search, though no other materials were visible, and being returned +to court about five o’clock took me up with him to the King and +told him that, although he was hard of belief that any such thing +was thought of, yet in such a case as this whatsoever was not done +to put all out of doubt, was as good as nothing, whereupon it was +resolved by his Majesty that this matter should <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span>be so carried as +no man should be scandalised by it, nor any alarm taken for any +such purpose.”</p></div> + +<p>Even if it be credible that Salisbury had invented all this, it is +incredible that if he alone had been the depository of the secret, he +should not have done something to put other officials on the right +track, or have put into the foreground his own clear-sightedness in the +matter.</p> + +<p>The last question necessary to deal with relates to the unimportant +point where Fawkes was when he was arrested.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“To say nothing,” writes Father Gerard, “of the curious +discrepancies as to the date of the warning, it is clearly +impossible to determine the locality of Guy’s arrest. The account +officially published in the ‘King’s Book,’ says that this took +place in the street. The letter to the ambassadors assigns it to +the cellar and afterwards to the street; that to Parry to the +cellar only. Fawkes himself, in his confession of November 5, says +that he was apprehended neither in the street nor in the cellar, +but in his own room in the adjoining house. Chamberlain writes to +Carleton, November 7, that it was in the cellar. Howes, in his +continuation of Stowes’ <i>Annals</i>, describes two arrests of Fawkes, +one in the street, the other in his own chamber. This point, though +seemingly somewhat trivial, has been invested with much importance. +According to a time-honoured story, the baffled desperado roundly +declared that had he been within reach of the powder when his +captors appeared, he would have applied a match and involved them +in his own destruction.”<small><a name="f210.1" id="f210.1" href="#f210">[210]</a></small></p></div> + +<p>This passage deserves to be studied, if only as a <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span>good example of the +way in which historical investigation ought not to be conducted, that is +to say, by reading into the evidence what, according to preconception of +the inquirer, he thinks ought to be there, but is not there at all. In +plain language, the words ‘cellar’ and ‘street’ are not mentioned in any +one of the documents cited by Father Gerard. There is no doubt a +discrepancy, but it is not one between these two localities. The +statements quoted by Father Gerard in favour of a capture in the +‘cellar’ merely say that it was effected ‘in the place.’ The letter of +the 9th says ‘in the place itself,’<small><a name="f211.1" id="f211.1" href="#f211">[211]</a></small> and this is copied from the +draft of the 6th. Chamberlain says<small><a name="f212.1" id="f212.1" href="#f212">[212]</a></small> that Fawkes was ‘taken making +his trains at midnight,’ but does not say where. Is it necessary to +interpret this as meaning the ‘cellar’? There was, as we know, a door +out of the ‘cellar’ into the passage, and probably a door opposite into +Percy’s house. If Fawkes were arrested in this passage as he was coming +out of the cellar and going into the house, or even if he had come out +of the passage into the head of the court, he might very well be said to +have been arrested ‘in the place itself,’ in contradistinction to a +place a few streets off.</p> + +<p>The only real difficulty is how to reconcile this account of the arrest, +with Fawkes’s own statement on his first examination on November 5, when +he said:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>“That he meant +to have fired the same by a match, and saith that he had touchwood and a match also, about eight or nine inches long, +about him, and when they came to apprehend him he threw the +touchwood and match out of the window in his chamber near the +Parliament House towards the waterside.”</p></div> + +<p>Fawkes, indeed, was not truthful in his early examinations, but he had +no inducement to invent this story, and it may be noted that whenever +the accounts which have reached us go into details invariably they speak +of two separate actions connected with the arrest. The draft to Parry, +indeed, only speaks of the first apprehension, but the draft of the +narrative which finally appeared in the King’s Book<small><a name="f213.1" id="f213.1" href="#f213">[213]</a></small> says that +Knyvet ‘finding the same party with whom the Lord Chamberlain before and +the Lord Monteagle had spoken newly, come out of the vault, made stay of +him.’ Then Knyvet goes into the vault and discovers the powder. +“Whereupon the caitiff being surely seized, made no difficulty to +confess, &c.”<small><a name="f214.1" id="f214.1" href="#f214">[214]</a></small> The letter to the ambassadors<small><a name="f215.1" id="f215.1" href="#f215">[215]</a></small> tells the same +story. Knyvet going into the vault ‘found that fellow Johnson newly come +out of the vault, and without asking any more questions stayed him.’ +Then after the search ‘he perceived the barrels and so bound the caitiff +fast.’ The King’s Book itself separates at least the ‘apprehending’ from +the searching.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“But before his entry into the house finding Thomas Percy’s alleged +man standing without the doors,<small><a name="f216.1" id="f216.1" href="#f216">[216]</a></small> his <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span>clothes and boots on at +so dead a time of the night, he resolved to apprehend him, as he +did, and thereafter went forward to the searching of the house ... +and thereafter, searching the fellow whom he had taken, found three +matches, and all other instruments fit for blowing up the powder +ready upon him.”</p></div> + +<p>All these are cast more or less in the same mould. On the other hand, a +story, in all probability emanating from Knyvet, which Howes +interpolated in a narrative based on the official account, gives a +possibility of reconciling the usual account of the arrest with the one +told by Fawkes. After telling, after the fashion of the King’s Book, of +Fawkes’ apprehension and Knyvet’s search, he bursts on a sudden into a +narrative of which no official document gives the slightest hint:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“And upon the hearing of some noise Sir T. Knyvet required Master +Edmond Doubleday, Esq.<small><a name="f217.1" id="f217.1" href="#f217">[217]</a></small> to go up into the chamber to understand +the cause thereof, the which he did, and had there some speech of +Fawkes, being therewithal very desirous to search and see what +books or instruments Fawkes had about him; but Fawkes being +wondrous unwilling to be searched, very violently griped M[aster] +Doubleday by his fingers of the left hand, through pain thereof +Ma[ster] Doubleday offered to draw his dagger to have stabbed +Fawkes, but suddenly better bethought himself and did not; yet in +that heat he struck up the traitor’s heels and therewithal fell +upon him and searched him, and in his pocket found his garters, +wherewith <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span>M[aster] Doubleday and others that assisted they bound +him. There was also found in his pocket a piece of touchwood, and a +tinder box to light the touchwood and a watch which Percy and +Fawkes had bought the day before, to try conclusions for the long +or short burning of the touchwood, which he had prepared to give +fire to the train of powder.”</p></div> + +<p>Surely this life-like presentation of the scene comes from no other than +Doubleday himself, as he is the hero of the little scene. Knyvet plainly +had not bound Fawkes when he ‘stayed’ or ‘apprehended’ him. He must have +given him in charge of some of his men, who for greater safety’s sake +took him out of the passage or the court—whichever it was—into his own +chamber within the house. Then a noise is heard, and Knyvet, having not +yet concluded the examination, sends Doubleday to find out what is +happening, with the result we have seen. When Knyvet arrives on the +scene, he has Fawkes more securely bound than with a pair of garters. +The only discrepancy remaining is between Fawkes’s statement that he +threw touchwood and match out of window, and Doubleday’s that the +touchwood at least was found in his pocket. Perhaps Doubleday meant only +that the touchwood thrown out came from Fawkes’s pocket. Perhaps there +is some other explanation. After all, this is too trivial a matter to +trouble ourselves about.</p> + +<p>Wearisome as these details are, they at least bring once more into +relief the hesitancy which characterises<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> every action of the Government +till the powder is actually discovered. Though Fawkes has been seen by +Suffolk in the afternoon, no preparations are made for his arrest. +Knyvet does not even bring cord with him to tie the wrists of a possible +conspirator, and when Doubleday at last proceeds to bind him, he has to +rely upon the garters found in his pocket. It is but one out of many +indications which point to the conclusion that the members of the +Government had nothing to guide their steps but an uncertain light in +which they put little confidence. Taken together with the revelations of +their ignorance as to the whereabouts of the plotters after Fawkes’s +capture had been effected, it almost irresistibly proves that they had +no better information to rest on than the obscure communication which +had been handed to Monteagle at Hoxton. As I have said before, the truth +of the ordinary account of the plot would not be in the slightest degree +affected if Salisbury had known of it six weeks or six months earlier. I +feel certain, however, that he had no such previous knowledge, because, +if he had, he would have impressed on the action of his colleagues the +greater energy which springs from certainty. It is strange, no doubt, +that a Government with so many spies and intelligencers afoot, should +not have been aware of what was passing in the Old Palace of +Westminster. It was, however, not the first or the last time that +governments, keeping a watchful eye on the ends of the earth, have been +in complete ignorance of what was passing under their noses.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 50%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI</h2> +<h3>THE GOVERNMENT AND THE CATHOLICS</h3> + +<p><br />Having thus disposed of Father Gerard’s assaults on the general truth of +the accepted narrative of the Plot, we can raise ourselves into a larger +air, and trace the causes leading or driving the Government into +measures which persuaded such brave and constant natures to see an act +of righteous vengeance in what has seemed to their own and subsequent +ages, a deed of atrocious villainy. Is it true, we may fairly ask, that +these measures were such as no honourable man could in that age have +adopted, and which it is therefore necessary to trace to the vilest of +all origins—the desire of a half-successful statesman to root himself +in place and power?</p> + +<p>It would, indeed, be difficult to deny that the feeling of advanced +English Protestants towards the Papal Church was one of doctrinal and +moral estrangement. They held that the teaching of that church was false +and even idolatrous, and they were quite ready to use the power of the +state to extirpate a falsity so pernicious. On the other hand, the +priests, Jesuits, and others, who flocked to England with their lives in +their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> hands, were filled with the joy of those whose work it is to +disseminate eternal truths, and to rescue souls, lost in heresy, from +spiritual destruction.</p> + +<p>The statesman, whether in his own person aggressively Protestant or not, +was forced to consider this antagonism from a different point of view. +The outbreak against Rome which had marked the sixteenth century had +only partially a doctrinal significance. It meant also the desire of the +laity to lower the authority of the clergy. Before the Reformation the +clergy owed a great part of their power to the organisation which +centred in Rome, and the only way to weaken that organisation, was to +strengthen the national organisation which centred in the crown. Hence +those notions of the Divine Right of Kings and of <i>Cujus regio ejus +religio</i>, which, however theoretically indefensible, marked a stage of +progress in the world’s career. The question whether, in the days of +Elizabeth, England should accept the authority of the Pope or the +authority of the Queen, was political as much as religious, and it is no +wonder that Roman Catholics when they burnt Protestants, they placed the +religious aspect of the quarrel in the foreground; nor that Protestants +when they hanged and disembowelled Roman Catholics, placed the political +aspect in the foreground. As a matter of fact, these were but two sides +of the shield. Protestants who returned to the Papal Church not merely +signified the acceptance of certain doctrines which they had formerly +renounced, but also accepted a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> different view of the relations between +Church and State, and denied the sufficiency of the national Government +to decide finally on all causes, ecclesiastical and civil, without +appeal. If the religious teaching of the Reformed Church fell, a whole +system of earthly government would fall with it.</p> + +<p>To the Elizabethan statesman therefore the missionary priests who +flocked over from the continent constituted the gravest danger for the +State as well as for the Church. He was not at the bottom of his heart a +persecutor. Neither Elizabeth nor her chief advisers, though, even in +the early part of the reign, inflicting sharp penalties for the denial +of the royal supremacy, would willingly have put men to death because +they held the doctrine of transubstantiation, or any other doctrine +which had found favour with the Council of Trent; but after 1570 they +could not forget that Pius V. had excommunicated the Queen, and had, as +far as his words could reach, released her subjects from the bond of +obedience. Hence those excuses that, in enforcing the Recusancy laws +against the Catholic laity, and, in putting Catholic priests to death as +traitors, Elizabeth and her ministers were actuated by purely political +motives. It was not exactly the whole truth, but there was a good deal +more of truth in it than Roman Catholic writers are inclined to admit.</p> + +<p>It was in this school of statesmanship that Sir Robert Cecil—as he was +in Elizabeth’s reign—had been brought up, and it was hardly likely that +he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> would be willing to act otherwise than his father had done. It was, +indeed, hard to see how the quarrel was to be lifted out of the groove +into which it had sunk. How could statesmen be assured that, if the +priests and Jesuits were allowed to extend their religious influence +freely, the result would not be the destruction of the existing +political system? That Cecil would have solved the problem is in any +case most unlikely. It was, perhaps, too difficult to be as yet solved +by any one, and Cecil was no man of genius to lead his age. Yet there +were two things which made for improvement. In the first place, the +English Government was immensely stronger at Elizabeth’s death than it +had been at her accession, and those who sat at the helm could therefore +regard, with some amount of equanimity, dangers that had appalled their +predecessors forty-five years before. The other cause for hope lay in +the accession of a new sovereign; James had never been the subject of +Papal excommunication as Elizabeth had been, and was consequently not +personally committed to extreme views.</p> + +<p>James’s character and actions lend themselves so easily to the +caricaturist, and so much that he did was the result either of egotistic +vanity or of a culpable reluctance to take trouble, that it is difficult +to give him credit for the good qualities that he really possessed. Yet +hazy as his opinions in many respects were, it is easy to trace through +his whole career a tolerably consistent principle. He would have been +pleased to put an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> end, not indeed to the religious dispute, but to the +political antagonism between those who were divided in religion, and +would gladly have laid aside the weapon of persecution for that of +argument. The two chief actions of his reign in England were the attempt +to secure religious peace for his own dominions by an understanding with +the Pope, and the attempt to secure a cessation of religious wars in +Europe by an understanding with the King of Spain. In both cases is +revealed a desire to obtain the co-operation of the leader of the party +opposed to himself. Of course it is possible, perhaps even right, to say +that this line of action was hopeless from the beginning, as involving +too sanguine an estimate of the conciliatory feelings of those for whose +co-operation he was looking. All that we are here concerned with is to +point out that James brought with him ideas on the subject of the +relations between an English—and, for the matter of that, a +Scottish—king and the papacy, which were very different from those in +which Cecil had been trained.</p> + +<p>On the other hand, James’s ideas, even when they had the element of +greatness in them, never lifted him into greatness. He looked upon large +principles in a small way, usually regarding them through the medium of +his own interests. The doctrine that the national government ought to be +supreme, took in his mind the shape of a belief that his personal +government ought to be supreme. When in Scotland he sought an +understanding with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> Pope, his own succession to the English Crown +occupied the foreground, and the advantage of having the English +Catholics on his side made him eager to strike a bargain. On the other +hand, he refused to strike that bargain unless his own independent +position were fully recognised. When, in 1599, he despatched Edward +Drummond to Italy, he instructed him to do everything in his power to +procure the elevation of a Scottish Bishop of Vaison to the Cardinalate, +in order that he might advocate his interests at Rome. Yet he refused to +write directly to the Pope himself, merely because he objected to +address him as ‘Holy Father.’<small><a name="f218.1" id="f218.1" href="#f218">[218]</a></small> It was hardly the precise objection +that would have been taken by a man of greater practical ability.</p> + +<p>Nor was it only on niceties of this sort that James’s desire to come to +some sort of understanding with the Pope was likely to be wrecked. His +correspondence with Cecil during the last years of Elizabeth, shows how +little he had grasped the special difficulties of the situation, whilst +on the other hand it throws light on the shades of difference between +himself and his future minister. In a letter written to Cecil in the +spring of 1602, James objects to the immediate conclusion of a peace +with Spain on three grounds, the last being that the ‘Jesuits, seminary +priests, and that rabble, wherewith England is already too much +infected, would then resort there in such swarms as the caterpillars or +flies did in <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span>Egypt, no man any more abhorring them, since the Spanish +practices was the greatest crime that ever they were attainted of, which +now by this peace will utterly be forgotten.’</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“And now,” he proceeds, “since I am upon this subject, let the +proofs ye have had of my loving confidence in you plead for an +excuse to my plainness, if I freely show you that I greatly wonder +from whence it can proceed that not only so great a flock of +Jesuits and priests dare both resort and remain in England, but so +proudly do use their functions through all the parts of England +without any controlment or punishment these divers years past: it +is true that for remedy thereof there is a proclamation lately set +forth, but blame me not for longing to hear of the exemplary +execution thereof, <i>ne sit lex mortua</i>. I know it may be justly +thought that I have the like beam in my own eye, but alas, it is a +far more barbarous and stiffnecked people that I rule over. St. +George surely rides upon a towardly riding horse, where I am daily +bursting in daunting a wild unruly colt, and I protest in God’s +presence the daily increase that I hear of popery in England, and +the proud vauntery that the papists makes daily there of their +power, their increase, and their combined faction, that none shall +enter to be King there but by their permission; this their +bragging, I say, is the cause that moves me, in the zeal of my +religion, and in that natural love I owe to England, to break forth +in this digression, and to forewarn you of these apparent evils.”</p></div> + +<p>To this Cecil replied as follows:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“For the matter of priests, I will also clearly deliver your +Majesty my mind. I condemn their doctrine, I detest their +conversation, and I foresee the peril which <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span>the exercise of their +function may bring to this island, only I confess that I shrink to +see them die by dozens, when (at the last gasp) they come so near +loyalty, only because I remember that mine own voice, amongst +others, to the law (for their death) in Parliament, was led by no +other principle than that they were absolute seducers of the people +from temporal obedience, and consequent persuaders to rebellion, +and which is more, because that law had a retrospective to all +priests made twenty years before. But contrary-wise for that +generation of vipers (the Jesuits) who make no more ordinary +merchandise of anything than of the blood and crowns of princes, I +am so far from any compassion, as I rather look to receive +commandment from you to abstain than prosecute.”</p></div> + +<p>This plain language drove James to reconsider his position.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“The fear,” he replied, “I have to be mistaken by you in that part +of my last letter wherein I discover the desire I have to see the +last edict against Jesuits and priests put in execution; the fear, +I say, of your misconstruing my meaning hereon (as appears by your +answer), enforceth me in the very throng of my greatest affairs to +pen by post an answer and clear resolution of my intention. I did +ever hate alike both extremities in any case, only allowing the +midst for virtue, as by my book now lately published doth plainly +appear. The like course do I hold in this particular. I will never +allow in my conscience that the blood of any man shall be shed for +diversity of opinions in religion, but I would be sorry that +Catholics should so multiply as they might be able to practise +their old principles upon us. I will never agree that any should +die for error in faith against the first table, but I think they +should not be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> permitted to commit works of rebellion against the +second table. I would be sorry by the sword to diminish their +number, but I would also be loth that, by so great connivance and +oversight given unto them, their numbers should so increase in that +land as by continual multiplication they might at least become +masters, having already such a settled monarchy amongst them, as +their archpriest with his twelve apostles keeping their terms in +London, and judging all questions as well civil as spiritual +amongst all Catholics. It is for preventing of their multiplying, +and new set up empire, that I long to see the execution of the last +edict against them, not that thereby I wish to have their heads +divided from their bodies, but that I would be glad to have both +their heads and bodies separated from this whole island and safely +transported beyond seas, where they may freely glut themselves upon +their imaginated gods. No! I am so far from any intention of +persecution, as I protest to God I reverence their Church as our +Mother Church, although clogged with many infirmities and +corruptions, besides that I did ever hold persecution as one of the +infallible notes of a false church. I only wish that such order +might be taken as the land might be purged of such great flocks of +them that daily diverts the souls of many from the sincerity of the +Gospel, and withal, that some means might be found for debarring +their entry again, at least in so great swarms. And as for the +distinction of their ranks, I mean between the Jesuits and the +secular priests, although I deny not that the Jesuits, like venomed +wasps and firebrands of sedition, are far more intolerable than the +other sort that seem to profess loyalty, yet is their so plausible +profession the more to be distrusted that like married women or +minors, whose vows are ever subject to the controlment of their +husbands and tutors,<small><a name="f219.1" id="f219.1" href="#f219">[219]</a></small> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> their consciences must ever be commanded +and overruled by their Romish god as it pleases him to allow or +revoke their conclusions.”<small><a name="f220.1" id="f220.1" href="#f220">[220]</a></small></p></div> + +<p>The agreement and disagreement between the two writers is easily traced +in these words. Both are averse to persecute for religion. Both are +afraid lest the extension of the firmly organised Roman Church should be +dangerous to the State as well as to religion. On the other hand, whilst +Cecil is content to plod on in the old ways, James vaguely adumbrates +some scheme by which the priests, being banished, might be kept from +returning, and thus the chance of a dangerous growth of their religion +being averted, it would be possible to protect the existing forms of +government without having recourse to the old persecuting laws. We feel, +in reading James’s words, that we are reading the phrases of a pedant +who has not imagination enough to see how his scheme would work out in +real life; but at all events we have before us, as we so often have in +James’s writings, a glimpse of new possibilities, and a desire to escape +from old entanglements.</p> + +<p>With such ideas floating in his mind, and with a strong desire to gain +the support of the English Catholics to his succession, James may easily +have given assurances to Thomas Percy of an intention to extend +toleration to the English Catholics, which may have overrun his own +somewhat fluid intentions, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span>may very well have been interpreted as +meaning more than his words literally meant. James’s engagement to +Percy’s master, Northumberland, was certainly not devoid of ambiguity. +“As for the Catholics,” he wrote, “I will neither persecute any that +will be quiet and give but an outward obedience to the law, neither will +I spare to advance any of them that will by good service worthily +deserve it.”<small><a name="f221.1" id="f221.1" href="#f221">[221]</a></small></p> + +<p>When James reached England in 1603 he seemed inclined to carry out his +intentions. He is reported, at least, to have told Cecil in June that +the fines were not to be levied, adding that he did not wish to make +merchandise of consciences, nor to set a price on faith. Yet, in spite +of this, the meshes of the administrative system closed him in, and the +fines continued to be collected.<small><a name="f222.1" id="f222.1" href="#f222">[222]</a></small> The result was the conspiracy of +Copley and others, including Watson, a secular priest. This foolish plot +was, however, betrayed to the Government by some of the Roman Catholic +clergy, who were wise enough to see that any violence attempted against +James would only serve to aggravate their lot.</p> + +<p>The discovery that there were those amongst the priests who were ready +to oppose disloyalty quickened James to carry out his earlier intention. +On June 17 he informed Rosny, the French ambassador, of his intention to +remit the recusancy fines, and, after some hesitation, he resolved to +put his engagement in <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span>execution. On July 17, 1603, he allowed a +deputation from the leading Catholics to be heard by the Privy Council +in his own presence, and assured them that as long as they remained +loyal subjects their fines would be remitted. If they would obey the +law—in other words, if they would soil their consciences by attending +church—the highest offices in the State should be open to them.<small><a name="f223.1" id="f223.1" href="#f223">[223]</a></small> +The assurance thus given was at once carried out as far as possible. The +20<i>l.</i> fines ceased, and the greater part of the two-thirds of the rents +of convicted recusants were no longer required. If some of the latter +were still paid, it is probable that this was only done in cases in +which the rents had been granted to lessees on a fixed payment to the +Crown by contracts which could not be broken.</p> + +<p>Obviously there were two ways in which attempts might be made to obviate +danger from Catholic disloyalty. Individual Catholics might be won over +to confidence in the Government by the redress of personal grievances, +or the Pope, as the head of the Catholic organisation, might be induced +to prohibit conspiracies as likely to injure rather than to advance the +cause which he had at heart. It is unnecessary to say that the latter +was a more delicate operation than the former.</p> + +<p>An opening, indeed, had been already given. When James refused to sign a +letter to Pope Clement VIII., on the ground that he could not address +him as ‘Holy <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span>Father,’<small><a name="f224.1" id="f224.1" href="#f224">[224]</a></small> his secretary, Elphinstone, surreptitiously +procured his signature, and sent it off without his knowledge.<small><a name="f225.1" id="f225.1" href="#f225">[225]</a></small> +Clement, therefore, was under the impression that he had received a +genuine overture from James, and replied by a complimentary letter, +which he intrusted to Sir James Lindsay, a Scottish Catholic then in +Rome. In 1602 Lindsay reached Scotland, and delivered his letter. As he +was to return to Rome, James instructed him to ask Clement to excuse him +for not writing in reply, and for being unable to accept some proposal +contained in the Pope’s letters, the reasons in both cases having been +verbally communicated to Lindsay. Finally, Lindsay was to assure Clement +that James was resolved to observe two obligations inviolably. In the +first place he would openly and without hypocrisy declare his opinion, +especially in such matters as bore upon religion and conscience. In the +second place, that his opinion might not be too obstinate where reason +declared against it, he would, laying aside all prejudice, admit +whatever could be clearly proved by the laws and reason.<small><a name="f226.1" id="f226.1" href="#f226">[226]</a></small></p> + +<p>It is no wonder that James had rejected the Pope’s proposal, as Clement +had not only offered to oppose all James’s competitors for the English +succession, but had declared his readiness to send him money on +condition that he would give up his eldest son to be educated as +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span>Clement might direct.<small><a name="f227.1" id="f227.1" href="#f227">[227]</a></small> That such a proposal should have been made +ought to have warned James that it was hopeless to attempt to come to an +understanding with the Pope on terms satisfactory to a Protestant +Government. For a time no more was heard of the matter. Lindsay was +taken ill, and was unable to start before James was firmly placed on the +English throne.</p> + +<p>The announcement to the lay Catholics that their fines would be remitted +had been preluded by invitations to James to come to terms with the +authorities of the Papal Church. Del Bufalo, Bishop of Camerino, the +Nuncio at Paris, despatched a certain Degl’ Effetti to England in +Rosny’s train, to feel the way, and the Nuncio at Brussels sent over his +secretary, Sandrino, to inquire, though apparently without the sanction +of the Pope himself, whether James would be willing to receive a +‘<i>legate</i>,’<small><a name="f228.1" id="f228.1" href="#f228">[228]</a></small> which may probably be interpreted merely as a +negotiator, not as a ‘legate’ in the full sense of the term. On July +11/21, Del Bufalo, writing to Cardinal Aldobrandino, reports that the +strongest argument used by James against toleration for the Catholics +was, that if they were allowed to live in Catholic fashion <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span>they must +obey the Pope, and consequently disobey the King; whilst those who were +favourable to toleration were of opinion that this argument would be +deprived of strength if James could be assured that the Pope might +remove this impediment by commanding Catholics under the highest +possible penalty, to make oath of fidelity and obedience to his Majesty. +When this reached Rome the following note was written on it in the +Pope’s hand:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“It is rather heresy which leads to disobedience. The Catholic +religion teaches obedience to Princes, and defends them. As to +reaching the King’s ears, we shall be glad to do so, and we wish +him to know with what longing for the safety<small><a name="f229.1" id="f229.1" href="#f229">[229]</a></small> and quiet of +himself and his kingdom we have proceeded and are proceeding. It is +our conscientious desire so to proceed as we have written to one +king and the other.”<small><a name="f230.1" id="f230.1" href="#f230">[230]</a></small></p></div> + +<p>As the letter referred to must have been the one in which Clement asked +to have the education of Prince Henry, this note does not sound very +promising. Nor was James’s language, on the other hand, such as would be +counted satisfactory at Rome. After his return from England Rosny +informed Del Bufalo that James had assured him that he would not +persecute the Catholics as long as they did not trouble the realm, and +had praised the Pope as a temporal sovereign, adding <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span>that if he could +find a way of agreeing with him he would gladly adopt it, provided that +he might remain at the head of his own Church.<small><a name="f231.1" id="f231.1" href="#f231">[231]</a></small></p> + +<p>A letter written on August 8/18, by Barneby, a priest recently liberated +from prison, to Del Bufalo, throws further light on the situation. From +this it appears that what the Nuncio at Brussels had proposed was not +the sending of a fully authorised legate to England, but merely the +appointment of someone who, being a layman, would, without offending +James’s susceptibility, be at hand to plead the cause of the Catholics +and to give account of anything relating to their interests. We are thus +able to understand how it was that the Nuncio had made the proposal +without special orders from the Pope. More germane to the present +inquiry is the account given by Barneby of James’s own position:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“For though,” he writes, “it is certain that his Majesty +conscientiously follows a religion contrary to us, and will +therefore, as he says, never suffer his subjects to exercise +lawfully and freely any other religion than his own—and that, both +on account of his civil position, as on account of certain reasons +and considerations relating to his conscience—nevertheless he +openly promises to persecute no one on the ground of religion. And +this he has so far happily begun to carry out with great honour to +himself, and with the greatest joy advantage and pleasure to +ourselves, though some of our most truculent enemies revolt, +desiring that nothing but fine and sword may be <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span>used against us. +What will happen in the end I can hardly imagine before the meeting +of Parliament.<small><a name="f232.1" id="f232.1" href="#f232">[232]</a></small>”</p></div> + +<p>As far as it is possible to disengage James’s real intentions from these +words, it would seem that he had positively declared against liberty of +worship, but that he would not levy the legal fines for not going to +church on those who remained obedient subjects. Did he mean to wink at +the Mass being said in the private houses of the recusants, or at the +activity of the priests in making converts? These were the questions he +would have to face before he was out of his difficulties.</p> + +<p>On the other side of the channel Del Bufalo was doing his best to convey +assurances to James of the Pope’s desire to keep the English Catholics +in obedience. With this view he communicated with James’s ambassador in +Paris, Sir Thomas Parry, who on August 20, gave an account of the matter +to Cecil:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“The Pope’s Nuncio,” he wrote, “sent me a message, the effect +whereof was that he had received authority and a mandate from Rome +to call out of the King our master’s dominions the factious and +turbulent priests and Jesuits, and that, at M. de Rosny’s<small><a name="f233.1" id="f233.1" href="#f233">[233]</a></small> +passage into the realm, he had advertised them thereof by a +gentleman of his train, and that he was desirous to continue that +service to the King, and further to stop such as at Rome shall move +any suit with any such intent, and would advertise his Majesty of +it; that he had stayed two English monks in that city whose names +he sent me in writing, who had procured heretofore<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> faculty from +thence to negotiate in England among the Catholics for such bad +purposes; that not long since a petition had been exhibited to the +Pope for assistance of the English Catholics with money promising +to effect great matters for advancement of the Catholic cause upon +receipt thereof; that his Holiness had rejected the petition and +sharply rebuked the movers; that he would no more allow those +turbulent courses to trouble the politic governments of Christian +Princes, but by charitable ways of conference and exhortation seek +to reduce them to unity. Lastly his request was to have this +message related to the King, offering for the first trial of his +sincere meaning that, if there remained any in his dominions, +priest or Jesuit, or other busy Catholic, whom he had intelligence +of for a practice in the state which could not be found out, upon +advertisement of the names he would find means that by +ecclesiastical censures they should be delivered unto his +justice.”<small><a name="f234.1" id="f234.1" href="#f234">[234]</a></small></p></div> + +<p>The last words are somewhat vague, and as we have not the Nuncio’s own +words, but merely Parry’s report of them, we cannot be absolutely +certain what were the exact terms offered, or how far they went beyond +the offers previously made by the Nuncio at Brussels.<small><a name="f235.1" id="f235.1" href="#f235">[235]</a></small> Nor does a +letter written by the Nuncio to the King on Sept. 19/29, throw any light +on the subject, as Del Bufalo confines himself to general expressions of +the duty of Catholics to obey the King.<small><a name="f236.1" id="f236.1" href="#f236">[236]</a></small> That the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span>Nuncio’s +proposals met with considerable resistance among James’s councillors is +not only probable in itself, but is shown by the length of time which +intervened before an answer was despatched at the end of November or the +beginning of December.<small><a name="f237.1" id="f237.1" href="#f237">[237]</a></small> The covered language with which Cecil opened +the despatch in which he forwarded to Parry the letter giving the King’s +authorisation to the ambassador to treat with the Nuncio, leaves no +doubt as to his own feelings.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“But now, Sir,” writes Cecil, “I am to deliver you his Majesty’s +pleasure concerning a matter of more importance, though for mine +own part it is so tender as I could have wished I had little dealt +in it; not that the King doth not most prudently manage it, as you +see, but because envious men suspect verity itself.”</p></div> + +<p>Parry, Cecil went on to say, was to offer to the Nuncio a Latin +translation of the King’s letter, and also to give him a copy of the +instructions formerly given to Sir James Lindsay. The object of this was +to prevent Lindsay from going beyond them. Cecil then proceeds to hint +that Lindsay, who was now at last about to start from Italy, would not +have been allowed to meddle further in the business but that it would +disgrace him if he were deprived of the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span>mission with which he had +formerly been intrusted. The main negotiation, however, was to pass +between Parry and the Nuncio, though only by means of a third person; +and, as a matter of fact, Lindsay did not start for many months to come.</p> + +<p>So far as concerns us, the King’s letter accepts the Pope’s objections +to the sending of a ‘legatus,’ as he would be unable to show him proper +respect; and then proceeds to contrast the Catholics who are animated by +pure religious zeal with those who have revolutionary designs. With +respect to both of these he professes his readiness to deal in such a +way that neither the Pope nor any right-minded or sane man shall be able +to take objection. In an earlier part of the letter he had assumed that +the Pope was prepared actually to excommunicate those Catholics who were +of an unquiet and turbulent disposition. Whether this were justified or +not by the Nuncio’s words, it was an exceedingly large assumption that +the Pope would bind himself to excommunicate Catholics practically at +the bidding of a Protestant king.</p> + +<p>On or about December 4/14, 1604, the King’s letter was forwarded by the +Nuncio to Rome.<small><a name="f238.1" id="f238.1" href="#f238">[238]</a></small> Nor did James confine his assurances to mere words. +A person who left England on January 11,<small><a name="f239.1" id="f239.1" href="#f239">[239]</a></small> 1604, assured the Nuncio +that peaceful Catholics were living quietly, and that those who were +devout were able ‘to serve God according<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> to their consciences without +any danger.’ He himself, he added, could bear witness to this, as, +during the whole time he had been in London, he had heard mass daily in +the house of one Catholic or another.<small><a name="f240.1" id="f240.1" href="#f240">[240]</a></small></p> + +<p>This idyllic state of things—from the Roman Catholic point of view—was +soon to come to an end. Clement VIII. refused, at least for the present, +either to send a representative to England or to promise to call off +turbulent persons under pain of excommunication.<small><a name="f241.1" id="f241.1" href="#f241">[241]</a></small> Possibly nothing +else was to be expected, as the idea of turning the Pope into a kind of +spiritual policeman was not a happy one. Still, it is easy to understand +that James must have felt mortified at the Pope’s failure to respond to +his overtures, and it is easy, also, to understand that Cecil would take +advantage of the King’s irritation for furthering his own aims. Nor were +other influences wanting to move James in the same direction. Sir +Anthony Standen had lately returned from a mission to Italy, and had +brought with him certain relics as a present to the Queen, who was a +Roman Catholic, and had entered into communication with Father Persons. +Still more disquieting was <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span>it that a census of recusants showed that +their numbers had very considerably increased since the King’s +accession. No doubt many of those who apparently figured as new converts +were merely persons who had concealed their religion as long as it was +unsafe to avow it, and who made open profession of it when no unpleasant +consequences were to be expected; but there can also be little doubt +that the number of genuine conversions had been very large. From the +Roman Catholic point of view, this was a happy result of a purely +religious nature. From the point of view of an Elizabethan statesman, it +constituted a grave political danger. It is unnecessary here to discuss +the first principles of religious toleration. It is enough to say that +no Pope had reprimanded Philip II. for refusing to allow the spread of +Protestantism in his dominions, and that James’s councillors, as well as +James himself, might fairly come to the conclusion that if the Roman +Catholics of England increased in future years as rapidly as they had +increased in the first year of the reign, it would not be long before a +Pope would be found ready to launch against James the excommunication +which had been launched against Elizabeth, and that his throne would be +shaken, together with that national independence which that throne +implied.</p> + +<p>For the time James—pushed hard by his councillors,<small><a name="f242.1" id="f242.1" href="#f242">[242]</a></small> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span>as he +was—might fancy that he had found a compromise. There was to be no +enforcement of the recusancy laws against the laity, but on February 22, +1604, a proclamation was issued ordering the banishment of the +priests<small><a name="f243.1" id="f243.1" href="#f243">[243]</a></small>. It was not a compromise likely to be of long endurance. +For our purposes the most important of its results was that it produced +the Gunpowder Plot. A few days after its issue that meeting of the five +conspirators took place behind St. Clement’s, at which they received the +sacrament in confirmation of their mutual promise of secrecy. All that +has been said of the tyranny of the penal laws upon the laity, as +affording a motive for the plot, is so much misplaced rhetoric. +Moreover, if we accept Fawkes’s evidence<small><a name="f244.1" id="f244.1" href="#f244">[244]</a></small> of the date at which he +first heard of the plot as being about Easter, 1604, <i>i.e.</i> about April +8, the communication of the design to Winter must have taken place +towards the end of March, that is to say after the issue of the +proclamation and before any other step had been taken to enforce the +penal laws. Consequently all arguments, attributing the invention of the +plot to Cecil for the sake of gaining greater influence with the King +fall to the ground. He had just achieved a triumph of no common order, +the prelude, as he must have been keen enough to discern, of greater +triumphs to come. Granted, for argument’s sake, that Cecil was <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span>capable +of any wickedness—we at least require some motive for the crime which +Father Gerard attributes to him by innuendo.</p> + +<p>As time went on, there was even less cause for the powerful minister to +invent or to foster a false plot. It is unnecessary to tell again in +detail the story which I have told elsewhere of the way in which James +fell back upon the Elizabethan position, and put in force once more the +penal laws against the laity. On November 28, 1604, he decided on +requiring the 20<i>l.</i> fines from the thirteen wealthy recusants who were +liable to pay them, and on February 10, 1605<small><a name="f245.1" id="f245.1" href="#f245">[245]</a></small>—a few days after the +plotters had got half through the wall of the House of Lords—he +announced his resolution that the penal laws should be put in execution. +On May 4, 1605, Cecil, who in August, 1604, had been made Viscount +Cranborne, was raised to the Earldom of Salisbury. Yet this is the +politician who is supposed by Father Gerard to have been necessitated to +keep himself in favour by the atrocious wickedness he is pleased to +ascribe to him. In plain truth, Salisbury did not need to gain favour +and power. He had both already.</p> + +<p>A policy of intolerance is so opposed to the instincts of the present +day, that it is worth while to hear a <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span>persecutor in his own defence. On +March 7, 1605, less than a month after the King’s pronouncement, Nicolo +Molin, the Venetian ambassador, writes, that he had lately spoken to +Cranborne on the recent treatment of the Catholics.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“He replied that, through the too great clemency of the King, the +priests had gone with great freedom through all the country, the +City of London and the houses of many citizens, to say mass, which +they had done with great scandal, and thereupon had arrived advices +from Rome that the Pope had constituted a congregation of Cardinals +to treat of the affairs of this kingdom which gave occasion to many +to believe that the King was about to grant liberty of +conscience,<small><a name="f246.1" id="f246.1" href="#f246">[246]</a></small> and had caused a great stir amongst our Bishops +and other ministers, the Pope having come to this resolution mainly +through the offices of that light-headed man Lindsay,<small><a name="f247.1" id="f247.1" href="#f247">[247]</a></small> and then +his Majesty, whose thoughts were far from it, resolved to use a +rather unusual diligence to restrict a little the liberty of these +priests of yours, as also to assure those of our religion that +there was not the least thought of altering things in this +direction. Sir James Lindsay, he said, had disgusted his Majesty, +and the Pope would in the end discover that he was a lightheaded, +unstable man. I understood, said I, that he had gone to Rome with +the King’s permission. It is quite true, said he, and if your +Lordship wishes to understand the matter I will explain it. Sir +James Lindsay, he continued, a year before the death of Queen +Elizabeth asked <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span>leave to go to Rome, and his request was easily +granted. When he arrived there he got means, with the help of +friends, to be introduced to the Pope to whom, as is probable, he +addressed many impertinencies, as he has done at the present time. +In short, he was presented to the Pope, and got from him a good sum +of money, perhaps promising to do here what he will never do, and +obtained an autograph letter from the Pope to our King to the +effect that he had understood from Sir James Lindsay his Majesty’s +good disposition, if not to favour the Catholic religion, at least +not to persecute it, for which he felt himself to be under great +obligations to him, and promised to assist him when Queen Elizabeth +died, and to help him as far as possible to gain the succession to +her realm as was just and reasonable, but that if his Majesty would +consent to have the Prince, his son, educated in the Catholic +religion, he would bind himself to engage his state and life to +assist him, and would do what he could<small><a name="f248.1" id="f248.1" href="#f248">[248]</a></small> that the Christian +Princes should act in union with the same object.<small><a name="f249.1" id="f249.1" href="#f249">[249]</a></small> With this +letter Sir James arrived, two months before the Queen’s death, +repeating to his Majesty many things besides to the same effect. +The King was willing enough to look at the letter, as coming from a +Prince, and filled with many affectionate and courteous +expressions, but he never thought of answering it, though he was +frequently solicited by Sir James. The reason of this was that it +would be necessary in writing to the Pope to give him his titles of +Holiness and Blessedness, to which, being held by <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span>us to be +impertinent, after the teaching of our religion, his Majesty could +not be in any way persuaded, so that the affair remained asleep +till the present time. Then came the Queen’s death, on which Sir +James again urged the King to answer the letter, assuring him that +he would promise himself much advantage from the Pope’s assistance +if occasion served; but it pleased God to show such favour to the +King that he met with no opposition, as every one knows. Some +months ago, however, it again occurred to Sir James to think of +going to Rome; he asked licence from his Majesty, and obtained it +courteously enough. At his departure he said, ‘I shall have +occasion to see the Pope, and am certain that he will ask me about +that letter of his. What answer am I to make?’ ‘You are to say,’ +replied the King, ‘that you gave me the letter, and that I am much +obliged to him for the love and affection he has shown me, to which +I shall always try to correspond effectually.’ ‘Sire,’ said Sir +James, ‘the Pope will not believe me. Will your Majesty find some +means of assuring the Pope of the truth of this?’ On which his +Majesty took the pen and drew up a memoir with his own hand, +telling Sir James that if he had occasion to talk to the Pope he +should assure him of his desire to show, by acts, the good will of +which he spoke, and the esteem he felt for him as a temporal +Prince. He then directed Sir James to dwell on this as much as he +could, and that as to religion<small><a name="f250.1" id="f250.1" href="#f250">[250]</a></small> he wished to preserve and +maintain that in which he had been brought up, being assured that +it was the best, but that, not having a sanguinary disposition, he +had not persecuted the Catholics in their property or their life, +as long as they remained obedient subjects. As to instructing the +Prince, his son, in the Catholic religion, he would never do it, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span>because he believed it would bring down on him a heavy punishment +from God, and the reproach of the world, if he were willing, whilst +he himself professed a religion as the best, to promise that his +son should be brought up in one full of corruptions and +superstitions. Cecil then recounted the substance of the memoir, +which was sealed with the King’s seal, in order that the Pope and +every one else might give credence to it on these points. Now, Sir +James, to gain favour and get money, has transgressed these orders, +as we understand that he has given occasion to the Pope to appoint +a congregation of Cardinals on our affairs, and to us to have our +eyes a little more open to the Catholics, and especially to the +priests. To this I replied that I did not think that his Majesty +should for this reason act against his constant professions not to +wish to take any one’s property or life, on account of religion. +‘Sir,’ he replied, ‘be content as to blood, so long as the +Catholics remain quiet and obedient. As to property, it is +impossible to do less than observe<small><a name="f251.1" id="f251.1" href="#f251">[251]</a></small> the laws in this respect, +but even in that we shall proceed dexterously and much more gently +than in the times of the late Queen, as the Catholics who refuse to +attend our churches, and who are rich, will not think it much to +pay £20 a month. Those who are less rich and have not the means to +pay as much, and from whom two thirds of their revenue is taken +during their lifetime will now have this advantage by the King’s +clemency that whereas in the Queen’s time their property was +granted to strangers who, to get as much as they could, did not +hesitate to ruin their houses and possessions, it will now be +granted to their own patrons, at the lowest rate, so that they will +pay rather a quarter than two thirds of their estate. This +arrangement has been <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span>come to in order not to afflict the Catholics +too much, and to prevent our own people from believing that we wish +to give liberty to the Catholic religion, as they undoubtedly will +if the payments are absolutely abolished.”</p></div> + +<p>After a further remonstrance from the ambassador, Cranborne returned to +the charge.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“Sir,” he replied, “nothing else can be done. These are the laws, +and they must be observed. Their object is undoubtedly to +extinguish the Catholic religion in this kingdom, because we do not +think it fit, in a well-governed monarchy, to increase the number +of persons who profess to depend on the will of other Princes as +the Catholics do, the priests not preaching anything more +constantly than this, that the good Catholic ought to be firmly +resolved in himself to be ready to rise for the preservation of his +religion even against the life and state of his natural +Prince.<small><a name="f252.1" id="f252.1" href="#f252">[252]</a></small> This is a very perilous doctrine, and we will +certainly never admit it here, but will rather do our best to +overthrow it, and we will punish most severely those who teach it +and impress it on the minds of good subjects.”<small><a name="f253.1" id="f253.1" href="#f253">[253]</a></small></p></div> + +<p>It is unnecessary to pursue the conversation further, or even to discuss +how far Cranborne was serious when he expressed his intention of +moderating the incidence of the laws which the Government had resolved +to carry out. It is certain that they were not so moderated, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span>that +the enforcement of law rapidly degenerated into mere persecution. What +is important for our purposes is that the language I have just quoted +leads us to the bed-rock of the situation. Between Pope and king a +question of sovereignty had arisen, a question which could not be +neglected without detriment to the national independence till the Pope +either openly or tacitly abandoned his claim to excommunicate kings, and +to release such subjects as looked up to him for guidance from the duty +of obedience to their King. That the Pope should openly abandon this +claim was more than could be expected; but he had not excommunicated +James as his predecessor had excommunicated Elizabeth, and there was +some reason to hope that he might allow the claim to be buried in +oblivion. At all events, Clement VIII. had not only refused to +excommunicate James, but had enjoined on the English Catholics the duty +of abstaining from any kind of resistance to him. James had, however, +wished to go further. Incapable—as most people in all ages are—of +seeing the position with other eyes than his own, he wanted the Pope +actively to co-operate with him in securing the obedience of his +subjects. He even asked him to excommunicate turbulent Catholics, a +thing to which it was impossible for the Pope—who also looked on these +matters from his own point of view—to consent. In the meanwhile it was +becoming evident that the Pope was not working for a Protestant England +under a Protestant king, with a Catholic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> minority accepting what crumbs +of toleration that king might fling to them, and renouncing for ever the +right to resist his laws however oppressive they might be; but rather +for a Catholic England under a Catholic King. This appeared in Clement’s +demand that Prince Henry should be educated in a religion which was not +that of his father, and it appeared again in the reports of Lindsay, +which had caused such a commotion at Whitehall. “His Holiness,” wrote +Lindsay, “hath commanded to continue to pray for your Majesty, and he +himself stays every night two large hours in prayer for your Majesty, +the Queen, and your children, and for the conversion of your Majesty and +your dominions. This I may very well witness as one who was +present.”<small><a name="f254.1" id="f254.1" href="#f254">[254]</a></small> We should have thought the worse of the Pope if he had +done otherwise; but the news of it was hardly likely to be welcome to an +English statesman. Who was to guarantee that, if the priests were +allowed full activity in England a Roman Catholic majority would not be +secured—or, that when such a majority was secured, the suspended +excommunication would not be launched, and a rebellion, such as that of +the League in France, encouraged against an obstinately Protestant +Sovereign. We may be of opinion that those statesmen who attempted to +meet the danger with persecution were men of little faith, who might +have trusted to the strength of their religious and political +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span>creed—the two could not in those days be separated from one another; +but there can be no doubt that the danger was there. We may hold +Salisbury to have been but a commonplace man for meeting it as he did, +but he had on his side nearly the whole of the official class which had +stood by the throne of Elizabeth, and which now stood by the throne of +James.</p> + +<p>At all events, Salisbury’s doctrine that there was to be no personal +understanding with the Pope was the doctrine which prevailed then and in +subsequent generations. James’s attempt came to nothing through its +insuperable difficulties, as well as through his own defects of +character. A pleading, from a Roman Catholic point of view, in favour of +such an understanding may be found in a letter written by Sir Everard +Digby to Salisbury, which Father Gerard has shown to have been written, +not in December, as Mrs. Everett Green suggested, but between May 4 and +September, 1605, and which I ascribe to May, or as soon after May as is +possible. The letter, after a reference to a conversation recently held +between Digby himself and Salisbury, proceeds as follows:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“One part of your Lordship’s speech, as I remember, was that the +King could not get so much from the Pope (even then, when his +Majesty had done nothing against the Catholics) as a promise that +he would not excommunicate him, wherefore it gave occasion to +suspect that, if Catholics were suffered to increase, the Pope +might afterwards proceed to excommunication if the King would <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span>not +change his religion.<small><a name="f255.1" id="f255.1" href="#f255">[255]</a></small> But to take away that doubt, I do assure +myself that his Holiness may be drawn to manifest so contrary a +disposition of excommunicating the King, that he will proceed with +the same course against all as shall go about to disturb the King’s +quiet and happy reign<small><a name="f256.1" id="f256.1" href="#f256">[256]</a></small>; and the willingness of Catholics, +especially of priests and Jesuits, is such as I dare undertake to +procure any priest in England (though it were the Superior of the +Jesuits) to go himself to Rome to negotiate this business, and that +both he and all other religious men (till the Pope’s pleasure be +known) shall take any spiritual course to stop the effect that may +proceed from any discontented or despairing Catholic.</p> + +<p>“And I doubt not but his return would bring both assurance that +such course should not be taken with the King, and that it should +be performed against any that should seek to disturb him for +religion. If this were done, there could then be no cause to fear +any Catholic, and this may be done only with those proceedings +(which, as I understood your Lordship) should be used. If your +Lordship apprehend it to be worth the doing I shall be glad to be +the instrument, for no hope to put off from myself any punishment, +but only that I wish safety to the King and ease to the Catholics. +If your Lordship and the State think it fit to deal severely with +Catholics within brief there will be massacres, rebellions and +desperate attempts against the King and State. For it is a general +received reason amongst Catholics that there is not that expecting +and suffering course now to be run that was in the Queen’s time, +who was the last of her line, and the last in expectance to run +violent courses against Catholics; for <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span>then it was hoped that the +King that now is would have been at least free from persecuting, as +his promise was before his coming into this realm, and as divers +his promises have been since his coming, saying that he would take +no soul-money nor blood. Also, as it appeared, was the whole body +of the Council’s pleasure when they sent for divers of the better +sort of Catholics (as Sir Thomas Tresham and others) and told them +it was the King’s pleasure to forgive the payment of Catholics, so +long as they should carry themselves dutifully and well. All these +promises every man sees broken, and to thrust them further in +despair, most Catholics take note of a vehement book written by Mr. +Attorney, whose drift (as I have heard) is to prove that only being +a Catholic is to be a traitor, whose book coming forth after the +breach of so many promises, and before the ending of such a violent +Parliament, can work no less effect in men’s minds than a belief +that every Catholic will be brought within that compass before the +King and State have done with them. And I know, as the priest +himself told me, that if he had not hindered, there had somewhat +been attempted, before our offence,<small><a name="f257.1" id="f257.1" href="#f257">[257]</a></small> to give ease to Catholics. +But being so safely prevented, and so necessary to avoid, I doubt +not but your Lordship and the rest of the Lords will think of a +more mild and undoubted safe course, in which I will undertake the +performance of what I have promised, and as much as can be +expected; and when I have done I shall be as willing to die as I am +ready to offer my service, and expect not nor desire favour for it, +either before the doing <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span>it, nor in the doing it, nor after it is +done, but refer myself to the resolved course for me.”<small><a name="f258.1" id="f258.1" href="#f258">[258]</a></small></p></div> + +<p>I have thought it well to set forth the pleadings on both sides, though +it has led me somewhat out of my appointed track. Though our sympathies +are with the weaker and oppressed party, it cannot be said that Digby’s +letter meets the whole case which Salisbury had raised. Whether that be +so or not, it is enough, for our present purpose if we are able to +discern that Salisbury had a case, and was not merely manœuvring for +place or power. At all events, his opinion, whether it were bad or good, +had, in the spring of 1605, been accepted by James, and he was therefore +in less need even than in the preceding year of producing an imaginary +or half-imaginary plot to frighten to his side a king who had already +come round to his ideas.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 50%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII</h2> +<h3>THE GOVERNMENT AND THE PRIESTS</h3> + +<p><br />It was unavoidable that the persecution to which Catholics were +subjected should bear most hardly on the priests, who were held guilty +of disseminating a disloyal religion. It is therefore no matter for +surprise that we find, about April 1604,<small><a name="f259.1" id="f259.1" href="#f259">[259]</a></small> an informer, named Henry +Wright, telling Cecil that another informer named Davies, was able to +set, <i>i.e.</i> to give information of the localities of above threescore +more priests, but that he had told him that twenty principal ones would +be enough. Davies, adds Wright, will not discover the treason till he +had a pardon for it himself, and on this Father Gerard remarks ‘that the +treason in question was none other than the Gunpowder Plot there can be +no question; unless, indeed, we are to say that the authorities were +engaged in fabricating a bogus conspiracy for which there was no +foundation whatever in fact.’ Why this inference should be drawn I do +not know. If Davies was a renegade priest he would require a pardon, and +in order to get it he may very <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span>well have told a story about a treason +which the authorities, on further inquiry, thought it needless to +investigate further. It is to no purpose that Father Gerard produces an +application to James in which it is stated that Wright had furnished +information to Popham and Challoner who ‘had a hand in the discovery of +the practices of the Jesuits in the powder plot, and did reveal the same +from time to time to your Majesty, for two years’ space almost before +the said treason burst forth.’<small><a name="f260.1" id="f260.1" href="#f260">[260]</a></small> That Wright, being in want of money, +made the most of his little services in spying upon Jesuits is likely +enough; but if he had come upon Gunpowder Plot two years before the +Monteagle letter, that is to say, in October, 1603, some five months +before it was in existence, except, perhaps, in Catesby’s brain, we may +be certain that he would have been far more specific in making his +claim. The same may be said of Wright’s letter to Salisbury on March 26, +1606, in which he pleads for assistance ‘forasmuch as his Majesty is +already informed of me that in something I have been, and that hereafter +I may be, a deserving man of his Majesty and the State in discovering of +villainous practices.’ Very gentle bleating <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span>indeed for a man who had +found out the Gunpowder Plot, as I have just said, before it was in +existence!</p> + +<p>Nor is much more to be made of the remainder of Father Gerard’s evidence +on this head. The world being what it was, what else could be expected +but that there should be talk amongst priests of possible risings—Sir +Everard Digby in his letter predicted as much—or even that some less +wise of their number should discuss half formed plans, or that renegade +priests should pick up their reckless words and report them to the +Government, probably with some additions of their own?<small><a name="f261.1" id="f261.1" href="#f261">[261]</a></small> When Father +Gerard says that a vague statement by an informer, made as early as +April 1604, refers to the Gunpowder Plot, because Coke said two years +later that it did,<small><a name="f262.1" id="f262.1" href="#f262">[262]</a></small> he merely shows that he has little acquaintance +with the peculiar intellect of that idol of the lawyers of the day. If +Father Gerard had studied, as I have had occasion to do, Coke’s +treatment of the case of the Earl and Countess of Somerset, he would, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span>I +fancy, have come to the conclusion that whenever Coke smelt a mystery, +there was a strong probability that it either never existed at all, or, +at all events, was something very different from what Coke imagined it +to be.</p> + +<p>That the Government believed, with or without foundation, that there +were plots abroad, and that priests had their full share in them, may be +accepted as highly probable. It must, however, be remembered that in +Salisbury’s eyes merely to be a priest was <i>ipso facto</i> to be engaged in +a huge conspiracy, because to convert an Englishman to the Roman +Catholic faith, or to confirm him in it, was to pervert him from his due +allegiance to the Crown. Regarded from this point of view, the words +addressed by Salisbury to Edmondes on October 17, 1605, ‘more than a +week,’ as Father Gerard says, ‘before the first hint of danger is said +to have been breathed,’<small><a name="f263.1" id="f263.1" href="#f263">[263]</a></small> are seen to be perfectly in character, +without imagining that the writer had any special information on the +Gunpowder Plot, or any intention of making use of it to pave the way for +more persecuting legislation than already existed.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“I have received” writes Salisbury, “a letter of yours ... to which +there needeth no great answer for the present ... because I have +imparted to you some part of my conceit concerning the insolencies +of the priests and Jesuits, whose mouths we cannot stop better than +by contemning their vain and malicious discourses, only the evil +which biteth is the poisoned bait, wherewith every <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span>youth is taken +that cometh among them, which liberty (as I wrote before) must for +one cause or other be retrenched.”<small><a name="f264.1" id="f264.1" href="#f264">[264]</a></small></p></div> + +<p>This language appears to Father Gerard to be ominous of further +persecution. To me it appears to be merely ominous of an intention to +refuse passports to young men of uncertain religion wishing to travel on +the Continent.</p> + +<p>We can now understand why it was that Salisbury and the Government in +general were so anxious to bring home the plot, after its discovery, to +some, at least, of the priests, and more especially to the Jesuits.</p> + +<p>Three of these, Garnet, Greenway and Gerard, were in England while the +plot was being devised, and were charged with complicity in it. Of the +three, Garnet, the Provincial of England, was tried and executed; the +other two escaped to the Continent. My own opinion is that Gerard was +innocent of any knowledge of the plot,<small><a name="f265.1" id="f265.1" href="#f265">[265]</a></small> and, as far as I am +concerned, it is only the conduct of Garnet and Greenway that is under +discussion. That they both had detailed knowledge of the plot is beyond +doubt, as it stands on Garnet’s own admission that he had been informed +of it by Greenway, and that Greenway had heard it in confession from +Catesby.<small><a name="f266.1" id="f266.1" href="#f266">[266]</a></small> A great deal of ink has been spilled on the question +whether Garnet ought to have revealed matters involving destruction of +life which had come to his knowledge <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span>in confession; but on this I do +not propose to touch. It is enough here to say that the law of England +takes no note of the excuse of confession, and that no blame would have +been due on this score either to the Government which ordered Garnet’s +prosecution, or to the judges and the jury by whom he was condemned, +even if there had not been evidence of his knowledge when no question of +confession was involved.</p> + +<p>In considering Garnet’s case the first point to be discussed is, whether +the Government tampered with the evidence against the priests, either by +omitting that which made in favour of the prisoner, or by forging +evidence which made against him. An instance of omission is found in the +mark ‘hucusque’ made by Coke in the margin of Fawkes’s examination of +November 9, implying the rejection of his statement that, though he had +received the communion at Gerard’s hands as a confirmation of his oath, +Gerard had not known anything of the object which had led him to +communicate.<small><a name="f267.1" id="f267.1" href="#f267">[267]</a></small> The practice of omitting inconvenient evidence was +unfortunately common enough in those days, and all that can be said for +Coke on this particular occasion is, that the examination contained many +obvious falsehoods, and Coke may have thought that he was keeping back +only one falsehood more. Coke, however, at Garnet’s trial did not +content himself with omitting the important passage, but added the +statement that ‘Gerard the Jesuit, being well acquainted with all +designs and purposes, did give <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span>them the oath of secrecy and a mass, and +they received the sacrament together at his hands.’<small><a name="f268.1" id="f268.1" href="#f268">[268]</a></small> Clearly, +therefore, Coke is convicted, not merely of concealing evidence making +in the favour of an accused, though absent, person, but of substituting +for it his own conviction without producing evidence to support it. All +that can be said is, in the first place, that Gerard was not on trial, +and could not therefore be affected by anything that Coke might say; and +that, in the second place, even if Coke’s words were—as they doubtless +were—accepted by the jury, the position of the prisoners actually at +the bar would be neither better nor worse.</p> + +<p>Much more serious is Father Gerard’s argument that the confession of +Bates, Catesby’s servant, to the effect that he had not only informed +Greenway of the plot, but that Greenway had expressed approval of it, +was either not genuine, or, at least, had been tampered with by the +Government. As Father Gerard again italicises,<small><a name="f269.1" id="f269.1" href="#f269">[269]</a></small> not a passage from +the examination itself, but his own abstract of the passage, it is +better to give in full so much of the assailed examination as bears upon +the matter:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“Examination of Thomas Bate,<small><a name="f270.1" id="f270.1" href="#f270">[270]</a></small> servant to Robert Catesby, the +4th of December, 1605, before the Lords Commissioners.</p> + +<p>“He confesseth that about this time twelvemonth his <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span>master asked +this said examinant whether he could procure him a lodging near the +Parliament House. Whereupon he went to seek some such lodging and +dealt with a baker that had a room joining to the Parliament House, +but the baker answered that he could not spare it.</p> + +<p>“After that some fortnight or thereabouts (as he thinketh) his +master imagining, as it seemed, that this examinant suspected +somewhat of that which the said Catesby went about, called him to +him at Puddle Wharf in the house of one Powell (where Catesby had +taken a lodging) and in the presence of Thomas Winter, asked him +what he thought what business they were about, and this examinant +answered that he thought they went about some dangerous business, +whereupon they asked him again what he thought the business might +be, and he answered that he thought they intended some dangerous +matter about the Parliament House, because he had been sent to get +a lodging near that House.</p> + +<p>“Thereupon they made this examinant take an oath to be secret in +the business, which being taken by him, they told him that it was +true that they meant to do somewhat about the Parliament House, +namely, to lay powder under it to blow it up.</p> + +<p>“Then they told him that he was to receive the sacrament for the +more assurance, and he thereupon went to confession to a priest +named Greenway, and in his confession told Greenway that he was to +conceal a very dangerous piece of work that his master Catesby and +Thomas Winter had imparted unto him, and that he being fearful of +it, asked the counsel of Greenway, telling the said Greenway (which +he was not desirous to hear) their particular intent and purpose of +blowing up the Parliament House, and Greenway the priest thereto +said that he would take no notice thereof, but that he, the said +examinant, should be secret in that which his master had imparted +unto him, because that was <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span>for a good cause, and that he willed +this examinant to tell no other priest of it; saying moreover that +it was not dangerous unto him nor any offence to conceal it, and +thereupon the said priest Greenway gave this examinant absolution, +and he received the sacrament in the company of his master Robert +Catesby and Mr. Thomas Winter.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="spacer">·</span><span class="spacer">·</span><span class="spacer">·</span><span class="spacer">·</span><span class="spacer">·</span><span class="spacer">·</span></p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table"> +<tr><td>“Thomas Bate,</td></tr> +<tr><td>Nottingham,</td><td><span class="spacer"> </span></td><td>H. Northampton,</td></tr> +<tr><td>Suffolk,</td><td> </td><td>Salisbury,</td></tr> +<tr><td>E. Worcester,</td><td> </td><td>Mar,</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td>Dunbar.”</td></tr></table> + +<p>Indorsed:—“<i>The exam.</i> of Tho. Bate 4 Dec. 1605. <i>Greenway</i>, +§.”<small><a name="f271.1" id="f271.1" href="#f271">[271]</a></small></p></div> + +<p>Out of this document arise two questions which ought to be kept +carefully distinct:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang">1. Did the Government invent or falsify the document here partially +printed?</p> + +<p class="hang">2. Did Bates, on the hypothesis that the document is genuine, tell +the truth about Greenway?</p></div> + +<p>1. In the first place, Father Gerard calls our attention to the fact +that the document has only reached us in a copy. It is quite true; +though, on the other hand, I must reiterate the argument, which I have +already used in a similar case,<small><a name="f272.1" id="f272.1" href="#f272">[272]</a></small> that a copy in which the names of +the Commissioners appear, even though not under their own hands, falls +not far short of an original. If this copy, being a forgery, were read +in court, as Father <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span>Gerard says it was,<small><a name="f273.1" id="f273.1" href="#f273">[273]</a></small> some of the Commissioners +would have felt aggrieved at their names being misused, unless, indeed, +the whole seven concurred in authorising the forgery, which is so +extravagant a supposition that we are bound to look narrowly into any +evidence brought forward to support it.</p> + +<p>Father Gerard’s main argument in favour of the conclusion at which he +leads up to—one can hardly say he arrives at this or any other clearly +announced conviction—is put in the following words:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“If, however, this version were not genuine, but prepared for a +purpose, it is clear that it could not have been produced while +Bates was alive to contradict it, and there appears to be no doubt +that it was not heard of till after his death.”</p></div> + +<p>The meaning of this is, that the Government did not dare to produce the +confession till after Bates’s death, lest he should contradict it. If +this were true it would no doubt furnish a strong argument against the +genuineness of the confession, though not a conclusive one, because at +the trial of that batch of the prisoners among whom Bates stood, the +Government may have wished to reserve the evidence to be used against +Greenway, whom it chiefly concerned, if they still hoped to catch him. I +do not, however, wish to insist on this suggestion, as I hope to be able +to show that <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span>the evidence was produced at Bates’s trial, when he had +the opportunity, if he pleased, of replying to it.</p> + +<p>Father Gerard’s first argument is, that in a certain ‘manuscript account +of the plot,<small><a name="f274.1" id="f274.1" href="#f274">[274]</a></small> written between the trial of the conspirators and that +of Garnet, that is, within two months of the former,’ the author, though +he argues that the priests must have been cognizant of the design, says +nothing of the case of Bates’s evidence against Greenway, ‘but asserts +him to have been guilty only because his Majesty’s proclamation so +speaks it.’<small><a name="f275.1" id="f275.1" href="#f275">[275]</a></small> To this it may be answered that, in the first place, +the manuscript does not profess to be a history of the plot. It contains +the story of the arrest of Garnet and other persons, and is followed by +the story of the taking of Robert Winter and Stephen Littleton. In the +second place, there is strong reason to suppose, not only from the +subjects chosen by the writer, but also from his mode of treating them, +that he was not only a Staffordshire man, or an inhabitant of some +county near Wolverhampton, but that his narrative was drawn up at no +great distance from Wolverhampton. It does not follow that because his +Majesty’s proclamation had been heard of in Wolverhampton, a piece of +evidence produced in court at Westminster would have reached so far.</p> + +<p>Another argument used by Father Gerard in his own favour, appears to me +to tell against him. In a copy of a minute of Salisbury’s to a certain +Favat, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span>who had been employed by the King to write to him, we find the +following statement, which undoubtedly refers to Bates’s confession, it +being written on December 4, the day on which it was taken:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“You may tell his Majesty that if he please to read privately what +this day we have drawn from a voluntary and penitent examination, +the point I am persuaded (but I am no undertaker) shall be so well +cleared, if he forebear to speak much of this but ten days, as he +shall see all fall out to that end whereat his Majesty +shooteth.”<small><a name="f276.1" id="f276.1" href="#f276">[276]</a></small></p></div> + +<p>Father Gerard’s comment on this, that the confession of Bates, here +referred to, ‘cannot be that afterwards given to the world; for it is +spoken of as affording promise, but not yet satisfactory in its +performance.’<small><a name="f277.1" id="f277.1" href="#f277">[277]</a></small> Yes; but promise of what? The King, it may be +presumed, had asked not merely to know what Greenway had done, but to +know what had been the conduct of all the priests who had confessed the +plotters. The early part of the minute is clear upon that. Salisbury +writes that the King wanted</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>‘to learn the names of those priests which have been confessors and +ministers of the sacrament to those conspirators, because it +followeth indeed in consequence that they could not be ignorant of +their purposes, seeing all men that doubt resort to them for +satisfaction, and all men use confession to obtain absolution.’</p></div> + +<p>Bearing this in mind, and also that Salisbury goes <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span>on to say that ‘most +of the conspirators have carefully forsworn that the priests knew +anything particular, and obstinately refused to be accusers of them, yea +what torture soever they be put to,’ I cannot see that anything short of +the statement about Greenway ascribed to Bates would justify Salisbury’s +satisfaction with what he had learnt, though he qualifies his pleasure +with the thought that there is much more still to be learnt about +Greenway himself, as well as about other priests. An autograph +postscript to a letter written to Edmondes on March 8, 1606, shows +Salisbury in exactly the spirit which I have here ascribed to him:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“You may now confidently affirm that Whalley<small><a name="f278.1" id="f278.1" href="#f278">[278]</a></small> is guilty <i>ex ore +proprio</i>. This day confessed of the Gunpowder Treason, but he saith +he devised it not, only he concealed it when Father Greenway +<i>alias</i> Tesmond did impart to him all particulars, and Catesby only +the general. Thus do you see that Greenway is now by the +superintendent as guilty as we have accused him. He confesseth also +that Greenway told him that Father Owen was privy to all. More will +now come after this.”<small><a name="f279.1" id="f279.1" href="#f279">[279]</a></small></p></div> + +<p>The tone of the letter to Favat is more subdued than this, as befitted +writing that was to come under the King’s eye; but the meaning is +identical:—“I have got much, but I hope for more.”</p> + +<p>We now come to Father Gerard’s argument that <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span>the charge against +Greenway of approving the plot was not produced even at Garnet’s trial +on March 28, 1606, Bates having been tried on January 27, and being +executed on the 30th:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“Still more explicit is the evidence furnished by another MS. +containing a report of Father Garnet’s trial. In this the +confession of Bates is cited, but precisely the significant passage +of which we have spoken, as follows: ‘Catesby afterwards discovered +the project unto him; shortly after which discovery, Bates went to +mass to Tesimond [Greenway] and there was confessed and had +absolution.’</p> + +<p>“Here, again, it is impossible to suppose that the all-important +point was the one omitted. It is clear, however, that the mention +of a confession made to Greenway would <i>primâ facie</i> afford a +presumption that this particular matter had been confessed, thus +furnishing a foundation whereon to build; and knowing, as we do, +how evidence was manipulated, it is quite conceivable that the copy +now extant incorporates the improved version thus suggested.”</p></div> + +<p>Father Gerard has quoted the sentence about Bates and Greenway +correctly,<small><a name="f280.1" id="f280.1" href="#f280">[280]</a></small> but he has not observed that Coke, in his opening +speech, is stated on the same authority to have expressed himself as +follows:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“In November following comes Bates to Greenway the Jesuit, and +tells him all his master’s purpose; he hears his confession, +absolves him, and encourageth him to go on, saying it is for the +good of the Catholic cause, and therefore warrantable.”<small><a name="f281.1" id="f281.1" href="#f281">[281]</a></small></p></div> + +<p>I acknowledge that Coke’s unsupported assertion is <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span>worth very little; +but I submit that so practised an advocate would hardly have produced a +confession which, if it contained no more than Father Gerard supposes, +would have directly refuted his own statement. Father Gerard, I fancy, +fails to take into account the difficulties of note-takers in days prior +to the invention of shorthand. The report-taker had followed the early +part of Bates’s examination fairly well. Then come the words quoted by +Father Gerard at the very bottom of the page. May not the desire to get +all that he had to say into that page have been too strong for the +reporter, especially as, after what Coke had said earlier in the day, +the statement that Bates ‘confessed’ might reasonably be supposed to +cover the subject of confession? ‘Catesby ... discovered the project +unto him, shortly after which discovery’ he confessed. What can he be +supposed to have confessed except the project discovered? and, if so, +Greenway’s absolution implies approval.</p> + +<p>Father Gerard, moreover, though he quotes from another manuscript +Garnet’s objection that ‘Bates was a dead man,’ thereby meaning that +Bates’s testimony was now worthless, entirely omits to notice that the +preceding paragraph is destructive of his contention. A question had +arisen as to whether Greenway had shown contrition.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“Nay,” replied Mr. Attorney, “I am sure that he had not, for to +Bates he approved the fact, and said he had no obligation to reveal +it to any other ghostly father, to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span>which effect Bates his +confession was produced, which verified as much as Mr. Attorney +said, and then Mr. Attorney added that he had heard by men more +learned than he, that if for defect of contrition it was not a +sacrament, then it might lawfully be revealed.</p> + +<p>“Mr. Garnet rejoined that Bates was a dead man, and therefore +although he would not discredit him, yet he was bound to keep that +secret which was spoken in confession as well as Greenway.”<small><a name="f282.1" id="f282.1" href="#f282">[282]</a></small></p></div> + +<p>Having thus shown that Father Gerard’s argument, that the statement +about Greenway was not produced at Garnet’s trial, cannot be maintained; +that his argument drawn from the account of the arrest of Garnet and +others is irrelevant, and that Salisbury’s letter to Favat, so far from +contradicting the received story, goes a long way to confirm it, I +proceed to ask why we are not to accept the report of <i>A true and +perfect relation</i>, where Coke is represented as giving the substance of +the confession of Bates, beginning with Catesby’s revelation of the plot +to him, followed by his full confession to Greenway and Greenway’s +answer, somewhat amplified indeed, as Coke’s manner was, but obviously +founded on Bates’s confession of December 4, 1605.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“Then they,” <i>i.e.</i> Catesby and Winter, “told him that he was to +receive the sacrament for the more assurance, and thereupon he went +to confession to the said Tesmond the Jesuit, and in his confession +told him that he was to conceal a very dangerous piece of work, +that his master <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span>Catesby and Thomas Winter had imparted unto him, +and said he much feared the matter to be utterly unlawful, and +therefore thereon desired the counsel of the Jesuit, and revealed +unto him the whole intent and purpose of blowing up the Parliament +House upon the first day of the assembly, at what time the King, +the Queen, the Prince, the Lords spiritual and temporal, the +judges, knights, citizens, burgesses should all have been there +convented and met together. But the Jesuit being a confederate +therein before, resolved and encouraged him in the action, and said +that he should be secret in that which his master had imparted unto +him, for that it was for a good cause, adding, moreover, that it +was not dangerous unto him nor any offence to conceal it; and +thereupon the Jesuit gave him absolution, and Bates received the +sacrament of him, in the company of his master, Robert Catesby, and +Thomas Winter.”<small><a name="f283.1" id="f283.1" href="#f283">[283]</a></small></p></div> + +<p>We have not, indeed, the evidence set forth, but we have a distinct +intimation that amongst the confessions read was one from which ‘it +appeared that Bates was resolved from what he understood concerning the +powder treason, and being therein warranted by the Jesuits.’<small><a name="f284.1" id="f284.1" href="#f284">[284]</a></small></p> + +<p>2. Being now able to assume that the confession ascribed to Bates was +genuine, the further question arises whether Bates told the truth or +not. We have, in the first place, Greenway’s strong protestation that he +had not heard of the plot from Bates. In the second place, Father Gerard +adduces a retractation by <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span>Bates of a statement that he thought Greenway +‘knew of the business.’ Now, whatever inference we choose to draw, it is +a curious fact that this has nothing to do with Bates’s confession of +December 4—the letter of Bates printed in the narrative of the Gerard +who lived in the seventeenth century running as follows:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“At my last being before them I told them I thought Greenway knew +of this business, but I did not charge the others with it, but that +I saw them all together with my master at my Lord Vaux’s, and that +after I saw Mr. Whalley,” <i>i.e.</i> Garnet, “and Mr. Greenway at +Coughton, and it is true. For I was sent thither with a letter, and +Mr. Greenway rode with me to Mr. Winter’s to my master, and from +thence he rode to Mr. Abington’s. This I told them, and no more. +For which I am heartily sorry for, and I trust God will forgive me, +for I did it not out of malice but in hope to gain my life by it, +which I think now did me no good.”<small><a name="f285.1" id="f285.1" href="#f285">[285]</a></small></p></div> + +<p>This clearly refers not to the confession of December 4, but to that of +January 13,<small><a name="f286.1" id="f286.1" href="#f286">[286]</a></small> in which these matters were spoken of, and it is to be noted +that Bates does not acknowledge having spoken falsely, but of having +told inconvenient truths.</p> + +<p>Bates’s entire silence in this letter as to the confession of December 4 +may receive one of two interpretations. Either Greenway was not +mentioned in that confession at all—a solution which in the face of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span>Salisbury’s letter to Favat seems to be an impossible one—or else +Bates knew that he had at that time made disclosures to which he did not +wish to refer. It is, perhaps, not so very unlikely that he compounded +for what would in any case be regarded as a great fault by disclosing a +smaller one.</p> + +<p>Are we, then, shut up to the conclusion that Father Greenway sheltered +himself by telling a deliberate lie? I do not see that it is absolutely +necessary; though I suppose, under correction, that he might feel +himself bound to aver that he had never heard what he had only heard in +confession. Is it not, however, possible that Bates in confessing to +Greenway did not go into the details of the plot, but merely spoke of +some design against the Government with which his master had entrusted +him, and that Greenway told him that it was his master’s secret, and he +might be content to think that it was in a good cause?<small><a name="f287.1" id="f287.1" href="#f287">[287]</a></small> As time went +on Bates would easily read his own knowledge of the plot into the words +he had used in confession, or may even have deliberately expanded his +statement to please the examiners. Life was dear, and he may have hoped +to gain pardon if he could throw the blame on a Jesuit. Besides, +Greenway, as he probably knew, had not been arrested, and no harm would +come if he painted him blacker than he was. This is but a conjecture, +but if it is anywhere near the mark, it is easy to understand why Bates +should not have been eager to call attention to the confession of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span>December 4, when he wrote the letter which has been already +quoted.<small><a name="f288.1" id="f288.1" href="#f288">[288]</a></small> On the other hand Catesby seems to have had no doubt of +Greenway’s adherence, as is shown by his exclaiming on the priest’s +arrival at Coughton, that ‘here, at least, was a gentleman that would +live and die with them.’</p> + +<p>In any case, the general attitude of the priests is not difficult to +imagine. Not even their warmest advocates can suppose that they received +the news of a plot to blow up James I. and his Parliament with quite as +much abhorrence as they would have manifested if they had heard of a +plot to blow up the Pope and the College of Cardinals. They were men who +had suffered much and were exposed at any moment to suffer more. They +held that James had broken his promise without excuse. But they had +their instructions from Rome to discountenance all disturbances; and we +may do them the justice to add that both Garnet and Greenway were +shocked when they were informed of the atrocious character of the plot +itself; but, at all events, Sir Everard Digby was able to write from +prison to his wife:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“Before that I knew anything of the plot, I did ask Mr. Farmer,” +<i>i.e.</i> Garnet, “what the meaning of the Pope’s Brief was; he told +me that they were not (meaning priests) to undertake or procure +stirs; but yet they would not hinder any, neither was it the Pope’s +mind they should, that should be undertaken for the Catholic good. +I did never utter thus much, nor would not but to you; and this +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span>answer with Mr. Catesby’s proceedings with him and me give me +absolute belief that the matter in general was approved, though +every particular was not known.”<small><a name="f289.1" id="f289.1" href="#f289">[289]</a></small></p></div> + +<p>Whatever may be thought of the value of this statement Garnet’s attitude +towards the plot was, on his own showing, hardly one of unqualified +abhorrence. Assuming that all that Greenway had informed him of on one +particular occasion, when the whole design was poured into his ears, was +told under the sanction of the confessional, and that not only the rule +of his Church, but other more worldly considerations, prohibited the +disclosure of anything so heard, there was all the more reason why he +should take any opportunity that occurred to learn the secret out of +confession, and so to do his utmost to prevent the atrocious design from +being carried into execution. Let us see whether he did so or not, on +his own showing.</p> + +<p>On June 8 or 9, 1605,<small><a name="f290.1" id="f290.1" href="#f290">[290]</a></small> Catesby asked Garnet the question whether it +was lawful to kill innocent persons, together with nocents, on the +pretence that his inquiry related to the siege of a town in war. At +first Garnet treated the question as of no other import. “I ... thought +it at the first but as it were an idle question, till I saw him, when we +had done, make solemn protestation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> that he would never be known to have +asked me any such question so long as he lived.” On this Garnet began to +muse within himself as to Catesby’s meaning.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“And,” he continues, “fearing lest he should intend the death of +some great persons, and by seeking to draw them together enwrap not +only innocents but friends and necessary persons for the +Commonwealth, I thought I would take fit occasion to admonish him +that upon my speech he should not run headlong to so great a +mischief.”</p></div> + +<p>Garnet accordingly talked to him when he met him next, towards the end +of June, telling him that he wished him ‘to look what he did if he +intended anything, that he must not have so little regard of innocents +that he spare not friends and necessary persons to a Commonwealth, and +told him what charge we had of all quietness, and to procure the like of +others.’ It was certainly rather mild condemnation of a design which, as +Garnet understood, would involve considerable loss of life.</p> + +<p>Soon afterwards Garnet received a letter from the General of the +Society, directing him, in the Pope’s name, to hinder all conspiracies, +and this letter he showed to Catesby when next he saw him:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“I showed him my letter from Rome,” wrote Garnet afterwards, “and +admonished him of the Pope’s pleasure. I doubted he had some device +in his head, whatsoever it was, being against the Pope’s will, it +could not prosper. He said that what he meant to do, if the Pope +knew, he would not hinder, for the general good of the country. But +I being earnest with him, and inculcating the Pope’s <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span>prohibition +did add this <i>quia expresse hoc Papa non vult et prohibet</i>, he told +me he was not bound to take knowledge by me of the Pope’s will. I +said indeed my own credit was but little, but our General, whose +letter I had read to him, was a man everywhere respected for his +wisdom and virtue, so I desired him that before he attempted +anything he would acquaint the Pope. He said he would not for all +the world make his particular project known to him, for fear of +discovery. I wished him at the last in general to inform him how +things stood here by some lay gentleman.”</p></div> + +<p>This suggestion took shape in the mission of Sir Edmund Baynham. We are +only concerned here with Garnet’s expostulations, and again it must be +said that they appear to have been singularly mild, considering all that +Catesby had admitted.</p> + +<p>A few days later Garnet learnt the whole truth from Greenway, in a way +which is said to have been tantamount to confession. Admitting once more +that he may have been bound to keep silence to others on these details, +he could not keep silence to himself. There are no partitions in the +brain to divide what one wishes to know from what one wishes not to +know, and if Garnet thoroughly abhorred the plot, he was surely bound to +take up Catesby’s earlier self-revelations, and to strive to the +uttermost to probe the matter to the bottom, in all legitimate ways. No +doubt he had moments in which his conscience was sorely troubled, but +they were followed by no decisive action, and it is useless to say that +he expected to meet Catesby at ‘All-hallowtide.’ With all the Jesuit +machinery under his hands,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> he could surely have found Catesby out +between July and November, and this omission is perhaps the most fatal +condemnation of Garnet’s course. If he had for many months known enough +otherwise than in confession to enable him to remonstrate with Catesby +in November, why could he not have remonstrated four months before with +much more hope of success?</p> + +<p>Still more serious is Garnet’s own account of his feelings when Greenway +imparted the story to him, saying that he thought the plot unlawful, and +‘a most horrible thing.’ He charged Greenway ‘to hinder it if he could, +for he knew well enough what strict prohibition we had had.’ Greenway +replied ‘that in truth he had disclaimed it, and protested that he did +not approve it, and that he would do what lay in him to dissuade it.’ +Yet up to the discovery of the plot, Garnet, though he met Greenway at +least once, took no means of inquiring how Greenway had fared in his +enterprise. “How he performed it after,” he explained, “I have not heard +but by the report of Bates’s confession.”<small><a name="f291.1" id="f291.1" href="#f291">[291]</a></small></p> + +<p>On July 24, Garnet writes a letter to the General of his Society, in +which, as we are told, nothing learnt only in confession ought to have +been introduced. Accordingly, either in this or a later letter,<small><a name="f292.1" id="f292.1" href="#f292">[292]</a></small> he +merely speaks <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span>in general terms of the danger of any private treason or +violence against the King, and asks for the orders of his Holiness as to +what is to be done in the case, and a formal prohibition of the use of +armed force. Surely some stronger language would be expected here. It is +true that, according to his own account, Garnet remained ‘in great +perplexity,’ and prayed that God ‘would dispose of all for the best, and +find the best means which were pleasing to Him to prevent so great a +mischief.’ He tells us, indeed, that he wrote constantly to Rome ‘to get +a prohibition under censures of all attempts,’ but as the answer he got +was that the Pope was of the opinion that ‘his general prohibition would +serve,’ it does not seem likely that Garnet enlarged on the real danger +more than he had done in the letter referred to above. He expected, he +says, some further action; ‘and that hope and Mr. Catesby’s promise of +doing nothing until Sir Edmund had been with the Pope made me think that +either nothing would be done or not before the end of the Parliament; +before what time we should surely hear, as undoubtedly we should if +Baynham had gone to Rome as soon as I imagined.’<small><a name="f293.1" id="f293.1" href="#f293">[293]</a></small> In a further +declaration, Garnet disclosed that there was more in his conduct than +misplaced hopefulness. Speaking of Catesby’s first consultation with +himself, he adds:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span>“Neither ever did I enter further with him then, as I wrote, but +rather cut off all occasions (after I knew his project) of any +discoursing with him of it, thereby to save myself harmless both +with the state here, and with my superiors at Rome, to whom I knew +this thing would be infinitely displeasing, insomuch as at my +second conference with Mr. Greenwell,” <i>i.e.</i> Greenway, “I said +‘Good Lord, if this matter go forward, the Pope will send me to the +galleys, for he will assuredly think I was privy to it.’”<small><a name="f294.1" id="f294.1" href="#f294">[294]</a></small></p></div> + +<p>To say that Garnet had two consciences, an official and a personal one, +would doubtless err by giving too brutally clear-cut a definition of the +mysterious workings of the mind. Yet we shall probably be right in +thinking not only that, as a Catholic, a priest, and a Jesuit, he was +bound to carry out the directions conveyed to him from the Pope, but +that those directions commended themselves to his own mind whenever he +set himself seriously to consider the matter. It was but human +weakness<small><a name="f295.1" id="f295.1" href="#f295">[295]</a></small> to be so shocked by the persecution going on around him as +to regard with some complacency the horrors which sought to put a stop +to it, or at least to find excuses for omitting to inquire, where +inquiry must necessarily lead to active resistance. The Government +theory that Garnet and the other Jesuits had originated the plot <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span>was +undoubtedly false, but, as far as we are able to judge, they did not +look upon it with extraordinary horror, neither did they take such means +as were lawful and possible to avert the disaster.</p> + +<p>To sum up the conclusions to which I have been led. There may be +difference of opinion as to my suggested explanations of some details in +the ‘traditional’ story; but as a whole it stands untouched by Father +Gerard’s criticisms. What is more, no explanation has been offered by +any one which will fit in with the evidence which I have adduced in its +favour. As for the plot itself, it was the work of men indignant at the +banishment of the priests after the promises made by James in Scotland. +The worse persecution which followed no doubt sharpened their +indignation and led to the lukewarmness with which Garnet opposed it; +but it had nothing to do with the inception of the plot.</p> + +<p>As to the action of the Government, it was in the main straightforward. +It had to disguise its knowledge that James did not discover the plot by +Divine inspiration, and having firmly persuaded itself that the Jesuits +had been at the bottom of the whole affair, it suppressed at least one +statement to the contrary, which it may very well have believed to be +untrue, whilst the Attorney General—not a man easily restrained—put +forward his own impression as positive truth, though he had no evidence +behind it. On the other hand, James, having before him in writing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> +Garnet’s account of the information gained from Greenway in confession, +refused to allow it to be used against the prisoner.</p> + +<p>The attempt to make Salisbury the originator of the Plot for his own +purposes breaks down entirely, if only because, at the time when the +plot was started, he had already pushed James to take the first step in +the direction in which he wished him to go, and that every succeeding +step carried him further in the same direction. It is also highly +probable that he had no information about it till the Monteagle letter +was placed in his hands. That there was a plot at all is undoubtedly +owing to James’s conduct in receding from his promises. Yet, even his +fault in this respect raises more difficult questions than Roman +Catholic writers are inclined to admit. The question of toleration was a +new one, and James may be credited with a sincere desire to avoid +persecution for religion. He was, however, confronted by the question of +allegiance. If the Roman Catholics increased in numbers, so far as to +become a power in the land, would they or the Pope tolerate a ‘heretic’ +King? This was the real crux of the situation. In the nineteenth century +it is not felt, and we can regard it lightly. In the beginning of the +seventeenth century men could remember how Henry IV. had been driven to +submit to the Papal Church on pain of exclusion from the throne. Was +there ever to be a possibility of the like happening to James? There can +be no doubt that he believed in the doctrines of his own Church as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> +firmly as any Jesuit believed in those which it was his duty to +maintain. But, though this question of doctrine must not be left out of +sight, it must by no means be forced into undue prominence. It was the +question of allegiance that was at stake. James tried hard to avoid it, +and it must be acknowledged that his efforts were, to some extent, +reciprocated from the other side,<small><a name="f296.1" id="f296.1" href="#f296">[296]</a></small> but the gulf could not be bridged +over. In the end the antagonism took its fiercest shape in the +disputation on the new oath of allegiance enjoined on all recusants in +1606. The respective claims of Pope and King to divine right were then +brought sharply into collision. Now that we are removed by nearly three +centuries from the combatants, we may look somewhat beyond the +contentions of the disputants. Behind the arguments of the Royalist, we +may discern the claim of a nation for supreme control over its own +legislation and government. Behind the arguments of the Papalist, we may +discern an anxiety to forbid any chance occupant of a throne, or any +chance parliamentary majority, from dictating to the consciences of +those who in all temporal matters are ready to yield obedience to +existing authority.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 50%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span></p> +<h2>INDEX</h2> + +<div class="index"> +<p> +Aldobrandino, Cardinal, report by the Nuncio at Paris to, <a href="#Page_151">151</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Bancroft, Archbishop, informs Salisbury that Percy had ridden towards Croydon, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /> +<br /> +Banishment of the priests, <a href="#Page_160">160</a><br /> +<br /> +Barlow, Bishop, mistaken reference to a book of, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> +<br /> +Barneby, reports to the Nuncio at Paris, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /> +<br /> +Bartlet, George, said to have stated that Catesby visited Salisbury House, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> +<br /> +Bates, Thomas, arrest of, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">examination of, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">value of the evidence of, <a href="#Page_182">182-189</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">charge brought against Greenway by, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Baynham, Sir Edmund, mission of, <a href="#Page_195">195</a><br /> +<br /> +Brewer, Mr. H. W., author of a conjectural view of the neighbourhood of the old House of Lords, <a href="#Page_93">93</a><br /> +<br /> +Brick, softer in 1605 than at present, <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br /> +<br /> +Bright, Mrs., evidence of, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See</i> <a href="#skinner">Skinner, Mrs.</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Buck, Master, alleged statement by, <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br /> +<br /> +Bufalo, del, <i>see</i> <a href="#nuncio">Nuncio in Paris</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Capon, William, mistakes the position of Percy’s house, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">worthlessness of the evidence of, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Catesby, Robert, said to visit Salisbury, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cannot have given information, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">informs Greenway of the plot, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his relations with Garnet, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></span><br /> +<br /><a name="cecil" id="cecil"></a> +Cecil, Sir Robert, corresponds with James on toleration, <a href="#Page_143">143-148</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">forwards James’s reply to the Nuncio’s overtures, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">has no motive for inventing Gunpowder Plot, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See</i> <a href="#cranborne">Cranborne, Viscount</a>, and <a href="#salis">Salisbury, Earl of</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Cellar, the, Fawkes antedates the hiring of, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">new door made into, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">evidence on the lease of, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">supposed bargain between Ferrers and Percy for, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fawkes’s account of the hiring of, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Winter’s account of the hiring of, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">partly let to Mrs. Skinner, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">leased to Percy, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the miners said to be ignorant of the position of, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Capon’s evidence on the details of, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">new door into, <i>ib.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">entrances into, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">alleged public access to, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Knyvet’s visit to, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Suffolk’s search in, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></span><br /> +<br /><a name="clement" id="clement"></a> +Clement VIII., Pope, writes to James, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">annotates a report from the Nuncio at Paris, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rejects James’s proposals, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his conduct towards James, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lindsay’s report on the proceedings of, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Cobham, Lord, reports a saying of James I., <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /> +<br /> +Coe, Thomas, as informer, <a href="#Page_175">175, <i>note</i> 1</a><br /> +<br /> +Coke, Attorney-General, conducts the first examination of Fawkes, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attends the commissioners for the examination of the plot, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his fishing inquiry, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">omits a passage in Fawkes’s confession, and brings a false charge against Gerard, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Cornwallis, Salisbury’s letter to, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /> +<br /><a name="cranborne" id="cranborne"></a> +Cranborne, Viscount, his conversation with the Venetian ambassador, <a href="#Page_162">162-166</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See</i> <a href="#cecil">Cecil, Sir Robert</a>, and <a href="#salis">Salisbury, Earl of</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Davies, an informer, <a href="#Page_173">173</a><br /> +<br /> +Devonshire, Earl of, a commissioner to examine the plot, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> +<br /> +Digby, Sir Edward, misstatement about the knighting of the sons of, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">arrest of, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">writes to Salisbury, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">receives a letter about an otter hunt, <a href="#Page_175">175, <i>note</i> 1</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his evidence against Garnet, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Digby, Sir Kenelm, alleged statement by, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> +<br /> +Doubleday, Edmond, secures Fawkes, <a href="#Page_135">135-137</a><br /> +<br /> +Dunchurch, hunting-match at, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<i>Edinburgh Reviewer</i>, the, negative criticism of, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his summary of the story of the plot, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Edmondes, Salisbury’s letter to, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Favat, Salisbury’s letter to, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a><br /> +<br /> +Fawkes, Guy, first examination of, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">assumes the name of Johnson, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">shields his companions by false statements, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">alleged alteration of the examination of, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">confesses the whole of the design, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">second examination of, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">third examination of, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fourth examination of, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">threatened with torture, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fifth examination of, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">relation of the fifth examination of, with that of Nov. 17, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his declaration under torture, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">gives the names of the plotters, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">examined on the hints given to noblemen to absent themselves from Parliament, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a watch bought for, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">doubts as to the genuineness of his full account of the plot examined, <a href="#Page_50">50-54</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">capable of directing mining operations, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ascertains that the cellar is to be let, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">alleged discrepancies in the accounts of the seizure of, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">arrest of, <a href="#Page_132">132-136</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Ferrers, or Ferris, Henry, gives up his house to Percy, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">agreement for the lease by, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Fulman’s Collection, notes on the plot preserved in, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Garnet, Henry, receives information of the plot from Greenway, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Digby’s evidence against, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his knowledge of the plot, <a href="#Page_193">193-199</a></span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span><br /> +Gerard, John (Jesuit in the 17th century), not to be trusted when in ignorance of the facts, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">said to have given the sacrament to the conspirators, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">probably ignorant of the plot, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">false charge brought by Coke against, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Gibbons, Mrs., has charge of the house, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /> +<br /> +Goodman, Bishop, thinks Salisbury contrived the plot, <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br /> +<br /> +Grant, John, his name erroneously given as digging the mine, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> +<br /> +Greenway (<i>alias</i> for Oswald Tesimond), informs Garnet of the plot, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">said to have been informed of the plot by Bates, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">discussion on Bates’s evidence against, <a href="#Page_183">183-192</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his relations with Garnet, <a href="#Page_195">195-198</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Grene, Father, reports a saying of Usher’s, <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /> +<br /> +Gunpowder stored by the plotters, exaggerations about the amount of, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">disposal of, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Holbeche House, capture or death of the plotters at, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> +<br /> +House hired by Percy, the, Fawkes’s statement about, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in charge of Mrs. Gibbons, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">evidence on the lease of, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">situation of, <a href="#Page_77">77-91</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">alleged smallness of, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">alleged populousness of the neighbourhood of, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">position of the garden belonging to, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">powder brought to, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a carpenter admitted to, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></span><br /> +<br /> +House of Lords, the old, description of, <a href="#Page_100">100</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +James, Roger, evidence of, <a href="#Page_91">91</a><br /> +<br /> +James I. said to have called November 5 Cecil’s holiday, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">orders the use of torture, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">said to have interpreted the Monteagle letter by inspiration, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his relations with the Catholics, <a href="#Page_141">141-142</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">refuses to sign a letter to the Pope, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">corresponds with Cecil on toleration, <i>ib.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter falsely attributed to, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interruption of Lindsay’s mission from, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">receives overtures from the Nuncio at Brussels, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his position towards the recusants, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">is assured of the Pope’s desire to keep the Catholics in obedience, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">banishes the priests, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Keyes, Robert, inquiry into the movements of, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">arrest of, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">confusion about his working in the mine, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">acknowledges that he worked at the mine, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mistake in the ‘King’s Book’ about, <i>ib.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">brought from Lambeth, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></span><br /> +<br /> +‘King’s Book,’ the, erroneous account of Robert Winter’s proceedings in, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">probable date of the issue of, <a href="#Page_74">74, <i>note</i> 1</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Knyvet, Sir Thomas, visits the cellar, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Lenthall said to have been told that Salisbury contrived the plot, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wood’s character of, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Lindsay, Sir James, carries a letter from the Pope to James, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">is unable to return with the answer, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">starts for Italy, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cranborne’s opinion of, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reports from Rome, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Mar, Earl of, is a commissioner to examine the plot, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> +<br /> +Mine, the, silence of Fawkes about, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. Whynniard ignorant of, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Government ignorant of, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first mentioned by Fawkes, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">described by Winter, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">position of, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">made through the wall of Percy’s house, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">alleged inexperience of the makers of, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">precautions to avoid noise in, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">penetrates the wall under House of Lords, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">disposal of the earth and stones from, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Government ignorant of the position of, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Montague, Lord, sent to the Tower, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> +<br /> +Monteagle, Lord, the letter addressed to said to have been known beforehand, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">false statements about the interpretation of, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Salisbury said to have been previously informed of, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">delivery of, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">taken to Salisbury, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Mordaunt, Lord, sent to the Tower, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Northampton, Earl of, a commissioner to examine the plot, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">is a Catholic, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Nottingham, Earl of, a commissioner to examine the plot, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his relations to the Catholics, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Nuncio at Brussels, the, makes overtures to James, <a href="#Page_151">151</a><br /> +<br /><a name="nuncio" id="nuncio"></a> +Nuncio at Paris, the, reports on James’s proceedings, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">writes to Parry on the Pope’s desire to keep the Catholics in obedience, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">writes to James, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James’s reply to the overtures of, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sends the reply to Rome, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Osborne, Francis, thinks the plot a device of Salisbury, <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br /> +<br /> +Owen, Hugh, not a priest, <a href="#Page_60">60, <i>note</i> 1</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Parry, Sir Thomas, draft of a letter to, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">uncertainty when Salisbury’s letter was sent to, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">receives overtures from the Nuncio, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Percy, Thomas, Fawkes’s statement about the hiring of the house and cellar by, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proclamation for the apprehension of, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rumours about the movements of, <i>ib.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">search of his house, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">enters into possession of the house and cellar, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reward offered for the apprehension of, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Sheriff of Worcestershire announces the death of, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">buys a watch for Fawkes, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Winter’s account of the proceedings of, <a href="#Page_62">62-69</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">agreement for the lease of the house to, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">not likely to be turned out when Parliament met, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">takes the cellar, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">alleged bigamy of, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">said to have visited Salisbury, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">displays his connection with the Court, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">receives a pass for post-horses, <i>ib.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">alleged secret orders to kill, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Pope, the (<i>see</i> <a href="#clement">Clement VIII.</a>)<br /> +<br /> +Popham, Chief Justice, examines Fawkes, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sends to Salisbury a rumour of Percy’s movements, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">makes inquiries into the movements of Catholics, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a commissioner to examine the plot, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Priests, the banishment of, proclamation for, <a href="#Page_160">160</a><br /> +<br /> +Privy Councillors, form of publishing the signatures of, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Recusants, their fines remitted, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fines reimposed on, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Rokewood, Ambrose, examination of the landlady of, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /><a name="salis" id="salis"></a> +Salisbury, Earl of, alleged to have invented the plot, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">said to have told his son that he had contrived the plot, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">writes an account of the plot to Parry, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">is a commissioner for the examination into the plot, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his letter to the ambassadors, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cannot have deceived his fellow-commissioners, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">said to have known of the plot before the Monteagle letter, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">said to have received visits from Percy, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">said to have issued orders not to take Percy alive, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Monteagle letter delivered to, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">probably knew nothing of the plot independent of the letter, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">was the probable interpreter of the letter, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">receives a letter from Sir E. Digby, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">has no motive for inventing the plot, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">expects plots, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">writes to Favat, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">failure of the charge against, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Shepherd, John, evidence of, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /> +<br /><a name="skinner" id="skinner"></a> +Skinner, Mrs., gives up the cellar to Percy, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /> +<br /> +Spedding, James, his canon of historical evidence, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> +<br /> +Speed, John, his statement that Percy’s house was only to be let when Parliament was not sitting, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br /> +<br /> +Standen, Sir Anthony, mission of, <a href="#Page_158">158</a><br /> +<br /> +Suffolk, Earl of, a commissioner for examining the plot, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">friendly to the Catholics, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sent to search the cellar, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Talbot of Grafton, John, summoned before the Council, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> +<br /> +Tresham, Francis, informed of the plot, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">probably informs the Government, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his connection with the letter to Monteagle, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Usher, language used about the plot by, <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Vaux, Mrs., committed to the charge of an alderman, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> +<br /> +Vowell, Peter, said to assert the plot to have been invented, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Waad, Sir William, gives information of Percy’s movements, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pronounces Fawkes obstinate, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">informs Salisbury that Winter is ready to confess, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Walsh, Sir Richard, writes to announce the death or capture of the plotters, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> +<br /> +Whynniard, John, Fawkes’s evidence about his lease to Percy, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">position of the house of, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appointed keeper of the Old Palace, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">history of the land held by him, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">position of the garden of, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">leases the cellar to Percy, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Whynniard, Mrs., consents to the lease of the cellar, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /> +<br /> +Winter, Robert, arrest of, 47;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">incorrectly stated to have worked in the mine, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his name substituted for that of Keyes, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Winter, Thomas, inquiry into the movements of, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">captured at Holbeche, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">doubts as to the genuineness of his full account of the plot examined, <a href="#Page_54">54-67</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his account of the plot, <a href="#Page_57">57-69</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">no evidence of the torture of, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">explanation of the confusion between Keyes and, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Coke wishes to examine, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Wood, Anthony, statements by a correspondent of, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his character of Lenthall, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Worcester, Earl of, a commissioner to examine the plot, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">is understood to be a Catholic, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Wotton, Sir Henry, says that Cecil invented plots, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> +<br /> +Wright, Christopher, death of, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert Winter’s name substituted for, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Wright, Henry, an informer, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> +<br /> +Wright, John, killed at Holbeche, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></p></div> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 50%;" /> +<p><b>Footnotes:</b></p> + +<p><a name="f1" id="f1" href="#f1.1">[1]</a> London: Osgood, McIlvaine & Co., 1897.</p> + +<p><a name="f2" id="f2" href="#f2.1">[2]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 48.</p> + +<p><a name="f3" id="f3" href="#f3.1">[3]</a> <i>Ib.</i> p. 51, note 2.</p> + +<p><a name="f4" id="f4" href="#f4.1">[4]</a> <i>Goodman</i>, i. 102.</p> + +<p><a name="f5" id="f5" href="#f5.1">[5]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, pp. 46, 47.</p> + +<p><a name="f6" id="f6" href="#f6.1">[6]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 159.</p> + +<p><a name="f7" id="f7" href="#f7.1">[7]</a> I imagine that the notes in Roman type proceed from Wood’s +correspondent, and that Fulman’s marginal questions are omitted; but +Father Gerard is not clear on this.</p> + +<p><a name="f8" id="f8" href="#f8.1">[8]</a> <i>I.e.</i>, the second Earl.</p> + +<p><a name="f9" id="f9" href="#f9.1">[9]</a> ? this.</p> + +<p><a name="f10" id="f10" href="#f10.1">[10]</a> <i>Athenæ</i>, iii. 902.</p> + +<p><a name="f11" id="f11" href="#f11.1">[11]</a> <i>Edin. Review</i>, January 1897, p. 192.</p> + +<p><a name="f12" id="f12" href="#f12.1">[12]</a> This is a mistake. The fine of 3,000<i>l.</i> was imposed for his part +in the Essex rebellion. (See <i>Jardine</i>, p. 31.)</p> + +<p><a name="f13" id="f13" href="#f13.1">[13]</a> Off and on, a fortnight at the end of January and beginning of +February, and then again probably for a very short time in March.</p> + +<p><a name="f14" id="f14" href="#f14.1">[14]</a> Fawkes was absent part of the time.</p> + +<p><a name="f15" id="f15" href="#f15.1">[15]</a> Mrs. Everett Green in her ‘Calendar of Domestic State Papers,’ adds +a sixth (<i>Gunpowder Plot Book</i>, No. 50); but this is manifestly the +deposition of November 17. It must be remembered that, when she produced +this volume, Mrs. Everett Green was quite new to the work. She was +deceived by an indorsement in the handwriting of the eighteenth century, +assigning the document to the 8th.</p> + +<p><a name="f16" id="f16" href="#f16.1">[16]</a> The words between brackets are inserted in another hand.</p> + +<p><a name="f17" id="f17" href="#f17.1">[17]</a> It was not actually hired till about Lady Day, 1605.</p> + +<p><a name="f18" id="f18" href="#f18.1">[18]</a> Inserted in the same hand as that in which the words about the +cellar were written. It will be observed that the insertion cannot serve +any one’s purpose.</p> + +<p><a name="f19" id="f19" href="#f19.1">[19]</a> Gracechurch Street.</p> + +<p><a name="f20" id="f20" href="#f20.1">[20]</a> A mistake for Monday if midnight is to be reckoned with the day +preceding it.</p> + +<p><a name="f21" id="f21" href="#f21.1">[21]</a> The remainder of the draft is occupied with the discovery of the +plot.</p> + +<p><a name="f22" id="f22" href="#f22.1">[22]</a> <i>Proclamation Book, R.O.</i>, p. 114.</p> + +<p><a name="f23" id="f23" href="#f23.1">[23]</a> Bancroft to Salisbury, Nov. 5. Popham to Salisbury, Nov. 5—<i>G. P. +B.</i> Nos. 7, 9.</p> + +<p><a name="f24" id="f24" href="#f24.1">[24]</a> Points and names of persons.—<i>S. P. Dom.</i> xvi. 9, 10.</p> + +<p><a name="f25" id="f25" href="#f25.1">[25]</a> Popham to Salisbury, November 5. (<i>G. P. B.</i> No. 10.) The P.S. only +is of the 6th.</p> + +<p><a name="f26" id="f26" href="#f26.1">[26]</a> Narrative, <i>G. P. B.</i> No. 129.</p> + +<p><a name="f27" id="f27" href="#f27.1">[27]</a> In a letter of advice sent to the Nuncio at Paris, on Sept. 10/20, +he is distinctly spoken of as a Catholic, as well as Worcester.—<i>Roman +Transcripts, R.O.</i></p> + +<p><a name="f28" id="f28" href="#f28.1">[28]</a> On July 20/30, 1605, Father Creswell writes to Paul V. that +Nottingham showed him every civility ‘that could be expected from one +who does not profess our holy religion.’</p> + +<p><a name="f29" id="f29" href="#f29.1">[29]</a> The ‘cellar’ was not really hired till a little before Easter, +March 31.</p> + +<p><a name="f30" id="f30" href="#f30.1">[30]</a> Second examination of Fawkes, November 6.—<i>G. P. B.</i> No. 16 A.</p> + +<p><a name="f31" id="f31" href="#f31.1">[31]</a> Examination of Gibbons, November 5.—<i>S. P. Dom.</i> xvi. 14.</p> + +<p><a name="f32" id="f32" href="#f32.1">[32]</a> “Mrs. Whynniard, however, tells us,” writes Father Gerard (p. 73), +“that the cellar was not to let, and that Bright had not the disposal of +the lease, but one Skinner.” What Mrs. Whynniard said was that the vault +was ‘let to Mr. Skinner of King Street; but that she and her husband +were ready to consent if Mrs. Skinner’s good will could be had.’ ‘Mr.’ +in the first writing of the name is evidently a slip of the clerk’s, as +Mrs. Whynniard goes on to speak of ‘Mrs. Skinner then, and now the wife +of Andrew Bright.’—<i>G. P. B.</i> No. 39.</p> + +<p><a name="f33" id="f33" href="#f33.1">[33]</a> Probably ‘Hippesley.’</p> + +<p><a name="f34" id="f34" href="#f34.1">[34]</a> Father Gerard, (p. 91, note 5) accepts Goodman’s assertion that it +was said that Whynniard ‘as soon as ever he heard of the news what Percy +intended, he instantly fell into a fright and died: so that it could not +be certainly known who procured him the house, or by whose means.’ That +Whynniard was alive on the 7th is proved by the fact that Susan +Whynniard is styled his wife and not his widow at the head of this +examination. As he was himself not questioned it may be inferred that he +was seriously ill at the time. That his illness was caused by fright is +probably pure gossip. Mrs. Bright, when examined (<i>G. P. B.</i> No. 24) +speaks of Mrs. Whynniard as agreeing to change the tenancy of the +cellar, which looks as if the husband had been ill and inaccessible at +least six months before his death.</p> + +<p><a name="f35" id="f35" href="#f35.1">[35]</a> Properly ‘John.’</p> + +<p><a name="f36" id="f36" href="#f36.1">[36]</a> <i>S. P. Dom.</i> xvi. 20.</p> + +<p><a name="f37" id="f37" href="#f37.1">[37]</a> <i>G. P. B.</i> No. 37. Witnessed by Northampton and Popham only.</p> + +<p><a name="f38" id="f38" href="#f38.1">[38]</a> The letter to Cornwallis, printed in Winwood’s <i>Memorials</i>, ii. +170, is dated Nov. 9, as it is in Cott. MSS. Vesp. cix. fol. 240, from +which it is printed. That volume, however, is merely a letter book. The +letter to Edmondes, on the other hand, in the Stowe MSS. 168, fol. 213, +is the original, with Salisbury’s autograph signature, and its date has +clearly been altered from 7 to 9.</p> + +<p><a name="f39" id="f39" href="#f39.1">[39]</a> Waad to Salisbury, Nov. 7.—Hatfield MSS.</p> + +<p><a name="f40" id="f40" href="#f40.1">[40]</a> Waad to Salisbury, Nov. 8.—<i>G. P. B.</i> No. 48 B.</p> + +<p><a name="f41" id="f41" href="#f41.1">[41]</a> In ‘The King’s Book’ it is stated that Fawkes was shown the rack, +but never racked. Probably the torture used on the 9th was that of the +manacles, or hanging up by the wrists or thumbs.</p> + +<p><a name="f42" id="f42" href="#f42.1">[42]</a> The principal ones were either killed or taken at Holbeche on that +very day.</p> + +<p><a name="f43" id="f43" href="#f43.1">[43]</a> Thomas Winter.</p> + +<p><a name="f44" id="f44" href="#f44.1">[44]</a> Catesby, Percy, and John Wright.</p> + +<p><a name="f45" id="f45" href="#f45.1">[45]</a> <i>I.e.</i> Catesby. In a copy forwarded to Edmondes by Salisbury (Stowe +MSS. 168, fol. 223) the copyist had originally written ‘three or four +more,’ which is altered to ‘three.’</p> + +<p><a name="f46" id="f46" href="#f46.1">[46]</a> ‘Then,’ omitted in the Stowe copy.</p> + +<p><a name="f47" id="f47" href="#f47.1">[47]</a> Christopher Wright.</p> + +<p><a name="f48" id="f48" href="#f48.1">[48]</a> ‘Unto,’ in the Stowe copy.</p> + +<p><a name="f49" id="f49" href="#f49.1">[49]</a> Robert Winter. The question whether Keyes worked at this time will +be discussed later on.</p> + +<p><a name="f50" id="f50" href="#f50.1">[50]</a> ‘Any man,’ in the Stowe copy.</p> + +<p><a name="f51" id="f51" href="#f51.1">[51]</a> ‘Others,’ in the Stowe copy.</p> + +<p><a name="f52" id="f52" href="#f52.1">[52]</a> ‘One’ is inserted above the line.</p> + +<p><a name="f53" id="f53" href="#f53.1">[53]</a> This is an obvious mistake, as the widow Skinner was not at this +time married to Bright, but one just as likely to be made by Fawkes +himself as by his examiners.</p> + +<p><a name="f54" id="f54" href="#f54.1">[54]</a> ‘Viewed it,’ in the Stowe copy.</p> + +<p><a name="f55" id="f55" href="#f55.1">[55]</a> ‘Taken,’ in Stowe copy.</p> + +<p><a name="f56" id="f56" href="#f56.1">[56]</a> ‘Thence,’ in Stowe copy.</p> + +<p><a name="f57" id="f57" href="#f57.1">[57]</a> Percy.</p> + +<p><a name="f58" id="f58" href="#f58.1">[58]</a> The words in italics are marked by penstrokes across them for omission.</p> + +<p><a name="f59" id="f59" href="#f59.1">[59]</a> ‘With that practice, that,’ in the Stowe copy.</p> + +<p><a name="f60" id="f60" href="#f60.1">[60]</a> ‘Then,’ omitted in the Stowe copy.</p> + +<p><a name="f61" id="f61" href="#f61.1">[61]</a> ‘But,’ omitted in the Stowe copy.</p> + +<p><a name="f62" id="f62" href="#f62.1">[62]</a> ‘Whereof,’ in the Stowe copy.</p> + +<p><a name="f63" id="f63" href="#f63.1">[63]</a> <i>G. P. B.</i>, No. 49. In the Stowe copy the names of the +Commissioners are omitted, and a list of fifteen plotters added. As the +paper was inclosed in a letter to Edmondes of the 14th, these might +easily be added at any date preceding that.</p> + +<p><a name="f64" id="f64" href="#f64.1">[64]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 268.</p> + +<p><a name="f65" id="f65" href="#f65.1">[65]</a> <i>Stowe MSS.</i>, 168, fol. 223.</p> + +<p><a name="f66" id="f66" href="#f66.1">[66]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 170.</p> + +<p><a name="f67" id="f67" href="#f67.1">[67]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 169.</p> + +<p><a name="f68" id="f68" href="#f68.1">[68]</a> <i>S. P. Dom.</i> xii. 24.</p> + +<p><a name="f69" id="f69" href="#f69.1">[69]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 175. Coke’s questions are in <i>S. P. Dom.</i> xvi. 38.</p> + +<p><a name="f70" id="f70" href="#f70.1">[70]</a> The handwriting is quite different.</p> + +<p><a name="f71" id="f71" href="#f71.1">[71]</a> This declaration, therefore, was not, as Mrs. Everett Green says, +‘made to Salisbury.’</p> + +<p><a name="f72" id="f72" href="#f72.1">[72]</a> If anyone chooses to argue that this examination was drawn up +regardless of its truth, and only signed by Fawkes after torture had +made him incapable of distinguishing truth from falsehood, he may be +answered that, in that case, those who prepared it would never have +added to the allegation that some of the conspirators had received the +Sacrament from Gerard the Jesuit to bind them to secrecy, the +passage:—“But he saith that Gerard was not acquainted with their +purpose.” This passage is marked for omission by Coke, and it assuredly +would not have been found in the document unless it had really proceeded +from Fawkes.</p> + +<p><a name="f73" id="f73" href="#f73.1">[73]</a> About whom more hereafter.</p> + +<p><a name="f74" id="f74" href="#f74.1">[74]</a> Gerard afterwards denied that this was true, and the late Father +Morris (<i>Life of Gerard</i>, p. 437) argues, with a good deal of +probability, that Fawkes mistook another priest for Gerard. For my +purpose it is not a matter of any importance.</p> + +<p><a name="f75" id="f75" href="#f75.1">[75]</a> This should be John.</p> + +<p><a name="f76" id="f76" href="#f76.1">[76]</a> Probably, as Father Gerard suggests, what would now be known as a +coursing match.</p> + +<p><a name="f77" id="f77" href="#f77.1">[77]</a> <i>Proclamation Book, R.O.</i> p. 117.</p> + +<p><a name="f78" id="f78" href="#f78.1">[78]</a> A late postscript added to the letter to the Ambassadors sent off +on the 9th (<i>Winwood</i>, ii. 173) shows that before the end of the day +Salisbury had learnt even more of the details than were comprised in the +Sheriff’s letter.</p> + +<p><a name="f79" id="f79" href="#f79.1">[79]</a> Nov. 5.</p> + +<p><a name="f80" id="f80" href="#f80.1">[80]</a> Nov. 6.</p> + +<p><a name="f81" id="f81" href="#f81.1">[81]</a> Nov. 7.</p> + +<p><a name="f82" id="f82" href="#f82.1">[82]</a> Nov. 8.</p> + +<p><a name="f83" id="f83" href="#f83.1">[83]</a> The question whether Winter or Keyes was one of two workers will be +subsequently discussed.</p> + +<p><a name="f84" id="f84" href="#f84.1">[84]</a> Mrs. Everett Green suggests Nov. 8 (<i>G. P. B.</i> No. 133), but this +is merely a deduction from her mistaken date of the examination of the +17th (see p. 17, note 1). In Fawkes’s confession of the 9th Keyes’s +Christian name appears to have been subsequently added.</p> + +<p><a name="f85" id="f85" href="#f85.1">[85]</a> Extracts from the Council Registers, <i>Add. MSS.</i> 11,402, fol. 108. +The volume of the Council Book itself which recorded the transactions of +these years has been lost.</p> + +<p><a name="f86" id="f86" href="#f86.1">[86]</a> <i>G. P. B.</i> No. 101. There is a facsimile in <i>National MSS.</i> Part +iv. No. 8.</p> + +<p><a name="f87" id="f87" href="#f87.1">[87]</a> See pp. 18, 20.</p> + +<p><a name="f88" id="f88" href="#f88.1">[88]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 174.</p> + +<p><a name="f89" id="f89" href="#f89.1">[89]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 268.</p> + +<p><a name="f90" id="f90" href="#f90.1">[90]</a> The erasure of Winter’s name, and the substitution of that of +Keyes, will be dealt with later.</p> + +<p><a name="f91" id="f91" href="#f91.1">[91]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 168.</p> + +<p><a name="f92" id="f92" href="#f29.1">[92]</a> Father Gerard appears to show his dislike of Salisbury by denying +him his title.</p> + +<p><a name="f93" id="f93" href="#f93.1">[93]</a> All Saints Day.</p> + +<p><a name="f94" id="f94" href="#f94.1">[94]</a> Compare this with Fawkes’s declaration at his second examination +(<i>G. P. B.</i> 16, A.) “Being demanded when this good act had been done +which must have brought this realm in peril to be subdued by some +foreign prince, of what foreign prince he and his compliees could have +wished to have been governed, one more than another, he doth protest +upon his soul that neither he nor any other with whom he had conferred +would have spared the last drop of their blood to have resisted any +foreign prince whatsoever.” Are we seriously asked to believe that +Salisbury placed this crown of sturdy patriotism on the brows of those +whom he wished to paint as the most atrocious villains?</p> + +<p><a name="f95" id="f95" href="#f95.1">[95]</a> Juan de Velasco, Duke of Frias, Constable of Castile, arrived at +Brussels about the middle of January 1604 to conduct a negotiation for +peace with England. There he remained, delegating his powers to others. +This date of the Constable’s arrival is important, as showing that +Winter’s conversation with Catesby cannot have taken place earlier than +the second half of January.</p> + +<p><a name="f96" id="f96" href="#f96.1">[96]</a> Hugh Owen was, as Father Gerard says (p. 173, note 1), ‘A soldier +and not a priest, though in the <i>Calendar of State Papers</i> he is +continually styled “Father Owen,” or “Owen the Jesuit.”’ He is however +mistaken in saying that Mrs. Everett Green inserted the title without +warrant in the original documents. A paper of intelligence received on +April 29, 1604, begins, “Father Owen, Father Baldwin and Colonel Jaques, +three men that rule the Archduke at their pleasure,” &c.</p> + +<p><a name="f97" id="f97" href="#f97.1">[97]</a> In 1604 Easter term began on April 25, and ended May 21.</p> + +<p><a name="f98" id="f98" href="#f98.1">[98]</a> This distinctly implies that Percy did not know the secret before, +and I therefore wish to retract my former argument—which is certainly +not conclusive—in favour of an earlier knowledge by Percy. <i>Hist. of +Engl.</i> 1603-1642, i. 235, note 1.</p> + +<p><a name="f99" id="f99" href="#f99.1">[99]</a> “In his declaration, November 8th, however,” writes Father Gerard +(p. 91, note 1), “he gives as a reason for going abroad, ‘lest, being a +dangerous man, he should be known and suspected.’” I see no discrepancy +between the two statements. Having been long abroad, Fawkes’s face would +not be known to the ordinary Londoner as that of a Recusant, and he was +therefore better qualified to act as a watchman than others who were so +known. On the other hand, when there was no need for anybody to watch at +all, somebody who had known him in Flanders might notify the Government +of his appearance in England, and thereby raise suspicions against him. +Besides, there were other reasons for his going over which Fawkes did +not think fit to bring to the notice of the Government.</p> + +<p><a name="f100" id="f100" href="#f100.1">[100]</a> Began October 9, ended November 28.</p> + +<p><a name="f101" id="f101" href="#f101.1">[101]</a> Marginal note: “This was about a month before Michaelmas.”</p> + +<p><a name="f102" id="f102" href="#f102.1">[102]</a> The Duke of York, afterwards Charles I.</p> + +<p><a name="f103" id="f103" href="#f103.1">[103]</a> Some such words as ‘we resolved’ are probably omitted here.</p> + +<p><a name="f104" id="f104" href="#f104.1">[104]</a> In MS. ‘taken it before.’</p> + +<p><a name="f105" id="f105" href="#f105.1">[105]</a> Interlined in the King’s hand ‘which was about four thousand +pounds.’</p> + +<p><a name="f106" id="f106" href="#f106.1">[106]</a> Altered in the King’s hand to ‘to the number of ten,’ with a +marginal note ‘unclear phrase,’ in the same hand.</p> + +<p><a name="f107" id="f107" href="#f107.1">[107]</a> Prince Henry.</p> + +<p><a name="f108" id="f108" href="#f108.1">[108]</a> Perhaps the Prince was with his mother at Greenwich.</p> + +<p><a name="f109" id="f109" href="#f109.1">[109]</a> Oct. 27.</p> + +<p><a name="f110" id="f110" href="#f110.1">[110]</a> Oct. 31.</p> + +<p><a name="f111" id="f111" href="#f111.1">[111]</a> Nov. 1.</p> + +<p><a name="f112" id="f112" href="#f112.1">[112]</a> Nov. 2.</p> + +<p><a name="f113" id="f113" href="#f113.1">[113]</a> Nov. 3.</p> + +<p><a name="f114" id="f114" href="#f114.1">[114]</a> Nov. 4.</p> + +<p><a name="f115" id="f115" href="#f115.1">[115]</a> 5 <span class="smcaplc">A.M.</span> on Nov. 5.</p> + +<p><a name="f116" id="f116" href="#f116.1">[116]</a> Nov. 6.</p> + +<p><a name="f117" id="f117" href="#f117.1">[117]</a> Nov. 7.</p> + +<p><a name="f118" id="f118" href="#f118.1">[118]</a> Nov. 8.</p> + +<p><a name="f119" id="f119" href="#f119.1">[119]</a> The attestation in brackets is in Salisbury’s hand.</p> + +<p><a name="f120" id="f120" href="#f120.1">[120]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 182.</p> + +<p><a name="f121" id="f121" href="#f121.1">[121]</a> <i>I.e.</i>, Thomas Winter.</p> + +<p><a name="f122" id="f122" href="#f122.1">[122]</a> Mrs. Everett Green’s abstract of this, to the effect that Fawkes +said that the conspiracy ‘was confined to five persons at first, then to +two, and afterwards five more were added,’ has no foundation in the +document she had before her.</p> + +<p><a name="f123" id="f123" href="#f123.1">[123]</a> <i>G. P. B.</i> No. 49.</p> + +<p><a name="f124" id="f124" href="#f124.1">[124]</a> <i>G. P. B.</i> No. 37.</p> + +<p><a name="f125" id="f125" href="#f125.1">[125]</a> <i>G. P. B.</i> No. 133.</p> + +<p><a name="f126" id="f126" href="#f126.1">[126]</a> The name ‘Key’ or ‘Keyes’ occurs in both of them without his +Christian name.</p> + +<p><a name="f127" id="f127" href="#f127.1">[127]</a> <i>Proclamation Book, R.O.</i></p> + +<p><a name="f128" id="f128" href="#f128.1">[128]</a> <i>G. P. B.</i> No. 129.</p> + +<p><a name="f129" id="f129" href="#f129.1">[129]</a> ‘The Discourse of the Powder Treason,’ published in Bishop +Montague’s <i>Works of James I.</i>, p. 233, only forms part of the original +so-called ‘King’s Book,’ which was published anonymously in 1605 +(<i>i.e.</i>, before March 25, 1606) under the title of <i>His Majesty’s Speech +in this last Session of Parliament ... together with a Discourse of the +Manner of the Discovery of this late Intended Treason, joined with the +Examination of Some of the Prisoners</i>.—Brit. Mus., Press Mark E. 1940, +No. 10. In the Preface directed by the Printer to the Reader, the +Printer states that he was about to commit the Speech to the press when +there came into his hands ‘a discourse of this late intended most +abominable treason,’ which he has added. The King’s speech was delivered +on November 9, and, if it was to be published, it is not likely to have +been long kept back. The discourse consists of four parts—1. An account +of the discovery of the plot, and arrest of Fawkes. 2. Fawkes’s +declaration of the 17th. 3. Winter’s confession of the 23rd. 4. An +account of the flight and capture of the conspirators. The whole +composition shows signs of an early date. Part 1 knows nothing of any +names except those of Percy and Johnson <i>alias</i> Fawkes, and was +probably, therefore, drawn up before the confession of the 9th. At the +end it slips off from a statement that Fawkes, having been ‘twice or +thrice examined when the rack having been only offered and showed unto +him, the mask of his Roman fortitude did visibly begin to wear and slide +off his face, and then did he begin to confess part of the truth,’ into +‘and thereafter to open up the whole matter as doth appear by his +depositions immediately following.’ Then comes the declaration of +November 17, with Winter amongst the diggers and Keyes amongst those +afterwards made privy. Between Parts 2 and 3 we have the following +statement: “And in regard that before this discovery could be ready to +go to the press, Thomas Winter, being apprehended and brought to the +Tower, made a confession in substance agreeing with this former of +Fawkes’s, only larger in some circumstances. I have thought good to +insert the same likewise in this place, for the further clearing of the +matter and greater benefit of the reader.” May we not gather from this +that the ‘discourse’ was finally made up for the press on or very soon +after the 23rd? Winter, it may be noted, does not mention the name +either of his brother or of Keyes.</p> + +<p><a name="f130" id="f130" href="#f130.1">[130]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, App. E., p. 251.</p> + +<p><a name="f131" id="f131" href="#f131.1">[131]</a> This note is on too small a scale to be reproduced in the +frontispiece.</p> + +<p><a name="f132" id="f132" href="#f132.1">[132]</a> This name is given at a later time to the ‘Passage leading to the +Parliament Stairs’ of Capon’s plan, and I have, for convenience sake, +referred to it throughout by that name.</p> + +<p><a name="f133" id="f133" href="#f133.1">[133]</a> See p. 22.</p> + +<p><a name="f134" id="f134" href="#f134.1">[134]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 62.</p> + +<p><a name="f135" id="f135" href="#f135.1">[135]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, pp. 141, 142.</p> + +<p><a name="f136" id="f136" href="#f136.1">[136]</a> I suppose Thomas Barlow is meant. William Barlow, who was Bishop +of Lincoln in the reign of James I., did not write about the plot.</p> + +<p><a name="f137" id="f137" href="#f137.1">[137]</a> Speed’s <i>History</i>, ed. 1611, p. 891.</p> + +<p><a name="f138" id="f138" href="#f138.1">[138]</a> March 24th, 1604.</p> + +<p><a name="f139" id="f139" href="#f139.1">[139]</a> Copy of the Agreement, <i>G. P. B.</i>, No. 1.</p> + +<p><a name="f140" id="f140" href="#f140.1">[140]</a> Pat. 44 Eliz., Part 22.</p> + +<p><a name="f141" id="f141" href="#f141.1">[141]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 60, note 1.</p> + +<p><a name="f142" id="f142" href="#f142.1">[142]</a> <i>Smith’s Antiquities of Westminster</i>, p. 39. The question of the +number of doors in the cellar will be dealt with hereafter.</p> + +<p><a name="f143" id="f143" href="#f143.1">[143]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 67.</p> + +<p><a name="f144" id="f144" href="#f144.1">[144]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 65.</p> + +<p><a name="f145" id="f145" href="#f145.1">[145]</a> P. 56.</p> + +<p><a name="f146" id="f146" href="#f146.1">[146]</a> Pat. 4 Edw. <i>VI.</i>, Part 9.</p> + +<p><a name="f147" id="f147" href="#f147.1">[147]</a> Pat. 6 Edw. <i>VI.</i>, Part 5.</p> + +<p><a name="f148" id="f148" href="#f148.1">[148]</a> Pat. 30 Eliz., Part 10.</p> + +<p><a name="f149" id="f149" href="#f149.1">[149]</a> Parliament Place.</p> + +<p><a name="f150" id="f150" href="#f150.1">[150]</a> Assignment, July 17, 42 Eliz., <i>Land Revenue Records Office</i>, +Inrolments v. fol. 104. I have been unable to trac Whynniard’s tenure of +the house I have assigned to him. It was within the Old Palace, and was +probably the official residence of its keeper. Whynniard was appointed +Keeper of the Old Palace in 1602. Pat. 44 Eliz., Part 22.</p> + +<p><a name="f151" id="f151" href="#f151.1">[151]</a> See plan at p. 81. Was this the baker in whose house Catesby tried +in vain to secure a room?—‘Bates’s Confession, Dec. 4, 1605’; <i>G. P. +B.</i> No. 145.</p> + +<p><a name="f152" id="f152" href="#f152.1">[152]</a> Whynniard was Keeper of the Wardrobe at Hampton Court, which would +account for his servant being concerned in the Queen’s removal.</p> + +<p><a name="f153" id="f153" href="#f153.1">[153]</a> Otherwise Parliament Stairs.</p> + +<p><a name="f154" id="f154" href="#f154.1">[154]</a> I suspect that this was what was afterwards known as Cotton +Garden. I have been unable to trace the date at which it was conveyed to +Sir Robert Cotton.</p> + +<p><a name="f155" id="f155" href="#f155.1">[155]</a> <i>G. P. B.</i> No. 40.</p> + +<p><a name="f156" id="f156" href="#f156.1">[156]</a> See p. 63.</p> + +<p><a name="f157" id="f157" href="#f157.1">[157]</a> See p. 90.</p> + +<p><a name="f158" id="f158" href="#f158.1">[158]</a> This we know from Capon’s pencilled notes to the sketch in the +frontispiece.</p> + +<p><a name="f159" id="f159" href="#f159.1">[159]</a> The late Chairman of the Works Department of the London County +Council; than whom no man is better qualified to speak on such matters.</p> + +<p><a name="f160" id="f160" href="#f160.1">[160]</a> There are indeed old walls marked in Capon’s plan beneath the +ground, but we do not know of what substance they were composed or how +near the surface they came.</p> + +<p><a name="f161" id="f161" href="#f161.1">[161]</a> Speed, no doubt, rested this assertion on Winter’s evidence that +‘we underpropped it, as we went, with wood.’ (See p. 64.)</p> + +<p><a name="f162" id="f162" href="#f162.1">[162]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, pp. 66, 67.</p> + +<p><a name="f163" id="f163" href="#f163.1">[163]</a> See the remarks of the Edinburgh Reviewer on the ease with which +Baron Trenck executed a far harder piece of work without being +discovered for a considerable time.</p> + +<p><a name="f164" id="f164" href="#f164.1">[164]</a> Used as such, Father Gerard notes, till the Union with Ireland in +1800.</p> + +<p><a name="f165" id="f165" href="#f165.1">[165]</a> This was true of the general line of the bank, but, as will be +seen at pp. 81, 83, there was a kind of dock which brought the water +within about thirty yards of the house.</p> + +<p><a name="f166" id="f166" href="#f166.1">[166]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, pp. 59, 60.</p> + +<p><a name="f167" id="f167" href="#f167.1">[167]</a> <i>G. P. B.</i> No. 129.</p> + +<p><a name="f168" id="f168" href="#f168.1">[168]</a> This is clearly a slip. The cellar was not under the house hired +by Percy.</p> + +<p><a name="f169" id="f169" href="#f169.1">[169]</a> For its possible situation see p. 91; or it may have been erected +in the courtyard shown in the plans at pp. 82, 83.</p> + +<p><a name="f170" id="f170" href="#f170.1">[170]</a> See pp. 34, 65. The difficulty of measuring the thickness of the +wall was not so great as Father Gerard fancies. In 1678 Sir Christopher +Wren reported that ‘the walls are seven feet thick below’ (<i>Hist. MSS.</i> +Com. Report XI. App. ii. p. 17). As he did not dig below the surface +this must mean that they were seven feet thick at the level of the floor +of the so-called cellar, and this measurement must have been known to +the conspirators after they had access to it. I am informed that in the +case of a heavy wall, especially when it is built on light soil, as was +the case here, the foundations are always constructed to be broader than +the wall itself. The diggers, observing the angle of the face they +attacked, might roughly calculate that a foot on each side might be +added, thus reaching the nine feet.</p> + +<p><a name="f171" id="f171" href="#f171.1">[171]</a> Father Gerard (p. 64, note 2) writes: “There is, as usual, +hopeless confusion between the two witnesses upon whom, as will be seen, +we wholly depend for this portion of the story. Fawkes (November 17, +1605) makes the mining operations terminate at Candlemas, and Winter +(November 23) says that they went on to ‘near Easter’ (March 31). The +date of the hiring the ‘cellar’ was about Lady Day (March 25).” I can +see no contradiction. The resumption of work for a third time in March +was, from Winter’s mode of referring to it, evidently for a very short +time. “And,” he says, “near to Easter, as we wrought the third time, +opportunity was given to hire the cellar.” Fawkes, though less clear and +full, implicitly says much the same thing. He says that ‘about Candlemas +we had wrought the wall half through,’ and then goes on to describe how +he stood sentinel, &c. Then at the beginning of another paragraph we +have “As they were working upon the wall they heard a rushing in a +cellar, &c.” Fawkes gives no dates, but he says nothing to contradict +the third working spoken of by Winter.</p> + +<p><a name="f172" id="f172" href="#f172.1">[172]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, pp. 65, 66.</p> + +<p><a name="f173" id="f173" href="#f173.1">[173]</a> <i>Goodman</i>, i. 104.</p> + +<p><a name="f174" id="f174" href="#f174.1">[174]</a> <i>G. P. B.</i> No. 40. Father Gerard (p. 142) says that we learn on +the unimpeachable testimony of Mrs. Whynniard, the landlady, that Fawkes +not only paid the last instalment of rent on Sunday, November 3, but on +the following day, the day immediately preceding the intended explosion, +had carpenters and other work folk in the house for mending and +repairing thereof (<i>G. P. B.</i> No. 39). “To say nothing of the wonderful +honesty of paying rent under the circumstances, what was the sense of +putting a house in repair upon Monday, which on Tuesday was to be blown +to atoms?” The rent having fallen due at Michaelmas, is it not probable +that it was paid in November to avoid legal proceedings, which might at +least have drawn attention to the occupier of the house. As to the rest, +the ‘unimpeachable testimony’ is that—not of Mrs. Whynniard, but of +Roger James (<i>G. P. B.</i> No. 40), who says that the carpenter came in +about Midsummer, not on November 4.</p> + +<p><a name="f175" id="f175" href="#f175.1">[175]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 69.</p> + +<p><a name="f176" id="f176" href="#f176.1">[176]</a> <i>G. P. B.</i> No. 101.</p> + +<p><a name="f177" id="f177" href="#f177.1">[177]</a> See p. 108.</p> + +<p><a name="f178" id="f178" href="#f178.1">[178]</a> <i>G. P. B.</i> No. 39.</p> + +<p><a name="f179" id="f179" href="#f179.1">[179]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 87.</p> + +<p><a name="f180" id="f180" href="#f180.1">[180]</a> Here is another ‘discrepancy,’ which Father Gerard has not +noticed. As the ‘cellar’ was not taken till a little before Easter, +Percy could not make a door into it about the middle of Lent. My +solution is, that in his second examination, on November 6th, Fawkes was +trying to conceal the existence of the mine, in order that he might not +betray the miners, and therefore antedated the making of the door. See +p. 25.</p> + +<p><a name="f181" id="f181" href="#f181.1">[181]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 88.</p> + +<p><a name="f182" id="f182" href="#f182.1">[182]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 89.</p> + +<p><a name="f183" id="f183" href="#f183.1">[183]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 74.</p> + +<p><a name="f184" id="f184" href="#f184.1">[184]</a> See p. 66.</p> + +<p><a name="f185" id="f185" href="#f185.1">[185]</a> See the table in <i>State Papers relating to the Defeat of the +Spanish Armada</i>, ed. by Prof. Laughton for the Navy Records Society, i. +339.</p> + +<p><a name="f186" id="f186" href="#f186.1">[186]</a> <i>Edinburgh Review</i>, January 1897, p. 200.</p> + +<p><a name="f187" id="f187" href="#f187.1">[187]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 148.</p> + +<p><a name="f188" id="f188" href="#f188.1">[188]</a> We know that Percy visited the house at Westminster at Midsummer. +See p. 104.</p> + +<p><a name="f189" id="f189" href="#f189.1">[189]</a> Grange to Salisbury, Nov. 5.—<i>G. P. B.</i> No. 15.</p> + +<p><a name="f190" id="f190" href="#f190.1">[190]</a> Justices of Warwickshire to Salisbury, Nov. 12.—<i>Ib.</i> No. 75.</p> + +<p><a name="f191" id="f191" href="#f191.1">[191]</a> <i>Goodman</i>, i. 102.</p> + +<p><a name="f192" id="f192" href="#f192.1">[192]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 151.</p> + +<p><a name="f193" id="f193" href="#f193.1">[193]</a> <i>Goodman</i>, i. 105.</p> + +<p><a name="f194" id="f194" href="#f194.1">[194]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 152.</p> + +<p><a name="f195" id="f195" href="#f195.1">[195]</a> Warrant, Feb. 8; Commission, Feb. 21; Pass, Oct. 25, 1605.—<i>S. P. +Dom.</i>, xii. 65; Docquet Book, 1605; <i>S. P. Dom.</i>, xv. 106.</p> + +<p><a name="f196" id="f196" href="#f196.1">[196]</a> To the theory that Salisbury wanted inconvenient witnesses +disposed of, because the man who shot Percy and Catesby got a pension of +two shillings a day, I reply that the Government was more afraid of a +rebellion than of testimony. At all events, 2<i>s.</i> at that time was +certainly not worth 1<i>l.</i> now, as Father Gerard assumes here, and in +other passages of his book. It is usual to estimate the value of money +as being about four or five times as much as it is in the present day. +The relative price, however, depended so much on the commodities +purchased that I hesitate to express myself positively on the subject. +The only thing that I am quite clear about is that Father Gerard’s +estimate is greatly exaggerated. It is true that he grounds his errors +on a statement by Dr. Jessopp that 4,000 marks was equivalent to +30,000<i>l.</i>, but the very exaggeration of these figures should have led +him to suspect some error, or, at least—as I have recently been +informed by Dr. Jessopp was the fact—that his calculation was based on +other grounds than the relative price of commodities.</p> + +<p><a name="f197" id="f197" href="#f197.1">[197]</a> Father Greenway’s statement, that while the rebels were in the +field, messengers came post haste continually one after the other, from +the capital, all bearing proclamations mentioning Percy by name +(<i>Gerard</i>, p. 155) is disposed of by the fact that there were only three +proclamations in which Percy’s name was mentioned, dated the 5th, the +7th, and the 8th. Percy was killed on the morning of the 8th, and even +the messenger who started on the 7th can hardly have known that the +sheriff had gone to Holbeche, and consequently could not himself have +reached that place while Percy was living.</p> + +<p><a name="f198" id="f198" href="#f198.1">[198]</a> See p. 11.</p> + +<p><a name="f199" id="f199" href="#f199.1">[199]</a> T. Winter’s examination, November 25 (<i>G. P. B.</i> No. 116). Compare +Tresham’s declaration of November 13 (<i>ib.</i> No. 63).</p> + +<p><a name="f200" id="f200" href="#f200.1">[200]</a> Jardine’s <i>Gunpowder Plot</i>, p. 91.</p> + +<p><a name="f201" id="f201" href="#f201.1">[201]</a> <i>Add. MSS.</i> 11,402, fol. 109.</p> + +<p><a name="f202" id="f202" href="#f202.1">[202]</a> Smith’s <i>Antiquities of Westminster</i>, p. 41.</p> + +<p><a name="f203" id="f203" href="#f203.1">[203]</a> See p. 31.</p> + +<p><a name="f204" id="f204" href="#f204.1">[204]</a> On this, see p. 110.</p> + +<p><a name="f205" id="f205" href="#f205.1">[205]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 126, note 1.</p> + +<p><a name="f206" id="f206" href="#f206.1">[206]</a> In an earlier part of the letter we are told of ‘Johnson,’ that +‘on Tuesday at midnight, as he was busy to prepare his things for +execution was apprehended in the place itself, with a false lantern, +booted and spurred.’</p> + +<p><a name="f207" id="f207" href="#f207.1">[207]</a> <i>S. P. France.</i></p> + +<p><a name="f208" id="f208" href="#f208.1">[208]</a> See p. 31. I give the extract in the form received by Edmondes, +that printed in <i>Winwood</i>, ii. 170, received by Cornwallis, being +slightly different.</p> + +<p><a name="f209" id="f209" href="#f209.1">[209]</a> <i>i.e.</i> ‘owned.’</p> + +<p><a name="f210" id="f210" href="#f210.1">[210]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 127.</p> + +<p><a name="f211" id="f211" href="#f211.1">[211]</a> <i>Winwood</i>, ii. 170.</p> + +<p><a name="f212" id="f212" href="#f212.1">[212]</a> Chamberlain to Carleton, November 7.—<i>S. P. Dom.</i> xvi. 23.</p> + +<p><a name="f213" id="f213" href="#f213.1">[213]</a> See p. 99.</p> + +<p><a name="f214" id="f214" href="#f214.1">[214]</a> <i>G. P. B.</i> No. 129.</p> + +<p><a name="f215" id="f215" href="#f215.1">[215]</a> <i>Winwood</i>, ii. 170.</p> + +<p><a name="f216" id="f216" href="#f216.1">[216]</a> These words look as if he had been found not in the passage but in +the court.</p> + +<p><a name="f217" id="f217" href="#f217.1">[217]</a> He was a favourite dependent of Knyvet’s, who, on April 10, 1604, +had recommended him for an office in the Tower.—<i>S. P. Dom.</i> vii. 18.</p> + +<p><a name="f218" id="f218" href="#f218.1">[218]</a> See my <i>History of England</i>, 1603-1642, i. 80, 81.</p> + +<p><a name="f219" id="f219" href="#f219.1">[219]</a> <i>I.e.</i> Guardians.</p> + +<p><a name="f220" id="f220" href="#f220.1">[220]</a> <i>Correspondence of King James VI. with Sir Robert Cecil</i>, pp. 31, +33, 36.</p> + +<p><a name="f221" id="f221" href="#f221.1">[221]</a> <i>Correspondence of King James VI. with Sir Robert Cecil</i>, p. 75.</p> + +<p><a name="f222" id="f222" href="#f222.1">[222]</a> Degli Effetti to Del Bufalo, June 16/26.—<i>Roman Transcripts, +R.O.</i></p> + +<p><a name="f223" id="f223" href="#f223.1">[223]</a> Degli Effetti to Del Bufalo, July 21/31.—<i>Roman Transcripts, +R.O.</i></p> + +<p><a name="f224" id="f224" href="#f224.1">[224]</a> See p. 142.</p> + +<p><a name="f225" id="f225" href="#f225.1">[225]</a> <i>Hist. of England</i>, 1603-1642, i. 81.</p> + +<p><a name="f226" id="f226" href="#f226.1">[226]</a> S. P. Scotland, lxix. 20.</p> + +<p><a name="f227" id="f227" href="#f227.1">[227]</a> James I. to Sir T. Parry, Nov., 1603.—Tierney’s <i>Dodd</i>, iv.; App. +p. 66.</p> + +<p><a name="f228" id="f228" href="#f228.1">[228]</a> Degli Effetti to Del Bufalo, June 30/July 10 (<i>Roman Transcripts, +R.O.</i>). There is a plain-spoken marginal note in the Pope’s hand, ‘Non +sarà vero, nè noi gli habbiamo dato quest’ ordine.’ In the instructions +by the Nuncio at Brussels to Dr. Gifford, July 22/August 1 (Tierney’s +<i>Dodd</i>, iv.; App. lxvi.), nothing is said about this mission, but a +definite promise is given ‘eosque omnes e regno evocare quos sua +Majestas rationabiliter judicaverit regno et statui suo noxios fore.’</p> + +<p><a name="f229" id="f229" href="#f229.1">[229]</a> ‘Salute.’ Does this mean safety or salvation, or is it left +doubtful?</p> + +<p><a name="f230" id="f230" href="#f230.1">[230]</a> <i>I.e.</i> to James and to Henry IV. Del Bufalo to Cardinal +Aldobrandino, July 11/21.—<i>Roman Transcripts, R.O.</i></p> + +<p><a name="f231" id="f231" href="#f231.1">[231]</a> Del Bufalo to Cardinal Aldobrandino, July 20/30.—<i>Roman +Transcripts, R.O.</i></p> + +<p><a name="f232" id="f232" href="#f232.1">[232]</a> Barneby to Del Bufalo, Aug. 8/18.—<i>Roman Transcripts, R.O.</i> (The +original is in Latin.)</p> + +<p><a name="f233" id="f233" href="#f233.1">[233]</a> Afterwards Duke of Sully.</p> + +<p><a name="f234" id="f234" href="#f234.1">[234]</a> Parry to Cecil, Aug. 20, 1603.—<i>S. P. France.</i></p> + +<p><a name="f235" id="f235" href="#f235.1">[235]</a> See p. 151, note 2.</p> + +<p><a name="f236" id="f236" href="#f236.1">[236]</a> Del Bufalo to James I. Sept. <ins class="correction" title="original: 19/19">19/29</ins>; <i>compare</i> Del Bufalo to +Cardinal Aldobrandino, Sept. 21/Oct. 1.—<i>Roman Transcripts, R.O.</i></p> + +<p><a name="f237" id="f237" href="#f237.1">[237]</a> We have two copies of James’s letter to Parry translated into +Latin, but undated (<i>S. P. France.</i>) Cecil’s covering letter (<i>ib.</i>) is +in draft and dated Nov. 6. It must, however, have been held back, as +both Parry’s and Del Bufalo’s despatches show that it did not reach +Paris till early in December.</p> + +<p><a name="f238" id="f238" href="#f238.1">[238]</a> Del Bufalo to Cardinal Aldobrandino, December 4/14.—<i>Roman +Transcripts, R.O.</i></p> + +<p><a name="f239" id="f239" href="#f239.1">[239]</a> January 11/21.</p> + +<p><a name="f240" id="f240" href="#f240.1">[240]</a> Information given to Del Bufalo.</p> + +<p><a name="f241" id="f241" href="#f241.1">[241]</a> He wrote on the margin of Del Bufalo’s letter: “Quanto alla +facoltà di chiamare sotto pena di scomunica i torbolenti, non ci par da +darla per adesso, perchè trattiamo con heretici, e corriamo pericolo di +perdere i sicuri, si come non ci par che il Nuntio debba premere nella +cosa di mandar noi personaggio, perchè dubitiamo che essendo tanta +gelosia tra Francia e Spagna non intrassimo in grandissima difficoltà. E +meglio aspettare la conclusione della Pace secondo noi, perchè non +sapiamo che chi mandassimo fosse per usar la prudentia necessaria.”</p> + +<p><a name="f242" id="f242" href="#f242.1">[242]</a> He told the Spanish Ambassador, ‘che quelli del Consiglio gli +havevano fatto tanta forza che no haveva potuto far altro, ma che no si +sarebbe eseguito con rigore alcuno.’ (Del Bufalo to Aldobrandino, March +27/April 6.)—<i>Roman Transcripts, R.O.</i></p> + +<p><a name="f243" id="f243" href="#f243.1">[243]</a> Precisely the course he had recommended in his letter written to +Cecil whilst he was still in Scotland, see p. 144.</p> + +<p><a name="f244" id="f244" href="#f244.1">[244]</a> See p. 33.</p> + +<p><a name="f245" id="f245" href="#f245.1">[245]</a> A news-letter gives an account of the Council meeting, from which +it appears that James began by haranguing against the Puritans, but +Cranborne—Cecil was now known by this title—and others asked why the +Catholics were not put on the same footing, on which the King got angry, +and finally directed that the Catholics should also suffer. (Advices +from London, Feb. 19/March 1).—<i>Roman Transcripts, R.O.</i></p> + +<p><a name="f246" id="f246" href="#f246.1">[246]</a> In those days liberty of conscience meant what we should call +liberty of worship.</p> + +<p><a name="f247" id="f247" href="#f247.1">[247]</a> Lindsay at last got off to Rome in November 1604. On his +proceedings there see <i>History of England</i>, 1603-1642, i. 224.</p> + +<p><a name="f248" id="f248" href="#f248.1">[248]</a> In the MS. ‘et non haverebbe.’ Mr. Rawdon Brown, amongst whose +papers, now in the Record Office, this despatch is found, remarks that +mistakes of this kind frequently occur in letters first ciphered and +then deciphered.</p> + +<p><a name="f249" id="f249" href="#f249.1">[249]</a> In the margin is ‘Questo poi è troppo,’ perhaps an addition by the +ambassador, or even by Mr. Rawdon Brown.</p> + +<p><a name="f250" id="f250" href="#f250.1">[250]</a> ‘Religione’ is suggested by Mr. Rawdon Brown for the ‘ragione’ of +the decipherer.</p> + +<p><a name="f251" id="f251" href="#f251.1">[251]</a> In the copy ‘non si può far di meno di non observar le leggi,’ the +‘non’ being incorrectly repeated.</p> + +<p><a name="f252" id="f252" href="#f252.1">[252]</a> “Non predicando li preti nessuna cosa più constantemente di questa +che il buon Cattolico bisogna che habbia questa ferma rissolutione in se +medesimo di esser per conservar la Religione pronto a solevarsi etiam +contra la vita e stato del suo Principe naturale.”</p> + +<p><a name="f253" id="f253" href="#f253.1">[253]</a> Molin to the Doge, March 7/17, 1605, <i>Venetian Transcripts, R.O.</i></p> + +<p><a name="f254" id="f254" href="#f254.1">[254]</a> Lindsay to James I. Jan. 26/Feb. 5, 1605, <i>S. P. Italian States</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="f255" id="f255" href="#f255.1">[255]</a> Compare the last passage quoted from Molin’s despatch, p. 161.</p> + +<p><a name="f256" id="f256" href="#f256.1">[256]</a> This is, however, precisely what James had failed to induce the +Pope to do.</p> + +<p><a name="f257" id="f257" href="#f257.1">[257]</a> Father Gerard asks what ‘our offence’ was. It was clearly nothing +personal to the writer, and I am strongly inclined to interpret the +words as referring to Lindsay’s proceedings at Rome, of which so much +had been made.</p> + +<p><a name="f258" id="f258" href="#f258.1">[258]</a> Sir Everard Digby to Salisbury (<i>S. P. Dom.</i> xvii. 10.) As Father +Gerard says, the date cannot be earlier than May 4, 1605, when the +Earldom was conferred on Cranborne.</p> + +<p><a name="f259" id="f259" href="#f259.1">[259]</a> Father Gerard gives the date of Davies’s pardon from the Pardon +Roll as April 25, 1605. It should be April 23, 1604.</p> + +<p><a name="f260" id="f260" href="#f260.1">[260]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, 94, 95, 254. Father Gerard ascribes this application to +‘a later date’ than March 1606. It was, in fact a good deal later, as +the endorsement ‘Mr. Secretary Conway’ shows that it was not earlier +than 1623. The further endorsement ‘touching Wright and his services +performed in the damnable plot of the Powder Treason,’ proves nothing. +What did Conway’s clerk know beyond the contents of the application +itself?</p> + +<p><a name="f261" id="f261" href="#f261.1">[261]</a> Father Gerard (p. 98) tells us of one Thomas Coe, who wrote on +Dec. 20, 1605, telling him that he had forwarded to the King ‘the +primary intelligence of these late treasons.’ If this claim was +justified, why do we not find Coe’s name, either amongst the State +Papers or on the Patent Rolls, as recipient of some favour from the +Crown? A still more indefensible argument of Father Gerard’s is one in +which a letter written to Sir Everard Digby about an otter hunt is held +(p. 103) to show the existence of Government espionage, because though +written before Digby was acquainted with the plot it is endorsed, +‘Letter written to Sir Everard Digby—Powder Treason.’ Any letter in +Digby’s possession would be likely to be endorsed in this way whatever +its contents might have been.</p> + +<p><a name="f262" id="f262" href="#f262.1">[262]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, pp. 95, 96.</p> + +<p><a name="f263" id="f263" href="#f263.1">[263]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 106.</p> + +<p><a name="f264" id="f264" href="#f264.1">[264]</a> Salisbury to Edmondes, Oct. 17, 1605.—<i>Stowe MSS.</i> 168, fol. 181.</p> + +<p><a name="f265" id="f265" href="#f265.1">[265]</a> See <i>History of England</i>, 1603-1642, i. 238, 243.</p> + +<p><a name="f266" id="f266" href="#f266.1">[266]</a> Garnet’s Declaration, March 9, 1606.—<i>Hist. Rev.</i> July, 1888, p. +513.</p> + +<p><a name="f267" id="f267" href="#f267.1">[267]</a> Father Gerard gives a facsimile, p. 199.</p> + +<p><a name="f268" id="f268" href="#f268.1">[268]</a> <i>Harl. MSS.</i> 360, fol. 112 b.</p> + +<p><a name="f269" id="f269" href="#f269.1">[269]</a> See p. 128.</p> + +<p><a name="f270" id="f270" href="#f270.1">[270]</a> As in the case of the merchant who refused to pay the imposition +on currants, ‘Bate’ and ‘Bates’ were considered interchangeable.</p> + +<p><a name="f271" id="f271" href="#f271.1">[271]</a> <i>G. P. B.</i>, No. 145. The words in italics are added in a different +hand. Dunbar’s name does not occur in the list of Commissioners at p. +24.</p> + +<p><a name="f272" id="f272" href="#f272.1">[272]</a> See p. 41.</p> + +<p><a name="f273" id="f273" href="#f273.1">[273]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 179. I do not think his argument on this point +conclusive, but obviously it would be useless to forge a document unless +it was to be used in evidence.</p> + +<p><a name="f274" id="f274" href="#f274.1">[274]</a> <i>Harl. MSS.</i> 360, fol. 96.</p> + +<p><a name="f275" id="f275" href="#f275.1">[275]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 170.</p> + +<p><a name="f276" id="f276" href="#f276.1">[276]</a> Salisbury’s Minute to Favat, Dec. 4, 1605.—<i>Add. MSS.</i> 6178, fol. +98.</p> + +<p><a name="f277" id="f277" href="#f277.1">[277]</a> <i>Gerard</i>, p. 181.</p> + +<p><a name="f278" id="f278" href="#f278.1">[278]</a> An <i>alias</i> for Garnet.</p> + +<p><a name="f279" id="f279" href="#f279.1">[279]</a> Salisbury to Edmondes, March 8, 1606.—<i>Stowe MSS.</i> 168, fol. 366.</p> + +<p><a name="f280" id="f280" href="#f280.1">[280]</a> <i>Harl. MSS.</i> 360, fol. 117.</p> + +<p><a name="f281" id="f281" href="#f281.1">[281]</a> <i>Ib.</i> fol. 113.</p> + +<p><a name="f282" id="f282" href="#f282.1">[282]</a> <i>Add. MSS.</i> 21203, fol. 38 b.</p> + +<p><a name="f283" id="f283" href="#f283.1">[283]</a> <i>A true and perfect relation.</i> Sig. G., 2, <i>verso</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="f284" id="f284" href="#f284.1">[284]</a> <i>Ib.</i>, Sig. K., 3.</p> + +<p><a name="f285" id="f285" href="#f285.1">[285]</a> Morris’s <i>Condition of Catholics</i>, 210. A Latin translation of +part of the letter was printed in 1610, by Eudæmon Joannes, <i>Ad actionem +proditoriam, &c.</i>, p. 6.</p> + +<p><a name="f286" id="f286" href="#f286.1">[286]</a> <i>G. P. B.</i>, No. 166.</p> + +<p><a name="f287" id="f287" href="#f287.1">[287]</a> See the express words ascribed to Bates at p. 180.</p> + +<p><a name="f288" id="f288" href="#f288.1">[288]</a> See p. 190.</p> + +<p><a name="f289" id="f289" href="#f289.1">[289]</a> Sir E. Digby’s Papers, No. 9, published at the end of Bishop +Barlow’s reprint of <i>The Gunpowder Treason</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="f290" id="f290" href="#f290.1">[290]</a> The Saturday or Sunday after the octave of Corpus Christi, <i>i.e.</i>, +June 8 or 9, old style, which seems to have been used, as the same day +is described as being about the beginning of Trinity Term, which began +on May 31.</p> + +<p><a name="f291" id="f291" href="#f291.1">[291]</a> Garnet’s Declaration, March 9.—<i>Hist. Rev.</i>, July 1888 pp. +510-517.</p> + +<p><a name="f292" id="f292" href="#f292.1">[292]</a> The letter is printed in Tierney’s <i>Dodd</i>, iv. App. cix., where +there is an argument in a note to show that the part from which I am +about to quote came from a later letter. For my purpose the date is +immaterial.</p> + +<p><a name="f293" id="f293" href="#f293.1">[293]</a> Garnet’s Declaration, March 9.—<i>Hist. Rev.</i>, July 1888, pp. +510-517.</p> + +<p><a name="f294" id="f294" href="#f294.1">[294]</a> Garnet’s Declaration, March 10. <i>Hist. Rev.</i>, July 1888, p. 517.</p> + +<p><a name="f295" id="f295" href="#f295.1">[295]</a> The author of Sir Everard Digby’s life writes:—“I fully admit +that if Father Garnet was weak, his weakness was owing to an excess of +kindheartedness and a loyalty to his friends that bordered on +extravagance.” (<i>The Life of a Conspirator</i>, by ‘One of his +Descendants,’ p. 134.) It will be noticed that I am inclined to go +further than this.</p> + +<p><a name="f296" id="f296" href="#f296.1">[296]</a> In addition to what has been already said, a letter from the +Nuncio at Brussels to Dr. Gifford, written on July 22/Aug. 1, 1604, +may be quoted. He says that the Pope ‘paratissimum esse ea omnia pro suâ +in Catholicos authoritate facere quæ Serenissimæ suæ Majestati +securitatem suæ personæ, et status procurare possunt, eosque omnes e +regno evocare quos sua Majestas rationabiliter judicaverit regno et +statui [MS. statuti] suo noxios fore.’—<i>Tierney’s Dodd</i>, App. No. 5.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<div class="ads"> +<p class="center"><big><span class="smcap">Messrs.</span> LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO.’S<br /> +CLASSIFIED CATALOGUE</big><br />OF<br /> +<big>WORKS IN GENERAL LITERATURE.</big></p> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><b>History, Politics, Polity, Political Memoirs, &c.</b></p> + +<p><b>Abbott.</b>—<span class="smcap">A History of Greece.</span> By <span class="smcap">Evelyn Abbott</span>, M.A., LL.D.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Part I.—From the Earliest Times to the Ionian Revolt. Crown 8vo., +10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>Part II—500-445 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> Cr. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Acland and Ransome.</b>—<span class="smcap">A Handbook in Outline of the Political History of +England to 1894.</span> Chronologically Arranged. By <span class="smcap">A. H. Dyke Acland</span>, M.P., and +<span class="smcap">Cyril Ransome</span>, M.A. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>ANNUAL REGISTER (THE). A Review of Public Events at Home and Abroad, for +the year 1895. 8vo., 18<i>s.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Volumes of the <span class="smcap">Annual Register</span> for the years 1863-1894 can still be +had. 18<i>s.</i> each.</p></div> + +<p><b>Arnold</b> (T., D.D.), formerly Head Master of Rugby School.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Introductory Lectures on Modern History.</span> 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Miscellaneous Works.</span> 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Baden-Powell.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Indian Village Community.</span> Examined With Reference to +the Physical, Ethnographic, and Historical Conditions of the Provinces; +chiefly on the Basis of the Revenue-Settlement Records and District +Manuals. By <span class="smcap">B. H. Baden-Powell</span>, M.A., C.I.E. With Map. 8vo., 16<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bagwell.</b>—<span class="smcap">Ireland under the Tudors.</span> By <span class="smcap">Richard Bagwell</span>, LL.D. (3 vols). +Vols. I. and II. From the first Invasion of the Northmen to the year 1578. +8vo., 32<i>s.</i> Vol. III. 1578-1603. 8vo., 18<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Ball.</b>—<span class="smcap">Historical Review of The Legislative Systems Operative in Ireland</span>, +from the Invasion of Henry the Second to the Union (1172-1800). By the Rt. +Hon. <span class="smcap">J. T. Ball</span>. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Besant.</b>—<span class="smcap">The History of London.</span> By Sir <span class="smcap">Walter Besant</span>. With 74 +Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 9<i>d.</i> Or bound as a School Prize Book, +2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Brassey</b> (<span class="smcap">Lord</span>).—<span class="smcap">Papers and Addresses.</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Naval and Maritime</span>, 1872-1893. 2 vols. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mercantile Marine and Navigation</span>, 1871-1894. Crown 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Imperial Federation and Colonisation from</span> 1880 to 1894. Cr. 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Political and Miscellaneous</span>, 1861-1894. Crown 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Bright.</b>—<span class="smcap">A History of England.</span> By the Rev. <span class="smcap">J. Franck Bright</span>, D.D.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Period I. <span class="smcap">Mediæval Monarchy</span>: A.D. 449 to 1485. Crown 8vo., 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>Period II. <span class="smcap">Personal Monarchy</span>: 1485 to 1688. Crown 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>Period III. <span class="smcap">Constitutional Monarchy</span>: 1689 to 1837. Cr. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>Period IV. <span class="smcap">The Growth of Democracy</span>: 1837 to 1880. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Buckle.</b>—<span class="smcap">History of Civilisation in England and France, Spain and +Scotland.</span> By <span class="smcap">Henry Thomas Buckle</span>. 3 vols. Crown 8vo., 24<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Burke.</b>—<span class="smcap">A History of Spain</span>, from the Earliest Times to the Death of +Ferdinand the Catholic. By <span class="smcap">Ulick Ralph Burke</span>, M.A. 2 vols. 8vo., 32<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Chesney.</b>—<span class="smcap">Indian Polity</span>: a View of the System of Administration in India. +By General Sir <span class="smcap">George Chesney</span>, K.C.B. With Map showing all the +Administrative Divisions of British India. 8vo. 21<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Creighton.</b>—A <span class="smcap">History of the Papacy from the Great Schism to the Sack of +Rome</span> (1378-1527). By <span class="smcap">M. Creighton</span>, D.D., Lord Bishop of London. 6 vols. +Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p><b>Cuningham.</b>—A <span class="smcap">Scheme for Imperial Federation</span>: a Senate for the Empire. By +<span class="smcap">Granville C. Cuningham</span> of Montreal, Canada. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Curzon.</b>—<span class="smcap">Persia and the Persian Question.</span> By the Right <span class="smcap">Hon. George N. +Curzon</span>, M.P. With 9 Maps, 96 Illustrations, Appendices, and an Index. 2 +vols. 8vo., 42<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>De Tocqueville.</b>—<span class="smcap">Democracy in America.</span> By <span class="smcap">Alexis de Tocqueville</span>. 2 vols. +Crown 8vo., 16<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Dickinson.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Development of Parliament During the Nineteenth Century.</span> +By <span class="smcap">G. Lowes Dickinson</span>, M.A. 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Eggleston.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Beginners of A Nation</span>: A History of the Source and Rise of +the Earliest English Settlements in America, with Special Reference to the +Life and Character of the People. By <span class="smcap">Edward Eggleston</span>. With 8 Maps. 8vo., +7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Ewald.</b>—<span class="smcap">The History of Israel.</span> By <span class="smcap">Heinrich Ewald</span>. 8 vols., 8vo., £5 18<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Follett.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Speaker of the House of Representatives.</span> By <span class="smcap">M. P. Follett</span>. +With an Introduction by <span class="smcap">Albert Bushnell Hart</span>, Ph.D. of Harvard University. +Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Froude</b> (<span class="smcap">James A.</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The History of England</span>, from the Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the +Spanish Armada.</p> + +<p class="list"><i>Popular Edition.</i> 12 vols. Crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> +<p class="list">‘<i>Silver Library</i>’ <i>Edition.</i> 12 vols. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon.</span> Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Spanish Story of the Armada</span>, and other Essays. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The English in Ireland in The Eighteenth Century.</span></p> + +<p class="list"><i>Cabinet Edition.</i> 3 vols. Cr. 8vo., 18<i>s.</i></p> +<p class="list">‘<i>Silver Library’ Edition.</i> 3 vols. Cr. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">English Seamen in the Sixteenth Century.</span> Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Council of Trent.</span> Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Short Studies on Great Subjects.</span> 4 vols. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cæsar</span>: a Sketch. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Gardiner</b> (<span class="smcap">Samuel Rawson</span>, D.C.L., LL.D.).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">History of England</span>, from the Accession of James I. to the Outbreak of +the Civil War, 1603-1642. 10 vols. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A History of the Great Civil War</span>, 1642-1649. 4 vols. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> +each.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A History of the Commonwealth And the Protectorate</span>, 1649-1660. Vol. +I., 1649-1651. With 14 Maps. 8vo., 21<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cromwell’s Place in History.</span> Founded on Six Lectures delivered at +Oxford.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">What the Gunpowder Plot Was</span>: A Reply to Father Gerard.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Student’s History of England.</span> With 378 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., +12<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><i>Also in Three Volumes</i>, price 4<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p class="list">Vol. I. <span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 55—<span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1509. 173 Illustrations.</p> +<p class="list">Vol. II. 1509-1689. 96 Illustrations.</p> +<p class="list">Vol. III. 1689-1885. 109 Illustrations.</p></div> + +<p><b>Greville.</b>—<span class="smcap">A Journal of the Reigns Of King George IV., King William IV., +and Queen Victoria</span>. By <span class="smcap">Charles C. F. Greville</span>, formerly Clerk of the +Council.</p> + +<p><b>HARVARD HISTORICAL STUDIES:</b></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Suppression of the African Slave Trade To the United States of +America</span>, 1638-1870. By <span class="smcap">W. E. B. Du Bois</span>. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Contest Over the Ratification of the Federal Constitution in +Massachusetts.</span> By <span class="smcap">S. B. Harding</span>, A.M. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Critical Study of Nullification in South Carolina.</span> By <span class="smcap">D. F. Houston</span>, +A.M. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nominations for Election Office In the United States.</span> By <span class="smcap">Frederick W. +Dallinger</span>, A.M. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>⁂ <i>Other Volumes are in preparation.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Hearn.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Government of England</span>: its Structure and its Development. By +<span class="smcap">W. Edward Hearn</span>. 8vo., 16<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Historic Towns.</b>—Edited by <span class="smcap">E. A. Freeman</span>, D.C.L., and Rev. <span class="smcap">William Hunt</span>, +M.A. With Maps and Plans. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p class="list">Bristol. By Rev. W. Hunt.<br /> +Carlisle. By Mandell Creighton, D.D.<br /> +Cinque Ports. By Montagu Burrows.<br /> +Colchester. By Rev. E. L. Cutts.<br /> +Exeter. By E. A. Freeman.<br /> +London. By Rev. W. J. Loftie.<br /> +Oxford. By Rev. C. W. Boase.<br /> +Winchester. By G. W. Kitchin, D.D.<br /> +York. By Rev. James Raine.<br /> +New York. By Theodore Roosevelt.<br /> +Boston (U.S.). By Henry Cabot Lodge.</p> + +<p><b>Joyce.</b>—<span class="smcap">A Short History of Ireland</span>, from the Earliest Times to 1608. By P. +W. <span class="smcap">Joyce</span>, LL.D. Cr. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Kaye and Malleson.</b>—<span class="smcap">History of the Indian Mutiny</span>, 1857-1858. By Sir <span class="smcap">John +W. Kaye</span> and Colonel G. B. <span class="smcap">Malleson</span>. With Analytical Index and Maps and +Plans. Cabinet Edition. 6 vols. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p><b>Knight.</b>—<span class="smcap">Madagascar in War Time:</span> the Experiences of <i>The Times</i> Special +Correspondent with the Hovas during the French Invasion of 1895. By E. F. +<span class="smcap">Knight</span>. With 16 Illustrations and a Map. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Lang</b> (ANDREW).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Pickle the Spy</span>, or, The Incognito of Prince Charles. With 6 Portraits. +8vo., 18<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">St. Andrews.</span> With 8 Plates and 24 Illustrations in the Text by T. +<span class="smcap">Hodge</span>. 8vo., 15<i>s.</i> net.</p></div> + +<p><b>Laurie.</b>—<span class="smcap">Historical Survey of Pre-christian Education.</span> By S. S. <span class="smcap">Laurie</span>, +A.M., LL.D. Crown 8vo., 12<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Lecky</b> (<span class="smcap">William Edward Hartpole</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">History of England in the Eighteenth Century.</span></p> + +<p class="list"><i>Library Edition.</i> 8 vols. 8vo., £7 4<i>s.</i></p> +<p class="list"><i>Cabinet Edition.</i> <span class="smcap">England.</span> 7 vols. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> each. <span class="smcap">Ireland.</span> 5<br /> +vols. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">History of European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne.</span> 2 vols. Crown +8vo., 16<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in +Europe.</span> 2 vols. Crown 8vo., 16<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Democracy and Liberty.</span> 2 vols. 8vo., 36<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Empire</span>: its Value and its Growth. An Inaugural Address delivered +at the Imperial Institute, November 20, 1893. Crown 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Lowell.</b>—<span class="smcap">Governments and Parties in Continental Europe.</span> By A. <span class="smcap">Lawrence +Lowell</span>. 2 vols. 8vo., 21<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Macaulay</b> (<span class="smcap">Lord</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Life and Works of Lord Macaulay.</span> <i>‘Edinburgh’ Edition.</i> 10 vols. +8vo., 6<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p class="list">Vols. I.-IV. <span class="smcap">History of England.</span></p> + +<p class="list">Vols. V.-VII. <span class="smcap">Essays; Biographies; Indian Penal Code; Contributions to +Knight’s ‘Quarterly Magazine’.</span></p> + +<p class="list">Vol. VIII. <span class="smcap">Speeches; Lays of Ancient Rome; Miscellaneous Poems.</span></p> + +<p class="list">Vols. IX. and X. <span class="smcap">The Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay.</span> By the Right +Hon. Sir G. O. <span class="smcap">Trevelyan</span>, Bart., M.P.</p> + +<p class="list"><i>This Edition is a cheaper reprint of the Library Edition of</i> <span class="smcap">Lord +Macaulay’s</span> <i>Life and Works.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Complete Works.</span></p> + +<p class="list"><i>Cabinet Ed.</i> 16 vols. Post 8vo., £4 16<i>s.</i></p> +<p class="list"><i>Library Edition.</i> 8 vols. 8vo., £5 5<i>s.</i></p> +<p class="list"><i>‘Edinburgh’ Edition.</i> 8 vols. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">History of England from the Accession of James the Second.</span></p> + +<p class="list"><i>Popular Edition.</i> 2 vols. Cr. 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p> +<p class="list"><i>Student’s Edit.</i> 2 vols. Cr. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i></p> +<p class="list"><i>People’s Edition.</i> 4 vols. Cr. 8vo., 16<i>s.</i></p> +<p class="list"><i>Cabinet Edition.</i> 8 vols. Post 8vo., 48<i>s.</i></p> +<p class="list"><i>‘Edinburgh’ Edition.</i> 4 vols. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> each.</p> +<p class="list"><i>Library Edition.</i> 5 vols. 8vo., £4.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Critical and Historical Essays</span>, <span class="smcap">with Lays of Ancient Rome</span>, in 1 +volume.</p> + +<p class="list"><i>Popular Edition.</i> Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> +<p class="list"><i>Authorised Edition.</i> Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>, or 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>, gilt edges.</p> +<p class="list"><i>Silver Library Edition.</i> Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Critical and Historical Essays.</span></p> + +<p class="list"><i>Student’s Edition.</i> 1 vol. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> +<p class="list"><i>People’s Edition.</i> 2 vols. Cr. 8vo., 8<i>s.</i></p> +<p class="list">‘<i>Trevelyan</i>’ <i>Edit.</i> 2 vols. Cr. 8vo., 9<i>s.</i></p> +<p class="list"><i>Cabinet Edition.</i> 4 vols. Post 8vo., 24<i>s.</i></p> +<p class="list"><i>Library Edition.</i> 3 vols. 8vo., 36<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Essays</span> which may be had separately, price 6<i>d.</i> each sewed, 1<i>s.</i> each +cloth.</p> + +<p class="list">Addison and Walpole.<br /> +Croker’s Boswell’s Johnson.<br /> +Hallam’s Constitutional History.<br /> +Warren Hastings.<br /> +The Earl of Chatham (Two Essays).<br /> +Frederick the Great.<br /> +Ranke and Gladstone.<br /> +Milton and Machiavelli.<br /> +Lord Byron.<br /> +Lord Clive.<br /> +Lord Byron, and The Comic Dramatists of the Restoration.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Miscellaneous Writings.</span></p> + +<p class="list"><i>People’s Edition.</i> 1 vol. Cr. 8vo., 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> +<p class="list"><i>Library Edition.</i> 2 vols. 8vo., 21<i>s.</i></p> +<p class="list"><i>Popular Edition.</i> Cr. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> +<p class="list"><i>Cabinet Edition.</i> Including Indian Penal Code. Lays of Ancient Rome, and Miscellaneous Poems. 4 vols. Post 8vo., 24<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Selections from the Writings of Lord Macaulay.</span> Edited, with Occasional +Notes, by the Right Hon. Sir G. O. Trevelyan, Bart. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>MacColl.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Sultan and The Powers.</span> By the Rev. <span class="smcap">Malcolm MacColl</span>, M.A., +Canon of Ripon. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Mackinnon.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Union of England and Scotland:</span> a Study of International +History. By <span class="smcap">James Mackinnon</span>, Ph.D., Examiner in History to the University +of Edinburgh. 8vo., 16<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>May.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Constitutional History of England</span> since the Accession of George +III. 1760-1870. By Sir <span class="smcap">Thomas Erskine May</span>, K.C.B. (Lord Farnborough). 3 +vols. Crown 8vo., 18<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Merivale</b> (<span class="smcap">The Late Dean</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">History of the Romans under the Empire.</span> 8 vols. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> +each.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Fall of the Roman Republic:</span> a Short History of the Last Century of +the Commonwealth. 12mo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Montague.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Elements of English Constitutional History.</span> By F. C. +<span class="smcap">Montague</span>, M.A. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>O’Brien.</b>—<span class="smcap">Irish Ideas. Reprinted Addresses.</span> By <span class="smcap">William O’brien.</span> Crown +8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Richman.</b>—<span class="smcap">Appenzell:</span> Pure Democracy and Pastoral Life in Inner-Rhoden. A +Swiss Study. By <span class="smcap">Irving B. Richman</span>, Consul-General of the United States to +Switzerland. With Maps. Crown 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Seebohm</b> (<span class="smcap">Frederic</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The English Village Community</span> Examined in its Relations to the +Manorial and Tribal Systems, &c. With 13 Maps and Plates, 8vo., 16<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Tribal System in Wales:</span> being Part of an Inquiry into the +Structure and Methods of Tribal Society. With 3 Maps. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Sharpe.</b>—<span class="smcap">London and the Kingdom:</span> a History derived mainly from the +Archives at Guildhall in the custody of the Corporation of the City of +London. By <span class="smcap">Reginald R. Sharpe</span>, D.C.L., Records Clerk in the Office of the +Town Clerk of the City of London. 3 vols. 8vo. 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p><b>Sheppard.</b>—<span class="smcap">Memorials of St. James’s Palace.</span> By the Rev. <span class="smcap">Edgar Sheppard</span>, +M.A., Sub-Dean of H. M. Chapels Royal. With 41 full-page Plates (8 +photo-intaglio), and 32 Illustrations in the Text. 2 Vols. 8vo, 36<i>s.</i> +net.</p> + +<p><b>Smith.</b>—<span class="smcap">Carthage and the Carthaginians.</span> By R. <span class="smcap">Bosworth Smith</span>, M.A., With +Maps, Plans, &c. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Stephens.</b>—<span class="smcap">A History of the French Revolution.</span> By H. <span class="smcap">Morse Stephens</span>, 3 +vols. 8vo. Vols. I. and II., 18<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p><b>Stubbs.</b>—<span class="smcap">History of the University of Dublin</span>, from its Foundation to the +End of the Eighteenth Century. By J. W. <span class="smcap">Stubbs</span>. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Sutherland.</b>—<span class="smcap">The History Of Australia and New Zealand</span>, from 1606 to 1890. +By <span class="smcap">Alexander Sutherland</span>, M.A., and <span class="smcap">George Sutherland</span>, M.A. Crown 8vo., +2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Taylor.</b>—<span class="smcap">A Student’s Manual Of the History of India.</span> By Colonel <span class="smcap">Meadows +Taylor</span>, C.S.I., &c. Cr. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Todd.</b>—<span class="smcap">Parliamentary Government in the British Colonies</span>, By <span class="smcap">Alpheus Todd</span>, +LL.D. 8vo., 30<i>s.</i> net.</p> + +<p><b>Wakeman and Hassall.</b>—<span class="smcap">Essays Introductory to the Study of English +Constitutional History.</span> By Resident Members of the University of Oxford. +Edited by <span class="smcap">Henry Offley Wakeman</span>, M.A., and <span class="smcap">Arthur Hassall</span>, M.A. Crown 8vo., +6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Walpole.</b>—<span class="smcap">History of England from the Conclusion of the Great War in 1815 +to 1858.</span> By <span class="smcap">Spencer Walpole</span>. 6 vols. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p><b>Wolff.</b>—<span class="smcap">Odd Bits of History:</span> being Short Chapters intended to Fill Some +Blanks. By <span class="smcap">Henry W. Wolff</span>. 8vo., 8<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Wood-Martin.</b>—<span class="smcap">Pagan Ireland</span>: an Archæological Sketch. A Handbook of Irish +Pre-Christian Antiquities. By W. G. <span class="smcap">Wood-Martin</span>, M.R.I.A. With 512 +Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 15<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Wylie.</b>—<span class="smcap">History of England Under Henry IV.</span> By <span class="smcap">James Hamilton Wylie</span>, M.A., +one of H. M. Inspectors of Schools. 3 vols. Crown 8vo. Vol. I., 1399-1404, +10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> Vol. II. 15<i>s.</i> Vol. III. 15<i>s.</i> [Vol. IV. <i>in the press</i>.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><b>Biography, Personal Memoirs, &c.</b></p> + +<p><b>Armstrong.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Life and Letters of Edmund J. Armstrong.</span> Edited by <span class="smcap">G. F. +Armstrong</span>. Fcp. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bacon.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Letters and Life of Francis Bacon, including all his +Occasional Works.</span> Edited by J. <span class="smcap">Spedding</span>. 7 vols. 8vo., £4 4<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bagehot.</b>—<span class="smcap">Biographical Studies.</span> By <span class="smcap">Walter Bagehot</span>. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Blackwell.</b>—<span class="smcap">Pioneer Work in Opening the Medical Profession to Women:</span> +Autobiographical Sketches. By Dr. <span class="smcap">Elizabeth Blackwell</span>. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Boyd</b> (A. K. H.). (‘A.K.H.B.’).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Twenty-five Years of St. Andrews.</span> 1865-1890. 2 vols. 8vo. Vol. I., +12<i>s.</i> Vol. II., 15<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">St. Andrews and Elsewhere:</span> Glimpses of Some Gone and of Things Left. +8vo., 15<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Last Years of St. Andrews:</span> September, 1890, to September, 1895. +8vo., 15<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Brown.</b>—<span class="smcap">Ford Madox Brown:</span> A Record of his Life and Works. By <span class="smcap">Ford M. +Hueffer</span>. With 45 Full-page Plates (22 Autotypes) and 7 Illustrations in +the Text. 8vo., 42<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Buss.</b>—<span class="smcap">Frances Mary Buss and Her Work for Education.</span> By <span class="smcap">Annie E. Ridley</span>. +With 5 Portraits and 4 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Carlyle.</b>—<span class="smcap">Thomas Carlyle:</span> a History of his Life. By <span class="smcap">James A. Froude</span>. +1795-1835. 2 vols. Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 1834-1881. 2 vols. Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Digby.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Life of Sir Kenelm Digby</span>, <i>by one of his Descendants</i>, the +Author of ‘The Life of a Conspirator,’ ‘A Life of Archbishop Laud,’ etc. +With 7 illustrations. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Erasmus.</b>—<span class="smcap">Life and Letters Of Erasmus.</span> By <span class="smcap">James A. Froude</span>. Crown 8vo., +6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Fox.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Early History of Charles James Fox.</span> By the Right Hon. Sir G. O. +<span class="smcap">Trevelyan</span>, Bart. <i>Library Edition.</i> 8vo., 18<i>s.</i> <i>Cabinet Edition.</i> Crown +8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Halford.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Life of Sir Henry Halford</span>, Bart., G.C.H., M.D., F.R.S. By +<span class="smcap">William Munk</span>, M.D., F.S.A. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hamilton.</b>—<span class="smcap">Life of Sir William Hamilton.</span> By <span class="smcap">R. P. Graves</span>. 8vo. 3 vols. +15<i>s.</i> each. <span class="smcap">Addendum.</span> 8vo., 6<i>d.</i> sewed.</p> + +<p><b>Hammond.</b>—<span class="smcap">A Woman’s Part in A Revolution.</span> By Mrs. <span class="smcap">John Hays Hammond</span>. Crown +8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>⁂ <i>This book consists mainly of extracts from Mrs. +Hammond’s diary, and refers to the incidents of Dr. Jameson’s raid, +and the subsequent imprisonment, trial, and sentence of the Reform +Committee, of which Mrs. Hammond’s husband was a prominent member.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Havelock.</b>—<span class="smcap">Memoirs of Sir Henry Havelock</span>, K.C.B. By <span class="smcap">John Clark Marshman</span>. +Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Haweis.</b>—<span class="smcap">My Musical Life.</span> By the Rev. <span class="smcap">H. R. Haweis</span>. With Portrait of +Richard Wagner and 3 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Holroyd.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Girlhood of Maria Josepha Holroyd</span> (Lady Stanley of Alderly). +Recorded in Letters of a Hundred Years Ago, from 1776 to 1796. With 6 +Portraits. 8vo., 18<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Lejeune.</b>—<span class="smcap">Memoirs of Baron Lejeune</span>, Aide-de Camp to Marshals Berthier, +Davout, and Oudinot. 2 vols. 8vo., 24<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Luther.</b>—<span class="smcap">Life of Luther.</span> By <span class="smcap">Julius Köstlin</span>. Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Macaulay.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay.</span> By the Right Hon. Sir <span class="smcap">G. +O. Trevelyan</span>, Bart., M.P.</p> + +<p class="list"><i>Popular Edit.</i> 1 vol. Cr. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> +<p class="list"><i>Student’s Edition.</i> 1 vol. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> +<p class="list"><i>Cabinet Edition.</i> 2 vols. Post 8vo., 12<i>s.</i></p> +<p class="list"><i>Library Edition.</i> 2 vols. 8vo., 36<i>s.</i></p> +<p class="list"><i>‘Edinburgh Edition.’</i> 2 vols. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p><b>Marbot.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Memoirs of the Baron De Marbot.</span> Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Nansen.</b>—<span class="smcap">Fridtiof Nansen</span>, 1861-1893. By <span class="smcap">W.C. Brögger</span> and <span class="smcap">Nordahl Rolfsen</span>. +With 8 Plates, 48 Illustrations in the Text, and 3 Maps. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Richardson.</b>—<span class="smcap">Vita Medica</span>: Chapters of Medical Life and Work. By Sir +<span class="smcap">Benjamin Ward Richardson</span>, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S. 8vo., 16<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Romanes.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Life and Letters Of George John Romanes.</span> Written and Edited +by his Wife. With Portrait and 2 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Seebohm.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Oxford Reformers—John Colet, Erasmus and Thomas More</span>: a +History of their Fellow-Work. By <span class="smcap">Frederic Seebohm</span>. 8vo., 14<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Shakespeare.</b>—<span class="smcap">Outlines of The Life of Shakespeare.</span> By <span class="smcap">J. O. +Halliwell-Phillipps</span>. With Illustrations and Fac-similes. 2 vols. Royal +8vo., £1 1<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Shakespeare’s</b> <span class="smcap">True Life</span>. By <span class="smcap">Jas. Walter</span>. With 500 Illustrations by <span class="smcap">Gerald +E. Moira</span>. Imp. 8vo., 21<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Stephen.</b>—<span class="smcap">Essays in Ecclesiastical Biography.</span> By Sir <span class="smcap">James Stephen</span>. Crown +8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Turgot.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Life and Writings of Turgot</span>, Comptroller-General of France, +1774-1776. Edited for English Readers by <span class="smcap">W. Walker Stephens</span>. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Verney.</b>—<span class="smcap">Memoirs of the Verney Family.</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Vols. I. and II. <span class="smcap">During the Civil War.</span> By <span class="smcap">Frances Parthenope Verney</span>. +With 38 Portraits, Woodcuts and Fac-simile. Royal 8vo., 42<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>Vol. III. <span class="smcap">During the Commonwealth.</span> 1650-1660. By <span class="smcap">Margaret M. Verney</span>. +With 10 Portraits, &c. 8vo., 21<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Wakley.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Life and Times Of Thomas Wakley.</span> By <span class="smcap">S. Squire Sprigge</span>, M.B. +Cantab. 8vo., 18<i>s.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>⁂ <i>Thomas Wakley was Member of Parliament for Finsbury +after the passage of the great Reform Bill, and played a prominent +part in the politics of the day, but it is as founder of the “Lancet” +and as Coroner for Middlesex that he is best remembered.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Wellington.</b>—<span class="smcap">Life of the Duke of Wellington.</span> By the Rev. <span class="smcap">G. R. Gleig</span>, M.A. +Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Wolf.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Life of Joseph Wolf, Animal Painter.</span> By A. H. Palmer, With 53 +Plates and 14 Illustrations in the Text. Royal 8vo. 21<i>s.</i></p> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><b>Travel and Adventure, the Colonies, &c.</b></p> + +<p><b>Arnold</b> (Sir <span class="smcap">Edwin</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Seas and Lands.</span> With 71 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Wandering Words.</span> With 45 Illustrations. 8vo., 18<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">East and West.</span> With 14 Illustrations by R. T. <span class="smcap">Pritchett</span>. 8vo., 18<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p>AUSTRALIA AS IT IS, or Facts and Features, Sketches and Incidents of +Australia and Australian Life, with Notices of New Zealand. By <span class="smcap">A +Clergyman</span>, thirteen years resident in the interior of New South Wales. Cr. +8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Baker</b> (Sir S. W.).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Eight Years in Ceylon.</span> With 6 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Rifle and the Hound in Ceylon.</span> With 6 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Bent</b> (<span class="smcap">J. Theodore</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Ruined Cities of Mashonaland</span>: being a Record of Excavation and +Exploration in 1891. With 117 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Sacred City of the Ethiopians</span>: being a Record of Travel and +Research in Abyssinia in 1893. With 8 Plates and 65 Illustrations in +the Text. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Bicknell.</b>—<span class="smcap">Travel and Adventure in Northern Queensland.</span> By <span class="smcap">Arthur C. +Bicknell</span>. With 24 Plates and 22 Illustrations in the text. 8vo., 15<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Brassey.</b>—<span class="smcap">Voyages and Travels Of Lord Brassey</span>, K.C.B., D.C.L., 1862-1894. +Arranged and Edited by Captain S. <span class="smcap">Eardley-Wilmot</span>. 2 vols. Cr. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Brassey</b> (The late <span class="smcap">Lady</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">A Voyage in the ‘Sunbeam’; Our Home on the Ocean for Eleven Months.</span></p> + +<p class="list"><i>Cabinet Edition.</i> With Map and 66 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> +<p class="list"><i>Silver Library Edition.</i> With 66 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> +<p class="list"><i>Popular Edition.</i> With 60 Illustrations. 4to., 6<i>d.</i> sewed, 1<i>s.</i> cloth.</p> +<p class="list"><i>School Edition.</i> With 37 Illustrations. Fcp., 2<i>s.</i> cloth, or 3<i>s.</i> white parchment.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sunshine and Storm in the East.</span></p> + +<p class="list"><i>Cabinet Edition.</i> With 2 Maps and 114 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> +<p class="list"><i>Popular Edition.</i> With 103 Illustrations. 4to., 6<i>d.</i> sewed, 1<i>s.</i> cloth.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">In the Trades, the Tropics, and the ‘Roaring Forties’.</span></p> + +<p class="list"><i>Cabinet Edition.</i> With Map and 220 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> +<p class="list"><i>Popular Edition.</i> With 183 Illustrations. 4to., 6<i>d.</i> sewed, 1<i>s.</i> cloth.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Three Voyages in the ‘Sunbeam’.</span> Popular Edition. With 346 +Illustrations 4to., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Browning.</b>—<span class="smcap">A Girl’s Wanderings in Hungary.</span> By <span class="smcap">H. Ellen Browning</span>. With Map +and 20 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Froude.</b> (<span class="smcap">James A.</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Oceana</span>: or England and her Colonies. With 9 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., +2<i>s.</i> boards, 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> cloth.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The English in the West Indies</span>: or the Bow of Ulysses. With 9 +Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> bds., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> cl.</p></div> + +<p><b>Howitt.</b>—<span class="smcap">Visits to Remarkable Places</span>, Old Halls, Battle-Fields, Scenes +illustrative of Striking Passages in English History and Poetry. By +<span class="smcap">William Howitt</span>. With 80 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Knight (E. F.).</b></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Cruise of the ‘Alerte’</span>: the Narrative of a Search for Treasure on +the Desert Island of Trinidad. 2 Maps and 23 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Where Three Empires Meet</span>: a Narrative of Recent Travel in Kashmir, +Western Tibet, Baltistan, Ladak, Gilgit, and the adjoining Countries. +With a Map and 54 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The ‘Falcon’ on the Baltic</span>: being a Voyage from London to Copenhagen +in a Three-Tonner. With 10 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Lees and Clutterbuck.</b>—B. C. 1887: <span class="smcap">A Ramble in British Columbia.</span> By <span class="smcap">J. A. +Lees</span> and <span class="smcap">W. J. Clutterbuck</span>. With Map and 75 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Max Müller.</b>—<span class="smcap">Letters From Constantinople.</span> By Mrs. <span class="smcap">Max Müller</span>. With 12 +Views of Constantinople and the neighbourhood. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Nansen</b> (<span class="smcap">Fridtjof</span>).</p> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The First Crossing of Greenland.</span> With numerous Illustrations and a +Map. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eskimo Life.</span> With 31 Illustrations. 8vo., 16<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Oliver.</b>—<span class="smcap">Crags and Craters</span>: Rambles in the Island of Réunion. By <span class="smcap">William +Dudley Oliver</span>. With 27 Illustrations and Map. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Peary.</b>—<span class="smcap">My Arctic Journal</span>: a Year among Ice-Fields and Eskimos. By +<span class="smcap">Josephine Diebitsch-Peary</span>. With 19 Plates, 3 Sketch Maps, and 44 +Illustrations in the Text. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Quillinan.</b>—<span class="smcap">Journal of a Few Months’ Residence in Portugal</span>, and Glimpses +of the South of Spain. By Mrs. <span class="smcap">Quillinan</span> (Dora Wordsworth). Edited, with +Memoir, by <span class="smcap">Edmund Lee</span>, Author of ‘Dorothy Wordsworth.’ etc. Crown 8vo., +6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Smith.</b>—<span class="smcap">Climbing in the British Isles.</span> By W. P. <span class="smcap">Haskett Smith</span>. With +Illustrations by <span class="smcap">Ellis Carr</span>, and Numerous Plans.</p> + +<p class="list">Part I. <span class="smcap">England</span>. 16mo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> +<p class="list">Part II. <span class="smcap">Wales and Ireland.</span> 16mo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> +<p class="list">Part III. <span class="smcap">Scotland.</span> [<i>In preparation.</i></p> + +<p><b>Stephen.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Playground of Europe.</span> By <span class="smcap">Leslie Stephen</span>, formerly President +of the Alpine Club. New Edition, with Additions and 4 Illustrations. Crown +8vo, 6<i>s.</i> net.</p> + +<p>THREE IN NORWAY. By Two of Them. With a Map and 59 Illustrations. Cr. +8vo., 2<i>s.</i> boards, 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> cloth.</p> + +<p><b>Tyndall.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Glaciers of the Alps</span>: being a Narrative of Excursions and +Ascents. An Account of the Origin and Phenomena of Glaciers, and an +Exposition of the Physical Principles to which they are related. By <span class="smcap">John +Tyndall</span>, F.R.S. With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> net.</p> + +<p><b>Whishaw.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Romance of the Woods</span>: Reprinted Articles and Sketches. By +<span class="smcap">Fred. J. Whishaw</span>. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><b>Sport and Pastime.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><b>THE BADMINTON LIBRARY.</b></p> + +<p class="center">Edited by HIS GRACE THE DUKE OF BEAUFORT, K.G.; Assisted by ALFRED E. T. WATSON.</p> + +<p class="center">Complete in 28 Volumes. Crown 8vo., Price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each Volume, Cloth.</p> + +<p class="center">⁂ <i>The Volumes are also issued half-bound in Leather, with gilt top. The price can be had from all Booksellers.</i></p> + +<p>ARCHERY. By <span class="smcap">C. J. Longman</span> and Col. <span class="smcap">H. Walrond</span>. With Contributions by Miss +<span class="smcap">Legh</span>, Viscount <span class="smcap">Dillon</span>, Major <span class="smcap">C. Hawkins Fisher</span>, &c. With 2 Maps, 23 +Plates, and 172 Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>ATHLETICS AND FOOTBALL. By <span class="smcap">Montague Shearman</span>. With 6 Plates and 52 +Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>BIG GAME SHOOTING. By <span class="smcap">Clive Phillipps-Wolley</span>.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Vol. I. <span class="smcap">Africa and America.</span> With Contributions by Sir <span class="smcap">Samuel W. +Baker, W. C. Oswell, F. J. Jackson, Warburton Pike</span>, and <span class="smcap">F. C. Selous</span>. +With 20 Plates and 57 Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>Vol. II. <span class="smcap">Europe, Asia, and the Arctic Regions</span>. With Contributions by +Lieut.-Colonel <span class="smcap">R. Heber Percy</span>, <span class="smcap">Arnold Pike</span>, Major <span class="smcap">Algernon C. Heber +Percy</span>, &c. With 17 Plates and 56 Illustrations in the Text. Crown +8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p>BILLIARDS. By Major <span class="smcap">W. Broadfoot</span>, R.E. With Contributions by <span class="smcap">A. H. Boyd, +Sydenham Dixon, W. J. Ford, Dudley D. Pontifex</span>, &c. With 11 Plates, 19 +Illustrations in the Text, and numerous Diagrams and Figures. Crown 8vo., +10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>BOATING. By <span class="smcap">W. B. Woodgate</span>. With 10 Plates, 39 Illustrations in the Text, +and from Instantaneous Photographs, and 4 Maps of the Rowing Courses at +Oxford, Cambridge, Henley, and Putney. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>COURSING AND FALCONRY. By <span class="smcap">Harding Cox</span> and the Hon. <span class="smcap">Gerald Lascelles</span>. With +20 Plates and 56 Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>CRICKET. By <span class="smcap">A. G. Steel</span>, and the Hon. <span class="smcap">R. H. Lyttelton</span>. With Contributions +by <span class="smcap">Andrew Lang</span>, <span class="smcap">W. G. Grace, F. Gale</span>, &c. With 12 Plates and 52 +Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>CYCLING. By the <span class="smcap">Earl of Albemarle</span>, and <span class="smcap">G. Lacy Hillier</span>. With 19 Plates and +44 Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>DANCING. By Mrs. <span class="smcap">Lilly Grove</span>, F.R.G.S. With Contributions by Miss +<span class="smcap">Middleton</span>, The Honourable Mrs. <span class="smcap">Armytage</span>, &c. With Musical Examples, and 38 +Full-page Plates and 93 Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>DRIVING. By His Grace the <span class="smcap">Duke Of Beaufort</span>, K.G. With Contributions by +other Authorities. With Photogravure Intaglio Portrait of His Grace the +<span class="smcap">Duke of Beaufort</span>, and 11 Plates and 54 Illustrations in the Text. Crown +8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>FISHING. By <span class="smcap">H. Cholmondeley-Pennell</span>, Late Her Majesty’s Inspector of Sea +Fisheries.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Vol. 1. <span class="smcap">Salmon and Trout</span>. With Contributions by <span class="smcap">H. R. Francis</span>, Major +<span class="smcap">John P. Traherne</span>, &c. With Frontispiece, 8 Full-page Illustrations of +Fishing Subjects, and numerous Illustrations of Tackle, &c. Crown +8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>Vol. II <span class="smcap">Pike and Other Coarse Fish.</span> With Contributions by the <span class="smcap">Marquis +of Exeter, William Senior, G. Christopher Davies</span>, &c. With +Frontispiece, 6 Full-page Illustrations of Fishing Subjects, and +numerous Illustrations of Tackle, &c. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p>FENCING, BOXING, AND WRESTLING. By <span class="smcap">Walter H. Pollock, F. C. Grove, C. +Prevost, E. B. Mitchell</span>, and <span class="smcap">Walter Armstrong</span>. With 18 Intaglio Plates and +24 Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>GOLF. By <span class="smcap">Horace G. Hutchinson</span>. With Contributions by the Rt. Hon. <span class="smcap">A. J. +Balfour</span>, M.P., Sir <span class="smcap">Walter Simpson</span>, Bart., <span class="smcap">Andrew Lang</span>, &c. With 25 Plates +and 65 Illustrations in the Text. Cr. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>HUNTING. By His Grace the <span class="smcap">Duke Of Beaufort</span>, K.G., and <span class="smcap">Mowbray Morris</span>. With +Contributions by the <span class="smcap">Earl of Suffolk and Berkshire</span>, Rev. <span class="smcap">E. W. L. Davies, +J. S. Gibbons, G. H. Longman</span>, &c. With 5 Plates and 54 Illustrations in +the Text. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>MOUNTAINEERING. By <span class="smcap">C. T. Dent</span>, With Contributions by Sir <span class="smcap">W. M. Conway, D. +W. Freshfield, C. E. Matthews</span>, &c. With 13 Plates and 95 Illustrations in +the Text. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>POETRY OF SPORT (THE).—Selected by <span class="smcap">Hedley Peek</span>. With a Chapter on +Classical Allusions to Sport by <span class="smcap">Andrew Lang</span>, and a Special Preface to the +Badminton Library by <span class="smcap">A. E. T. Watson</span>. With 32 Plates and 74 Illustrations +in the Text. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>RACING AND STEEPLE-CHASING. By the <span class="smcap">Earl of Suffolk and Berkshire, W. G. +Craven</span>, the <span class="smcap">Hon. F. Lawley, Arthur Coventry</span>, and <span class="smcap">Alfred E. T. Watson</span>. With +Coloured Frontispiece and 56 Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>RIDING AND POLO.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Riding.</span> By Captain <span class="smcap">Robert Weir</span>, the <span class="smcap">Duke of Beaufort</span>, the <span class="smcap">Earl Of Suffolk +And Berksire</span>, the <span class="smcap">Earl of Onslow, J. Murray Brown</span>, &c. With 18 Plates and +41 Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>SEA FISHING. By <span class="smcap">John Bickerdyke</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">H. W. Gore-Booth, Alfred C. +Harmsworth</span>, and <span class="smcap">W. Senior</span>. With 22 Full-page Plates and 175 Illustrations +in the Text. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>SHOOTING.</p> + +<p>Vol. I. <span class="smcap">Field and Covert</span>. By <span class="smcap">Lord Walsingham</span> and <span class="smcap">Sir Ralph Payne-Gallwey</span>, +Bart. With Contributions by the Hon. <span class="smcap">Gerald Lascelles</span> and <span class="smcap">A. J. +Stuart-Wortley</span>. With 11 Full-page Illustrations and 94 Illustrations in +the Text. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>Vol. II. <span class="smcap">Moor and Marsh</span>. By <span class="smcap">Lord Walsingham</span> and Sir <span class="smcap">Ralph Payne-Gallwey</span>, +Bart. With Contributions by <span class="smcap">Lord Lovat</span> and <span class="smcap">Lord Charles Lennox Kerr</span>. With +8 Full-page Illustrations and 57 Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8vo., +10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>SKATING, CURLING, TOBOGGANING. By <span class="smcap">J. M. Heathcote, C. G. Tebbutt, T. +Maxwell Witham</span>, Rev. <span class="smcap">John Kerr, Ormond Hake, Henry A. Buck</span>, &c. With 12 +Plates and 272 Illustrations and Diagrams in the Text. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>SWIMMING. By <span class="smcap">Archibald Sinclair</span> and <span class="smcap">William Henry</span>, Hon. Secs. of the +Life-Saving Society. With 13 Plates and 106 Illustrations in the Text. Cr. +8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>TENNIS, LAWN TENNIS, RACQUETS, AND FIVES. By <span class="smcap">J. M.</span> and <span class="smcap">C. G. Heathcotee, +E. O. Pleydell-Bouverie</span>, and <span class="smcap">A. C. Ainger</span>. With Contributions by the Hon. +<span class="smcap">A. Lyttelton, W. C. Marshall</span>, Miss <span class="smcap">L. Dod</span>, &c. With 12 Plates and 67 +Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>YACHTING.</p> + +<p>Vol. I. <span class="smcap">Cruising, Construction Of Yachts, Yacht Racing Rules, Fitting-Out</span>, +&c. By Sir <span class="smcap">Edward Sullivan</span>, Bart., <span class="smcap">The Earl Of Pembroke, Lord Brassey, +K.C.B., C. E. Seth-Smith, C.B., G. L. Watson, R. T. Pritchett, E. F. +Knight</span>, &c. With 21 Plates, and 93 Illustrations in the Text, and from +Photographs. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>Vol. II. <span class="smcap">Yacht Clubs, Yachting In America and the Colonies, Yacht Racing</span>, +&c. By <span class="smcap">R. T. Pritchett, The Marquis of Dufferin and Ava, K.P., The Earl of +Onslow, James McFerran</span>, &c. With 35 Plates and 160 Illustrations in the +Text. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Fur and Feather Series.</span></p> +<p class="center">Edited by <span class="smcap">A. E. T. Watson</span>.</p> +<p class="center">Crown 8vo., 5<i>s.</i> each Volume.</p> + +<p class="center">⁂ The Volumes are also issued half-bound in Leather, with gilt top. The price can be had from all Booksellers.</p> + +<p>THE PARTRIDGE. Natural History, by the Rev. <span class="smcap">H. A. Macpherson</span>; Shooting, by +<span class="smcap">A. J. Stuart-Wortley</span>; Cookery, by <span class="smcap">George Saintsbury</span>. With 11 Illustrations +and various Diagrams in the Text. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>THE GROUSE. Natural History by the Rev. <span class="smcap">H. A. Macpherson</span>; Shooting, by <span class="smcap">A. +J. Stuart-Wortley</span>; Cookery, by <span class="smcap">George Saintsbury</span>. With 13 Illustrations +and various Diagrams in the Text. Crown 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>THE PHEASANT. Natural History by the Rev. <span class="smcap">H. A. Macpherson</span>; Shooting, by +<span class="smcap">A. J. Stuart-Wortley</span>; Cookery, by <span class="smcap">Alexander Innes Shand</span>. With 10 +Illustrations and various Diagrams. Crown 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>THE HARE. Natural History by the Rev. <span class="smcap">H. A. Macpherson</span>; Shooting by the +Hon. <span class="smcap">Gerald Lascelles</span>; Coursing, by <span class="smcap">Charles Richardson</span>; Hunting, by <span class="smcap">J. S. +Gibbons</span> and <span class="smcap">G. H. Longman</span>; Cookery, by Col. <span class="smcap">Kenney Herbert</span>, With 9 +Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>RED DEER. Natural History, by the Rev. <span class="smcap">H. A. Macpherson</span>; Deer Stalking, by +<span class="smcap">Cameron of Lochiel</span>. Stag Hunting, by Viscount <span class="smcap">Ebrington</span>; Cookery, by +<span class="smcap">Alexander Innes Shand</span>. With 10 Illustrations by <span class="smcap">J. Charlton</span> and <span class="smcap">A. +Thorburn</span>. Cr. 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class="center">⁂ <i>Other Volumes are in preparation.</i></p> + +<p>BADMINTON MAGAZINE (THE) OF SPORTS AND PASTIMES. Edited by <span class="smcap">Alfred E. E. +Watson</span> (‘Rapier’). With numerous Illustrations. Price 1<i>s.</i> Monthly. Vols. +I-III., 6<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p><b>Bickerdyke.</b>—<span class="smcap">Days of My Life on Waters Fresh and Salt</span>; and other Papers. +By <span class="smcap">John Bickerdyke</span>. With Photo-Etched Frontispiece and 8 Full-page +Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>DEAD SHOT (THE): or, Sportsman’s Complete Guide. Being a Treatise on the +Use of the Gun, with Rudimentary Bud Finishing Lessons on the Art of +Shooting Game of all kinds. Also Game-driving, Wildfowl And +Pigeon-shooting, Dog-breaking, etc. By <span class="smcap">Marksman</span>. Illustrated. Crown 8vo., +10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Ellis.</b>—<span class="smcap">Chess Sparks</span>; or, Short and Bright Games of Chess. Collected and +Arranged by <span class="smcap">J. H. Ellis</span>, M.A. 8vo., 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Falkener.</b>—<span class="smcap">Games, Ancient and Oriental, and How to Play Them.</span> By <span class="smcap">Edward +Falkener</span>. With numerous Photographs, Diagrams, &c. 8vo., 21<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Folkard.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Wild-Fowler</span>: A Treatise on Fowling, Ancient and Modern; +descriptive also of Decoys and Flight-ponds, Wild-fowl Shooting, +Gunning-punts, Shooting-yachts, etc. By <span class="smcap">H. C. Folkard</span>. With 13 Engravings +on Steel, and several Woodcuts. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Ford.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Theory and Practice of Archery.</span> By <span class="smcap">Horace Ford</span>. New Edition, +thoroughly Revised and Rewritten by <span class="smcap">W. Butt</span>, M.A. With a Preface by <span class="smcap">C. J. +Longman</span>, M.A. 8vo., 14<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Francis.</b>—<span class="smcap">A Book on Angling</span>: or Treatise on the Act of Fishing in every +Branch; including full Illustrated List of Salmon Flies. By <span class="smcap">Francis +Francis</span>. With Portrait and Coloured Plates. Crown 8vo., 15<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Gibson.</b>—<span class="smcap">Tobogganing on Crooked Runs.</span> By the Hon. <span class="smcap">Harry Gibson</span>. With +Contributions by <span class="smcap">F. de B. Strickland</span> and ‘Lady-Tobogganer’. With 40 +Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Graham.</b>—<span class="smcap">Country Pastimes for Boys.</span> By <span class="smcap">P. Anderson Graham</span>. With 252 +Illustrations from Drawings and Photographs. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Lang.</b>—<span class="smcap">Angling Sketches.</span> By <span class="smcap">A. Lang.</span> With 20 Illus. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Lillie.</b>—<span class="smcap">Croquet</span>: its History, Rules, And Secrets. By <span class="smcap">Arthur Lillie</span>, +Champion, Grand National Croquet Club, 1872; Winner of the ‘All Comers’ +Championship,’ Maidstone, 1896. With Illustrations by <span class="smcap">Lucien Davis</span>. Crown +8vo.</p> + +<p><b>Longman.</b>—<span class="smcap">Chess Openings.</span> By <span class="smcap">Fred. W. Longman</span>. Fcp. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Madden.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Diary of Master William Silence</span>: A Study of Shakespeare and +of Elizabethan Sport. By the Right Hon. <span class="smcap">D. H. Madden</span>, Vice-Chancellor of +the University of Dublin. 8vo.</p> + +<p><b>Maskelyne.</b>—<span class="smcap">Sharps and Flats</span>: a Complete Revelation of the Secrets of +Cheating at Games of Chance and Skill. By <span class="smcap">John Nevil Maskelyne</span>, of the +Egyption Hall. With 62 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Park.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Game of Golf.</span> By <span class="smcap">William Park</span>, Junr., Champion Golfer, 1887-89. +With 17 Plates and 26 Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Payne-Gallwey</b> (Sir <span class="smcap">Ralph</span>, Bart.).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Letters to Young Shooters</span> (First Series). On the Choice and Use of a Gun. +With 41 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Letters to Young Shooters</span> (Second Series). On the Production, +Preservation, and Killing of Game. With Directions in Shooting +Wood-Pigeons and Breaking-in Retrievers. With Portrait and 103 +Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Letters to Young Shooters</span> (Third Series). Comprising a Short Natural +History of the Wildfowl that are Rare or Common to the British Islands, +with Complete Directions in Shooting Wildfowl on the Coast and Inland. +With 200 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 18<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Pole</b> (<span class="smcap">William</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Theory of the Modern Scientific Game of Whist.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Evolution of Whist</span>: a Study of the Progressive Changes which the +Game has undergone. Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Proctor.</b>—<span class="smcap">How to Play Whist: with the Laws and Etiquette of Whist.</span> By +<span class="smcap">Richard A. Proctor.</span> Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Ronalds.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Fly-fisher’s Entomology.</span> By <span class="smcap">Alfred Ronalds</span>. With 20 Coloured +Plates. 8vo., <i>14s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Thompson and Cannan.</b> <span class="smcap">Hand-in-hand Figure Skating.</span> By <span class="smcap">Norcliffe G. Thompson</span> +and <span class="smcap">F. Laura Cannan</span>. Members of the Skating Club. With an Introduction by +Captain J. H. <span class="smcap">Thomson</span>, R.A. With Illustrations. 16mo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Wilcocks.</b> <span class="smcap">The Sea Fisherman</span>: Comprising the Chief Methods of Hook and Line +Fishing in the British and other Seas, and Remarks on Nets, Boats, and +Boating. By J. C. <span class="smcap">Wilcocks</span>. Illustrated. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center">Veterinary Medicine &c.</p> + +<p><b>Steel</b> (<span class="smcap">John Henry</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">A Treatise on the Diseases of the Dog.</span> 88 Illustrations. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Treatise on the Diseases of the Ox.</span> With 119 Illustrations. 8vo., +15<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Treatise on the Diseases of the Sheep.</span> With 100 Illustrations. +8vo., 12<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Outlines of Equine Anatomy</span>: a Manual for the use of Veterinary +Students in the Dissecting Room. Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Fitzwygram.</b>—<span class="smcap">Horses and Stables.</span> By Major-General Sir F. <span class="smcap">Fitzwygram</span>, Bart. +With 56 Pages of Illustrations. 8vo., <i>2s. 6d.</i> net.</p> + +<p><b>‘Stonehenge.’</b>—<span class="smcap">The Dog in Health and Disease.</span> By ‘<span class="smcap">Stonehenge</span>’. With 78 +Illustrations. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Youatt</b> (<span class="smcap">William</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Horse.</span> Revised and enlarged. By W. <span class="smcap">Watson</span>. M.R.C.V.S. With 52 +Wood Illustrations. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Dog.</span> Revised and enlarged. With 33 Wood Illustrations. 8vo., +6<i>s.</i></p></div> + + +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><b>Mental, Moral and Political Philosophy.</b></p> +<p class="center"><i>LOGIC, RHETORIC, PSYCHOLOGY. &C.</i></p> + +<p><b>Abbott.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Elements of Logic.</span> By T. K. <span class="smcap">Abbott</span>, B.D. 12mo., 3<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Aristotle.</b></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Politics</span>: G. Bekker’s Greek Text of Books I., III., IV. (VII.), +with an English Translation by W. E. <span class="smcap">Bolland</span> M.A.; and Short +Introductory Essays by A. <span class="smcap">Lang</span>, M.A. Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Youth and Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration.</span> Translated, with +Introduction and Notes, by W. <span class="smcap">Ogle</span>, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Politics</span>: Introductory Essays. By <span class="smcap">Andrew Lang</span> (from Bolland and +Lang’s ‘Politics’). Cr. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Ethics</span>: Greek Text, Illustrated with Essay and Notes. By Sir +<span class="smcap">Alexander Grant</span>, Bart. 2 vols. 8vo., 32<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">An Introduction to Aristotle’s Ethics.</span> Books I.-IV. (Book X. c. +vi.-ix. in an Appendix.) With a continuous Analysis and Notes. By the +Rev. E. <span class="smcap">Moore</span>, D.D. Cr. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Bacon</b> (<span class="smcap">Francis</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Complete Works.</span> Edited by R. L. <span class="smcap">Ellis</span>, J. <span class="smcap">Spedding</span>, and D. D. <span class="smcap">Heath</span>. +7 vols. 8vo., £3 13<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Letters and Life</span>, including all his occasional Works. Edited by <span class="smcap">James +Spedding</span>. 7 vols. 8vo., £4 4<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Essays</span>: with Annotations. By <span class="smcap">Richard Whately</span>, D.D. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Essays</span>: Edited, with Notes. By F. <span class="smcap">Storr</span> and C. H. <span class="smcap">Gibson</span>. Cr. +8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Essays.</span> With Introduction, Notes, and Index. By E. A. <span class="smcap">Abbott</span>, +D.D. 2 vols. Fcp. 8vo., <i>6s.</i> The Text and Index only, without +Introduction and Notes, in One Volume. Fcp. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Bain</b> (<span class="smcap">Alexander</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Mental Science.</span> Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Moral Science.</span> Crown 8vo., 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class="list"><i>The two works as above can be had in one volume, price 10s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Senses and the Intellect.</span> 8vo., 15<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Emotions and the Will.</span> 8vo., 15<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Logic, Deductive and Inductive.</span> Part I., <i>4s.</i> Part II., 6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Practical Essays.</span> Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Bray</b> (<span class="smcap">Charles</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Philosophy of Necessity</span>: or Law in Mind as in Matter. Cr. 8vo., +5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Education of the Feelings</span>: a Moral System for Schools. Crown +8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Bray.</b>—<span class="smcap">Elements of Morality</span>, in Easy Lessons for Home and School Teaching. +By Mrs. <span class="smcap">Charles Bray.</span> Cr. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Crozier.</b>—<span class="smcap">History of Intellectual Development</span>, Vol. I. Containing a +History of the Evolution of Greek and Hindoo Thought, of Græco-Roman +Paganism, of Judaism, and of Christianity down to the Closing of the +Schools of Athens by Justinian, 529 <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> By <span class="smcap">John Beattie Crozier</span>, Author +of ‘Civilisation and Progress’. 8vo., 14<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Davidson.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Logic of Definition</span>, Explained and Applied. By <span class="smcap">William L. +Davidson</span>, M.A. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Green</b> (<span class="smcap">Thomas Hill</span>). The Works of. Edited by R. L. <span class="smcap">Nettleship</span>.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="list">Vols. I. and II. Philosophical Works. 8vo., 16<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p class="list">Vol. III. Miscellanies. With Index to the three Volumes, and Memoir. 8vo., 21<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation.</span> With Preface by +<span class="smcap">Bernard Bosanquet</span>. 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Hodgson</b> (<span class="smcap">Shadworth</span> H.).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Time and Space</span>: a Metaphysical Essay. 8vo., 16<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Theory of Practice</span>: an Ethical Inquiry. 2 vols. 8vo., 24<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Philosophy of Reflection.</span> 2 vols. 8vo., 21<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Hume.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Philosophical Works of David Hume.</span> Edited by T. H. <span class="smcap">Green</span> and T. +H. <span class="smcap">Grose</span>. 4 vols. 8vo., <i>56s.</i> Or separately, Essays. 2 vols. <i>28s.</i> +Treatise of Human Nature. 2 vols. 28<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>James.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Will To Believe</span>, and other Essays in Popular Philosophy. By +<span class="smcap">William James</span>, LL.D., Professor of Psychology in Harvard University. Crown +8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Justinian.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Institutes of Justinian</span>: Latin Text, chiefly that of +Huschke, with English Introduction, Translation, Notes, and Summary. By +<span class="smcap">Thomas C. Sandars</span>, M.A. 8vo., 18<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Kant</b> (<span class="smcap">Immanuel</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Critique of Practical Reason, and Other Works on the Theory of +Ethics.</span> Translated by T. K. <span class="smcap">Abbott</span>, B.D. With Memoir. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Fundamental Principles of The Metaphysic of Ethics.</span> Translated by T. +K. <span class="smcap">Abbott</span>, B.D. (Extracted from ‘Kant’s Critique of Practical Reason +and other Works on the Theory of Ethics’. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Introduction To Logic, and his Essay on the Mistaken Subtilty of the +Four Figures.</span> Translated by T. K. <span class="smcap">Abbott</span>. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Killick.</b>—<span class="smcap">Handbook to Mill’s System of Logic.</span> By Rev. A. H. <span class="smcap">Killick</span>, M.A. +Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Ladd</b> (<span class="smcap">George Trumbull</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Philosophy of Mind</span>: an Essay on the Metaphysics of Psychology. 8vo., +16<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Elements of Physiological Psychology.</span> 8vo., 21<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Outlines of Physiological Psychology.</span> A Text-Book of Mental Science +for Academies and Colleges. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Psychology, Descriptive and Explanatory</span>: a Treatise of the Phenomena, +Laws, and Development of Human Mental Life. 8vo., 21<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Primer of Psychology.</span> Crown 8vo., 5<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Lewes.</b>—<span class="smcap">The History of Philosophy</span>, from Thales to Comte. By <span class="smcap">George Henry +Lewes.</span> 2 vols. 8vo., 32<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Max Müller</b> (F.).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Science of Thought.</span> 8vo., 21<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Three Introductory Lectures on the Science of Thought.</span> 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Mill.</b>—<span class="smcap">Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind.</span> By <span class="smcap">James Mill</span>. 2 vols. +8vo., 28<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Mill</b> (<span class="smcap">John Stuart</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">A System of Logic</span>. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">On Liberty.</span> Cr. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 4<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">On Representative Government.</span> Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Utilitarianism.</span> 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Examination of Sir William Hamilton’s Philosophy.</span> 8vo., 16<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nature, the Utility of Religion, And Theism.</span> Three Essays. 8vo., +5<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Mosso.</b>—<span class="smcap">Fear.</span> By <span class="smcap">Angelo Mosso</span>. Translated from the Italian by E. <span class="smcap">Lough</span> and +F. <span class="smcap">Kiesow</span>. With 8 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Romanes.</b>—<span class="smcap">Mind and Motion and Monism.</span> By <span class="smcap">George John Romanes</span>, LL.D., +F.R.S. Crown 8vo., 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Stock</b> (<span class="smcap">St. George</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Deductive Logic.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lectures in the Lyceum</span>; or, Aristotle’s Ethics for English Readers. +Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Sully</b> (<span class="smcap">James</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Human Mind</span>: a Text-book of Psychology. 2 vols. 8vo., 21<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Outlines of Psychology.</span> Crown 8vo., 9<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Teacher’s Handbook of Psychology.</span> Crown 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Studies of Childhood.</span> 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Children’s Ways</span>: being Selections from the Author’s ‘Studies of +Childhood,’ with new Matter. Crown 8vo.</p></div> + +<p><b>Swinburne.</b>—<span class="smcap">Picture Logic</span>: an Attempt to Popularise the Science of +Reasoning. By <span class="smcap">Alfred James Swinburne</span>, M.A. With 23 Woodcuts. Post 8vo., +5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Weber.</b>—<span class="smcap">History of Philosophy.</span> By <span class="smcap">Alfred Weber</span>, Professor in the +University of Strasburg, Translated by <span class="smcap">Frank Thilly</span>, Ph.D. 8vo., 16<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Whately</b> (<span class="smcap">Archbishop</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Bacon’s Essays.</span> With Annotations By R. <span class="smcap">Whately</span>. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Elements of Logic.</span> Cr. 8vo., 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Elements of Rhetoric.</span> Cr. 8vo., 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lessons on Reasoning.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Zeller</b> (Dr. <span class="smcap">Edward</span>, Professor in the University of Berlin).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics.</span> Translated by the Rev. O. J. +<span class="smcap">Reichel</span>, M.A. Crown 8vo., 15<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Outlines of the History of Greek Philosophy.</span> Translated by <span class="smcap">Sarah F. +Alleyne</span> and <span class="smcap">Evelyn Abbott</span>. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Plato and the Older Academy.</span> Translated by <span class="smcap">Sarah F. Alleyne</span> and +<span class="smcap">Alfred Goodwin</span>, B.A. Crown 8vo., 18<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Socrates and the Socratic Schools.</span> Translated by the Rev. O. J. +<span class="smcap">Reichel</span>, M.A. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Aristotle and the Earlier Peripatetics.</span> Translated by B. F. C. +<span class="smcap">Costelloe</span>, M.A., and J. H. <span class="smcap">Muirhead</span>, M.A. 2 vols. Cr. 8vo., 24<i>s.</i></p></div> + + +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><b>MANUALS OF CATHOLIC PHILOSOPHY.</b></p> +<p class="center"><i>(Stonyhurst Series.)</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Manual of Political Economy</span>. By C. S. <span class="smcap">Devas</span>, M.A. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">First Principles of Knowledge.</span> By <span class="smcap">John Rickaby</span>, S.J. Crown 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">General Metaphysics.</span> By <span class="smcap">John Rickaby</span>, S.J. Crown 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Logic.</span> By <span class="smcap">Richard F. Clarke</span>, S.J. Crown 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Moral Philosophy</span> (<span class="smcap">Ethics and Natural Law</span>). By <span class="smcap">Joseph Rickaby</span>, S.J. Crown +8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Natural Theology.</span> By <span class="smcap">Bernard Boedder</span>, S.J. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Psychology.</span> By <span class="smcap">Michael Maher</span>, S.J. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><b>History and Science of Language, &c.</b></p> + +<p><b>Davidson.</b>—<span class="smcap">Leading and Important English Words</span>: Explained and Exemplified. +By <span class="smcap">William L. Davidson</span>, M.A. Fcp. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Farrar.</b>—<span class="smcap">Language and Languages.</span> By F. W. <span class="smcap">Farrar</span>, D.D., F.R.S., Cr. 8vo., +6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Graham.</b>—<span class="smcap">English Synonyms</span>, Classified and Explained: with Practical +Exercises. By G. F. <span class="smcap">Graham</span>. Fcap. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Max Müller</b> (F.).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Science of Language</span>, Founded on Lectures delivered at the Royal +Institution in 1861 and 1863. 2 vols. Crown. 8vo., 21<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Biographies of Words, and the Home of the Aryas.</span> Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Three Lectures on the Science of Language, and its Place in General +Education</span>, delivered at Oxford, 1889. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Roget.</b>—<span class="smcap">Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases.</span> Classified and Arranged so +as to Facilitate the Expression of Ideas and assist in Literary +Composition. By <span class="smcap">Peter Mark Roget</span>, M.D., F.R.S. Recomposed throughout, +enlarged and improved, partly from the Author’s Notes, and with a full +Index, by the Author’s Son, <span class="smcap">John Lewis Roget</span>. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Whately.</b>—<span class="smcap">English Synonyms.</span> By E. <span class="smcap">Jane Whately</span>. Fcap. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i></p> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><b>Political Economy and Economics.</b></p> + +<p><b>Ashley.</b>—<span class="smcap">English Economic History and Theory.</span> By <span class="smcap">W. J. Ashley</span>, M.A. Crown +8vo., Part I., 5<i>s.</i> Part II., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bagehot.</b>—<span class="smcap">Economic Studies.</span> By <span class="smcap">Walter Bagehot</span>. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Barnett.</b>—<span class="smcap">Practicable Socialism</span>: Essays on Social Reform. By the Rev. S. +A. and Mrs. <span class="smcap">Barnett</span>. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Brassey.</b>—<span class="smcap">Papers and Addresses on Work and Wages.</span> By Lord <span class="smcap">Brassey</span>. Edited +by <span class="smcap">J. Potter</span>, and with Introduction by <span class="smcap">George Howell</span>, M.P. Crown 8vo., +5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Devas.</b>—<span class="smcap">A Manual of Political Economy.</span> By <span class="smcap">C. S. Devas</span>, M.A. Crown 8vo., +6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> (<i>Manuals of Catholic Philosophy.</i>)</p> + +<p><b>Dowell.</b>—<span class="smcap">A History of Taxation and Taxes in England</span>, from the Earliest +Times to the Year 1885. By <span class="smcap">Stephen Dowell</span>. (4 vols. 8vo.) Vols. I. and II. +The History of Taxation, 21<i>s.</i> Vols. III. and IV. The History of Taxes, +21<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Jordan.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Standard of Value.</span> By <span class="smcap">William Leighton Jordan</span>, Fellow of the +Royal Statistical Society, &c. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Macleod</b> (<span class="smcap">Henry Dunning</span>, M.A.).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Bimetalism.</span> 8vo., 5<i>s.</i> net.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Elements of Banking.</span> Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Theory and Practice of Banking.</span> Vol. I. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i> Vol. II. +14<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Theory of Credit.</span> 8vo. Vol. I. 10<i>s.</i> net. Vol. II., Part I., +10<i>s.</i> net. Vol II. Part II., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Digest of the Law of Bills of Exchange, Bank Notes</span>, &c. [<i>In the +press.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Mill.</b>—<span class="smcap">Political Economy.</span> By <span class="smcap">John Stuart Mill</span>.</p> + +<p class="list"><i>Popular Edition.</i> Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> +<p class="list"><i>Library Edition.</i> 2 vols. 8vo., 30<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Mulhall.</b>—<span class="smcap">Industries and Wealth of Nations.</span> By <span class="smcap">Michael G. Mulhall</span>, F.S.S. +With 32 Full-page Diagrams. Crown 8vo., 8<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Soderini.</b>—<span class="smcap">Socialism and Catholicism.</span> From the Italian of Count <span class="smcap">Edward +Soderini</span>. By <span class="smcap">Richard Jenery-Shee</span>. With a Preface by Cardinal <span class="smcap">Vaughan</span>. +Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Symes.</b>—<span class="smcap">Political Economy</span>: a Short Text-book of Political Economy. With +Problems for Solution, and Hints for Supplementary Reading; also a +Supplementary Chapter on Socialism. By Professor <span class="smcap">J. E. Symes</span>, M.A., of +University College, Nottingham. Cr. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Toynbee.</b>—<span class="smcap">Lectures on the Industrial Revolution of the 18th Century in +England</span>: Popular Addresses, Notes and other Fragments. By <span class="smcap">Arnold Toynbee</span>. +With a Memoir of the Author by <span class="smcap">Benjamin Jowett</span>, D.D. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Webb</b> (<span class="smcap">Sidney</span> and <span class="smcap">Beatrice</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The History of Trade Unionism.</span> With Map and full Bibliography of the +Subject. 8vo., 18<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Industrial Democracy</span>: a Study in Trade Unionism. 2 vols. 8vo.</p> + +<p class="right">[<i>In the press.</i></p> + +<p>⁂ <i>This work is an exhaustive analysis of Trade Unionism +and its relation to other Democratic movements, to which ‘The History +of Trade Unionism,’ published in 1894, may be regarded as an introduction.</i></p></div> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><b>STUDIES IN ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE.</b></p> +<p class="center">Issued under the auspices of the London School of Economics and Political Science.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The History of Local Rates in England</span>: Five Lectures. By <span class="smcap">Edwin Cannan</span>, +M.A. Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">German Social Democracy.</span> By <span class="smcap">Bertrand Russell</span>, B.A. With an Appendix on +Social Democracy and the Woman Question in Germany by <span class="smcap">Alys Russell</span>, B.A. +Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Select Documents Illustrating the History of Trade Unionism.</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I. The Tailoring Trade. Edited by <span class="smcap">W. F. Galton</span>. With a Preface by +<span class="smcap">Sidney Webb</span>, LL.B. Crown 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Deploige’s Referendum en Suisse.</span> Translated with Introduction and Notes, +by <span class="smcap">C. P. Trevelyan</span>, M.A.</p> + +<p class="right">[<i>In preparation.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Select Documents Illustrating the State Regulation of Wages.</span> Edited, with +Introduction and Notes, by <span class="smcap">W. A. S. Hewins</span>, M.A.</p> + +<p class="right">[<i>In preparation.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hungarian Gild Records.</span> Edited by Dr. <span class="smcap">Julius Mandello</span>, of Budapest.</p> + +<p class="right">[<i>In preparation.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Relations between England and the Hanseatic League.</span> By Miss <span class="smcap">E. A. +MacArthur</span>.</p> + +<p class="right">[<i>In preparation.</i></p> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><b>Evolution, Anthropology, &c.</b></p> + +<p><b>Babington.</b>—<span class="smcap">Fallacies of Race Theories as Applied to National +Characteristics.</span> Essays by <span class="smcap">William Dalton Babington</span>, M.A. Crown 8vo., +6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Clodd</b> (<span class="smcap">Edward</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Story of Creation</span>: a Plain Account of Evolution. With 77 +Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Primer of Evolution</span>: being a Popular Abridged Edition of ‘The Story +of Creation’. With Illustrations. Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Lang.</b>—<span class="smcap">Custom and Myth</span>: Studies of Early Usage and Belief. By <span class="smcap">Andrew Lang</span>. +With 15 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Lubbock.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Origin of Civilisation</span> and the Primitive Condition of Man. +By Sir J. <span class="smcap">Lubbock</span>, Bart., M.P. With 5 Plates and 20 Illustrations in the +Text. 8vo., 18<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Romanes</b> (<span class="smcap">George John</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Darwin, and After Darwin</span>: an Exposition of the Darwinian Theory, and +a Discussion on Post-Darwinian Questions.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Part I. <span class="smcap">The Darwinian Theory.</span> With Portrait of Darwin and 125 +Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>Part II. <span class="smcap">Post-Darwinian Questions</span>: Heredity and Utility. With +Portrait of the Author and 5 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>Part III. <span class="smcap">Post-Darwinian Questions</span>: Isolation and Physiological +Selection. Crown 8vo.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">An Examination of Weismannism.</span> Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Essays.</span> Edited by C. <span class="smcap">Lloyd Morgan</span>, Principal of University College, +Bristol.</p></div> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><b>Classical Literature and Translations, &c.</b></p> + +<p><b>Abbott.</b>—<span class="smcap">Hellenica.</span> A Collection of Essays on Greek Poetry, Philosophy, +History, and Religion. Edited by <span class="smcap">Evelyn Abbott</span>, M.A., LL.D. 8vo., 16<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Æschylus.</b>—<span class="smcap">Eumenides of Æschylus.</span> With Metrical English Translation. By J. +F. <span class="smcap">Davies</span>. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Aristophanes.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Acharnians of Aristophanes</span>, translated into English +Verse. By R. Y. <span class="smcap">Tyrrell</span>. Cr. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Aristotle.</b>—<span class="smcap">Youth and Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration</span>. +Translated, with Introduction and Notes, by W. <span class="smcap">Ogle</span>, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P., +sometime Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford.</p> + +<p><b>Becker</b> (Professor).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Gallus</span>: or, Roman Scenes in the Time of Augustus. Illustrated. Post +8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Charicles</span>: or, Illustrations of the Private Life of the Ancient +Greeks. Illustrated. Post 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Cicero.</b>—<span class="smcap">Cicero’s Correspondence.</span> By R. Y. <span class="smcap">Tyrrell</span>. Vols. I., II., III. +8vo., each <i>12s.</i> Vol. IV., 15<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Egbert.</b>—<span class="smcap">Introduction to the Study of Latin Inscriptions.</span> By <span class="smcap">James C. +Egbert</span>, Junr., Ph.D. With numerous Illustrations And Fac-similes. Square +crown 8vo., 16<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Farnell.</b>—<span class="smcap">Greek Lyric Poetry</span>: a Complete Collection of the Surviving +Passages from the Greek Song-Writing. Arranged with Prefatory Articles, +Introductory Matter and Commentary. By <span class="smcap">George S. Farnell</span>, M.A. With 5 +Plates. 8vo., 16<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Lang.</b>—<span class="smcap">Homer and the Epic.</span> By <span class="smcap">Andrew Lang</span>. Crown 8vo., 9<i>s.</i> net.</p> + +<p><b>Lucan.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Pharsalia of Lucan.</span> Translated into Blank Verse. By <span class="smcap">Edward +Ridley</span>, Q.C. 8vo., 14<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Mackail.</b>—<span class="smcap">Select Epigrams from the Greek Anthology</span>, By J. W. <span class="smcap">Mackail</span>. +Edited with a Revised Text, Introduction, Translation, and Notes. 8vo., +16<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Rich.</b>—<span class="smcap">A Dictionary of Roman and Greek Antiquities.</span> By A. <span class="smcap">Rich</span>, B.A. With +2000 Woodcuts. Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Sophocles.</b>—Translated into English Verse. By <span class="smcap">Robert Whitelaw</span>, M.A., +Assistant Master in Rugby School. Cr. 8vo., 8<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Tacitus.</b>—<span class="smcap">The History of P. Cornelius Tacitus.</span> Translated into English, +with an Introduction and Notes, Critical and Explanatory, by <span class="smcap">Albert +William Quill</span>, M.A., T.C.D. 2 Vols. Vol. I., 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>, Vol II., +8vo., 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Tyrrell.</b>—<span class="smcap">Translations Into Greek and Latin Verse.</span> Edited by <span class="smcap">R. Y. +Tyrrell.</span> 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Virgil.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Æneid of Virgil.</span> Translated into English Verse by <span class="smcap">John +Conington</span>. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Poems of Virgil.</span> Translated into English Prose by <span class="smcap">John Conington</span>. +Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Æneid of Virgil</span>, freely translated into English Blank Verse. By +<span class="smcap">W. J. Thornhill</span>. Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Æneid of Virgil.</span> Translated into English Verse by <span class="smcap">James Rhoades</span>.</p> + +<p>Books I.-VI. Crown 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>Books VII.-XII. Crown 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><b>Poetry and the Drama.</b></p> + +<p><b>Allingham (<span class="smcap">William</span>).</b></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Irish Songs and Poems.</span> With Frontispiece of the Waterfall of Asaroe. +Fcp. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Laurence Bloomfield.</span> With Portrait of the Author. Fcp. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Flower Pieces; Day and Night Songs; Ballads.</span> With 2 Designs by <span class="smcap">D. G. +Rossetti</span>. Fcp. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i>; large paper edition, 12<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Life and Phantasy</span>: with Frontispiece by Sir <span class="smcap">J. E. Millais</span>, Bart., and +Design by <span class="smcap">Arthur Hughes</span>. Fcp. 8vo, 6<i>s.</i>; large paper edition, 12<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Thought and Word, and Ashby Manor</span>: a Play. Fcp. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i>; large +paper edition, 12<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Blackberries.</span> Imperial 16mo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><i>Sets of the above 6 vols. may be had in uniform half-parchment +binding, price</i> 30<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Armstrong (<span class="smcap">G. F. Savage</span>).</b></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Poems</span>: Lyrical and Dramatic. Fcp. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">King Saul.</span> (The Tragedy of Israel, Part I.) Fcp. 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">King David.</span> (The Tragedy of Israel, Part II.) Fcp. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">King Solomon.</span> (The Tragedy of Israel, Part III.) Fcp. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ugone</span>: a Tragedy. Fcp. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Garland From Greece</span>: Poems. Fcp. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Stories of Wicklow</span>: Poems. Fcp. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mephistopheles in Broadcloth</span>: a Satire. Fcp. 8vo., 4<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">One in the Infinite</span>: a Poem. Cr. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Armstrong.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Poetical Works of Edmund J. Armstrong.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Arnold (Sir <span class="smcap">Edwin</span>).</b></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Light of the World</span>: or, the Great Consummation. With 14 +Illustrations after <span class="smcap">W. Holman Hunt</span>. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Potiphar’s Wife</span>, and other Poems. Crown 8vo., 5<i>s.</i> net.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Adzuma</span>: or, the Japanese Wife. A Play. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> net.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Tenth Muse, and Other Poems.</span> Crown 8vo., 5<i>s.</i> net.</p></div> + +<p><b>Beesly (A. H.).</b></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Ballads, and Other Verse.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Danton, and Other Verse.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Bell</b> (Mrs. HUGH).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Chamber Comedies</span>: a Collection of Plays and Monologues for the +Drawing Room. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Fairy Tale Plays, and How to Act Them.</span> With 91 Diagrams and 52 +Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Christie.</b>—<span class="smcap">Lays and Verses.</span> By <span class="smcap">Nimmo Christie</span>. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Cochrane</b> (<span class="smcap">Alfred</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Kestrel’s Nest</span>, and other Verses. Fcp. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Leviore Plectro</span>: Occasional Verses. Fcp. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Florian’s Fables.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Fables Of Florian.</span> Done into English Verse by Sir +<span class="smcap">Philip Perring</span>, Bart. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Goethe.</b></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Faust</span>, Part I., the German Text, with Introduction and Notes. By +<span class="smcap">Albert M. Selss</span>, Ph.D., M.A. Cr. 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Faust.</span> Translated, with Notes. By <span class="smcap">T. E. Webb</span>. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Gurney.</b>—<span class="smcap">Day Dreams</span>: Poems. By Rev. <span class="smcap">Alfred Gurney</span>. M.A. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Ingelow</b> (<span class="smcap">Jean</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Poetical Works.</span> 2 vols. Fcp. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lyrical and Other Poems.</span> Selected from the Writings of <span class="smcap">Jean Ingelow</span>. +Fcp. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>; cloth plain, 3<i>s.</i> cloth gilt.</p></div> + +<p><b>Lang</b> (<span class="smcap">Andrew</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Ban and Arričre Ban.</span> A Rally of Fugitive Rhymes. Fcp. 8vo., 5<i>s.</i> +net.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Grass of Parnassus.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> net.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ballads of Books.</span> Edited by <span class="smcap">Andrew Lang</span>. Fcp. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Blue Poetry Book.</span> Edited by <span class="smcap">Andrew Lang</span>. With 100 Illustrations. +Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Lecky.</b>—<span class="smcap">Poems.</span> By <span class="smcap">W. E. H. Lecky</span>. Fcp. 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Lindsay.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Flower Seller</span>, and other Poems. By <span class="smcap">Lady Lindsay</span>. Crown 8vo., +5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Lytton</b> (<span class="smcap">The Earl of</span>) (<span class="smcap">Owen Meredith</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Marah.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">King Poppy</span>: a Fantasia. With 1 Plate and Design on Title-Page by Sir +<span class="smcap">Ed. Burne-Jones</span>, A.R.A. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Wanderer.</span> Cr. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lucile.</span> Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Selected Poems.</span> Cr. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Macaulay.</b>—<span class="smcap">Lays of Ancient Rome</span>, &c. By <span class="smcap">Lord Macaulay</span>.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Illustrated by <span class="smcap">G. Scharf</span>. Fcp. 4to., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class="list">—— Bijou Edition. 18mo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>, gilt top.</p> +<p class="list">—— Popular Edition. Fcp. 4to., 6<i>d.</i> sewed, 1<i>s.</i> cloth.</p> + +<p>Illustrated by <span class="smcap">J. R. Weguelin</span>. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>Annotated Edition, Fcp. 8vo, 1<i>s.</i> sewed, 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> cloth.</p></div> + +<p><b>Macdonald</b> (<span class="smcap">George</span>, LL.D.).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">A Book of Strife, in the Form of the Diary of an Old Soul</span>: Poems. +18mo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Rampollo: Growths From an Old Root</span>; containing a Book of +Translations, old and new; also a Year’s Diary of an Old Soul. Cr. +8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Morris</b> (<span class="smcap">William</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Poetical Works</span>—<span class="smcap">Library Edition</span>. Complete in Ten Volumes. Crown 8vo., +price 6<i>s.</i> each:—</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Earthly Paradise.</span> 4 vols. 6<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Life and Death of Jason.</span> 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Defence of Guenevere</span>, and other Poems. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Story of Sigurd the Volsung</span>, and the Fall of the Niblungs. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Love is Enough</span>; or, The Freeing of Pharamond: a Morality; and <span class="smcap">Poems +By the Way</span>. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Odyssey of Homer.</span> Done into English Verse. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Æneids of Virgil.</span> Done into English Verse. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>Certain of the Poetical Works may also be had in the following Editions:—</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Earthly Paradise.</span></p> + +<p class="list">Popular Edition. 5 vols. 12mo., 25<i>s.</i>; or 5<i>s.</i> each, sold separately.</p> + +<p class="list">The same in Ten Parts, 25<i>s.</i>; or 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each, sold separately.</p> + +<p class="list">Cheap Edition, in 1 vol. Cr. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Love Is Enough</span>; or, The Freeing of Pharamond: a Morality. Square crown +8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Poems by the Way.</span> Square crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>⁂ For Mr. William Morris’s Prose Works, see pp. 22 and 31.</p></div> + +<p><b>Nesbit.</b>—<span class="smcap">Lays and Legends.</span> By E. <span class="smcap">Nesbit</span> (Mrs. <span class="smcap">Hubert Bland</span>). First Series. +Crown 8vo., <i>3s. 6d.</i> Second Series, with Portrait. Crown 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Rhoades.</b>—<span class="smcap">Teresa and Other Poems.</span> By <span class="smcap">James Rhoades</span>. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Riley</b> (<span class="smcap">James Whitcomb</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Old Fashioned Roses</span>: Poems. 12mo., 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Poems Here at Home.</span> Fcap. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> net.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Child-World: Poems.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Romanes.</b>—<span class="smcap">A Selection from the Poems of George John Romanes</span>, M.A., LL.D., +F.R.S. With an Introduction by T. <span class="smcap">Herbert Warren</span>, President of Magdalen +College, Oxford, Crown 8vo., 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Shakespeare.</b>—<span class="smcap">Bowdler’s Family Shakespeare.</span> With 36 Woodcuts. 1 vol. 8vo., +<i>14s.</i> Or in 6 vols. Fcp. 8vo., 21<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Shakespeare Birthday Book.</span> By <span class="smcap">Mary F. Dunbar</span>. 32mo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Wordsworth and Coleridge.</b>—<span class="smcap">A Description of the Wordsworth and Coleridge +Manuscripts in the Possession of</span> Mr. T. <span class="smcap">Norton Longman</span>. Edited, with +Notes, by W. <span class="smcap">Hale White</span>. With Fac-similes. 4to., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><b>Works of Fiction, Humour, &c.</b></p> + +<p><b>Alden.</b>—<span class="smcap">Among the Freaks.</span> By W. L. Alden. With 55 Illustrations by J. F. +<span class="smcap">Sullivan</span> and <span class="smcap">Florence K. Upton</span>. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Anstey</b> (F., Author of ‘Vice Versā’).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Voces Populi</span>. Reprinted from ‘Punch’. First Series. With 20 +Illustrations by J. <span class="smcap">Bernard Partridge</span>. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Man From Blankley’s</span>: a Story in Scenes, and other Sketches. With +24 Illustrations by J. <span class="smcap">Bernard Partridge</span>. Post 4to., 6<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Astor.</b>—<span class="smcap">A Journey in Other Worlds</span>: a Romance of the Future. By <span class="smcap">John Jacob +Astor</span>. With 10 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Baker.</b>—<span class="smcap">By the Western Sea.</span> By <span class="smcap">James Baker</span>, Author of ‘John Westacott’. +Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Beaconsfield</b> (<span class="smcap">The Earl of</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Novels and Tales.</span></p> + +<p class="list">Complete in 11 vols. Cr. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p class="list2">Vivian Grey.<br /> +The Young Duke, &c.<br /> +Alroy, Ixion &c.<br /> +Contarini Fleming, &c.<br /> +Tancred.<br /> +Sybil.<br /> +Henrietta Temple.<br /> +Venetia.<br /> +Coningsby.<br /> +Lothair.<br /> +Endymion.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Novels and Tales.</span> The Hughenden Edition. With 2 Portraits and 11 +Vignettes. 11 vols. Cr. 8vo., 42<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Black.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Princess Désirée.</span> By <span class="smcap">Clementia Black.</span> With 8 Illustrations by +<span class="smcap">John Williamson</span>. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Crump.</b>—<span class="smcap">Wide Asunder as the Poles.</span> By <span class="smcap">Arthur Crump</span>. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Dougall</b> (L.).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Beggars All.</span> Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">What Necessity Knows.</span> Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Doyle</b> (A. <span class="smcap">Conan</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Micah Clarke</span>: a Tale of Monmouth’s Rebellion. With 10 Illustrations. +Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Captain of the Polestar</span>, and other Tales. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Refugees</span>: a Tale of Two Continents. With 25 Illustrations. Crown +8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Stark-munro Letters.</span> Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Farrar</b> (F. W., Dean of Canterbury).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Darkness and Dawn</span>: or, Scenes in the Days of Nero. An Historic Tale. +Cr. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Gathering Clouds</span>: a Tale of the Days of St. Chrysostom. Crown 8vo., +7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Fowler</b> (<span class="smcap">Edith</span> H.).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Young Pretenders.</span> A Story of Child Life. With 12 Illustrations by +<span class="smcap">Philip Burne-Jones.</span> Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Professor’s Children</span>: A Story. With numerous Illustrations by +<span class="smcap">Ethel Kate Burgess</span>.</p></div> + +<p><b>Froude.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Two Chiefs of Dunboy</span>: an Irish Romance of the Last Century. +By J. A. <span class="smcap">Froude.</span> Cr. 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Gilkes.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Autobiography of Kallistratus</span>: A Story of the Time of the +Second Punic War. By A. H. <span class="smcap">Gilkes</span>, M.A., Master of Dulwich College. With +Illustrations by <span class="smcap">Maurice Greiffenhagen</span>.</p> + +<p><b>Graham.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Red Scaur</span>: a Novel of Manners. By P. <span class="smcap">Anderson Graham</span>. Cr. +8vo., <i>6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Haggard</b> (H. <span class="smcap">Rider</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Heart of the World.</span> With 15 Illustrations, Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Joan Haste.</span> With 20 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The People of the Mist.</span> With 16 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Montezuma’s Daughter.</span> With 24 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">She.</span> With 32 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Allan Quatermain.</span> With 31 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Maiwa’s Revenge.</span> Crown 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Colonel Quaritch</span>, V.C. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cleopatra.</span> With 29 Illustrations Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Beatrice.</span> Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eric Brighteyes.</span> With 51 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nada the Lily.</span> With 23 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Allan’s Wife.</span> With 34 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Witch’s Head.</span> With 16 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Meeson’s Will.</span> With 16 Illustrations. Corwn 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dawn.</span> With 16 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Haggard and Lang.</b>—<span class="smcap">The World’s Desire.</span> By H. <span class="smcap">Rider Haggard</span> and <span class="smcap">Andrew +Lang</span>. With 27 Illustrations Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Harte.</b>—<span class="smcap">In the Carquinez Woods</span>, and other Stories. By <span class="smcap">Bret Harte</span>. Cr. +8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hope.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Heart of Princess Osra.</span> By <span class="smcap">Anthony Hope</span>. With 9 Illustrations +by <span class="smcap">John Williamson</span>. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hornung.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Unbidden Guest.</span> By E. W. <span class="smcap">Hornung</span>. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Jerome.</b>—<span class="smcap">Sketches in Lavender</span>: Blue and Green. Short Stories. By <span class="smcap">Jerome K. +Jerome</span>. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Lang.</b>—<span class="smcap">A Monk of Fife</span>: being the Chronicle written by <span class="smcap">Norman Leslie</span> of +Pitcullo, concerning Marvellous Deeds that befel in the Realm of France, +1429-31. By <span class="smcap">Andrew Lang</span>. With Illustrations by <span class="smcap">Selwyn Image</span>. Crown 8vo., +6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Lyall</b> (<span class="smcap">Edna</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Autobiography of a Slander.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> sewed.</p> + +<p>Presentation Edition. With 20 Illustrations by <span class="smcap">Lancelot Speed</span>. Cr. +8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> net.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Autobiography of a Truth.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> sewed; 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> +cloth.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Doreen</span>: The Story of a Singer. Cr. 8vo., <i>6s.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Magruder.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Violet.</span> By <span class="smcap">Julia Magruder.</span> With 11 Illustrations by <span class="smcap">C. D. +Gibson</span>. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Matthews.</b>—<span class="smcap">His Father’s Son</span>: a Novel of the New York Stock Exchange. By +<span class="smcap">Brander Matthews</span>. With 13 Illustration Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Melville</b> (<span class="smcap">G. J. Whyte</span>).</p> + +<p class="list">The Gladiators.<br /> +The Interpreter.<br /> +Good for Nothing.<br /> +The Queen’s Maries.<br /> +Holmby House.<br /> +Kate Coventry.<br /> +Digby Grand.<br /> +General Bounce.</p> + +<p class="list2"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cr. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</span></p> + +<p><b>Merriman.</b>—<span class="smcap">Flotsam</span>: The Study of a Life. By <span class="smcap">Henry Seton Merriman</span>. With +Frontispiece and Vignette by <span class="smcap">H. G. Massey</span>, A.R.E. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Morris</b> (<span class="smcap">William</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Well at the World’s End.</span> 2 vols., 8vo., 28<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Story of the Glittering Plain</span>, which has been also called The +Land of the Living Men, or The Acre of the Undying. Square post 8vo., +5<i>s.</i> net.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Roots of the Mountains</span>, wherein is told somewhat of the Lives of +the Men of Burgdale, their Friends, their Neighbours, their Foemen, +and their Fellows-in-Arms. Written in Prose and Verse. Square cr. +8vo., 8<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Tale of the House of the Wolfings</span>, and all the Kindreds of the +Mark. Written in Prose and Verse. Second Edition. Square cr. 8vo., +6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Dream of John Ball, and a King’s Lesson.</span> 12mo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">News From Nowhere</span>; or, An Epoch of Rest. Being some Chapters from an +Utopian Romance. Post 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>⁂ For Mr. William Morris’s Poetical Works, see p. 19.</p></div> + +<p><b>Newman</b> (<span class="smcap">Cardinal</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Loss and Gain</span>: The Story of a Convert. Crown 8vo. Cabinet Edition, +6<i>s.</i>; Popular Edition, 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Callista</span>: A Tale of the Third Century. Crown 8vo. Cabinet Edition, +6<i>s.</i>; Popular Edition, 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Oliphant.</b>—<span class="smcap">Old Mr. Tredgold</span>. By Mrs. <span class="smcap">Oliphant</span>. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Phillipps-Wolley.</b>—<span class="smcap">Snap</span>: a Legend of the Lone Mountain. By <span class="smcap">C. +Phillipps-wolley</span>. With 13 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Quintana.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Cid Campeador</span>; an Historical Romance. By <span class="smcap">D. Antonio de +Trueba y la Quintana</span>. Translated from the Spanish by <span class="smcap">Henry J. Gill</span>, M.A., +T.C.D. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Rhoscomyl</b> (<span class="smcap">Owen</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Jewel of Ynys Galon</span>: being a hitherto unprinted Chapter in the +History of the Sea Rovers. With 12 Illustrations by <span class="smcap">Lancelot Speed</span>. +Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Battlement and Tower</span>: a Romance. With Frontispiece by <span class="smcap">R. Caton +Woodville</span>. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">For the White Rose of Arno</span>: A Story of the Jacobite Rising of 1745. +Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Rokeby.</b>—<span class="smcap">Dorcas Hobday.</span> By <span class="smcap">Charles Rokeby</span>. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Sewell</b> (<span class="smcap">Elizabeth M.</span>).</p> + +<p class="list">A Glimpse of the World.<br /> +Laneton Parsonage.<br /> +Margaret Percival.<br /> +Katharine Ashton.<br /> +The Earl’s Daughter.<br /> +The Experience of Life.<br /> +Amy Herbert.<br /> +Cleve Hall.<br /> +Gertrude.<br /> +Home Life.<br /> +After Life.<br /> +Ursula.<br /> +Ivors.</p> + +<p class="list2">Cr. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each, cloth plain. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each, cloth extra, gilt edges.</p> + +<p><b>Stevenson</b> (<span class="smcap">Robert Louis</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> sewed, +1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> cloth.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde</span>; with Other Fables. Crown +8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">More New Arabian Nights—The Dynamiter.</span> By <span class="smcap">Robert Louis Stevenson</span> and +<span class="smcap">Fanny van De Grift Stevenson</span>. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Wrong Box.</span> By <span class="smcap">Robert Louis Stevenson</span> and <span class="smcap">Lloyd Osbourne</span>. Crown +8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Suttner.</b>—<span class="smcap">Lay Down Your Arms</span> <i>Die Waffen Nieder</i>: The Autobiography of +Martha Tilling. By <span class="smcap">Bertha Von Suttner</span>. Translated by <span class="smcap">T. Holmes</span>. Cr. 8vo., +1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Trollope</b> (<span class="smcap">Anthony</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The Warden. Cr. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>Barchester Towers. Cr. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>TRUE</b> (A) <span class="smcap">Relation of The Travels and Perilous Adventures of Mathew +Dudgeon</span>, Gentleman: Wherein is truly set down the Manner of his Taking, +the Long Time of his Slavery in Algiers, and Means of his Delivery. +Written by Himself, and now for the first time printed. Cr. 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Walford</b> (L. B.).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Mr. <span class="smcap">Smith</span>: a Part of his Life. Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Baby’s Grandmother</span>. Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cousins.</span> Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Troublesome Daughters.</span> Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pauline.</span> Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dick Netherby.</span> Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The History of a Week.</span> Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Stiff-necked Generation</span>. Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nan</span>, and other Stories. Cr. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Mischief of Monica.</span> Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The One Good Guest.</span> Cr. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>‘<span class="smcap">Ploughed</span>,’ and other Stories. Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Matchmaker.</span> Cr. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>West</b> (B. B.).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Half-Hours with the Millionaires</span>: Showing how much harder it is to +spend a million than to make it. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir Simon Vanderpetter, and Minding his Ancestors.</span> Cr. 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Financial Atonement.</span> Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Weyman</b> (<span class="smcap">Stanley</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The House of the Wolf.</span> Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Gentleman of France.</span> Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Red Cockade.</span> Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Whishaw.</b>—<span class="smcap">A Boyar of the Terrible</span>: a Romance of the Court of Ivan the +Cruel, First Tzar of Russia. By <span class="smcap">Fred. Whishaw.</span> With 12 illustrations by <span class="smcap">H. +G. Massey</span>, A.R.E. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Yeats.</b>—<span class="smcap">A Galahad of the Creeks</span>, and other Stories. By <span class="smcap">S. Levett Yeats</span>, +Author of “The Honour of Savelli”. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><b>Popular Science (Natural History, &c.).</b></p> + +<p><b>Butler.</b>—<span class="smcap">Our Household Insects.</span> An Account of the Insect-Pests found in +Dwelling Houses. By <span class="smcap">Edward A. Butler</span>, B.A. B.Sc. (Lond.). With 113 +Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Furneaux</b> (W.).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Outdoor World</span>; or, The Young Collector’s Handbook. With 18 +Plates, 16 of which are coloured, and 549 Illustrations in the Text. +Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Butterflies and Moths</span> (British). With 12 coloured Plates and 241 +Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8vo., 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Life in Ponds and Streams.</span> With 8 coloured Plates and 331 +Illustrations in the Text. Cr. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Hartwig</b> (Dr. <span class="smcap">George</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Sea and Its Living Wonders.</span> With 12 Plates and 303 Woodcuts. +8vo., 7<i>s.</i> net.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Tropical World.</span> With 8 Plates and 172 Woodcuts. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> net.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Polar World.</span> With 3 Maps, 8 Plates and 85 Woodcuts. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> +net.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Subterranean World.</span> With 3 Maps and 80 Woodcuts. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> net.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Aerial World.</span> With Map, 8 Plates and 60 Woodcuts. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> +net.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Heroes of the Polar World.</span> 19 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Wonders of the Tropical Forests.</span> 40 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Workers under the Ground.</span> 29 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Marvels over our Heads.</span> 29 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sea Monsters and Sea Birds.</span> 75 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Denizens of the Deep.</span> 117 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Volcanoes and Earthquakes.</span> 30 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Wild Animals of the Tropics.</span> 66 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Hayward.</b>—<span class="smcap">Bird Notes.</span> By the late <span class="smcap">Jane Mary Hayward</span>. Edited by <span class="smcap">Emma +Hubbard</span>. With Frontispiece and 15 Illustrations by <span class="smcap">G. E. Lodge</span>. Crown +8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Helmholtz.</b>—<span class="smcap">Popular Lectures on Scientific Subjects.</span> By <span class="smcap">Hermann von +Helmholtz</span>. With 68 Woodcuts. 2 vols. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p><b>Hudson.</b>—<span class="smcap">British Birds.</span> By W. H. <span class="smcap">Hudson</span>, C.M.Z.S. With a Chapter on +Structure and Classification by <span class="smcap">Frank E. Beddard</span>, F.R.S. With 17 Plates (8 +of which are Coloured), and over 100 Illustrations in the Text. Crown +8vo., 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Proctor</b> (<span class="smcap">Richard</span> A.).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Light Science for Leisure Hours.</span> Familiar Essays on Scientific +Subjects. 3 vols. Crown 8vo., 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Rough Ways made Smooth.</span> Familiar Essays on Scientific Subjects. Crown +8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pleasant Ways in Science.</span> Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nature Studies.</span> By R. A. <span class="smcap">Proctor</span>, <span class="smcap">Grant Allen</span>, A. <span class="smcap">Wilson</span>, T. <span class="smcap">Foster</span> +and E. <span class="smcap">Clodd</span>. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Leisure Readings.</span> By R. A. <span class="smcap">Proctor</span>, E. <span class="smcap">Clodd</span>, A. <span class="smcap">Wilson</span>, T. <span class="smcap">Foster</span>, +and A. C. <span class="smcap">Ranyard</span>. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>⁂ <i>For Mr. Proctor’s other books see Messrs. Longmans & +Co.’s Catalogue of Scientific Works.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Stanley.</b>—<b>A Familiar History Of Birds.</b> By E. <span class="smcap">Stanley</span>, D.D., formerly +Bishop of Norwich. With Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Wood</b> (Rev. J. G.).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Homes without Hands</span>: a Description of the Habitation of Animals, +classed according to the Principle of Construction. With 140 +Illustrations. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> net.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Insects at Home</span>: a Popular Account of British Insects, their +Structure, Habits and Transformations. With 700 Illustrations. 8vo., +7<i>s.</i> net.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Insects Abroad</span>: a Popular Account of Foreign Insects, their +Structure, Habits and Transformations. With 600 Illustrations. 8vo., +7<i>s.</i> net.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bible Animals</span>: a Description of every Living Creature mentioned in +the Scriptures. With 112 Illustrations. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> net.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Petland Revisited.</span> With 33 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Out of Doors</span>: a Selection of Original Articles on Practical Natural +History. With 11 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Strange Dwellings</span>: a Description of the Habitations of Animals, +abridged from ‘Homes without Hands’. With 60 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bird Life of the Bible</span>. 32 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Wonderful Nests.</span> 30 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Homes under the Ground.</span> 28 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Wild Animals of the Bible.</span> 29 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Domestic Animals of the Bible.</span> 23 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Branch Builders.</span> 28 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Social Habitations and Parasitic Nests.</span> 18 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., +2<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><b>Works of Reference.</b></p> + +<p><b>Longmans’</b> <span class="smcap">Gazetteer of the World.</span> Edited by <span class="smcap">George G. Chisholm</span>, M.A., +B.Sc. Imp. 8vo., £2 2<i>s.</i> cloth, £2 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> half-morocca.</p> + +<p><b>Maunder (Samuel).</b></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Biographical Treasury.</span> With Supplement brought down to 1899. By Rev. +<span class="smcap">James Wood</span>. Fcp. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Treasury of Natural History</span>: or, Popular Dictionary of Zoology. With +900 Woodcuts. Fcp. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Treasury of Geography</span>, Physical, Historical, Descriptive, and +Political. With 7 Maps and 16 Plates. Fcp. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Treasury of Bible Knowledge.</span> By the Rev. J. <span class="smcap">Ayre</span>, M.A. With 5 +Maps, 15 Plates, and 300 Woodcuts. Fcp. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Treasury of Knowledge and Library of Reference.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Historical Treasury</span>: Fcp. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Scientific and Literary Treasury.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Treasury of Botany.</span> Edited by J. <span class="smcap">Lindley</span>. F.R.S., and T. <span class="smcap">Moore</span>, +F.L.S. With 274 Woodcuts and 20 Steel Plates. 2 vols. Fcp. 8vo., +12<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Roget.</b>—<span class="smcap">Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases.</span> Classified and Arranged so +as to Facilitate the Expression of Ideas and assist in Literary +Composition. By <span class="smcap">Peter Mark Roget</span>, M.D., F.R.S. Recomposed throughout, +enlarged and improved, partly from the Author’s Notes and with a full +Index, by the Author’s Son, <span class="smcap">John Lewis Roget.</span> Crown 8vo. 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Willich.</b>—<span class="smcap">Popular Tables</span> for giving information for ascertaining the value +of Lifehold, Leasehold, And Church Property, the Public Funds, &c. By +<span class="smcap">Charles M. Willich</span>. Edited by H. <span class="smcap">Bence Jones</span>. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><b>Children’s Books.</b></p> + +<p><b>Crake</b> (Rev. A. D.).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Edwy the Fair</span>; or, the First Chronicle of Æscendune. Crown 8vo., +2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Alfgar the Dane</span>: or, the Second Chronicle of Æscendune. Cr. 8vo., +2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Rival Heirs</span>: being the Third and Last Chronicle of Æscendune. +Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The House of Walderne.</span> A Tale of the Cloister and the Forest in the +Days of the Barons’ Wars. Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Brian Fitz-Count.</span> A Story of Wallingford Castle and Dorchester Abbey. +Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Lang</b> (<span class="smcap">Andrew</span>)—<span class="smcap">Edited By.</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Blue Fairy Book.</span> With 138 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Red Fairy Book.</span> With 100 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Green Fairy Book.</span> With 99 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Yellow Fairy Book.</span> With 104 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Blue Poetry Book.</span> With 100 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Blue Poetry Book.</span> School Edition, without Illustrations. Fcp. +8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The True Story Book.</span> With 66 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Red True Story Book.</span> With 100 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Animal Story Book.</span> With 67 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Meade</b> (L. T.).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Daddy’s Boy.</span> With Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Deb and the Duchess.</span> With Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Beresford Prize.</span> With Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The House of Surprises.</span> With Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Molesworth.</b>—<span class="smcap">Silverthorns.</span> By Mrs. <span class="smcap">Molesworth</span>. With Illustrations. Crown +8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Stevenson.</b>—<span class="smcap">A Child’s Garden of Verses.</span> By <span class="smcap">Robert Louis Stevenson</span>. fcp. +8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Upton.</b> (<span class="smcap">Florence</span> K., and <span class="smcap">Bertha</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Adventures of Two Dutch Dolls and a ‘Golliwogg’.</span> Illustrated by +<span class="smcap">Florence K. Upton</span>, with Words by <span class="smcap">Bertha Upton</span>. With 31 Coloured +Plates and numerous Illustrations in the Text. Oblong 4to., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Golliwogg’s Bicycle Club.</span> Illustrated by <span class="smcap">Florence K. Upton</span>. With +Words by <span class="smcap">Bertha Upton</span>. With 31 Coloured Plates and numerous +Illustrations in the Text. Oblong 4to., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Wordsworth.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Snow Garden</span>, and other Fairy Tales for Children. By +<span class="smcap">Elizabeth Wordsworth</span>, With 10 Illustrations by <span class="smcap">Trevor Haddon</span>. Crown +8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><b>Longmans’ Series of Books for Girls.</b></p> +<p class="center">Crown 8vo., price 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Atelier (The) Du Lys</span>: or an Art Student in the Reign of Terror.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">By the same Author.</span></p> + +<p class="list">Mademoiselle Mori: a Tale of Modern Rome.<br /> +In the Olden Time: a Tale of the Peasant War in Germany.<br /> +The Younger Sister.<br /> +That Child.<br /> +Under a Cloud.<br /> +Hester’s Venture.<br /> +The Fiddler of Lugau.<br /> +A Child of the Revolution.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Atherstone Priory.</span> By L. N. <span class="smcap">Comyn</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Story of a Spring Morning</span>, &c. By Mrs. <span class="smcap">Molesworth</span>. Illustrated.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Palace in the Garden.</span> By Mrs. <span class="smcap">Molesworth</span>. Illustrated.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Neighbours.</span> By Mrs. <span class="smcap">Molesworth</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Third Miss St. Quentin.</span> By Mrs. <span class="smcap">Molesworth</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Very Young</span>; and <span class="smcap">Quite Another Story</span>. Two Stories. By <span class="smcap">Jean Ingelow</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Can this be Love?</span> By <span class="smcap">Louisa Parr</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Keith Deramore.</span> By the Author of ‘Miss Molly’.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sidney.</span> By <span class="smcap">Margaret Deland</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">An Arranged Marriage.</span> By <span class="smcap">Dorothea Gerard</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Last Words to Girls on Life at School and After School.</span> By <span class="smcap">Maria Grey</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Stray Thoughts for Girls.</span> By <span class="smcap">Lucy H. M. Soulsby</span>, Head Mistress of Oxford +High School. 16mo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> net.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><b>The Silver Library.</b></p> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Crown</span> 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> <i>6d.</i> <span class="smcap">each Volume</span>.</p> + +<p><b>Arnold’s (Sir Edwin) Seas and Lands.</b> With 71 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bagehot’s (W.) Biographical Studies.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bagehot’s (W.) Economic Studies.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bagehot’s (W.) Literary Studies.</b> With Portrait. 3 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p><b>Baker’s (Sir S. W.) Eight Years In Ceylon.</b> With 6 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Baker’s (Sir S. W.) Rifle and Hound in Ceylon.</b> With 6 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Baring-Gould’s (Rev. S.) Curious Myths of the Middle Ages.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Baring-Gould’s (Rev. S.) Origin and Development of Religious Belief.</b> 2 +vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p><b>Becker’s (Prof.) Gallus</b>: or, Roman Scenes in the Time of Augustus. Illus. +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Becker’s (Prof.) Charicles</b>: or, Illustrations of the Private Life of the +Ancient Greeks. Illustrated. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bent’s (J. T.) The Ruined Cities of Mashonaland.</b> With 117 Illustrations. +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Brassey’s (Lady) A Voyage in the ‘Sunbeam’.</b> With 66 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Butler’s (Edward A.) Our Household Insects.</b> With 7 Plates and 113 +Illustrations in the Text. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Clodd’s (E.) Story of Creation</b>: a Plain Account of Evolution. With 77 +Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Conybeare (Rev W. J.) and Howson’s (Very Rev. J. S.) Life and Epistles of +St. Paul.</b> 46 Illustrations. <i>3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Dougall’s (L.) Beggars All</b>; a Novel. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Doyle’s (A. Conan) Micah Clarke</b>: a Tale of Monmouth’s Rebellion. 10 Illus. +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Doyle’s (A. Conan) The Captain of the Polestar</b>, and other Tales. 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Doyle’s (A. Conan) The Refugees</b>: A Tale of Two Continents. With 25 +Illustrations, 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Froude’s (J. A.) The History of England</b>, from the Fall of Wolsey to the +Defeat of the Spanish Armada. 12 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p><b>Froude’s (J. A.) The English in Ireland.</b> 3 vols. 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Froude’s (J. A.) Short Studies on Great Subjects.</b> 4 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> +each.</p> + +<p><b>Froude’s (J. A.) The Spanish Story of the Armada</b>, and other Essays. 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Froude’s (J. A.) The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Froude’s (J. A.) Thomas Carlyle</b>: a History of his Life.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>1795-1835. 2 vols. 7<i>s.</i></p> + +<p>1834-1881. 2 vols. 7<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Froude’s (J. A.) Cæsar</b>: a Sketch. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Froude’s (J. A.) The Two Chiefs of Dunboy</b>: an Irish Romance of the Last +Century. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Gleig’s (Rev. G. R.) Life of the Duke of Wellington.</b> With Portrait. 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Greville’s (C. C. F.) Journal of the Reigns or King George IV., King +William IV., and Queen Victoria.</b> 8 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p><b>Haggard’s (H. R.) She</b>: A History of Adventure. 32 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Haggard’s (H. R.) Allan Quatermain.</b> With 20 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Haggard’s (H. R.) Colonel Quaritch</b>, V.C.: a Tale of Country Life. 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Haggard’s (H. R.) Cleopatra.</b> With 29 Full-page Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Haggard’s (H. R.) Eric Brighteyes.</b> With 51 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Haggard’s (H. R.) Beatrice.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Haggard’s (H. R.) Allan’s Wife.</b> With 34 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Haggard’s (H. R.) Montezuma’s Daughter.</b> With 25 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Haggard’s (H. R.) The Witch’s Head.</b> With 16 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Haggard’s (H. R.) Mr. Meeson’s Will.</b> With 16 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Haggard’s (H. R.) Nada the Lily.</b> With 23 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Haggard’s (H. R.) Dawn.</b> With 16 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Haggard’s (H. R.) The People of the Mist.</b> With 16 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Haggard (H. R.) and Lang’s (A.) The World’s Desire.</b> With 27 Illus. 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Harte’s (Bret) In the Carquinez Woods, and other Stories.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Helmholtz’s (Hermann von) Popular Lectures on Scientific Subjects.</b> With 68 +Illustrations. 2 vols. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p><b>Hornung’s (E. W.) The Unbidden Guest.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Howitt’s (W.) Visits to Remarkable Places.</b> 80 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Jefferies’ (R.) The Story of My Heart</b>: My Autobiography. With Portrait. +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Jefferies’ (R.) Field and Hedgerow.</b> With Portrait. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Jefferies’ (R.) Red Deer.</b> 17 Illus. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Jefferies’ (R.) Wood Magic</b>: a Fable. With Frontispiece and Vignette by E. +V. B. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Jefferies’ (R.) The Toilers of the Field.</b> With Portrait from the Bust in +Salisbury Cathedral. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Knight’s (E. F.) The Cruise of the ‘Alerte’</b> a Search for Treasure on the +Desert Island of Trinidad. With 2 Maps and 23 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Knight’s (E. F.) Where Three Empires Meet</b>: a Narrative of Recent Travel in +Kashmir, Western Tibet, Baltistan, Gilgit. With a Map and 54 +Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Knight’s (E. F.) The ‘Falcon’ on the Baltic</b>: A Coasting Voyage from +Hammersmith to Copenhagen in a Three-Ton Yacht. With Map and 11 +Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Lang’s (A.) Angling Sketches.</b> 20 Illus. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Lang’s (A.) Custom and Myth</b>: Studies of Early Usage ad Belief. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Lang’s (Andrew) Cock Lane and Common-Sense.</b> With a New Preface. 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Lees (J. A.) and Clutterbuck’s (W. J.) B. C. 1887, A Ramble in British +Columbia.</b> With Maps and 75 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Macaulay’s (Lord) Essays and Lays of Ancient Rome.</b> With Portrait and +Illustration. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Macleod’s (H. D.) Elements of Banking.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Marshman’s (J. C.) Memoirs of Sir Henry Havelock.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Max Müller’s (F.) India, what can it teach us?</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Max Müller’s (F.) Introduction to the Science of Religion.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Merivale’s (Dean) History of the Romans under the Empire.</b> 8 vols. 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i> ea.</p> + +<p><b>Mill’s (J. S.) Political Economy.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Mill’s (J. S.) System of Logic.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Milner’s (Geo.) Country Pleasures</b>: the Chronicle of a Year chiefly in a +garden. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Nansen’s (F.) The First Crossing of Greenland.</b> With Illustrations and a +Map. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Phillipps-Wolley’s (C.) Snap</b>: a Legend of the Lone Mountain. With 13 +Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Proctor’s (R. A.) The Orbs Around Us.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Proctor’s (R. A.) The Expanse of Heaven.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Proctor’s (R. A.) Other Worlds than Ours.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Proctor’s (R. A.) Other Suns than Ours.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Proctor’s (R. A.) Our Place among Infinities.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Proctor’s (R. A.) Rough Ways made Smooth.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Proctor’s (R. A.) Pleasant Ways in Science.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Proctor’s (R. A.) Myths and Marvels of Astronomy.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Proctor’s (R. A.) Nature Studies.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Proctor’s (R. A.) Leisure Readings.</b> By R. A. <span class="smcap">Proctor</span>, <span class="smcap">Edward Clodd</span>, <span class="smcap">Andrew +Wilson</span>, <span class="smcap">Thomas Foster</span>, and A. C. <span class="smcap">Ranyard</span>. With Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Rhoscomyl’s (Owen) The Jewel of Ynys Galon.</b> With 12 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Rossetti’s (Marla F.) A Shadow of Dante.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Smith’s (R. Bosworth) Carthage and the Carthaginians.</b> With Maps, Plans, +&c. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Stanley’s (Bishop) Familiar History of Birds.</b> 160 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Stevenson’s (R. L.) The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde</b>; with +other Fables. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Stevenson (Robert Louis) and Osbourne’s (Lloyd) The Wrong Box.</b> 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Stevenson (Robt. Louis) and Stevenson’s (Fanny van de Grift) More New +Arabian Nights.</b>—The Dynamiter. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Weyman’s (Stanley J.) The House of the Wolf</b>: a Romance. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Wood’s (Rev. J. G.) Petland Revisited</b>, With 33 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Wood’s (Rev. J. G.) Strange Dwellings.</b> With 60 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Wood’s (Rev. J. G.) Out of Doors.</b> With 11 Illustrations. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><b>Cookery, Domestic Management, &c.</b></p> + +<p><b>Acton.</b>—<span class="smcap">Modern Cookery.</span> By <span class="smcap">Eliza Acton</span>. With 150 Woodcuts. Fcp. 8vo., +4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bull</b> (<span class="smcap">Thomas</span>, M.D.).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Hints to Mothers on the Management of their Health during the Period +of Pregnancy.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Maternal Management of Children in Health and Disease.</span> Fcp. 8vo., +1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>De Salis</b> (Mrs.).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Cakes and Confections ą la Mode.</span> Fcp. 8vo. <i>1s. 6d.</i>1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dogs</span>: a Manual for Amateurs. Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dressed Game and Poultry ą la Mode.</span> Fcp. 8vo.,1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dressed Vegetables ą la Mode.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Drinks ą la Mode.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Entrées ą la Mode.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Floral Decorations.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Gardening ą la Mode.</span> Fcp. 8vo.</p> + +<p class="list">Part I. Vegetables. 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> +<p class="list">Part II. Fruits. 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">National Viands ą la Mode.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">New-laid Eggs.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oysters ą la Mode.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Puddings and Pastry ą la Mode.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Savouries ą la Mode.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Soups and Dressed Fish ą la Mode.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sweets and Supper Dishes ą la Mode.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tempting Dishes for Small Incomes.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Wrinkles and Notions for Every Household.</span> Cr. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Lear.</b>—<span class="smcap">Maigre Cookery.</span> By H. L. <span class="smcap">Sidney Lear</span>. 16mo., 2<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Poole.</b>—<span class="smcap">Cookery for the Diabetic.</span> By W. H. and Mrs. <span class="smcap">Poole</span>. With Preface by +Dr. <span class="smcap">Pavy</span>. Fcp. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Walker</b> (<span class="smcap">Jane</span> H.)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">A Book for Every Woman.</span></p> + +<p class="list">Part I. The Management of Children in Health and out of Health. Cr. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class="list">Part II. Woman in Health and out of Health.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Handbook for Mothers</span>: being Simple Hints to Women on the Management +of their Health during Pregnancy and Confinement, together with Plain +Directions as to the Care of Infants. Cr. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><b>Miscellaneous and Critical Works.</b></p> + +<p><b>Allingham.</b>—<span class="smcap">Varieties in Prose.</span> By <span class="smcap">William Allingham</span>. 3 vols. Cr. 8vo., +<i>18s.</i> (Vols. 1 and 2, Rambles, by <span class="smcap">Patricius Walker.</span> Vol. 3, Irish +Sketches, etc.)</p> + +<p><b>Armstrong.</b>—<span class="smcap">Essays and Sketches.</span> By <span class="smcap">Edmund J. Armstrong</span>. Fcp. 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bagehot.</b>—<span class="smcap">Literary Studies.</span> By <span class="smcap">Walter Bagehot</span>. With Portrait. 3 vols. +Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p><b>Baring-Gould.</b>—<span class="smcap">Curious Myths Of The Middle Ages.</span> By Rev. S. <span class="smcap">Baring-Gould</span>. +Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Baynes.</b>—<span class="smcap">Shakespeare Studies, and Other Essays.</span> By the late <span class="smcap">Thomas Spencer +Baynes</span>, LL.B., LL.D. With a Biographical Preface by Prof. <span class="smcap">Lewis Campbell</span>. +Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Boyd</b> (A. K. H.) <b>(‘A.K.H.B.’).</b></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>And see MISCELLANEOUS THEOLOGICAL WORKS, p. 32.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Autumn Holidays of a Country Parson.</span> Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Commonplace Philosopher.</span> Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Critical Essays of a Country Parson.</span> Crown 8vo., <i>3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">East Coast Days and Memories.</span> Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Landscapes, Churches and Moralities.</span> Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Leisure Hours in Town.</span> Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lessons of Middle Age.</span> Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Our Little Life.</span> Two Series. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Our Homely Comedy: and Tragedy.</span> Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Recreations of a Country Parson.</span> Three Series. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> +each. Also First Series. Popular Ed. 8vo., 6<i>d.</i> sewed.</p></div> + +<p><b>Butler</b> (<span class="smcap">Samuel</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Erewhon.</span> Cr. 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Fair Haven.</span> Work in Defence of the Miraculous Element in our +Lord’s Ministry. Cr. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Life and Habit.</span> An Essay after a Completer View of Evolution. Cr. +8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Evolution, Old and New.</span> Cr. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Alps and Sanctuaries of Piedmont and Canton Ticino.</span> Illustrated. Post +4to., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Luck, or Cunning, as the Main Means of Organic Modification?</span> Cr. +8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ex Voto.</span> An Account of the Sacro Monte or New Jerusalem at +Varallo-Sesia. Crown 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p>CHARITIES REGISTER (THE ANNUAL) AND DIGEST FOR 1897: being a Classified +Register of Charities in or available in the Metropolis. With an +Introduction by C. S. <span class="smcap">Loch</span>, Secretary to the Council of the Charity +Organisation Society, London. 8vo., 4<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Dreyfus.</b>—<span class="smcap">Lectures on French Literature.</span> Delivered in Melbourne by <span class="smcap">Irma +Dreyfus</span>. With Portrait of Author. Large crown 8vo., 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Gwilt.</b>—<span class="smcap">An Encyclopædia of Architecture.</span> By <span class="smcap">Joseph Gwilt</span>, F.S.A. +Illustrated with more than 1100 Engravings on Wood. Revised (1888), with +Alterations and Considerable Additions by <span class="smcap">Wyatt Papworth</span>. 8vo., £2 12<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hamlin.</b>—<span class="smcap">A Text-Book of the History of Architecture.</span> By A. D. F. <span class="smcap">Hamlin</span>, +A.M., Adjunct-Professor of Architecture in the School of Mines, Columbia +College. With 229 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., <i>7s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Haweis.</b>—<span class="smcap">Music and Morals.</span> By the Rev. H. R. <span class="smcap">Haweis</span>. Cr. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Indian Ideals</b> (No. 1)—</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nārada Sūtra</span>: An Inquiry into Love (Bhakti-Jijnāsā). Translated from the +Sanskrit, with an Independent Commentary, by E. T. <span class="smcap">Sturdy</span>. Crown 8vo., +2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> net.</p> + +<p><b>Jefferies</b> (<span class="smcap">Richard</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Field and Hedgerow.</span> With Portrait. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Story of My Heart.</span> With Portrait and New Preface by C. J. +<span class="smcap">Longman</span>. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Red Deer.</span> 17 Illustrations by J. <span class="smcap">Charlton</span> and H. <span class="smcap">Tunaly</span>. Crown 8vo., +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Toilers of the Field.</span> With Portrait from the Bust in Salisbury +Cathedral. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Wood Magic</span>: a Fable. With Frontispiece and Vignette by E. V. B. Cr. +8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Thoughts from the Writings of Richard Jefferies.</span> Selected by H. S. +<span class="smcap">Hoole Waylen.</span> 16mo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Johnson.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Patentee’s Manual</span>: a Treatise on the Law and Practice of +Letters Patent. By J. & J. H. <span class="smcap">Johnson</span>, Patent Agents, &c. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Lang</b> (<span class="smcap">Andrew</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Modern Mythology.</span> 8vo.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Letters To Dead Authors.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> net.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Books and Bookmen.</span> With 2 Coloured Plates and 17 Illustrations. Fcp. +8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> net.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Old Friends.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> net.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Letters on Literature.</span> Fcp. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> net.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cock Lane and Common-Sense</span>. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Macfarren.</b>—<span class="smcap">Lectures on Harmony.</span> By Sir <span class="smcap">Geo. A. Macfarren</span>. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Marquand and Frothingham.</b>—<span class="smcap">A Text-Book of the History of Sculpture.</span> By +<span class="smcap">Allen Marquand</span>, Ph.D., and <span class="smcap">Arthur L. Frothingham</span>, Jun., Ph.D. With 113 +Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Max Müller</b> (F.).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">India: What can it Teach us?</span> Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Chips from a German Workshop.</span></p> + +<p class="list">Vol. I Recent Essays and Addresses. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> net.</p> +<p class="list">Vol. II. Biographical Essays. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> net.</p> +<p class="list">Vol. III. Essays on Language and Literature. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> net.</p> +<p class="list">Vol. IV. Essays on Mythology and Folk Lore. Crown, 8vo., 8<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> net.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Contributions to the Science Of Mythology.</span> 2 vols. 8vo., 32<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Milner.</b>—<span class="smcap">Country Pleasures</span>: the Chronicle of a Year chiefly in a Garden. +By <span class="smcap">George Milner</span>. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Morris</b> (<span class="smcap">William</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Signs of Change.</span> Seven Lectures delivered on various Occasions. Post +8vo., 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hopes and Fears for Art.</span> Five Lectures delivered in Birmingham, +London, &c., in 1878-1881. Crown 8vo., 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Orchard.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Astronomy of ‘Milton’s Paradise Lost’.</span> By <span class="smcap">Thomas N. Orchard</span>, +M.D., Member of the British Astronomical Association. With 13 +Illustrations. 8vo., 15<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Poore.</b>—<span class="smcap">Essays on Rural Hygiene.</span> By <span class="smcap">George Vivian Poore</span>, M.D., F.R.C.P. +With 13 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Proctor.</b>—<span class="smcap">Strength</span>: How to get Strong and keep Strong, with Chapters on +Rowing and Swimming, Fat, Age, and the Waist. By R. A. <span class="smcap">Proctor</span>. With 9 +Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Richardson.</b>—<span class="smcap">National Health.</span> A Review of the Works of Sir Edwin Chadwick, +K.C.B. By Sir B. W. <span class="smcap">Richardson</span>, M.D. Cr. 8vo., 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Rosetti.</b>—<span class="smcap">A Shadow of Dante</span>: being an Essay towards studying Himself, his +World, and his Pilgrimage. By <span class="smcap">Maria Francesca Rossetti</span>. With Frontispiece +by <span class="smcap">Dante Gabriel Rossetti</span>. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Solovyoff.</b>—<span class="smcap">A Modern Priestess of Isis (Madame Blavatsky).</span> Abridged and +Translated on Behalf of the Society for Psychical Research from the +Russian of <span class="smcap">Vsevolod Sergyeevich Solovyoff</span>. By <span class="smcap">Walter Leaf</span>, Litt. D. With +Appendices. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Stevens.</b>—<span class="smcap">On the Stowage of Ships and their Cargoes.</span> With Information +regarding Freights, Charter-Parties, &c. By <span class="smcap">Robert White Stevens</span>, +Associate Member of the Institute of Naval Architects. 8vo. 21<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>West.</b>—<span class="smcap">Wills, and How Not to Make Them.</span> With a Selection of Leading Cases. +By B. B. <span class="smcap">West</span>, Author of ‘Half-Hours with the Millionaires’. Fcp. 8vo., +2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><b>Miscellaneous Theological Works.</b></p> +<p class="center">⁂ <i>For Church of England and Roman Catholic Works see</i> <span class="smcap">Messrs. Longmans & +Co.’s</span> <i>Special Catalogues</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Balfour.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Foundations of Belief</span>: being Notes Introductory to the Study +of Theology. By the Right Hon. <span class="smcap">Arthur J. Balfour</span>, M.P. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bird</b> (<span class="smcap">Robert</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">A Child’s Religion.</span> Crown 8vo., 2<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Joseph the Dreamer.</span> Cr. 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jesus, The Carpenter of Nazareth.</span> Crown 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class="list">To be had also in Two Parts, 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p class="list">Part. I.—<span class="smcap">Galilee and the Lake of Gennesaret.</span></p> + +<p class="list">Part II.—<span class="smcap">Jerusalem and the Peræa.</span></p></div> + +<p><b>Boyd</b> (A. K. H.). <b>(‘A.K.H.B.’).</b></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Occasional and Immemorial Days</span>: Discourses. Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Counsel and Comfort from a City Pulpit.</span> Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sunday Afternoons in the Parish Church of a Scottish University City.</span> +Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Changed Aspects of Unchanged Truths.</span> Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Graver Thoughts of a Country Parson.</span> Three Series. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Present Day Thoughts.</span> Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Seaside Musings.</span> Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>‘<span class="smcap">To Meet the Day</span>’ through the Christian Year; being a Text of +Scripture, with an Original Meditation and a Short Selection in Verse +for Every Day, Crown 8vo., 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>De La Saussaye.</b>—<span class="smcap">A Manual of the Science of Religion.</span> By Prof. <span class="smcap">Chantepie +de la Saussaye.</span> Translated by Mrs. <span class="smcap">Colyer Fergusson</span> (<i>nee</i> <span class="smcap">Max Müller</span>.) +Crown 8vo., 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Gibson.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Abbé de Lamennais and the Liberal Catholic Movement in +France.</span> By the <span class="smcap">Hon. W. Gibson</span>. With Portrait. 8vo., 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Kalisch</b> (M. M., Ph.D.).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Bible Studies.</span> Part I. The Prophecies of Balaam. 8vo., <i>10s. 6d.</i> +Part II. The Book of Jonah. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Commentary on the Old Testament</span>: with a new Translation. Vol. I. +Genesis. 8vo., <i>18s.</i> Or adapted for the General Reader. <i>12s.</i> Vol. +II. Exodus. <i>15s.</i> Or adapted for the General Reader. <i>12s.</i> Vol. +III. Leviticus, Part I. <i>15s.</i> Or adapted for the General Reader. +<i>8s.</i> Vol. IV. Leviticus, Part II. <i>15s.</i> Or adapted for the General +Reader. 8<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Macdonald</b> (<span class="smcap">George</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Unspoken Sermons.</span> Three Series. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Miracles of Our Lord.</span> Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Martineau</b> (<span class="smcap">James</span>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Hours of Thought on Sacred Things</span>: Sermons. 2 Vols. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Endeavours after the Christian Life.</span> Discourses. Cr. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Seat of Authority in Religion.</span> 8vo., 14<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Essays, Reviews, and Addresses.</span> 4 Vols. Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each. +I. Personal; Political. II. Ecclesiastical; Historical. III. +Theological; Philosophical. IV. Academical; Religious.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Home Prayers</span>, with Two Services for Public Worship. Crown 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Max Müller</b> (F.).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Hibbert Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion</span>, as illustrated +by the Religions of India. Crown 8vo., 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Introduction to the Science of Religion</span>: Four Lectures delivered at +the Royal Institution. Cr. 8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Natural Religion.</span> The Gifford Lectures, delivered before the +University of Glasgow in 1888. Cr. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Physical Religion.</span> The Gifford Lectures, delivered before the +University of Glasgow, in 1890. Cr. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Anthropological Religion.</span> The Gifford Lectures, delivered before the +University of Glasgow in 1891. Cr. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Theosophy or Psychological Religion.</span> The Gifford Lectures, delivered +before the University of Glasgow in 1892. Cr. 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Three Lectures on the Vedanta Philosophy</span>, delivered at the Royal +Institution in March, 1894. 8vo., 5<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Phillips.</b>—<span class="smcap">The Teaching of the Vedas.</span> What Light does it Throw on the +Origin and Development of Religion? By <span class="smcap">Maurice Phillips</span>, London +Mission, Madras. Crown 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Romanes.</b>—<span class="smcap">Thoughts on Religion.</span> By <span class="smcap">George J. Romanes</span>, LL.D., F.R.S. Crown +8vo., 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p>SUPERNATURAL RELIGION: an Inquiry into the Reality of Divine Revelation. 3 +vols. 8vo., 36<i>s.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Reply (A) to Dr. Lightfoot’s Essays.</span> By the Author of ‘Supernatural +Religion’. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Gospel according to St. Peter</span>: a Study. By the Author of +‘Supernatural Religion’. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i></p></div> + +<p><b>Vivekananda.</b>—<span class="smcap">Yoga Philosophy</span>: Lectures delivered in New York, Winter of +1895-6, by the Swami Vivekananda, on Raja Yoga; or, Conquering the +Internal Nature; also Patanjali’s Yoga Aphorisms, with Commentaries. Crown +8vo., 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 50%;" /> +<p><b>Transcriber’s Notes:</b></p> + +<p>Images have been moved from the middle of a paragraph to a nearby paragraph break.</p> + +<p>The text in the list of illustrations is presented as in the original text, but the links +navigate to the page number closest to the illustration’s loaction in this document.</p> + +<p>Punctuation has been corrected without note.</p> + +<p>Other than the corrections noted by hover information, inconsistencies in +spelling and hyphenation have been retained from the original.</p> + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's What Gunpowder Plot Was, by Samuel Rawson Gardiner + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WHAT GUNPOWDER PLOT WAS *** + +***** This file should be named 34606-h.htm or 34606-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/4/6/0/34606/ + +Produced by Robin Monks and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + +</pre> + +</body> +</html> + diff --git a/34606-h/images/frontis.jpg b/34606-h/images/frontis.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1db0b46 --- /dev/null +++ b/34606-h/images/frontis.jpg diff --git a/34606-h/images/frontistmb.jpg b/34606-h/images/frontistmb.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..02ca9c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/34606-h/images/frontistmb.jpg diff --git a/34606-h/images/image1.jpg b/34606-h/images/image1.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b260397 --- /dev/null +++ b/34606-h/images/image1.jpg diff --git a/34606-h/images/image1tmb.jpg b/34606-h/images/image1tmb.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..97407e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/34606-h/images/image1tmb.jpg diff --git a/34606-h/images/image2.jpg b/34606-h/images/image2.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b86fcc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/34606-h/images/image2.jpg diff --git a/34606-h/images/image3.jpg b/34606-h/images/image3.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ba886ba --- /dev/null +++ b/34606-h/images/image3.jpg diff --git a/34606-h/images/image4.jpg b/34606-h/images/image4.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0004f3f --- /dev/null +++ b/34606-h/images/image4.jpg diff --git a/34606-h/images/image5.jpg b/34606-h/images/image5.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..faf4dde --- /dev/null +++ b/34606-h/images/image5.jpg diff --git a/34606-h/images/image5tmb.jpg b/34606-h/images/image5tmb.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f7661a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/34606-h/images/image5tmb.jpg diff --git a/34606-h/images/image6.jpg b/34606-h/images/image6.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..79bc260 --- /dev/null +++ b/34606-h/images/image6.jpg diff --git a/34606-h/images/image6tmb.jpg b/34606-h/images/image6tmb.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6cbdf19 --- /dev/null +++ b/34606-h/images/image6tmb.jpg diff --git a/34606-h/images/image7_bot.jpg b/34606-h/images/image7_bot.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7ba0e36 --- /dev/null +++ b/34606-h/images/image7_bot.jpg diff --git a/34606-h/images/image7_bottmb.jpg b/34606-h/images/image7_bottmb.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..5a4259a --- /dev/null +++ b/34606-h/images/image7_bottmb.jpg diff --git a/34606-h/images/image7_mid.jpg b/34606-h/images/image7_mid.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f903de8 --- /dev/null +++ b/34606-h/images/image7_mid.jpg diff --git a/34606-h/images/image7_midtmb.jpg b/34606-h/images/image7_midtmb.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c0cedd0 --- /dev/null +++ b/34606-h/images/image7_midtmb.jpg diff --git a/34606-h/images/image7_tl.jpg b/34606-h/images/image7_tl.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..25df2a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/34606-h/images/image7_tl.jpg diff --git a/34606-h/images/image7_tltmb.jpg b/34606-h/images/image7_tltmb.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..55379cd --- /dev/null +++ b/34606-h/images/image7_tltmb.jpg diff --git a/34606-h/images/image7_tr.jpg b/34606-h/images/image7_tr.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..38a8c03 --- /dev/null +++ b/34606-h/images/image7_tr.jpg diff --git a/34606-h/images/image7_trtmb.jpg b/34606-h/images/image7_trtmb.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8865aea --- /dev/null +++ b/34606-h/images/image7_trtmb.jpg |
