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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Fugitive Slaves + 1619-1865 + +Author: Marion Gleason McDougall + +Release Date: December 7, 2010 [EBook #34594] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FUGITIVE SLAVES *** + + + + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive/American +Libraries.) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<p class="center"><i>PUBLICATIONS OF THE SOCIETY FOR THE COLLEGIATE INSTRUCTION<br /> +OF WOMEN</i><br /> + +Fay House Monographs<br /> + +<small>No. 3</small></p> + + +<h1><span>FUGITIVE SLAVES</span> + +<span id="id1">(1619-1865)</span> + +<span id="id2">BY</span> + +<span id="id3">MARION GLEASON McDOUGALL</span></h1> + + +<p class="center">PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF<br /> + +ALBERT BUSHNELL HART, <span class="smcap">Ph.D.</span><br /> + +ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF HISTORY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY<br /> + +BOSTON, U.S.A.<br /> + +PUBLISHED BY GINN & COMPANY<br /> + +1891 +<br /> +<br /> +<i><small>Copyright, 1891,</small></i><br /> + +<span class="smcap">By the Society for the Collegiate Instruction of Women.</span><br /> + + +<small>University Press:</small><br /> + +<span class="smcap">John Wilson and Son, Cambridge.</span></p> + + +<h2><span>EDITOR'S PREFACE.</span></h2> + + +<p>Every careful student of history is aware that it is no longer possible +to write the general history of any important country from the original +sources; on any period, the materials which accumulate in a year are more +than can be assimilated by one mind in three years. The general historian +must use the results of others' work. It is therefore essential that the +great phases of political and constitutional development be treated in +monographs, each devoted to a single, limited subject and each prepared +on a careful and scientific method.</p> + +<p>This first number of the historical series of the Fay House Monographs +aims to discuss the single topic of Fugitive Slaves. Mrs. McDougall has +drawn together and compared many cases found in obscure sources, and has +perhaps been able to correct some commonly received impressions on this +neglected subject.</p> + +<p>Even in its limited range this does not pretend to be a complete work in +the sense that all the available cases are discussed or recorded. The +effort has been made to use the cases as illustrations of principles, and +to add such bibliography as may direct the reader to further details. The +appendix of laws is as full as it was possible to make it from the +collections in the Boston Public and Massachusetts State Libraries. If +the monograph prove useful to the student of American history, it will +meet the expectations of author and editor.</p> + +<p class="ralign5">ALBERT BUSHNELL HART.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Cambridge</span>, April 2, 1891.</p> + + +<h2><span>AUTHOR'S PREFACE.</span></h2> + + +<p>The following monograph was written while the author was a student in the +"Harvard Annex" as a study in the Seminary course given by Professor +Albert Bushnell Hart. The work has continued during parts of the four +years since 1887. The effort has been to trace in some measure the +development of public sentiment upon the subject, to prepare an outline +of Colonial legislation and of the work of Congress during the entire +period, and to give accounts of typical cases illustrative of conditions +and opinions. Only a few of the more important cases are described +minutely, but a critical list of the authorities may be found in the +bibliographical appendix.</p> + +<p>The thanks of the author are due first to Professor Hart, under whose +direction and with whose assistance and encouragement the monograph has +been prepared; then to Miss Anna B. Thompson, without whose careful +training in the Thayer Academy and continued sympathy, the work could not +have been undertaken. Many thanks are due also to the authorities of the +Library of Harvard College for the use, in the alcoves, of their large +and conveniently arranged collection of books and pamphlets on United +States History, and to the assistants in the Boston Public and +Massachusetts State Libraries for courteous aid. Colonel T. W. Higginson +has kindly examined the chapter on the cases from 1850 to 1860, +suggesting some interesting details; and Mr. Arthur Gilman has read the +whole in proof, and made many valuable suggestions.</p> + +<p class="ralign5">MARION GLEASON McDOUGALL.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Rockland, Mass.</span>, April 2, 1891.</p> + +<h2><a id="CONTENTS"></a><span>CONTENTS.</span></h2> + + + +<div class="toc"> +<p> +<span class="i0"><b>CHAPTER I.</b></span><br /> +<span class="i0"><i><a href="#CHAPTER_I"><big>LEGISLATION AND CASES BEFORE THE CONSTITUTION.</big></a></i></span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 1. <a href="#Elem">Elements of colonial slavery</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 2. <a href="#egula">Regulations as to fugitives (1640-1700)</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 3. <a href="#Treatment_of_fugitives">Treatment of fugitives</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 4. <a href="#Regulations_in_New_England">Regulations in New England colonies</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i3">§ 5. <a href="#Escapes_in_New_England">Escapes in New England: Attucks case</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 6. <a href="#Dutch_regulations_in_New">Dutch regulations in New Netherlands</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i3">§ 7. <a href="#Escapes_from_New_Amsterdam">Escapes from New Amsterdam</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 8. <a href="#al">Intercolonial regulations</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i3">§ 9. <a href="#Intercolonial_cases">Intercolonial cases </a></span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 10. <a href="#nter">International relations</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3">§ 11. <a href="#International_cases">International cases</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 12. <a href="#mother_country">Relations with the mother country </a> </span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 13. <a href="#atio">Regulation under the Articles of Confederation (1781-1788) </a> </span><br /> +<span class="i3">§ 14. <a href="#Ordinance_for_the_Northwest">Ordinance for the Northwest Territory (1787) </a></span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 15. <a href="#giti">The Fugitive question in the Constitutional Conventions </a> </span></p> + +<p> +<span class="i0"> <b>CHAPTER II.</b></span><br /> +<span class="i0"><i><a href="#CHAPTER_II"><big>LEGISLATION FROM 1789 TO 1850.</big></a></i></span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 16. <a href="#Effe">Effect of the fugitive slave clause in the Constitution</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 17. <a href="#The_first">The first Fugitive Slave Act (1793)</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 18. <a href="#Disc">Discussion of the first act</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 19. <a href="#Propositions_of_1797">Propositions of 1797 and 1802</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 20. <a href="#Propositions_from_1817">Propositions from 1817 to 1822</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 21. <a href="#Missouri_Compromise">Period of the Missouri Compromise (1819-1822)</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 22. <a href="#atus">Status of the question from 1823 to 1847</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 23. <a href="#Canada_and_Mexico_places_of_refuge">Canada and Mexico places of refuge</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 24. <a href="#on_the_high_seas">Status of fugitives on the high seas</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 25. <a href="#app">Kidnapping from 1793 to 1850: Prigg case</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 26. <a href="#Nece">Necessity of more stringent fugitive slave provisions</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 27. <a href="#cti">Action of Congress from 1847 to 1850</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 28. <a href="#in_the_District">Slavery in the District of Columbia</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 29. <a href="#Act_1850">The second Fugitive Slave Act (1850)</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 30. <a href="#Provisions_of_the_second">Provisions of the second Fugitive Slave Act</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 31. <a href="#ts_fo">Arguments for the bill</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 32. <a href="#ts_ag">Arguments against the bill</a> </span></p> + +<p> +<span class="i0"><b>CHAPTER III.</b></span><br /> +<span class="i0"><i><a href="#CHAPTER_III"><big>PRINCIPAL CASES FROM 1789 TO 1860.</big></a></i></span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 33. <a href="#ge_in">Change in character of cases</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 34. <a href="#irst">The first case of rescue (1793)</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 35. <a href="#side">President Washington's demand for a fugitive (1796)</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 36. <a href="#ng_ca">Kidnapping cases</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 37. <a href="#Jones_case">Jones case (1836)</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 38. <a href="#olomo">Solomon Northup case (about 1830)</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 39. <a href="#Washington_case">Washington case (between 1840 and 1850)</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 40. <a href="#Ober">Oberlin case (1841)</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 41. <a href="#erfer">Interference and rescues</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 42. <a href="#ickas">Chickasaw rescue (1836)</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 43. <a href="#Philadelphia_and_Kennedy">Philadelphia case (1838)</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 44. <a href="#atim">Latimer case (1842)</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 45. <a href="#Ottoman_case">Ottoman case (1846)</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 46. <a href="#ters">Interstate relations</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 47. <a href="#Boston_and_Isaac">Boston and Isaac cases (1837, 1839)</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 48. <a href="#Ohio_and_Kentucky">Ohio and Kentucky case (1848)</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 49. <a href="#osec">Prosecutions</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 50. <a href="#and_Walker_cases">Van Zandt, Pearl, and Walker cases (1840, 1844)</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 51. <a href="#Unpopularity">Unpopularity of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 52. <a href="#ncip">Principle of the selection of cases</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 53. <a href="#Hamlet_case">Hamlet case (1850)</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 54. <a href="#ims">Sims case (1851)</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 55. <a href="#urns">Burns case (1854)</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 56. <a href="#Garner">Garner case (1856)</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 57. <a href="#adrac">Shadrach case (1851)</a></span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 58. <a href="#Jerry_McHenry">Jerry McHenry case (1851)</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 59. <a href="#rescue_1858">Oberlin-Wellington case (1858)</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 60. <a href="#Christiana">Christiana case (1851)</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 61. <a href="#case_1851">Miller case (1851)</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 62. <a href="#Kansas_1858">John Brown in Kansas (1858)</a> </span></p> + +<p> +<span class="i0"><b>CHAPTER IV.</b></span><br /> +<span class="i0"><i><a href="#CHAPTER_IV"><big>FUGITIVES AND THEIR FRIENDS.</big></a></i></span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 63. <a href="#Methods_of_escape">Methods of escape</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 64. <a href="#ason">Reasons for escape</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 65. <a href="#ndit">Conditions of slave life</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 66. <a href="#wood">Escapes to the woods</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 67. <a href="#the_N">Escapes to the North</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 68. <a href="#protection_papers">Use of protection papers</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 69. <a href="#Fugitives_disguised">Fugitives disguised as whites: Craft case</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i0"> § 70. <a href="#rgro">Underground Railroad</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 71. <a href="#ise">Rise and growth of the system</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 72. <a href="#ds_pu">Methods pursued</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 73. <a href="#ts_of">Colored agents of the Underground Railroad</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 74. <a href="#f_age">Prosecutions of agents</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 75. <a href="#Formal">Formal organization</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 76. <a href="#enera">General effect of escapes</a> </span></p> + +<p> +<span class="i0"><b>CHAPTER V.</b></span><br /> +<span class="i0"><i><a href="#CHAPTER_V"><big>PERSONAL LIBERTY LAWS.</big></a></i></span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 77. <a href="#cter">Character of the personal liberty laws</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 78. <a href="#pass">Acts passed before the Prigg decision (1793-1842)</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 79. <a href="#ssed">Acts passed between the Prigg decision and the second Fugitive Slave Law (1842-1850)</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 80. <a href="#occa">Acts occasioned by the law of 1850 (1850-1860)</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 81. <a href="#assach">Massachusetts acts</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 82. <a href="#ew_of">Review of the acts by States</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 83. <a href="#ct_of">Effect of the personal liberty laws</a> </span></p> + +<p> +<span class="i0"><b>CHAPTER VI.</b></span><br /> +<span class="i0"><i><a href="#CHAPTER_VI"><big>THE END OF THE FUGITIVE SLAVE QUESTION (1860-1865).</big></a></i></span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 85. <a href="#crisis_of_1860">The Fugitive Slave Law in the crisis of 1860-61</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 86. <a href="#Propositions_to_enforce">Proposition to enforce the Fugitive Slave Law</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i3"> § 87. <a href="#repeal_or_amend">Propositions to repeal or amend the law</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 88. <a href="#The_q">The question of slaves of rebels</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 89. <a href="#ry_at">Slavery attacked in Congress</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i5"> § 90. <a href="#Confiscation_bills">Confiscation bills</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i5"> § 91. <a href="#provisions_extended">Confiscation provisions extended</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 92. <a href="#the_E">Effect of the Emancipation Proclamation (1863)</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 93. <a href="#in_lo">Fugitives in loyal slave States</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 94. <a href="#ypic">Typical cases</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 95. <a href="#discussed_in_Congress">Question discussed in Congress</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 96. <a href="#civil_officers">Arrests by civil officers</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 97. <a href="#jails_in_the_District">Denial of the use of jails in the District of Columbia</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 98. <a href="#bia">Abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 99. <a href="#s_aga">Regulations against kidnapping</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 100. <a href="#al_of">Repeal of the Fugitive Slave Acts</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 101. <a href="#Early_propositions_to">Early propositions to repeal the acts</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 102. <a href="#ussi">Discussion of the repeal bill in the House</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 103. <a href="#in_the_Senate">Repeal bills in the Senate</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 104. <a href="#thirteenth">The repeal act and the thirteenth amendment</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 105. <a href="#trov">Educating effect of the controversy</a> </span></p> + +<p> +<span class="i0"><b>APPENDICES</b>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="i0"><a href="#APPENDIX_A">APPENDIX A.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">Colonial laws relative to fugitives </span><br /> +<span class="i0"> <a href="#APPENDIX_B">APPENDIX B.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">National acts and propositions relative to fugitive slaves (1778-1854) </span><br /> +<span class="i0"><a href="#APPENDIX_C">APPENDIX C.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">National acts and propositions relating to fugitive slaves (1860-1864) </span><br /> +<span class="i0"><a href="#APPENDIX_D">APPENDIX D.</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i1">List of important fugitive slave cases </span><br /> +<span class="i0"><a href="#APPENDIX_E">APPENDIX E.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">Bibliography of fugitive slave cases and fugitive slave legislation </span></p> + +<p><span class="i0"><a href="#INDEX"><small>INDEX.</small></a> </span></p> +<p><span class="i0"><a href="#FOOTNOTES"><small>FOOTNOTES.</small></a> </span></p> +</div> + + + + + + + +<h2><span><a id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.</span> + +<span><i>LEGISLATION AND CASES BEFORE THE CONSTITUTION.</i></span></h2> + + +<div class="poem"><p> +<span class="i0">§ 1. <a href="#Elem">Elements of colonial slavery.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 2. <a href="#egula">Regulations as to fugitives (1640-1700).</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 3. <a href="#Treatment_of_fugitives">Treatment of fugitives.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 4. <a href="#Regulations_in_New_England">Regulations in New England colonies.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3">§ 5. <a href="#Escapes_in_New_England">Escapes in New England: Attucks case.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 6. <a href="#Dutch_regulations_in_New">Dutch regulations in New Netherlands.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3">§ 7. <a href="#Escapes_from_New_Amsterdam">Escapes from New Amsterdam.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 8. <a href="#al">Intercolonial regulations.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3">§ 9. <a href="#Intercolonial_cases">Intercolonial cases.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 10. <a href="#nter">International relations.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3">§ 11. <a href="#International_cases">International cases.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 12. <a href="#mother_country">Relations with the mother country.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 13. <a href="#atio">Regulation under the Articles of Confederation (1781-1788).</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3">§ 14. <a href="#Ordinance_for_the_Northwest">Ordinance for the Northwest Territory (1787).</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 15. <a href="#giti">The Fugitive question in the Constitutional Conventions.</a></span></p> +</div> + +<p><b>§ 1. <a id="Elem"></a>Elements of colonial slavery.</b>—By the middle of the seventeenth +century, the settlements made in America by the English, Dutch, and +Swedes were arranged for the most part in a line of little colonies +closely following the Atlantic coast. To the west, wide forests and +plains, broken only by the paths of the Indian, stretched on to the +Pacific; while long intervals of unpopulated country separated the +colonists on the north from the French in Canada, and on the south from +the Spaniards in Florida.</p> + +<p>In all the colonies thus grouped together, the system of slavery had +already become well established, and with its institution the question of +the escape and return of the slaves had necessarily arisen. The +conditions of the country, both physical and social, gave unusual +facilities for flight. The wild woods, the Indian settlements, or the +next colony, peopled by a foreign race, and perhaps as yet without firmly +established government, offered to the slave a refuge and possibly +protection. Escape, therefore, as a peculiar danger, demanded peculiar +remedies. Though it is the purpose of this monograph not so much to study +the detail of legislation or escape in the colonies as to deal +with the period from 1789 to 1865, a slight sketch of the intercolonial +laws and provisions which preceded and in part suggested later +legislation will first be necessary.</p> + +<p>Almost immediately after the introduction of slavery, in 1619, we begin +to find regulations made by the colonists upon this subject. At first +they applied solely to their own territory, but soon agreements were +entered into among several colonies, or between a colony and the Indians +or the French in Canada. These acts and agreements recognized not only +the negro, as at a later period, but also the white and the Indian slave. +There existed in some of the colonies of this time a peculiar class of +white people, who received no wages, and were bound to their <a id="masters"></a>masters.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn1">1</a></sup> +Usually these redemptioners were laborers or handicraftsmen, but +sometimes they were persons of education who had committed a crime, and +were sold according to law for a term of years, or for life. One of the +class is curiously connected with the education of no less a person than +George Washington. An unpublished autobiography of the Reverend John +Boucher, who from 1760 to the Revolution was a teacher and preacher in +Virginia, contains the following paragraph noticing the fact:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>"Mr. Washington was the second of five sons, of parents distinguished +neither for their rank nor fortune.... George, who, like most people +thereabouts at that time, had no other education than reading, writing, +and accounts, which he was taught by a convict servant whom his father +bought for a schoolmaster, first set out in the world as a surveyor of +Orange <a id="County"></a>County."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn2">2</a></sup></p> +</div> + +<p><b>§ 2. R<a id="egula"></a>egulations as to fugitives.</b>—The earliest regulation upon this +subject is found among the freedoms and exemptions granted by the West +India Company, in 1629, "to all Patroons, Masters, or Private Persons" +who would agree to settle in New Netherlands. The authorities promised to +do all in their power to return to their masters any slaves or colonists +fleeing from <a id="service"></a>service.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn3">3</a></sup></p> + + +<p>A little later, the Swedish colonists in Pennsylvania asked from their +government the same privilege of reclaiming <a id="ugi"></a>fugitives.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn4">4</a></sup> The preamble of +an act against fugitives in East Jersey, in 1686, explains these +provisions. They found that "the securing of such persons +as Run +away, or otherwise absent themselves from their master's lawfull +Occasion," was "a material encouragement to such Persons as come into +this country to settle Plantations and Populate the <a id="Province"></a>Province.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn5">5</a></sup> In many +of the Southern colonies, as Maryland and South Carolina, so severe were +the acts against this class of bound colonists that a runaway might be +declared outlawed, and might rightfully be killed by any <a id="person"></a>person.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn6">6</a></sup></p> + + +<h3><span>Treatment of the Fugitives.</span></h3> + +<p><b>§ 3. <a id="Treatment_of_fugitives"></a>Treatment of fugitives.</b>—From 1640 to 1700, laws were also passed in +New Jersey, Maryland, South Carolina, and Virginia. It is not necessary +to follow out the provisions <a id="he7"></a>here,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn7">7</a></sup> but each of the Southern colonies, +as in later regulations, provided most minutely for all possible cases. +By a Virginia law of 1642, all persons who entertained runaways, whether +slaves or hired freemen, were to be fined twenty pounds of tobacco for +each night's hospitality. The fugitives were to add to their tenure of +service double their time of absence, and on a second offence to be +branded with the letter <a id="R8"></a>R.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn8">8</a></sup></p> + + +<p>A curious regulation in 1660-1, in Virginia, provided that if a negro and +white bound servant ran away together, since the negro's time of +servitude was for life, and he was therefore incapable of making up his +lost time, the white servant's punishment should be doubled by adding the +negro's sentence to his o<a id="wn9"></a>wn.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn9">9</a></sup> Another regulation, entitled "How to Know +a Runaway," commanded that all recovered fugitives have their hair "cutt" +close about their ea<a id="rs10"></a>rs.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn10">10</a></sup></p> + +<p>Sometimes the penalties were even more severe, but the processes were +much the same. A person who found a slave or vagabond without a pass +usually took him before the next justice, who took cognizance of the +captor's good service, and certified it in the next Assembly: the runaway +was then delivered from constable to constable, until he was returned to +his master.</p> + +<p>After 1700 the process grows yet more elaborate; for example, take a +North Carolina law of 1741. The securer of a runaway was to have seven +shillings and sixpence proclamation money, and for every mile over ten +which he conducted the fugitive threepence extra. When seized, runaways +were to be whipped and placed in the county gaol. If the owner +was known, he was notified and went for his slave; if not, a notice +describing the runaway must be placed upon the door of the court-house, +and sent to the clerk or reader of each church or chapel within the +county. They were required to post all such notices every Lord's day for +two months in some convenient place near the church. At the end of this +time, should no claimant appear, the slave must be sent from constable to +constable, till the public gaol of the government was reached. There, +upon consent of the court or of two justices, he might be sold to hire by +the gaol<a id="er11"></a>er.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn11">11</a></sup> The Maryland + Archives record that in 1669 ten thousand +pounds of tobacco were appropriated to build one of these log-house gaols +wherein fugitive servants might be lodg<a id="ed12"></a>ed.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn12">12</a></sup></p> + +<p><b>§ 4. <a id="Regulations_in_New_England"></a>Regulations in New England colonies.</b>—Let us turn now to the New +England colonies. Here we must expect to find but few provisions, since +the class of slaves and bound servants was so small that it could easily +be controlled. The first law in Massachusetts Bay was passed in 1630, and +was entitled, "An Act respecting Masters, Servants, and Laborers." In +accordance with the arbitrary methods of government then pursued, it +included not only runaway servants, but also any persons who should +"privily go away with suspicion of evil intention," and ordered the +magistrate "to press men, boats, or pinnaces," and "to bring them back by +force of arms." A humane provision, usually wanting in Southern laws, +though also found in New Netherlands, declared that, whenever servants +fled on account of the tyranny of their masters, they should be protected +until measures for their relief could be <a id="taken13"></a>taken.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn13">13</a></sup></p> + +<p>In Connecticut and New Hampshire similar laws were passed, and in 1707 +Massachusetts Bay, in regulating the free negro population, enacted that +every freeman or mulatto who should harbor a negro servant in his house +without his owner's consent should pay five shillings for the use of the +poor of the <a id="town14"></a>town.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn14">14</a></sup></p> + +<p>In those days, when bridges were few, the ferrymen were apparently much +relied upon as agents to detect and apprehend runaways. In 1714 we find +that several negro slaves had been carried over ferries, and thus escaped +out of Rhode Island. The Assembly therefore enacted that "no ferryman or +boatman whatsoever, within this colony, shall carry or bring any +slave as aforesaid over their ferries, without a certificate under the +hands of their masters or mistresses, or some person in authority, upon +the penalty of paying all costs and damages their said masters or +mistresses shall sustain thereby: and to pay a fine of twenty shillings +for the use of the colony for each offence, as aforesaid." All persons +were also commanded to take up any slave they might find travelling about +without a <a id="pass15"></a>pass.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn15">15</a></sup></p> + + + + +<h3><span>Escapes in New England.</span></h3> + + +<p><b>§ 5. <a id="Escapes_in_New_England"></a>Escapes in New England: Attucks case.</b>—Although we do not find +records of fugitive slave cases tried at this time within the New England +colonies, advertisements of runaways exist in sufficient numbers to prove +that escapes were common. It seems probable, therefore, that the return +of a slave when within his own colony was taken as a matter of course, +and roused so little opposition, and required so simple a process at law, +that matters concerning it would seldom find mention in the chronicles of +the time. Here is a typical advertisement:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + <p> "Ran away from Samuel Gilbert of Littleton, an indentured Servant + Boy, named Samuel Gilson, about 17 years old, of a middling Stature + for his Age, and wears black curled Hair, he carried away with him a + blue cloth Coat, a light colored Jacket with sleeves, one pair of + worsted Stockings, two striped woolen Shirts, and one good linnen + Shirt. He went away in company with a short thick set Fellow, who + wore a green coat and a green Jacket double breasted, also a pair + Indian green Stockings. Whoever shall take up and secure, or give + information of said runaway, so that his master may find him again, + shall receive a Reward of two dollars and all necessary charges from</p> +<p class="ralign5"> <span class="smcap">Samuel Gilbert.</span></p> +<p> "All masters of vessels and others are cautioned against harboring," + <a id="etc16"></a>etc.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn16">16</a></sup></p></div> + + + +<p>Again a case interesting not only as an illustration of the customs of +the time, but also because the fugitive himself bears a name known to +history in another connection, is noticed in the Boston Gazette of 1750. +Here is advertised as escaping, October 2, 1750, from his master, William +Browne of Framingham, Massachusetts, "A molatto fellow about twenty-seven +years of age, named Crispus." After describing his clothing and +appearance, a reward of ten pounds, old tenor, is offered for his return, +and "all masters of vessels and others are cautioned against concealing said servant on penalty of <a id="law17"></a>law."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn17">17</a></sup> Tradition has it, +however, that he was never arrested, but returned of his own accord after +a short time, and was for the next twenty years a faithful s<a id="erv18"></a>ervant.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn18">18</a></sup> +Then, in 1770, presumably while in town upon one of the expeditions he +often undertook to buy and sell cattle for his master, he was drawn into +the Boston Massacre of Ma<a id="rch19"></a>rch 5.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn19">19</a></sup></p> + + +<p>A somewhat famous case, which also occurred in Massachusetts, though many +years later, may here be mentioned. About 1769 one Rotch, a Quaker, and +therefore probably opposed to slavery, received on board the whaler +Friendship a young negro boy named Boston, belonging to the heirs of +William Swain. At the end of the voyage his master, John Swain, brought +action in the court of Nantucket against Captain Folger for the recovery +of the slave; the jury, whether from lack of evidence or from sympathy +cannot be determined, returned a verdict in favor of the d<a id="efenda20"></a>efendant.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn20">20</a></sup></p> + + + + +<h3><span>Dutch and Intercolonial Regulations.</span></h3> + +<p><b>§ 6. <a id="Dutch_regulations_in_New"></a>Dutch regulations in New Netherlands.</b>—The early New Netherlands +regulations furnish many interesting provisions concerning fugitive +servants. Apparently the servile class was numerous, and hard to govern. +In the words of the ordinance of 1640, "many servants daily run away from +their masters, whereby the latter are put to great inconvenience and +expense; the corn and tobacco rot in the field, and the whole harvest is +at a standstill, which tends to the serious injury of this country, to +their masters' ruin, and to bring the magistracy into contempt." It was +therefore ordained that runaways must, at the end of their term of +indenture, serve double the time of their absence, and make good all loss +and damage to their masters; while persons harboring fugitives were +obliged to pay a fine of fifty <a id="guilders21"></a>guilders.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn21">21</a></sup></p> + +<p><b>§ 7. <a id="Escapes_from_New_Amsterdam"></a>Escapes from New Amsterdam.</b>—Within these Dutch colonies there is +recorded a case of escape as early as 1659. Four menservants of Cornelis +Herperts de Jager, of New Amsterdam, ran away to Manhattan. One of them +soon returned, and in accordance with the regulation made in 1630 by the +West India <a id="Company22"></a>Company,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn22">22</a></sup> requiring the return of fugitives in +their various settlements, one of the officers of the colony sent to +Manhattan an order to arrest and bring back the remaining three in +<a id="chains23"></a>chains.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn23">23</a></sup></p> + + +<p><b>§ 8. Intercoloni<a id="al"></a>al regulations.</b>—It will be seen that most of the +colonies considered some provision against runaways necessary to the +welfare of the settlements. To secure such legislation in a single colony +was a comparatively easy matter; but the unorganized and sparsely settled +condition of the country rendered any intercolonial regulations +difficult.</p> + +<p>The first formal agreement of this kind was arranged by the New England +Confederation of Plymouth, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Haven, in +1643. In their Articles of Confederation was a clause which promised: "If +any servant runn away from his master into any other of these +confederated Jurisdiccons, That in such Case vpon the Certyficate of one +Majistrate in the Jurisdiccon out of which the said servant fled, or upon +other due proofe, the said servant shall be deliuered either to his +Master or any other that pursues and brings such Certificate <a id="or24"></a>or +<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn24">24</a></sup> This clause contains the earliest statement of the +principles regarding the treatment of fugitive slave cases, afterward +carried out in the United States statutes of 1787, 1793, and 1850. There +was no trial by jury, but the certificate of a magistrate was sufficient +evidence to convict the runaway.</p> + + +<p>It is probable, also, that the rendition of fugitives was considered a +duty incumbent upon all colonies, whatever their relation to each other, +since about this time we find an agreement made for the mutual surrender +of fugitives between the Dutch at New Netherlands and the English at New +<a id="Haven25"></a>Haven.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn25">25</a></sup></p> + +<p>Not only did the slaves of the Dutch escape to the English colonies, but +they often fled to the forests, where recovery must have been almost +impossible unless the Indians could be induced to hunt them out. Curious +rewards were sometimes offered. Maryland, in 1669, ordered that any +Indian who shall apprehend a fugitive may have a "match coate," or its +<a id="value26"></a>value.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn26">26</a></sup> Virginia would give "20 armes length of Roanoke," or +its <a id="value27"></a>value,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn27">27</a></sup> while in Connecticut "two yards of cloth" was considered +sufficient <a id="inducement28"></a>inducement.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn28">28</a></sup></p> + +<p>We have record of several conferences upon this subject. Governor Burnett +of New York asked his Indians to exert themselves in behalf of the +Governor of Virginia, who had written to him about the escape of several +of his negro servants to the mountains. The Indians promised their help +in this and any other search; but as they seldom seem to have succeeded, +it is probable that their sympathy was with the <a id="fugitives29"></a>fugitives.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn29">29</a></sup> Again +Governor Burnett demanded the restoration of a certain Indian slave whom +they had kidnapped from the English. The Indians acknowledged the fact, +but they said that he was then sold to others, and nothing further could +be <a id="done30"></a>done.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn30">30</a></sup></p> + +<p>Canada even in these early times seems also to have been a haven for +fugitives. In 1705 New York passed an act, which was renewed in 1715, to +prevent slaves running away from frontier towns like Albany to Canada, +because it was of great importance, they said, in time of war, "that no +Intelligence be carried from the said city and county to the French in +<a id="Canada31"></a>Canada."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn31">31</a></sup></p> + +<p>During all this time the Southern colonies, especially the Carolinas and +Georgia, were also making many complaints in regard to the difficulty +they had in recovering the fugitives, both Indian and negro, who were +escaping in large numbers into Florida. There, among the Creek Indians +and the Spanish at St. Augustine, they easily found <a id="refuge32"></a>refuge.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn32">32</a></sup> This +difficulty was, however, not remedied in colonial times, but continued +long after the formation of the Federal Union, and in fact until the +close of the Seminole war, in 1845.</p> + + + +<h3><span>Intercolonial Cases.</span></h3> + +<p><b>§ 9. <a id="Intercolonial_cases"></a>Intercolonial cases.</b>—When, as was often the case, no agreement upon +the return of fugitives had been arranged between the colonies, the +rendition of a slave depended wholly upon the state of feeling existing +between the two peoples, and sometimes became an important question. +Between the New England colonies no cases have been found recorded, +although we infer that there must have been reason for the +insertion of a fugitive slave clause in the Articles of Confederation<a id="of33"></a> of +1643.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn33">33</a></sup></p> + +<p>Of other early cases one of the most interesting is the escape from +Virginia of four Englishmen belonging to the class of bound servants. +They rowed in a small boat up the coast as far as Cape May, where they +<a id="landed34"></a>landed.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn34">34</a></sup> They soon found themselves objects of suspicion with the +people, and, as was a common practice, took refuge among the Indians. +About a year afterward their masters tracked them to their place of +refuge, and captured two of them, but the others were again beyond reach. +The Indians, who evidently did not always befriend runaways, had just +sold one of them, William Browne, to a Swede, and Browne, learning of his +former master's appearance, had found opportunity to escape. The fourth +of the fugitives was still among the Mantas, and could not be secured. Of +the two recaptured, one was returned without trouble, but the other, +Turc, who had just entered the service of a certain Pieter Aldrich, +resisted his captors. A struggle took place upon the boat in which they +were carrying him away. After wounding three of his guards, he succeeded +in making his escape, only to be recaptured almost immediately. When +tried for the deed at New Amsterdam, he received a death <a id="sentence35"></a>sentence.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn35">35</a></sup> In +this case, one of the most complete in detail left to us, may be found, +in the incidents of escape, pursuit, resistance, and final rendition, all +the features of the later fugitive slave cases. It is also an example +wherein the laws of the period, which required the rendition of a bound +white man in the same manner as a negro slave, were strictly carried out: +and in the diverse fates of the four men we find instances probably +typical of the fortunes of most fugitives of the time.</p> + + +<p><b>§ 10. I<a id="nter"></a>nternational relations.</b>—The proximity of the French, Spanish, and +Dutch settlements led to escapes from the colonies of one power into +those of another. All were slaveholding communities, and there was no +disposition to shield a slave because his lot was a hard one; but the +distrust and enmity between neighboring colonies owing allegiance to +different sovereigns caused such escapes to lead to petty quarrels. There +was no system of extradition treaties; in fact, there was as yet little +international law. Fugitives were demanded as an act of comity, +and sometimes their delivery was refused. It was hardly a subject on +which the home governments bestirred themselves. The colonies were left +to make their own agreements, or to settle their own disagreements.</p> + +<h3><span>International Cases.</span></h3> + +<p><b>§ 11. <a id="International_cases"></a>International cases.</b>—Thus far only those cases have been noticed +which arose within and between colonies of the same nation. Let us now +consider a very early case of disagreement between colonies of different +nations, which occurred in 1646. The commissioners of the United Colonies +made complaint to the Governor of New Netherlands that his Dutch agent at +Hartford was harboring one of their Indian slaves. Soon after, Governor +Stuyvesant was refused the return of some of his runaway servants from +New Haven. Thereupon the angry Lords of the West India Company issued a +proclamation commanding that there should be no rendition of fugitive +slaves to New Haven. This provision continued in effect until Governor +Elton sent back some of the fugitives to New Netherlands. It was then +annulled, and a mutual agreement to return the runaways was entered into +by the United Colonies and the <a id="Dutch36"></a>Dutch.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn36">36</a></sup> Governor John Winthrop, in his +History of New England, refers to the case, and says that Massachusetts +Bay endeavored to bring about a reconciliation, and wrote to the Governor +of New Netherlands intimating to him that "at their request he might send +back the fugitives without prejudice to their right or <a id="reputation37"></a>reputation."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn37">37</a></sup></p> + +<p>Maryland also found difficulty, from the readiness with which her +servants could flee north to New Netherlands. In the State Archives may +be found a letter sent by the authorities to the Governor of New +Netherlands, as follows:—</p> + + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p> "<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,—Some servants being lately fledd out of this colony, into + yours, as is supposed, we could not promise ourselves from you that + justice & faire correspondence betweene the two governments so neerly + bordering & which are shortly like to be nearer neighbors in delaware + bay, as to hope that vpon the receiving of these Outres & the demand + of the parties interessted you will remand to us all such apprentice + servants as are or shall run out of this government into yours; and + will compell such other persons, as shall flie to you without a passe, + being indebted or otherwise obnoxious to the justice of this + place, to make such satisfaction to the parties endamaged by their + unlawful departure, upon their complaints and proofe thereof, as you + shall find justice to require. And you may promise yourself the like + helpe and concurrence from this governm't in that or any other thing + as shalbe in the power of it: And so we bid you heartilly farewell & rest.</p> + + <p> "To the hon'ble the Governor of the New <a id="Netherlands38"></a>Netherlands."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn38">38</a></sup></p> +</div> + + +<p>In 1659 the Dutch had occasion to ask the same favor of Maryland. Whether +there had been trouble between the colonies since the earlier letter we +do not know, but the spirit of the communication was quite different. +Instead of assurances of good will, and expressions of a belief in the +certainty of peaceful return, the Dutch threatened, if their servants +were not secured to them, "to publish free liberty, access and recess to +all planters, servants, negroes, fugitives, and runaways which may go +into New <a id="Netherland39"></a>Netherland."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn39">39</a></sup></p> + +<p>Trouble was also constantly arising between the French and English, or +French and Dutch, in regard to the many runaways who fled from the +Eastern colonies northward to Canada. In 1750 there was a dispute about a +certain negro belonging to the English, but at that time in possession of +the Sieur de la Corne St. Luc; and, in a letter to a friend, one of the +officers of the colony makes the following explanation concerning them: +"In regard to the negro in possession of Sieur de la Corne St. Luc I +thought proper not to send him back every negro being a slave wherever he +be. Besides, I am only doing what the English did in 1747. Ensign de +Malbronne on board Le Screux had a negro servant who was at first taken +from him; I took pains to reclaim him, but the English refused to +surrender him on ground as <a id="above40"></a>above."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn40">40</a></sup></p> + + +<p><b>§ 12. Relations with the <a id="mother_country"></a>mother country.</b>—With only one country across +the sea was any question of fugitives likely to arise. In England white +slavery had long since died out, except as a punishment for crime; +villeinage ceased about the time the colonies were settled. But the +status of black slaves who were taken from the colonies to England was in +practice unchanged.</p> + +<p>The principle thus apparently established by custom was overthrown by a +succession of legal decisions, culminating in the famous +Somersett Case. It was first decided by Thomas Grahame, judge in the +Admiralty Court, Glasgow, that a certain negro who had been brought into +Great Britain must be liberated, on the ground that a guiltless human +being taken into that country must be <a id="free41"></a>free.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn41">41</a></sup> In 1762 occurred another +similar case. A bill had been filed in equity by an administrator to +recover money given by his intestate to a negro brought to England as a +slave. The suit was dismissed by Lord Northington, who said that as soon +as a man set foot on English ground he was <a id="free42"></a>free.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn42">42</a></sup></p> + +<p>The Somersett case came ten years later. The circumstances were as +follows. A Mr. Stewart, accompanied by his slave Somersett, left Boston +on the 1st of October, 1769, and went to London, where he kept his slave +until October 1, 1771. Then Somersett ran away, but his owner soon +secured him and had him placed on board a vessel bound for Jamaica, +probably with the intention of selling him as a slave. A writ of habeas +corpus was then served upon the captain of the ship, and on the hearing +Lord Mansfield decided that Somersett must be discharged. In England, he +said, slavery could exist only by positive law; and in default of such +law there was no legal machinery for depriving a man of his liberty on +the ground that he was a slave. The importance of the case for the +colonies lay not in the assertion of the principle that slavery depended +on positive law, for the American statute-books were full of positive law +on slavery; the precedent thus established determined the future course +of England against the delivery of fugitives, whether from her colonies +or from other <a id="countries43"></a>countries.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn43">43</a></sup></p> + + +<p><b>§ 13. Intern<a id="atio"></a>ational regulations under the Articles of Confederation +(1781-1788).</b>—When, on March 1, 1781, the Articles of Confederation went +into effect, the only action taken by the United States on the subject of +fugitives had been the negotiation of a treaty with the Delaware Indians, +August 7, 1778, by which the parties bound themselves not "to protect in +their respective States criminal fugitives, servants, or slaves, but the +same to apprehend, secure, and <a id="deliver44"></a>deliver."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn44">44</a></sup> In seven of the +eight other treaties negotiated with Indian tribes from 1784 to 1786, +clauses were introduced for the return of black prisoners, or of "negroes +and other <a id="property45"></a>property."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn45">45</a></sup> The States affected were chiefly Southern; but +the article on the same subject in the Treaty of Peace in 1782 and 1783, +was intended as much to protect the slaveholders of New York as those of +Virginia. It was distinctly agreed that the British should not carry away +"any negroes or other <a id="property46"></a>property."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn46">46</a></sup> The failure to abide by this +agreement led to reclamation by the American government, but no indemnity +was ever <a id="secured47"></a>secured.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn47">47</a></sup></p> + + + +<h3><span>English Law. Northwest Ordinance.</span></h3> + +<p><b>§ 14. <a id="Ordinance_for_the_Northwest"></a>Ordinance for the Northwest Territory.</b>—Since all the thirteen +colonies recognized slavery, the Revolution made no difference in any +previous intercolonial practice as to the delivery of slaves; in framing +the Articles of Confederation no clause on the subject was thought +necessary. The precedent of the New England Confederation was forgotten +or ignored. But the action of the States of Vermont, Pennsylvania, +Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island, in taking steps toward +immediate or gradual emancipation, from 1777 to 1784, brought up a new +question,—the status of fugitives in free regions. Before the change of +conditions in the States was completely understood, the same question had +arisen in the Western territories. Jefferson, in 1784, proposed to draw a +north and south line through the mouth of the Kanawha, west of which +there should be no slavery <a id="after48"></a>after 1800.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn48">48</a></sup> The next year a Northern man +proposed a similar limitation in the territory north of the Ohio, and +added a clause for the return of fugitive slaves to the original slave +<a id="States49"></a>States.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn49">49</a></sup> Neither of these two propositions was carried, but the +principles both of exclusion of slavery and of the return of fugitives +appear in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, the first legislation by +Congress looking toward the surrender of fugitives by any Territory or +State. In providing a government for the new Territory, it was enacted, +July 13, 1787, that "any person escaping into the same from whom labor or +service is lawfully claimed in any one of the original States, such +fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed, and conveyed to the person +claiming his or her labor or service as <a id="aforesaid50"></a>aforesaid."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn50">50</a></sup> The fugitive +clause seems to have provoked no discussion, but to have been accepted as +a reasonable condition of the limitation of slavery.</p> + + + +<h3><span>Fugitive Question in Constitutional Conventions.</span></h3> + +<p><b>§ 15. The Fu<a id="giti"></a>gitive question in the Constitutional Conventions.</b>—While the +Northwest Ordinance was passing through Congress, the Philadelphia +Convention was framing a new Constitution, and the return of fugitives +was again eagerly insisted upon by the slave States. The necessity of +some positive stipulation that fugitives should be returned was felt to +be even more necessary in a Constitution meant permanently to bind +together a free and a slaveholding section. The only debate of which we +have a record occurred August 28, 1787. Mr. Butler of North Carolina +pressed the point in behalf of the Southern States. To his first +proposition, "that fugitive slaves and servants be delivered up like +<a id="criminals51"></a>criminals,"<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn51">51</a></sup> Mr. Wilson objected; he saw no reason for obliging the +state to arrest fugitives at public expense, while Mr. Sherman saw no +more propriety in the public seizing and surrendering a slave or servant +than a <a id="horse52"></a>horse.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn52">52</a></sup> Mr. Butler therefore withdrew the proposition. He soon +introduced a more particular provision, which was accepted and inserted +in the Constitution, as follows:—</p> +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><span class="smcap">"No person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws +thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or +Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall +be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may +be <a id="due53"></a>due."</span><sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn53">53</a></sup></p> +</div> + +<p>In the various Constitutional Conventions, there was little discussion +upon the matter. The Southern States in general considered the clause +sufficient to protect their property. General Charles C. Pinckney, in +South Carolina, said: "We have obtained the right to recover our slaves +in whatever part of America they may take refuge, which is a right we +have not had before. In short, considering all circumstances, we have +made the best terms for the security of this species of property it was +in our power to make. We would have made better if we could, but on the +whole I do not think them <a id="bad54"></a>bad."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn54">54</a></sup> + In North Carolina, Mr. +Iredell explained to the Convention that the Northern delegates, owing to +their peculiar scruples on the subject of slavery, did not choose the +word "slave" to be mentioned; but since the present laws were so +prejudicial to the inhabitants of the Southern States, some such clause +was <a id="necessary55"></a>necessary.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn55">55</a></sup> In Virginia, Mr. Grayson discussed the provision +giving Congress exclusive legislation over ten square miles surrounding +the capital. It seemed to him that, unless the ten miles square be +considered a State, "persons bound to labor who shall escape thereto will +not be given up. For they are only to be delivered up after they shall +have escaped into a <a id="State56"></a>State."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn56">56</a></sup> This objection, though perfectly good at +the time, was later overcome by the adoption by Congress of the laws of +Maryland for the regulation of the District of Columbia, whereby it was +made slave territory. Mr. Mason did not think the clause provided +sufficiently for the protection of their <a id="slaves57"></a>slaves,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn57">57</a></sup> but Mr. Madison +urged its adoption, as a better security than anything they then <a id="had58"></a>had.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn58">58</a></sup></p> + +<p>In the North, there was apparently no discussion upon this article. +Everywhere, however, it was thought that without such a clause the +Southern States would not consent to the Union, and, in a spirit of +compromise, the provision was accepted.</p> + + + + + + +<h2><span><a id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</span> + +<span><i>LEGISLATION FROM 1789 TO 1850.</i></span></h2> + + + +<div class="poem"><p> +<span class="i0">§ 16. <a href="#Effe">Effect of the fugitive slave clause in the Constitution.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 17. <a href="#The_first">The first Fugitive Slave Act (1793).</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 18. <a href="#Disc">Discussion of the first act.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 19. <a href="#Propositions_of_1797">Propositions of 1797 and 1802.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 20. <a href="#Propositions_from_1817">Propositions from 1817 to 1822.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 21. <a href="#Missouri_Compromise">Period of the Missouri Compromise (1819-1822).</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 22. <a href="#atus">Status of the question from 1823 to 1847.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3">§ 23. <a href="#Canada_and_Mexico_places_of_refuge">Canada and Mexico places of refuge.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3">§ 24. <a href="#on_the_high_seas">Status of fugitives on the high seas.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 25. <a href="#app">Kidnapping from 1793 to 1850: Prigg case.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 26. <a href="#Nece">Necessity of more stringent fugitive slave provisions.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 27. <a href="#cti">Action of Congress from 1847 to 1850.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 28. <a href="#in_the_District">Slavery in the District of Columbia.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 29. <a href="#Act_1850">The second Fugitive Slave Act (1850).</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 30. <a href="#Provisions_of_the_second">Provisions of the second Fugitive Slave Act.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 31. <a href="#ts_fo">Arguments for the bill.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 32. <a href="#ts_ag">Arguments against the bill.</a></span></p> +</div> +<p><b>§ 16. <a id="Effe"></a>Effect of the fugitive slave clause in the Constitution.</b>—By +obtaining in the Constitution the insertion of a clause requiring the +return of fugitives, a great step for the advancement of the interests of +slavery had been taken. For this embodiment in the Constitution ever +afterward formed a basis for the slaveholder's argument that the +Constitution recognized and defended slavery, and was a justification to +Northern men in their support of the later fugitive slave laws.</p> + +<p>Although the clause did not in terms apply to the Territories, the +Ordinance of 1787 was, on August 7, 1789, confirmed in terms which by +implication continued the sixth article, including the rendition of +<a id="slaves59"></a>slaves;<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn59">59</a></sup> and in the earliest treaties made by the United States with +Indian tribes, under the new Constitution, the return of negroes was +expressly <a id="required60"></a>required.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn60">60</a></sup></p> + + + + + +<h3><span>The First Fugitive Slave Act.</span></h3> + +<p><b>§ 17. <a id="The_first"></a>The first Fugitive Slave Act (1793).</b>—For some time, however, the +provision of the Constitution remained unexecuted; and it is a +striking fact that the call for legislation came not from the South, but +from a free State; and that it was provoked, not by fugitive slaves, but +by kidnappers. The case seemed to suggest that an act of Congress was +necessary, more definite in conditions and detail than the provision of +the Constitution.</p> + +<p>A free negro named John was seized at Washington, Pennsylvania, in 1791, +and taken to Virginia. The Governor of Pennsylvania, at the instigation +of the Society for the Abolition of Slavery, asked the return of the +three kidnappers; but the Governor of Virginia replied that, since there +was no national law touching such a case, he could not carry out the +<a id="request61"></a>request.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn61">61</a></sup></p> + +<p>On the matter being brought to the notice of Congress by the Governor of +<a id="Pennsylvania62"></a>Pennsylvania,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn62">62</a></sup> a Committee, consisting of Mr. Sedgwick, Mr. Bourne of +Massachusetts, and Mr. White, was appointed in the House of +Representatives to bring in a bill or bills "providing the means by which +persons charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who +shall flee from justice, shall, on the demand of the executive authority +of the State from which they fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the +State having jurisdiction of the crime; also providing the mode by which +a person held to service or labor in one State under the laws thereof, +escaping into another, shall be delivered up on the claim of the party to +whom such service or labor may be <a id="due63"></a>due."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn63">63</a></sup></p> + +<p>A bill prepared by the House committee, of which Mr. Sedgwick was +chairman, was reported, <a id="November64"></a>November 15, 1791;<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn64">64</a></sup> but for some reason which +does not appear, it was dropped, and a Senate committee, of which Calvert +was chairman, was appointed, March 30, 1792, "to consider the expediency +[of] a bill respecting fugitives from justice and from the service of +their <a id="masters65"></a>masters."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn65">65</a></sup> Nothing was done during this session, and, November +22, 1792, a second Senate committee was appointed, consisting of +Johnston, Calvert, and <a id="Read66"></a>Read,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn66">66</a></sup> and they submitted + a bill, <a id="December67"></a>December 20, 1792.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn67">67</a></sup> Unfortunately, we have no details of the debate; but on +December 28, a third Senate committee was appointed by adding +Taylor and Sherman to the committee of November 22, and to them the bill +was recommitted with instructions to <a id="amend68"></a>amend.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn68">68</a></sup> At last, January 3, 1793, +the bill was reported in a form not unlike that finally agreed <a id="upon69"></a>upon.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn69">69</a></sup> +Of the amendments offered, the text of only one is preserved in the +Journals; it was for the insertion of a less sum than five hundred +dollars as the penalty for harboring a fugitive, or resisting his +<a id="arrest70"></a>arrest.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn70">70</a></sup> It was not adopted. After two debates, of which we have no +record, the bill passed the Senate, <a id="January71"></a>January 18.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn71">71</a></sup> In the House it seems +to have elicited little discussion, and it passed, February 5, by a vote +of 48 <a id="to72"></a>to 7.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn72">72</a></sup> The bill became law by the signature of the President, +<a id="February73"></a>February 12, 1793.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn73">73</a></sup></p> + +<p>In thus uniting with the clause providing for the extradition of +fugitives from justice one requiring the return of fugitive slaves, +Congress was but following examples set in 1643 by the Articles of +<a id="Confederation74"></a>Confederation,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn74">74</a></sup> and again + in 1787 by the <a id="Constitution75"></a>Constitution.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn75">75</a></sup> From the +scanty records, it is possible to discern only that there was serious +difference of opinion in the Senate, and that the measure finally adopted +was probably a compromise. In the one amendment stated, there is a faint +protest against the harshness of the <a id="law76"></a>law.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn76">76</a></sup></p> + + +<p><b>§ 18. <a id="Disc"></a>Discussion of the first act.</b>—The provisions of the act of 1793 are +quoted <a id="elsewhere77"></a>elsewhere;<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn77">77</a></sup> their purport was as follows. The act provided at +the same time for the recovery of fugitives from justice and from labor; +but the alleged criminal was to have a protection through the requirement +of a requisition, a protection denied to the man on trial for his liberty +only. The act was applicable to fugitive apprentices as well as to +slaves, a provision of some importance at the time. In the Northwest +Territory there were so-called negro apprentices, who were +virtually slaves, and to whom the law applied, since it was in terms +extended to all the Territories. Proceedings began with the forcible +seizure of the alleged fugitive.</p> + +<p>The act, it will be observed, does not admit a trial by jury. It allowed +the owner of the slave, his agent or attorney, to seize the fugitive and +take him before any judge of a United States Circuit or District Court, +or any local <a id="magistrate78"></a>magistrate.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn78">78</a></sup> The only requirement for the conviction of +the slave was the testimony of his master, or the affidavit of some +magistrate in the State from which he came, certifying that such a person +had escaped. Hindering arrest or harboring a slave was punishable by a +fine of five hundred dollars. The law thus established a system allowing +the greatest harshness to the slave and every favor to the master. Even +at that time, when persons might still be born slaves in New York and New +Jersey, and gradual emancipation had not yet taken full effect in Rhode +Island and Connecticut, it was repellent to the popular sense of justice; +there were two cases of resistance to the principle of the act before the +close <a id="of79"></a>of 1793.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn79">79</a></sup></p> + + + + +<h3><span>Propositions of 1797 and 1802.</span></h3> + +<p><b>§ 19. <a id="Propositions_of_1797"></a>Propositions of 1797 and 1802.</b>—Until 1850 no further law upon this +subject was passed, but as the provisions of 1793 were found ineffectual, +many attempts at amendment were made. In 1796 a troublesome question +arose out of the seizure, under the act of 1793, of four negroes who had +been manumitted in North Carolina. A retroactive act of that State had +declared them slaves again, and they had fled to Philadelphia where they +were arrested. January 30, 1797, they petitioned Congress for relief, and +after an exciting debate the House by a vote of 50 to 33 refused to +receive the <a id="petition80"></a>petition.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn80">80</a></sup> There is nothing in the scanty records which +connects this case or petition with an attempt to amend the act; but it +is altogether likely that it occasioned Murray's motion of December 29, +1796, for a committee to report on alterations of the <a id="law81"></a>law;<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn81">81</a></sup> and that +it led to the almost simultaneous appointment of a House committee on +<a id="January82"></a>January 2,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn82">82</a></sup> and a Senate committee + on <a id="January83"></a>January 3.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn83">83</a></sup> No report is +recorded.</p> + +<p>The + coming on of difficulties with France, and the Alien and +Sedition Acts of 1798, absorbed the popular attention. In 1800 debates on +the slave trade and on the reception of petitions from free negroes +began. January 22, 1801, a House committee was appointed to report a bill +increasing the stringency of the <a id="act84"></a>act.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn84">84</a></sup> + The bill was reported, but failed to be <a id="considered85"></a>considered.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn85">85</a></sup> In the next Congress the matter was at last +brought to an issue. A committee, of which Nicholson of Maryland was +chairman, was appointed, <a id="December86"></a>December 11, 1801,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn86">86</a></sup> and reported only seven +days later. The report was made a special order for <a id="December87"></a>December 21.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn87">87</a></sup> On +that day no debate is recorded, but a petition from a free colored +soldier of the Revolution was contemptuously denied <a id="reception88"></a>reception.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn88">88</a></sup> +January 14 and 15, the bill was debated freely, and from the debate and +sundry amendments the character of the bill may be inferred. Not only +harboring, but employing a fugitive, was made punishable; and it was +ordained that every black employed must be furnished with an official +certificate, and that every person who employed a negro must publish a +description of him. Southern members "considered it a great injury to the +owners of that species of property, that runaways were employed in the +Middle and Northern States, and even assisted in procuring a living. They +stated that, when slaves ran away and were not recovered, it excited +discontent among the rest. When they were caught and brought home, they +informed their comrades how well they were received and assisted, which +excited a disposition in others to attempt escaping, and obliged their +masters to use greater severity than they otherwise would. It was, they +said, even on the score of humanity, good policy in those opposed to +slavery to agree to this <a id="law89"></a>law."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn89">89</a></sup> This appeal to the humanity of the +North failed to produce the requisite effect. On the test vote, January +18, 1802, every Southern member except two voted for the bill, every +Northern member except five against it; the vote was 43 to 46, and the +bill was laid <a id="aside90"></a>aside.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn90">90</a></sup></p> + + + + + +<h3><span> Propositions from 1817 to 1822.</span></h3> + +<p><b>§ 20. <a id="Propositions_from_1817"></a>Propositions from 1817 to 1822.</b>—For many years the question of +amendment of the law does not appear to have come up in Congress. The +abolition of the slave trade seems to have absorbed the attention of +Congress. Several treaties were negotiated including clauses on the +return of <a id="fugitives91"></a>fugitives.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn91">91</a></sup> The question was brought up again in 1817 by +Pindall of Virginia, who for several years urged a revision of the act. A +committee of which he was chairman was appointed, December 15, 1817, and +reported a bill, <a id="December92"></a>December 29, 1817.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn92">92</a></sup> This third proposition of general +amendment led to a debate, January 26 and 29, 1818, in which for the +first time we have a record of discussion on the principles of the act +and its relations to human freedom. The opposition was based not only on +constitutional, but on humanitarian <a id="grounds93"></a>grounds.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn93">93</a></sup> A petition of the +Pennsylvania Abolition Society, asking for a milder law than that of +1793, added fuel to the <a id="discussion94"></a>discussion.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn94">94</a></sup></p> + +<p>The principle of the bill was that the fugitives should be surrendered by +a requisition on the State Executive, as in the case of fugitives from +justice: the question of proof was thus left to the courts of the State +of the claimant, and there was to be no habeas corpus. The strongest +expression of disapproval is found in the speech of Mr. Adams of +Massachusetts, who said, "that, in guaranteeing the possession of slaves, +the Constitution did not authorize or require the General Government to +go as far as the bill proposed to render this bill effectual; that the +bill contained provisions dangerous to the liberty and safety of the free +people of color in other sections of the <a id="Union95"></a>Union."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn95">95</a></sup> Mr. Rich of Vermont +desired "that it might be so amended as to guard more effectually the +rights of free persons of color. This motion he enforced by urging the +oppressions to which these persons were now subjected, and the necessity +of some regulation on the subject, which he thought might be very +properly connected with this <a id="bill96"></a>bill."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn96">96</a></sup> Mr. Livermore also showed that it +exposed the colored men of the North to the peril of being dragged South, +and there <a id="convicted97"></a>convicted.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn97">97</a></sup></p> + +<p>All these objections, however, were considered of little value by some +who, like Smith of Maryland, thought that the subject of the +free colored population and their protection should be treated +separately, while Mr. Holmes of Massachusetts suggested that the +operation of the writ of habeas corpus would render such acts of +injustice <a id="improbable98"></a>improbable.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn98">98</a></sup> Mason, of the same State, objected to a trial +by jury, which had been suggested, because "juries in Massachusetts would +in ninety-nine cases out of one hundred decide in favor of the fugitives, +and he did not wish his town [Boston] infected with the runaways of the +<a id="South99"></a>South."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn99">99</a></sup></p> + +<p>Upon two constitutional points the opponents of the bill made a stand. +Mr. Sergeant wished to change the bill materially, by making "the judges +of the State in which ... slaves are seized the tribunal to decide the +fact of slavery, instead of the judges of the State whence the fugitives +escaped," but this was negatived by a large <a id="majority100"></a>majority.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn100">100</a></sup></p> +<p>Another objection to the bill, raised by Mr. Whitman, is noteworthy, +since some years later it was the point made most prominent in Judge +Story's decision in the Prigg <a id="Case101"></a>Case.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn101">101</a></sup> Mr. Whitman disapproved of the +provision making it a penal offence for a State officer to refuse his +assistance in executing the act. He did not believe that Congress had any +right to compel State officers to perform this duty; they could do no +more than authorize <a id="it102"></a>it.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn102">102</a></sup></p> + +<p>A vote was taken, January 30, 1818, in the House, and the bill passed by +a vote of 84 <a id="to103"></a>to 69.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn103">103</a></sup> It was ordered that the title be "An Act to +provide for delivering up persons held to labor or service in any of the +States or Territories who shall escape into any other State or +Territory."</p> + +<p>For the first time since 1793, amendment of the act seemed within reach. +The Senate showed itself in other questions more inclined than the House +to consider the claims of the South; but although Dagget's amendment to +strike out the elaborate provision for the return of fugitives by +executive requisition was not <a id="adopted104"></a>adopted,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn104">104</a></sup> the Senate first voted to +limit the bill to four <a id="years105"></a>years,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn105">105</a></sup> and then added other amendments. The +result was a non-concurrence with the House, and the failure of the +<a id="bill106"></a>bill,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn106">106</a></sup> March 13-16, 1818. A last attempt to take the bill up +failed, <a id="April107"></a>April 10, 1818.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn107">107</a></sup></p> + + + + +<h3><span>Period of the Missouri Compromise.</span></h3> + +<p><b>§ 21. Period of the <a id="Missouri_Compromise"></a>Missouri Compromise (1819-1822).</b>—The loss of the +bill of 1818 seems not to have discouraged the friends of amendment of +the act of 1793. December 17, 1818, a resolution of the Maryland +legislature was laid before the House, calling for protection against the +citizens of Pennsylvania who harbored or protected <a id="fugitives108"></a>fugitives.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn108">108</a></sup> A +committee was appointed, January 15, 1819, which promptly reported next +day, but the bill was not <a id="considered109"></a>considered.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn109">109</a></sup></p> + +<p>The question of fugitives came incidentally into the great debate of the +next session on the admission of Missouri. The region which sought +admission as a slave State was flanked on the east by free territory, and +was therefore peculiarly difficult to protect. A compromise, which made +Missouri a slave State, prohibited slavery in all other territory gained +from France north <a id="of110"></a>of 36° 30'.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn110">110</a></sup> In the prohibitory clause, however, +it was provided "that any persons escaping into the same from whom labor or service + is lawfully claimed in any State or Territory of the United States, such fugitive may be +reclaimed, and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or +service as <a id="aforesaid111"></a>aforesaid."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn111">111</a></sup> During the immigration into Missouri which +now began, large numbers of slaveholders took their slaves with them, and +on the passage opportunities for escape were often found. In one +instance, at least, recorded in Ohio, the public sympathy was so strongly +with the fugitives that they were successfully protected from their +masters even in <a id="court112"></a>court.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn112">112</a></sup></p> + +<p>Hardly was the ink dry on the President's signature of the Missouri +Compromise (March 15, 1820) before propositions were made in both the +House and Senate for new general fugitive slave acts. March 18, a House +committee was <a id="appointed113"></a>appointed,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn113">113</a></sup> but no report is recorded. April 3, an +inquiry was set on foot into the provisions of a Pennsylvania act +hindering the operation of the act <a id="of114"></a>of 1793,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn114">114</a></sup> and the Secretary of +State submitted a copy of the obnoxious act, April 18. On the +day of the Secretary's report a proposition in the Senate to instruct the +Judiciary Committee to report a bill was voted <a id="down115"></a>down.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn115">115</a></sup> Positive +evidence cannot be obtained, but it would seem that a continued effort +was made to take advantage of the agitation on the slavery question to +secure a new fugitive slave act, as was done in 1850.</p> + +<p>One more attempt was made in 1821-22. Mr. Wright presented, December 17, +1821, a resolution of the Maryland General Assembly praying for relief +against the abettors of the fugitives in <a id="Pennsylvania116"></a>Pennsylvania.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn116">116</a></sup> He desired a +special committee, but the question was referred to the Committee on the +Judiciary, which reported a bill, <a id="January117"></a>January 14, 1822.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn117">117</a></sup> March 27 to +April 1, it was debated, but finally <a id="tabled118"></a>tabled.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn118">118</a></sup> The character of the +bill does not distinctly appear in the records.</p> + +<p><b>§ 22. St<a id="atus"></a>atus of the question from 1823 to 1847.</b>—Although no amendment +could be procured to the act of 1793, the government of the United States +had repeatedly, by diplomatic demands and treaties, undertaken to recover +fugitives, or their value, for Southern owners. The first Indian treaty +negotiated under the Constitution, that of April 7, 1790, with the +Creeks, required the return of negroes held as prisoners of <a id="war119"></a>war.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn119">119</a></sup> A +similar clause appeared in the treaty made in 1814, at the end of the war +with the Creeks, a war which had been provoked in part by their ready +reception of <a id="fugitives120"></a>fugitives.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn120">120</a></sup> In 1832 the government went so far as to +promise to expend seven thousand dollars in paying for "slaves and other +property alleged to have been stolen" by the <a id="Seminoles121"></a>Seminoles.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn121">121</a></sup></p> + +<p>With Great Britain, also, the encouragement of fugitives became a subject +for negotiation. Much bitterness had been felt at the carrying away by +the British, in 1783, of slaves who had taken refuge with <a id="them122"></a>them.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn122">122</a></sup> In +the treaty of Ghent, therefore, a strict clause forbade the carrying away +by the British of "any slaves or other private <a id="property123"></a>property."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn123">123</a></sup> A large +number of slaves had, during the war, been received on board British +vessels, and the humane but specious plea was set up by the British +government that the clause applied only to slaves received after +the date of the peace. A convention of 1818 submitted the question to the +Emperor of Russia, who in 1822 made a decision not wholly favorable to +either party; and <a id="in124"></a>in 1826,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn124">124</a></sup> by a second convention, Great Britain +agreed to pay $1,204,960. This last award was obtained by a +Pennsylvanian, Gallatin, acting under the direction of President John +Quincy Adams, a citizen of Massachusetts.</p> + + + + +<h3><span>Canada and Mexico Places of Refuge.</span></h3> + +<p><b>§ 23. <a id="Canada_and_Mexico_places_of_refuge"></a>Canada and Mexico places of refuge.</b>—The existence on the northern +and southwestern frontiers of regions in which slavery was practically, +if not yet legally, extinct, brought about another set of complications. +January 24, 1821, a resolution was presented in Congress from the General +Assembly of Kentucky, protesting against the kindly reception of +fugitives in Canada, and asking for negotiation with Great Britain on the +<a id="subject125"></a>subject.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn125">125</a></sup> In 1826, Mr. Clay, Secretary of State, instructed Mr. +Gallatin, United States Minister at the Court of St. James, to propose +the "mutual surrender of all persons held to service or labor under the +laws of either country who escape into the territory of the other." The +British government replied that any such agreement was impossible, and, +though a second attempt was made by the United States, it was without +<a id="success126"></a>success.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn126">126</a></sup></p> + + +<p>In 1841 Mr. Woodbridge submitted a resolution to the Senate requesting +the Committee on Foreign Relations to consider the expediency of entering +into an arrangement with Great Britain for the arrest of fugitive slaves +charged with crime who might escape over the northern boundary of the +United <a id="States127"></a>States.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn127">127</a></sup> No action was taken upon the resolution.</p> + + +<p>The North, however, was not the only region to which slaves were fleeing +at this time. Complaint was heard after 1830, that the "freedom and +equality granted blacks by the Mexican Constitution and law of 1829, was +attracting large numbers of slaves from <a id="Louisiana128"></a>Louisiana,"<sup class="topnum"><a href="#Louisiana128">128</a></sup> while in Florida +the Seminole trouble was not yet ended.</p> + + +<p>The last case of this kind occurred just at the outbreak of the Civil +War. A slave by the name of Anderson was found one day by Mr. +Seneca T. P. Diggs, wandering about his plantation in Howard County, +Missouri, without a pass. Mr. Diggs thereupon arrested him as a fugitive +slave. In the struggle which followed, the desperate runaway plunged a +knife into Mr. Diggs's heart. His captor dead, Anderson hastened on to +<a id="Canada129"></a>Canada.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn129">129</a></sup> There he lived a quiet and industrious life until 1860, when +the American government called upon Canada, under the extradition treaty, +to give up Anderson for punishment. He was arrested, but applied to the +Toronto court for a writ of habeas corpus, which was refused. An appeal +was immediately made to the Queen's Bench, England, which granted the +<a id="writ130"></a>writ.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn130">130</a></sup> In the trial Anderson was defended by Mr. Gerrit Smith in an +eloquent speech, which made a great impression, and was circulated all +over the United <a id="States131"></a>States.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn131">131</a></sup> The prisoner was discharged on a technical +<a id="point132"></a>point.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn132">132</a></sup></p> + + +<p><b>§ 24. Status of fugitives <a id="on_the_high_seas"></a>on the high seas.</b>—When in 1830 gradual +emancipation began in the British colonies, and in 1837 slavery ceased to +exist there, a new set of complications arose. American vessels carrying +slaves from one part of the United States to another were repeatedly +driven or conveyed into British ports, and the slaves were there treated +as ordinary fugitives, that is, as free men. Thus the Comet <a id="in133"></a>in 1830,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn133">133</a></sup> +and the Encomium <a id="in134"></a>in 1834,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn134">134</a></sup> were cast away on the Bahamas, and the +slaves on board could not be recovered. In 1835 the Enterprise was forced +by stress of weather to enter a port of the <a id="Bermudas135"></a>Bermudas,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn135">135</a></sup> and the +officers were not permitted by the British authorities to restrain the +persons on board.</p> + +<p>In none of these three cases were the negroes restored; but in 1840 the +British government paid an indemnity for the first two cargoes, on the +ground that at the time of the wrecks slavery had not yet been completely +extinguished in the <a id="colonies136"></a>colonies.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn136">136</a></sup> No indemnity was allowed in the +Enterprise case, and the British government declared that it could assume +no responsibility in cases arising since the abolition of <a id="slavery137"></a>slavery.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn137">137</a></sup> +Elaborate resolutions introduced by Calhoun, March 4, 1840, and +passed, April 15, by a unanimous vote of the Senate, condemned the +British <a id="principle138"></a>principle.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn138">138</a></sup> But when, in the next year, the slaves on board +the American ship Creole rose and by force carried her into <a id="Nassau139"></a>Nassau,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn139">139</a></sup> +the British government refused to return them either as slaves or as +<a id="murderers140"></a>murderers.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn140">140</a></sup> Webster, as Secretary of State, strenuously urged the +surrender. In 1853, an arbitrator decided that an indemnity must be paid +to the American <a id="government141"></a>government.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn141">141</a></sup> On the other hand, when, in 1839, a +Spanish vessel, L'Amistad, in which the slaves on board had revolted and +killed their master, was brought into an American port, the Supreme Court +refused to permit their surrender, on the ground that they were free by +Spanish law, and therefore could not be tried for <a id="murder142"></a>murder.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn142">142</a></sup></p> + + + + +<h3><span>Kidnapping from 1793-1850. Prigg Case.</span></h3> + +<p><b>§ 25. Kidn<a id="app"></a>apping from 1793 to 1850: Prigg case.</b>—Since slavery was now +extinct in the more northern States, their population contained many free +negroes. Upon them the eyes of the slave trader were often turned, as +easy prey under the law of 1793, and many cases of kidnapping occurred. +It was such instances, involving as they did the most manifest injustice +and cruelty, that first aroused the sympathies of the <a id="people143"></a>people.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn143">143</a></sup> The +border States like Pennsylvania were often the scene of these acts. The +neighboring white families first began to try to protect the negroes +settled near them, and a little later to give a helping hand to those +escaping from slavery, and at last, in the underground <a id="railroad144"></a>railroad,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn144">144</a></sup> to +complete a systematic organization for the assistance of fugitives. Cases +of kidnapping are recorded as early <a id="as145"></a>as 1808.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn145">145</a></sup> In 1832 the carrying +away of a black woman without process of law not only roused the people +of Pennsylvania, but led to a decision which took away much of the force +of the act of 1793.</p> + +<p>A slave woman, Margaret Morgan, had fled from Maryland to Pennsylvania. +Five years later, in 1837, Edward Prigg, an attorney, caused her to be +arrested and sent back to her mistress without recourse either to the +national or State act on the subject. In the act he disregarded a law of +Pennsylvania, brought about in 1826 through the efforts of the +Society for the Abolition of Slavery, which forbade the carrying out of +the State of any negro with the intention of enslaving him. Accordingly, +Mr. Prigg was arrested and convicted in the county court. The Supreme +Court of Pennsylvania sustained the decision. Thence the case was taken +to the Supreme Court of the United States. There the counsel for Mr. +Prigg argued that the statute of Pennsylvania on which the indictment was +founded was unconstitutional, since it conflicted with the law of 1793. +Justice Story delivered the opinion of the court, and upon this decision +all future judgments were based. He announced that the law must be +carried out through national authorities alone; the States or State +magistrates could not be forced into <a id="action146"></a>action.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn146">146</a></sup> After this, many +States, seeing the advantage thus given them, passed laws which forbade +the officers to aid in a fugitive slave case, and also denied the use of +their jails for <a id="imprisonment147"></a>imprisonment.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn147">147</a></sup> Plainly the Prigg case showed a +growing indisposition on the part of the States to carry out the law, +however severe its provisions might be; and this disposition to evade its +obligations is still further evidenced by the cases given in the next +chapter.</p> + +<p><b>§ 26. <a id="Nece"></a>Necessity of more stringent fugitive slave provisions.</b>—The +increasing number of <a id="rescues148"></a>rescues,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn148">148</a></sup> and the occurrence of several cases of +resistance, proved conclusively the inadequacy of the law of 1793. After +the Prigg decision the provisions made for its execution through national +powers were entirely insufficient. Underlying all these acts, the South +also could but perceive a sentiment the growth of which, unless checked +in some way, would at last permanently injure, if not destroy, their +peculiar institution.</p> + +<p><b>§ 27. A<a id="cti"></a>ction of Congress from 1847 to 1850.</b>—From 1822 until 1848 +apparently no effort was made to secure a new law. Then a petition +received in 1847 from the Legislature of Kentucky, urging the importance +of passing such laws as would enable the citizens of slaveholding States +to recover their slaves when they escaped into non-slaveholding +<a id="States149"></a>States,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn149">149</a></sup> gave rise to a bill from the Committee on the +<a id="Judiciary150"></a>Judiciary.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn150">150</a></sup> The bill provided "for the more effectual execution of the third clause of the second section of the Fourth Article +of the <a id="Constitution151"></a>Constitution."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn151">151</a></sup> It passed only to the second reading. In 1849, +Mr. Meade proposed in the House to instruct the Committee on the +Judiciary to report a fugitive slave <a id="bill152"></a>bill.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn152">152</a></sup> No report apparently was +ever made, but this was the last ineffectual proposition. In 1850, a new +law was successfully carried in both Houses.</p> + +<p><b>§ 28. Slavery <a id="in_the_District"></a>in the District of Columbia.</b>—During this period, from 1840 +to 1850, the subject of slavery and fugitives in the District of Columbia +began to occasion debate, which was never long silenced. It was notorious +that almost under the windows of the Capitol negroes were confined in +public jails on the ground that they were fugitives; and that a free +negro so confined might be sold for his jail fees. Resolutions for an +investigation of the condition of the jails were offered in 1848 by Mr. +<a id="Giddings153"></a>Giddings;<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn153">153</a></sup> and Mr. Hall also introduced more sweeping propositions to +repeal all laws of Congress and of Maryland which authorized or required +courts, officers, or magistrates to issue process for arrest or +commitment to the jail of the District of any fugitive <a id="slave154"></a>slave.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn154">154</a></sup> +Congress, however, was in a mood too conciliatory toward the South to +consider these propositions; and no action was taken.</p> + + + +<h3><span>The Second Fugitive Slave Act.</span></h3> + +<p><b>§ 29. The second Fugitive Slave <a id="Act_1850"></a>Act (1850).</b>—In the early part of the +first session of the Thirty-first Congress, Mr. Mason of Virginia +introduced a bill to make the provisions of the fugitive slave act more +<a id="severe155"></a>severe,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn155">155</a></sup> and the bill was reported from the Committee on the +Judiciary, January 16, 1850. Two additional amendments were soon offered +by Mr. Mason. The first imposed a fine of one thousand dollars and +imprisonment for twelve months upon any one who should obstruct the +execution of the law. The second provided that the testimony of a +fugitive should not be admitted. Mr. Seward, in opposition, proposed on +the 28th to allow a fugitive the right of trial by jury, with a fine of +five thousand dollars and the forfeiture of office should the +right be disallowed by any judge or <a id="marshal156"></a>marshal.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn156">156</a></sup></p> + +<p>Mr. Clay's "Omnibus Bill," by which he intended to settle the territorial +question then before Congress, and at the same time to check the +antislavery movement, contained a fugitive slave clause, though not so +severe in its provisions as Mr. <a id="Mason157"></a>Mason's.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn157">157</a></sup> This bill, however, was not +debated as a whole, but each proposition considered separately, and thus +Mr. Mason's bill became the basis of the fugitive slave provision in the +Compromise of 1850.</p> + +<p>The measure was considered, and various amendments were offered, until +August 26, 1850, when it was passed by the Senate, and a few days later +by the <a id="House158"></a>House;<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn158">158</a></sup> the signature of President Fillmore was readily +appended, and it became law, <a id="September159"></a>September 18, 1850.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn159">159</a></sup></p> + +<p><b>§ 30. <a id="Provisions_of_the_second"></a>Provisions of the second Fugitive Slave Act.</b>—Every provision of +the act was arranged for the protection and benefit of the slaveholders. +It was based upon the law of 1793, but a number of new regulations were +<a id="added160"></a>added.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn160">160</a></sup> Commissioners were to be chosen by the Circuit Courts of the +United States and the Superior Courts of the Territories, to act with the +judges of those courts in fugitive slave cases. Such commissioners could +be fined one thousand dollars for refusing to issue a writ, and were +liable for the value of any slave escaping from them. The testimony +required for rendition was the official declaration of the fact +of the escape of a slave by two witnesses, and the establishment of his +identity by oath. The testimony of the accused could not be admitted. The +right of trial by jury was not affirmed, and was therefore practically +denied. A sheriff might call upon any bystander for help in executing the +law, and the penalty for harboring or aiding in a rescue was increased +from five hundred dollars, as in 1793, to one thousand dollars, and +imprisonment for not more than six months. Should the slave escape, +damages to the same amount were to be paid to the claimant. If a mob were +feared, military force might be employed; and by a discrimination little +likely to win respect for the act, the fee of the commissioner was to be +increased from five to ten dollars whenever the case was decided in favor +of the claimant.</p> + + + + +<h3><span>Arguments for the Bill.</span></h3> + +<p><b>§ 31. Argumen<a id="ts_fo"></a>ts for the bill.</b>—The debate on the Fugitive Slave Bill more +than any other part of the Compromise illustrates the character of the +slavery conflict. Most of the Southern members urged the immediate +necessity of a new law, but some of the more ardent considered the evil +to be one which could be reached only through a change in public +sentiment, and they thought all legislation <a id="valueless161"></a>valueless.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn161">161</a></sup> Mr. Mason +thus presented the evils with which the law must cope. He stated that the +border States had found it an impossibility to reclaim a fugitive when he +once got within the boundaries of a non-slaveholding State; "and this +bill, or rather the amendments, ... have been framed with a great deal of +consideration, to reach, if practicable, the evils which this experience +has demonstrated to exist, and to furnish the appropriate remedy in +enabling the owner of a fugitive to reclaim him." Under the existing +laws, "you may as well go down into the sea and endeavor to recover from +his native element a fish which has escaped from you, as expect to +recover such a fugitive. Every difficulty is thrown in your way by the +population.... There are armed mobs, rescues. This is the real state of +<a id="things162"></a>things."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn162">162</a></sup></p> + +<p>Not only were the laws thus set aside by individuals, but also through +the Underground Railroad an organized system of depredation was carried +on, whereby thousands of dollars were every year lost to the +<a id="slaveholder163"></a>slaveholder.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn163">163</a></sup> As an illustration of the extent to which this +disregard of law was carried, Mr. Yulee, one of the most extreme of the +Southern men, instanced a convention which was then in session in New +York "for the very purpose, openly avowed, of congratulation upon their +successful violation of the Constitution in respect to fugitives, and to +devise ways and means to encourage the escape of <a id="slaves164"></a>slaves."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn164">164</a></sup></p> + +<p>Such, according to the Southern Congressmen, was the condition of +affairs. They then proceeded to contrast it with the situation as +contemplated by the Constitution, and supported by the decision of the +Supreme Court in the Prigg case. Mr. Butler insisted that this bill +required "nothing more than is enjoined by the Constitution, and which +contains the bond of union and the security of harmony; and in the name +of Washington, I would invoke all parties to observe, maintain, and +defend it." He said it was the handiwork of sages and patriots, and +resulted from intelligent concessions, for the benefit of <a id="all165"></a>all.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn165">165</a></sup> Many +speeches were filled with prophecies, more or less openly expressed, of +the dissolution of the Union. Mr. Soulé said the South must fight for its +rights, since it is the weaker of the two <a id="sections166"></a>sections.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn166">166</a></sup> It had come down +to the question, How could the Union be <a id="preserved167"></a>preserved?<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn167">167</a></sup> Some concessions +must be made. Mr. Badger urged the bill, because it "will give assurance, +it will satisfy the public mind that the Government is disposed, is truly +anxious, to accomplish the restitution of fugitive slaves; sincerely +wished and is resolved to do right to the uttermost of its power. The +proof of this will be complete, because we furnish the best means for the +recovery of the slave himself, and if these fail we can secure prompt and +adequate indemnity for the <a id="loss168"></a>loss."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn168">168</a></sup></p> + + + + +<h3><span>Arguments against the Bill.</span></h3> + +<p><b>§ 32. Argumen<a id="ts_ag"></a>ts against the bill.</b>—On the Northern side, there seems to +have been an admission that some bill of the kind was necessary for the +interests of the Union. The opposition dwelt chiefly, therefore, upon the +details of the measure. Many considered them unjust, as recognizing only +one class of rights, those of the masters. Mr. Chase, from the +antislavery wing, demanded that a claim of this kind be put on the same +footing as any other statutory right. "Claims of right in the services of +individuals found under the protection of the laws of a free +State must be investigated in the same manner as other claims of right. +If the most ordinary controversy involving a contested claim of twenty +dollars must be decided by jury, surely a controversy which involves the +right of a man to his liberty should have a similar trial.... It will not +do for a man to go into a State where every legal presumption is in favor +of freedom, and seize a person whom he claims as a fugitive slave, and +say, 'This man is my slave, and by my authority under the Constitution of +the United States I carry him off, and whoever interferes does so at his +peril.' He is asked, 'Where is your warrant?' and he produces none; +'Where is your evidence of claim?' and he offers none. The language of +his action is, 'My word stands for law.'"</p> + + + + + + + + + +<h2><span><a id="CHAPTER_III"></a> CHAPTER III.</span> + +<span><i>PRINCIPAL CASES FROM 1789 TO 1860.</i></span></h2> + + +<div class="poem"> +<span class="i0">§ 33. <a href="#ge_in">Change in character of cases.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 34. <a href="#irst"> The first case of rescue (1793).</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 35. <a href="#side">President Washington's demand for a fugitive (1796).</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 36. <a href="#ng_ca">Kidnapping cases.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 37. <a href="#Jones_case">Jones case (1836).</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 38. <a href="#olomo">Solomon Northrup case (about 1830).</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 39. <a href="#Washington_case">Washington case (between 1840 and 1850).</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 40. <a href="#Ober">Oberlin case (1841).</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 41. <a href="#erfer">Interference and rescues.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 42. <a href="#ickas">Chickasaw rescue (1836).</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 43. <a href="#Philadelphia_and_Kennedy">Philadelphia case (1838).</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 44. <a href="#atim">Latimer case (1842).</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 45. <a href="#Ottoman_case">Ottoman case (1846).</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 46. <a href="#ters">Interstate relations.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 47. <a href="#Boston_and_Isaac">Boston and Isaac cases (1837, 1839).</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 48. <a href="#Ohio_and_Kentucky">Ohio and Kentucky case (1848).</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0"> § 49. <a href="#osec">Prosecutions.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 50. <a href="#and_Walker_cases">Van Zandt, Pearl, and Walker cases (1840, 1844).</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 51. <a href="#Unpopularity">Unpopularity of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 52. <a href="#ncip">Principle of the selection of cases.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 53. <a href="#Hamlet_case">Hamlet case (1850).</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 54. <a href="#ims">Sims case (1851).</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 55. <a href="#urns">Burns case (1854).</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 56. <a href="#Garner">Garner case (1856).</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 57. <a href="#adrac">Shadrach case (1851).</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 58. <a href="#Jerry_McHenry">Jerry McHenry case (1851).</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 59. <a href="#rescue_1858">Oberlin-Wellington case (1858).</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 60. <a href="#Christiana">Christiana case (1851).</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 61. <a href="#case_1851">Miller case (1851).</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 62. <a href="#Kansas_1858">John Brown in Kansas (1858).</a></span> +</div> + +<p><b>§ 33. Change in <a id="ge_in"></a>character of cases.</b>—The cases of escape which occur in +the period beginning with the formation of the Constitution, and ending +with the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law in 1850, will be found, in +comparison with those of colonial times, much more frequent, more complex +in action, and more varied in detail. Instead of many colonies under +governments independent one of another, there was now one government and +one country; nevertheless, the extinction of the system of +bondage and the rise of the antislavery sentiment in the Northern States +brought into the cases new and difficult elements. No attempt will be +made to mention the cases in their chronological order, or to describe +them all. They will be classified into cases of simple escape, of +kidnapping, of rescue, and of State interference; and typical examples +will be described in each category.</p> + + +<h3><span>The First Case of Rescue.</span></h3> + +<p><b>§ 34. The f<a id="irst"></a>irst case of rescue.</b>—The first attempt to enforce the act of +1793, of which any record has been discovered, immediately revealed its +unfairness, and the indisposition of the North to carry it out.</p> + +<p>Mr. Josiah Quincy, then a young lawyer, afterwards known as a public man +and the President of Harvard College, has left an interesting account of +his connection with the case. "He states that the process was issued by a +justice of the peace, that he was retained as counsel for the alleged +slave, that he prepared his brief, and went down loaded with all the +necessary authorities. He found a great crowd of people assembled; but +while he was in the midst of the argument, he heard a noise, and, turning +around, he saw the constables lying sprawling on the floor, and a passage +opening through the crowd, through which the fugitive was taking his +departure without stopping to hear the opinion of the court, and that was +the last of that case, and that was the last of the law of 1793 in +<a id="Massachusetts169"></a>Massachusetts."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn169">169</a></sup></p> + +<p><b>§ 35. Pre<a id="side"></a>sident Washington's demand for a fugitive.</b>—As has been noticed +in a previous chapter, George Washington's boyhood was connected with +white slavery. Now, at the zenith of his public life, we find one of his +chattels the occasion of the first recorded refusal on moral grounds to +return a slave. In 1796, President Washington wrote to Mr. +Whipple, Collector of Portsmouth, N. H., to send back to him one of his +slaves who had escaped to that place, if it could be done without +exciting a mob. This letter has been preserved, and the following extract +gives us an insight into President Washington's opinions upon the +rendition of fugitives:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>"However well disposed I might be to gradual abolition, or even to an +entire emancipation of that description of people, (if the latter was in +itself practicable,) at this moment it would neither be politic nor just +to reward unfaithfulness with a premature preference, and thereby +discontent beforehand the minds of all her fellow serv'ts, who, by their +steady attachment, are far more deserving than herself of <a id="favor170"></a>favor."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn170">170</a></sup></p> +</div> + +<p>Mr. Whipple answered, that any return would be impossible; public +sentiment was too strong against it.</p> + + + + +<h3><span>Kidnapping.</span></h3> + +<p><b>§ 36. Kidnappi<a id="ng_ca"></a>ng cases.</b>—The great number of cases of kidnapping +throughout the period from 1793 to 1850 show what cruel and unjust deeds +were possible under the existing system, and served as nothing else could +to rouse people to the defence of negroes. Various were the methods by +which, in spite of law, kidnappers were enabled to secure their prey. +Perhaps the most common practice, in places where the courts were known +to be friendly to slavery, was to arrest a man on some false pretence, +and then, when he appeared in court without opportunity to secure papers +or witnesses, to claim him as a fugitive slave. Most of these cases +occurred in communities bordering upon or near the Southern States. The +risk and trouble of transporting slaves across free States were so great, +that up to 1850 we seldom hear of kidnapping cases, and rarely of the +capture of a genuine fugitive in the New England States.</p> + +<p>The natural consequence of such acts of outrageous violence was to rouse +people to the forcible rescue of the captured negroes. In the earliest +cases, colored people seem to take the leadership; later on, the whites +joined, and became most active in the work.</p> + +<p><b>§ 37. <a id="Jones_case"></a>Jones case.</b>—The following instance well exemplifies this form of +oppression. George Jones, a respectable colored man, was arrested on +Broadway, New York, in 1836, on the pretext that he had committed assault +and battery. As he knew that no such charge could be sustained against +him, he at first refused to go with his captors; but finally he yielded, +on the assurance of his employer that everything possible should +be done for him. He was then placed in Bridewell, and his friends were +told that when they were wanted they "would be sent for"; but, soon after +one o'clock that same day, he was taken before the Hon. Richard Riker, +Recorder of New York, and to the satisfaction of that magistrate was +proved to be a slave. Thus, in less than two hours after his arrest he +was hurried away as the property of the kidnappers: their word had been +accepted as sufficient evidence, and he had not been allowed to secure +the presence of a single friendly <a id="witness171"></a>witness.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn171">171</a></sup></p> + +<p><b>§ 38. S<a id="olomo"></a>olomon Northup case.</b>—Sometimes, if they feared to enter their +case in court, slave hunters could find opportunity, by watching a negro +for a while, to carry out their plans through some small deception. One +of the most striking of these cases is that of Solomon Northup, who has +written an account of his experiences as freeman and as slave. He was +born in 1808 in New York State. His father had been made a free man by +the provisions of his master's will. Thus Solomon was brought up under +the influences of freedom, and knew little of slavery. After his +marriage, he lived for some years in Saratoga. Here he earned a +comfortable livelihood. During the day he worked about the hotels, and in +the evenings he was often engaged to play the violin at parties. One day, +two men, apparently managers of a travelling circus company, met him and +offered him good pay if he would go with them as a violinist to +Washington. He consented. Their behavior seemed to him peculiar, but he +remained in their service, only to find himself one morning in a slave +pen in Washington. How he got there remained always a mystery, but it is +evident that he must have been drugged. Resistance was useless. He was +carried South and sold to Mr. Epps, a hard master, with whom he remained +for twelve years.</p> + +<p>After he had long given up all hopes of escape, a friend was found in a +Northern man who was working on the same plantation. Mr. Bass consented, +though at a great risk to himself, to write some letters, telling +Solomon's story to his Northern friends. The letters reached their +destination, and, under the law of 1840 against kidnapping, a memorial +was prepared to the Governor of New York. He became interested, and +immediately sent a man South to find Northrup. After a long search, the +agent was directed to Mr. Epps's plantation. Much to the +disappointment of the master, who used every means to prevent his return, +Solomon was identified at last, and went back to New York again a free +man. Efforts were made to prosecute the kidnappers; but as sufficient +evidence could not be obtained, no case was made <a id="out172"></a>out.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn172">172</a></sup></p> + +<p><b>§ 39. <a id="Washington_case"></a>Washington case.</b>—So bold did these stealers of men become, that +they sometimes resorted to simple force, without the slightest attempt at +concealment. A case of this kind occurred in Washington, D. C., between +1840 and 1850. Three or four men seized a negro who was employed in a +hotel near the Capitol, and dragged him away. Mr. Hall, proprietor of the +house, after trying in vain to prevent the arrest, succeeded at last in +compelling them to take the man before a magistrate. The justice declined +to assume jurisdiction in such a case, and before any other protection +could be provided, the man was hurried by the kidnappers into a hack, and +taken across the Potomac into <a id="bondage173"></a>bondage.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn173">173</a></sup></p> + +<p><b>§ 40. <a id="Ober"></a>Oberlin case.</b>—Occasionally the result was less fortunate for the +captors. In Oberlin, three slave hunters seized by force a negro man and +his wife, and carried them to an inn for the night. In the mean time the +people of the town decided that the negroes must have a trial. They +therefore employed a lawyer, who discovered that the writ for the capture +was illegal, and secured a hearing. The captives were placed in jail, +but, aided by some undivulged agency, they managed to break the grates of +their prison windows, and escaped to Canada before the day set for +<a id="trial174"></a>trial.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn174">174</a></sup></p> + + + +<h3><span>Interference and Rescues.</span></h3> + +<p><b>§ 41. Int<a id="erfer"></a>erference and rescues.</b>—After a kidnapping case had occurred in +a Northern village or town, measures were frequently taken by the +indignant citizens to prevent the recurrence of such acts. They organized +vigilance committees, or the antislavery societies took it up as a part +of their work. In a free community, public sentiment would not allow +negro towns-people to stand entirely unprotected. Thus many of the cases +of interference and rescue were the result of some organized movements on +the part of the white people, though occasionally they came about through +the unpremeditated action of a mob.</p> + +<p><b>§ 42. Ch<a id="ickas"></a>ickasaw rescue.</b>—The first case which has been found occurred in +1836. A writ of habeas corpus was served against Captain +Eldridge of the brig Chickasaw, for holding two colored women in his ship +with the intention of carrying them South. As both presented free papers +at the hearing, the judge ordered them discharged; but the agent of John +B. Morris of Baltimore, who demanded their return, declared that he would +soon have sufficient evidence to prove them fugitives. Thereupon the +colored people rushed in, took the women to a carriage, and carried them +away to <a id="safety175"></a>safety.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn175">175</a></sup></p> + +<p><b>§ 43. <a id="Philadelphia_and_Kennedy"></a>Philadelphia and Kennedy cases.</b>—A similar but unsuccessful attempt +was made in Philadelphia in 1838. A slave had been delivered to the man +claiming to be his master. As the captors were about to take him away, a +crowd of colored people gathered and attempted to rescue him. It was not +so simple a matter in a large city as in a country town. A body of police +soon appeared, protected the slaveholders, and finally arrested some of +the leaders among the free <a id="blacks176"></a>blacks.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn176">176</a></sup></p> + +<p>A few years later, in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, three negroes were arrested +and their identity established as the slaves of Messrs. Kennedy and +Hollingsworth of Maryland. The colored people of the neighborhood had +caused a writ of habeas corpus to be issued and a second hearing was +held. Judge Hepburne decided that the magistrate first employed had no +right to commit the alleged fugitives, but he himself remanded them. A +riot ensued, and some thirty-six persons were tried for participating in +<a id="it177"></a>it.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn177">177</a></sup></p> + +<p><b>§ 44. L<a id="atim"></a>atimer case.</b>—In the Latimer case, the first of that series of +famous fugitive slave trials which took place in Boston, was strongly +developed the feeling against kidnapping, or in fact against the +rendition of a slave under any circumstances.</p> + +<p>In 1842, George Latimer was seized in Boston without a warrant, at the +request of James B. Grey of Norfolk, Virginia. Latimer's counsel, Samuel +E. Sewall and Amos B. Merrill, sued out a writ of habeas corpus, but +after argument Chief Justice Shaw denied it. Mr. Grey asked for time to +procure evidence against Latimer from Virginia. The judge ruled that the +request should be granted, and that Latimer should for the time being be +kept in the custody of the city jailer, Nathaniel Cooledge. A writ of +personal replevin, under the act of 1837 securing trial by <a id="jury178"></a>jury,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn178">178</a></sup> was +then sworn out, but Justice Shaw decided that, according to the +decision by the Supreme Court in the Prigg case, the law was +<a id="illegal179"></a>illegal.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn179">179</a></sup></p> + +<p>The proceedings aroused great indignation throughout the city and State. +Meetings to devise means of aiding Latimer were held in Faneuil Hall and +Belknap Street church. Stirring speeches were made by Wendell Phillips +and others, and resolutions condemning the proceedings of the +authorities, and remonstrating against the return of Latimer, were +adopted. Bands of ruffians strove to break up the meetings, and succeeded +in greatly disturbing them. To rouse the people, to give expression to +public sentiment, and to spread the news from day to day, Dr. H. I. +Bowditch and Dr. W. F. Channing edited a paper called "The Latimer +Journal and North Star." This was published for a number of weeks by the +friends of the fugitive. Petitions were sent to the sheriff to remove the +jailer, and to the Governor asking the removal of the sheriff if he did +not accede to their demand. Thereupon Latimer's custodian agreed to give +him up for a sufficient payment. The sum of four hundred dollars was +accordingly raised, the proceedings came to an abrupt termination, and +Latimer was released.</p> + +<p>The excitement produced, however, did not die out immediately, and some +of the results were far-reaching. So intense was the public excitement, +that, soon after, a petition was prepared and sent to Congress, asking an +amendment to the Constitution. This was signed by fifty thousand people +in Massachusetts, and presented in the House by Mr. Adams. Another, +signed by sixty-five thousand people, was sent to the legislature. The +effect was the act of 1843, forbidding all officers to aid in the +recapture of a fugitive slave, or to permit the use of State jails for +their imprisonment. The petition to Congress was not received. A +resolution from the Latimer committee, which proposed an amendment to the +Constitution so as to base representation on "free persons," brought +about much discussion, and was not received in the House. In the Senate +it excited even more violent opposition, and the resolutions were laid on +the table and not <a id="printed180"></a>printed.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn180">180</a></sup></p> + +<p><b>§ 45. <a id="Ottoman_case"></a>Ottoman case.</b>—Similar indignation was felt in Boston over the case +of Captain Hannum of the brig Ottoman. He had found a runaway concealed +on board, but had set sail to return, evidently with the intention of +taking the man back into captivity. A steamer was sent out to +rescue the slave, but the Ottoman managed to elude it, and the man was +lost. At a meeting held September 24, 1846, a committee was appointed for +the purpose of preventing similar <a id="outrages181"></a>outrages.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn181">181</a></sup></p> + + +<h3> <span>Interstate Relations.</span></h3> + +<p><b>§ 46. In<a id="ters"></a>terstate relations.</b>—The spirit of opposition to the execution of +the Fugitive Slave Law made itself felt, not only in popular +demonstrations and in legislation, but in interstate relations. We have +already noticed the Prigg <a id="case182"></a>case,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn182">182</a></sup> and its effect in relieving the +States from any responsibility in the enforcement of the law. Other +States took advantage of this decision, and of the general principle of +international law, that one nation or state is not bound to enforce the +municipal law of another.</p> + +<p><b>§ 47. <a id="Boston_and_Isaac"></a>Boston and Isaac cases (1837-1839).</b>—In 1837 a runaway was found on +the ship Boston, then on her homeward voyage from Georgia to Maine. After +landing, the slave succeeded in getting to Canada. The Governor of +Georgia charged the captain with slave-stealing, and demanded his return +as a fugitive from justice. The Governor of Maine would not comply with +the request, because, as he said, the laws of that State recognized +slaves not as property, but as persons. The indignant legislature of +Georgia adopted resolutions calling upon Congress so to amend the laws +that the Governor of Maine should be compelled to give up slave stealers +as fugitives from justice. Resolutions were presented in the United +States Senate, but no action was <a id="taken183"></a>taken.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn183">183</a></sup></p> + +<p>The refusal to use State machinery against fugitives extended to the +process of extradition against persons connected with the rescue of +slaves. Thus in the Isaac case, in 1839, Virginia asked New York for the +arrest of three colored men who were accused of abetting a slave's +escape. The Governor of New York returned answer, that no State could +demand the surrender of a fugitive from justice for an act which was made +criminal only by its own <a id="legislation184"></a>legislation.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn184">184</a></sup></p> + +<p><b>§ 48. <a id="Ohio_and_Kentucky"></a>Ohio and Kentucky case.</b>—Kentucky, in 1848, demanded from the +Governor of Ohio the extradition of fifteen persons on the charge of +aiding the escape of a fugitive. Governor Bell refused, on the ground +that Ohio laws did not recognize property in <a id="man185"></a>man.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn185">185</a></sup></p> + + + +<h3><span>Prosecutions. Act of 1850.</span></h3> + + <p><b>§ 49. Pr<a id="osec"></a>osecutions.</b>—The effects of the aid and protection thus given +fugitives by Northern people or governments awakened among the +slaveholders a feeling of wrong and indignation. The Fugitive Slave Law +was clear, and they determined to carry it out to the letter. They began, +therefore, energetically to prosecute people for aiding and harboring +escaping slaves. The case just mentioned shows how difficult it was to +secure prosecutions beyond the State boundaries. When the offence +occurred within the bounds of a slave State, the judgments were most +severe, and the heaviest possible fines and longest terms of imprisonment +were inflicted for simple acts of charity.</p> + +<p><b>§ 50. Van Zandt, Pearl, <a id="and_Walker_cases"></a>and Walker cases.</b>—Mr. Van Zandt, returning into +the country from Cincinnati one day in 1840, took nine fugitive slaves +from Kentucky into his farm wagon. He was stopped by three persons, and +all but two of the slaves were recaptured. Mr. Van Zandt was arrested, +taken into court, and fined twelve thousand dollars, which exhausted his +entire <a id="property186"></a>property.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn186">186</a></sup></p> + + +<p>A still more severe penalty was that imposed upon Captain Drayton, of the +schooner Pearl, in 1848. He took on board seventy-five fugitive slaves, +and sailed up the Potomac. An armed steamer, sent in pursuit, overtook +them and brought them back. Captain Drayton and another officer of the +schooner were placed in prison, where they remained for twenty years, and +at last were relieved only through the efforts of Charles <a id="Sumner187"></a>Sumner.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn187">187</a></sup></p> + +<p>Another instance of the same sort is the case of Mr. Jonathan Walker, in +1844. With seven fugitives he embarked from Pensacola in an open boat for +the Bahama Islands, but he received a sun-stroke and was obliged to leave +the management of the craft in the hands of the negroes. On account of +the accident, they were overtaken by two sloops, and both fugitives and +their protector captured. Mr. Walker was twice tried, imprisoned, +sentenced to stand in the pillory, and branded on the hand with the +letters S. S., slave <a id="stealer188"></a>stealer.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn188">188</a></sup> The crime and the punishment have +alike been glorified in Whittier's verses:—</p> + + +<div class="poem"> +<span class="i0">"Then lift that manly right hand, bold ploughman of the wave!</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"Its branded hand shall prophesy 'Salvation to the Slave!'</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"Hold up its fire-wrought language that whoso reads may feel</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"His heart swell strong within him, his sinews change to <a id="steel189"></a>steel."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn189">189</a></sup></span></div> + + +<p><b>§ 51. <a id="Unpopularity"></a>Unpopularity of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850.</b>—The +passage of the new law probably increased the number of antislavery +people more than anything else which had occurred during the whole +agitation. Many of those formerly indifferent were roused to active +opposition by a sense of the injustice of the Fugitive Slave Act as they +saw it executed in Boston and elsewhere. Hence, in the cases of the +period from 1850 to the outbreak of the Civil War, we shall find a new +element. The antislavery party, grown strong, resisted the regulations, +and instead of the unquestioned return of a fugitive, as in colonial +times, or of prosecutions carried on under the simple conditions of the +act of 1793, the struggle became long and complex. In fact during this +time hardly an important case can be cited in which there was not some +opposition to the natural course of the law. These exasperating effects +were not at first apparent to the South, since before the famous rescues +began several cases of rendition showed the power of the Executive. As +the escapes grew more and more frequent yearly, increasing all the time +in boldness, the slaveholders put forth greater efforts to punish the +offenders, and prosecutions were numerous. But the "new law had no moral +foundation," and against such an act public sentiment must sooner or +later revolt, no matter how severe may be its <a id="provisions190"></a>provisions.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn190">190</a></sup> As Mr. +James Freeman Clarke has said, "It was impossible to convince the people +that it was right to send back to slavery men who were so desirous of +freedom as to run such risks. All education from boyhood up to manhood +had taught us to believe that it was the duty of all men to struggle for +<a id="freedom191"></a>freedom."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn191">191</a></sup></p> + +<p><b>§ 52. Pri<a id="ncip"></a>nciple of the selection of cases.</b>—The large number of cases +occurring between 1850 and 1860 renders it impossible to present a +detailed account of them all in a brief monograph. The selection, +therefore, includes only such as are typical of the various phases of the +agitation.</p> + +<p><b>§ 53. <a id="Hamlet_case"></a>Hamlet case (1850).</b>—The first recorded action under the provisions +of the law of 1850 took place on the 26th of September of that year, just +eight days after the passage of the act. James Hamlet, a free negro, who +with his family had been living for several years in New York, was on +that day arrested by a deputy United States Marshal as the fugitive slave +of Mary Brown of Baltimore. After a hasty examination by Commissioner +Gardiner, he was surrendered in accordance with the new law. +These proceedings were not sufficiently well known at the time to excite +a mob, but when discovered they roused so strong a feeling that the money +necessary to redeem Hamlet was almost immediately raised, and on the 5th +of October he was brought back from <a id="slavery192"></a>slavery.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn192">192</a></sup></p> + + + +<h3><span>Sims and Burns.</span></h3> + + <p><b>§ 54. S<a id="ims"></a>ims case (1851).</b>—Another instance in Boston, often mentioned as +the first under the law of 1850, but really six months later than the +Hamlet case, is that of Thomas M. Sims. A common method of seizure was +followed. Marshal Tukey arrested Sims on a false charge of theft. Mr. +Potter of Virginia then claimed him as his slave. Court Square was filled +with people. The Marshal feared a popular outbreak while the matter was +pending, and, to the indignation of the city, caused the court-house in +which Sims was confined to be surrounded with chains. As these were but +four feet from the ground, the judges as they went in and out from the +sessions were forced, morning and night, to bow beneath them. The +building was also strongly guarded by a company of armed men, ever +afterward known as the "Sims Brigade." Robert Rantoul, Jr. and Samuel E. +Sewall conducted Sims's case. Commissioner Curtis overruled the +constitutional objections to the Fugitive Slave Law, and to the judicial +functions of the Commissioners of the United States courts. Then, despite +all efforts of the antislavery people in his behalf, the certificate +which sent Sims back to Virginia was made out and signed by Commissioner +<a id="Curtis193"></a>Curtis.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn193">193</a></sup> The Liberator says of the popular sentiment: "One feeling +was visible on almost every countenance, commiseration, +humiliation,—commiseration for the victim, humiliation at the +degradation of Massachusetts. No man talked, no man thought, of violence. +Why? Because it is acquiesced in? No! no! Because it is approved? A +thousand times, no! but because government is pleased to enforce the law, +and resistance is <a id="hopeless194"></a>hopeless."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn194">194</a></sup> Sims was taken from his cell in the +early morning, observed only by a few faithful vigilants, and, amid +platoons of armed men, conducted to the United States ship Acorn, which +was detailed to carry him back to the <a id="South195"></a>South.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn195">195</a></sup></p> + +<p>The indignation of the antislavery people remained to be expressed, and a +mass meeting was held on the Common and in Tremont Temple. +Wendell Phillips and Theodore Parker addressed the assemblage, and +Phillips noticed the fact that hostile troops had not been seen in the +streets of Boston since the redcoats marched up from Long <a id="Wharf196"></a>Wharf.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn196">196</a></sup></p> + +<p><b>§ 55. B<a id="urns"></a>urns case (1854).</b>—The rendition of Anthony Burns in 1854 was the +last great fugitive slave case which occurred in Boston. Burns was the +property of Charles F. Suttle of Virginia. He escaped in 1854, and came +to Boston. One of the first things he did was to write a letter to his +brother, still a slave in the South. Unfortunately, though this was +mailed in Canada, by some oversight it was dated in Boston. Since a +letter to a slave was always opened by the master, Burns's hiding place +was <a id="discovered197"></a>discovered.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn197">197</a></sup> He was arrested upon the usual charge of theft. +Then, upon a warrant issued by Judge Loring, he was claimed as a fugitive +slave by Suttle.</p> + +<p>When the knowledge of the arrest began to circulate, the most intense +excitement prevailed. Handbills asking all antislavery people to go to +Boston were sent throughout the country. Public meetings held in Faneuil +and Meionaon Halls were crowded with representatives from all the towns +<a id="about198"></a>about.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn198">198</a></sup> One of the people who took part in the attempted rescue which +followed one of these meetings thus describes it:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>"On the evening of the 26th of May, we went down to Faneuil Hall to hear +Wendell Phillips. He counselled waiting until morning before any attempt +to rescue Burns should be made, but the excited audience silenced him +with shouts of 'No, no! to-night! to-night!'</p> + +<p>"Mr. Phillips saw that it was useless to try to go on, so he sat down and +Mr. Theodore Parker began speaking. At first he advocated the same plan, +but at last, as he found the crowd growing more and more eager and +uproarious, he said, 'Well, if you will, let us go!' and led the way out +of the hall. The people followed, and my friend and I were among the +first to reach the court-house. There we found prepared for us long beams +and boxes of axes. Five or six men seized one of these beams, and before +its pressure the large door of the court-house crushed like glass. Mr. +Higginson first stepped in, but just then a pistol shot was heard, and +the mob fell back. Mr. Higginson looked around, and entreated +them not to desert him, but the favorable moment was gone. The people +should have lost no time in filling the house, for the marines had been +ordered from the Navy Yard, and when they appeared nothing further could +be <a id="done199"></a>done."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn199">199</a></sup> In this riot James Batchelder, one of the Marshal's +guards, was killed. </p> +</div> + + +<p>At the trial, though Burns was ably defended by Mr. R. H. Dana and +others, it was of no avail. His identity was unfortunately established +from the first. He had recognized and addressed his master, and also a +Mr. Brant, who had once hired him. The order for his rendition was +therefore at once <a id="given200"></a>given.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn200">200</a></sup></p> + +<p>Guarded by a large military force he was conducted through the streets, +filled with an indignant multitude, to the United States cutter Morris, +which had been ordered by the President to take him <a id="back201"></a>back.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn201">201</a></sup> Many +buildings on the route were hung with black, and so great was the popular +excitement, that Rev. J. F. Clarke, an eyewitness of the affair, has +said: "It was evident that a very trifling incident might have brought on +a collision, and flooded the streets with blood."</p> + +<p>The difficulty of enforcing the act was shown in the precautionary +measures immediately adopted by the government. The city police, the +militia, the marines, and some regular troops, were ordered out to the +task of guarding one poor fugitive. It cost the country one hundred +thousand dollars to send this single slave back to his <a id="master202"></a>master.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn202">202</a></sup></p> + +<p>Not long after Burns's return, a sum of money, to which Charles Devens, +United States Marshal at his trial, contributed largely, was raised in +Boston and the vicinity for his purchase; but it was found impossible to +effect <a id="it203"></a>it.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn203">203</a></sup></p> + +<p>Mr. Higginson, Wendell Phillips, and Theodore Parker, with others, were +indicted for riot, but the indictment was quashed by Judge Curtis on +technical grounds, and they were <a id="discharged204"></a>discharged.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn204">204</a></sup></p> + + + + +<h3><span>Garner and Shadrach.</span></h3> + +<p><b>§ 56. <a id="Garner"></a>Garner case (1856).</b>—Of all the cases of rendition, the saddest, +and next to the Burns case probably the best known at the time, +was that of Margaret Garner. In accounts of the Underground Railroad we +are told that winter was the favorite season for flight in the section of +the country south of the Ohio, since ice then covered the river, and the +difficulty of crossing by boat did not arise. It was at this season that +Simeon Garner, his son Robert, and their families, fled from Kentucky and +crossed the frozen stream to the house of a colored man in Cincinnati. +They were soon traced thither, and after a desperate hand to hand +struggle the house was entered. There the pursuers found that Margaret +Garner, preferring for her children death to slavery, had striven to take +their lives, and one lay dead. The case was immediately brought into +court, where, despite the efforts made to save them, rendition was +decided upon. On the way back, Margaret, in despair, attempted to drown +herself and her child in the river; but even the deliverance of death was +denied her, for she was recovered and sold, to be carried yet farther +<a id="south205"></a>south.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn205">205</a></sup></p> + +<p><b>§ 57. Sh<a id="adrac"></a>adrach case (1851).</b>—In the three typical cases just described, +neither the law's delay, violent interference, nor the desperation of the +slave, availed to prevent the return of the fugitive to the oppressor. +Let us turn from this group, and take up those more important cases +wherein the law was not allowed to complete its course, but rescues were +accomplished, either by free negroes or antislavery people. First in time +and importance comes the case of Shadrach, which occurred in Boston in +February, 1851.</p> + +<p>In May, 1850, a slave named Frederic Wilkins had run away from Virginia +and come to Boston, where he found employment as a waiter in the Cornhill +Coffee House under the alias of Shadrach. He had been there not quite a +year, however, when John De Bere, his master in Norfolk, sent some one in +pursuit of him. A warrant was served and he was arrested while at work. +United States Commissioner Riley then took him to the court-house, where +Mr. List, a young lawyer of antislavery sympathies, offered his aid as +counsel, and Messrs. Charles G. Davis, Samuel E. Sewall, and Ellis Gray +Loring also came to his assistance. Mr. List obtained some delay in the +proceedings; but since, by the act <a id="of206"></a>of 1843,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn206">206</a></sup> the use of State jails +had been denied for fugitives, the officers were obliged to keep the +prisoner in the court-room until another place of confinement could be +found. By this time a large number of people had gathered about the +building, and were trying to force an entrance. For a long time +they were unable to enter, but at last opportunity was given as Mr. Davis +opened the door to leave the court-room. In spite of all efforts on the +part of the officers to close the door, a body of colored people under +the lead of Lewis Hayden rushed in and seized the prisoner. They carried +him triumphantly out of the court-room on their shoulders, and soon saw +him safely started for Canada. Mr. Davis and others were prosecuted for +aiding in the rescue, but nothing was proved against them. Intense +excitement prevailed in the city, and finally throughout the country, +since Congress took up this infringement of the <a id="law207"></a>law.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn207">207</a></sup></p> + +<p>Mr. Clay, February 17, 1851, introduced a resolution which requested the +President to send to Congress "any information he may possess in regard +to the alleged recent case of a forcible resistance to the execution of +the laws of the United States in the city of Boston," and communicate to +Congress "what means he has adopted to meet the occurrence," and +"whether, in his opinion, any additional legislation is necessary to meet +the exigencies of the <a id="case208"></a>case."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn208">208</a></sup> President Pierce then issued a +proclamation announcing the facts to the country, and calling on all +people to assist in quelling this and other disturbances. The Senate's +request was also answered in an Executive message to Congress, which +announced to them that the President would use all his constitutional +powers to insure the execution of the laws. Such unusual national +interference gave the case wide celebrity, and, as Von Holst says, "The +pretensions and assumptions of the South were encouraged in a very unwise +way, by the fact that, by such a manner of treating the matter, people +seemed to recognize that it was entitled to hold the whole North +responsible for every violation of the compromise, which could properly +be laid at the door of only a few individuals. The proclamation and the +message placed the compromise in a far more glaring light than the +liberation of <a id="Shadrach209"></a>Shadrach."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn209">209</a></sup></p> + + + + +<h3><span>Rescues.</span></h3> + +<p><b>§ 58. <a id="Jerry_McHenry"></a>Jerry McHenry rescue (1851).</b>—Later, a case occurred at Syracuse, +New York, which was a significant illustration of the successful action +of a vigilance committee. Jerry McHenry, a respectable colored man who +had lived for several years in that city, was arrested in +October, 1851, as a fugitive slave. At the examination, which took place +at two o'clock in the afternoon, he found opportunity to break away from +the officers and escape through the crowd, which opened to allow him to +pass. He was, however, immediately pursued and recaptured. It so happened +that an Agricultural Fair and a convention of the Liberty Party were +going on at that time in Syracuse, and the city was unusually full of +people. When the alarm bell gave notice to the vigilance committee that a +negro had been seized, Mr. Gerrit Smith, who was attending the meetings, +and Rev. Samuel J. May, with others, hastened to the scene. The +Commissioner, after the capture, had again taken up the trial, but such a +disturbance was made by the crowd which gathered outside that he was +forced to adjourn. Meanwhile, Mr. Smith with the committee had planned a +rescue, and at about half-past eight fully two thousand people had +assembled, and an assault was begun upon the court-house. They broke +doors and windows, overpowered the officers, and at last bore Jerry away +in triumph.</p> + +<p>He remained in the home of a friend until he could be sent to Canada. +Prosecutions were immediately instituted, and eighteen persons indicted +for taking part in the rescue, but nothing came of the case. On the other +side, Henry W. Allen, Marshal in the case, was tried for kidnapping. The +judge declared the Fugitive Slave Act unconstitutional, but a verdict of +not guilty was <a id="rendered210"></a>rendered.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn210">210</a></sup></p> + + +<p><b>§ 59. Oberlin-Wellington <a id="rescue_1858"></a>rescue (1858).</b>—Sometimes, however, general +sentiment was so strong that the rescue became, not an action instigated +and carried through by three or four determined men, but the indignant +uprising of a whole town. Such was the Oberlin-Wellington case, +celebrated for the great number of prosecutions and the high character of +those engaged in it. Two kidnappers from Kentucky induced an Oberlin boy, +by a bribe of twenty dollars, to entice away a negro named John Rice on +pretence of giving him work. Having taken him to a lonely spot, he was +seized and carried about eight miles across country to Wellington, there +to await the south bound train.</p> + +<p>On the way the party was overtaken by an Oberlin College student, who at +once gave the alarm. A crowd gathered and followed the kidnappers to the +railway station. There, by placing a ladder upon the balcony +they succeeded in rescuing John from the upper story of the house in +which he was confined. For this violation of the law thirty-seven +citizens of Oberlin and Wellington were indicted. This produced the +greatest excitement all over the country, and the case grew more and more +complicated, until the proceedings had lasted several months. Public +meetings to express sympathy with the prosecuted were held in many +places. Some of them were imprisoned to await the trial, but no severe +sentences were <a id="imposed211"></a>imposed.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn211">211</a></sup></p> + + + + +<h3><span>Castner Hanway. John Brown.</span></h3> + +<p><b>§ 60. <a id="Christiana"></a>Christiana case (1851).</b>—Occasionally the rescue of fugitives was +not accomplished by a sudden unorganized movement, but by a deliberate +armed defence on the part of the slaves and their friends. In the +Christiana case the affair was marked by violence and bloodshed, while +the fact that the Quakers Castner Hanway and Elijah Lewis were afterward +prosecuted made it notorious; and the further fact that the charge was +not, as usual, that of aiding a fugitive, but of treason, gave it still +greater interest.</p> + +<p>In and about Christiana, Pennsylvania, there were many negroes who had +formerly been slaves, descriptions of whom were frequently furnished to +kidnappers by a band of men known throughout the country as the "Gap +Gang." A league for mutual protection had therefore been formed by the +colored people, and prominent among them for intelligence and boldness +was William Parker. Soon after the passage of the law of 1850, Edward +Gorsuch and a party came from Maryland to Christiana for a fugitive +slave. With United States officers from Philadelphia they went +immediately to the house of William Parker, where the man they were +seeking was sheltered. When their demand was refused, they fired two +shots at the house. This roused the people, and a riot ensued in which +the fugitive escaped. Mr. Gorsuch was killed, his son desperately +wounded, and the rest put to flight. Castner Hanway at the beginning of +the struggle was notified of the kidnappers' presence, and, though feeble +in health, hastened to the scene. When ordered by Marshal Kline to aid +him in accordance with the law, he refused; yet, far from leading in the +affair, he tried in every way to prevent bloodshed and bring about peace.</p> + +<p>After it was over, Parker, with two other colored men, knowing that +arrest must follow, secreted themselves under piles of shavings in an old carpenter's shop. At night they sent four wagons in different +directions as decoys for the detectives, and were carried safely away by +a fifth. Many negroes hid that night in the corn shocks, and under the +floors of houses, until escape could be made in <a id="safety212"></a>safety.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn212">212</a></sup></p> + +<p>Castner Hanway was arrested, and arraigned before the United States court +on the charge of treason; but no proof of a conspiracy to make a general +and public resistance to the law could be found, and he was acquitted. +Afterward it was desired to try Hanway and Lewis for "riot and murder," +but the grand jury ignored the bill, and all prisoners were released. +With these prosecutions the end of the affair was apparently reached, +though perhaps its influence may be traced in a succeeding case.</p> + +<p><b>§ 61. Miller <a id="case_1851"></a>case (1851).</b>—A noted kidnapper from Maryland, in 1851, +seized a free negro girl living at the house of Mr. Miller, in +Nottingham, Pennsylvania, and took her to Baltimore. Mr. Miller followed +them, and succeeded in getting her freed. He then started back, but never +reached home. Search was made, and his body found upon the way. It was +thought that the murder was committed in revenge for the part he had +taken in the Christiana <a id="riot213"></a>riot.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn213">213</a></sup></p> + +<p><b>§ 62. John Brown in <a id="Kansas_1858"></a>Kansas (1858).</b>—It was during this period also that +John Brown was endeavoring to put into execution his famous plan for +freeing the slaves. This is interesting, not only as typical of organized +efforts to free the slaves on the plantations, but also because of its +connection with other phases of the slavery question, into which we shall +not attempt to enter here. His idea was first to gather as large a force +as possible, then, when his men were properly drilled, to run off the +slaves in large numbers; to retain the brave and strong in the mountains, +and to send the weak and timid to the North by the "Underground +<a id="Railroad214"></a>Railroad."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn214">214</a></sup></p> + +<p>In December, 1858, Brown divided his forces into two divisions, and went +into Missouri. Here he succeeded in freeing eleven slaves, and, though +pursued by a far superior number of Missourians, took them safely into +Kansas. The affair, by its boldness, created great excitement throughout +the South. The Governor of Missouri offered three thousand dollars +reward, and the President of the United States two hundred and +fifty dollars, for Brown's capture; within a very short time he had +succeeded in conveying himself and his eleven fugitives safely into +Canada, and the horses which he had appropriated from the slaveholders in +order to carry his protegés out of Kansas were afterward publicly sold by +him in <a id="Ohio215"></a>Ohio.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn215">215</a></sup></p> + + + + + +<h2><span><a id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</span> + +<span><i>FUGITIVES AND THEIR FRIENDS.</i></span></h2> + + +<div class="poem"> +<span class="i0">§ 63. <a href="#Methods_of_escape">Methods of escape.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 64. <a href="#ason">Reasons for escape.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 65. <a href="#ndit">Conditions of slave life.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 66. <a href="#wood">Escapes to the woods.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 67. <a href="#the_N">Escapes to the North.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 68. <a href="#protection_papers">Use of protection papers.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 69. <a href="#Fugitives_disguised">Fugitives disguised as whites: Craft case.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 70. <a href="#rgro">Underground Railroad.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 71. <a href="#ise">Rise and growth of the system.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 72. <a href="#ds_pu">Methods pursued.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 73. <a href="#ts_of">Colored agents of the Underground Railroad.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 74. <a href="#f_age">Prosecutions of agents.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 75. <a href="#Formal">Formal organization.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 76. <a href="#enera">General effect of escapes.</a></span><br /> +</div> + +<p><b>§ 63. <a id="Methods_of_escape"></a>Methods of escape.</b>—The great increase in the number of fugitives +after 1850 was in part due to the uneasiness felt by Northern people +under a law which made them co-workers with the South in a system of +slave hunting, and in part to the greater ease of communication now +afforded between the two sections. The knowledge that there was in the +North a body of "abolitionists" eager to aid them from bondage to freedom +was also spreading more widely each day among the slaves.</p> + +<p>Public interest in the subject was more and more aroused, not only by the +cases of cruelty and injustice which were forcibly brought to the +attention of Northern communities, but also by the romantic and thrilling +episodes of the escapes. To understand the attitude of the North toward +fugitives, it is necessary to examine some of the different methods used +by the fugitives in their flight. Perhaps a better point of view than +that of the outside observer will be gained by placing ourselves in the +position of the slave, and examining his motives for flight, the +difficulties which he encountered at home, the manner in which he +overcame them, and, finally, the various paths of escape then open to +him, and the agencies which befriended him and forwarded him on his way.</p> + + + +<h3><span>Reasons for Escape.</span></h3> + +<p><b>§ 64. Re<a id="ason"></a>asons for escape.</b>—First, why did the slave seek to escape? +However unlike the attending circumstances, we find upon investigation +that the negro's desire to run away may be traced to one of but three or +four motives. Among the more intelligent slaves, who could comprehend the +nature and injustice of their position, it often rose solely from the +upspringing in their hearts of that love of freedom natural to all men. +It is probable that in the greater number of cases this was the motive at +the root of the matter. A fugitive, on being questioned at an Underground +Railroad station as to his reasons for escape, replied that he had had a +kind master, plenty to eat and to wear, but that notwithstanding this for +many years he had been dissatisfied. He was thirsting for <a id="freedom216"></a>freedom.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn216">216</a></sup> +Another said that his owner had always been considerate, and even +indulgent to him. He left for no other reason than simply to gain his +<a id="liberty217"></a>liberty.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn217">217</a></sup></p> + +<p>A second reason, and that which perhaps most frequently led them to take +the decisive step in this often long premeditated act, was the cruel +treatment received from their masters. An owner upon one of the Southern +plantations said his slaves usually ran away after they had been whipped, +or something had occurred to make them <a id="angry218"></a>angry.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn218">218</a></sup></p> + +<p>A third and very effective cause was the fear of being sold South, where +slave life, spent in toil under the merciless masters of the rice swamps +and cotton fields, was seen on its darkest side. Such was the horror with +which the slave regarded this change, that the threat of it was +constantly used by owners as one of the surest means of reducing their +rebellious slaves to submission. In the Virginia Slave Mother's Farewell +to her Daughters who have been sold into Southern bondage, Whittier has +well expressed their <a id="feelings219"></a>feelings.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn219">219</a></sup></p> + +<p>Many cases of this kind came to light through the examinations +at the Underground Railroad stations. Three brothers once learned that +the next day they were to be sent South with a slave trader then in the +vicinity. Filled with terror at the prospect, they preferred the danger +of death in the swamps to the certainty of life in the unknown country. +That night they made their escape, but it was only after weeks of +wandering in swamps and morasses that they reached a <a id="haven220"></a>haven.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn220">220</a></sup></p> + +<p>So long as a black family remained together upon one plantation, their +love for one another operated as the strongest bond to prevent their +departure; but when, as constantly happened, the sale and separation of +the members scattered families far and wide, with no hope of reunion, the +firmest and often the sole tie which bound them to the South was broken. +There was no longer anything to hold them <a id="back221"></a>back.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn221">221</a></sup></p> + +<p><b>§ 65. Co<a id="ndit"></a>nditions of slave life.</b>—These are some of the motives which led +the slave to plan an escape. It will now be well to glance at those +surrounding conditions, incident to the time and country, which made +successful flight particularly difficult. First, the slave was a negro; +and in the South, where the presumption was that every black man must be +a slave, the color of his skin gave not only a means of tracing him, but +also made him liable at any moment to questioning and arrest.</p> + +<p>In both city and country patrols were appointed, whose duty it was to +keep strict watch over the negroes; and any slave found away from his +plantation, unless in livery or provided with a pass, could be +whipped and sent back to his <a id="master222"></a>master.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn222">222</a></sup> It was also lawful for any +white man to seize and carry a stray slave to the nearest <a id="jail223"></a>jail.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn223">223</a></sup> The +next morning, if not claimed, he was advertised in a manner of which the +following is an example:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + <p>"Was taken up and committed to the jail of Halifax Co., on the 26th + day of May, a dark colored boy who says his name is Jordan Artis; + said boy says he was born free, and bound out to Mr. Beale, near + Murfreesboro, Hartford Co., N. C., and is now twenty-one years of + age. Owner is requested to come forward, prove property, pay charges, + and take said boy away within time prescribed by law, otherwise he + will be dealt with as the law directs.</p> + + + <p class="ralign5"> "<span class="smcap">O. P. Shell</span>, <i>Jailer.</i></p> + + <p>"Halifax Co., N. C., <a id="June224"></a>June 8, 1855."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn224">224</a></sup></p> +</div> + + +<p>If not claimed within one year, such a prisoner could be sold by the +jailer. Thus Olmsted remarks that "the security of the whites is not so +much dependent upon patrols, as on the constant, habitual, and +instinctive surveillance and authority of all white people over the +<a id="blacks225"></a>blacks."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn225">225</a></sup></p> + +<p><b>§ 66. Escapes to the <a id="wood"></a>woods.</b>—If an opportunity for escape should present +itself, the first question for the slave was, "In what direction shall I +turn?" Many slaves knew nothing of the Northern people, or had heard of +Canada only as a cold, barren, uninviting country, where the negro must +perish. To those who had neither the courage nor the knowledge requisite +for a long journey, the woods and swamps near by offered the only refuge. +There they built cabins, or lived in caves, and got food by hunting and +fishing, and by raids upon the neighboring plantations.</p> + +<p>In one of the papers of the day an underground den is noticed, the +opening of which, though in sight of two or three houses, and near roads +and fields, where passing was constant, had been so concealed by a pile +of straw, that for many months it had remained unnoticed. When +discovered, on opening a trap-door, steps were seen leading down into a +room about six feet square, comfortably ceiled with boards, and +containing a fire-place. The den was well stocked with food by the +occupants, who had been missing about a <a id="year226"></a>year.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn226">226</a></sup></p> + +<p> In most cases slaves were not so bold, and preferred concealment +on an uninhabited island, or a bit of land surrounded by morasses. We +often find advertisements of the time, mentioning such places as the +probable refuge of runaways. The Savannah Georgian of 1839 offers a +reward for two men who have been out for eighteen months, and are +supposed to be encamped in a swamp near Pine Grove Plantation.</p> + +<p>In the Great Dismal Swamp, which extends from near Norfolk, Virginia, +into North Carolina, a large colony of these fugitive negroes was +established, and so long was the custom continued that children were +born, grew up, and lived their whole lives in its dark recesses. Besides +their hunting and fishing, they sometimes obtained food and money, in +return for work, from the poor whites and the negroes who had homes on +the borders of the swamp. It was this practice of remaining out near home +which, under easy masters, brought about the habitual runaways,—men who +were constantly escaping, and after a little time returning, often of +their own <a id="accord227"></a>accord.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn227">227</a></sup> One of his masters said of William Browne, +afterward a well known speaker upon slavery, that he hesitated some time +before he invested seven hundred dollars in William, for he was "a noted +<a id="runaway228"></a>runaway."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn228">228</a></sup> Again, in a Southern paper advertising a sale of slaves, +one description is thus given: "Number 47, Daniel, a runaway, but has not +run away during the last two years, aged 28 <a id="years229"></a>years."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn229">229</a></sup></p> + + + + +<h3><span>Escapes to <a id="the_N"></a>the North.</span></h3> + +<p><b>§ 67. Escapes to the North.</b>—Of those who, with heroic hearts and firm +courage, determined to reach even Canada, many had seldom left the +plantation on which they were born, and were so completely ignorant of +geography and relative distances, that the best and quickest way +northward could seldom be chosen. They knew nothing of the facilities for +communication possessed by their masters through newspapers and +telegraph, and would often fancy themselves safe when they had travelled +but a short distance from home. In reality, the white people about were +often fully informed against them, and arrests were almost sure to +<a id="follow230"></a>follow.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn230">230</a></sup></p> + +<p>The journeys of the fugitives were necessarily long, since unfrequented + ways were generally chosen, and but part of the day could be +used. There is a record of a man who had "taken a whole year in coming +from Alabama to Cincinnati. He had travelled only in the night, hiding in +the woods during the day. He had nothing to eat but what he could get +from the fields, sometimes finding a chicken, green corn, or perhaps a +small <a id="pig231"></a>pig."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn231">231</a></sup></p> + +<p>Although the methods pursued were innumerable, and varied from those of +the man whose only guide was the north star, to those of the party aided +onward by the most elaborate arrangements of the Underground Railroad, +the fugitive was obliged to follow one of two great routes, by water or +by land. From the earliest times the ship had been a favorite refuge. +Once on board a craft bound to a Northern port, the fugitive was almost +certain of reaching that destination, and, once arrived, could hope for +protection from the Northern friends of whom vague rumors had penetrated +the South. New laws, therefore, bore more and more heavily upon captains +who should be found guilty of harboring a slave, and many cases were made +public of cruel treatment experienced by slaves at the hands of captains +who sent them directly back. Nevertheless, escapes on shipboard still +occurred frequently through the years of slavery. A method commonly used +by women in getting on board was to disarm suspicion by appearing to be +carrying some freshly laundered clothes to the sailors.</p> + + +<p><b>§ 68. Use of <a id="protection_papers"></a>protection papers.</b>—Another method called for less physical +effort on the part of the fugitive, but for greater coolness. It was +simply to procure from some freeman his protection papers, and to show +them whenever necessary to disarm suspicion. As the descriptions could +seldom be made to agree, both giver and receiver were placed in +situations of the greatest risk. It was thus, however, that Frederick +Douglass travelled in the most open manner from Baltimore to New York, +and escaped from a bondage to which he never afterward <a id="returned232"></a>returned.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn232">232</a></sup></p> + + + + +<h3><span>Fugitives disguised as Whites.</span></h3> + +<p><b>§ 69. <a id="Fugitives_disguised"></a>Fugitives disguised as whites: Craft case.</b>—Sometimes the boldest +plans succeeded best if supported by sufficient firmness and presence of +mind. Three negroes possessed of a considerable sum of money once +determined upon a plan, startling in its simplicity and success. They +hired a good travelling coach and horses. They then bribed a white beggar +to dress as a Virginian gentleman, while they mounted the coach +as his driver and footmen; and in this guise they successfully made their +way into <a id="Canada233"></a>Canada.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn233">233</a></sup></p> + +<p>Another example of unconcealed flight is found in the often told story of +the escape of William and Ellen Craft, in 1848. They lived in Macon, +Georgia, and were generally well treated. But Ellen had been compelled to +go North with her mistress, and leave her little child at home; during +this absence, the child died uncared for. From that time she determined +to <a id="escape234"></a>escape.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn234">234</a></sup></p> + +<p>William at last arranged a plan which was successfully carried out. Ellen +was nearly white. She personated a young Southern planter, while William +accompanied her as her servant. She carried her right arm in a sling so +that she might not be expected to write, bandaged her smooth face, and +put on a pair of green goggles. Thus disguised, she succeeded in buying +tickets for herself and servant without discovery. In the train she was +terrified to see a gentleman who had known her from childhood. He even +sat down by her, and spoke, but to her great relief, he saw in her only a +young invalid going North for his health. From Savannah they took a +steamer to Charleston. There they had some difficulty in passing +inspection, but their most dangerous stopping place was Baltimore, where +every white man with a slave was required to prove his right of property +before he could be allowed to go on to Philadelphia. After some +conversation Ellen told the officer that she knew no one in Baltimore, +and had no proofs that William was her slave; but that he was necessary +to her on account of her illness, and she must take him on. The officer +finally relented, as the train was about to start, and Baltimore was +safely passed.</p> + +<p>At Philadelphia shelter was found among the Quakers, and thence they +pushed on to Boston. Here they engaged the attention of Theodore Parker, +and he protected them during their stay. William took up his trade of +cabinet-making, while Ellen added to their income by sewing. They lived +thus quietly until the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law in 1850. From +that time, to remain even in Boston was hazardous. Soon after, there +appeared one day in William's shop a man who had worked with him in the +South. He immediately suspected the presence of others, and took refuge +among friends. For two weeks Ellen was with Mr. Parker, who +wrote his sermons during her stay with his sword in a drawer under his +inkstand, and a pistol in his desk.</p> + +<p>They were then taken to Mr. Ellis Gray Loring's home. Here William showed +a most honorable spirit. When he found Mr. Loring was not at home he +would not remain, saying, "I am subjecting him to a heavy fine and +imprisonment, and I must go at once to look for some other shelter."</p> + +<p>His pursuers, who had come from Georgia, were staying at the United +States Hotel. The knowledge of their object was soon spread abroad, and +they dared not go into the streets for fear of a mob. Handbills, calling +attention to them, were placed everywhere, and cries of "Slave hunters! +there go the slave hunters!" were heard on all sides. At last, they were +absolutely compelled to leave the city. William and Ellen no longer felt +safe, and therefore went to England, where the remainder of their life +was spent in <a id="peace235"></a>peace.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn235">235</a></sup></p> + + + + +<h3><span>The Underground Railroad.</span></h3> + +<p><b>§ 70. Unde<a id="rgro"></a>rground Railroad.</b>—From the preceding sketch of the conditions +of escape, it is plain that no such numbers as are known to have fled +could possibly have escaped from their masters' power had they depended +solely upon their own exertions. From the beginning of the antislavery +agitation, about 1830, and especially near 1850, a mysterious +organization made it a business to receive, forward, conceal, and protect +fugitives. To that organization the name of "Underground Railroad" was +given, and the many methods used by those connected with it can best be +given under a more elaborate description of the system.</p> + +<p><b>§ 71. R<a id="ise"></a>ise and growth of the system.</b>—The first efforts toward any +systematic organization for the aid and protection of fugitive slaves are +found among the Quakers in Pennsylvania. The great number of cases of +kidnapping which occurred in this State after the passage of the law of +1793, by their injustice roused people to action in behalf of the free +blacks; and, their sympathies once enlisted for the colored race, it was +but a step to the aid of the fugitive <a id="negroes236"></a>negroes.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn236">236</a></sup> From this time, as +the number of runaways increased, new agencies were constantly being +established, until from the slave States to Canada a perfect chain of +stations was arranged, not more than one day's journey <a id="apart237"></a>apart.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn237">237</a></sup> The +system is said to have extended from Kentucky and Virginia +across Ohio, and from Maryland, through Pennsylvania and New York, to New +England and <a id="Canada238"></a>Canada.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn238">238</a></sup></p> + +<p>As negroes began to disappear, and their masters found themselves unable +to trace them farther than certain towns in Pennsylvania, they said, in +bewilderment, "There must be an Underground Railroad somewhere," and this +expression, suiting the popular fancy, became the general name by which +the whole system was <a id="known239"></a>known.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn239">239</a></sup></p> + + + + +<h3><span>Operations "Underground."</span></h3> + +<p><b>§ 72. Metho<a id="ds_pu"></a>ds pursued.</b>—Although often varied by circumstances, the +general method of work was always the same. In the South, money was +usually the motive, and for its sake the managers of the Railroad could +usually get some one to aid a slave in escaping and crossing the line. In +the North it was an unselfish, and sometimes dangerous, work of charity.</p> + +<p>Fugitives arrived at the first station, ignorant, half-clothed, and +hungry. There they were fed, and, in order to elude the advertisements +sent through the States, disguises were provided. For women, the large +veiled bonnet and plain attire of the Quakeress proved one of the best +costumes. The men received a slip of paper, with a word or two which +would be recognized at the next place, and, unless special caution was +needed, were sent forward on foot. Women and children were often taken in +close carriages, sometimes constructed for this special <a id="purpose240"></a>purpose.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn240">240</a></sup></p> + +<p>Stations, that is, the houses of persons known to be interested, were +reached between sunset and ten o'clock in the evening. A tap at the door +would rouse some member of the family, and the fugitive would be taken to +the barn, or some place of <a id="concealment241"></a>concealment.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn241">241</a></sup> Often, too, these houses +were not merely places for a night's tarrying, but homes where the ill +and fatigued might remain and be cared for until strong enough for the +onward <a id="journey242"></a>journey.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn242">242</a></sup></p> + +<p>To conduct people over this long line, and to baffle all plans of their +pursuers, required quick wit, as well as great courage and <a id="coolness243"></a>coolness.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn243">243</a></sup> +So successful were the conductors in this respect, however, that a +discouraged slave hunter, after a fruitless search, once said it was "as +easy to find a needle in a haymow as a negro among <a id="Quakers244"></a>Quakers."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn244">244</a></sup></p> + +<p> When fugitives were concealed, +and persons desiring to search +the house appeared, it was the custom to receive the searchers +courteously. One of the family immediately engaged them in conversation, +and offered them refreshments. The hunt was thus delayed as long as +possible, so that the fugitive might be helped away. In one case, while +the slave's master was thus entertained upon the front piazza, the +mistress of the house quietly conveyed the hunted negro out at the back +door, and placed him under an inverted hogshead standing by. Then, with +the most unconcerned manner, she allowed the man to search until he was +satisfied that there could be no fugitive in that <a id="house245"></a>house.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn245">245</a></sup></p> + +<p><b>§ 73. Colored agen<a id="ts_of"></a>ts of the Underground Railroad.</b>—An example of the most +courageous and successful action may be found in the life of Harriet +<a id="Tubman246"></a>Tubman,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn246">246</a></sup> who when a young girl made her escape from slavery alone and +unassisted. After several years of work in the North, she determined to +go back for her family. This trip was safely accomplished, and followed +by others, until during her life she had made nineteen journeys, never +losing a person. The Rev. James Freeman Clarke gives the following +account of her methods:—</p> + + + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>"She said she first obtained enough money, then went to Maryland, where +she privately collected a party of slaves and got them ready to start. +She satisfied herself that they had enough courage and firmness to run +the risks. For if once a negro entered her party, there was no falling +back. Fully determined herself, she would allow no one to return.</p> + +<p>"She next made arrangements so that they should set out Saturday night, +as there would be no opportunity on Sunday for advertising them, so that +they had that day's start on their way North. Then she had places +prepared where she could be sure that they could be protected and taken +care of, if she had the money to pay for that protection. When she was at +the North, she tried to raise funds until she got a certain amount, and +then went South to carry out this plan. She always paid some colored man +to follow after the person who put up the posters advertising the +runaway, and pull them down as fast as they were put <a id="up247"></a>up."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn247">247</a></sup></p> +</div> + + + + +<p>When she feared the party were closely pursued, she would take them for a +time on a train southward bound, as no one seeing a company of +negroes going in this direction would for an instant suppose them to be +fugitives. As their leader out of bondage, her people gave her the name +of "Moses," and thus she is generally known.</p> + +<p><b>§ 74. Prosecutions o<a id="f_age"></a>f agents.</b>—Such +acts as those daily performed by the +conductors on the Underground Railroad could not be carried on under the +existing laws without leading to prosecutions. Large rewards were many +times offered for Harriet's capture, but she eluded all efforts to stop +her work. At one time the Maryland legislature offered a reward to any +person who should secure Thomas Garrett in any public jail in the State. +He was a Delaware Quaker, who, it is said, helped twenty-nine hundred +slaves in escaping. The Governor was required to employ the best legal +skill to prosecute him on the charge of aiding <a id="runaways248"></a>runaways.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn248">248</a></sup> He was +afterward tried and fined a sum which consumed his entire property. As +this was paid, the officer who received it said that he hoped the +remembrance of this punishment would prevent any further trouble. Mr. +Garrett, undaunted, replied that they had taken all that he possessed, +but added, "If thee knows any poor fugitive who wants a breakfast, send +him to <a id="me249"></a>me."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn249">249</a></sup> In fact, he seemed absolutely fearless. Angry +slaveholders often called upon him, and demanded their property. He never +denied knowledge of their slaves, or of having helped them on their way, +but, in the most quiet manner, positively refused to give information +concerning <a id="them250"></a>them.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn250">250</a></sup></p> + +<p><b>§ 75. <a id="Formal"></a>Formal organization.</b>—In + 1838 the first formal organization of the +Underground Railroad was made, with Robert Purvis as President. It was +said that two marketwomen in Baltimore were their best helpers. They had +come into possession of a number of passports, or "freedoms," which were +used by slaves for part of the distance, and then were returned to serve +the same purpose <a id="again251"></a>again.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn251">251</a></sup></p> + +<p>In all transactions connected with this organization the greatest secrecy +was necessarily observed, seldom more than two or three persons at a +station being allowed any knowledge of it. In the Liberator of 1843, a +notice is found cautioning people against exposing in any way the methods +used by fugitives in escaping, as it only helped the pursuers in +the next case. The fugitives themselves were usually careful in this +respect. Frederick Douglass absolutely refused until after the abolition +of slavery to reveal the method of his <a id="escape252"></a>escape.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn252">252</a></sup></p> + +<p>Mrs. G. S. Hillard, of Boston, was in the habit of putting fugitives in +an upper room of her house. A colored man was placed there, and when Mrs. +Hillard went up to see him, she found he had carefully pulled down all +the shades at the windows. She told him that there was no danger of his +being seen from the street. "Perhaps not, Missis," he replied, "but I do +not want to spoil the place." He was afraid lest some one might see a +colored face there, and so excite suspicions injurious to the next +<a id="man253"></a>man.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn253">253</a></sup></p> + +<p><b>§ 76. G<a id="enera"></a>eneral effect of escapes.</b>—Although many fugitives were aided +previous to 1850, it was after the new law went into effect that the +great efforts of the Abolitionists were centred on this form of +assistance. Of such importance did it become, that at the beginning of +the Civil War one of the chief complaints of the Southern States was the +injury received through the aid given their escaping slaves by the +<a id="North254"></a>North.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn254">254</a></sup></p> + +<p>It was, however, really the "safety valve to the institution of slavery. +As soon as leaders arose among the slaves who refused to endure the yoke, +they would go North. Had they remained, there must have been enacted at +the South the direful scenes of San <a id="Domingo255"></a>Domingo."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn255">255</a></sup></p> + + + + + + + +<h2><span><a id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.</span> + +<span><i>PERSONAL LIBERTY LAWS.</i></span></h2> + + + + +<div class="poem"><p> +<span class="i0"> § 77. <a href="#cter">Character of the personal liberty laws.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 78. <a href="#pass">Acts passed before the Prigg decision (1793-1842).</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 79. <a href="#ssed">Acts passed between the Prigg decision and the second Fugitive Slave Law (1842-1850).</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 80. <a href="#occa">Acts occasioned by the law of 1850 (1850-1860).</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 81. <a href="#assach">Massachusetts acts.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 82. <a href="#ew_of">Review of the acts by States.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 83. <a href="#ct_of">Effect of the personal liberty laws.</a></span></p> +</div> + +<p><b>§ 77. Chara<a id="cter"></a>cter of the personal liberty laws.</b>—The personal liberty laws +were statutes passed in the Northern States whose object was to defeat in +some measure the national Fugitive Slave Law. Often their ostensible +purpose was to protect the free negroes from kidnappers, and to this end +they secured for the alleged fugitive the privilege of the writ of habeas +corpus, and the trial by jury. Sometimes, however, they frankly avowed +their aim as a deliberate attempt to interfere with the execution of the +United States statutes. In the following examination of these laws, they +will be considered first chronologically, and afterward more minutely +according to their subject matter. In previous chapters we have noticed +many instances wherein fugitives have been befriended by individuals, or +by organizations like the Antislavery Societies or the Underground +Railroad. But the action of the State governments in the personal liberty +bills, from the time the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 began to be executed +to the outbreak of the Civil War, showed that the dissatisfaction of the +North was fundamental, and was not confined merely to the few in the van +of the Antislavery movement.</p> + +<h3><span>Analysis.</span></h3> + +<p><b>§ 78. Acts <a id="pass"></a>passed before the Prigg +decision (1793-1842).</b>—Although the +so-called personal liberty laws were not passed until about 1840, +<a id="Indiana256"></a>Indiana<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn256">256</a></sup> and <a id="Connecticut257"></a>Connecticut<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn257">257</a></sup> had before that time provided that on +appeal fugitives might have a trial by jury. The Connecticut law, in +contrast to the hostile spirit of later legislation, was entitled, + "An Act for the fulfilment of the obligation of this State +imposed by the Constitution of the United States in regard to persons +held to service or labor in one State escaping into another, and to +secure the right of trial by jury in the cases herein mentioned." +Notwithstanding this preamble, the law provided for fining State +officials who might take part in fugitive slave cases.</p> + +<p>The first definite personal liberty laws were passed by <a id="Vermont258"></a>Vermont<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn258">258</a></sup> and +New <a id="York259"></a>York,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn259">259</a></sup> in 1840, and were entitled Acts "to extend the right of +trial by jury." They not only insured jury trial, but also provided +attorneys to defend fugitives. This was the only law of the kind New York +ever passed, and proved of little value, since it soon fell into disuse, +and was almost forgotten.</p> + +<p><b>§ 79. Acts pa<a id="ssed"></a>ssed between the Prigg decision and the second Fugitive +Slave Law (1842-1850).</b>—After the Prigg decision in 1842, wherein it was +declared that the law must be executed through national powers only, and +that State authorities could not be forced into <a id="action260"></a>action,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn260">260</a></sup> a new class +of statutes sprang up. The State legislatures seized the opportunity +afforded them by Judge Story's opinion, to forbid State officers from +performing the duties required of them by the law of 1793, and prohibited +the use of State jails in fugitive slave cases. Such laws were passed in +<a id="Massachusetts261"></a>Massachusetts,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn261">261</a></sup> <a id="Vermont262"></a>Vermont,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn262">262</a></sup> <a id="Pennsylvania263"></a>Pennsylvania,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn263">263</a></sup> and Rhode +<a id="Island264"></a>Island.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn264">264</a></sup> In 1844, Connecticut repealed her act of 1838, as being then +unconstitutional, but retained the portion forbidding State officers to +participate in the execution of the law.</p> + +<p><b>§ 80. Acts <a id="occa"></a>occasioned by the law of 1850 (1850-1860).</b>—The provisions of +the law of 1850 roused yet more opposition in the North, and before 1856 +many of the States had passed personal liberty bills. The new national +law avoided the employment of State officers. This change in the statute +brought about a corresponding alteration in the State legislation, and we +therefore find the acts of this period differing somewhat from those of +earlier years. They almost invariably prohibited the use of State jails, +they often forbade State judges and officers to issue writs or to give +assistance to the claimant, and punished severely the seizure of a free +person with the intent to reduce him to slavery.</p> + +<p>Should an alleged fugitive be arrested, the personal liberty +acts were intended to secure him a trial surrounded by the usual legal +safeguards. The identity of the person claimed was to be proved by two +witnesses; or they gave him the right to a writ of habeas corpus; or they +enjoined upon the court to which the writ was returnable a trial by jury. +At the trial the prisoner must be defended by an attorney, frequently the +State or county attorney, and a penalty was provided for false testimony. +Any violation of these clauses by State officers was punished by +penalties varying from five hundred dollars and six months in jail, as in +Pennsylvania, to the maximum punishment in Vermont, of two thousand +dollars' fine and ten years in prison.</p> + +<p>Such acts were passed in <a id="Vermont265"></a>Vermont,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn265">265</a></sup> <a id="Connecticut266"></a>Connecticut,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn266">266</a></sup> and Rhode +<a id="Island267"></a>Island,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn267">267</a></sup> in <a id="Massachusetts268"></a>Massachusetts,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn268">268</a></sup> <a id="Michigan269"></a>Michigan,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn269">269</a></sup> and <a id="Maine270"></a>Maine.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn270">270</a></sup> Later, +laws were also enacted in <a id="Wisconsin271"></a>Wisconsin,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn271">271</a></sup> <a id="Kansas272"></a>Kansas,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn272">272</a></sup> <a id="Ohio273"></a>Ohio,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn273">273</a></sup> and +<a id="Pennsylvania274"></a>Pennsylvania.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn274">274</a></sup> Of the other Northern States, two only, New Jersey and +California, gave any official sanction to the rendition of fugitives. In +New Hampshire, New York, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, and Minnesota, however, +no full personal liberty laws were <a id="passed275"></a>passed.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn275">275</a></sup></p> + +<p><b>§ 81. M<a id="assach"></a>assachusetts acts.</b>—Let us now examine the purport of these acts +in the various States. The general tenor and effect are best seen in +Massachusetts, which may be selected as a typical State. In +1837, Massachusetts passed a law "to restore the trial by jury, on +questions of personal freedom." This secured to the prisoner a writ of +personal replevin, which was to be issued from and returnable to the +Court of Common Pleas for the county in which the plaintiff was confined, +and was to be issued fourteen days at least before the return day. If the +prisoner were secreted, the court might send out a capias to take the +body of the defendant. This act allowed an appeal to the Supreme Judicial +Court.</p> + +<p>In 1842, the Latimer <a id="case276"></a>case<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn276">276</a></sup> occurred. This so aroused public sentiment +that a great petition, signed by sixty-five thousand people, was sent to +the legislature, asking for a new personal liberty law. On the basis of +the Prigg decision, a law was enacted which forbade State magistrates to +issue certificates or take cognizance of the law of 1793, and withheld +the use of State jails for the imprisonment of <a id="fugitives277"></a>fugitives.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn277">277</a></sup></p> + +<p>In 1851, in the Shadrach <a id="case278"></a>case,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn278">278</a></sup> there was opportunity for testing the +value of this law. The fugitive was not indeed confined in any jail, but +there was little difficulty in providing a place of detention, and the +court-house was secured. In this year, acting upon a clause in the +Governor's message, which treated of the new Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, +a committee in the legislature made a report, accompanied by resolutions +and a bill further to protect personal liberty; but no law was passed, +and there the matter rested <a id="until279"></a>until 1855.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn279">279</a></sup></p> + +<p>After the <a id="Sims280"></a>Sims<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn280">280</a></sup> and <a id="Burns281"></a>Burns<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn281">281</a></sup> cases, in which the court-houses were +again used in the place of jails, the heat of public indignation led to +petitions to the legislature asking for a more stringent personal liberty +law. A joint committee prepared a bill, which was passed, but was vetoed +by Governor Gardner, who had been advised by the Attorney General that +some of the clauses were unconstitutional. But so strong was the +influence in its favor that it was passed over the veto by a two-thirds +<a id="vote282"></a>vote.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn282">282</a></sup> The feeling that it was probably unconstitutional, however, +must have strengthened in the next three years: for <a id="in283"></a>in 1858<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn283">283</a></sup> we find +another act which amended the act of 1855. This limited some +provisions, and repealed the following sections: the tenth, which +required that any person who should give a certificate that a person +claimed as a fugitive was a slave should forfeit any State office he +might hold; the eleventh, which forbade any person acting as attorney for +a claimant to appear as counsel or attorney in the State courts; the +twelfth, which made a violation of the preceding section sufficient +ground for the impeachment of any officer of the Commonwealth; the +thirteenth, which forbade any United States officer empowered to give +certificate or issue warrants from holding a State office; and the +fourteenth, which made liable to removal any person holding a State +judicial office who should also hold the office of Commissioner.</p> + + + + +<h3><span>Review of the Acts by States.</span></h3> + +<p><b>§ 82. Revi<a id="ew_of"></a>ew of the acts by States.</b>—Of the other New England States, +Maine had no personal liberty law <a id="until284"></a>until 1855.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn284">284</a></sup> Two years after, +however, <a id="in285"></a>in 1857,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn285">285</a></sup> a portion of an act declaring free all slaves +brought by their masters into that State was devoted to a provision "to +punish any attempt to exercise authority over them."</p> + +<p>In New Hampshire, one of the laws <a id="of286"></a>of 1857<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn286">286</a></sup> enacted that every person +holding any person as a slave for any length of time, under any pretence, +should be deemed guilty of felony; but provided that this should not +apply to United States officers executing any legal process.</p> + +<p>Vermont, by an act <a id="in287"></a>in 1840,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn287">287</a></sup> extended to fugitives the right of trial +by jury, but after three years this was <a id="repealed288"></a>repealed,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn288">288</a></sup> only to be renewed +<a id="in289"></a>in 1850.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn289">289</a></sup></p> + +<p>Connecticut, as has been noticed, had no personal liberty law. Rhode +Island first passed such an act <a id="in290"></a>in 1848.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn290">290</a></sup> This forbade State officers +to take cognizance of fugitive slave cases, and the use of State jails. +Another statute, in 1854,<sup class="topnum"><a id="in291"></a><a href="#fn291">291</a></sup> extended these provisions so as to apply +to the national law of 1850.</p> + +<p>The act of 1840 was the only Personal Liberty Law of New <a id="York292"></a>York.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn292">292</a></sup> +Pennsylvania, some seven years later, forbade the use of jails, and +punished State officers for participating in fugitive slave <a id="cases293"></a>cases.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn293">293</a></sup> It + also enacted a regulation of the same character as late as +1860.</p> + +<p>Ohio made but one provision on the subject, and that lasted but a year. +Her jails were closed to suspected slaves <a id="in294"></a>in 1857,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn294">294</a></sup> but in 1858 this +law was <a id="repealed295"></a>repealed.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn295">295</a></sup></p> + +<p>Michigan passed such an act <a id="in296"></a>in 1855,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn296">296</a></sup> with the usual clauses on the +use of jails and jury trial, and imposed a fine on false testimony +against the defendant.</p> + +<p>In 1858 Wisconsin and Kansas also passed similar <a id="acts297"></a>acts.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn297">297</a></sup></p> + +<p><b>§ 83. Effe<a id="ct_of"></a>ct of the personal liberty laws.</b>—Since the avowed purpose of +these laws was to obstruct the execution of one of the United States +statutes, national and State legislation were thus brought into direct +conflict; but the Fugitive Slave Law was held constitutional by the +Supreme Court, and any attempt to prevent its enforcement by positive +means, however righteous from an ethical standpoint, must be considered +an infraction of the Constitution, and of the common understanding +between the States, on which the Union was <a id="founded298"></a>founded.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn298">298</a></sup> The provisions +denying the use of State institutions and officers, though distinctly +unfriendly, were not unconstitutional. Many of the Abolitionists, +however, held the national law to be unconstitutional, and at the same +time morally so repugnant that it ought never to be <a id="executed299"></a>executed.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn299">299</a></sup> The +State laws were brought up by South Carolina, in her declaration of the +causes of secession, as one of the chief grievances against the North; +and President Buchanan, in his Message <a id="of300"></a>of 1860,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn300">300</a></sup> said they were "the +most palpable violations of constitutional duty which had yet been +committed." They must certainly be classed in principle with the +Nullification Ordinance of 1832. Indeed, the legislature of Wisconsin, +after the Supreme Court had overridden the decision of the State courts +in the case of Ableman v. Booth that the national law was contrary to the +national Constitution, passed some resolutions in which a "positive +defiance is urged as the 'rightful remedy'" against such +<a id="legislation301"></a>legislation.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn301">301</a></sup></p> + + + +<h2><span><a id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.</span> + +<span><i>THE END OF THE FUGITIVE SLAVE QUESTION (1860-1865).</i></span></h2> + + + +<div class="poem"> +<span class="i0">§ 85. <a href="#crisis_of_1860">The Fugitive Slave Law in the crisis of 1860-61.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 86. <a href="#Propositions_to_enforce">Propositions to enforce the Fugitive Slave Law.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 87. <a href="#repeal_or_amend">Propositions to repeal or amend the law.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 88. <a href="#The_q">The question of slaves of rebels.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 89. <a href="#ry_at">Slavery attacked in Congress.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i6"> § 90. <a href="#Confiscation_bills">Confiscation bills.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i6"> § 91. <a href="#provisions_extended">Confiscation provisions extended.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 92. <a href="#the_E">Effect of the Emancipation Proclamation (1863).</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 93. <a href="#in_lo">Fugitives in loyal slave States.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 94. <a href="#ypic">Typical cases.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 95. <a href="#discussed_in_Congress">Question discussed in Congress.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 96. <a href="#civil_officers">Arrests by civil officers.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 97. <a href="#jails_in_the_District">Denial of the use of jails in the District of Columbia.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 98. <a href="#bia">Abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 99. <a href="#s_aga">Regulations against kidnapping.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 100. <a href="#al_of">Repeal of the Fugitive Slave Acts.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 101. <a href="#Early_propositions_to">Early propositions to repeal the acts.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 102. <a href="#ussi">Discussion of the repeal bill in the House.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 103. <a href="#in_the_Senate">Repeal bills in the Senate.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i3"> § 104. <a href="#thirteenth">The repeal act and the thirteenth amendment.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0">§ 105. <a href="#trov">Educating effect of the controversy.</a></span><br /> +</div> + +<p><b>§ 85. The Fugitive Slave Law in the <a id="crisis_of_1860"></a>crisis of 1860-61.</b>—If the number of +interesting fugitive slave cases falls off in the latter part of the +decade from 1850 to 1860, it is not because the law was better enforced, +but because it was little enforced. The continued interference of the +friends of the slave had proved that a fugitive could not safely be +recovered in Massachusetts, and that no punishment could be secured for +those who helped him to his freedom. The personal liberty bills added +serious legal obstacles. The Supreme Court of Wisconsin even went so far +as to declare the national act of 1850 <a id="unconstitutional302"></a>unconstitutional.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn302">302</a></sup> In 1859 +John Brown, in his Harper's Ferry raid, attempted to establish a centre +to which fugitives might flock; and although he was defeated, he +had the sympathy of a large number of persons in the North, including +some public men.</p> + +<p>In the violent debates of 1860-61, one of the frequent charges brought by +the southern members against the North was its persistent refusal to +execute the Fugitive Slave Act, or to permit it to be <a id="executed303"></a>executed.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn303">303</a></sup> Even +Republican members disclaimed responsibility for their party, and urged +that the personal liberty bills should be <a id="repealed304"></a>repealed.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn304">304</a></sup> Other bolder +spirits seized the opportunity to urge a repeal of the act, and in the +various compromise propositions introduced were several attempts to +modify the existing constitutional provision on the subject.</p> + + + + +<h3><span>Enforcement. Slaves of Disloyal Men.</span></h3> + +<p><b>§ 86. <a id="Propositions_to_enforce"></a>Propositions to enforce the Fugitive Slave Law.</b>—In the crisis of +1860 the South seemed to expect a general settlement of the slavery +question like that of 1850, and therefore demanded a more effective act +for the return of fugitives. President Buchanan, in his message of +December 4, 1860, recommended "explanatory" constitutional amendments +which should recognize the master's right to the recovery of his fugitive +slaves, and the validity of the Fugitive Slave Law. He recommended also a +declaration against State laws impairing the right of the master, as +being violations of the Constitution, and consequently null and +<a id="void305"></a>void.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn305">305</a></sup> This recommendation was followed, December 12, 1860, by no +less than eleven resolutions upon the subject in the <a id="House306"></a>House.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn306">306</a></sup> Of these +five were constitutional amendments. Several provided, as a pacific +measure, that the town, county, or State, guilty of neglect to return a +fugitive, might be sued by the owner of the slave for the amount thus +lost to <a id="him307"></a>him.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn307">307</a></sup> The most arbitrary proposition was that of Mr. Hindman. +It denied representation in Congress to any State which should hold in +force laws hindering the delivery of <a id="fugitives308"></a>fugitives.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn308">308</a></sup></p> + +<p>Another resolution inquired into the expediency of declaring it felony to resist an officer of the United States in the execution of the +law, or to attempt to rescue a <a id="runaway309"></a>runaway.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn309">309</a></sup></p> + +<p><b>§ 87. Propositions to <a id="repeal_or_amend"></a>repeal or amend the law.</b>—On the other hand, +antislavery members insisted that the provision for the return of +fugitives was already too severe; but only one of the resolutions +proposed any amendment in favor of the slave. Mr. Kilgore proposed to +give a trial by jury before a fugitive should be <a id="returned310"></a>returned.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn310">310</a></sup></p> + + + +<p>As early as 1860 Mr. Blake had introduced into the House a bill to repeal +the law of 1850. It was read twice, and referred to the Committee on the +Judiciary, from whom it was never <a id="reported311"></a>reported.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn311">311</a></sup> At that time Congress, +in alarm at the state of the country, was vainly striving to mend matters +by making the Fugitive Slave Law even more effective. March 1, 1861, the +select committee of thirty-three brought in a bill for the amendment of +the law of 1850; it allowed an appeal to the Circuit Court of the United +States where jury trial was to be given. The bill passed the House the +same day; but in the Senate it never got beyond the first <a id="reading312"></a>reading.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn312">312</a></sup></p> + +<p><b>§ 88. <a id="The_q"></a>The question of slaves of rebels.</b>—With the beginning of the Civil +War in 1861 the last period in the study of fugitive slaves opens, to +close only with the repeal of the Fugitive Slave Law and the abolition of +slavery.</p> + +<p>New conditions now surrounded the slaves. Their masters were away in the +army; many homes were broken up, and confusion reigned instead of law; +the strict discipline and oversight necessary for the maintenance of the +slave system was impossible. Opportunities for escape occurred everywhere +and at all times. Since war had brought the Northern people down into +their own land, the slave no longer needed to travel hundreds of miles to +find friends; the Northern camps were perhaps but a few miles from his +own plantation. In this way negroes began to gather around the Federal +camps in such numbers that the question of disposing of them became +serious. If the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 were considered as still +binding, their apprehension and return were necessary; but many of the +masters were in arms against the government; should they still be +protected in their property? The belligerent position of the +South seemed to preclude any right on the part of disloyal owners to ask +for the benefit of the law.</p> + +<p>To meet the changed conditions no policy had as yet been developed by the +government. The first solution of the problem was made at Fortress Monroe +by General Butler. He drew an analogy from international law, which makes +material of war imported into the country of a belligerent lawful prize +to the army or navy of the other belligerent. Regarded as property, the +slaves of rebels could be of great service to them, and of equal help to +the government in suppressing rebellion. Regarded as persons, they had +escaped from communities where rebellion was in progress, and they asked +protection from the government to which they were still loyal. In May, +1861, General Butler therefore replied to all demands for fugitives that +he should retain them as "contraband of war." The answer was widely +spread, and "contraband" became the name by which such negroes were +<a id="known313"></a>known.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn313">313</a></sup></p> + +<p><b>§ 89. Slave<a id="ry_at"></a>ry attacked in Congress.</b>—A series of attacks upon slavery now +began in Congress. To many persons the fact that the institution was +recognized in the Constitution seemed sufficient ground for protecting +it. No doubt was entertained of the power of Congress to confiscate the +ordinary property of rebels; but such persons deprecated all interference +with slaves, who were supposed to possess a kind of constitutional +immunity, wholly unknown to and above all other <a id="property314"></a>property.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn314">314</a></sup> In the +minds of antislavery men, "no greater fallacy was ever asserted than this +attempt thus to link 'the institution' and the Constitution indissolubly +together, to engraft the former upon the latter, to make slavery the +corner stone of the nation, to be guarded and protected by the +<a id="government315"></a>government."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn315">315</a></sup> Nevertheless, the existence of slavery in the Border +States which had remained loyal made Congress very cautious as to general +enactments. On the other hand, no form of property held by rebels was so +vulnerable; slaves could not only be seized as the lines of the Northern +troops extended, they could, by actual law or by kindly reception, be +invited across the lines. Both the passions aroused by civil war and a +humane pity for the slave urged the government to deprive the master +engaged in secession of the services of his slave.</p> + + + + +<h3><span>Confiscation Bills.</span></h3> + +<p><b>§ 90. <a id="Confiscation_bills"></a>Confiscation bills.</b>—July 18, 1861, Mr. Chandler and Mr. Trumbull +introduced general confiscation bills in the Senate; they were both +referred to the Committee on the Judiciary. In the discussion Mr. +Trumbull offered as an amendment "that whenever any person claiming to be +entitled to the service or labor of any other person, under the laws of +any State, shall employ such person in aiding or promoting any +insurrection, or in resisting the laws of the United States, or shall +permit or suffer him to be so employed, he shall forfeit all right to +such service or labor, and the person whose service or labor is thus +claimed shall be thenceforth discharged therefrom, any law to the +contrary <a id="notwithstanding316"></a>notwithstanding."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn316">316</a></sup></p> + +<p>The proposition aroused considerable opposition, since it was a step far +in advance of anything which had yet been done against the interests of +slavery, and any proposition which advocated "an act of emancipation," +however limited and qualified, was the signal for hot discussion. The +opposing party announced that "nothing will come of it but more +<a id="irritation317"></a>irritation,"<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn317">317</a></sup> and in each crisis statesmen should "observe all +possible toleration, all conciliation, all <a id="liberality318"></a>liberality."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn318">318</a></sup> Mr. Wilson +upheld the opposite opinion, and thought that the time had come when this +government, and the men who are in arms under the government, should +cease to return their fugitive slaves to traitors.</p> + +<p>The bill passed the Senate July 22, 1861. In the House it was amended so +as to limit the negroes to be freed more strictly to those employed in +military <a id="service319"></a>service.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn319">319</a></sup> The bill went back to the Senate, which concurred +in the <a id="amendment320"></a>amendment,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn320">320</a></sup> and it received the signature of the President, +<a id="August321"></a>August 6, 1861.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn321">321</a></sup></p> + + + + + +<h3><span>The Emancipation Proclamation.</span></h3> + + +<p><b>§ 91. Confiscation <a id="provisions_extended"></a>provisions extended.</b>—Propositions more far reaching +were introduced into the Senate in the session <a id="of322"></a>of 1861-62.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn322">322</a></sup> January +15, 1862, Mr. Trumbull, from the Committee on the Judiciary, to whom the +various propositions had been referred, reported an original bill, and +asked that the committee be discharged from the consideration of +<a id="others323"></a>others.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn323">323</a></sup> March 14, 1862, Mr. Harris introduced into the +Senate a bill to confiscate the property of rebels and for other +<a id="purposes324"></a>purposes.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn324">324</a></sup> These propositions were considered at length, but never +came to a vote. It is not necessary to enter here into the discussion of +confiscations and of the constitutional right of Congress to free the +slaves; in most of the bills there was a provision against the return of +slaves to disloyal masters.</p> + +<p>The Harris bill declared that, before any order for the surrender of +fugitives should be given, the claimant must establish not only his title +to the slave, as was then provided by law, but also that he is and has +been loyal to the United States during the Rebellion. Mr. Pomeroy +objected to this because it would make it "obligatory on the government +of the United States to surrender a person claimed to be indebted to +another for service or labor, if the claimant proves that he is loyal to +the government. Would not this re-enact the Fugitive Slave Law <a id="of325"></a>of +1850?"<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn325">325</a></sup> An amendment was therefore adopted which so changed the law +that any reference to the act of 1850 was <a id="avoided326"></a>avoided.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn326">326</a></sup> After several +debates the proposition was recommitted, <a id="May327"></a>May 6.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn327">327</a></sup> Mr. Clark reported a +bill, May 14, which retained the provision in regard to fugitives as at +first <a id="offered328"></a>offered.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn328">328</a></sup></p> + +<p>In the House, resolutions on confiscation and emancipation were offered +on the first day of the session, but the final action was based upon one +of several bills introduced by Mr. Eliot, <a id="May329"></a>May 14, 1862.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn329">329</a></sup> His first +bill, upon the confiscation of the property of the rebels, need not be +followed out here; but the second bill provided for the emancipation of +the slaves of disloyal masters, and forbade their return as fugitives. +After various <a id="recommitments330"></a>recommitments<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn330">330</a></sup> a bill was brought in, according to +which, in any suit brought by a claimant to recover the possession of +slaves to enforce such service or labor, it was to be a sufficient bar to +allege and prove that the master was disloyal to the <a id="government331"></a>government.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn331">331</a></sup> The +bill then passed the House by a vote of 82 <a id="to332"></a>to 54.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn332">332</a></sup></p> + + +<p>When it came up in the Senate, June 23, 1862, Mr. Clark moved to +strike out all after the enacting clause, and to insert a substitute +which would again unite the confiscation and emancipation bills. This +amendment was rejected by the House, and a conference committee was +appointed which reported July 11 and 12. The fugitive from a disloyal +master was by this compromise to be deemed a captive of war, and forever +freed from <a id="servitude333"></a>servitude.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn333">333</a></sup> The report was adopted by both houses, and +approved by the President, <a id="July334"></a>July 17, 1862.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn334">334</a></sup> From that date any slave +of a disloyal master who could make his way into the territory occupied +by the Northern troops was <i>ipso facto</i> free. The fugitive was to become +a freeman.</p> + +<p><b>§ 92. Effect of <a id="the_E"></a>the Emancipation Proclamation (1863).</b>—The complete +emancipation of the negroes within the Confederate lines was the next +logical step, and was demanded as a war measure. It deprived the +Confederacy of the aid of these slaves, and at the same time made it +possible to arm and employ the former slaves against their masters. +September 22, 1862, President Lincoln issued his preliminary +proclamation, by which he warned the South that, unless it should return +to its allegiance, all persons held as slaves in the States in rebellion +on the 1st of January, 1863, should be "thenceforth and forever free."</p> + +<p>At the end of one hundred days the final and absolute Proclamation was +put forth, January 1, 1863. It declared also that negroes might be +received into the armed service of the United States; and henceforth +throughout the war, the former slaves were enrolled as soldiers and did +good service for the government.</p> + +<p>The effect of this proclamation was to end slavery, and with it the +return of fugitives, within the Confederate lines. But here the legal +machinery of the government had no effect; the State laws relating to +slavery might be considered suspended, but practically the laws and +practices of the Confederacy prevailed. On the other hand, the Fugitive +Slave Law yet existed upon the statute-book where the Union had power; +the arrest and imprisonment of fugitives was yet legal, and many desired +to see the law repealed as another step toward the final crushing out of +the system.</p> + + + +<h3><span>Fugitives from Loyal Slave States.</span></h3> + +<p><b>§ 93. Fugitives <a id="in_lo"></a>in loyal slave States.</b>—From the beginning of the war one +of the most embarrassing questions which had come before Congress was, +How shall the slaves of loyal owners be treated? The necessity of holding +the Border States firm for the Union disposed many to support +only the most conciliatory measures; but these States were a part of the +theatre of war. Northern armies now occupied parts of the Confederacy as +well, and among the great numbers of blacks who flocked to the Union camp +it was impossible to separate the slaves of the loyal from the disloyal. +Moreover, it was necessary that there should be some uniformity of +method. Without specific law, the reception given to fugitives from loyal +masters must vary with the views of each commanding officer with whom +they sought refuge.</p> + +<p><b>§ 94. T<a id="ypic"></a>ypical cases.</b>—Cases began to occur very early in the struggle. In +1861 a slave called Wisdom ran away from Georgetown, and was taken in by +some wagoners belonging to the Northern army. He soon found work, but his +master succeeded in tracing him, and came to camp to claim him. He +demanded the slave of Captain Swan, officer of the day. Captain Swan +hoped the man might be smuggled away, and so delayed the search as long +as possible. The master then went to Colonel Cowden, who immediately +ordered the slave to be surrendered, without the form of proceedings +prescribed by the act of 1850, and in disregard of the fact that the +master was not provided with the necessary certificate. When the facts +became known in Massachusetts and elsewhere, there was great indignation. +The Colonel was hung in effigy in Boston, with the following inscription: +"Colonel Cowden, of Burns rendition notoriety, is now practising his +tricks at kidnapping in <a id="Washington335"></a>Washington."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn335">335</a></sup></p> + +<p>Major Sherwood of the 11th West Virginia Regiment had, in 1861, employed +a colored refugee as his servant. The owner sent a United States marshal +to Brigadier General Boyle, who gave an order for his rendition. Major +Sherwood sent a message that he would give up his sword, but, while he +was in command, no fugitive should be returned. He was placed under +arrest for disobedience, to await court-martial; but General Staunton +ordered General Boyle's order revoked, and Major Sherwood was never +tried. In the mean time the boy had been sent away concealed under the +seat of an ambulance, and reached Canada in <a id="safety336"></a>safety.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn336">336</a></sup></p> + +<p><b>§ 95. Question <a id="discussed_in_Congress"></a>discussed in Congress.</b>—As early in the war as 1861, a +number of resolutions were brought into Congress, designed to meet this +<a id="difficulty337"></a>difficulty,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn337">337</a></sup> and Mr. Lovejoy introduced a bill making it a penal offence "for any officer or private of the army or navy to capture +or return, or aid in the capture or return" of fugitive <a id="slaves338"></a>slaves.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn338">338</a></sup> The +bill was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary, which reported +adversely upon it, <a id="April339"></a>April 16, 1862.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn339">339</a></sup> December 16, 1861, Mr. Hale had +offered a resolution, which was adopted, looking toward a uniform method +of dealing with the slaves of <a id="rebels340"></a>rebels.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn340">340</a></sup> Mr. Sumner brought in another +on December 17, which forbade the employment of the armies in the +surrender of <a id="fugitives341"></a>fugitives.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn341">341</a></sup> "I ask, sir," said the writer of a letter +read by Mr. Sumner, "shall our sons, who are offering their lives for the +preservation of our institutions, be degraded to slave catchers for any +persons loyal or disloyal? If such is the policy of the government, I +shall urge my son to shed no more blood for its <a id="preservation342"></a>preservation."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn342">342</a></sup> +Another protest came from two German companies in one of the +Massachusetts regiments, who, when they enlisted, entered the service +with the understanding that they should not be put to any such +discreditable service. They complained, and with them the German +population generally throughout the <a id="country343"></a>country.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn343">343</a></sup></p> + +<p>Some proof that the owner of the slave was at least loyal to the +government seemed necessary, if rendition were to be made at all; though +antislavery men were determined to admit no return of fugitives under any +circumstances. December 20, 1861, a resolution of Mr. Wilson's was +adopted, for an additional article of war forbidding officers from +returning fugitives under any <a id="consideration344"></a>consideration.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn344">344</a></sup> A bill was introduced, +discussed, and somewhat amended, but never <a id="passed345"></a>passed.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn345">345</a></sup></p> + +<p>Mr. Blair's bill, of February 25, 1862, from the Committee on Military +Affairs in the House, was to the same <a id="purpose346"></a>purpose.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn346">346</a></sup> This, however, was +successfully carried in both houses, and signed by the President, May 14, +1862. In the discussion, Mr. Mallory opposed the bill, because it seemed +to him that it would prevent the President of the United States from +sending a military force into a State to aid the authorities in enforcing +a national law which stands upon the statute-<a id="book347"></a>book.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn347">347</a></sup> Mr. Bingham +answered this objection by saying that it simply determined that for the +future, as in the past, the army and navy should not exercise +functions which belong solely to the civil <a id="magistrates348"></a>magistrates.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn348">348</a></sup></p> + +<p><b>§ 96. Arrests by <a id="civil_officers"></a>civil officers.</b>—The act of May 14, 1862, applied only +to army officers. Notwithstanding the opportunities then offered for +escape, wandering negroes were still liable to be seized by civil +authorities and placed in jail. In this way numbers of negroes, many of +them really free, were arrested, on the supposition of being runaways, +and were imprisoned without trial for an indefinite length of time. An +advertisement in 1863 shows the method then in use.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + <p> "There was committed to the jail of Warren County, Kentucky, as a + runaway slave, on the 29th September, 1862, a negro man calling + himself Jo Miner. He says he is free, but has nothing to show to + establish the fact. He is about thirty-five years of age, very dark + copper color, about five feet eight inches high, and will weigh about + one hundred and fifty pounds. The owner can come forward, prove + property, and pay charges, or he will be dealt with as the law + requires.</p> +<p class="ralign5"> "<span class="smcap">R. J. Potter, J. W. C.</span></p> +<p> "<a id="March349"></a>March 16, 1863. 1 m."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn349">349</a></sup></p></div> + + + + +<h3><span>District of Columbia.</span></h3> + +<p><b>§ 97. Denial of the use of the <a id="jails_in_the_District"></a>jails in the District of +Columbia.</b>—Several efforts were made to remedy this state of things, at +least in the territory over which Congress had exclusive control. +December 4, 1861, Mr. Wilson, who had been investigating the condition of +the District of Columbia jail in Washington, offered a joint resolution +for the release of all fugitives from service or labor therein <a id="held350"></a>held.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn350">350</a></sup> +It appeared that some sixty persons were imprisoned solely because they +were suspected of being runaways, and had been allowed no opportunity to +prove the contrary. A free boy from Pennsylvania came to Washington with +the 5th Pennsylvania Regiment. He was found in the streets and sent to +jail. Another boy, who was working for the soldiers on the railroad, was +also taken up and placed <a id="there351"></a>there.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn351">351</a></sup></p> + +<p>Mr. Wilson struck at the root of the matter by a resolution, which was +agreed to, looking to the revision of all the laws in the District of +Columbia providing for the arrest of persons as fugitives from service or +labor, and to consider the expediency of abolishing slavery in the +<a id="District352"></a>District.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn352">352</a></sup></p> + +<p>On December 9, 1861, Mr. Bingham introduced a resolution for the +repeal of all acts in force in the District of Columbia which authorized +the commitment of runaways and suspected runaways to the jail; it was +referred to the Committee on the <a id="Judiciary353"></a>Judiciary.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn353">353</a></sup> Mr. Fessenden asked that +the Committee on the District of Columbia investigate and report upon the +condition of the jail; this was agreed <a id="to354"></a>to.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn354">354</a></sup></p> + +<p>A few weeks later, December 30, 1861, Mr. Grimes presented a bill in the +Senate in regard to the administration of criminal justice in the +District. This was read and referred to the committee, which reported it, +<a id="January355"></a>January 6, 1862.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn355">355</a></sup> Efforts were immediately made to prevent fugitive +slaves from being included in the general jail delivery contemplated by +the bill. Mr. Powell, in the debate upon his amendment to that purpose, +urged that so long as the institution of slavery existed in the South, no +such measure ought to <a id="prevail356"></a>prevail.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn356">356</a></sup> Mr. Grimes supported his measure by +giving some examples of exceedingly unjust cases which had occurred. "A +young colored fellow, who came as a servant of an officer from the +vicinity of Pittsburg, was thrown into this jail in August last. The +regiment to which he was attached went forward toward the face of the +enemy. There was nobody here to look after him. There is no doubt as to +his being a free boy, yet he was there on the first day of this month." +To such cases he desired to have the law apply. "They have here in this +District and in Maryland what they call an apprehension fee. They have a +law which declares that if any slave wanders a certain distance from the +residence of his master, he may be taken up as a fugitive. There are +persons in this vicinity, I am credibly informed, who are lying in wait +all around your city and the surrounding country, in hope that they can +find some poor colored man or woman who is out picking berries and +visiting a friend, and who will wander a little further than the distance +established by law from the residence of the <a id="master357"></a>master."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn357">357</a></sup> The opinion +that such injustice ought to be corrected prevailed, and the amendment +was rejected. After much discussion the bill passed the Senate, <a id="January358"></a>January +14, 1862,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn358">358</a></sup> and it was approved by the President on the same day. +Thenceforward the Fugitive Slave Law was practically a dead letter at the +seat of government, since the necessary machinery was lacking, +and the spirit of the administration was opposed to it. The new act was +in effect a national personal liberty bill.</p> + +<p><b>§ 98. Abolition of slavery in the District of Colum<a id="bia"></a>bia.</b>—The work +contemplated by all the propositions was finally accomplished in one act. +On December 16, 1861, Mr. Wilson had offered a bill in the Senate for the +total abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia. It was reported +with amendments a few weeks after the passage of the act denying the use +of jails, and on February 24, 1862, Mr. Wilson presented a supplementary +<a id="bill359"></a>bill.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn359">359</a></sup></p> + +<p>The debates upon this proposition were long and interesting. The South +regarded it as "an entering wedge of something more comprehensive and +<a id="radical360"></a>radical,"<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn360">360</a></sup> as preparatory to the abolition of slavery in the whole +country by Congress. The antislavery party rejoiced that at last an +opportunity had come for freeing the national capital from the disgrace +of slavery. The bill passed both houses, and was approved April 16, +1862.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn361">361</a></sup> By the final section of the act the black code of Maryland <a id="was361"></a>was +wiped out, and the severe local provisions against fugitives, which had +not been repealed by the previous act, were at last taken away. It +remained only to attack the last stronghold of the system,—the two acts +of 1793 and 1850.</p> + +<p><b>§ 99. Regulation<a id="s_aga"></a>s against kidnapping.</b> In the act of April 16, 1862, were +included regulations against kidnapping,—a practice made easy by the +unsettled state of the country. It seems to have been largely carried on +not only by Southerners, but also by unprincipled soldiers connected with +the Union army. The Liberator of March 27, 1863, notices such a case. +Some men from the 99th Regiment of New York Volunteers kidnapped a free +colored man at Norfolk, Virginia. They took his horse, cart, and the +provisions which he had just bought, and offered him for sale to be sent +South. During the absence of his captors for a few moments, the man was +able to work off his bonds and to escape in the darkness. He immediately +went before a provost marshal, told his story, and recognized one of his +captors who was just entering the door. What the consequences of this +meeting were the "Liberator" does not tell us; but the impression is +given that the negro was saved from his <a id="pursuers362"></a>pursuers.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn362">362</a></sup></p> + + + + +<h3><span>Repeal of the Acts proposed.</span></h3> + +<p><b>§ 100. Repe<a id="al_of"></a>al of the Fugitive Slave Acts.</b>—By the successive acts of +Congress and the President, the legal effect of the Fugitive Slave Laws +was now confined practically to the limited area of the Border States. No +officer, civil or military, could return a fugitive into the Confederate +lines. Slavery was forbidden in the District of Columbia, and there could +be no escapes thence; and Congress forbade the use of the jails of the +District for the confinement of fugitives from slaveholding regions. In +the free States the rendition of slaves, though still legally required, +had long since ceased. The final step was delayed till 1864.</p> + +<p><b>§ 101. <a id="Early_propositions_to"></a>Early propositions to repeal the acts.</b>—Repeal, however, was +preceded by many earlier propositions. The Committee on the Judiciary, to +which was referred Mr. Howe's bill, presented <a id="December363"></a>December 26, 1861,<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn363">363</a></sup> did +not report until 1863, and then with the opinion that it ought not to +pass. In introducing his repeal measure, Mr. Howe spoke of the bill of +1850 as one "which has probably done as much mischief as any other one +act that was ever passed by the national legislature. It has embittered +against each other two great sections of the <a id="country364"></a>country."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn364">364</a></sup> To take away +the law of 1850 would leave in force the act of 1793, which was "good +enough."</p> + +<p>June 9, 1862, soon after the passage of the acts on the District of +Columbia, Mr. Julian presented in the House another repeal bill, which +was referred to the Committee on the <a id="Judiciary365"></a>Judiciary.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn365">365</a></sup> As the war +progressed, and the antislavery sentiment began to outweigh all others, +it became evident that the old law could not much longer obtain. +Nevertheless the question was set aside during the session of 1862-63, +but in 1863-64 five bills were introduced looking to the repeal of the +<a id="acts366"></a>acts.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn366">366</a></sup></p> + +<p>Mr. Morris, from the committee to whom all bills for repeal had been +referred, reported a substitute for them, June 6, 1864, and this was the +basis of the final action of <a id="Congress367"></a>Congress.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn367">367</a></sup></p> + + + + + +<h3><span>Discussion of Repeal Bills.</span></h3> + +<p><b>§ 102. Disc<a id="ussi"></a>ussion of the repeal bill in the House.</b>—Had the country been +divided simply into two parts, the slaveholding Southern Confederacy and +the free loyal North, little discussion could have arisen. The third +element, the slaveholding States which remained firm for the Union, +rendered the question far more complex. The bill therefore aroused much +indignation. Mr. Mallory demanded, as an act of justice to his State, +that "the Fugitive Slave Act be permitted to remain on the statute-book. +If you say it will be a dead letter, so much less excuse have you for +repealing it, and so much more certainly is the insult and wrong to +Kentucky gratuitous. This act, by which you declare your intention not to +obey the injunction of the Constitution is wanton and useless, except for +the purpose of bravely exhibiting your contempt for that instrument." +"The framers of the Constitution gave us the right to reclaim fugitive +slaves. It was conceded not as a favor, but as a right." "Kentucky has +remained true to her faith pledged to the government, and I warn you not +to persevere in inflicting on her insult and <a id="outrage368"></a>outrage."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn368">368</a></sup></p> + +<p>Again, one of the reasons for the departure of the Southern States, was +the "bad faith of the Northern States,—the fatal infringement of this +part of the Constitution. It was because of Personal Liberty bills, John +Brown raids, and general denunciation and intermeddling with +<a id="slavery369"></a>slavery."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn369">369</a></sup> Many members urged that there could be no more reckless +action than to show to the Border States an apparent disregard of the +Constitution. Mr. Cox considered the law the only refuge left to a +certain class of citizens to protect their "rights." It would be like +saying to them, We place the penalty of the treason of the revolted +slaveholders on your innocent heads. "We add to your calamities the +ingratitude and treachery of the government to which you have +<a id="adhered370"></a>adhered."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn370">370</a></sup></p> + +<p>The final discussion, June 13, opened with a long speech by Mr. King. The +old arguments from the Constitution, the far-seeing wisdom of the +fathers, the opinion of the Supreme Court in the Prigg case, and the harm +done the Border States, were again <a id="rehearsed371"></a>rehearsed.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn371">371</a></sup></p> + + +<p>In answer to Mr. King, Mr. Hubbard denied that the Constitution provided +for the enactment of a law by Congress, and in any case, the +treason of slavery had already absolved the people from any such +obligation. It surely must be competent for this Congress to repeal any +act which a previous Congress had enacted. For yet another reason the law +should be repealed. Negro soldiers must be enlisted: "You cannot draft +black men into the field, while your marshals are chasing women and +children in the woods of Ohio with a view to render them back into +bondage. The moral sense of the nation, ay, of the world, would revolt at +<a id="it372"></a>it."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn372">372</a></sup> Again, this would make a conflict in our laws, said Mr. Morris. +A colored man might enlist in our army, then, under the Fugitive Slave +Law, "he might be seized and remanded to slavery; and as a further +consequence, dealt with as a deserter from his post of <a id="duty373"></a>duty."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn373">373</a></sup> It was +also urged that unless slavery was to survive the war, the two acts were +useless and obsolete statutes, which ought to be wiped out of existence. +No one who believes that slavery is dead would desire to keep such a +guaranty of the <a id="institution374"></a>institution.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn374">374</a></sup> Mr. Hubbard then demanded the yeas and +nays on the passage of the bill. It was declared in the affirmative, yeas +82, nays 57, and thus the repeal was successfully carried in the +<a id="House375"></a>House.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn375">375</a></sup></p> + + +<p><b>§ 103. Repeal bills <a id="in_the_Senate"></a>in the Senate.</b>—Mr. Sumner had already reported a +repeal bill from the Committee on Slavery and Freedom in the Senate, +<a id="February376"></a>February 29, 1864.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn376">376</a></sup> The progress of the bill was so delayed by the +opposition, that Mr. Sumner at last gave notice that he should take every +proper occasion to call up the bill, and press its <a id="consideration377"></a>consideration.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn377">377</a></sup></p> + + + +<p>In the debate several speeches were made against the measure, while Mr. +Sumner defended it. To the antislavery party the act was +<a id="constitutionally378"></a>constitutionally<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn378">378</a></sup> and morally wrong, so against public sentiment that +it could seldom be enforced, and the question of its repeal was as plain +as a "diagram," "the multiplication table," or "the ten +<a id="commandments379"></a>commandments."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn379">379</a></sup> They desired to strike slavery wherever they could +hit it, and to "purify the statute-book, so that there should be nothing +in it out of which this wrong can derive any support." It should be +repealed for the sake of our cause in foreign <a id="lands380"></a>lands.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn380">380</a></sup> "Since the +outbreak of the Rebellion this statute has been constantly +adduced by our enemies abroad as showing that we are little better than +Jefferson Davis and his slave-monger crew; for slavery never shows itself +worse than in the slave-hunter. It is a burden for our cause which it +ought not to be obliged to bear."</p> + +<p>To retain the law of 1793, framed by the founders of the Republic, and +repeal the act of 1850 with its manifest injustice, was suggested as a +desirable compromise. Mr. Sherman, therefore, offered an amendment to +this effect, and it was <a id="accepted381"></a>accepted.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn381">381</a></sup> The friends of the measure then +felt that the bill as it stood was of little value to the antislavery +cause. Mr. Brown maintained that it was really a proposition to reinstate +slavery in its fastness in the Constitution. "The civilized world, when +it beholds the spectacle of the American Senate going back for three +quarters of a century to resurrect a statute of slave-catching, and pass +it anew with their indorsement, will credit very little all your talk +about freedom. The act will give the lie to all <a id="argument382"></a>argument."<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn382">382</a></sup></p> + +<p>Before further action was taken on Mr. Sherman's bill, the repeal bill +from the House came before the Senate, and was reported from the +committee, June 15, 1864. It was discussed for several days, but no new +arguments were offered, and, June 23, 1864, the bill passed the Senate by +a vote of 27 <a id="to383"></a>to 12.<sup class="topnum">383</sup> On the 25th of June it received President +Lincoln's signature, and the Fugitive Slave Laws were swept from the +statute-book of the United <a id="States384"></a>States.<sup class="topnum"><a href="#fn384">384</a></sup></p> + + + +<h3><span>Repeal of the Acts.</span></h3> + +<p><b>§ 104. The repeal act and the <a id="thirteenth"></a>thirteenth amendment.</b>—The act was a simple +one; it runs as follows:—</p> + + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p> "Chap. CLXVI. An Act to repeal the Fugitive Slave Act of eighteen + hundred and fifty, and all Acts and parts of Acts for the rendition of + Fugitive Slaves.</p> +<p> "<i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the + United States of America in Congress assembled</i>, That sections three + and four of an act entitled 'An act respecting fugitives from justice, + and persons escaping from the service of their masters,' passed + February twelve, seventeen hundred and ninety-three, and an act + entitled 'An act to amend, and supplementary to, the act entitled An + act respecting fugitives from justice, and persons escaping from the + service of their masters, passed February twelve, seventeen hundred and + ninety-three,' passed September, eighteen hundred and + fifty, be and the same are hereby repealed.</p> +<p>"Approved, June 28, 1864."</p> +</div> + + +<p>The whole structure of statutes, decisions, and judicial machinery which +had been erected to compel by national authority the people of free +States to share in the responsibility for slavery, was at last +overthrown. But the constitutional obligation remained; so long as a +slave anywhere existed, the neighboring States were bound to pursue him, +if he ran away, and might by statute provide for his return. The final +step was therefore to complete the work of legal emancipation by the +thirteenth amendment to the Constitution. On January 31, 1865, Congress +voted to submit the following article to the States for their approval +and ratification: "Art. XIII. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, +except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly +convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to +their jurisdiction." On December 18, 1865, the Secretary of State +proclaimed that the amendment had been approved by twenty-seven of the +thirty-six States, and was consequently adopted.</p> + +<p><b>§ 105. Educating effect of the con<a id="trov"></a>troversy.</b>—The first act of 1793 was +imperfect. It did not provide a national machinery whereby its provisions +could be executed, and many of the States by means of the personal +liberty laws refused to lend their officers and jails for the work. All +efforts to amend the law were unsuccessful until the great compromise of +1850 gave opportunity to pass a second act.</p> + +<p>This new measure remedied certain defects in the first statute, and was +therefore more satisfactory to the slave-owners. As soon as it began to +be executed, however, its provisions were found to be so severe that the +trials and rescues it occasioned served only to educate the people to the +evils of slavery by bringing its effects close to them. Thus, far from +compelling the North to acquiesce in the system, it greatly increased the +number of Abolitionists. The arraying of the North and South against each +other in the Civil War intensified public sentiment upon the question, +and led more and more to a loose execution of the law. It was found +impracticable to return slaves to disloyal masters, and a law to prevent +any such return was the next step toward the doing away of the whole +system. Next came the question of the duty and power of the general +government, within its exclusive jurisdiction: in 1862 all +responsibility was disavowed. By this time the force of the law extended +only to the loyal slave States, and the force of public opinion in 1864 +withdrew the last statutory safeguard of slavery under the Constitution. +A change in the text of the Constitution finally took away the force of +the clause on which the return of fugitives was based.</p> + +<p>We can see, at this distance, how clearly slavery was doomed to +destruction, from the time the two sections first made it an issue in +1820; but there was no relation arising out of slavery except the +territorial question which did so much as the fugitive slave controversy +to hasten the downfall of the system. The contrast between the free +principles of democratic government and human bondage was forced upon the +attention of the North by the pursuit of fugitives in their midst. Yet +without national machinery for the recapture of runaways the institution +could not have long been maintained. There is no evidence that the North +was profoundly stirred by the horrors of slavery before 1850; it was only +when the North was called upon, in the Territories, and through the +Fugitive Slave Law, to give positive aid to the system that the +antislavery movement grew strong. Fugitive slaves and fugitive slave laws +helped to destroy slavery.</p> + + + + +<h2><a id="APPENDIX_A"></a><span>APPENDIX A.</span> + +<span><i>COLONIAL LAWS RELATIVE TO FUGITIVES.</i></span></h2> + +<p>The precise text is quoted in each case. The figures in brackets <b>[ ]</b> refer +to paragraphs in the text. The sign <big>0</big> indicates that the full text is to +be found in the reference cited.</p> + + +<h4><span>1. New Netherlands:—Running <a id="away"></a>away from Patroons. [§ <a href="#egula">2</a>].</span></h4> +<p><b>1629, June 7.</b> Freedoms and exemptions. Granted by the West India Company +to all Patroons, Masters or Private Persons who will plant Colonies in +New Netherlands.—"XVIII. The Company promise the colonists of the +Patroons.... XIX.—And any Colonist who shall leave the service of his +Patroon and enter into the service of another, or shall, contrary to his +contract, leave his service, we promise to do everything in our power to +apprehend and deliver the same into the hands of his Patroon or attorney, +that he may be proceeded against according to the customs of this +country, as occasion may require."—<big>0</big> <i>Laws and Ordinances of New +Netherlands, 7.</i></p> + +<h4><span>2. Mass<a id="achu"></a>achusetts:—Capture +and protection of servants. [§ <a href="#Regulations_in_New_England">4.</a>]</span></h4> +<p><b>1630-1641.</b> "Acts respecting Masters, Servants, and Labourers."—"Sec. 3. +It is also ordered, that when any servants shall run from their masters, +or any other inhabitants shall privily go away with suspicion of evil +intentions, it shall be lawful for the next magistrate, or the constable +and two of the chief inhabitants where no magistrate is, to press men and +boats or pinnaces at the publick charge, to pursue such persons by sea +and land, and bring them back by force of arms.... Sec. 6. It is ordered, +and by this court declared; that if any servant shall flee from the +tyranny and cruelty of his or her master to the house of any freeman of +the same town, they shall be there protected and sustained till due order +be taken for their relief; provided due notice thereof be speedily given +to their master from whom they fled, and to the next magistrate or +constable where the party so fled is harboured."—<big>0</big> <i>Charters and General +Laws of the Colony and Province of Massachusetts Bay, 155.</i></p> + +<h4><span>3. New Netherlands:—Runaway serv<a id="ants"></a>ants. +[§ <a href="#Dutch_regulations_in_New">6.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1640, Aug. 7.</b> "Ordinance of the Director and Council of New Netherland, +against Fugitives from Service, and providing for the proper drawing up +of Legal Instruments." Passed 9 August, 1640. "Whereas many Servants +daily run away from their masters, whereby the latter are put to great +inconvenience and expense; the Corn and Tobacco rot in the field and the +whole Harvest is at a stand still, which tends to the serious injury of +this country, to their Masters' ruin, and to bring the magistracy into +contempt. We, therefore, command all farm and house Servants faithfully +to serve out their time with their Masters according to their contracts +and in no manner to run away, and if they have any thing against their +masters, to come to Us and make application to be heard in due form of +Law, on pain of being punished and of making good all losses and damages +of their Masters and serving double the time they may lose.... +We do, also, forbid all inhabitants of New Netherland to harbor or feed +any of these Fugitive Servants under the penalty of Fifty guilders, for +the benefit of the Informer; <sup class="topnum">1</sup>/<sup class="botnum">3</sup> for the new Church and <sup class="topnum">1</sup>/<sup class="botnum">3</sup> for the +Fiscal." Dated as above.—<big>0</big> <i>Laws and Ordinances of New Netherlands, 32.</i></p> + +<h4><span>4. Maryland:—Runaway <a id="apprentices_felons"></a>apprentices felons.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1642, March 26.</b> Act against Fugitives.—"It shall be felony in any +apprentice Servant to depart away secretly from his or her Master or dame +then being with intent to convey him or her Selfe away out of the +Province. And on any other person that shall wittingly accompany such +Servant in such unlawfull departure as aforesaid. And the offendors +therein shall suffer paines of death, and after his due debts paid shall +forfeit all his Lands, goods, & Chattels within the Province. Provided, +that in Case his Lordship or his Leivt't-Generall shall at the request of +the partie so condemned exchange such pains of death into Servitude, that +then such exchange shall not exceed the term of Seaven years, and that +the Master or dame of the parties so pardoned of death shall first be +satisfied for the terme of such parties Service unexpired from the day of +such unlawfull departure, and for double the time of his absence dureing +his said departure."—<big>0</big> <i>Archives of Maryland, Assembly Proceedings, +124.</i></p> + +<h4><span>5. New Netherlands:—<a id="Against_harboring"></a>Against harboring + fugitive servants. [§ <a href="#Dutch_regulations_in_New">6</a>].</span></h4> + +<p><b>1642, April 13.</b> "We have interdicted and forbidden, as we do hereby most, +expressly interdict and forbid, all our good inhabitants here, from this +time henceforward, lodging any strangers in their houses, or furnishing +them more than one meal and harboring them more than one night without +first notifying the Director," etc.—<big>0</big> <i>Laws and Ordinances of New +Netherlands, 32.</i></p> + +<h4><span>6. Virginia:—Entert<a id="ainm"></a>ainment of fugitives. + [§ <a href="#Treatment_of_fugitives">3</a>].</span></h4> + +<p><b>1642-3, March.</b> Act XXI. "Whereas complaints are at every quarter court +exhibited against divers persons who entertain and enter into covenants +with runaway servants and freemen who have formerly hired themselves to +others, to the great prejudice if not the utter undoeing of divers poor +men, thereby also encouraging servants to runn from their masters and +obscure themselves in some remote plantation. Upon consideration had for +the future preventing of the like injurious and unjust dealings, <i>Be it +enacted and confirmed</i> that what person or persons soever shall entertain +any person as hireling, or sharer, or upon any other conditions for one +whole yeare, without certificate from the commander or any one +commissioner of the place, that he or she is free from any ingagement of +service. The person so hireing without such certificate as aforesaid, +shall for every night that he or she entertaineth any servant, either as +hireling or otherwise, fforfeit to the master or mistris of the said +servant twenty pounds of tobacco. And for evrie freeman which he or she +entertaineth (formerly hired by another) for a year as aforesaid, he or +she shall forfeit to the party who had first hired him twenty pound of +tobacco for every night deteyned. And for every freeman which he or she +entertaineth (though he hath not formerly hired himselfe to another), +without certificate as aforesaid, And in all these cases the party hired +shall receive such censure and punishment as shall be thought fitt by the +Governor and Counsell: Allways provided that if any such runnaway +servants or hired freemen shall produce such a certificate, wherein it +appears that they are freed from their former masters service, or from +any such ingagement respectively, if afterwards it shall be proved that +the said certificates are counterfeit then the retayner not to suffer +according to the penalty of this act, But such punishment shall be +inflicted upon the forger and procurer thereof as the Governor and +Council shall think fitt."—<big>0</big> <i>Statutes at Large. Hening, Laws of +Virginia, I. 253.</i></p> + +<h4><span>7. Virginia:—Runaway ser<a id="vant"></a>vants. + [§ <a href="#Treatment_of_fugitives">3.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1642-3, March.</b> Act XXII. "<i>Be it therefore enacted and confirmed</i> that +all runaways that shall absent themselves from their said master's +service shall be lyable to make satisfaction by service at the +end of their tymes by indenture (vizt.) double the tyme of service soe +neglected, and in some cases more if the commissioners for the place +appointed shall find it requisite and convenient. And if such runaways +shall be found to transgresse the second time or oftener (if it shall be +duely proved against them), that then they shall be branded in the cheek +with the letter R. and passe under the statute of incorrigible rogues."—<big>0</big> <i>Statutes at Large. Hening, Laws of Virginia, I. 254.</i></p> + +<h4><span>8. New<a id="Arti"></a> England + Confederation:—Articles of Confederation. [§ <a href="#al">8.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1643, Aug. 29.</b> VIII. "It is also agreed that if any servant runn away +from his master into any other of these confederated Jurisdiccons, That +in such Case, vpon the Certyficate of one Magistrate in the Jurisdiccon +out of which the said servant fled, or upon other due proofe, the said +servant shalbe deliuered either to his Master or any other that pursues +and brings such Certificate or proufe."—<big>0</big> <i>Plymouth Colony Records, IX. +5.</i></p> + +<h4><span>9. <a id="Connect"></a>Connecticut:—Servants and apprentices.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1644, June 3.</b> "Whereas many stubborn, refrectary and discontented +searuants and apprentices with drawe themselves from their masters +searuices, to improue their tyme to their owne aduantage; for the +preuenting whereof, It is Ordered, that whatsoeuer searuant or apprentice +shall heareafter offend in that kynd, before their couenants or terme of +searuice are expiered, shall searue their said Masters, as they shall be +apprehended or retayned the treble terme, or threefold tyme of their +absense in such kynd."—<big>0</big> <i>Connecticut Records, I. 105.</i></p> + +<h4><span>10. New Netherl<a id="ands"></a>ands:—Entertainment of runaways.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1648, Oct. 6.</b> Ordinance of the Director and Council of New Netherland +against Fugitives from Service. Passed 6 October, 1648.—"The Director +General and Council hereby notify and warn all persons against harboring +or entertaining any one bound to service either to the Company or to any +private individual here or elsewhere, and against lodging or boarding +them at most longer than twenty-four hours, and if any one shall be found +to have acted contrary hereto, he shall forfeit a fine of fl. 150, to be +paid to whomsoever will make the complaint and it may appertain." +—<big>0</big> <i>Laws and Ordinances of New Netherlands, 104.</i></p> + +<h4><span>11. Mar<a id="ylan"></a>yland:—Against fugitives.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1649.</b> <i>Archives of Maryland, Assembly Proceedings, 249.</i></p> + +<h4><span>12. Mar<a id="yland"></a>yland:—Against fugitives.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1654, Oct.</b> <i>Archives of Maryland, Assembly Proceedings, 348.</i></p> + +<h4><span>13. Virginia:—Pen<a id="alty"></a>alty for second offence.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1655-6, March.</b> "Act XI. <i>Be it enacted by this Grand Assembly</i> that if +any runnaway servant offend the second time against the act in March, +1642, concerning runnaway servants, that he shall not onely be branded +with the letter R., and passe under the statute for an incorrigible +rogue, but also double his time of service so neglected, and soe likewise +double the time that any time afterward he shall neglect, and in some +cases more if the Commissioners think fitt: And be it further enacted by +the authority aforesaid, that he or she that shall lodge or harbour any +such runnaway shall not only pay 20 lb. of tobacco per night, but also 40 +lb. of tobacco per day so long as they shall be proved to entertaine them, +contrary to an act of assembly in March, 1642."—<big>0</big> <i>Statutes at Large. +Hening, Laws of Virginia, I. 401.</i></p> + +<h4><span>14. New Netherlands:—Tre<a id="aty_w"></a>aty with + United Colonies. [§ <a href="#International_cases">11.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1656.</b> Resolution of the States General ratifying the treaty of Hartford, +passed February 22, 1656.—"Respecting Fugitives. It is agreed that the +same method shall be observed between the United English Colonies and the +Dutch nation in this country of New Netherland, agreeably to the eighth +Article of the confederation between the United English Colonies in that +case provided."—<big>0</big> <i>Laws and Ordinances of New Netherlands, 216.</i></p> + + +<h4><span>15. <a id="City_of"></a>City of Amsterdam:—Runaway colonists banished.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1656, December.</b> Articles and Ordinances revised and enacted by the Right +Honorable the Lords Burgomasters of the City of Amsterdam, according to +which shall be engaged and sworn all those who shall hereafter enter the +service of the Lord's Burgomasters of the City of Amsterdam, for the +purpose of going with their own, or chartered ships to New Netherlands +and the limits of the West India Company's Grant, etc. Passed December, +1656.—"Whoever runs off to the French, English, or any other Christian +or Indian neighbors by whatsoever name they may be called, shall, in +addition to the forfeiture of all his monthly pay to the City, be +banished forever from New Netherland as a perjured villain, and if he +afterward come to fall into the hands of the City, he shall, without any +consideration, be punished by death or otherwise, according to the +exigency of the case."—<big>0</big> <i>Laws and Ordinances of New Netherlands, 273.</i></p> + +<h4><span>16. Virginia:—Enter<a id="tain"></a>tainment of runaways.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1657-8, March.</b> Act XV. Concerning Hireing Servants. Thirty pounds of +tobacco shall be paid for every night a servant or person without a +certificate is entertained.—<i>Statutes at Large. Hening, Laws of +Virginia, I. 439.</i></p> + +<h4><span>17. Virginia:—Puni<a id="shme"></a>shment of runaways.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1657-8, March.</b> Act XVI. Against Runnaway Servants. Runnaways shall double +the time of service absent at the end of their time of indenture. For the +second offence they shall be branded with the letter R. and double the +time lost.—<i>Hening, Laws of Virginia, I. 440.</i></p> + +<h4><span>18. Virginia:—Huie and <a id="crie"></a>crie after runaways.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1657-8, March.</b> "Act CXIII. Concerning Huie and cries. Whereas huy and +cries after runnaway servants hath been much neglected to the greate +damage and loss of the inhabitants of this colloney, <i>Bee it therefore +enacted and confirmed by the anthorite of this present Grand Assembly</i>, +that all such huy and cries shall be signed either by the Governor or +some of the Councill, or under the hand of some com'r, nameing the county +where the said com'r lives, and the same shall be conveyed from house to +house with all convenient speed according as the direction thereof +expresseth: And every com'r of each county unto whose house by this +meanes the said huy and crie shall come shall then date and subscribe the +same, And the master of every house that shall make default in the speedy +conveyance of any such huies and cries shall for every such default +forfeit and pay unto the owners of any such runnawaie as the said hues +and cries shall mention, one hundred pounds of tobacco, and where the +said runnawaie servant is found he shall be apprehended and sent from +constable to constable untill such runnawaie or runnawayes shall be +delivered to his or theire master or mistresse, and if any neglect can be +proved against the constable hee to be fined three hundred and fiftie +pounds of tobacco."—<big>0</big> <i>Statutes at Large. Hening, Laws of Virginia, I. +483.</i></p> + +<h4><span>19. New Net<a id="herlands"></a>herlands:—Runaway servants.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1658, April 9.</b> Ordinance of the Director General and Council of New +Netherland renewing sundery Ordinances therein mentioned. Passed 9 April, +1658.—"13thly, not to debauch or incite any person's servants, male or +female, or to harbor them, or fugitives and strangers, longer than 24 +hours without notifying the Fiscal, Magistrates, or Schouts, and all +servant men and women remaine bound to fulfill and complete their +contracts, on pain of arbitrary correction, according to the Ordinance of +the 6 October, 1648."—<big>0</big> <i>Laws of New Netherlands, 344.</i></p> + +<h4><span>20. Virginia:—How to know a runnaw<a id="ay_se"></a>ay + servant. [§ <a href="#Treatment_of_fugitives">3.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1658-9, March.</b> Act III. "<i>It is enacted and ordained</i> that the master of +everie such runaway shall cutt, or cause to be cutt, the hair of all such +runnawayes close above their ears, whereby they may be with more ease +discovered and apprehended."—<big>0</big> <i>Statutes at Large. Hening, Laws of +Virginia, I. 517.</i></p> + + +<h4><span>21. Virginia:—Payment of Dutch <a id="ship"></a>shipmasters.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1659-60, March.</b> Act XV. An Act for the Pay of Dutch Masters bringing in +Runnaway Servants. Whenever a master shall refuse to pay the cost of +returning a runnaway from the Dutch, the payment shall be made by the +secretary at his office.—<i>Statutes at Large. Hening, Laws of Virginia, +I. 539.</i></p> + +<h4><span>22. Virginia:—Appre<a id="hens"></a>hension of runaways.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1660-61, March.</b> Act X. Apprehending of Runnawayes.—"Whereas the pursuit +and takeing of runnaways is hindered chiefly by the neglect of constables +in making search according to their warrants, <i>Bee itt enacted</i> that +every constable shall make diligent search and inquiry through his +precincts, and what constable soever shall upon search apprehend such +runaways shall receive from the master of the servant for his +encouragement two hundred pounds of tobaccoe, and if any constable shall +neglect he shall be fined three hundred and fifty pounds of tobaccoe and +caske according to former act."—<big>0</big> <i>Statutes at Large. Hening, Laws of +Virginia, II. 21.</i></p> + +<h4><span>23. Virginia:—English runnaw<a id="ay_wi"></a>ay with negroes. + [§ <a href="#Treatment_of_fugitives">3.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1660-1, March. Act XIII.</b> "<i>Bee itt enacted</i> that in case any English +servant shall runaway in company with any negroes who are incapable of +making satisfaction by addition of time, Bee itt enacted that the English +so running away in company with them shall serve for the time of the said +negroes absence as they are to do for their owne by a former act" +—<big>0</big> <i>Hening, Laws of Virginia, II. 26.</i></p> + +<h4><span>24. Virginia:—<a id="Gloc"></a>Glocester to have jurisdiction over runaways.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1660-1, March.</b> It was ordered that the county of Glocester have the power +to make such laws for the recovering of runaways as shall be found +necessary and convenient.—<i>Statutes at Large. Hening, Laws of Virginia, +II. 35.</i></p> + +<h4><span>25. Virginia:—R<a id="unaway_se"></a>unaway servants.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1661-2, March.</b> Act CII. Runaways.—Penalties for running away are the +same as in former acts. English servants if running away with negroes, +and the negroes die or be lost, shall pay either four thousand five +hundred pounds of tobacco and caske, or four years service for every +negro so lost or dead.—<i>Hening, Laws of Virginia, II. 117.</i></p> + +<h4><span>26. M<a id="ar"></a>aryland:—Against runaways.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1662.</b><i> Maryland Archives, Assembly Proceedings, 451.</i></p> + +<h4><span>27. Virginia:—P<a id="ursuit"></a>ursuit of runaways to the Dutch.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1663, September.</b> Act VIII. "An Act concerning the pursuit of runawayes." +It is enacted that runaways are to be pursued at the public expense, and, +if they have escaped to the Dutch, letters are to be written to the +Governors of those Plantations to return the runaways. Expenses are to be +paid according to the provisions of a former act.—<i>Statutes at Large. +Hening, Laws of Virginia, II. 187.</i></p> + +<h4><span>28. M<a id="ary"></a>aryland:—Against English servants.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1663, October.</b> <i>Maryland Archives, Assembly Proceedings, 489.</i></p> + +<h4><span>29. New Netherlands:—Quakers, etc. refused <a id="admission_to_colony"></a>admission to colony.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1663, May 17.</b> Ordinance of the Director General and Council of New +Netherland prohibiting the bringing of Quakers and other Strollers into +New Netherland. Passed 17 May 1663.—"The Director General and Council, +therefore, do hereby Order and command all Skippers, Sloop captains and +others, whomsoever they may be, not to convey or bring, much less to land +within this government, any such Vagabonds, Quakers and other Fugitives, +whether Men or Women, until they have first addressed themselves to the +government, etc.... on the pain of the Importers forfeiting a fine of +Twenty pounds Flemish for every person," etc.—<big>0</big> <i>Laws and Ordinances of +New Netherlands, 439.</i></p> + +<h4><span>30. Virginia:—<a id="Entertainment_of"></a>Entertainment of runaways.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1666, October.</b> Act IX. "An act against entertayners of runaways." Penalty +for entertaining runaways increased to sixty pounds of tobacco for every +day and night he or they shall be harbored.—<i>Statutes at Large. Hening, +Laws of Virginia, II. 239.</i> </p> + +<h4><span>31. Maryland:—Runaways <a id="and_their_entert"></a>and their entertainers.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1666, May.</b> "An Act providing against Runaways, and all such as shall +Entertayn them. Whereas there was an act providing against Runnawaies +made in the year 1650, and another act made in the year 1662, both which +acts being adjudged insufficient Satisfaccion for the reparacion of their +respective Masters, mrssrse, Dame, or overseers damages sustained by +their servt running from them, Be it enacted by the right hon'ble, the +Lord Proprietary, by and with the consent of the upper and Lower House of +this present general assembly, that from and after the publicacion hereof +any Servant or Servants whatsoever unlawfully absenting themselves from +their said Master, Mistress, Dame, or overseer, shall serve for every day +10. And be it further enacted by the Authority aforesaid that any Master, +Mistress, dame, or Overseer that shall entertain any servant unlawfully +absenting himselve as aforesaid, having been forewarned by the Master, +mistress, Dame, or Overseer of the said servant, shall be fined for the +first night five hundred pounds of Casked tobacco, for the second one +thousand pounds of casked tobacco, for every other night fifteen hundred +pounds of casked tobacco, the one half to the Lord Proprietor, the other +to the informer, or them that shall sue for the same within any Court of +Record within this province, to be Recovered by action of debt, plaint or +Informacion wherein no Essoyne, protection or wager of Lawe to be +allowed, Provided that this Act nor anything therein conteynd shall not +be adjudged to the predudice of any person or persons that shall +apprehend any Runaway servants who are hereby required to use the best +endeavors to Convey them to their owners or next justice of the peace to +be conveyed from constable to constable until they be delivered to their +said owners, if then living within this province. This act to continue +for 3 years, or to the end of the next general assembly which shall first +come."—<big>0</big> <i>Maryland Archives, Assembly Proceedings, 147.</i></p> + +<h4><span>32. <a id="New_Jersey"></a>New Jersey—Fugitive servants.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1668, May 30.</b> Acts passed and assented unto by the Governor, Council, and +Burgess of the General Assembly of the Province of New-Caesarea, or New +Jersey, the 30th Day of May, Anno Domini 1668. "Concerning Fugitives, It +is Enacted by the same Authority, that every Apprentice and Servant that +shall depart and absent themselves from their Master and Dames, without +leave first obtained, shall be judged by the Court to double the Time of +such their Absence, by future Service over and above other Damages and +costs which Master and Dame shall sustain by such unlawful Departure.</p> + +<p>"And it is also enacted, that whosoever shall be proved to have +transported, or to have contrived the Transportation of any such +Apprentice or Servant shall be fined <i>Five Pounds</i>, and all such Damages +as the Court shall Judge, and that the Master or Dame can make appear, +and if not able, to be left to the Judgement of the Court."—<big>0</big> <i>New +Jersey Laws, 82.</i></p> + +<h4><span>33. Virginia:—Ru<a id="nawa"></a>naways.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1668, September.</b> Act IV. About Runawayes. Moderate corporal punishment +inflicted by the master or magistrate shall not deprive the master of the +satisfaction allowed by the law.—<i>Statutes at Large, Hening, Laws of +Virginia, II. 266.</i></p> + +<h4><span>34. Virginia:—Runaways.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1669, October.</b> Act VIII. Against Runawayes. "<i>Be it therefore enacted</i> +that whosoever apprehends any runaways, whether servant by indenture, +custome or covenant, not haveing a legall passe, by those in every county +that shall be appointed to give passes, or a note from his master, shall +have a thousand pounds of tobacco allowed him by the publique, which +tobacco shall be repaid by the service of the servant to the country when +free from his master, and by the hired ffreeman immediately after +expiration of his covenant to the man that apprehends."</p> + +<p>"<i>And be it further enacted</i> that he that takes up such runaway is hereby +enjoyned first to carry him before the next justice who is to +take cognizance of his good service, and to certify it in the next +assembly, and then to deliver him to the constable of the parish where +that justice dwells, who is to convey him to the next constable, till he +be retorned to his master, and that each constable upon receipt of such +runaway give his receipt, and if escape be made from any constable, the +delinquent constable to pay one thousand pounds of tobacco; and for the +reimbursing the publique with the tobacco disbursed to the taker up." +—<big>0</big> <i>Statutes at Large. Hening, Laws of Virginia, II. 273.</i></p> + +<h4><span>35. Virginia:—Apprehensi<a id="on_of_R"></a>on of Runaways.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1670, October.</b> Act I. An Act concerning runaways. Reward for apprehending +runaways is reduced to two hundred pounds of tobacco. Servants are to +serve four months for every two hundred pounds of tobacco. Masters who +fail to cut their servants' hair after twice running away shall be fined +two hundred pounds of tobacco. Every constable through whose hands a +runaway passes is to whip the servant severely. Constables allowing +runaways to escape shall pay four hundred pounds of tobacco. Masters must +not allow their servants to go free until the time of service has been +worked out.—<i>Statutes at Large. Hening, Laws of Virginia, II. 277.</i></p> + +<h4><span>36. Virginia:—Re<a id="ward"></a>ward to the first taker up of runaways.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1670, October.</b> Act XIII. Runawayes. Only the first taker up of a runaway +shall be rewarded.—<i>Statutes at Large. Hening, Laws of Virginia, II. +283.</i></p> + +<h4><span>37. Virginia:—<a id="Appr"></a>Apprehension of Runaways. [§ <a href="#al">8.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1672, October.</b> Act VIII. An Act for the apprehension and suppression of +runawayes, negroes and slaves. Runaways resisting may be killed or +wounded, and if they die from the effects of a wound the public shall pay +the owner, but the person inflicting the injury is not to be questioned. +Indians shall be rewarded by twenty armes length of Roanoake or the value +thereof in goods for the apprehension of a runaway. Act is to continue in +force only until the next assembly.—<i>Statutes at Large. Hening, Laws of +Virginia, II. 299.</i></p> + +<h4><span>38. Maryland:—<a id="Apprehension"></a>Apprehension of runaways.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1671, April.</b> The three acts of 1650, 1662, and 1666 have not proved +sufficient encouragement to people to apprehend runaways, therefore a +statute against runaways and such persons that shall give them +entertainment and others that shall travel without passes is +enacted.—<i>Maryland Archives, Assembly Proceedings, 298.</i></p> + +<h4><span>39. <a id="New_Jer"></a>New Jersey:—Fugitive servants and apprentices.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1675, November.</b> "XXXIII. Concerning Fugitives, It is enacted by the same +Authority, that every Apprentice and Servant that shall depart and absent +themselves from their Masters or Dames, without leave first obtaind, +shall be judged by the court to double the Time of such their Absence, by +future Service, over and above other Damages and Costs which the Master +and Dame shall sustain by such unlawful Departure. XXXIV. <i>And it is +further enacted</i>, that whosoever shall be proved to have transported or +contrived the Transportation of any such Apprentice, Servant, or Slave, +shall be fined <i>Five Pounds</i>, and all such Damages as the Court shall +judge, and that the Master or Dame can make appear, and if not able to be +left to the Judgement of the Court. <i>It is further enacted</i>, that every +Inhabitant that shall harbour or entertain any such Apprentice, Servant, +or Slave, and knowing that he hath absented himself from his Service upon +Proof thereof, shall forfeit to their Master or Dame <i>Ten Shillings</i> for +every days Entertainment or Concealment, and if not able to satisfy, to +be liable to the Judgement of the Court."—<i>New Jersey Laws, 109.</i></p> + +<h4><span>40. Ma<a id="rylan"></a>ryland:—Runaways.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1676, June.</b> An Act against runaways.—<i>Laws of Maryland, Bacon, Index.</i></p> + +<h4><span>41. <a id="East_New_J"></a>East New Jersey:—Fugitive servants.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1682, March.</b> Laws passed by General Assembly in East New Jersey. Chap. +IX. A Bill against fugitive Servants, and entertainers of them. Be it +enacted by the Governor, Council, and Deputies in General +Assembly met, and by the Authority of the same, that every Apprentice, or +Servant, that shall depart or absent themselves from their Master or +Mistress, without leave first obtained, shall be adjudged by the Court to +double the Time of such their absence by future Service, besides all +Costs and Damages, which the master or mistress shall have sustained by +such unlawful Departure. <i>Be it further enacted</i> by the Authority +aforesaid, that whosoever shall knowingly transport or contrive the +Transportation of any Apprentice, Servant, or Slave, or be any aiding or +assisting thereto, and be thereof lawfully convicted, shall be fined +<i>Five Pounds</i>, and make full Satisfaction to the master or mistress of +such Apprentice, Servant, or Slave, for all Costs or Damages which the +said master or mistress can make appear to have thereby sustained. <i>Be it +further enacted</i> By the Authority aforesaid, that every Inhabitant, who +shall entertain, or afford any manner of Relief to such Apprentice, +Servant, or Slave, knowing that he hath absented himself as aforesaid, +except of real Charity, and thereof be lawfully convicted, shall pay to +the master or mistress of such Servant <i>Ten Shillings</i> for every Days +Entertainment and concealment, and be fined according to the Discretion +of the Court."—<i>Acts of the Proprietary Government of New Jersey, 238.</i></p> + +<h4><span>42. New Jersey:—Pre<a id="vention"></a>vention of runaways.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1683.</b> No title given. General Assembly. VI. "And for the preventing +Servants running away from their Masters, and other Vagabonds, <i>Be it +hereby enacted</i> by the authority aforesaid, that all Magistrates, +Officiers, Ordinary Keepers, and other Inhabitants within this Province, +take special notice of all suspicious Travellers, and require their pass +or certificates, under the Hand and Seal of the Magistrate or +Magistrates, or Publick Notary of the Place of their last Abode, to +satisfy the clearness of his, her, or their coming away, and for want of +such Pass or Certificate, to secure such Person or Persons into the +Custody of the next constable; which Person and Persons so to be secured, +or their Masters, shall pay such Charge and Trouble as the Person or +Persons shall be put to, in the securing them as aforesaid, before they +shall be discharged, at the Discretion of two or more of the Magistrates +of the said Province."—<big>0</big> <i>Acts of the Proprietary Governments of New +Jersey, 477.</i></p> + +<h4><span>43. South <a id="Carolina"></a>Carolina.—Prevention of runaways.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1683, Nov. 7.</b> An Act to prevent Runaways. Title only preserved. Table of +contents.—<i>Statutes at Large of South Carolina, II.</i></p> + +<h4><span>44. Virginia:—Repeal of law of 1663, <a id="Sept"></a>September.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1684, April.</b> Act III. An act repealing the act concerning the persuit of +runawayes. The law of September, 1663, has been found inconvenient in +practice, it is therefore repealed.—<i>Statutes at Large. Hening, Laws of +Virginia, III. 12.</i></p> + +<h4><span>45. E<a id="ast_N"></a>ast New Jersey:—Runaway servants. [§ <a href="#egula">2.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1686, April.</b> Chap. XI. An Act concerning Runaway Servants. "Whereas the +securing of Servants that Runaway, or otherwise absent themselves from +their Masters lawful Occasions, is found a material encouragement to such +Persons as come into this country to settle Plantations and Populate the +Province; for the better encouragement of such Persons, Be it therefore +enacted by the Governor and Council and Deputies now met in General +Assembly, and by the authority of the same, that if any Servant or +Servants, Prentices or Covenant Servants, Run away or absent him or +herself unlawfully from their Masters or Mistress' Service, being taken +up or secured, so that the master or mistress hath him or her again, for +the better Encouragement of such Person or Persons so securing him or +them, they shall have <i>Twenty Shillings</i> paid him or them," etc.—<i>New +Jersey Laws, 292.</i></p> + +<h4><span>46. Virginia: Law of 1670 amended.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1686, October.</b> Act I. Slight change in making out the certificate for +apprehension of runaway.—<i>Statutes at Large. Hening, Laws of Virginia, +III. 29.</i></p> + + + +<h4><span>47. South Carolina:—<a id="Inhibition"></a>Inhibition of trade with runaways.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1691.</b> An act inhibiting the tradeing with Servants and Slaves. "<i>And it +is alsoe enacted</i> by the authority aforesaid, that if any servant or +servants shall at any tyme or tymes hereafter absent or withdraw him or +themselves from his, her, or their master or mistresses service, such +servant or servants soe offending shall for every naturall day they shall +soe absent themselves serve one whole weeke, and for every weeke, if they +shall att any one tyme soe long absent themselves, one whole yeare to +theire master or mistresse, over and above their contracted tyme of +servitude."—<big>0</big> <i>Statutes at Large of South Carolina, II. 53.</i></p> + +<h4><span>48. Penn<a id="sylv"></a>sylvania:—Regulation of servants.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1700.</b> An Act for the better Regulation of Servants in this Province and +Territories. "And for the Prevention of Servants quitting their masters +Service, <i>Be it enacted</i> by the Authority aforesaid, that if any Servant +shall absent him or herself from the Service of their Master or Owner for +the Space of one Day, or more, without Leave first obtained for the same, +every such Servant shall, for every such Days absence, be obliged to +serve Five Days after the Expiration of his or her Time, and shall +further make such Satisfaction to his or her Master or Owner for the +Damages and Charges sustained by such Absence as the respective County +Courts shall see meet, who shall order as well the Time to be served, as +other Recompence for Damages sustained. And whosoever shall apprehend or +take up any Runaway Servant, and shall bring him or her to the Sheriff of +the County, such Person shall for every such Servant, if taken up within +Ten miles of the Servants abode, receive <i>Ten Shillings</i>; and if Ten +miles or upwards, <i>Twenty Shillings</i> Reward of the said Sheriff, who is +hereby required to pay the same, and forthwith to send Notice to the +master or Owner, of whom he shall receive <i>Five Shillings</i> Prison Fees +upon the Delivery of the said Servant, together with all other +Disbursements and reasonable Charges for and upon the same."—<big>0</big> <i>Province +Laws of Pennsylvania, I. 5.</i></p> + +<h4><span>49.<a id="New_Y"></a> New York:—Regulation of slaves.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1702.</b> An Act for regulating Slaves. "And be it further enacted, etc., +That no Person or Persons whatsoever do hereafter Employ, Harbour, +Conceal or Entertain other Men's Slaves at their House, Out-house, or +Plantation, without the consent of their master or mistress, either +signified to them verbally, or by Certificate in writing, under the said +Master or Mistress' Hand upon Forfeiture of Five Pounds for every Night +or Day, to the Master or Mistress of such Slave or Slaves, so that the +Penalty of such Slave do not exceed the value of the said Slave. And if +any Person or Persons whatsoever shall be found guilty of Harbouring, +Entertaining, or Concealing of any Slave, or assisting to the Conveying +them away, if such Slave shall happen to be lost, dead, or otherwise +distroyed, such Person or Persons, so Harbouring, Entertaining, +Concealing, Assisting or Conveying of them away, shall be also liable to +pay the Value of such Slave to the master or mistress, to be recovered by +Action of Debt, in manner aforesaid."—<big>0</big> <i>Acts of Province of New York +from 1691 to 1718, p. 58.</i></p> + +<h4><span>50. New York:—Punishment<a id="anad"></a> of runaways to Canada. [§ <a href="#al">8.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1705.</b> An act to prevent the Running away of Negro Slaves out of the City +and County of <i>Albany</i>, to the French at Canada. "Whereas the City and +County of Albany are the Frontiers of this Province toward the <i>French</i> +of Canada; and that it is of great concern to this Colony, during this +time of War with the French, that no Intelligence be carried from the +said City and County to the French at Canada: ... Be it enacted, and it +is hereby enacted by his Excellency the Governor, Council and Assembly, +etc., that all and every Negro Slave or Slaves, belonging to any of the +Inhabitants of the city and county of <i>Albany</i>, who shall from and after +the First Day of <i>August</i> of this present year of our Lord, One thousand +seven hundred and five, be found traveling Forty miles above the City of +Albany, at or above a certain place called <i>Sarachtoge</i> (unless +in Company of his, her, or their Master, Mistress, or such employed by +them, or either of them), and be thereof convicted by the Oaths of Two or +more credible Witnesses, before the Court of Sessions of the Peace of the +said City and County (which Court of Sessions are hereby Authorized and +Impowered to hear and determine the same, in manner aforesaid, and +thereupon to award execution), he, she, or they so Convicted, shall +suffer the Pains of Death, as in cases of Felony."—<i>Acts of Province of +New York, 77.</i></p> + +<h4><span>51. New York:—<a id="Act_of_1702_revived"></a>Act of 1702 revived.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1705.</b> An act for Reviving and continuing an Act, Intituled, An Act for +Regulating Slaves, 1702 (expired in 1712).—<i>Acts of the Province of New +York, 79.</i></p> + +<h4><span>52. Virginia:—Runaw<a id="ay_serva"></a>ay servants and slaves.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1705, October.</b> Chap. XLIX. An Act concerning Servants and Slaves. XXI. +Penalty for entertaining runaway servants without a certificate shall be +for every day sixty pounds of tobacco. XXIII. Persons rewarded for taking +up runaway according to the distance.—<i>Hening, Laws of Virginia, II. +447.</i></p> + +<h4><span>53. M<a id="assa"></a>assachusetts Bay:—Regulation of free negroes. [§ 4.]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1707.</b> An Act for the regulating of free negroes. "Sec. 3. And be it +further enacted, that every free negro or mulatto who shall harbour or +entertain any negro or mulatto servant in his or her house, without the +leave or consent of their respective masters or mistresses, shall forfeit +and pay the sum of five shillings to the use of the poor of the town, for +each offence."—<i>Charters and General Laws of the Colony and Province of +Massachusetts Bay, 386.</i></p> + +<h4><span>54. South Carolina:—For the <a id="better"></a>better ordering of slaves.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1712.</b> <i>Statutes at Large of South Carolina, II. 381.</i></p> + +<h4><span>55. N<a id="ew_Je"></a>ew Jersey:—Regulation of slaves.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1713.</b> An Act for Regulating of Slaves. Sec. 2. "Negroes, etc., not having +a pass may be taken up if 5 miles from Home whipped, and Persons so +taking up have 5s." Sec. 3. "Negro belonging to another Province not +having license, to be whipped, and the Taker of them to have 10s."—<i>Acts +of the Assembly of New Jersey, 18.</i></p> + +<h4><span>56. New Jersey:—Regulation <a id="of_white"></a>of white servants.</span></h4> + +<p>1713. An Act for regulating of White Servants, and taking up Soldiers and +Seamen deserting Her Majestys Service, and coming into this Colony. Sec. +2. "Servants absenting without leave to be adjudged by any one Justice to +serve double the time, and pay or serve for costs." Sec. 3. "Those who +counsel, aid, etc. such Servants to runaway, to forfeit 10£" etc. Sec. 4. +"Those who knowingly conceal them, to pay 10s. per Day." Sec. 5. "Those +who take up Runaways and carry them back to have 15s. and 6d. per mile +for so doing." Sec. 8. "Any Boatman, etc., who shall carry them into or +out of this Province, etc., not having Passes, as aforesaid, and +Publick-House-keepers entertaining them to forfeit 40s.," etc.—<i>Acts of +the Assembly of New Jersey, 24.</i></p> + +<h4><span>57. Rhode Island:—Ferri<a id="age_o"></a>age of runaways. +[§ <a href="#Regulations_in_New_England">4.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1714, Oct. 27.</b> "Whereas, several negroes and mulatto slaves that have run +away from their masters or mistresses, under pretence of being sent or +employed by their masters or mistresses upon some service, and have been +carried over the ferries, out and into the colony, and suffered to pass +through the several towns under the aforesaid pretence, to the +considerable damage and charge of their owners, and many times to the +loss of their slaves;—Be it therefore enacted by this Assembly, and by +the authority thereof it is enacted, that no ferryman or boatman +whatsoever, within this colony, shall carry or bring any slave as +aforesaid over their ferries, without a certificate under the hands of +their masters or mistresses, or some person in authority, upon the +penalty of paying all costs and damages their said masters or mistresses +shall sustain thereby; and to pay a fine of twenty shillings for the use +of the colony, for each offence, as aforesaid. The said fine to be +recovered by any two justices of the peace, upon confession or +conviction of the said fact; and all persons in authority, and other His +Majesty's Subjects in this colony knowing of any such slaves traveling +through their township, wherein they dwell, without a certificate, as +aforesaid, they are hereby required to cause such slave to be examined +and secured so as the owner may be notified thereof, and have his slave +again, paying the costs and charges that shall accrue +thereon."—<i>Proceedings of General Assembly, Colony of Rhode Island and +Providence Plantations, Providence, 177; Records of Colony of Rhode +Island, 177.</i></p> + +<h4><span>58. South Carolina:—<a id="Additional"></a>Additional Act to Act of 1712.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1714.</b> <i>Statutes at Large of South Carolina, II. 620.</i></p> + +<h4><span>59. New York:—<a id="Act_o"></a>Act of 1705 revived. [§ <a href="#al">8.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1715.</b> An Act for Reviving and Continuing an Act, Intituled an act to +prevent the Running away of Negro Slaves out of the city and county of +Albany to the French at Albany, 1705.—<i>Laws Province of New York, 218.</i></p> + +<h4><span>60. North Ca<a id="rolina"></a>rolina:—Servants and slaves.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1715.</b> An Act concerning servants and Slaves. Title only given.—<i>Laws of +North Carolina, 21, 27.</i></p> + +<h4><span>61. New Hampshire:—Runaway <a id="minors_and"></a>minors and servants.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1715.</b> An Act for preventing Men's Sons or Servants absenting themselves +from their Parents or Masters Service without Leave.—"That no commander +of any private man of war, or master of any merchant ship or vessel +coming into, tarrying or abiding in, or going forth of any port, harbour, +or place within this province, shall receive, harbour, entertain, conceal +or secure on board such ship or other vessel, or suffer to be there +harbour'd or detain'd any man's son, being under age or apprentice or +covenant servant (knowing him to be such, or after notice thereof given) +without license or consent of his parent or master in writing under his +hand first had and obtain'd, on pain of forfeiting the sum of <i>five +pounds per</i> week, and so proportionably for a longer or shorter time, +that any son, apprentice, or servant shall be held, harbour'd, conceal'd, +or detain'd on board any such ship or other vessel, as aforesaid, without +license and consent as aforesaid; the one moiety thereof to her Majesty, +to be employed toward the support of the government of the province, and +the other moiety unto the parent or master of such son, apprentice or +servant that shall inform, or sue for the same, in any of her majesty's +courts of record, within this province, by bill, plaint, or information, +wherein no essoign, protection or wager of law shall be allowed. § 2. +<i>And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid</i>, that every +apprentice or covenant servant who shall unlawfully absent himself from +his master, and enter himself on board any ship or vessel, as aforesaid, +with intent to leave his master's service, or incline there more than the +space of twenty-four hours, and be thereof convicted before any two of +her majesty's justices of the peace, or in general sessions, within this +province, shall forfeit unto his master such further service, from and +after the expiration of the term which his said master had in him at the +time of his departure as the said court shall order, not exceeding one +year."—<big>0</big> <i>Acts and Laws of His Majesty's Province of New Hampshire, 40.</i></p> + +<h4><span>62. S<a id="outh_Caro"></a>outh Carolina:—Additional Act against runaways.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1717.</b> <i>Statutes at Large of South Carolina, III. 39.</i></p> + +<h4><span>63. Massachusetts Bay:—Transportation <a id="of_apprentices_and"></a>of +apprentices and servants.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1718, October.</b> An Act for the preventing of persons under age, +apprentices or servants, being transported out of the province without +the consent of their masters, parents, or guardians. "Every master of any +outward bound ship or vessel that shall hereafter carry or transport out +of this province any person under age, or bought or hired servant or +apprentice, to any parts beyond the seas, without the consent of such +master, parent or guardian, signified in writing, shall forfeit the sum +of fifty pounds," etc.—<i>Charters and Laws of the Colony and Province of +Massachusetts Bay, 750.</i></p> + +<h4><span>64. Sout<a id="h_Ca"></a>h Carolina:—Regulation of Slaves.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1722.</b> An Act for the better ordering and governing of slaves.—<i>Statutes +at Large of South Carolina, 193.</i></p> + +<h4><span>65. Pennsylvania:—<a id="Regulation_of"></a>Regulation of negroes.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1725.</b> An Act for the better Regulating of negroes in this province. "And +be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that no Person or +Persons whatsoever shall imploy, or knowingly harbour, conceal, or +entertain other Peoples slaves at their Houses, Out Houses, or +Plantations, without the Masters or Owners consent, excepting in stress +of weather or other Extraordinary Occasion, under the Penalty of <i>Thirty +Shillings</i> for every Twenty four Hours he or they shall entertain or +harbour him or them as aforesaid."—<i>Province Laws of Pennsylvania, +Philadelphia, 1725.</i></p> + +<h4><span>66. Virginia:—Ear<a id="lier_act_amend"></a>lier act amended.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1726, May.</b> Chap. III. The clause in regard to imprisonment when slave +would not give name of master has proved very inconvenient. Chap. IV. An +Act for amending the Act concerning Servants and Slaves; and for the +further preventing the clandestine transportation of Persons out of this +colony. IV. The sheriff or under sheriff to whom the slave is committed +shall cause a notice containing a full description of the runaway to be +posted on the door of the court-house, and shall send a copy to each +church or chapel within the county which shall be set up "in some open +and convenient place" on every Lord's day for two months. Neglect on part +of the sheriff shall be fined five hundred pounds of tobacco; on the part +of the clerk, two hundred pounds. VI. Provisions in regard to +transportation. VIII. Runaways may be let out to hire by the keeper of +the gaol. IX. When demanded by the owner, the person hireing shall +deliver up the servant. X. "Provided also, that where the keeper of the +said public gaol shall, by the direction of such court or courts, as +aforesaid, let out any such negro or runaway to hire to any person or +persons whatsoever, the said keeper shall, at the time of his delivery, +cause a strong iron collar to be put on the neck of such negro or +runaway, with the letters (P. G.) stamped thereon; and that thereafter +the said keeper shall not be answerable for any escape of the said negro +or runaway." XII. Fees of the gaolers given. XIII. Runaways from Maryland +or Carolina shall be committed to any public gaol, and the fees shall be +according to the laws of the province wherein the master dwells. XIV. The +keeper of the gaol shall send descriptions of the runaway to such places +of this dominion bordering on Maryland or Carolina as shall be agreed +upon. XV., XVI. Fees described. XVIII. Masters of vessels shall take the +following oath: "I, A. B., master of the ship (or vessel), do swear that +I will make diligent enquiry and search in my said ship (or vessel), and +will not knowingly or willingly carry, or suffer to be carried, in my +said ship, out of this dominion, without such pass as is directed by law, +any person or persons whatsoever, that I shall know to be running hence +in order to deceive their creditors; nor any servant or slave that is not +attending his or her master or owner, or sent by such master or owner." +XX. For forging a pass persons offending shall stand two hours in the +pillory, and receive thirty lashes at the whipping-post. XXI. A white +servant who shall run away, change his name, or disguise himself with +intent to escape, shall serve six months longer than his term for running +away.—<i>Statutes at Large. Hening, Laws of Virginia, IV. 168.</i></p> + +<h4><span>67. <a id="Conn"></a>Connecticut:—Runaway servants and slaves.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1730 (probably).</b> An Act concerning <i>Indian</i>, <i>Molatto</i>, and <i>Negro</i> +Servants and Slaves. "That whatsoever <i>Negro</i>, <i>Molatto</i>, or <i>Indian</i> +Servant, or Servants shall be found wandering out of the Bounds of the +Town, or Place to which they belong, without a Ticket or Pass in writing, +under the Hand of some Assistant or Justice of the Peace, or under the +Hand of the Master, or Owner of such <i>negro</i>, <i>molatto</i>, or <i>Indian</i> +Servants shall be deemed and Accounted to be Run-aways, and may be +Treated as such; and every Person Inhabiting this colony, Finding or +Meeting with any such <i>Negro</i>, <i>molatto</i>, or <i>Indian</i> Servant or +Servants, not having a ticket as aforesaid, is hereby impowered to Seize +and Secure him, or them, and Bring him or them before the next Authority +to be Examined, and Returned to his, or their master or Owner, who shall +satisfy the Charge Accruing thereby. And all Ferry-Men within this +colony, are hereby Required not to suffer any <i>Indian</i>, <i>molatto</i> or +<i>negro</i> servant without certificate, as aforesaid, to pass over their +Respective Ferries, by Assisting them therein Directly or Indirectly, on +Penalty of paying a Fine of Twenty Shillings for every such Offence." +—<big>0</big> <i>Acts and Laws of His Majestie's Colony of Connecticut, 229.</i></p> + +<h4><span>68. New York:—Slave <a id="insurrections"></a>insurrections, etc.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1730.</b> An Act for the more effectual preventing and punishing the +conspiracy and Insurrection of negroes and other Slaves; for the better +regulating them, and for repealing the acts therein mentioned, relating +thereto. Passed the 29th of October, 1730. No fugitive slave provision. +Penalty for entertaining Slaves as in 1702. Also Persons who do not +discover those that entertain slaves shall pay Forty Shillings.—<i>Acts of +Province of New York, 193.</i></p> + +<h4><span>69. South Carolina:—Reg<a id="ula"></a>ulation of slaves.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1735.</b> <i>Statutes at Large of South Carolina, III. 405.</i></p> + +<h4><span>70. <a id="Delaw"></a>Delaware:—Regulation of servants and slaves.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1740.</b> An Act for the better regulation of Servants and Slaves within this +government (a). Sec. 5. "Be it enacted by the authority aforesaid, that +from such time as any servant shall absent him or herself from his or her +masters or mistress' service, without leave first obtained for the same, +every such servant, for such absence, and the expenses of taking up, +shall at the expiration of the time of his or her servitude, make +satisfaction by servitude, according to the judgement of any court of +Quarter Sessions within this government." Sec. 6. "And be it further +enacted by the authority aforesaid, that if any person shall apprehend or +take up any runaway servant and carry him or her before the next Justice +of the Peace of the county where such servant shall be so taken up, in +order to be sent to and secured in the gaol of the said county, for his +or her master's or mistress' service." The sheriff or gaoler shall then +send notice to the servant's owner, if known; if not, the servant shall +be advertised in some newspaper in the city of Philadelphia. The reward +for taking up runaways shall be, "if ten miles distant from the place of +the said servants last abode, or under, the sum of Ten Shillings, if +upwards of ten miles, the sum of Twenty Shillings." "And if the master or +owner of such servant so imprisoned shall, for the space of six weeks +next after notice had of his or her servants imprisonment, neglect or +refuse to release such servant, it shall and may be lawful for the said +Sheriff, and he is hereby required and commanded, upon affidavit made of +the due service of such notice, to expose every such servant to sale at +public vendue, and him or her to sell to the highest bidder, for such +term and sum as shall be sufficient for the defraying the costs and +charges arising upon the apprehending and imprisoning the said servant." +Sec. 7. "Suspicious persons travelling without a pass shall be deemed +runaway servants and treated as such."—<i>Laws of Delaware, 211, 212.</i></p> + +<h4><span>71. <a id="Delawa"></a>Delaware:—Regulation of servants and slaves.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1740.</b> An Act for the better regulation of Servants and Slaves within this +Government. "Sec. 14. <i>And be it further enacted by the authority +aforesaid</i>, that who so ever shall take up any negro or mulatto slave at +above ten miles distance from his or her masters or mistress' dwelling or +habitation, and not having leave in writing from his or her master or +mistress, or not being known by the taker-up to be about his or her +master's or mistress' business or service, and shall convey him or her to +the habitation of his or her said master or mistress, if known, such +taker-up shall receive of the said master or mistress, for his reward, +the sum of Five Shillings, with reasonable charges. Sec. 15. <i>And be it +further enacted by the authority aforesaid</i>, that no person shall + employ or knowingly harbour, conceal or entertain another's +servant or slave at his or her house or plantation without the master or +owner's leave and consent, except in distress of weather or other +extraordinary occasion or accident, under the penalty of Forty Shillings +for every twenty four hours he or she shall entertain any such servant or +slave, as afore said, and so in proportion for any lesser time."—<big>0</big> <i>Laws +of the State of Delaware, 215, 216.</i></p> + +<h4><span>72. <a id="Sou"></a>South Carolina:—Regulation of slaves.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1740.</b> <i>Statutes at Large, South Carolina, III. 568.</i></p> + +<h4><span>73. North C<a id="arol"></a>arolina:—Entertainment of runaways, +etc. [§ <a href="#Treatment_of_fugitives">3.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1741.</b> XXVII. Any person harbouring a runaway shall be prosecuted and +compelled to pay the sum of twenty-five pounds or serve the owner of the +slave or his assigns five years. If he actually carry away the slave, he +shall be convicted of felony and suffer accordingly. XXVIII. Seven +shillings and sixpence, Proclamation money, reward for taking up +runaways. For every mile over ten, threepence. XXXIV. Runaways when taken +up shall be whipped. XXXV. Constables must give a receipt for runaway. +Any failure shall be fined twenty shillings, Proclamation money, to be +paid the church warden. XXXVI. Sheriff who shall hold a runaway longer +than the act directs shall forfeit five pounds. Sheriff who allows a +runaway to escape is liable to action from the party grieved. XXXVIII. +This article takes up the fees of the jailor, etc.—<i>Laws of North +Carolina, 89.</i></p> + +<h4><span>74. Virginia:—<a id="Ferria"></a>Ferriage of runaways.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1748, Oct.</b> An Act for the Settlement and Regulation of Ferries, and for +the Despatch of Public Expresses. VI. All constables and their assistants +charged with conducting any runaway servant shall be passed ferry free. +The ferriage shall then be paid by the owners of the runaways.—<i>Statutes +at Large, Hening, VI. 22.</i></p> + +<h4><span>75. South Carolina: Act additional to Act of 1740.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1751.</b> <i>Statutes at Large of South Carolina, III. 738.</i></p> + +<h4><span>76. Rhode Island:—Assistance of runaways.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1766-1798.</b> An Act relative to Slaves, and to their Manumission and +support.—Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, that if any person shall +conceal any negro or mulatto slave, or shall in any manner assist such +slave in escaping from the lawful authority of his or her master, the +person so offending shall forfeit and pay the sum of three hundred +dollars, to be recovered by action of debt, one moiety thereof to and for +the use of the State, and the other moiety thereof to and for the use of +the person who shall sue for the same.—<i>Laws of Rhode Island and +Providence Plantations, 607.</i></p> + +<h4><span>77. North Carolina:—Slave <a id="stealing"></a>stealing.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1779.</b> An Act to prevent the stealing of Slaves, or by Violence, +Seduction, or any other Means, taking or conveying away any Slave or +Slaves the Property of another, and for other Purposes therein mentioned. +IV. And whereas many evil disposed Persons frequently entice or persuade +Slaves (without any Intention to steal them) and Servants, to absent +themselves from their Master or Mistress, and often times harbour and +maintain runaway Servants and Slaves; <i>Be it therefore further enacted</i> +by the authority aforesaid, that any Person or Persons who shall +hereafter entice or persuade any Servant or Slave to absent him or +herself from his or her Master or Mistress, or who shall harbour or +maintain any runaway Servant or Slave, shall for every such Offence +forfeit or pay to the Master or Mistress of such Servant or Slave, the +sum of one hundred Pounds current money, to be recovered by Action of +Debt, in any Jurisdiction having Cognizance thereof; and be further +liable to the said master or mistress in an action for Damages, where in +no Essoign, Injunction, Protection, or Wager of Law shall be allowed or +admitted, notwithstanding any Law, Usage, or Custom to the +contrary.—<i>Laws of North Carolina, 371.</i></p> + + + +<h4><span>78. Connecticut:—<a id="Escape_of"></a>Escape of negroes and servants.</span></h4> + +<p><b>No date given.</b> An Act to prevent the Running away of Indian and Negro +Servants. "Be it enacted by the Governour, Council, and Representatives, +in General Court assembled, and by the Authority of the same, that +whatsoever Negro or Indian Servant or Servants shall at any time after +the publication hereof be found wandering out of the Town Bounds, or +Place to which they belong, without a Ticket or Pass in writing under the +Hand of some Assistant or Justice of the Peace, or under the Hand of the +Master or Owner of such Negro or Indian Servant or Servants, shall be +deemed and accounted to be Run-aways; and every person Inhabiting in this +Colony, finding or meeting with any such Negro or Indian Servant or +Servants, not having a Ticket as aforesaid, is hereby impowered to seize +and secure him or them, and bring him or them before the next authority, +to be examined and returned to his or their Master or Owner, who shall +satisfy the charge accruing thereby; and all Ferrymen within this Colony +are hereby required not to suffer any Indian or Negro Servant, without +Certificate as aforesaid, to pass over their respective Ferrys, by +assisting of them therein directly or indirectly, on penalty of paying a +fine of Twenty Shillings for every such Offence to the County Treasury, +to be levied on their estates upon non-payment, by warrant from any one +Assistant or Justice of the Peace: And the like methods shall or may be +used and observed as to Vagrant or Suspected Persons, found wandring from +Town to Town, having no Certificate as aforesaid, who shall be seized and +conveyed before the next Authority to be Examined and Disposed of +according to Law: And if any Free Negroes shall travel without such +Certificate or Pass, and be stopped, seized, or taken up, they shall pay +all Charges arising thereby."—<big>0</big> <i>Acts and Laws of His Majesty's Province +of Connecticut, 87.</i></p> + +<h4><span>79. Connecticut:—<a id="Pursuit_of"></a>Pursuit of runaways.</span></h4> + +<p><b>No date given.</b> "It is also ordered, that when any servants shall runn +from theire Masters, or any other inhabitants shall privately goe away +with supition of ill intentions, It shall bee lawfull for the next +Magistrate, or the constable and two of the chiefest inhabitants where no +magistrate is, to press men and boates or pinnaces, at the publique +charge, to persue such persons by sea or land, and bring them back by +force of armes."—<big>0</big> <i>Colonial Records of Connecticut, I. 539.</i></p> + +<h4><span>80. Pennsylvania:—<a id="Harboring"></a>Harboring fugitives.</span></h4> + +<p><b>Anno Regni Duodecimo Georgii Regis. [1726?]</b> An Act for the better +regulating of Negroes in this Province. "And be it further enacted by the +Authority aforesaid, that no Person or Persons whatsoever shall Employ, +or knowingly harbour, conceal, or entertain other Peoples Slaves at their +Houses, Out-houses, or Plantations, without the Master or Owner's +consent; excepting in Distress of weather or other Extraordinary +Occasion, under the Penalty of Thirty Shillings for every twenty-four +Hours he or they shall entertain or harbour him or them as aforesaid." +—<big>0</big> <i>Province Laws of Pennsylvania, 325.</i></p> + + + +<h2><span><a id="APPENDIX_B"></a>APPENDIX B.</span> + +<span><i>NATIONAL ACTS AND PROPOSITIONS RELATIVE TO FUGITIVE SLAVES. 1778-1854.</i></span></h2> + +<p>This Appendix contains all the important bills, acts, and treaties from +the foundation of the Constitution to 1860. Many minor propositions may +be found through the foot-notes to the text of Chapter II. The figures in +brackets <b>[ ]</b> refer back to the text of the monograph.</p> + +<h3><span> Treaties and First Act.</span></h3> + +<h4><span>1. Fu<a id="gitive"></a>gitive clause in treaty with the Delawares.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1778, Aug. 7.</b> Art. IV. "And it is further agreed between the parties +aforesaid, that neither shall entertain or give countenance to the +enemies of the other, or protect in their respective States, criminal +fugitives, servants, or slaves, but the same to apprehend, and secure and +deliver to the State or States to which such enemies, criminals, +servants, or slaves respectively belong."—<i>Statutes at Large, VII. 14.</i></p> + +<h4><span>2. Fugitive <a id="clause"></a>clause in the treaty of peace. + [§§ <a href="#atio">13,</a> <a href="#atus">22.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1782-83. 1782, Nov. 13.</b> Provisional articles. <b>1783, Sept. 3.</b> Definitive +treaty. "His Britannic Majesty shall, with all convenient speed, and +without causing any destruction, or carrying away any negroes or other +property of the American inhabitants, withdraw all his armies, garrisons, +and fleets from the said United States."—<i>Treaties and Conventions, ed. +of 1889, pp. 372, 378.</i></p> + +<h4><span>3. Fugitive c<a id="lauses"></a>lauses in Indian treaties. [§ <a href="#atio">13.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1784-86. 1784, Oct. 22.</b> Treaty with the Six Nations, Art. I. </p> +<p><b>1785, Jan. 21.</b> Treaty with the Wyandots, etc. Art. I. "All the prisoners white and +black" taken by the Indians "shall be delivered up" or +"restored."—<i>Statutes at Large, VII. 15, 16.</i></p> + +<h4><span>4. Fugitive clause in King's <a id="ordin"></a>ordinance. [§ <a href="#Ordinance_for_the_Northwest">14.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1785, April 6.</b> Report of the Committee on Government of the Western +Territory. "Provided that always, upon the escape of any person into any +of the States described in the resolve of Congress of the twenty-third +day of April, 1784, from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed in any +one of the thirteen original States, such fugitive might be lawfully +reclaimed and carried back to the person claiming his labor or service, +this resolve notwithstanding."—<i>Papers of Old Congress</i>, XXI. 331, cited +in <i>Bancroft, History of the United States (last Revision), VI. 133.</i></p> + +<h4><span>5. Fugitive clauses in Ind<a id="ian_tre"></a>ian treaties. [§ <a href="#atio">13.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1785, Nov. 28.</b> Treaty with the Cherokees, Art. I.</p> + +<p><b>1786, Jan. 3.</b> Treaty with the Choctaws, Art. I.</p> + +<p><b>1786, Jan. 10.</b> Treaty with the Chickasaws, Art. I.</p> + +<p>Identical clauses. The Indians "to restore all the Negroes and all other +property taken during the late war."</p> + +<p> <b>1786, June 31.</b> Treaty with the Shawanees. Art. I. "All prisoners +white and black taken in the late war from among the citizens of the +United States by the Shawanee nation shall be restored."—<i>Statutes at +Large, VII. 18, 21, 25, 26. </i></p> + +<h4><span>6. Fugitive clause in Nor<a id="thwest"></a>thwest Ordinance of 1787. +[§ <a href="#Ordinance_for_the_Northwest">14</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1787, July 13.</b> Art. VI. "There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary +servitude in the said Territory, otherwise than in the punishment of +crimes, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted; <i>provided</i>, +always, that any person escaping into the same, from whom labor or +service is lawfully claimed in any one of the original States, such +fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed and conveyed to the person claiming +his or her labor or service aforesaid." Read first time, July 11, 1787. +Passed July 13, 1787.—<big>0</big> <i>Journals of Congress, XII. 84, 92.</i></p> + +<h4><span>7. Fugitive<a id="tution"></a> clause in the Constitution. [§ <a href="#giti">15.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1787, Sept. 13.</b> Art. IV. § 2. "No person held to service or labor in one +State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in +consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such +service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom +such service or labor may be due."—<i>Revised Statutes of the United +States, I. 18.</i></p> + +<h4><span>8. Clauses for ret<a id="urning"></a>urning fugitives in Indian treaties.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1789, Jan. 7.</b> Treaty with the Wiandots, etc. Art. I. "The said nations +agree to deliver up all the prisoners now in their hands (by what means +soever they may have come into their possession)."—<i>Statutes at Large, +VII. 28.</i></p> + +<p><b>1790-91. 1790, Apr. 7.</b> Treaty with the Creeks. Art. III. "The Creek +Nation shall deliver ... all citizens of the United States, white +inhabitants or negroes, who are now prisoners in any part of the said +nation. And if any such prisoners or negroes should not be delivered on +or before the first day of June next ensuing, the governor of Georgia may +empower three persons to repair to the said nation, in order to claim and +receive such prisoners and negroes."—<i>Statutes at Large, VII. 35.</i></p> + +<p><b>1791, July 2.</b> Treaty with the Cherokees. Art. III. All prisoners to be +yielded up on both sides.—<i>Statutes at Large, VII. 36.</i></p> + +<h4><span>9. First Fugitive Sl<a id="ave_Act"></a>ave Act.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1793, Feb. 12.</b> <i>An Act respecting fugitives from justice and persons +escaping from the service of their masters.</i></p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Section 1.</span><i> Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of +the United States of America in Congress assembled</i>, That whenever the +executive authority of any state in the Union, or of either of the +territories northwest or south of the river Ohio, shall demand any person +as a fugitive from justice, of the executive authority of any such state +or territory to which such person shall have fled, and shall moreover +produce the copy of an indictment found, or an affidavit made before a +magistrate of any state or territory as aforesaid, charging the person so +demanded, with having committed treason, felony or other crime, certified +as authentic by the governor or chief magistrate of the state or +territory from whence the person so charged fled, it shall be the duty of +the executive authority of the state or territory to which such person +shall have fled, to cause him or her to be arrested and secured, and +notice of the arrest to be given to the executive authority making such +demand, or to the agent of such authority appointed to receive the +fugitive, and to cause the fugitive to be delivered to such agent when he +shall appear: But if no such agent shall appear within six months from +the time of the arrest, the prisoner may be discharged. And all costs or +expenses incurred in the apprehending, securing, and transmitting such +fugitive to the state or territory making such demand, shall be paid by +such state or territory.</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That any agent, appointed as +aforesaid, who shall receive the fugitive into his custody, shall be +empowered to transport him or her to the state or territory from +which he or she shall have fled. And if any person or persons shall by +force set at liberty, or rescue the fugitive from such agent while +transporting, as aforesaid, the person or persons so offending shall, on +conviction, be fined not exceeding five hundred dollars, and be +imprisoned not exceeding one year.</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> <i>And be it also enacted</i>, That when a person held to labour in +any of the United States, or in either of the territories on the +northwest or south of the river Ohio, under the laws thereof, shall +escape into any other of the said states or territory, the person to whom +such labour or service may be due, his agent or attorney, is hereby +empowered to seize or arrest such fugitive from labour, and to take him +or her before any judge of the circuit or district courts of the United +States, residing or being within the state, or before any magistrate of a +county, city or town corporate, wherein such seizure or arrest shall be +made, and upon proof to the satisfaction of such judge or magistrate, +either by oral testimony or affidavit taken before and certified by a +magistrate of any such state or territory, that the person so seized or +arrested, doth, under the laws of the state or territory from which he or +she fled, owe service or labour to the person claiming him or her, it +shall be the duty of such judge or magistrate to give a certificate +thereof to such claimant, his agent or attorney, which shall be +sufficient warrant for removing the said fugitive from labour, to the +state or territory from which he or she fled.</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That any person who shall knowingly +and willingly obstruct or hinder such claimant, his agent or attorney, in +so seizing or arresting such fugitive from labour, or shall rescue such +fugitive from such claimant, his agent or attorney when so arrested +pursuant to the authority herein given or declared; or shall harbor or +conceal such person after notice that he or she was a fugitive from +labour, as aforesaid, shall, for either of the said offences, forfeit and +pay the sum of five hundred dollars. Which penalty may be recovered by +and for the benefit of such claimant, by action of debt, in any court +proper to try the same; saving moreover to the person claiming such +labour or service, his right of action for or on account of the said +injuries or either of them."—<big>0</big> <i>Statutes at Large, I. 302-305.</i></p> + +<h3><span>Bills and Propositions.</span></h3> + + +<h4><span>10. Ab<a id="stract"></a>stract of amendatory bill on fugitives. + [§ <a href="#Propositions_of_1797">19.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1801, Dec. 18.</b> "The bill contemplates inflicting a penalty of five +hundred dollars on any person harboring, concealing, or employing runaway +slaves. Every person employing a black person, unless he had a +certificate with a county seal to it, or signed by a justice of the +peace, would be liable to the penalty."</p> + +<p><b>1802, Jan. 15.</b> A motion was made to strike out the second section of the +bill, which would create therein and inflict the penalty for employing a +person of color who has not a certificate of his freedom. Motion not +carried.—<i>7 Cong. 1 Sess., Annals of Congress, H. of R., 423.</i></p> + +<h4><span>11. Restorati<a id="on_of_sl"></a>on of slaves by Indian treaties. + [§ <a href="#atus">22.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1814, Aug. 9.</b> Treaty with the Creeks. Art. III. "The United States demand +that a surrender be immediately made of all the persons and property +taken from the citizens of the United States ... to the respective +owners."—<i>Treaties and Conventions.</i></p> + +<h4><span>12. Fugitive slave c<a id="lause_i"></a>lause + in the Treaty of Ghent. [§ <a href="#atus">22</a>].</span></h4> + +<p><b>1814, Dec. 24.</b> Art. I. "All territory, etc. shall be restored without +delay, and without causing any destruction or carrying away any +artillery, ... or any slaves or other private property."—<i>Treaties and +Conventions.</i></p> + +<h4><span>13. Amendments pr<a id="oposed"></a>oposed to Pindall's bill. + [§ <a href="#Propositions_from_1817">20</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1818, Jan. 29.</b> "Resolved, That the said bill be referred to the committee +to whom was referred the memorial of the annual meeting of the Society of +Friends, of Baltimore, with instructions to inquire into the expediency +of so amending the said bill as to guard more effectually against +infringement of the rights of free negroes and other persons of color." +Introduced by Mr. Rich. Resolution not accepted.—<i>House Journal 15 Cong. +1 Sess., 193; Annals of Congress, 15 Cong. 1 Sess., 830.</i></p> + + +<p>To change the bill materially "by making judges of the State in +which the apprentices, slaves, etc. are seized, the tribunal to decide +the fact of slavery, instead of the judges of the States whence the +fugitives have escaped." Introduced by Mr. Sergeant. Amendment not +accepted.—<i>Annals of Congress, 15 Cong. 1 Sess., 830.</i></p> + +<p>"Mr. Rich made several successive attempts to procure amendments to the +bill, relaxing some of its provisions, which were successively +negatived."—<i>Annals of Congress, 15 Cong. 1 Sess., 830.</i></p> + +<h4><span>14. Provision <a id="for_del"></a>for delivery on executive requisition. + [§ <a href="#Propositions_from_1817">20.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1818, March 11.</b> Mr. Daggett moved to strike out the following section of +the bill: "Sec. 6. <i>And be it further enacted</i>, that whenever the +Executive authority of any State in the Union, or of either of the +Territories thereof, shall, for or in behalf of any citizen or inhabitant +of such State or Territory, demand any fugitive slave of the Executive +authority of any State or Territory, to which such slave shall have fled, +and shall moreover produce a certificate, issued pursuant to the first +section of this act, it shall be the duty of the Executive authority of +the State or Territory to which such fugitive shall have fled to cause +him or her to be arrested and secured, and notice of the arrest to be +given to the Executive authority making such demand, or to the agent of +such authority appointed to receive the fugitive, and to cause such +fugitive to be delivered to the said agent, on the confine or boundary of +the State or Territory in which said arrest shall be, and in the most +usual and direct route to the place from whence the said fugitive shall +have escaped; and the reasonable expense of such arrest, detention, and +delivery of such fugitive shall be paid by the said agent." Amendment +determined in the negative.—<i>Senate Journal, 15 Cong. 1 Sess., 227, 228; +Annals of Congress, 15 Cong. 1 Sess., 259.</i></p> + +<h4><span>15. Proposed <a id="limita"></a>limitation to four years. + [§ <a href="#Propositions_from_1817">20.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1818, May 10.</b> Mr. Lacock moved to amend by adding the following: "Sec.—. +<i>And be it further enacted</i> that this law shall be and remain in force +for the term of four years, and no longer." The Senate being equally +divided, the President determined the question in the +affirmative.—<i>Senate Journal, 15 Cong. 1 Sess., 228; Annals of Congress, +15 Cong. 1 Sess., 259.</i></p> + +<h4><span>16. Fugitiv<a id="ssouri"></a>e Slave clause in the Missouri Compromise. + [§ <a href="#Missouri_Compromise">21.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1820, March 19.</b> The Missouri Compromise provided "that any persons +escaping into the same, from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed in +any State or Territory of the United States, such fugitive may be lawfully +reclaimed, and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor, or +service, as aforesaid."—<i>Annals of Congress, 16 Cong. 1 Sess., 1469, +1587.</i></p> + +<h4><span>17. Investigation into the <a id="Pennsy"></a>Pennsylvania Act. + [§ <a href="#Missouri_Compromise">21.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1820, April 3.</b> Mr. Pindall introduced the following resolution: +"<i>Resolved</i>, That the Secretary of State be instructed to procure and +transmit to this House, as soon as practicable, a copy of such late act +or acts of the Pennsylvania Legislature as prohibit or restrain the +justices, aldermen, or other magistrates or officers of that State from +interposing in the apprehension or surrender of fugitive slaves."—<i>House +Journal, 16 Cong. 1 Sess., 371; Annals of Congress, 16 Cong. 1 Sess., +1717.</i></p> + +<p>Mr. Tarr moved to amend as follows: "Provided, any such act or acts shall +have been passed." Resolution and amendment agreed to.—<i>House Journal, +16 Cong. 1 Sess., 371; Annals of Congress, 16 Cong. 1 Sess., 1717.</i></p> + +<p><b>1820, April 18.</b> Ordered, That the letter from the Secretary of State with +the Act of the Pennsylvania Legislature accompanying it, "be committed to +the committee appointed 18th of March to inquire into the expediency of +providing by law for reclaiming persons held to service or labor in one +State, and escaping therefrom into another."—<i>House Journal, 16 Cong. 1 +Sess., 427; Annals of Congress, 16 Cong. 1 Sess., 1863.</i></p> + +<h4><span>18. <a id="Maryla"></a>Maryland resolutions protesting against Pennsylvanians. + [§ <a href="#Missouri_Compromise">21.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1821, Dec. 17.</b> "Mr. Wright laid before the House an attested copy of a +resolution passed by the General Assembly of the State of +Maryland, complaining of the protection offered by the citizens of +Pennsylvania to the slaves of the citizens of Maryland, who abscond and +go into that State, and declaring that it is the duty of Congress to +enact such a law as will prevent a continuance of the evils complained +of; which resolution was referred to the Committee on the +Judiciary."—<i>House Journal, 17 Cong. 1 Sess., 62; Annals of Congress, 17 +Cong. 1 Sess., 553.</i></p> + +<h4><span>19. <a id="Assump"></a>Assumption of claims on Indians for + fugitives. [§ <a href="#atus">22.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1832, May 9.</b> Treaty with the Seminoles, Art. VI. "The Seminoles being +anxious to be relieved from repeated vexatious demands for slaves and +other property alleged to have been stolen and destroyed by them, so that +they may remove unembarrassed to their new homes, the United States +stipulate to have the same property investigated, and to liquidate such +as may be satisfactorily established, provided the amount does not exceed +seven thousand (7,000) dollars."—<i>Statutes at Large, VII. 369.</i></p> + +<h4><span>20. C<a id="alhoun"></a>alhoun's resolution on the status of slaves + on the high seas. [§ <a href="#on_the_high_seas">24.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1840, April 15.</b> "<i>Resolved</i>, That a ship or vessel on the high seas, in +time of peace, engaged in a lawful voyage, is, according to the laws of +nations, under the exclusive jurisdiction of the State to which her flag +belongs; as much so as if constituting a part of its own domain.</p> + +<p>"<i>Resolved</i>, That if such ship or vessel should be forced by stress of +weather, or other unavoidable cause, into the port, and under the +jurisdiction of a friendly power, she and her cargo, and persons on +board, with their property, and all the rights belonging to their +personal relations, as established by the laws of the State to which they +belong, would be placed under the protection which the laws of nations +extend to the unfortunate under such circumstances.</p> + +<p>"<i>Resolved</i>, That the brig Enterprise, which was forced unavoidably by +stress of weather into Port Hamilton, Bermuda Island, while on a lawful +voyage on the high seas from one port of the Union to another, comes +within the principles embraced in the foregoing resolutions; and that the +seizure and detention of the negroes on board by the local authority of +the island, was an act in violation of the laws of nations, and highly +unjust to our own citizens, to whom they belong."—<i>Cong. Globe, 26 Cong. +1 Sess., 327.</i></p> + +<h4><span>21. Wo<a id="odbrid"></a>odbridge resolution on extradition of slaves. + [§ <a href="#Canada_and_Mexico_places_of_refuge">23</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1841, Dec. 22.</b> Mr. Woodbridge submitted the following resolution, which +was considered, and by unanimous consent agreed to.</p> + +<p>"<i>Resolved</i>, That the Committee on Foreign Relations inquire into the +expediency of entering into some arrangement with the Government of Great +Britain, reciprocal in its provisions, for the arrest of fugitives +escaping over the Northern or Western boundary of the United States, +charged with the commission of any crime or crimes, and for the surrender +of such fugitives upon reasonable requisition to the authorities of the +State or province from which such fugitives may have fled: <i>Provided</i>, +such arrangements do not comprehend cases of political offences merely, +but be restricted to those which are in themselves criminal." No action +taken.—<i>Senate Journal, 27 Cong. 2 Sess., 47; Cong. Globe, 27 Cong. 2 +Sess., 48.</i></p> + +<h3><span>Prigg Decision. Resolutions.</span></h3> + +<h4><span>22. S<a id="ignifi"></a>ignificant extracts from the Prigg decision. + [§ <a href="#app">25.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1842.</b> "Upon this ground we have not the slightest hesitation in holding +that, under and in virtue of the Constitution, the owner of a slave is +clothed with entire authority, in every state in the Union, to seize and +recapture his slave, whenever he can do it without any breach of the +peace, or any illegal violence."</p> + +<p>"The clause is found in the national Constitution, and not in that of any +state. It does not point out any state functionaries, or any state +actions to carry its provisions into effect. The states cannot, +therefore, be compelled to enforce them; and it might well be deemed an +unconstitutional exercise of the power of interpretation, to insist that +the states are bound to provide means to carry into effect the duties of +the national government nowhere delegated or intrusted to them +by the Constitution."</p> + +<p>"If this be so, then it would seem, upon just principles of construction, +that the legislation of Congress, if constitutional, must supersede all +state legislation upon the same subject; and by necessary implication +prohibit it."</p> + +<p>"As to the authority so conferred upon state magistrates, while a +difference of opinion has existed, and may exist still on the point, in +different states, whether state magistrates are bound to act under it; +none is entertained by this Court that state magistrates may, if they +choose, exercise that authority, unless prohibited by state +legislation."—<i>16 Peters, Justice Story's Opinion, 608.</i></p> + + +<h4><span>23. G<a id="iddings"></a>iddings's resolutions on the status of slaves +on the high seas. [§ <a href="#on_the_high_seas">24.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1842, March 21.</b> "Resolved, That when a ship belonging to the citizens of +any State of this Union leaves the waters and territory of such State, +and enters upon the high seas, the persons on board cease to be subject +to the slave laws of such State, and thenceforth are governed in their +relations to each other by, and are amenable only to, the laws of the +United States.</p> + +<p>"Resolved, That when the brig Creole, on her late voyage for New Orleans, +left the territorial jurisdiction of Virginia, the slave laws of that +State ceased to have jurisdiction over the persons on board said brig, +and such persons became amenable only to the law of the United States.</p> + +<p>"Resolved, That the persons on board the said ship, in reserving their +natural rights of personal liberty, violated no law of the United States, +incurred no legal penalty, and are justly liable to no +punishment."—<i>Cong. Globe, 27 Cong. 2 Sess., 324.</i></p> + +<h4><span>24. Benton's r<a id="scapin"></a>esolution on slaves escaping to Canada. + [§ <a href="#Canada_and_Mexico_places_of_refuge">23.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1844, Jan. 29.</b> Mr. Benton presented the following resolution:—</p> + +<p>"<i>Resolved</i>, That the President be requested to communicate to the Senate +the information, if any, which may be in the Department of State, in +relation to slaves committing crimes and escaping from the United States +to the British dominions since the ratification of the treaty of 1842, +and the refusal of the British authorities to give them up. Also, that he +communicate to the Senate the information, if any such is possessed by +him, of the construction which the British government puts upon the said +article in relation to slaves committing crimes in the United States and +taking refuge in the British dominions."—<i>Congressional Record, 28 Cong. +1 Sess., 206.</i></p> + +<h4><span>25. Gi<a id="istric"></a>ddings's resolution for the abolition of the slave trade in the +District of Columbia. [§ <a href="#in_the_District">28.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1848, Jan. 17.</b> Mr. Giddings described the seizure of a colored man +employed as waiter in a colored boarding-house in Washington. He then +offered the following resolution:—</p> + +<p>"<i>Resolved</i>, That a select committee of five members be appointed to +inquire into and report upon facts aforesaid; also as to the propriety of +repealing such acts of Congress as sustain or authorize the slave trade +in this District, or to remove the seat of the Government to some free +State." Resolution laid on the table.—<i>House Journal, 30 Cong. 1 Sess., +250; Cong. Globe, 30 Cong. 1 Sess., 179.</i></p> + +<h4><span>26. Hall's re<a id="Columb"></a>peal resolution for +the District of Columbia. [§ <a href="#in_the_District">28.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1848, Feb. 28.</b> Mr. Nathan K. Hall offered the following preamble and +resolutions, which were read, and, debate arising thereon, it was laid +over under the rule, viz.:—</p> + +<p>"Preamble.... <i>Resolved</i>, That the Committee on the Judiciary be, and +they are hereby, directed to report to this House with all convenient +speed a bill repealing all laws of Congress, and abrogating, so far as +they are operative or in force in the District of Columbia all the laws +in the State of Maryland which authorize or require the courts, officers, +or magistrates of the United States, or of the said District, within the +District of Columbia to issue process for arrest, or commit to the jail +of the said District any runaway or + other slave or fugitive from +service," etc. Resolution laid over under the rule.—<i>House Journal, 30 +Cong. 1 Sess., 450, 453; Cong. Globe, 30 Cong. 1 Sess., 390.</i></p> + + +<h3><span>Resolutions. Bill of 1850.</span></h3> + + + +<h4><span>27. Giddings's resolution <a id="inquir"></a>inquiring into the condition of the District of +Columbia jail. [§ <a href="#in_the_District">28.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1848, April 18.</b> Mr. Giddings introduced the following resolution:—</p> + +<p>"Whereas, more than eighty men, women, and children, are said to be now +confined in the prison of the District of Columbia without being charged +with crime or any impropriety other than an attempt to enjoy that liberty +for which our fathers encountered toil, suffering, and death itself, and +for which the people of many European governments are now struggling; And +whereas said prison was erected, and is now sustained, by funds +contributed by the people of the free as well as of the slave States, and +is under the control of the laws and officers of the United States:</p> + +<p>"And whereas, such practice is derogatory to our national character, +incompatible with the duty of a civilized and Christian people, and +unworthy of being sustained by an American Congress: Therefore, <i>Be it +resolved</i>, That a select committee of five members of this body be +appointed to inquire into and report to this House by what authority said +prison is used for the purpose of confining persons who have attempted to +escape from slavery, with leave to report what legislation is proper in +regard to said practice. <i>Resolved, further</i>, that said committee be +authorized to send for persons and papers." Objections being made, the +motion was not received.—<i>Cong. Globe, 30 Cong. 1 Sess., 641.</i></p> + +<h4><span>28. Giddings's resolution on <a id="the_jail"></a>the jail in + the District of Columbia. [§ <a href="#in_the_District">28.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1848, April 21.</b> Mr. Giddings visited the jail in the District of Columbia +for the purpose of interviewing the persons confined there on charge of +carrying away slaves from this District. He was then mobbed and his life +endangered.</p> + +<p>"<i>Resolved</i>, That a committee of five members be appointed to investigate +and report to this House respecting the points alluded to in the above +statement, and that said committee be authorized to send for persons and +papers, and to sit during the session of the House."—<i>Cong. Globe, 30th +Cong. 1 Sess., 664.</i></p> + +<h4><span>29. Meade's resolution on <a id="more_eff"></a>more effectual enforcement of the +constitutional article on fugitive slaves. [§ <a href="#cti">27.</a>]</span></h4> + + + +<p><b>1849, Jan. 8.</b> Mr. Meade moved that the rules be suspended to enable him +to offer the following resolution:—</p> + +<p>"Preamble. Whereas it is the duty of the Congress of the United States to +enact all laws necessary to enforce such provisions of the Constitution +as were intended to protect the citizens of the several States in their +rights of property, and past experience has proved that laws should be +passed by Congress to enforce the second section of the fourth article of +the Constitution, which requires that persons held to labor in one State, +escaping into another, shall be delivered up on claim of the party to +whom such labor may be due; therefore, Resolved, That the Committee on +the Judiciary is hereby instructed to report a bill to this House, +providing effectually for the apprehension and delivery of fugitives from +labor who have escaped, or may hereafter escape, from one State into +another." Rules not suspended.—<i>House Journal, 30 Cong. 3 Sess., 213; +Cong. Globe, 30 Cong. 2 Sess., 188.</i></p> + + +<h4><span>30. Legis<a id="lative"></a>lative history + of the Fugitive Slave Act. [Jan. 3 to Sept. 18, § <a href="#Act_1850">29.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1850, Jan. 3.</b> Mr. Mason of Virginia gave notice of his intention to +introduce a bill.—<i>Cong. Globe, 99.</i></p> + +<p><b>Jan. 4.</b> Senate bill No. 23 introduced by Mason, read twice, ordered +printed, and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary.—<i>Senate +Journal, 54; Globe, 103.</i></p> + +<p><b>Jan. 16.</b> Bill reported favorably by Butler from the committee, ordered +printed, and made a special order for Jan. 23.—<i>Senate Journal, 88; +Globe, 171; Senate Reports, I. No. 12.</i></p> + + +<p><b> Jan. 22. </b>Debate begun. Mason offered an amendment which made the +fine for any obstruction of the workings of the act one thousand dollars, +and refused to allow the testimony of a fugitive.—<i>Globe</i>, 210.</p> + +<p><b>Jan. 23, 24.</b> Bill taken up and debated.—<i>Senate Journal</i>, 104, 110; +<i>Globe</i>, 220, 228; <i>Globe App.</i> 79, 83.</p> + +<p><b>Jan. 28.</b> Seward presented an amendment, which allowed the right of trial +by jury, and punished judges who should disallow the writ of habeas +corpus.—<i>Senate Journal</i>, 117; <i>Globe</i>, 233-237.</p> + +<p><b>Jan. 29.</b> Clay introduced, as a part of his compromise resolutions, a +declaration that a more effective fugitive slave act should be +passed.—<i>Senate Journal</i>, 118; <i>Globe</i>, 247.</p> + +<p><b>Jan. 31.</b> Mason offered a substitute for the bill already before the +Senate. It was laid on the table, and ordered to be printed.—<i>Globe</i>, +270.</p> + +<p><b>June 3.</b> Webster brought in an amendatory bill.—<i>Senate Journal</i>, 370; +<i>Globe</i>, 1111.</p> + +<p><b>Aug. 15.</b> The debate was again opened, and made the special order for Aug. +19—<i>Senate Journal</i>, 560; <i>Globe</i>, 1588.</p> + +<p><b>Aug. 19.</b> Mason offered as an amendment a substitute for the bill already +before the Senate.—<i>Senate Journal</i>, 564; <i>Globe</i>, 1605; <i>Globe App.</i>, +1582.</p> + +<p>Dayton brought in an amendment which gave trial by jury. This was +rejected.—<i>Senate Journal</i>, 564; <i>Globe App.</i>, 564.</p> + +<p>Chase offered one of the same character, which was also rejected.—<i>Globe +App.</i>, 1589.</p> + +<p>Winthrop brought in an amendment granting the protection of the habeas +corpus. This was rejected.—<i>Senate Journal</i>, 565; <i>Globe App.</i>, 1589.</p> + +<p><b>Aug. 20.</b> Mason's substitute was agreed to.—<i>Senate Journal</i>, 568; +<i>Globe</i>, 1616; <i>Globe App.</i>, 1591.</p> + +<p>An amendment to Mason's substitute was offered by Mr. Pratt. This gave +the owner the right of suit against the United States for the value of +the slave if not delivered. This was afterward amended by Mason and +Pratt, and rejected, August 23.—<i>Senate Journal</i>, 570-573; <i>Globe</i>, +1636; <i>Globe App.</i>, 1609.</p> + +<p><b>Aug. 22.</b> Underwood offered an amendment as a substitute, and Davis +presented an amendment to Mason's bill striking out the clause providing +compensation for escaped slaves. This was rejected.—<i>Senate Journal</i>, +573, 580; <i>Globe</i>, 1636; <i>Globe App.</i>, 1609, 1619.</p> + +<p><b>Aug. 23.</b> Amendments were offered to Underwood's amendment by Chase and +Badger. Both were rejected.—<i>Senate Journal</i>, 575-580; <i>Globe App.</i>, +1619, 1623, 1625.</p> + +<p>Another slight amendment by Chase was also rejected.—<i>Globe App.</i>, 1624.</p> + +<p>Mason amended his bill by making the Marshal liable for the value of a +slave who has escaped from his custody.—<i>Senate Journal</i>, 576; <i>Globe +App.</i>, 1625.</p> + +<p>An attempt to amend the bill by striking out the compensation for escaped +slaves, and other slight changes, was made by Davis, and the amendment +was accepted.—<i>Senate Journal</i>, 580; <i>Globe App.</i>, 1630.</p> + +<p>Bill as amended was then ordered to be engrossed for the third +reading.—<i>Senate Journal</i>, 581; <i>Globe</i>, 1647; <i>Globe App.</i>, 1630.</p> + +<p><b>Aug. 26.</b> After changing the title to make it an act supplementary to that +of 1793, the bill was passed, and sent to the House.—<i>Senate Journal</i>, +583; <i>Globe</i>, 1660.</p> + +<p><b>Sept. 12.</b> In the House it was read a first and second time by title. +Thompson of Pennsylvania moved to put it on its passage, and moved the +previous question, which he refused to withdraw, and which was +carried.—<i>House Journal</i>, 1289, 1448.</p> + +<p>Stevens moved to lay it on the table, but the motion was lost, and the +bill was ordered to a third reading.—<i>House Journal</i>, 1449.</p> + +<p>The bill was passed, 109 to 75.—<i>House Journal</i>, 1451-1453; <i>Globe</i>, +1807.</p> + +<p>It was returned to the Senate.—<i>Senate Journal</i>, 627; <i>Globe</i>, 1810.</p> + +<p><b>Sept. 14.</b> The bill was signed by the presiding officer of the +Senate.—<i>Senate Journal</i>, 629; <i>Globe</i>, 1815.</p> + + +<p> Bill signed by the Speaker of the House.—<i>House Journal, 1457; +Globe, 1812.</i></p> + +<p><b>Sept. 16.</b> Bill sent to the President, and signed by him Sept. 18.—<i>House +Journal, 1472, 1497; Senate Journal, 638, 648.</i></p> + + +<h3><span>Second Fugitive Slave Act.</span></h3> + + +<h4><span>31. <a id="Second"></a>Second Fugitive Slave Act. +[§§ <a href="#Act_1850">29,</a> <a href="#Provisions_of_the_second">30.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1850, Sept. 18.</b> "<i>An Act to amend, and supplementary to, the Act entitled +'An Act respecting Fugitives from Justice, and Persons escaping from the +Service of their Masters,' approved February twelfth, one thousand seven +hundred and ninety-three.</i></p> + +<p>"<i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United +States of America in Congress assembled</i>, That the persons who have been, +or may hereafter be, appointed commissioners, in virtue of any act of +Congress, by the Circuit Courts of the United States, and who, in +consequence of such appointment, are authorized to exercise the powers +that any justice of the peace, or other magistrate of any of the United +States, may exercise in respect to offenders for any crime or offence +against the United States, by arresting, imprisoning, or bailing the same +under and by virtue of the thirty-third section of the act of the +twenty-fourth of September seventeen hundred and eighty-nine, entitled +'An Act to establish the judicial courts of the United States,' shall be, +and are hereby, authorized and required to exercise and discharge all the +powers and duties conferred by this act.</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That the Superior Court of each +organized Territory of the United States shall have the same power to +appoint commissioners to take acknowledgments of bail and affidavits, and +to take depositions of witnesses in civil causes, which is now possessed +by the Circuit Court of the United States; and all commissioners who +shall hereafter be appointed for such purposes by the Superior Court of +any organized Territory of the United States, shall possess all the +powers, and exercise all the duties, conferred by law upon the +commissioners appointed by the Circuit Courts of the United States for +similar purposes, and shall moreover exercise and discharge all the +powers and duties conferred by this act.</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That the Circuit Courts of the +United States, and the Superior Courts of each organized Territory of the +United States, shall from time to time enlarge the number of +commissioners, with a view to afford reasonable facilities to reclaim +fugitives from labor, and to the prompt discharge of the duties imposed +by this act.</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That the commissioners above named +shall have concurrent jurisdiction with the judges of the Circuit and +District Courts of the United States, in their respective circuits and +districts within the several States, and the judges of the Superior +Courts of the Territories, severally and collectively, in term-time and +vacation; and shall grant certificates to such claimants, upon +satisfactory proof being made, with authority to take and remove such +fugitives from service or labor, under the restrictions herein contained, +to the State or Territory from which such persons may have escaped or +fled.</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That it shall be the duty of all +marshals and deputy marshals to obey and execute all warrants and +precepts issued under the provisions of this act, when to them directed; +and should any marshal or deputy marshal refuse to receive such warrant, +or other process, when tendered, or to use all proper means diligently to +execute the same, he shall, on conviction thereof, be fined in the sum of +one thousand dollars, to the use of such claimant, on the motion of such +claimant by the Circuit or District Court for the district of such +marshal; and after arrest of such fugitive, by such marshal or his +deputy, or whilst at any time in his custody under the provisions of this +act, should such fugitive escape, whether with or without the assent of +such marshal or his deputy, such marshal shall be liable, on his official +bond, to be prosecuted for the benefit of such claimant, for the full +value of the service or labor of said fugitive in the State, Territory, +or District whence he escaped: and the better to enable the said +commissioners, when thus appointed, to execute their duties faithfully +and efficiently, in conformity with the requirements of the Constitution +of the United States and of this act, they are hereby authorized and +empowered, within their counties respectively, to appoint, in writing +under their hands, any one or more suitable persons, from time to time, +to execute all such warrants and other process as may be issued by them +in the lawful performance of their respective duties; with authority to +such commissioners, or the persons to be appointed by them, to execute +process as aforesaid, to summon and call to their aid the bystanders, or +<i>posse comitatus</i> of the proper county, when necessary to insure a +faithful observance of the clause of the Constitution referred to, in +conformity with the provisions of this act; and all good citizens are +hereby commanded to aid and assist in the prompt and efficient execution +of this law, whenever their services may be required, as aforesaid, for +that purpose; and said warrants shall run, and be executed by said +officers, anywhere in the State within which they are issued.</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Sec. 6.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That when a person held to service +or labor in any State or Territory of the United States, has heretofore +or shall hereafter escape into another State or Territory of the United +States, the person or persons to whom such service or labor may be due, +or his, her, or their agent or attorney, duly authorized, by power of +attorney, in writing, acknowledged and certified under the seal of some +legal officer or court of the State or Territory in which the same may be +executed, may pursue and reclaim such fugitive person, either by +procuring a warrant from some one of the courts, judges, or commissioners +aforesaid, of the proper circuit, district, or county, for the +apprehension of such fugitive from service or labor, or by seizing and +arresting such fugitive, where the same can be done without process, and +by taking, or causing such person to be taken, forthwith before such +court, judge, or commissioner, whose duty it shall be to hear and +determine the case of such claimant in a summary manner; and upon +satisfactory proof being made, by deposition or affidavit, in writing, to +be taken and certified by such court, judge, or commissioner, or by other +satisfactory testimony, duly taken and certified by some court, +magistrate, justice of the peace, or other legal officer authorized to +administer an oath and take depositions under the laws of the State or +Territory from which such person owing service or labor may have escaped, +with a certificate of such magistracy or other authority, as aforesaid, +with the seal of the proper court or officer thereto attached, which seal +shall be sufficient to establish the competency of the proof, and with +proof, also by affidavit, of the identity of the person whose service or +labor is claimed to be due as aforesaid, that the person so arrested does +in fact owe service or labor to the person or persons claiming him or +her, in the State or Territory from which such fugitive may have escaped +as aforesaid, and that said person escaped, to make out and deliver to +such claimant, his or her agent or attorney, a certificate setting forth +the substantial facts as to the service or labor due from such fugitive +to the claimant, and of his or her escape from the State or Territory in +which such service or labor was due, to the State or Territory in which +he or she was arrested, with authority to such claimant, or his or her +agent or attorney, to use such reasonable force and restraint as may be +necessary, under the circumstances of the case, to take and remove such +fugitive person back to the State or Territory whence he or she may have +escaped as aforesaid. In no trial or hearing under this act shall the +testimony of such alleged fugitive be admitted in evidence; and the +certificates in this and the first [fourth] section mentioned, shall be +conclusive of the right of the person or persons in whose favor granted, +to remove such fugitive to the State or Territory from which he escaped, +and shall prevent all molestation of such person or persons by any +process issued by any court, judge, magistrate, or other person +whomsoever.</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Sec. 7.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That any person who shall knowingly +and willingly obstruct, hinder, or prevent such claimant, his agent or +attorney, or any person or persons lawfully assisting him, her, +or them, from arresting such a fugitive from service or labor, either +with or without process as aforesaid, or shall rescue, or attempt to +rescue, such fugitive from service or labor, from the custody of such +claimant, his or her agent or attorney, or other person or persons +lawfully assisting as aforesaid, when so arrested, pursuant to the +authority herein given and declared; or shall aid, abet, or assist such +person so owing service or labor as aforesaid, directly or indirectly, to +escape from such claimant, his agent or attorney, or other person or +persons legally authorized as aforesaid; or shall harbor or conceal such +fugitive, so as to prevent the discovery and arrest of such person, after +notice or knowledge of the fact that such person was a fugitive from +service or labor as aforesaid, shall, for either of said offences, be +subject to a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, and imprisonment +not exceeding six months, by indictment and conviction before the +District Court of the United States for the district in which such +offence may have been committed, or before the proper court of criminal +jurisdiction, if committed within any one of the organized Territories of +the United States; and shall moreover forfeit and pay, by way of civil +damages to the party injured by such illegal conduct, the sum of one +thousand dollars, for each fugitive so lost as aforesaid, to be recovered +by action of debt, in any of the District or Territorial Courts +aforesaid, within whose jurisdiction the said offence may have been +committed.</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Sec. 8.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That the marshals, their deputies, +and the clerks of the said District and Territorial Courts, shall be +paid, for their services, the like fees as may be allowed to them for +similar services in other cases; and where such services are rendered +exclusively in the arrest, custody, and delivery of the fugitive to the +claimant, his or her agent or attorney, or where such supposed fugitive +may be discharged out of custody for the want of sufficient proof as +aforesaid, then such fees are to be paid in the whole by such claimant, +his agent or attorney; and in all cases where the proceedings are before +a commissioner, he shall be entitled to a fee of ten dollars in full for +his services in each case, upon the delivery of the said certificate to +the claimant, his or her agent or attorney; or a fee of five dollars in +cases where the proof shall not, in the opinion of such commissioner, +warrant such certificate and delivery, inclusive of all services incident +to such arrest and examination, to be paid, in either case, by the +claimant, his or her agent or attorney. The person or persons authorized +to execute the process to be issued by such commissioners for the arrest +and detention of fugitives from service or labor as aforesaid, shall also +be entitled to a fee of five dollars each for each person he or they may +arrest and take before any such commissioner as aforesaid, at the +instance and request of such claimant, with such other fees as may be +deemed reasonable by such commissioner for such other additional services +as may be necessarily performed by him or them; such as attending at the +examination, keeping the fugitive in custody, and providing him with food +and lodging during his detention, and until the final determination of +such commissioner; and, in general, for performing such other duties as +may be required by such claimant, his or her attorney or agent, or +commissioner in the premises, such fees to be made up in conformity with +the fees usually charged by the officers of the courts of justice within +the proper district or county, as near as may be practicable, and paid by +such claimants, their agents or attorneys, whether such supposed +fugitives from service or labor be ordered to be delivered to such +claimants by the final determination of such commissioners or not.</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Sec. 9.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That, upon affidavit made by the +claimant of such fugitive, his agent or attorney, after such certificate +has been issued, that he has reason to apprehend that such fugitive will +be rescued by force from his or their possession before he can be taken +beyond the limits of the State in which the arrest is made, it shall be +the duty of the officer making the arrest to retain such fugitive in his +custody, and to remove him to the State whence he fled, and there to +deliver him to said + claimant, his agent, or attorney. And to +this end, the officer aforesaid is hereby authorized and required to +employ so many persons as he may deem necessary to overcome such force, +and to retain them in his service so long as circumstances may require. +The said officer and his assistants, while so employed, to receive the +same compensation, and to be allowed the same expenses, as are now +allowed by law for transportation of criminals, to be certified by the +judge of the district within which the arrest is made, and paid out of +the treasury of the United States.</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Sec. 10.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That when any person held to +service or labor in any State or Territory, or in the District of +Columbia, shall escape therefrom, the party to whom such service or labor +shall be due, his, her, or their agent or attorney, may apply to any +court of record therein, or judge thereof in vacation, and make +satisfactory proof to such court, or judge in vacation, of the escape +aforesaid, and that the person escaping owed service or labor to such +party. Whereupon the court shall cause a record to be made of the matters +so proved, and also a general description of the person so escaping, with +such convenient certainty as may be; and a transcript of such record, +authenticated by the attestation of the clerk and of the seal of the said +court, being produced in any other State, Territory, or district in which +the person so escaping may be found, and being exhibited to any judge, +commissioner, or other officer authorized by the law of the United States +to cause persons escaping from service or labor to be delivered up, shall +be held and taken to be full and conclusive evidence of the fact of +escape, and that the service or labor of the person escaping is due to +the party in such record mentioned. And upon the production by the said +party of other and further evidence if necessary, either oral or by +affidavit, in addition to what is contained in the said record of the +identity of the person escaping, he or she shall be delivered up to the +claimant. And the said court, commissioner, judge, or other person +authorized by this act to grant certificates to claimants of fugitives, +shall, upon the production of the record and other evidences aforesaid, +grant to such claimant a certificate of his right to take any such person +identified and proved to be owing service or labor as aforesaid, which +certificate shall authorize such claimant to seize or arrest and +transport such person to the State or Territory from which he escaped: +<i>Provided</i>, That nothing herein contained shall be construed as requiring +the production of a transcript of such record as evidence as aforesaid. +But in its absence the claim shall be heard and determined upon other +satisfactory proofs, competent in law.</p> + +<p>"Approved, September 18, 1850."—<i>Statutes at Large, ix. 462-465.</i></p> + +<h3><span>Act of 1850. Resolutions.</span></h3> + + +<h4><span>32. McLa<a id="nahan"></a>nahan's resolution against repeal of the law of 1850.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1851, Jan. 13.</b> Mr. McLanahan moved that the rules be suspended to enable +him to introduce the following resolution, viz., "<i>Resolved</i>, That it +would be inexpedient and improper to repeal the law passed at the last +session of Congress, entitled 'An act to amend, and supplementary to, the +act entitled An act respecting fugitives from justice and persons +escaping from the service of their masters,' approved Feb. 12, 1793." +House refused to suspend the rules.—<i>House Journal, 31 Cong. 2 Sess., +139; Cong. Globe, 31 Cong. 2 Sess., 226.</i></p> + +<h4><span>33. <a id="Clay"></a>Clay's resolution on the Shadrach case, + Boston. [§ <a href="#Unpopularity">51.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1851, Feb. 17.</b> Mr. Clay submitted the following resolution, which lies +over one day: "<i>Resolved</i>, That the President of the United States be +requested to lay before the Senate, if not incompatible with the public +interest, any information he may possess in regard to an alleged recent +case of a forcible resistance to the execution of the laws of the United +States in the city of Boston, and to communicate to the Senate under the +above condition what means he has adopted to meet the occurrence, and +whether, in his opinion, any additional legislation is necessary to meet +the exigency of the case, and to more rigorously execute existing laws." +Resolution adopted.—<i>Senate Journal, 31 Cong. 2 Sess., 187; Cong. Globe, +31 Cong. 2 Sess., 580.</i></p> + + +<h4><span>34. Bright's bill <a id="expla"></a>explanatory of law of 1850.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1851, Feb. 10.</b> Mr. Bright obtained leave to bring in a bill (458) +explanatory of the act approved 18th September in the year 1850, +entitled, "An Act to amend, and supplemental to, the act entitled, 'An +Act respecting fugitives from justice and persons escaping from the +service of their masters,'" approved Feb. 12, 1793, which was read twice, +and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary.—<i>Senate Journal, 32 +Cong. 1 Sess., 162.</i></p> + +<p>The bill is in the following terms: "<i>Be it enacted, etc.</i>, that all +action and causes of action, and all proceedings instituted and to be +instituted, for any violation of the provisions of said act respecting +fugitives from justice and persons escaping from the service of their +masters, approved the 12th February, 1793, may be instituted and +prosecuted to final judgment and execution as if the said act of Sept. +18, 1850, had not been passed."—<i>Cong. Globe, 31 Cong. 2 Sess., 492.</i></p> + +<h4><span>35. <a id="Fitch"></a>Fitch's resolution affirming the Compromise.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1852, March 1.</b> Mr. Fitch offered the following resolution: "<i>Resolved</i>, +That we recognize the binding efficacy of the compromises of the +Constitution, and believe it to be the intention of the people generally, +as we hereby declare it to be ours individually, to abide such +compromises, and to sustain the laws necessary to carry out the +provisions for the delivery of fugitive slaves ordered, and that we +deprecate all further agitation of questions growing out of that +provision of the Constitution embraced in the acts of the last Congress +known as the Compromise."—<i>House Journal, 32 Cong. 1 Sess., 408; Cong. +Globe, 32 Cong. 1 Sess., 659.</i></p> + +<h4><span>36. Jackson's resolution <a id="affirming_the_Compromise"></a>affirming + the Compromise.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1852, March 22.</b> "<i>Resolved</i>, That we recognize the binding efficacy of +the compromises of the Constitution, and believe it to be the intention +of the people generally, as we hereby declare it to be ours individually, +to abide such compromises, and to sustain the laws necessary to carry +them out,—the provision for the delivery of fugitive slaves, and the act +of the last Congress for that purpose included,—and that we deprecate +all further agitation of questions growing out of that provision, of the +questions embraced in the acts of the last Congress known as the +Compromise, and of questions generally connected with the institution of +slavery as unnecessary, useless, and dangerous." Resolution, as amended +by Mr. Hillyer below, agreed to.—<i>House Journal, 32 Cong. 1 Sess., 550; +Cong. Globe, 32 Cong. 1 Sess., 825.</i></p> + +<h4><span>37. <a id="Hillyer"></a>Hillyer's finality resolution.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1852, April 5.</b> Mr. Hillyer moved the following resolution: "Resolved, +That the series of acts passed during the first session of the +Thirty-first Congress, known as the compromise, are recorded as a final +adjustment, and a permanent settlement of the questions there embraced, +and should be maintained and executed as such." Resolution agreed to, +April 6, 1852.—<i>House Journal, 32 Cong. 1 Sess., 548; Cong. Globe, 32 +Cong. 1 Sess., 979.</i></p> + +<h4><span>38. <a id="Chase"></a>Chase's resolution of inquiry into payments under act of 1850.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1852, June 3.</b> Mr. Chase submitted the following resolution: "Resolved, +That the Secretary of the Interior be directed to communicate to the +Senate statements, showing in detail the expenses incurred and claims +made under the Act to amend and supplemental to the 'Act respecting +fugitives from justice and persons escaping from the service of their +masters,' distinguishing the expenses incurred and claimed by reason of +prosecutions for treasons, alleged to have been committed in resistance +of said act from expenses incurred and claimed by reason of other +prosecutions for offending against said act, and for proceedings before +and under orders made by committee." No action taken.—<i>Senate Journal, +32 Cong. 1 Sess., 450; Cong. Globe, 32 Cong. 1 Sess., 1519.</i></p> + + + + +<h2><span><a id="APPENDIX_C"></a>APPENDIX C.</span> + +<span><i>NATIONAL ACTS AND PROPOSITIONS RELATING TO FUGITIVE SLAVES. 1860-1864.</i></span></h2> + + +<p>This Appendix is intended to contain references to all the resolutions, +bills, and acts of Congress, relative to fugitives, from the beginning of +the critical session of 1860-61 to the repeal of the acts in 1864. The +resolutions for amendments to the Constitution have been collected by Mr. +Herman V. Ames of the Harvard Graduate School, who has kindly selected +out of the numerous amendments proposed in the last session of the +Thirty-Sixth Congress those bearing upon this subject.</p> + +<p>The single star (*) indicates a measure which passed one House: a double +star (**) a measure which passed both Houses.</p> + +<h4><span>1. President Bu<a id="chanan"></a>chanan's message. + [§ <a href="#Propositions_to_enforce">86.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1860, Dec. 4.</b> Paragraph on the return of fugitive slaves: <i>Senate +Journal, 36 Cong. 2 Sess., 18.</i></p> + +<h4><span>2. <a id="Cochra"></a>Cochrane's Joint Resolution. + [§ <a href="#Propositions_to_enforce">86.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1860, Dec. 12.</b> To amend the Constitution, for the return of fugitives: +<i>House Journal, 36 Cong. 2 Sess., 61; Cong. Globe, 77.</i></p> + +<h4><span>3. Morris's R<a id="esoluti"></a>esolution. + [§ <a href="#Propositions_to_enforce">86.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1860, Dec. 12.</b> To amend the Fugitive Slave Law: <i>House Journal, 36 Cong. +2 Sess. 63; Cong. Globe, 77.</i></p> + +<h4><span>4. <a id="Leake"></a>Leake's Joint Resolution. +[§ <a href="#Propositions_to_enforce">86.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1860, Dec. 12.</b> Amendment to the Constitution: <i>House Journal, 36 Cong. 2 +Sess., 65; Cong. Globe, 77.</i></p> + +<h4><span>5. <a id="Cox"></a>Cox's Resolution. [§ <a href="#Propositions_to_enforce">86.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1860, Dec. 12.</b> To amend the Fugitive Slave Law: <i>Senate Journal, 36 Cong. +2 Sess., 66; Cong. Globe, 77.</i></p> + +<h4><span>6. <a id="Steve"></a>Stevenson's Resolution. [§ <a href="#Propositions_to_enforce">86.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1860, Dec. 12.</b> To amend the Fugitive Slave Law: <i>House Journal, 36 Cong. +2 Sess., 67; Cong. Globe, 77.</i></p> + +<h4><span>7. <a id="Nibl"></a>Niblack's Resolution. [§ <a href="#Propositions_to_enforce">86.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1860, Dec. 12.</b> To amend the Fugitive Slave Law: <i>House Journal, 36 Cong. +2 Sess., 69; Cong. Globe, 77.</i></p> + +<h4><span>8. <a id="Engl"></a>English's Joint Resolution. + [§ <a href="#Propositions_to_enforce">86.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1860, Dec. 12.</b> Amendment to the Constitution on the return of fugitives: +<i>House Journal, 36 Cong. 2 Sess., 68; Cong. Globe, 78.</i></p> + +<h4><span>9. <a id="McClernand"></a>McClernand's Joint Resolution. + [§ <a href="#Propositions_to_enforce">86.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1860, Dec. 12.</b> Amendment to the Constitution, on fugitive slaves: <i>House +Journal, 36 Cong. 2 Sess., 68; Cong. Globe, 78.</i></p> + +<h4><span>10. H<a id="indman"></a>indman's Joint Resolution. + [§ <a href="#Propositions_to_enforce">86.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1860, Dec. 12.</b> Amendment to the Constitution for the enforcement of the Fugitive +Slave Law: <i>House Journal, 36 Cong. 2 Sess., 70; Cong. Globe, 79.</i></p> + + +<h4><span>11. K<a id="ilgore"></a>ilgore's Resolution. + [§ <a href="#Propositions_to_enforce">86.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1860, Dec. 12.</b> To amend the Fugitive Slave Law: <i>House Journal, 36 Cong. +2 Sess., 70; Cong.Globe, 78.</i></p> + +<h4><span>12. J<a id="ohnson"></a>ohnson's Joint Resolution. + [§ <a href="#Propositions_to_enforce">86.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1860, Dec. 13.</b> Amendment to the Constitution for the return of fugitive +slaves: <i>Senate Journal, 36 Cong. 2 Sess., 41; Cong. Globe, 83.</i></p> + +<h4><span>13. <a id="Crittende"></a>Crittenden's Joint Resolution. [§ 86.]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1860, Dec. 18.</b> Amendment to the Constitution for payment for fugitive +slaves: <i>Cong. Globe, 36 Cong. 2 Sess., 114.</i></p> + +<h4><span>14. <a id="Doug"></a>Douglas's Joint Resolution. + [§ <a href="#Propositions_to_enforce">86.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1860, Dec. 24.</b> Amendment to the Constitution for payment for fugitive +slaves: <i>Senate Journal, 36 Cong. 2 Sess., 61; Cong. Globe, 183.</i></p> + +<h4><span>15. <a id="Floren"></a>Florence's Joint Resolution.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861, Jan. 15.</b> Amendment to the Constitution for payment for fugitive +slaves: <i>Cong. Globe, 36 Cong.2 Sess., 378.</i></p> + +<h4><span>16. <a id="Morris"></a>Morris's Joint Resolution.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861, Jan. 23.</b> Amendment to the Constitution on the return of fugitive +slaves: Cong. Globe, 36 Cong. 2 Sess., 527.</p> + +<h4><span>17. <a id="Douglas"></a>Douglas's Bill to amend the Fugitive Slave Laws. + [§ <a href="#Early_propositions_to">101.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861, Jan. 28.</b> Introduced: <i>Cong. Globe, 36 Cong. 2 Sess., 586.</i></p> + +<h4><span>18. <a id="Florence"></a>Florence's Joint Resolution.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861, Jan. 28.</b> Amendment to the Constitution against the obstruction of +the Fugitive Slave Law by States: <i>Cong. Globe, 36 Cong. 2 Sess., 598.</i></p> + +<h4><span>19. <a id="Kell"></a>Kellogg's Joint Resolution.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861, Feb. 1.</b> Amendment to the Constitution on the power of Congress over +fugitive slaves: <i>Cong. Globe, 36 Cong. 2 Sess., 690.</i></p> + +<h4><span>20. <a id="Kello"></a>Kellogg's Joint Resolution.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861, Feb. 26.</b> Same as above: <i>Cong. Globe, 36 Cong. 2 Sess, 1243.</i></p> + +<h4><span>21. <a id="Kellogg"></a>Kellogg's Joint Resolution.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861, Feb. 27.</b> Similar to above: <i>House Journal, 36 Cong. 2 Sess., 410; +Cong. Globe, 1259.</i></p> + +<h4><span>22. <a id="Peace_Convention"></a>Peace Convention Amendment + to the Constitution. [§ <a href="#crisis_of_1860">85.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861, Feb. 27.</b> Reported by select committee: <i>Senate Journal, 36 Cong. 2 +Sess., 332, 637, Cong. Globe, 1254.</i></p> + +<h4><span>23. <a id="Clarence"></a>Clarence's Joint Resolution.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861, Feb. 27.</b> Amendment to the Constitution for payment for fugitive +slaves: <i>Cong. Globe, 36 Cong.2 Sess., 1260.</i></p> + +<h4><span>24. <a id="Crittenden"></a>Crittenden's Joint Resolution.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861, Feb. 28.</b> Amendment to the Constitution on the power of the States +over fugitive slaves, etc.: <i>Cong. Globe, 36 Cong. 2 Sess., 1270.</i></p> + +<h4><span>* 25. C<a id="ompromis"></a>ompromise + Bill to amend the Fugitive Slave Act. [§ <a href="#repeal_or_amend">87.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861, Mar. 1.</b> Bill reported by the select committee of thirty-three for +the amendment of the act for the rendition of fugitives from labor: +<i>Cong. Globe, 36 Cong. 2 Sess., 1327.</i>——<b>Mar. 1.</b> Vallandigham's +amendment to the above: <i>Cong. Globe, 36 Cong. 2 Sess., 1328.</i>——<b>Mar. 1.</b> +Bill passed the House: <i>Cong. Globe, 36 Cong. 2 Sess., 1327, +1328.</i>——<b>Mar. 2.</b> Bill read in the Senate. <i>Cong. Globe, 36, Cong. 2 +Sess., 1350.</i></p> + +<h4><span>26. <a id="Pugh"></a>Pugh's Joint Resolution.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861, Mar. 2.</b> Amendment to the Constitution on the return of fugitive +slaves: <i>Senate Journal, 36 Cong. 2 Sess., 378; Cong. Globe, 1368.</i></p> + +<h4><span>27. <a id="Johnson"></a>Johnson's Joint Resolution on the return of fugitives.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861, Mar. 2.</b> Amendment to the Constitution: <i>Senate Journal, 36 Cong. 2 +Sess., 382; Cong. Globe, 1401.</i></p> + + +<h4><span>28. <a id="Powell"></a>Powell's Joint Resolution on the return of fugitive slaves.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861, Mar. 2.</b> Amendment to the Constitution: <i>Senate Journal, 36 Cong. 2 +Sess., 384, Cong. Globe, 1404.</i></p> + +<h4><span>29. Lovejoy's<a id="by_the_Army"></a> Resolution against the return of fugitives by + the Army. [§ <a href="#discussed_in_Congress">95.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861, July 9.</b> Introduced: <i>House Journal, 37 Cong. 1 Sess., 653; Cong. +Globe, 32.</i></p> + +<h4><span>30. Trumbull's confis<a id="cation_B"></a>cation Bill. +[§ <a href="#Confiscation_bills">90.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861, July 15.</b> Introduced: <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 1 Sess., 42; Cong. +Globe, 120.</i></p> + +<h4><span>** 31. <a id="Chan"></a>Chandler's confiscation Act. [§ <a href="#Confiscation_bills">90.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861, July 15.</b> Introduced: <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 1 Sess., 44; Cong. +Globe, 120.</i>——<b>July 22.</b> Trumbull's amendment: <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. +1 Sess., 70; Cong. Globe, 218.</i>——<b>July 22.</b> Passed the Senate (yeas and +nays not given): <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 1 Sess., 71; Cong. Globe, +219.</i>——<b>July 23.</b> Senate bill introduced into the House and referred: +<i>House Journal, 37 Cong. 1 Sess., 136; Cong. Globe, 231.</i>——<b>Aug. 2.</b> +Reported with amendment in the House: <i>House Journal, 37 Cong. 1 Sess., +197; Cong. Globe, 409.</i>——<b>Aug. 3.</b> Committee amendments: <i>House Journal, +37 Cong. 1 Sess., 232; Cong. Globe, 431.</i>——<b>Aug. 3.</b> Passed the House +(yeas 60, nays 48): <i>House Journal, 37 Cong.1 Sess., 235; Cong. Globe, +431.</i>——<b>Aug. 5.</b> Passed the Senate as amended in the House: <i>Senate +Journal, 37 Cong. 1 Sess., 178; Cong. Globe, 434.</i>——<b>Aug. 6.</b> Bill signed +by the President: <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 1 Sess., 195; Cong. Globe, +454.</i></p> + +<h4><span>32. Wilson's <a id="Joint_R"></a>Joint Resolution for discharge of fugitives from the +Washington jail. [§ <a href="#jails_in_the_District">97.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861, Dec. 4.</b> Introduced and referred: <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong, 2 Sess., +24; Cong. Globe, 12.</i></p> + +<h4><span>* 33. Wilson's Resolution on repeal of the bla<a id="ck_cod"></a>ck code in the District of +Columbia. [§ <a href="#jails_in_the_District">97.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861, Dec. 4.</b> Introduced and agreed to: <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 2 +Sess., 22; Cong. Globe, 12.</i></p> + +<h4><span>* 34. Clark's Resolution on persons in Washington jail.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861, Dec. 4.</b> Introduced and agreed to: <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong.2 Sess., +22; Cong. Globe, 12.</i></p> + +<h4><span>35. L<a id="ovejo"></a>ovejoy's Bill to prevent +return by the Army. [§ <a href="#discussed_in_Congress">95.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861, Dec. 4.</b> Introduced: <i>House Journal, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 16, Cong. +Globe, 34.</i></p> + +<h4><span>* 36. Sumner's Resolution <a id="on_Army"></a>on Army orders relating to fugitive slaves.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861, Dec. 4.</b> Introduced and agreed to: <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 2 +Sess., 19; Cong. Globe, 9.</i></p> + +<h4><span>37. Trumbull's C<a id="onfisc"></a>onfiscation Bill.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861, Dec. 5.</b> Introduced and read twice: <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 2 +Sess., 27; Cong. Globe, 10.</i></p> + +<h4><span>* 38. F<a id="essende"></a>essenden's Resolution on +the Washington jail. [§ <a href="#jails_in_the_District">97.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861, Dec. 9.</b> Introduced: <i>House Journal, 37 Cong.2 Sess., 54; Cong. +Globe, 36.</i>——<b>Dec. 9.</b> Aldrich's amendment: <i>Cong. Globe, 37 Cong. 2 +Sess., 36.</i>——<b>Dec. 9.</b> Lovejoy's amendment: <i>Cong. Globe, 37 Cong. 2 +Sess., 36.</i>——<b>Dec. 9.</b> Passed as amended: <i>Cong. Globe, 37 Cong., 2 +Sess., 36.</i></p> + +<h4><span>39. B<a id="ingha"></a>ingham's Resolution on the Washington + jail. [§ <a href="#jails_in_the_District">97.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861, Dec. 9.</b> Introduced and referred: <i>House Journal, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., +52; Cong. Globe, 35.</i></p> + +<h4><span>40. M<a id="orril"></a>orrill's confiscation Joint + Resolution. [§ <a href="#provisions_extended">91.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861, Dec. 11.</b> Introduced and referred: <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 2 +Sess., 36; Cong. Globe, 49.</i></p> + + +<h4><span>* 41. H<a id="ale"></a>ale's Resolution on + the slaves of rebels. [§ <a href="#discussed_in_Congress">95.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861, Dec. 16.</b> Introduced and agreed to: <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 2 +Sess., 45; Cong. Globe, 88.</i></p> + +<h4><span>42. Wilson's Bill for eman<a id="cipat"></a>cipation + in the District of Columbia. [§ <a href="#civil_officers">98.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861, Dec. 16.</b> Introduced and read twice: <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 2 +Sess., 47; Cong. Globe, 89.</i>——<b>Dec. 19.</b> Referred: <i>Cong. Globe, 37 Cong. +2 Sess., 153.</i> [See <a href="#Wils">No. 54.</a>].</p> + +<h4><span>* 43. Sumner's Resolution <a id="against"></a>against the surrender of fugitives by the Army. +[§ <a href="#discussed_in_Congress">95.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861, Dec. 18.</b> Introduced and agreed to: <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 2 +Sess., 130; Cong. Globe, 130.</i></p> + +<h4><span>44. <a id="Love"></a>Lovejoy's confiscation and emancipation Resolution. + [§§ <a href="#provisions_extended">91,</a> <a href="#discussed_in_Congress">95.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861, Dec. 20.</b> Introduced and laid on the table: <i>Senate Journal, 37 +Cong. 2 Sess., 106; Cong. Globe, 158.</i></p> + +<h4><span>* 45. <a id="Julian"></a>Julian's Resolution to amend the Fugitive +Slave Law. [§ <a href="#discussed_in_Congress">95.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861, Dec. 20.</b> Introduced and adopted: <i>House Journal, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., +103; Cong. Globe, 158.</i></p> + +<h4><span>46. <a id="Shank"></a>Shank's Resolution on the return +of fugitives by the Army. [§ <a href="#discussed_in_Congress">95.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861, Dec. 20.</b> Introduced and referred: <i>House Journal, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., +102, 124; Cong.Globe, 158, 172.</i></p> + +<h4><span>* 47. Wilson's Res<a id="olu"></a>olution for articles of war. + [§ <a href="#discussed_in_Congress">95.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861, Dec. 20.</b> Introduced: <i>House Journal, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 103; Cong. +Globe, 158.</i>——<b>Dec. 23.</b> Adopted: <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 109, +114; Cong. Globe, 159, 168.</i></p> + +<h4><span>48. W<a id="ilso"></a>ilson's Bill on the arrest of fugitives by the officers of the Army +and Navy. [§ 95.]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861, Dec. 23.</b> Introduced: <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 167; Cong. +Globe, 161, 209.</i>——<b>1862, Jan. 7.</b> Committee Amendments: <i>Senate Journal, +37 Cong. 2 Sess., 88; Cong. Globe, 207.</i> [See <a href="#endme">No. 53.</a>]</p> + +<h4><span>49. <a id="Howe"></a>Howe's Bill for repeal +of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. [§ <a href="#Early_propositions_to">101.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861, Dec. 26.</b> Introduced: <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 74; Cong. +Globe, 177.</i></p> + +<h4><span>50. <a id="Davis"></a>Davis's confiscation Bill.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861, Dec. 30.</b> Introduced and referred: <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 2 +Sess., 75; Cong. Globe, 178.</i></p> + +<h4><span>** 51. <a id="Grimes"></a>Grimes's Act +on criminal justice in the District of Columbia [§ <a href="#jails_in_the_District">97.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861, Dec. 30.</b> Introduced: <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 75; Cong. +Globe, 182.</i>——<b>1862, Jan. 6.</b> Reported: <i>Cong. Globe, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., +199.</i>——<b>Jan. 10.</b> Committee amendments: <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 2 +Sess., 98; Cong. Globe, 264.</i>——<b>Jan. 10.</b> Powell's amendment: <i>Senate +Journal, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 98, 109; Cong. Globe, 264, 319.</i>——<b>Jan. 14.</b> +Pearce's two amendments: <i>Senate Journal. 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 109; Cong. +Globe, 319.</i>——<b>Jan. 14.</b> Ten Eyck's amendment: <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. +2 Sess., 109, Cong. Globe, 320.</i>——<b>Jan. 14.</b> Harlan's amendment: <i>Cong. +Globe, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 320.</i>——<b>Jan. 14.</b> Clark's amendment: <i>Cong. +Globe, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 320.</i>——<b>Jan. 14.</b> Saulsbury's amendment: <i>Senate +Journal, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 109; Cong. Globe, 320.</i>——<b>Jan. 14.</b> Clark's +amendment: <i>Cong. Globe, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 321.</i>——<b>Jan. 14.</b> Passed the +Senate (yeas 31, nays 4): <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 109; Cong. +Globe, 321.</i></p> + +<h4><span>52. Tr<a id="umbu"></a>umbull's Bill for the confiscation + of property of rebels and to free the slaves of rebels. [§ <a href="#provisions_extended">91.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1862, Jan. 15.</b> Reported from the Senate Committee on Judiciary: <i>Senate +Journal, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 113; Cong. Globe, 334.</i> [See <a href="#endments">No. 57.</a>] </p> + + +<h4><span>53. Am<a id="endme"></a>endments + to Wilson's Bill on Army and Navy +officers. [§ <a href="#discussed_in_Congress">95.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1862, Jan.16.</b> [See <a href="#ilso">No. 48.</a>] Collamer's amendment: <i>Senate Journal, 37 +Cong. 2 Sess., 116; Cong. Globe, 358.</i>——<b>Jan. 16.</b> Saulsbury's amendment: +<i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 116; Cong. Globe, 358.</i>——<b>Jan. 16.</b> +Rice's amendment to Saulsbury's amendment: <i>Cong. Globe, 37 Cong. 2 +Sess., 359.</i></p> + +<h4><span>54. <a id="Wils"></a>Wilson's District of Columbia Bill. [§ <a href="#bia">98.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1862, Feb.12.</b> [See <a href="#ale">No. 41.</a>] Reported: <i>Cong. Globe, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., +785.</i></p> + +<h4><span>* 55. Wilson's Resolution on the <a id="manage"></a>management of the Washington jail.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1862, Feb. 18.</b> Introduced and agreed to: <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 2 +Sess., 217; Cong. Globe, 861.</i></p> + +<h4><span>56. Wilson's Bill to repe<a id="al_the_bl"></a>al the black code in the District of Columbia. +[§ <a href="#bia">98.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1862, Feb. 24.</b> Introduced and referred: <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 2 +Sess., 263; Cong. Globe, 917.</i></p> + +<h4><span>57. Am<a id="endments"></a>endments to the confiscation Bill. + [§ <a href="#provisions_extended">91.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1862, Feb. 25.</b> [See <a href="#umbu">No. 52.</a>] Trumbull's amendment:<i> Senate Journal, 37 +Cong. 2 Sess., 239; Cong. Globe, 942.</i>——<b>Feb. 25.</b> Sumner's amendment: +<i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 239; Cong. Globe, 946.</i>——<b>Feb. 27.</b> +Davis's substitute:<i> Cong. Globe, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 986.</i> [See <a href="#isca">No. 59.</a>]</p> + +<h4><span>** 58. <a id="Blair"></a>Blair's +Act prohibiting return by the Army. [§ <a href="#discussed_in_Congress">95.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1862, Feb. 25.</b> Introduced: <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 358; Cong. +Globe, 955.</i>——<b>Feb. 25.</b> Bingham's amendment: <i>House Journal, 37 Cong. 2 +Sess., 358; Cong. Globe, 955.</i>——<b>Feb. 25.</b> Passed the House (yeas 95, +nays 51): <i>House Journal, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 265; Cong. Globe, +958.</i>——<b>Mar. 10.</b> In the Senate; Davis's amendment. <i>Senate Journal, 37 +Cong, 2 Sess., 285; Cong. Globe, 1142.</i>——<b>Mar. 10.</b> Saulsbury's +amendment: <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 284; Cong. Globe, +1142.</i>——<b>Mar. 10.</b> MacDougall's amendment: <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 2 +Sess., 284; Cong. Globe, 1142.</i>——<b>Mar. 10.</b> Saulsbury's amendment: +<i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 284; Cong. Globe 37 Cong. 2 Sess., +1142.</i>——<b>Mar. 10.</b> Passed the Senate (yeas 29, nays 9). <i>Senate Journal, +37 Cong. 2 Sess., 285; Cong. Globe, 1142.</i>——<b>Mar. 14.</b> Approved by the +President: <i>Cong. Globe, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 1243.</i></p> + +<h4><span>59. <a id="Harri"></a>Harris's conf<a id="isca"></a>iscation Bill. + [§ <a href="#provisions_extended">91</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1862, Mar. 14.</b> Introduced and referred: <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 2 +Sess., 304; Cong. Globe, 1228.</i> [See <a href="#herma">No. 63.</a>]</p> + +<h4><span>60. Report of + House <a id="Judiciary_Committee"></a>Judiciary Committee on confiscation.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1862, Mar. 30</b> Adverse to all bills referred by the House: <i>Cong. Globe, +37 Cong. 2 Sess., 1303.</i> [See <a href="#amend">No. 64.</a>]</p> + +<h4><span>61. Wilson's <a id="Resolu"></a>Resolution on the return of fugitives by the Army and Navy.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1862, Apr. 3.</b> Introduced: <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 361, Cong. +Globe, 1546.</i> [See <a href="#auls">No. 70.</a>]</p> + +<h4><span>* 62. B<a id="ill"></a>ill for the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia. + [§ <a href="#bia">98.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1862, Apr. 3.</b> Passed the Senate: <i>Cong.Globe, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 1648.</i> +[See <a href="#abolitio">No. 65.</a>]</p> + +<h4><span>63. S<a id="herma"></a>herman's Amendment to Harris's confiscation Bill.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1862, Apr. 10.</b> [See <a href="#isca">No. 59.</a>] Introduced: <i>Cong. Globe, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., +1652.</i> [See <a href="#cat">No. 67.</a>]</p> + +<h4><span>64. Wilson's Bill to <a id="amend"></a>amend the Fugitive Slave Act. + [§ <a href="#Early_propositions_to">101.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1862, Apr. 11</b> Introduced: <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong.2 Sess., 385, Cong. +Globe, 1624.</i>——<b>Apr. 14.</b> Harris's amendment: <i>Cong. Globe, 37 Cong. 2 +Sess, 1652.</i>——<b>Apr. 14.</b> Grimes's amendment: <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 2 +Sess, 393, 439; Cong. Globe, 1692.</i></p> + + +<h4><span>*65. Bill for the <a id="abolitio"></a>abolition of slavery in the District + of Columbia. [§ <a href="#bia">98.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1862, Apr. 16.</b> [See <a href="#ill">No. 62.</a>] Passed the House: <i>Cong. Globe, 37 Cong. 2 +Sess., 1686.</i> Approved by the President.</p> + +<h4><span>66. Lov<a id="ejoy"></a>ejoy's Bill on return of fugitives by + the Army. [§ <a href="#discussed_in_Congress">95.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1862, Apr. 16.</b> Reported adversely from the Committee on Judiciary in the +House: <i>Cong. Globe, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 1682.</i></p> + +<h4><span>67. Harris's confis<a id="cat"></a>cation Bill. [§ <a href="#provisions_extended">91.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1862, Apr. 16.</b> [See <a href="#herma">No. 63.</a>] Reported from the Senate Committee on +Judiciary: <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 400; Cong. Globe, 37 Cong. +2 Sess., 1678.</i>——<b>Apr. 22.</b> Walton's amendment: <i>Cong. Globe, 37 Cong. 2 +Sess., 1771.</i>——<b>Apr. 22.</b> Porter's amendment: <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 2 +Sess., 703; Cong. Globe, 1767, 1772.</i>——<b>Apr. 22.</b> Bingham's amendment: +<i>Cong. Globe, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 1767.</i>——<b>Apr. 22.</b> Collamer's amendment: +<i>Cong. Globe, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 1782, 1895.</i>——<b>Apr. 24.</b> Motion to +recommit: <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 434; Cong. Globe, 1856, +1886.</i> [See <a href="#arri">No. 71.</a>]</p> + +<h4><span>68. <a id="House_con"></a>House confiscation Bill. [§ <a href="#provisions_extended">91.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1862, Apr. 23.</b> A Select Committee raised in the House: <i>House Journal, 37 +Cong. 2 Sess., 602; Cong. Globe, 1788, 1820.</i></p> + +<h4><span>69. E<a id="lio"></a>liot's confiscation and emancipation Bill. + [§ <a href="#provisions_extended">91.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1862, Apr. 30.</b> Introduced: <i>House Journal, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 625; Cong. +Globe, 1886.</i> [See <a href="#fisca">No. 73.</a>]</p> + +<h4><span>70. S<a id="auls"></a>aulsbury's amendment of Wilson's Resolution.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1862, May 1.</b> [See <a href="#Resolu">No. 61.</a>] Introduced: <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., +439; Cong. Globe, 1894.</i></p> + +<h4><span>71. H<a id="arri"></a>arris's confiscation Bill +recommitted. [§ <a href="#provisions_extended">91.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1862, May 6.</b> [See <a href="#cat">No. 67.</a>] Wilson's amendment of Collamer's amendment: +<i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 450; Cong. Globe, 1954.</i>——<b>May 6.</b> +Final vote: <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 450; Cong.Globe, 1954, +1965.</i></p> + +<h4><span>72. <a id="Clark"></a>Clark's confiscation Bill. [§ <a href="#provisions_extended">91.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1862, May 14.</b> Reported: <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 476; Cong. +Globe, 2112.</i>——<b>May 14.</b> Discussed but not acted upon: C<i>ong. Globe, 37 +Cong. 2 Sess., 2163, 2188, 2219, 2842.</i></p> + +<h4><span>73. Con<a id="fisca"></a>fiscation and emancipation + Bill. [§ <a href="#provisions_extended">91.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1862, May 14.</b> [See <a href="#lio">No. 69.</a>] Reported in the House: <i>House Journal, 37 +Cong. 2 Sess., 683; Cong. Globe, 2128.</i> [See <a href="#cipa">No. 75.</a>]</p> + +<h4><span>74. <a id="Sumner"></a>Sumner's Resolution on fugitive slaves.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1862, May 22.</b> Introduced: <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 520; Cong. +Globe, 2275.</i>——<b>May 23.</b> Grimes's amendment: <i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 2 +Sess., 523; Cong. Globe, 2306.</i>——<b>May 26.</b> Walton's emancipation bill +amendment: <i>Cong. Globe, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 2362, 2363.</i></p> + +<h4><span>75. Eman<a id="cipa"></a>cipation Bill.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1862, June 4.</b> [See <a href="#fisca">No. 73.</a>] Recommitted: <i>House Journal, 37 Cong. 2 +Sess., 799; Cong. Globe, 2561.</i> [See <a href="#lia">No. 76.</a>]</p> + +<h4><span>76. Ju<a id="lia"></a>lian's Bill to repeal the Fugitive + Slave Act. [§ <a href="#Early_propositions_to">101.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1862, June 9.</b> Introduced with a resolution: <i>House Journal, 37 Cong. 2 +Sess., 826; Cong. Globe, 2623.</i></p> + +<h4><span>77. <a id="Colfax"></a>Colfax's Resolution demanding trial by jury for fugitives.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1862, June 9.</b> Introduced: <i>House Journal, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 828; Cong. +Globe, 2624.</i></p> + +<h4><span>*78. Bill<a id="disloyal"></a> for emancipation of fugitives from disloyal masters. [§ <a href="#provisions_extended">91.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1862, June 17.</b> [See <a href="#cipa">No. 75.</a>] Reported in the House: <i>House Journal, 37 +Cong. 2 Sess., 874; Cong. Globe, 2764.</i>——<b>June 18.</b> Eliot's substitute: +<i>House Journal, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 282; Cong. Globe, 2793.</i>——<b>June 18.</b> +Emancipation bill passed the House +(yeas 82, nays 54): <i>Cong. +Globe, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 2793.</i>——<b>June 23.</b> Clark's Senate amendment to +Eliot's substitute: <i>Cong. Globe, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 2879, 2996.</i>——<b>June 28.</b> + Trumbull's Amendment: <i>Cong. Globe, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 2999, 3006.</i></p> + +<h4><span>** 79. <a id="Progress"></a>Progress of the confiscation + Bill. [§ 91.]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1862, June 28.</b> Passed the Senate (yeas 28, nays 13): <i>Senate Journal, 37 +Cong. 2 Sess., 726.</i>——<b>July 11.</b> Report of Conference Committee adopted +by the House: <i>House Journal, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 1045; Cong. Globe, +3267.</i>——<b>July 12.</b> Report of Conference Committee adopted by the Senate: +<i>Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 814; Cong. Globe, 3275.</i>——<b>July 17.</b> +Approved by the President: <i>Cong. Globe, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 3403.</i></p> + +<h4><span>80. Bills for the <a id="repeal"></a>repeal of the Fugitive Slave +Act. [§§ <a href="#Early_propositions_to">101</a>-<a href="#in_the_Senate">103.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1863, Feb. 8.</b> Ten Eyck's report on Wilson's repeal bill: <i>Cong. Globe, 37 +Cong. 3 Sess.</i>——<b>Dec. 14.</b> Stevens's repeal bill: <i>House Journal, 38 +Cong. 1 Sess., 43; Cong. Globe, 19.</i>——<b>Dec. 14.</b> Julian's repeal bill: +<i>House Journal, 38 Cong. 1 Sess., 43; Cong. Globe, 20.</i>——<b>Dec. 14.</b> +Ashley's repeal bill: <i>House Journal, 38 Cong.1 Sess., 43; Cong. Globe, +29.</i>——<b>1864, Feb. 8.</b> Sumner's repeal bill: <i>Senate Journal, 38 Cong. 1 +Sess., 133; Cong. Globe, 521.</i>——<b>Feb. 8.</b> Spalding's repeal bill: <i>House +Journal, 38 Cong. 1 Sess., 235; Cong. Globe, 526.</i>——<b>Feb. 29.</b> Sumner's +bill reported: <i>Senate Journal, 38 Cong. 1 Sess., 196; Cong. Globe, 864.</i> +[See <a href="#repealing">No. 83</a>]</p> + +<h4><span>81. Saulsbury's substitute on the <a id="validity"></a>validity of personal liberty laws in +the States, etc.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1864, Apr. 8.</b> Joint resolution for an amendment to the Constitution: +<i>Senate Journal, 38 Cong. 1 Sess., 311; Cong. Globe, 1489.</i></p> + +<h4><span>82. <a id="Discussion"></a>Discussion + of the repeal of the Fugitive Slave Law. [§ <a href="#Early_propositions_to">101.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1864, Apr. 19.</b> [See <a href="#repeal">No. 80.</a>] Sherman's amendment: <i>Senate Journal, 38 +Cong.1 Sess., 348; Cong. Globe, 1710, 1714.</i>——<b>Apr. 19.</b> Henderson's +amendment to Sherman's amendment: <i>Cong. Globe, 38 Cong. 1 Sess., +1710.</i>——<b>Apr. 19.</b> Saulsbury's amendment: <i>Senate Journal, 38 Cong. 1 +Sess., 348, 621; Cong. Globe, 1715, 3191.</i>——<b>Apr. 19.</b> Hale's amendment +to Saulsbury's amendment: <i>Senate Journal, 38 Cong.1 Sess., 358; Cong. +Globe, 1782.</i>——<b>Apr. 21.</b> Howard's amendment: <i>Senate Journal, 38 Cong. 1 +Sess., 358; Cong. Globe, 1782.</i> [See <a href="#validity">No. 81.</a>]</p> + +<h4><span>** 83. Act <a id="repealing"></a>repealing the +Fugitive Slave Acts. [§§ <a href="#Early_propositions_to">101</a>-<a href="#thirteenth">104.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1864, June 6.</b> [See <a href="#Discussion">No. 82.</a>] Hubbard's repeal resolution: <i>House Journal, +38 Cong. 1 Sess., 749.</i>——<b>June 6.</b> House substitute for repeal bill, +reported by the Committee on Judiciary: <i>House Journal, 38 Cong. 1 Sess., +755; Cong. Globe, 2774.</i>——<b>June 13.</b> Passed House (yeas 82, nays 57): +<i>House Journal, 38 Cong. 1 Sess., 503; Cong. Globe, 2920.</i>——<b>June 15.</b> +Referred in the Senate: <i>Senate Journal, 38 Cong. 1 Sess., 561; Cong. +Globe, 2963.</i>——<b>June 23.</b> Saulsbury's amendment: <i>Senate Journal, 38 +Cong. 1 Sess., 621; Cong. Globe, 1864.</i>——<b>June 23.</b> Johnson's amendment: +<i>Senate Journal, 38 Cong. 1 Sess., 621; Cong. Globe, 3191.</i>——<b>June 23.</b> +Passed the Senate: <i>Senate Journal, 38 Cong.1 Sess., 621; Cong. Globe, +3191.</i>——<b>June 28.</b> Signed by the President: <i>House Journal, 38 Cong. 1 +Sess., 931; Cong. Globe, 3360.</i></p> + + + + + +<h2><span><a id="APPENDIX_D"></a>APPENDIX D.</span> + +<span><i>LIST OF IMPORTANT FUGITIVE SLAVE CASES.</i></span></h2> + + +<p>No attempt has been made to present a full list of cases, but only such +as had especial influence on the public mind, or such as illustrate some +special phase of the question.</p> + +<h4><span>1. New Netherlan<a id="ds_and"></a>ds and Hartford controversy. +[§ <a href="#International_cases">11.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1646.</b> Escapes from both colonies: <i>Winthrop, History of New England, 383; +Moore, Notes on History of Slavery in Massachusetts, 28; Doyle, English +in America, I. 391.</i></p> + +<h4><span>2. Esca<a id="pe_to"></a>pe to Manhattan. [§ <a href="#Escapes_from_New_Amsterdam">7.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1659.</b> Four men escaped from New Amsterdam: <i>New York Colonial +Manuscripts, XIII. 238; Documentary History of N. Y. Colony, II. 556 (Ch. +I. p. 4).</i></p> + +<h4><span>3. Esca<a id="pe_of"></a>pe of white servants to + Cape May. [§ <a href="#Intercolonial_cases">9.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1661.</b> Virginian white colonists escape: <i>New York Colonial Manuscripts, +XIII. 346.</i></p> + +<h4><span>4. Escape to the In<a id="dian"></a>dians. [§ <a href="#al">8.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p>The negro servants of the Governor of Virginia: <i>New York Colonial +Manuscripts, II. 637.</i></p> + +<h4><span>5. Escape from English <a id="to_Fr"></a>to + French. [§ <a href="#International_cases">11.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1748.</b> Negro servant escapes from English to Canada: <i>New York Colonial +Manuscripts, X. 209.</i></p> + +<h4><span>6. Crisp<a id="us_At"></a>us Attucks. [§ <a href="#Escapes_in_New_England">5.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1750, Oct.</b> Escaped from Framingham, Mass.: <i>Boston Gazette, Oct. 2, 1750; +Liberator, Mar. 16, 1860; Nineteenth Anniversary of Boston Massacre, W. +C. Neil, Address; Williams, History of the Negro Race in America, I. +330.</i></p> + +<h4><span>7. Gl<a id="asgo"></a>asgow. [§ <a href="#mother_country">12.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p>Slave freed in Glasgow: <i>Mass. Historical Society Collections, Third +Series, IX. 2.</i></p> + +<h4><span>8. Shan<a id="ley"></a>ley v. Haney. [§ <a href="#mother_country">12.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1762.</b> Slave freed in England: <i>Quincy, Reports of Cases, 96.</i></p> + +<h4><span>9. <a id="Somer"></a>Somersett case. [§ <a href="#mother_country">12.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1772.</b> England will not return a fugitive slave: <i>Moore, Slavery in Mass., +117; Cobb, Historical Sketch of Slavery, 163; Goodell, Slavery and +Antislavery, 44-52; Hurd, Law of Freedom and Bondage, I. 189-193; Broom, +Constitutional Law, 6-119; Howells, State Trials, XX. 1; +Tasswell-Langmead, English Constitutional History, 300, n.</i></p> + +<h4><span>10. Sh<a id="ip_Fr"></a>ip Friendship, case of. [§ <a href="#Escapes_in_New_England">5.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1770.</b> Harbored a slave: <i>Moore, Slavery in Mass., 117.</i></p> + +<h4><span>11. <a id="John"></a>John. [§ <a href="#The_first">17.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1778.</b> Free negro kidnapped in Pennsylvania: <i>Am. State Papers, I. 39; +Cong. Globe, 31 Cong. 1 Sess., Appendix, 1585.</i></p> + +<h4><span>12. Quincy'<a id="s_ca"></a>s case. [§ <a href="#irst">34.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1793.</b> First case in Boston after 1793: <i>Edw. C. Learned, Speech on The +New Fugitive Slave Law, Chicago, Oct. 25, 1850; Whittier, Prose Works, +11, 129, A Chapter of History; Goodell, Slavery and Antislavery, 232; +Boston Atlas, Oct. 15, 1850.</i></p> + +<h4><span>13. Washington'<a id="s_sl"></a>s slave. [§ <a href="#side">35.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1796, Oct.</b> President Washington demanded a slave from Portsmouth, N. H.: +<i>Magazine of American History, Dec., 1877, p. 759; Charles Sumner, Works, +III. 177.</i></p> + +<h4><span>14. North Carolina fugitives. [§ <a href="#Propositions_of_1797">19.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1796.</b> <i>Annals of Congress, 1796-7, p. 2015, 1801-2, p. 343.</i></p> + +<h4><span>15. <a id="Columbia_case"></a>Columbia case.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1804.</b> General Boude defends a runaway: <i>Smedley, Underground Railroad, +26.</i></p> + +<h4><span>16. Solom<a id="on_No"></a>on Northup. [§ <a href="#olomo">38.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1808.</b> Kidnapping at Saratoga, N. Y.: <i>Solomon Northrup, Autobiography.</i></p> + +<h4><span>17. Wi<a id="llia"></a>lliams case.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1815.</b> Claimed as a fugitive in Philadelphia: <i>Greeley, American Conflict, +I. 216.</i></p> + +<h4><span>18. <a id="Prigg_ca"></a>Prigg case. [§ <a href="#cti">27.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1832.</b> <i>16 Peters, 539; Report of Case of Edward Prigg, Supreme Court, +Pennsylvania; Cobb, Historical Sketch of Slavery; Bledsoe, Liberty and +Slavery, 355; Clarke, Antislavery Days, 69; Hurd, Law of Freedom and +Bondage, II. 456-492; Wilson, Rise and Fall of the Slave Power, I. +472-473; Von Holst, Constitutional History, III. 310-312.</i></p> + +<h4><span>19. Kidnapping <a id="of_Jo"></a>of Jones. [§ <a href="#Jones_case">37.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1836.</b> Kidnapping in New Jersey: <i>Liberator, Aug. 6, 1836.</i></p> + +<h4><span>20. Chickas<a id="aw_re"></a>aw rescue. [§ <a href="#ickas">42.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1836.</b> Rescue of two colored women on brig Chickasaw: <i>Liberator, Aug. 6, +1836.</i></p> + +<h4><span>21. Schoon<a id="er_Bo"></a>er Boston case. [§ <a href="#Boston_and_Isaac">47.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1837.</b> Georgia and Maine controversy: <i>Wilson, Rise and Fall of the Slave +Power, I. 473. Niles's Register, LIII. 71, 72, LV. 356; Senate Journal, +1839-40, pp. 235-237; Senate Doc., 26 Cong. 1 Sess., Vol. V. Doc. 273.</i></p> + +<h4><span>22. Philade<a id="lphi"></a>lphia. [§ <a href="#Philadelphia_and_Kennedy">43.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1838.</b> Attempted rescue: <i>Liberator, March 16, 1838.</i></p> + +<h4><span>23. Escape of <a id="Douglass"></a>Douglass. + [§§ <a href="#protection_papers">68,</a> <a href="#Formal">75.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1838.</b> Escape of Frederick Douglass: <i>Life and Times of Douglass; +Williams, Negro Race in America, II. 59, 422; Wilson, Rise and Fall of +the Slave Power, I. 501, 502.</i></p> + +<h4><span>24. Isaac G<a id="anse"></a>ansey case. [§ <a href="#Boston_and_Isaac">47.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1839.</b> Virginia and New York controversy: <i>U. S. Gazette, Case of Isaac, +Judge Hopkinson's speech; Wilson, Rise and Fall of the Slave Power, I. +474; Seward, Works, II. 449-518; Von Holst, Constitutional History, II. +538-540; Senate Documents, 27 Cong. 2 Sess., Vol. II. Doc. 96.</i></p> + +<h4><span>25. Van Z<a id="andt"></a>andt case. [§ <a href="#and_Walker_cases">50.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1840.</b> Prosecution for aiding escape: <i>Wilson, Rise and Fall of the Slave +Power, I. 475; T. R. Cobb, Historical Sketch of Slavery, 207.</i></p> + +<h4><span>26. Ober<a id="lin_ca"></a>lin case. [§ <a href="#and_Walker_cases">50.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1841 (about).</b> <i>Liberator, May 21, 1841.</i></p> + +<h4><span>27. <a id="Thompson_case"></a>Thompson case.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1841, July.</b> Prosecution for aiding escapes: <i>Thompson, Prison Life and +Reflections; Wilson, Rise and Fall of the Slave Power, II. 69; Goodell, +Slavery and Antislavery, 440.</i></p> + +<h4><span>28. Lati<a id="mer_ca"></a>mer case. [§ <a href="#atim">44.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1842.</b> Famous fugitive slave case, Boston: <i>Liberator, Oct. 25, Nov. 11, +Nov. 25, 1842, Feb. 3, 7, 17, 1843, and Aug. 16, 1844; Law Reporter, +Latimer case; Eleventh Annual Report of Mass. Antislavery Society; Mass. +House Journal, 1843, pp. 72, 158; Mass. Senate Journal, 1843, p. 232; +Wilson, Rise and Fall of the Slave Power, I. 477.</i></p> + + +<h4><span>29. <a id="Goin_ca"></a>Goin case.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1844.</b> Attempted seizure of fugitive: <i>Liberator, April 19, 1844.</i></p> + +<h4><span>30. <a id="Thomas_case"></a>Thomas case.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1844.</b> Seizure in Marietta, Penn.: <i>Liberator, June 14, 1844.</i></p> + +<h4><span>31. Wal<a id="ker_ca"></a>ker case. [§ <a href="#and_Walker_cases">50.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1844.</b> Prosecution for aiding escapes: <i>Trial and Imprisonment of Jonathan +Walker, Liberator, Aug. 16, 31, Sept. 6, 13, Oct. 18, 25, and Dec. 27, +1844, Aug. 8, 15, and July 18, 1845.</i></p> + +<h4><span>32. <a id="Smithb"></a>Smithburg.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1845.</b> Battle between whites and ten runaways: <i>Liberator, June 27, 1845.</i></p> + +<h4><span>33. <a id="Kirk_ca"></a>Kirk case.</span></h4> + +<p><b>Between 1845 and 1849.</b> Unsuccessful attempt to capture George Kirk in New +York: <i>Wilson, Rise and Fall of the Slave Power, II. 52. Supplement to +New York Legal Observer, containing report of case, Boston Public +Library.</i></p> + +<h4><span>34. Br<a id="ig_Ot"></a>ig Ottoman. [§ <a href="#Ottoman_case">45.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1846.</b> Unsuccessful attempt to rescue slave on brig: <i>Wilson, Rise and +Fall of the Slave Power, II. 54.</i></p> + +<h4><span>35. Kenne<a id="dy_ca"></a>dy case. [§ <a href="#Philadelphia_and_Kennedy">43.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1847.</b> Riot in Carlisle, Penn.:<i> Liberator, Sept. 10, 27, 1847; +Congressional Globe, 1860-61, pp. 801, 802, 908.</i></p> + +<h4><span>36. Slaves <a id="on_board"></a>on board Brazilian ship.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1847.</b> Attempt to rescue: <i>Wilson, Rise and Fall of the Slave Power, II. +53; Liberator, Aug. 20, 1847.</i></p> + +<h4><span>37. Ohio and +Kentuc<a id="ky_co"></a>ky controversy. [§ <a href="#Ohio_and_Kentucky">48</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1848.</b> Controversy on account of extradition demanded: <i>Liberator, July +14, 1848.</i></p> + +<h4><span>38. South <a id="Bend"></a>Bend case.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1847, Oct. 9.</b> Fugitives discharged on trial in Michigan: <i>South Bend +Fugitive Slave case.</i></p> + +<h4><span>39. Brig Wm. <a id="Purrington"></a>Purrington.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1848.</b> Escape from: <i>Liberator, Dec. 31, 1848.</i></p> + +<h4><span>40. Drayton an<a id="d_Say"></a>d Sayres. [§ <a href="#and_Walker_cases">50.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1848.</b> Prosecution for aiding escapes: <i>Wilson, Rise and Fall of the Slave +Power, II. 104.</i></p> + +<h4><span>41. Cr<a id="afts"></a>afts escape. [§ <a href="#Fugitives_disguised">69.]</a></span></h4> + +<p><b>1848.</b> Escape of William and Ellen Crafts: <i>Liberator, Nov. 1, 1850; +Still, Underground Railroad, 368; Wilson, Rise and Fall of the Slave +Power, II. 325.</i></p> + +<h4><span>42. Washing<a id="ton_ca"></a>ton case. [§ <a href="#Washington_case">39.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p>Between <b>1840-1850:</b> <i>Liberator, May 26, 1848.</i></p> + +<h4><span>43. Ham<a id="let_ca"></a>let case. [§ <a href="#Hamlet_case">53.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1850.</b> Rendition in N. Y.: <i>Fugitive Slave Bill, its History and +Unconstitutionality, with an Account of the Seizure of James Hamlet, 3; +Wilson, Rise and Fall of the Slave Power, II. 304.</i></p> + +<h4><span>44. <a id="Gannett"></a>Gannett case.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1850, Oct. 18.</b> Alleged fugitive discharged in Philadelphia: <i>Wilson, Rise +and Fall of the Slave Power, II. 326; May, Fugitive Slave Law and its +Victims, 8.</i></p> + +<h4><span>45. <a id="Gibson_ca"></a>Gibson case.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1850, Dec. 21.</b> Rendition of an innocent man: <i>Wilson, Rise and Fall of +the Slave Power, II. 327; May, Fugitive Slave Law and its Victims, 8; +Still, Underground Railroad, 349.</i></p> + +<h4><span>46. <a id="Case_in_P"></a>Case in Pennsylvania.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1851, Jan.</b> House of colored man entered by force: <i>Liberator, Jan. 10, +1851.</i></p> + + + +<h4><span>47. S<a id="ims_ca"></a>ims case. [§ <a href="#ims">54.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1851. </b> Rendition in Boston:<i>Liberator, April 17 and 18, 1851; Daily +Morning Chronicle, April 26, 1851; Twentieth Annual Report of Mass. +Antislavery Society, 1855, p. 19; Wilson, Rise and Fall of the Slave +Power, II. 333; New England Magazine, June, 1890; May, Fugitive Slave Law +and its Victims, 16; Trial of Sims, Arguments by R. Rantoul, Jr. and C. +G. Loring; C. F. Adams, Richard Henry Dana, I. 185-301.</i></p> + +<h4><span>48. Shadr<a id="ach_ca"></a>ach case. [§ <a href="#adrac">57.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1851, Feb.</b> Rendition in Boston: <i>Liberator, Feb. 21, May 30, 1851; Cong. +Globe, 31 Cong. 2 Sess., Appendix, 238, 295, 510; Von Holst, III. 21; +May, Fugitive Slave Law and its Victims, 10; Wilson, Rise and Fall of the +Slave Power, II. 329; New England Magazine, May, 1890; Boston Traveller, +Feb. 15, 1851; Boston Courier, Feb. 17, 1851; Washington National Era, +Feb. 27, 1851; Statesman's Manual, III. 1919.</i></p> + +<h4><span>49. Christi<a id="ana_ca"></a>ana case. [§ <a href="#Christiana">60.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1851, Sept.</b> Riot in Christiana: <i>Parker's account, The Freedman's Story, +T. W. Higginson, Atlantic Monthly, Feb. and March, 1866; U. S. v. Hanway, +Treason, 247; Smedley, Underground Railroad, 105, 107, 130, 223; May, +Fugitive Slave Law, 14; Lunsford Lane, 114; Wilson, Rise and Fall of the +Slave Power, II. 324; History of the Trial of Castner Hanway and others +for Treason; N. Y. Tribune, Sept. 12, 1851, and Nov. 26 to Dec. 12; +Greeley, American Conflict, I. 215; National Antislavery Standard, Sept. +18, 1851; Lowell Journal, Sept. 19, 1851; Boston Daily Traveller, Sept. +12, 1851; Still, Underground Railroad, 348.</i></p> + +<h4><span>50. M<a id="iller"></a>iller. [§ <a href="#case_1851">61.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1851, Nov.</b> Mr. Miller murdered: <i>Liberator, Feb. 4, 1853; Lunsford Lane, +113; May, Fugitive Slave Law, 15; Wilson, Rise and Fall of the Slave +Power, II. 324.</i></p> + +<h4><span>51. Je<a id="rry_ca"></a>rry case. [§ <a href="#Jerry_McHenry">58.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1851, Oct.</b> Rescue in Syracuse, N. Y.: <i>Liberator, Oct. 10 to 17, 1851; +Life of Gerrit Smith, 117; Trial of H. W. Allen, 3; Wilson, Rise and Fall +of the Slave Power, II. 327.</i></p> + +<h4><span>52. Parker rescue.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1851, Dec. 31.</b> Rescue by Mr. Miller: <i>Wilson, Rise and Fall of the Slave +Power, II. 324; May, Fugitive Slave Law and its Victims, 15; Liberator, +1853, Feb. 4; Lunsford Lane, 113.</i></p> + +<h4><span>53. Brig Florence.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1853.</b> Rescue of slave on board by Mr. Bearse: <i>Bearse, Reminiscences of +Fugitive Slave Days in Boston, 34.</i></p> + +<h4><span>54. <a id="Lewis_ca"></a>Lewis case.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1853.</b> Escape of Lewis from trial: <i>Liberator, Oct. 28, 1853.</i></p> + +<h4><span>55. <a id="Glover_ca"></a>Glover case.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1854.</b> Joshua Glover rescued by a mob at Milwaukee: <i>Wilson, Rise and Fall +of the Slave Power, 444; Liberator, April 7, 24, 1854.</i></p> + +<h4><span>56. <a id="Bath"></a>Bath.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1854.</b> Escape to Canada from ship from Florida: <i>Liberator, Oct. 6, 1854.</i></p> + +<h4><span>57. Bu<a id="rns_ca"></a>rns case. [§ <a href="#urns">55.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1854.</b> Rendition in Boston: <i>Liberator, May, June, 1854, Aug. 22, 1861; +Kidnapping of Burns, Scrapbook collected by Theo. Parker; Personal +Statement of Mr. Elbridge Sprague, N. Abington; Accounts in Boston +Journal, May 27, 29, 1854; Daily Advertiser, May 26, 29, June 7, 8, July +17; Traveller, May 27, 29, June 2, 3, 6, 10, July 15, 18, Oct. 3, Nov. +29, Dec. 5, 7, 1854, April 3, 4, 10, 11, 1855; Evening Gazette, May 27, +1854; Worcester Spy, May 31; Argument of Mr. R. H. Dana; May, Fugitive +Slave Law and its Victims, 256; Clarke, Antislavery Days, 87; Wilson, +Rise and Fall of the Slave Power, II. 435, Stevens, History of +Anthony Burns; Greeley, American Conflict I. 218, New York Tribune, May +26, 1854; Liberator, June 2, 9, 16, 1854; Von Holst VI. 62, Garrisons' +Garrison, II. 201, III. 409; C. F. Adams, Dana, I. 262-330.</i></p> + +<h4><span>58. Ga<a id="rner"></a>rner. [§ <a href="#Garner">56</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1856.</b> Rendition of a family in Ohio: <i>Liberator, Feb. 8, 22, 29, 1856; +May, Fugitive Slave Law and its Victims, 37; Lunsford Lane, 119; Greeley, +American Conflict, I. 219, Lalor's Cyclopędia, I. 207; Wilson, Rise and +Fall of the Slave Power, II. 446, 447.</i></p> + +<h4><span>59. Willia<a id="mson_ca"></a>mson case.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1856, Jan.</b> Prosecution for aiding fugitives: <i>Wilson, Rise and Fall of +the Slave Power, II. 448; May, Fugitive Slave Law and its Victims, 9, 34; +Annual Report of American Antislavery Society, N. Y., May 7, 1856, p. 24; +Narrative of the Facts in the Case of Passmore Williamson, Penn. +Antislavery Society.</i></p> + +<h4><span>60. Jo<a id="hnson_c"></a>hnson case.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1856, July 16.</b> Rescue of slave on ship from Mobile: <i>Liberator, July 18, +1856.</i></p> + +<h4><span>61. <a id="Gatchell_ca"></a>Gatchell case.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1857, Jan.</b> Rendition of Philip Young: <i>Chambers, Slavery and Color; +Fugitive Slave Law, Appendix, 197.</i></p> + +<h4><span>62. Oberlin-Welli<a id="ngton_c"></a>ngton case. [§ <a href="#rescue_1858">59</a>]</span></h4> + +<p>1858. Rescue at Wellington: <i>Liberator, Jan. 28, April 29, May 6, June 3, +June 10, 1859; Shepherd, Oberlin-Wellington Rescue; Lunsford Lane, 179, +Anglo-African Magazine (Oberlin-Wellington Rescue), 209; May, Fugitive +Slave Law and its Victims, 108.</i></p> + +<h4><span>63. John Brown's <a id="Raid"></a>Raid. [§ <a href="#Kansas_1858">62.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1858.</b> Raid in Missouri: <i>Sanborn, Life and Letters of John Brown, 420; +Von Holst, John Brown, 104.</i></p> + +<h4><span>64. <a id="Nalle_ca"></a>Nalle case.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1859, April 28.</b> Rescue of Charles Nalle by a mob: <i>Bradford, Harriet, the +Moses of her People, Appendix, 143; Liberator, May 4, 1860.</i></p> + +<h4><span>65. Ande<a id="rson_c"></a>rson case. + [§ <a href="#Canada_and_Mexico_places_of_refuge">23.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1860.</b> Extradition case between U. S. and Canada: <i>Liberator, Dec. 3, +1860; Pamphlets on Anderson Case, Boston Public Library; Life of Gerrit +Smith, 15; Liberator, Jan. 22, 1861.</i></p> + +<h4><span>66. Wisd<a id="om_ca"></a>om case. [§ <a href="#provisions_extended">91.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861.</b> Rendition by army officers: <i>Liberator, July 19, 1861.</i></p> + +<h4><span>67. <a id="Major_Sherwood"></a>Major Sherwood's servant. + [§ <a href="#provisions_extended">91.</a>]</span></h4> + +<p><b>1861.</b> Rendition ordered in army: <i>Liberator, July 19, 1861.</i></p> + +<h4><span>68. Norf<a id="olk_ca"></a>olk case.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1863.</b> Kidnapping by N. Y. Volunteers: <i>Liberator, March 27, 1863.</i></p> + +<h4><span>69. Arch<a id="er_Ale"></a>er Alexander.</span></h4> + +<p><b>1863.</b> Fugitive during the war: <i>Archer Alexander.</i></p> + + + + +<h2><span><a id="APPENDIX_E"></a>APPENDIX E.</span> + +<span><i>BIBLIOGRAPHY OF FUGITIVE SLAVE CASES AND FUGITIVE SLAVE LEGISLATION.</i></span></h2> + + +<div class="poem"> +<span class="i0"> 1. <a href="#Sources">Sources of information.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0"> 2. <a href="#Libraries">Libraries.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0"> 3. <a href="#Secondary_works">Secondary works.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0"> 4. <a href="#Biographies">Biographies.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0"> 5. <a href="#Original_sources">Original sources.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0"> 6. <a href="#Slave_autobiographies">Slave autobiographies.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0"> 7. <a href="#Records_of_trials">Records of trials.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0"> 8. <a href="#eeche">Speeches.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0"> 9. <a href="#Reminiscences">Reminiscences.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0">10. <a href="#Reports">Reports of societies.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0">11. <a href="#Periodicals">Periodicals and newspapers.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0">12. <a href="#Materials">Materials bearing on legislation.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0">13. <a href="#Alphabetical_list">Alphabetical list of works.</a></span><br /> +</div> + +<h4><span>1. <a id="Sources"></a>Sources of information.</span></h4> + +<p>There are many sources from which material for a study of fugitive slaves +may be gathered. Almost any work upon the slavery question touches sooner +or later upon this topic, and the difficulties arise rather from the +amount of the literature which must be examined than from lack of +information. No formal bibliography of the subject, or of any phase of +it, has been found; it has therefore been necessary to go through a large +body of material, and to sift out references which bear upon the subject.</p> + +<h4><span>2. <a id="Libraries"></a>Libraries.</span></h4> + +<p>The labor has been much facilitated by the completeness and convenient +arrangement of the literature bearing upon slavery in the libraries of +Cambridge and Boston. The Harvard College Library possesses two unique +collections of slavery pamphlets, one the bequest of Charles Sumner, the +other the gift of Colonel T. W. Higginson; and the Card Catalogue of the +Library is a comprehensive guide to a large alcove of other books. The +great collections of the Boston Public Library have also been made +accessible by the full Card Catalogue of that Library. The Boston +Athenęum has also furnished valuable material; and in the Massachusetts +State Library is an excellent set of State Statutes, which has been +freely used. I have not been able to consult the antislavery collection +of the Cornell Library at Ithaca.</p> + +<h4><span>3. <a id="Secondary_works"></a>Secondary works.</span></h4> + +<p>The material upon fugitive slaves, as upon any topic, may be divided into +two classes, secondary and original. The general and local histories +which come under the first class have been of good service as guides to +further investigation. <i>The Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America</i>, +by <i>Henry Wilson</i>, takes up the whole question of slavery in a thorough +manner, and devotes special attention to the debates in Congress. Though +long and ill-arranged, it is comprehensive and trustworthy. +Unfortunately, the work is not provided with foot-notes. <i>Williams's +History of the Negro Race</i>, and <i>Greeley's American Conflict</i>, are other +surveys of the whole subject. For a discussion of political forces and +constitutional questions, <i>Von Holst</i> is the best authority, while +<i>Hurd</i>, besides enumerating the statutes from colonial times down, +considers the subject with great clearness from a judicial point +of view, describes many cases, and in foot-notes gives references to +others.</p> + +<p>Studies of colonial slavery are found in <i>Lodge's English Colonies in +America</i> and <i>Doyle's English in America</i>. Several special essays have +been printed on slavery in Massachusetts; <i>Deane's</i> and <i>Moore's Notes on +Slavery</i>, and <i>Washburn's Extinction of Slavery in Massachusetts</i>. Little +attention is in any of these works given to fugitive slaves.</p> + +<p>To another class belong books descriptive of the institution of slavery. +<i>Mrs. Frances Kemble</i> wrote about life on a Southern plantation before +the war, and the <i>Cotton Kingdom</i> and other volumes by <i>Frederick Law +Olmsted</i> give many interesting details, and furnished me with much +material for the chapter on Fugitives and their Friends.</p> + +<h4><span>4. <a id="Biographies"></a>Biographies.</span></h4> + +<p>Biographies of antislavery men are likely to contain information on +fugitive slave cases. The <i>Life of Isaac T. Hopper</i> is full of accounts +of his ways of aiding flight, and for the same reason the <i>Life of Gerrit +Smith</i> is exceedingly interesting. Birney's <i>Life of James G. Birney</i> +deals little with fugitives. The biographies of Mrs. Lydia Maria Child, +Arthur and Lewis Tappan, John Brown, Garrison, Phillips, and the Grimké +sisters, may also be mentioned. Others, like those of Jonathan Walker, L. +W. Paine, Daniel Drayton, captain of the schooner Pearl, W. L. Chaplin, +Work, Burr, and Thompson, and the recently published <i>Life of Rev. Calvin +Colman</i>, relate simply the stories of trials and imprisonments for aiding +fugitives, and are often more in the nature of original than secondary +sources.</p> + +<h4><span>5. <a id="Original_sources"></a>Original sources.</span></h4> + +<p>Very early in the preparation of this work it became evident that no +writer had systematically examined and compared the legislation of the +Colonies and States, or searched the records of Congress, or looked for +contemporary accounts of any considerable number of escapes. I was +therefore obliged to search for such original material as was within my +reach. Doubtless some important books and pamphlets have escaped me, and +an examination of other collections would enlarge the bibliography; but +the effort has been made to exhaust the literature of the subject, except +in newspapers.</p> + +<h4><span>6. <a id="Slave_autobiographies"></a>Slave autobiographies.</span></h4> + +<p>Out of the great variety of original sources containing descriptions of +slave life and escapes, the autobiographies of the slaves themselves are +the most interesting, and often the saddest. The Rev. James Freeman +Clarke says, in his Antislavery Days: "Even now, when it is all over, the +flesh creeps and the blood curdles in the veins at the accounts of the +dreadful cruelties practised on slaves in many parts of the South. I +would advise no one to read such histories to-day unless his nerves are +very well strung." <i>Frederick Douglass</i> has given us two books, one +written before slavery was abolished, and a fuller account afterward, +when it was no longer imprudent to reveal the whole story of his escape. +Many of these lives were published by antislavery people, who wished by +such means to rouse the North. Such are the stories of <i>Box Brown</i>, +<i>Peter Still</i>, <i>Archy Moore</i>, <i>Solomon Northrup</i>, <i>Lunsford Lane</i>, and +others, most of which have been quoted above.</p> + +<h4><span>7. <a id="Records_of_trials"></a>Records of trials.</span></h4> + +<p>Much descriptive detail can often be found in the published reports of +trials. A volume is devoted to the Oberlin-Wellington case, and several +volumes have been published on the Burns trial. For the Prigg and Hanway +cases, and others of importance, the records of the Supreme Court and +lower courts have been consulted. Most of the important cases were tried +in State courts or before commissioners, and the only reports are +fugitive pamphlets, of which many have been consulted and cited.</p> + + + <h4><span>8. Sp<a id="eeche"></a>eeches.</span></h4> + +<p>In the study of public sentiment and for the weighing of argument the +speeches of <i>Phillips</i>, <i>Sumner</i>, <i>Seward</i>, <i>Giddings</i>, <i>Webster</i>, +<i>Mann</i>, <i>Rantoul</i>, <i>Loring</i>, and others, are of the greatest value. They +often throw light upon obscure cases, and the fugitive slave stories +brought in as illustrations have sometimes led to the discovery of +interesting and forgotten cases.</p> + +<h4><span>9. <a id="Reminiscences"></a>Reminiscences.</span></h4> + +<p>A valuable aid in reconstructing in the mind the conditions of the +slavery struggle are the reminiscences of participants. <i>Rev. James +Freeman Clarke's Antislavery Days</i> and <i>Mr. Parker Pillsbury's</i> book have +been helpful in these chapters. A pamphlet by <i>Mr. Austin Bearse</i> +describes the Fugitive Slave Laws in Boston, and relates the work of the +Vigilance Committee in protecting escaped negroes. The books of <i>Still</i>, +<i>Smedley</i>, and <i>Coffin</i>, on the workings of the Underground Railroad, are +composed chiefly of reminiscences, and have furnished many essential +facts.</p> + +<h4><span>10. <a id="Reports"></a>Reports of societies.</span></h4> + +<p>The reports of the various antislavery societies, especially of those of +Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, have also been examined with profit as to +the work among the refugees in Canada, etc. For the colonial period the +publications of the Massachusetts and New York Historical Societies are +exceedingly important, and have been freely drawn upon.</p> + +<h4><span>11. <a id="Periodicals"></a>Periodicals and newspapers.</span></h4> + +<p>Not much has been gathered from periodicals. <i>Poole's Index</i> was used and +occasionally something of importance was discovered. Thus <i>The Freedman's +Story</i> in the <i>Atlantic Monthly</i> has furnished one of the most striking +of the stories about resistance to escapes. Such articles are few, and +occur long after the slavery period, when such disclosures were no longer +unpopular. <i>The Magazine of American History</i> contains Several articles. +Among newspapers, the <i>Liberator</i> is without doubt the most complete +record of the extreme antislavery sentiment toward the fugitive slave +laws and their workings. Each case as it occurs is fully commented upon, +and in addition there is each week a column or two of atrocities, and +among them stories of fugitives are often given. The Harvard College +Library contains a complete file, which I have examined; and references +to the Liberator are therefore frequent throughout the work. The colonial +newspapers are of little value, except for the conclusions which may be +drawn from the advertisements for runaways. Newspapers of that time were +so limited in scope, that an affair so unimportant to them as a fugitive +slave case would scarcely appear.</p> + +<h4><span>12. <a id="Materials"></a>Materials bearing on legislation.</span></h4> + +<p>The materials for the study of colonial legislation must be gathered from +many sources. The best collection of them in Boston may be found at the +State Library. In some colonies there are carefully edited series of +volumes chronologically arranged, but in others the records have been but +irregularly printed. The laws of New Netherlands and of early New York +are easily accessible in well printed volumes of a recent date. For the +Southern States, the Hening edition of the Virginia Statutes at Large is +clear, and covers a long period. There is also the Cooper collection for +South Carolina, Bacon's series for Maryland, Iredell's edition of South +Carolina Statutes, and Leaming and Spicer for New Jersey. There are of +course many others, but these comprise the most important.</p> + +<p>From the beginning of the Constitutional period, the proceedings of +Congress may be followed as minutely as desired. An outline of the +proceedings is given in the Journals of the Senate and House, while for a +fuller account and reports of speeches the Annals of Congress and +Congressional Debates to 1837, and the Congressional Globes from 1833 to +1863, furnish ample material. Information in regard to the number and + personnel of the House is most readily gathered from Poore's +Congressional Directory.</p> + +<h4><span>13. <a id="Alphabetical_list"></a>Alphabetical list of works.</span></h4> + +<p>This list includes all the books and articles which have been of service +in preparing the monograph, except a few of the general histories.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Adams, Charles Francis, Jr.</b> Richard Henry Dana: a Biography. 2 vols. +Boston, 1890.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Allen, H. W.</b> Trial of U. S. Deputy Marshal for Kidnapping, etc. Syracuse, +1852.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Antislavery Almanacs</b>, miscellaneous collection of, in the Library of +Harvard College.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Antislavery Pamphlets</b>, miscellaneous collection of, unsuitable for +binding, in the Library of Harvard College.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Antislavery Societies</b>, Annual Reports of.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Amherstburg Quarterly Mission Journal</b>, Amherstburg, Canada West.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Ball, J. P.</b> Mammoth Pictorial Tour of the United States, compiled for a +Panorama. Cincinnati, 1855.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Bayard, James.</b> A Brief Exposition of the Constitution of the United +States. Philadelphia, 1845.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Bearse, Anthony.</b> Remembrances of Fugitive Slave Law Days in Boston. +Boston, 1880. pp. 41.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Birney, J. G.</b> Examination of the Decision of the Supreme Court of the +United States in the Case of Strader, Gorman, and Armstrong <i>vs.</i> +Christopher Graham, 1850. Cincinnati, 1851. pp. 47.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Bledsoe, Albert T.</b> An Essay on Liberty and Slavery. Philadelphia, 1887. +pp. 383.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Bowditch, H. I.</b> To the Public. [Defence of his conduct in the case of +Latimer against the charges of J. B. Gray.] Boston, 1842. pp. 11.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Bowditch, W. I.</b> The Rendition of Anthony Burns. Boston, 1854. pp. 40.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>——.</b> The United States Constitution a Pro-slavery Instrument. New York, +1855. pp. 12.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Bowen, C. W.</b> Arthur and Lewis Tappan, a Paper read at the Fiftieth +Anniversary of the New York City Antislavery Society, Oct. 2, 1883. New +York, 1883. (?) pp. 116.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Bowen, F.</b> Fugitive Slaves. In <i>North American Review</i>, LXXI. 252. (July, +1850.)</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Boston Slave Riot and Trial of Anthony Burns.</b> Boston, 1854.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Brown, W. W.</b> Narrative of a Fugitive Slave. Boston, 1848. pp. 144.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Bump, O. F.</b> Notes of Constitutional Decisions, being the Digest of the +Provincial Interpretations of the Constitution of the United States, etc. +New York, 1878.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Canada Mission</b>, 7th Annual Report of. Rochester, N. Y.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Case of William R. Chaplin</b>, etc. Boston, 1851. pp. 54.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Chambers, William.</b> American Slavery and Color. London, 1857.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Chase, S. P.</b> Reclamation of Fugitive Slaves from Service, an Argument for +the Defendant, submitted to the Supreme Court of the United States at +December Term, 1840, in Case of W. Jones <i>vs.</i> John Van Zandt. +Cincinnati, 1847. pp. 108.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Child, Lydia Maria.</b> The Duty of Disobedience to the Fugitive Slave Act +(an Appeal to the Legislators of Mass.). Boston, 1860. pp. 36.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>——.</b> Isaac T. Hopper (a True Life). Boston, 1853. pp. 120.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>——.</b> Letters of Lydia Maria Child. Boston, 1883.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Clarke, James Freeman.</b> Antislavery Days. New York, 1884.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Clarke, Lewis and Milton</b>, Narrative of the Sufferings of, among the +Slaveholders of Kentucky. Boston, 1848. pp. 144.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Cobb, T. R.</b> Historical Sketch of Slavery. Philadelphia, 1836.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Coffin, L.</b> (President of Underground Railroad). Reminiscences of a +Lifetime spent in Behalf of the Slave. Cincinnati, 1876.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Constitutional Provision, The</b>, respecting Fugitives from Justice, and the +Act of Congress, Sept. 18, 1850. Boston, 1852.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Cooley, Thomas M.</b> The General Principles of Constitutional Law in the +United States of America. Boston, 1880. pp. 376.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Daggs (Ruel)</b> <i>vs.</i> <b>Elihu Frazier et als.</b> Fugitive Slave Case, Southern +Division of Iowa. Burlington, 1850. pp. 40.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Deane, Charles, and Moore.</b> Slavery in Massachusetts. Connecticut, 1877.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Desty, Robert.</b> Constitution of the United States, with Notes by Robert +Desty, etc. San Francisco, 1887.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Douglass, Frederick.</b> Narrative of his Life. Written by himself. Boston, +1845.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>——.</b> Life and Times of Frederick Douglass. Hartford, 1881-82.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Drayton, Daniel.</b> Personal Memoirs of, for four years and four months (a +prisoner for charity's sake in Washington Jail), including Narrative of +Voyage and Capture of Schooner Pearl. New York, 1855.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Drew, Benjamin.</b> North Side View of Slavery, or Narrative of a Refugee in +Canada, with an Account of the History of the Colored Population in Upper +Canada. Boston, 1856.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Eliot, W. G.</b> The Story of Archer Alexander from Slavery to Freedom. +Boston, 1885.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Elliott, Chas. W.</b> The New England History, from the Discovery of the +Continent by the Northmen, A. D. 986, to the Period when the Colonies +declared their Independence, A. D. 1776. 2 vols. New York, 1857.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Friend, By A.</b> The Experiences of Thomas Jones, who was for forty-three +years a Slave. Boston, 1850.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Frothingham, O. B.</b> Life of Gerrit Smith. A Biography. New York, 1878. pp. +381.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Fugitive Slave Bill</b> enacted by U. S. Congress, and approved by President +Fillmore, Sept. 8, 1850. Boston, 1854. pp. 7.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Fugitive Slaves.</b> In Democratic Review, XXVIII. 57 (April, 1851).</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Furness, W. H.</b> The Moving Power. A Discourse delivered in the First +Congregational Unitarian Church in Philadelphia, Feb. 9, 1851, after the +occurrence of a Fugitive Slave Case. Philadelphia, 1851.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Garrison, Wendell Phillips</b>, and <b>Garrison, Francis Jackson.</b> William Lloyd +Garrison, 1805-1879: the Story of his Life, told by his Children [Wendell +Phillips Garrison and Francis Jackson Garrison]. 4 vols., 8vo. New York, +1885.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Giddings, J. R.</b> The Exiles of Florida, or Crimes committed by our +Government against Maroons who fled from South Carolina, etc. Columbus, +O., 1858.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Goodell, William.</b> Views of American Constitutional Law in its Bearings +upon American Slavery. 2d ed. Utica, N. Y., 1845.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Goodloe, D. R.</b> The Southern Platform, or Manual of Southern Sentiments on +the Subject of Slavery. Boston, 1858.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Gray, A. F.</b> (?) Letter to W. H. Seward touching the Surrender of certain +Fugitives from Justice. New York, 1841.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Great Britain.</b> British Documents, Parliament of Great Britain, +Correspondence respecting Case of Fugitive Slave Anderson. London, 1861.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Greeley, Horace.</b> The American Conflict; a History of the Great Rebellion, +1860-65; its moral and political Phases, with the Drift and Progress of +America respecting Human Slavery from 1776. 2 vols., 8vo. Hartford, 1864.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Green, William</b> (formerly a slave), Narrative of Events in the Life of. +Written by himself. Springfield, 1853. pp. 23.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Hawkins, W. G.</b> Lunsford Lane, or Another Helper from North Carolina. +Boston, 1863.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Helper, H. R.</b> The Impending Crisis in the South, and How to Meet it. New +York, 1860. pp. 420.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Henson, Josiah.</b> Life of J. Henson, formerly a Slave, now an Inhabitant of +Canada, as narrated by himself.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Hildreth, R.</b> The Slave, or Memoirs of Archy Moore. Boston, 1840.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Hopper, I. T.</b> Thomas Cooper. New York, 1837.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Hossack, John.</b> Speech of John Hossack, convicted of Violation of the +Fugitive Slave Law, before Judge Drummond of the United States District +Court, Chicago, Ill. New York, 1860. pp. 12.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Howe, S. G.</b> Refugees from the South in Canada West. Report to Freedman's +Inquiry Committee. Boston, 1864.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Hurd, J. C.</b> The Law of Freedom and Bondage. 2 vols. New York, 1858, 1862.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>——.</b> Topics of Jurisprudence connected with the Condition of Freedom and +Bondage. New York, 1856. pp. ix, 113.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Hurd, R. C.</b> Treatise on the Right of Personal Liberty, and on the Writ of +Habeas Corpus, and Practice connected with it, with a View of the Law of +Extradition of Fugitives. Albany, 1858.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Joliffe, John.</b> In the Matter of George Gordon's Petition for Pardon. John +Joliffe's Argument for Petitioner. Cincinnati, 1862.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Kane, Judge.</b> District Court of the United States for the Eastern District +of Pennsylvania. United States of America, ex relatione Wheeler, <i>vs.</i> +Williamson. Opinion of Judge Kane, Oct. 12, 1855. Philadelphia, 1855. pp. +20.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Kemble, Frances Anne.</b> Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation in +1836-39. New York, 1863.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Kent, J.</b> Commentaries on American Law. 4 vols. Boston, 1884.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Kidnapping.</b> <i>African Observer</i>, May, 1837.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Kingsbury, Harmon.</b> The Fugitive Slave Bill, its History and +Unconstitutionality: with an Account of the Seizure and Enslavement of +James Hamlet and his subsequent Restoration to Liberty (with Appendix). +New York, 1850.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Larned, E. C.</b> Argument on the Trial of Joseph Stout, indicted for +rescuing a Fugitive Slave from a United States Deputy Marshal at Ottawa, +Ill., Oct. 20, 1859, delivered March 12 and 13, 186-. Chicago, 186-. pp. +43.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>——.</b> The new Fugitive Slave Law. Speech of E. C. Larned, Chicago, Oct. +25, 1850. Chicago, 1850.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Latimer Case.</b> From the <i>Law Reporter</i>, March, 1843. Boston, 1843. pp. 10.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Letter</b> to His Excellency, William H. Seward, Governor of the State of New +York, touching the Surrender of certain Fugitives from Justice. New York, +1841. pp. 101.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Lord, J. C.</b> The Higher Law in its Application to the Fugitive Slave Bill. +Buffalo, 1851.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Madison, James.</b> The Constitution a Pro-slavery Compact. New York, 1844.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Mann, Horace.</b> Fugitive Slave Law. Boston, 1851.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Massachusetts Senate.</b> Various Documents. Senate, 1851, No. 89 +(examination of Sims Case).</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>May, S. J.</b> American Antislavery Society. The Fugitive Slave Law and its +Victims. New York, 1856, 1861.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>——.</b> Catalogue of Antislavery Publications in America, 1750-1830.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Moore, G. H.</b> Notes on the History of Slavery in Massachusetts. New York, +1866.</p> + +<p class="thin"> <b>Narrative</b> of Facts in the Case of Passmore Williamson. +Philadelphia, 1855.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Narrative</b> of Solomon Northrup, a Citizen of New York, kidnapped in +Washington in 1844, and rescued in 1853 from a Cotton Plantation near Red +River, Louisiana. Cincinnati, H. W. Derby.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Needles, Edward.</b> Historical Memoir of the Pennsylvania Society for +Promoting the Abolition of Slavery. Philadelphia, 1848.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>New York Court of Appeals</b>, Report of the Lemmon Slave Case. New York, +1861. pp. 446.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>New York Legal Observer</b>, Supplement to, containing Report of the Case In +the Matter of George Kirk, a Fugitive Slave, heard before J. W. Edmunds, +Circuit Judge; also the Argument of John Jay, Counsel for the Slave. New +York, 1844. pp. 20.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Oberlin-Wellington Rescue.</b> New Englander, XVII. 686.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Olmsted, F. L.</b> The Cotton Kingdom. 2 vols. New York, 1861.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Paine, Byron</b>, and <b>Smith, A. D.</b> Unconstitutionality of the Fugitive Slave +Act. Argument of A. D. Smith. Milwaukee, 1854. pp. 35.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Paine, L. W.</b> Six Years in a Georgia Prison. Narrative of L. W. Paine, who +suffered Imprisonment for aiding Slaves to escape from that State after +he had fled from Slavery. Boston, 1852.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Parker, Joel.</b> Personal Liberty Laws (State of Massachusetts) and Slavery +in the Territories (Case of Dred Scott). Boston, 1861. pp. 97.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Parker, Theodore.</b> Anthony Burns. [Collection made and arranged in the +form of a scrap-book by Theodore Parker, whose Autograph and Manuscript +it contains.] Boston Public Library.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Peabody, Andrew Preston.</b> [Address before the New England +Historic-Genealogical Society, May 6, 1891.]</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Peabody, E.</b> Narratives of Fugitive Slaves. <i>Christian Examiner</i>, XLVII. 61.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Phillips, Wendell.</b> Argument of Wendell Phillips, Esq., against Repeal of +the Personal Liberty Laws before the Committee of the Legislature, +Tuesday, January 29, 1861. Boston, 1861.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>——.</b> No Slave Hunting in the Old Bay State, before Committee on Federal +Relations, H. R., Thursday, Feb. 17, 1859. Boston, 1859.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>——.</b> Speech in the House of Representatives of Massachusetts before the +Committee on Federal Relations [against the recapture of fugitive +slaves]. Boston, 1859.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Pickard, Mrs. K. E. R.</b> The Kidnapped and the Ransomed. Personal +Reflections of Peter Still and his Wife Vina after Forty Years of +Slavery. Syracuse, New York, 1856.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Pierce, E. L.</b> Remarks of E. L. Pierce before the Committee of the +Legislature of Massachusetts on the General Statutes relating to Personal +Liberty, at their Hearing of Feb. 1, 1861. Boston, 1861.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Pomeroy, J. N.</b> An Introduction to the Constitutional Laws of the United +States. Boston, 1868.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Poole, W. F.</b> Sketch of Antislavery Opinion before Year 1800. An Essay +read before the Cincinnati Literary Club, Nov. 16, 1872. Cincinnati, +1873.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Randolph, Peter</b>, an emancipated slave. Sketches of Slave Life. Boston, +1855. pp. 82.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Rantoul, Robert.</b> Speech at Lynn, April 3, 1852, on the Fugitive Slave +Law. Speech in Congress on June 11, 1852, on the Constitutionality of the +Fugitive Slave Law.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Rendition of Fugitive Slaves.</b> Acts of 1793 and 1850, and Decisions of the +Supreme Court sustaining them. The Dred Scott Case. 1860. pp. 15.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Refugees' Home Society</b>, Report of Committee. Winsor, 1852. pp. 8.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Report</b> of the Trial of Castner Hanway for Treason, etc. Philadelphia, +1852. pp. 275.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Report</b> of the Case of Edward Prigg against the Commonwealth of +Pennsylvania in Superior Court. Philadelphia, 1842.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Roper, Moses</b>, Narrative of the Adventures and Escape of, from American +Slavery. Philadelphia, 1838. pp. 89.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Sergeant, Thomas.</b> On Constitutional Law. Philadelphia, 1830.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Seward, W. H.</b> John Van Zandt, etc., Argument for Defendant by W. H. +Seward. Albany, 1847. pp. 40.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Sherman, H.</b> Slavery in the United States; from the Establishment of the +Confederation to the present Time. Hartford, 1860. pp. 60.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Shipherd, J. R.</b> History of Oberlin-Wellington Rescue. Boston, 1859.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Smedley, R. C., M. D.</b> History of the Underground Railroad in Chester and +neighboring Counties of Pennsylvania. Lancaster, Pa., 1883. pp. 395.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Smith, Gerrit.</b> Argument on the Fugitive Slave Law, June, 1852, on the +Trial of H. W. Allen for Kidnapping. Syracuse. pp. 32. No date.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>South Bend Fugitive Slave Case, The.</b> (John Ames <i>vs.</i> L. B. Newton.) New +York. pp. 24.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Spooner, L.</b> A Defence for Fugitive Slaves against the Acts of Congress of +Feb. 12, 1793, and Sept. 18, 1850. Boston, 1850. Pam.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Stearns, Charles.</b> Narrative of Henry Box Brown, who escaped from Slavery +enclosed in a Box three feet long and two wide. Boston, 1849.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Stearns, Charles.</b> The "Fugitive Slave Law of the United States."</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Stevens, C. E.</b> Anthony Burns (a Fugitive Slave). A History. Boston, 1856.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Still, W.</b> The Underground Railroad. Philadelphia, 1872.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Stroud, G. M.</b> Sketch of Laws relative to Slavery in the several States of +the United States of America. Philadelphia, 1827. pp. 128.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Sumner, Charles.</b> Fugitive Slaves. <i>Brownson</i>, XI. 487 (October, 1854).</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Tappan, Arthur.</b> The Life of. New York, 1870.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Thomas, B. F.</b> A few Suggestions to a Friend upon Personal Liberty Laws +and Secession (so called), in a Letter to a Friend. Boston, 1861.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Thompson, George.</b> Prison Life and Reflections, Narrative of Trial, +Imprisonment, etc. of Work, Burr, and Thompson for aiding Slaves to +Liberty. Hartford, 1849.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>——.</b> The Negroes' Flight from American Slavery to British Freedom. 1849. +pp. 16.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Watson, Henry.</b> Narrative of Henry Watson, a Fugitive Slave. Written by +himself. Boston, 1848. pp. 48.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Weld, S. D.</b> American Slavery as it is: Testimony of Thousands of +Witnesses. New York, 1839.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Wesley, Rev. J.</b> The Rev. J. W. Loguen as a Slave and as a Freeman. +Syracuse, New York, 1859.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Weston, G. M.</b> Progress of Slavery in the United States. Washington, 1857.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>White Slave, The</b>: Or Memoirs of a Fugitive. Boston, 1852. pp. 408.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Whittier, John G.</b> The Writings of John G. Whittier. Boston, 1888-89. 7 +vols. 12mo.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Wigham, E.</b> Antislavery Cause in America and its Martyrs. London, 1863.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Wilcox, A.</b> The Powers of the Federal Government over Slavery. Baltimore, +1862. pp. 23.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Willey, Rev. Austin.</b> History of the Antislavery Cause in State and +Nation. Portland, 1886. pp. xii, 503.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Wilson, Henry.</b> History of the Antislavery Measures in the 37th and 38th +United States Congresses. Boston, 1865.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>——.</b> History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America. 3 vols. +Boston, 1875-1877.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Williams, George W.</b> History of the Negro Race in America. 2 vols. New +York, 1883.</p> + +<p class="thin"><b>Wisconsin Supreme Court.</b> Unconstitutionality of the Fugitive Slave Act. +Decision in Case of Booth and Bycraft. Milwaukee, 1855.</p> + + + + + + + +<h2><span><a id="INDEX"></a>INDEX.</span></h2> + + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Abolition,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> in the D. C., <a href="#bia">§ 98,</a> <a href="#ill">C 62,</a> <a href="#abolitio">C 65;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> of the slave trade in the D. C., <a href="#istric">B 25.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> See also <a href="#Antislavery">Antislavery,</a> <a href="#Emancipation">Emancipation.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Abolitionists, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">known to slaves, <a href="#Methods_of_escape">§ 63.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> efforts on the Underground Railroad, <a href="#enera">§ 76.</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i1"> See also <a href="#Antislavery">Antislavery.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Acorn, ship, <a href="#ims">§ 54.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0"><a id="Act"></a>Act,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> first fugitive slave, <a href="#ave_Act">B 9;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> second fugitive slave, <a href="#Second">B 31;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Grimes, <a href="#Grimes">C 51;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Blair, <a href="#Blair">C 58;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> repealing fugitive slave act, <a href="#repealing">C 83.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> See also <a href="#Bill">Bill.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Adams, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> against fugitive slave bill, <a href="#Propositions_from_1817">§ 20.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Adams, J. Q.,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> in Treaty of Ghent Convention, <a href="#atus">§ 22;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> presented petitions, <a href="#atim">§ 44.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Advertisement,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> of runaways, <a href="#Treatment_of_fugitives">§ 3;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> colonial, <a href="#Escapes_in_New_England">§ 5;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> later, <a href="#ndit">§ 65,</a> <a href="#civil_officers">§ 96;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> of probable place of refuge of an habitual runaway, <a href="#wood">§ 66.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Albany, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">escapes from, <a href="#al">§ 8,</a> <a href="#anad">A 50.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Aldrich, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">amendment, <a href="#Blair">C 58.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Alexander, Archer, <a href="#er_Ale">D 69.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Alien and Sedition Acts,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> absorb attention, <a href="#Propositions_of_1797">§ 19.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Allen, Henry W., </span><br /> +<span class="i1">tried for kidnapping, <a href="#Jerry_McHenry">§ 58.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Amendments to the Constitution, <a href="#thirteenth">§ 104.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Amsterdam, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">banishes runaway colonists, <a href="#City_of">A 15.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Anderson case, <a href="#Canada_and_Mexico_places_of_refuge">§ 23,</a> <a href="#rson_c">D 65.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0"><a id="Antislavery"></a>Antislavery men,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> biographies of, <a href="#Biographies">E 4.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Antislavery reminiscences, <a href="#Reminiscences">E 9.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Antislavery sentiment,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> rise of, <a href="#ge_in">§ 33.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Antislavery societies,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> character of work, <a href="#erfer">§ 41;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> reports of, <a href="#Reports">E 10.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Apprentices, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">fugitive, <a href="#Connect">A 9,</a> <a href="#New_Jer">A 39.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Arbitration,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> in Creole case, <a href="#on_the_high_seas">§ 24.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Army officers,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> arrests by, <a href="#discussed_in_Congress">§ 95.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0"><a id="Arrest"></a>Arrest,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> negro liable to, <a href="#ndit">§ 65;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> by army officers, <a href="#discussed_in_Congress">§ 95.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Articles of Confederation,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> fugitive slave clause in, <a href="#al">§ 8,</a> <a href="#Ordinance_for_the_Northwest">§ 14,</a> <a href="#Arti">A 8.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Articles of war,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> resolution on, <a href="#olu">C 47;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> bill for an additional, <a href="#discussed_in_Congress">§ 95.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Artis, Jordan, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">advertisement of, <a href="#ndit">§ 65.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Ashley,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> repeal bill, <a href="#Early_propositions_to">§ 101,</a> <a href="#repeal">C 80.</a></span></p> + + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Athenęum,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Boston, <a href="#Libraries">E 2.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Attorneys, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">to defend fugitives, <a href="#pass">§ 78;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> forbidden to act, <a href="#assach">§ 81.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Attucks, Crispus, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">escape of, <a href="#Escapes_in_New_England">§ 5,</a> <a href="#us_At">D 6.</a></span></p> + + + + + + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Badger, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">on fugitive slave bill, <a href="#ts_fo">§ 31.</a> </span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Bahamas, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">treatment of fugitives in, <a href="#atus">§ 22,</a> <a href="#on_the_high_seas">§ 24.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Bass,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> aids S. Northrup, <a href="#olomo">§ 38.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Batchelder, James,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> death of, <a href="#urns">§ 55.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Bath, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">escape from, <a href="#Bath">D 56</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Bell, Governor. </span><br /> +<span class="i1">See <a href="#Ohio">Ohio.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Benton Resolution, <a href="#scapin">B 24.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Bermudas,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> treatment of fugitives in, <a href="#on_the_high_seas">§ 24.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0"><a id="Bill"></a>Bill, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">for a new fugitive slave law, </span><br /> + <span class="i2">reported, <a href="#The_first">§ 17</a>-<a href="#Propositions_from_1817">§ 20,</a> <a href="#Missouri_Compromise">§ 21,</a> + <a href="#cti">§ 27;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i2"> character of, 1802, <a href="#Propositions_of_1797">§ 19;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i2"> principles of, 1818, <a href="#Propositions_of_1797">§ 19</a>-<a href="#Propositions_from_1817">§ 20;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> for amending, <a href="#Propositions_from_1817">§ 20;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> on Maryland resolutions, <a href="#Missouri_Compromise">§ 21;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Douglas's, <a href="#Douglas">C 17;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Lovejoy's, <a href="#ovejo">C 35,</a> <a href="#ejoy">C 66;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Wilson's, <a href="#cipat">C 42,</a> <a href="#ilso">C 48,</a> <a href="#Wils">C 54,</a> <a href="#al_the_bl">C 56;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Howe's, <a href="#Howe">C 49;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Davis's <a href="#Davis">C 50,</a> <a href="#endments">C 57;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> confiscation, <a href="#House_con">C 68,</a> <a href="#Clark">C 72,</a> <a href="#fisca">C 73,</a> <a href="#Progress">C 79;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> abolition, <a href="#ill">C 62,</a> <a href="#abolitio">C 65;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> Harris's, <a href="#Harri">C 59,</a> <a href="#cat">C 67,</a> <a href="#arri">C 71;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> Clark's, <a href="#Clark">C 72;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> Julian's, <a href="#Julian">C 45,</a> <a href="#lia">C 76;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> emancipation, <a href="#fisca">C 73,</a> <a href="#cipa">C 75,</a> <a href="#disloyal">C 78;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> repeal, <a href="#repeal">C 80;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Stevens's, <a href="#repeal">C 80;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Ashley's, <a href="#repeal">C 80;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Sumner's, <a href="#repeal">C 80,</a> <a href="#repealing">C 83;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Spalding's, <a href="#repeal">C 80;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> House substitute, <a href="#repealing">C 83.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> See also <a href="#Act">Acts.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Bingham, ——, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">on Blair bill, <a href="#discussed_in_Congress">§ 95;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> resolutions, <a href="#jails_in_the_District">§ 97,</a> <a href="#ingha">C 39;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> amendments, <a href="#Blair">C 58,</a> <a href="#cat">C 67.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Black Code, in the D. C., </span><br /> +<span class="i1">resolution on, <a href="#ck_cod">C 33;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> bill to repeal, <a href="#al_the_bl">C 56.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Blair, ——, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">bill, <a href="#discussed_in_Congress">§ 95;</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i1">Act, <a href="#Blair">C 58.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Blake, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> introduces repeal bill, <a href="#repeal_or_amend">§ 87.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Boston massacre, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">Attucks killed in, <a href="#Escapes_in_New_England">§ 5.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Boston, schooner, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">case of, <a href="#Boston_and_Isaac">§ 47,</a> <a href="#er_Bo">D 21.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Boucher, Rev. John,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> on Washington's education, <a href="#Elem">§ 1.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Bound servants, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">escape from Virginia, <a href="#Intercolonial_cases">§ 9.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Bourne, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">appointed on committee, <a href="#The_first">§ 17.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Bowditch, H. I. </span><br /> +<span class="i1">See <a href="#journal">Latimer Journal.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Boyle, ——, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">Brigadier General in Sherwood case, <a href="#ypic">§ 94.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Bright, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Explanatory Bill, <a href="#expla">B 34.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Brown, </span><br /> +<span class="i1"> on repeal bill, <a href="#in_the_Senate">§ 103.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Brown, John, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">in Missouri and Kansas, <a href="#Kansas_1858">§ 62;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> plan of, <a href="#Kansas_1858">§ 62;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> effect of raid, <a href="#ussi">§ 102;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> case, <a href="#Raid">D 63.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Brown, Mary, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">demands arrest of Hamlet, <a href="#Hamlet_case">§ 53.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Browne, William, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">story of escapes, <a href="#Intercolonial_cases">§ 9.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Browne, William, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">a runaway, <a href="#wood">§ 66.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Buchanan, James,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> presidential message of, <a href="#Propositions_to_enforce">§ 86,</a> <a href="#chanan">C 1.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Burnett, Governor,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> conference with Indians, demands slave, <a href="#al">§ 8.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Burns, Anthony, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">arrest and trial, <a href="#urns">§ 55,</a> <a href="#rns_ca">D 57;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> use of court-house in his case, <a href="#assach">§ 81.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Butler, ——, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">proposition on fugitive slave clause, <a href="#giti">§ 15;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> on fugitive slave bill, <a href="#ts_fo">§ 31;</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i1"> reports fugitive slave bill, <a href="#lative">B 30.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Butler, General B. F., </span><br /> +<span class="i1">on "contrabands," <a href="#The_q">§ 88.</a></span></p> + + + + + + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Calhoun, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">Resolution, <a href="#on_the_high_seas">§ 24,</a> <a href="#alhoun">B 20.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">California,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> sanctions rendition, <a href="#occa">§ 80.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Calvert, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">appointed on committee, made chairman, <a href="#The_first">§ 17.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Cape May,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> escapes to, <a href="#pe_of">D 3.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Carlisle,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> fugitive slave case in, <a href="#Philadelphia_and_Kennedy">§ 43.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Cases, legal, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">change in character of, <a href="#ge_in">§ 33;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> classification of, <a href="#ge_in">§ 33;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> principle of selection of, <a href="#ncip">§ 52.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Certificate,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> evidence for conviction, <a href="#al">§ 8.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Chandler, Zachary,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> introduces confiscation bill, <a href="#Confiscation_bills">§ 90;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> confiscation act, <a href="#Chan">C 31.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Chase, S. P.,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> on fugitive slave law, <a href="#ts_ag">§ 32;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> on payments under law of 1850, <a href="#Chase">B 38;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> offers amendments, <a href="#lative">B 30.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Cherokees. </span><br /> +<span class="i1">See <a href="#Tre">Treaty.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0"><a id="Chickasaws"></a>Chickasaws.</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> See <a href="#Tre">Treaty.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Chickasaw case, <a href="#ickas">§ 42,</a> <a href="#aw_re">D 20.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Christiana case, <a href="#Christiana">§ 60,</a> <a href="#ana_ca">D 49;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> influence traced, <a href="#Christiana">§ 60.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0"><a id="Choctaws"></a>Choctaws. </span><br /> +<span class="i1">See <a href="#Tre">Treaty.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Clarence, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">joint resolution, <a href="#Clarence">C 23.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Clark, ——, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">reports confiscation bill, <a href="#provisions_extended">§ 91;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> substitute, <a href="#provisions_extended">§ 91;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> resolution, <a href="#expla">B 34;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> amendments, <a href="#Grimes">C 51;</a> <a href="#disloyal">C 78;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> confiscation bill, <a href="#Clark">C 72.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Clarke, J. F.,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> quoted, <a href="#Unpopularity">§ 51,</a> <a href="#urns">§ 55,</a> <a href="#the_N">§ 67,</a> <a href="#ts_of">§ 73.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Clay, Henry, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">see <a href="#Gallatin">Gallatin</a>;</span><br /> + <span class="i1"> provision on fugitives, <a href="#Act_1850">§ 29;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> on Shadrach case, <a href="#adrac">§ 57,</a> <a href="#Clay">B 33;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> amendment, <a href="#lative">B 30.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Cochrane, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">joint resolution, <a href="#Cochra">C 2.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Colfax, Schuyler,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> resolution, <a href="#Colfax">C 77.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Collamer, ——, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">amendments, <a href="#endme">C 53,</a> <a href="#cat">C 67.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0"><a id="Colonial_regulation"></a>Colonial regulation,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> began early, <a href="#egula">§ 2;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> cases, <a href="#Elem">§ 1</a>-<a href="#mother_country">§ 12;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> legislation, <a href="#APPENDIX_A">Appendix A.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Colonists,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> runaway, <a href="#City_of">A 15.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Colony, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">of fugitives, <a href="#wood">§ 66.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Columbia, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">case in, <a href="#Columbia_case">D 15.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Comet case, <a href="#on_the_high_seas">§ 24.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Commissioners,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> of United Colonies, complain of fugitives, <a href="#International_cases">§ 11;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> duty of, <a href="#Provisions_of_the_second">§ 30.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Committee, </span><br /> +<span class="i1"> for a new fugitive slave law, <a href="#The_first">§ 17;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> on the fugitive slave law, <a href="#The_first">§ 17</a>-<a href="#Missouri_Compromise">§ 21,</a> <a href="#on_the_high_seas">§ 24;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> on Maryland resolution, <a href="#Missouri_Compromise">§ 21;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> to prevent outrages, <a href="#Ottoman_case">§ 45;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> conference, <a href="#provisions_extended"> § 91;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> amendments by, <a href="#Chan">C 31,</a> <a href="#ilso">C 48,</a> <a href="#Grimes">C 51;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> on judiciary, instructed, <a href="#cti">§ 27;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> report a fugitive slave law, <a href="#cti">§ 27.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Compromise,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> resolution affirming, <a href="#Fitch">B 35;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> fugitive slave act, <a href="#ompromis">C 25.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Conferences,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> between Indians and the Governor of New York, <a href="#al">§ 8.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Confiscation, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">of slaves of rebels, <a href="#ry_at">§ 89;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> report on, <a href="#Judiciary_Committee">C 60;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> bill, <a href="#Confiscation_bills">§ 90,</a> <a href="#provisions_extended">§ 91;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> amendments, <a href="#Confiscation_bills">§ 90;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> provisions extended, <a href="#Confiscation_bills">§ 90,</a> <a href="#provisions_extended">§ 91;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> presented, <a href="#Confiscation_bills">§ 90,</a> <a href="#provisions_extended">§ 91;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> act approved by President, <a href="#provisions_extended"> § 91;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Trumbull's, <a href="#cation_B">C 30,</a> <a href="#onfisc">C 37,</a> <a href="#umbu">C 52;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Chandler's, <a href="#Chan">C 31;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Davis's, <a href="#Davis">C 50;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> coupled with emancipation, <a href="#Love">C 44,</a> <a href="#lio">C 69,</a> <a href="#fisca">C 73;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> amendments to, <a href="#endments">C 57,</a> <a href="#cat">C 67,</a> <a href="#arri">C 71;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Harris's, <a href="#Harri">C 59,</a> <a href="#herma">C 63,</a> <a href="#cat">C 67,</a> <a href="#arri">C 71;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Clark's, <a href="#Clark">C 72;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> progress of, <a href="#Progress">C 79;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> Morrill's joint resolution, <a href="#orril">C 40.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Congress, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">action of, from 1847 to 1850, <a href="#cti">§ 27.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Connecticut,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">legislation in, <a href="#Regulations_in_New_England">§ 4;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> in the New England confederation, <a href="#al">§ 8;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> offers reward, <a href="#al">§ 8;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> emancipation in, <a href="#Ordinance_for_the_Northwest">§ 14;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> Personal Liberty Laws in, <a href="#pass">§ 78,</a> <a href="#ssed">§ 79,</a> <a href="#ew_of">§ 82;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> servants in, <a href="#Connect">A 9;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> against runaways, <a href="#Conn">A 67,</a> <a href="#Escape_of">A 78,</a> <a href="#Pursuit_of">A 79.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Constitution, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">fugitive slave clause in, <a href="#Effe">§ 16,</a> <a href="#tution">B 7;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> defended slavery, <a href="#Effe">§ 16;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> amendments proposed, <a href="#Peace_Convention">C 22.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Constitution<a id="al_Co"></a>al Convention,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> fugitive question in, <a href="#giti">§ 15.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Contrabands, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">origin of term, <a href="#The_q">§ 88.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Convention,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> in Treaty of Ghent, <a href="#atus">§ 22.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> See also <a href="#al_Co">Constitutional Convention.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0"><a id="Conviction"></a>Conviction of a fugitive,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> evidence necessary, <a href="#Disc">§ 18.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Cooledge, N., </span><br /> +<span class="i1">in Latimer case, <a href="#atim"> § 44.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Court, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">Commissioners, how chosen, <a href="#Provisions_of_the_second">§ 30.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> See also <a href="#Conviction">Conviction,</a> <a href="#Trial">Trials.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Court-house </span><br /> +<span class="i1">assaulted, <a href="#Jerry_McHenry">§ 58.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Cowden, Colonel,</span><br /> + <span class="i1">in Wisdom case, <a href="#ypic">§ 94.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Cox, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> resolution, <a href="#Cox">C 5;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> on repeal bill, <a href="#ussi">§ 102.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Crafts, William and Lucy, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">escape of, <a href="#Fugitives_disguised">§ 69,</a> <a href="#afts">D 41.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0"><a id="Creek_Indians"></a>Creek Indians,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> escapes to, <a href="#al">§ 8;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> treaty with, <a href="#atus">§ 22;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1">restoration clause in treaty, <a href="#on_of_sl">B 11.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Creole, case of, <a href="#on_the_high_seas">§ 24.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Crittenden, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">joint resolution, <a href="#Crittende">C 13,</a> <a href="#Crittenden">C 24.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Curtis, Commissioner, <a href="#ims">§ 54.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Curtis, Judge, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">trial of, <a href="#urns">§ 55.</a></span></p> + + + + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Dagget amendment, <a href="#Propositions_of_1797">§ 19,</a> <a href="#for_del">B 14.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Dana, R. H.,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> defends Burns, <a href="#urns">§ 55;</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Daniel,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> offered for sale, <a href="#wood">§ 66.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Davis, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">amendment, <a href="#lative">B 30;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> bill, <a href="#Davis">C 50;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> substitute bill, <a href="#endments">C 57;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> amendments, <a href="#Blair">C 58.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Davis, Charles G., </span><br /> +<span class="i1">in Shadrach case, <a href="#adrac">§ 57.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Dayton amendment, <a href="#lative">B 30.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Debate,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> on fugitive slave clause in the constitution, <a href="#giti">§ 15;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> on fugitive slave bill, <a href="#The_first">§ 17</a>-<a href="#Propositions_of_1797">§ 19;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> on the slave trade, <a href="#Propositions_of_1797"> § 19;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> on the fugitive slave act, <a href="#Propositions_of_1797">§ 19,</a> <a href="#Propositions_from_1817">§ 20;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> on the admission of Missouri, <a href="#Missouri_Compromise">§ 21;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> on slavery in the D. C., <a href="#in_the_District">§ 28;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> on the fugitive slave law of 1850, <a href="#ts_fo">§ 31,</a> <a href="#ts_ag">§ 32.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">De Bere, John, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">in Shadrach case, <a href="#adrac">§ 57.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Delaware,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> regulation of servants and slaves, <a href="#Delaw">A 70.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0"><a id="Delawares"></a>Delawares,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> fugitive slave clause in treaty, <a href="#gitive">B 1.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Diggs, S. T. P., </span><br /> +<span class="i1">in Anderson case, <a href="#Canada_and_Mexico_places_of_refuge">§ 23.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Dismal Swamp, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">refuge for fugitive, <a href="#wood">§ 66.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0"><a id="District_of_Columbia"></a>District of Columbia,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> slavery in, <a href="#in_the_District">§ 28;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> repeal of jail laws in, <a href="#jails_in_the_District">§ 97,</a> <a href="#bia">§ 98;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> Grimes's bill, <a href="#jails_in_the_District">§ 97,</a> <a href="#bia">§ 98;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> debate on abolition of slavery in, <a href="#bia">§ 98;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> resolution on repeal of the Black Code in, <a href="#ck_cod">C 33;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> bill for emancipation in, <a href="#cipat">C 42</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> act on criminal justice in, <a href="#Grimes">C 51;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> bill, <a href="#Wils">C 54;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">bill to repeal Black Code in, <a href="#al_the_bl">C 56;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> bill for the abolition of slavery in, <a href="#ill">C 62,</a> <a href="#abolitio">C 65.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Drayton, ——, Captain,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> aids fugitives, <a href="#and_Walker_cases">§ 50.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Drayton and Sayres,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> case of, <a href="#and_Walker_cases">§ 50,</a> <a href="#d_Say">D 40.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Douglass, Frederick,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> method of escape, <a href="#protection_papers">§ 68,</a> <a href="#Formal">§ 75,</a> <a href="#Douglass">D 23.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Douglas, Stephen A.,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> joint resolution, <a href="#Doug">C 14.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0"><a id="Dutch_Colonies"></a>Dutch Colonies, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">along the coast, <a href="#Elem">§ 1;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> regulations on fugitives, <a href="#egula">§ 2,</a> <a href="#Regulations_in_New_England">§ 4;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> legislation in, <a href="#Dutch_regulations_in_New">§ 6.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> See also <a href="#New_Amsterdam">New Amsterdam,</a> <a href="#New_Netherlands">New Netherlands.</a></span></p> + + + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">East Jersey, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">against fugitives, <a href="#egula">§ 2,</a> <a href="#East_New_J">A 41;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> against runaways, <a href="#ast_N">A 45.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Eldridge, Captain, of brig Chickasaw, <a href="#ickas">§ 42.</a></span></p> + + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Eliot, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> introduces confiscation bill, <a href="#provisions_extended">§ 91;</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i1">bill, <a href="#lio">C 69</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i1">substitute bill, <a href="#disloyal">C 78.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Elton, Governor, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">action in fugitive slave case, <a href="#International_cases">§ 11.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0"><a id="Emancipation"></a>Emancipation,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> in Great Britain, <a href="#on_the_high_seas">§ 24;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> resolutions on, <a href="#provisions_extended">§ 91;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">in the District of Columbia, <a href="#cipat">C 42;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> bill, <a href="#cipa">C 75;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> coupled with confiscation, <a href="#Love">C 44,</a> <a href="#lio">C 69,</a> <a href="#fisca">C 73;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> of fugitives from disloyal masters, bill for, <a href="#disloyal">C 78.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Emancipation proclamation, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">effect of, as a war measure, <a href="#the_E">§ 92.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Encomium, case of, <a href="#on_the_high_seas">§ 24.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0"><a id="England"></a>England.</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> See <a href="#Great_Britain">Great Britain.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">English, ——, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">joint resolution, <a href="#Engl">C 8.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">English colonies, <a href="#Elem">§ 1.</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i1">See <a href="#Colonial_regulation">Colonies.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Enterprise, case of, <a href="#on_the_high_seas">§ 24.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0"><a id="Escape"></a>Escape,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> by ferries, <a href="#Regulations_in_New_England">§ 4;</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i1">methods of investigation of, <a href="#Methods_of_escape">§ 63;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> methods of, <a href="#Methods_of_escape">§ 63;</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i1">motives for, <a href="#ason">§ 64;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> to the woods, <a href="#wood">§ 66;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> to the North, <a href="#the_N">§ 67;</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i1">by laundry work, <a href="#the_N">§ 67;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> by coach, <a href="#Fugitives_disguised">§ 69;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> by passports, <a href="#Formal">§ 75;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> general effect of, <a href="#enera">§ 76;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> from English to French, <a href="#to_Fr">D 5.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> See also <a href="#Fugitives">Fugitives,</a> <a href="#Runaways">Runaways.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Extradition, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">no system of, in the colonies, <a href="#Intercolonial_cases">§ 9.</a></span></p> + + + + + + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">False testimony, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">punished, <a href="#ew_of">§ 82.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Faneuil Hall,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> mass meetings in, <a href="#atim">§ 44,</a> <a href="#urns">§ 55.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Fee, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">of commissioners, <a href="#Provisions_of_the_second">§ 30.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Felons, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">runaway apprentices, <a href="#apprentices_felons">A 4.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Felony,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">when guilty of, <a href="#ew_of">§ 82.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Ferries,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> escapes by, <a href="#Regulations_in_New_England">§ 4.</a> </span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Fessenden, ——, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">requests investigation of the District of Columbia jail, <a href="#jails_in_the_District">§ 97,</a> <a href="#essende">C 38.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Fitch, ——, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">resolutions affirming the Compromise, <a href="#ovejo">B 35.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Florence, ——, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">joint resolutions, <a href="#Floren">C 15,</a> <a href="#Florence">C 18.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Florida, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">escapes to, <a href="#al">§ 8;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Seminole trouble in, <a href="#Canada_and_Mexico_places_of_refuge">§ 23.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Fortress Monroe, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">contrabands at, <a href="#The_q">§ 88.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Free negroes, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">penalty for harboring fugitives, <a href="#Regulations_in_New_England"> § 4;</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i1">condition of, <a href="#app">§ 25.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Free States, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">difficulty of transporting slaves across, <a href="#ng_ca"> § 36.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">French colonies, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">interval of unpopulated country south, <a href="#Elem">§ 1;</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i1">refuse to return fugitives, <a href="#International_cases">§ 11.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Friendship, ship, case of, <a href="#Escapes_in_New_England">§ 5,</a> + <a href="#ip_Fr">D 10.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Frontiers, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">places of refuge, <a href="#Canada_and_Mexico_places_of_refuge">§ 23.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Fugitive apprentices,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">act applies to, <a href="#Disc">§ 18.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> See also <a href="#Servants">servants.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0"><a id="Fugitives"></a>Fugitives,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> evidence to convict, <a href="#Propositions_of_1797">§ 19;</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i1">status on the high seas, <a href="#on_the_high_seas">§ 24;</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i1">penalty for harboring, <a href="#Provisions_of_the_second">§ 30,</a> <a href="#Harboring">A 80;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> pursuit interfered with, <a href="#erfer">§ 41;</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i1">length of journeys, <a href="#the_N">§ 67;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> disguised as whites, <a href="#Fugitives_disguised">§ 69;</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i1">how conducted on the underground railroad, <a href="#ds_pu">§ 72;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> in loyal slave states, <a href="#in_lo">§ 93;</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i1">typical cases of, during the war, <a href="#ypic">§ 94;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">arrests of, by civil officers, advertisement of, <a href="#civil_officers">§ 96;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> entertainment of, <a href="#ainm">A 6;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> against, <a href="#ylan">A 11,</a> <a href="#yland">A 12;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> resolution for the discharge of, <a href="#nahan">C 32;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> bill to prevent return of, <a href="#ovejo">C 35;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> resolution against the return of, <a href="#against">C 43,</a> <a href="#Shank">C 46;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> bill on the arrest of, by army and navy officers, <a href="#ilso">C 48;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> act to prohibit return by the army, <a href="#Blair">C 58;</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i1">resolution on the return of, by the army and navy,</span><br /> +<span class="i2"> bill on the return of, by the army,</span><br /> +<span class="i2"> resolution demanding trial by jury for, <a href="#Resolu">C 61,</a> <a href="#ejoy">C 66,</a> <a href="#Colfax">C 77;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> bill for the emancipation of fugitives from disloyal masters, <a href="#disloyal">C 78.</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i1">See also <a href="#Runaways">Runaways,</a> <a href="#Escape">Escapes;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> see <a href="#CONTENTS">Table of Contents.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Fugitive Slaves,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> appeal for, <a href="#Propositions_of_1797">§ 19;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> status of question from 1823 to 1847, <a href="#Propositions_from_1817">§ 20,</a> <a href="#Canada_and_Mexico_places_of_refuge">§ 23;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> resolutions on, <a href="#discussed_in_Congress">§ 95;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> question discussed, <a href="#discussed_in_Congress">§ 95;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> arrest by army officers, <a href="#discussed_in_Congress">§ 95;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> resolutions on the return of,</span><br /> +<span class="i2"> resolution on army orders on, <a href="#Powell">C 28,</a> <a href="#on_Army">C 36;</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i1">resolution on, <a href="#Sumner">C 74;</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i1">sources of information on,</span><br /> +<span class="i2"> general histories of, <a href="#Sources">E 1,</a> <a href="#Secondary_works">E 3;</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i1"> secondary sources of information on,</span><br /> +<span class="i2"> original sources of information on,</span><br /> +<span class="i2">autobiographies of,</span><br /> +<span class="i2"> records of trials of, </span><br /> +<span class="i2">periodicals and newspapers upon, <a href="#Secondary_works">E 3,</a> <a href="#Original_sources">E 5,</a> <a href="#Slave_autobiographies">E 6,</a> <a href="#Records_of_trials">E 7,</a> <a href="#Periodicals">E 11;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> materials for study of legislation upon, <a href="#Materials">E 12.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> See also <a href="#Escape">Escapes,</a> <a href="#Fugitives">Fugitives,</a> <a href="#Runaways">Runaways,</a> and <a href="#CONTENTS">Table of Contents.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Fugitive Slave Act, first (1793), <a href="#Effe">§ 16,</a> <a href="#The_first">§ 17;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> first called for, <a href="#The_first">§ 17;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> necessity of the act, <a href="#The_first">§ 17;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> passed the Senate, passed the House, <a href="#The_first">§ 17;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> signed by the President, <a href="#The_first">§ 17;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> text, <a href="#ave_Act">B 9;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> followed earlier examples, <a href="#The_first">§ 17,</a> <a href="#Disc">§ 18;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> status of opinion on, <a href="#The_first">§ 17;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> remained inoperative, <a href="#Effe">§ 16,</a> <a href="#The_first">§ 17;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> to enforce the, <a href="#more_eff">B 29.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Fugitive Slave Act, second (1850),</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> attempts to secure, <a href="#Propositions_from_1817">§ 20,</a> <a href="#Missouri_Compromise">§ 21;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> secured, <a href="#Act_1850">§ 29;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> introduced by Mason, <a href="#Act_1850">§ 29,</a> <a href="#lative">B 30;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Webster proposes, <a href="#lative">B 30;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> substitute offered, <a href="#lative">B 30;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> passed Congress, <a href="#Act_1850">§ 29;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> necessity of, urged, <a href="#ts_fo">§ 31;</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i1"> arguments for, <a href="#ts_fo">§ 31;</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i1"> arguments against, <a href="#ts_ag">§ 32;</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i1"> provisions of, <a href="#Provisions_of_the_second">§ 30;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> text of, <a href="#Second">B 31;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> unpopularity of, <a href="#Unpopularity">§ 51;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> no moral foundation, <a href="#Unpopularity">§ 51;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> declared unconstitutional, <a href="#crisis_of_1860">§ 85;</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i1"> non-execution of, <a href="#crisis_of_1860">§ 85;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> resolution to amend, <a href="#Julian">C 45.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Fugitive Slave Acts repealed (1864),</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> repeal urged, <a href="#crisis_of_1860">§ 85;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> status of, <a href="#al_of">§ 100;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> early propositions, <a href="#Early_propositions_to">§ 101;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> discussion, <a href="#Early_propositions_to">§ 101;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> repeal bill, <a href="#Early_propositions_to">§ 101;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> passed, <a href="#in_the_Senate">§ 103;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> repeal bill discussed, <a href="#in_the_Senate">§ 103;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> bill to amend, <a href="#ompromis">C 25;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> repeal bills, <a href="#Howe">C 49,</a> <a href="#lia">C 76,</a> + <a href="#repeal">C 80,</a> <a href="#Discussion">C 82;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> repeal bill passes, <a href="#in_the_Senate">§ 103;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> text of, <a href="#thirteenth">§ 104,</a> <a href="#repealing">C 83.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Fugitive Slave Bill of 1818, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">passed the House, <a href="#Propositions_of_1797">§ 19,</a> <a href="#Propositions_from_1817">§ 20;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> title of, <a href="#Propositions_from_1817">§ 20;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> failure in the Senate, <a href="#Missouri_Compromise">§ 21.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Fugitive Slave Cases.</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> See <a href="#CONTENTS">Table of Contents.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Fugitive Slave Clause, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">in the New England Articles of Confederation, <a href="#al">§ 8;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> in the Constitution, <a href="#giti">§ 15</a>-<a href="#Effe">§ 16;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> in the Treaty of Ghent, <a href="#atus">§ 22,</a> <a href="#lause_i">B 12.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Fugitive Slave Controversy,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> educating effect of, recapitulation of, <a href="#trov">§ 105.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Fugitive Slave Legislation, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">opposed by Northern States, <a href="#app">§ 25;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> inadequacy of, proved, <a href="#Nece">§ 26;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> necessity of more stringent, <a href="#Nece">§ 26;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> proposition for new, <a href="#cti">§ 27;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> must be carried out, <a href="#osec">§ 49;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> new element in, <a href="#ssed">§ 79;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> in 1860, <a href="#crisis_of_1860">§ 85;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> resistance to, declared felony, <a href="#Propositions_to_enforce">§ 86;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> propositions to repeal or amend, <a href="#repeal_or_amend">§ 87;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> after emancipation proclamation, <a href="#the_E">§ 92.</a></span></p> + + + + +<p class="index"><span class="i0"><a id="Gallatin"></a>Gallatin, Albert,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> in Treaty of Ghent, <a href="#atus">§ 22.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Gannett, case of, <a href="#Gannett">D 44.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Gansey, Isaac, case of, <a href="#anse">D 24.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">"Gap Gang,"</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> aid kidnappers, <a href="#Christiana">§ 60.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Gardiner, ——, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">commissioner in Hamlet case, <a href="#Hamlet_case">§ 53.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Garner, Margaret,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> flight and seizure, <a href="#Garner">§ 56.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Garner, Robert, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">flight and seizure, <a href="#Garner">§ 56.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Garner, Simeon,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> flight and seizure, <a href="#Garner">§ 56;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> case <a href="#rner">D 58.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Garrett, Thomas, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">trial and fine, reward offered for, <a href="#f_age">§ 74.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Gatchell case, <a href="#Gatchell_ca">D 61.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Georgia,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> difficulty in recovery of fugitives in, <a href="#al">§ 8;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1">Governor of, demands fugitives from justice, <a href="#Boston_and_Isaac"> § 47.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Gibson case, <a href="#Gibson_ca">D 45.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Giddings </span><br /> +<span class="i1">resolution, <a href="#in_the_District">§ 28,</a> <a href="#iddings">B 23,</a> <a href="#istric">B 25,</a> + <a href="#inquir">B 27,</a> <a href="#the_jail">B 28.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Glasgow,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">freedom case in, <a href="#mother_country">§ 12,</a> <a href="#asgo">D 7.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Glocester,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> given jurisdiction over runaways, <a href="#Gloc">A 24.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Glover case, <a href="#Glover_ca">D 55.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Goin case, <a href="#Goin_ca">D 29.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Gorsuch, Edward,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> claims a fugitive, <a href="#Christiana">§ 60.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Grahame, Thomas, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">in freedom case, <a href="#mother_country">§ 12.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Grayson, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> on fugitive slave clause, <a href="#giti">§ 15.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0"><a id="Great_Britain"></a>Great Britain,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> status of fugitives in, <a href="#mother_country">§ 12;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> diplomatic relations, <a href="#mother_country">§ 12;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> encouragement of fugitives, <a href="#atus">§ 22,</a> <a href="#Canada_and_Mexico_places_of_refuge">§ 23;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> pays indemnity, <a href="#on_the_high_seas">§ 24.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> See also <a href="#England">England.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Great Dismal Swamp,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> refuge for runaways, <a href="#wood">§ 66.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Grey, James B., </span><br /> +<span class="i1">demands a fugitive, <a href="#atim">§ 44.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Grimes, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">criminal justice bill, <a href="#jails_in_the_District">§ 97;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> act, <a href="#Grimes">C 51;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> amendments, <a href="#amend">C 64,</a> <a href="#Sumner">C 74.</a></span></p> + + + + + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Hale, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> resolution, <a href="#discussed_in_Congress">§ 95,</a> <a href="#ale">C 41;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> amendment, <a href="#Discussion">C 82.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Hall, ——, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">resolution, <a href="#in_the_District">§ 28,</a> <a href="#Columb">B 26.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Hamlet, James, case, <a href="#Hamlet_case">§ 53,</a> <a href="#let_ca">D 43.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Hannum, Captain, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">in Ottoman case, <a href="#Ottoman_case">§ 45.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Hanway, Castner,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> in Christiana case, <a href="#Christiana">§ 60.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Harlan, ——, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">amendment, <a href="#Grimes">C 51.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Harris, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> introduces confiscation bill, <a href="#provisions_extended">§ 91;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> confiscation bill, <a href="#Harri">C 59,</a> <a href="#cat">C 67,</a> <a href="#arri">C 71;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> amendment, <a href="#amend">C 64.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Hartford,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> fugitive harbored in, <a href="#International_cases">§ 11;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">treaty of, ratified, <a href="#aty_w">A 14;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">controversy with New Netherlands, <a href="#ds_and">D 1.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Harvard College, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">Library of, <a href="#Libraries">E 2.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Henderson </span><br /> +<span class="i1">amendment, <a href="#Discussion">C 82.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Hepburne, Judge, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">in Kennedy case, <a href="#Philadelphia_and_Kennedy">§ 43.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Higginson, T. W.,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> in Burns case, <a href="#urns">§ 55.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Hilliard, Mrs. G. S.,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> harbors a fugitive, <a href="#Formal">§ 75.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Hillyer, ——, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">finality resolution, <a href="#Hillyer">B 37.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Hindman, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> proposition, <a href="#Propositions_to_enforce">§ 86;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> joint resolution, <a href="#indman">C 10.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Holmes, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> on the fugitive slave bill, <a href="#Propositions_from_1817">§ 20.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Howard, ——, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">amendment, <a href="#Discussion">C 82.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Howe, ——, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">repeal bill, 83, <a href="#Howe">C 49.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Hubbard, ——, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">on repeal bill, <a href="#ussi">§ 102;</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i1">resolution, <a href="#repealing">C 83.</a></span></p> + + + + + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Illinois,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">no full personal liberty law in, <a href="#occa">§ 80.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Immigration,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> into Missouri, <a href="#Missouri_Compromise">§ 21.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Impeachment,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> ground for, <a href="#assach">§ 81.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Imprisonment of a runaway, <a href="#ndit">§ 65.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Indented Servants.</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> See <a href="#Servants">Servants.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Indiana,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> personal liberty law in (1824), <a href="#pass">§ 78,</a> <a href="#occa">§ 80.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Indians,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">received fugitives in the wilderness, <a href="#Elem">§ 1;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">as slaves, <a href="#Elem">§ 1;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> as slave hunters, <a href="#al">§ 8;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">conferences with, <a href="#al">§ 8;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">escapes to, <a href="#Intercolonial_cases">§ 9.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> See <a href="#Chickasaws">Chickasaws,</a> <a href="#Choctaws">Choctaws,</a> <a href="#Creek_Indians">Creeks,</a> <a href="#Delawares">Delawares,</a> <a href="#Seminoles">Seminoles.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Intercolonial cases,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> early agreements as to fugitives, <a href="#Elem">§ 1,</a> <a href="#egula">§ 2;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">agreement between the Dutch and English, <a href="#al">§ 8;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> difficulty of arranging regulations, <a href="#al">§ 8;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> first contained in Articles of Confederation, <a href="#al">§ 8;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> dependent upon intercolonial feeling, <a href="#Intercolonial_cases">§ 9;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">case of escape of slaves, <a href="#International_cases">§ 11.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Interferences and rescues, <a href="#erfer">§ 41.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">International cases,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">earliest, <a href="#International_cases">§ 11;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> relations unsettled, <a href="#nter">§ 10;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> regulations under the Articles of Confederation, <a href="#atio">§ 13.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Interstate relations,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> affected by Prigg decision, <a href="#ters">§ 46.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Iowa,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> personal liberty laws in, <a href="#occa">§ 80.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Iredell,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">on fugitive slave clause, <a href="#giti">§ 15.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Isaac, case of, <a href="#Boston_and_Isaac">§ 47,</a> <a href="#anse">D 24.</a></span></p> + + + + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Jackson, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">resolution, <a href="#affirming_the_Compromise">B 36.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Jager, Cornelis Herperts de,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">escape of servants of, <a href="#Escapes_from_New_Amsterdam">§ 7.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0"><a id="Jail"></a>Jail,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">in the District of Columbia,</span><br /> +<span class="i2">resolution on, <a href="#jails_in_the_District">§ 97;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i2"> denied to fugitives, <a href="#jails_in_the_District">§ 97,</a> <a href="#inquir">B 27,</a> <a href="#the_jail">28.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i2">See <a href="#District_of_Columbia">District of Columbia.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0"><a id="Jails"></a>Jails,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> State,</span><br /> + <span class="i2">not to be used, <a href="#atim">§ 44;</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i2"> denied to fugitives, <a href="#adrac">§ 57;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i2"> denial constitutional, <a href="#ct_of">§ 83;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i2"> use forbidden, <a href="#ew_of">§ 82;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i2"> See also <a href="#Personal_Liberty_Laws">Personal Liberty Bill.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Jefferson, Thomas,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">proposition, <a href="#Ordinance_for_the_Northwest">§ 14.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">John case, <a href="#The_first">§ 17,</a> <a href="#John">D 11.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Johnson,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> joint resolution, <a href="#ohnson">C 12,</a> <a href="#Johnson">C 27;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> amendment, <a href="#repealing">C 83.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Johnson Case, <a href="#hnson_c">D 60.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Johnston,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> on committee, <a href="#The_first">§ 17.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Jones, George, case, <a href="#Jones_case">§ 37,</a> <a href="#of_Jo">D 19.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Julian, George W.,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">repeal bills, <a href="#Early_propositions_to">§ 101,</a> <a href="#lia">C 76,</a> <a href="#repeal">C 80;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">resolution, <a href="#Julian">C 45.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Jury trial,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">not admitted, <a href="#al">§ 8;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> disuse of, <a href="#pass">§ 78.</a></span></p> + + + + + + + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Kansas,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> personal liberty laws in, <a href="#occa">§ 80,</a> <a href="#ew_of"> § 82.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Kellogg, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> joint resolution, <a href="#Kell">C 19,</a> <a href="#Kello">C 20,</a> <a href="#Kellogg">C 21.</a></span></p> + + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Kennedy case, <a href="#Philadelphia_and_Kennedy">§ 43,</a> <a href="#dy_ca">D 35.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Kentucky,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">resolutions, <a href="#Canada_and_Mexico_places_of_refuge">§ 23;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">petition of Legislature, <a href="#cti">§ 27;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> demands extradition of abettors of fugitives, <a href="#Ohio_and_Kentucky">§ 48;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">controversy with Ohio, <a href="#ky_co">D 37.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0"><a id="Kidnapping"></a>Kidnapping,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> suggests new fugitive slave law, <a href="#The_first">§ 17;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> from 1793 to 1850, <a href="#app">§ 25;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">in border States, <a href="#app">§ 25;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> character of cases, <a href="#ng_ca"> § 36;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">enlists sympathy, <a href="#ise">§ 71;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">regulations against, <a href="#s_aga">§ 99.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Kilgore,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">resolution, <a href="#repeal_or_amend">§ 87,</a> <a href="#ilgore">C 11.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">King, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">on repeal bill, <a href="#ussi">§ 102.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Kirk case, <a href="#Kirk_ca">D 33.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Kline, Marshal,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> demands assistance, <a href="#Christiana">§ 60.</a></span></p> + + + + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">L'Amistad case, <a href="#on_the_high_seas">§ 24.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Latimer, George,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> case of, <a href="#atim">§ 44,</a> <a href="#mer_ca">D 28;</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i1">effect, <a href="#assach">§ 81;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">daily <a id="journal"></a>journal, <a href="#atim">§ 44.</a></span></p> + + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Leake, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> joint resolution, <a href="#McClernand">C 9.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Le Screux,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">slave on, <a href="#International_cases">§ 11.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Lewis case, <a href="#Lewis_ca">D 54.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Lewis, Elijah,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> prosecution of, <a href="#Christiana">§ 60,</a> <a href="#ana_ca">D 49.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Liberator,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">kidnapping case in, <a href="#s_aga">§ 99.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> See Newspapers.</span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Liberty,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> love of, by slaves, <a href="#ason">§ 64.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Liberty Party,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">convention of, <a href="#Jerry_McHenry">§ 58.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Libraries,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">use of, <a href="#Libraries">E 2.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Lincoln, President,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">preliminary proclamation, <a href="#the_E">§ 92;</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i1">final emancipation proclamation, <a href="#the_E">§ 92.</a> </span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">List,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">counsel in Shadrach case, <a href="#adrac">§ 57.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Loring, Ellis Gray,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> in Shadrach case, <a href="#adrac">§ 57;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Crafts taken to house of, <a href="#Fugitives_disguised">§ 69.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Louisiana,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> escape of slaves from, <a href="#Missouri_Compromise">§ 21.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Lovejoy,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> bills, <a href="#discussed_in_Congress">§ 95;</a> <a href="#ovejo">C 35,</a> <a href="#ejoy">C 66;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">resolutions, <a href="#by_the_Army">C 29,</a> <a href="#Love">C 44;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">amendment, <a href="#essende">C 38.</a></span></p> + + + + + + + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Madison,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">on fugitive slave clause, <a href="#giti">§ 15.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Maine, Governor of,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">refuses to surrender fugitives from justice, <a href="#Boston_and_Isaac">§ 47;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> personal liberty law in, <a href="#ew_of">§ 82.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Malbronne, Ensign de,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> loses servant, <a href="#International_cases">§ 11.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Mallory, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">on Blair bill, <a href="#discussed_in_Congress">§ 95;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> on repeal, <a href="#ussi">§ 102.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Manhattan,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">escape to, <a href="#Escapes_from_New_Amsterdam">§ 7,</a> <a href="#pe_to">D 2.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Mansfield, Lord.</span><br /> +<span class="i1">See <a href="#Somersett_case">Somersett case.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Market women,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> on Underground Railroad, <a href="#Formal">§ 75.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Maryland,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">regulations on fugitives, <a href="#egula">§ 2,</a> <a href="#Treatment_of_fugitives">§ 3;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> offers reward, <a href="#al">§ 8;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">letter from, to New Netherlands, <a href="#International_cases">§ 11;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> fugitives escape from, <a href="#International_cases">§ 11;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">resolution, <a href="#Missouri_Compromise">§ 21;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> resolutions debated, <a href="#Missouri_Compromise">§ 21,</a> <a href="#Maryla">B 18;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> offers reward for Thomas Garrett, <a href="#f_age">§ 74;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> regulations against runaways, <a href="#apprentices_felons">A 4,</a> <a href="#ylan">A 11,</a> <a href="#yland">12,</a> + <a href="#ar">A 26,</a> <a href="#ary">A 28,</a> <a href="#and_their_entert">A 31,</a> <a href="#Apprehension">A 38,</a> <a href="#rylan">A 40.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Mason, of Massachusetts,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">on the fugitive slave bill, <a href="#Propositions_from_1817">§ 20.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Mason, of Virginia,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">fugitive slave bill, <a href="#Act_1850">§ 29,</a> <a href="#lative">B 30;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">amendment, <a href="#Act_1850">§ 29;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> argument, <a href="#ts_fo">§ 31.</a> </span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Massachusetts Bay,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">regulation against transportation of apprentices and servants, <a href="#of_apprentices_and">A 63;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">on the capture of servants in, <a href="#achu">A 2;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> regulation of free negroes, <a href="#assa">A 53.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Massachusetts Colony,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">first law as to fugitives, <a href="#Regulations_in_New_England">§ 4;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> in the New England Confederation, <a href="#al">§ 8;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">emancipation in, <a href="#Ordinance_for_the_Northwest">§ 14;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> first fugitive slave case in, <a href="#irst">§ 34.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Massachusetts State,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">Governor of, advised, <a href="#assach">§ 81;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> personal liberty law, <a href="#ssed">§ 79,</a> <a href="#occa">§ 80,</a> <a href="#assach">§ 81;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> no recovery of fugitives in, <a href="#crisis_of_1860">§ 85.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">May, S. J.,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> in "Jerry" case, <a href="#Jerry_McHenry">§ 58.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">McClernand, ——, <a href="#McClernand">C 9.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">McHenry, "Jerry," case, <a href="#Jerry_McHenry">§ 58,</a> <a href="#rry_ca">D 51.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">McLanahan, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">resolution, <a href="#nahan">B 32.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Meade, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">proposition, <a href="#cti">§ 27;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">resolution, <a href="#more_eff">B 29.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Meionaon,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> mass meetings in, <a href="#urns">§ 55.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Merrill, Amos B.,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> in Latimer case, <a href="#atim">§ 44.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Mexico,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">as a place of refuge, <a href="#Canada_and_Mexico_places_of_refuge">§ 23.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Michigan,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> personal liberty laws in, <a href="#occa">§ 80,</a> <a href="#ew_of">§ 82;</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Miller,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> in kidnapping case, <a href="#case_1851">§ 61,</a> <a href="#iller">D 50.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Miner, Jo,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">advertisement of, <a href="#civil_officers">§ 96.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Minnesota,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> personal liberty law in, <a href="#occa">§ 80.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Missouri,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> admission of, <a href="#Missouri_Compromise">§ 21;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">Anderson case in, <a href="#Canada_and_Mexico_places_of_refuge">§ 23;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Governor of, offers reward for John Brown, <a href="#Kansas_1858">§ 62.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Missouri Compromise,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">fugitive slave clause in, <a href="#Missouri_Compromise">§ 21,</a> <a href="#ssouri">B 16;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> period of, <a href="#Missouri_Compromise">§ 21.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Mob,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">provisions against, <a href="#Provisions_of_the_second">§ 30.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Morgan, Margaret.</span><br /> +<span class="i1">See <a href="#Priggs_vs_Pennsylvania_case">Prigg Case.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Morrill, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> resolution, <a href="#orril">C 40.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Morris, cutter,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> in Burns case, <a href="#urns">§ 55.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Morris, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">substitute reported, <a href="#Early_propositions_to">§ 101;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">on repeal bill, <a href="#ussi">§ 102;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">resolution, <a href="#esoluti">C 3;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> joint resolution, <a href="#Morris">C 16.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Morris, John B.,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">demands a fugitive slave, <a href="#ickas">§ 42.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">"Moses."</span><br /> +<span class="i1">See <a href="#Tubman_Harriet">Harriet Tubman.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Murray, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">motion, <a href="#Propositions_of_1797">§ 19.</a></span></p> + + + + + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Nalle case, <a href="#Nalle_ca">D 64.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Nassau,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">fugitives in, <a href="#on_the_high_seas">§ 24.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Negroes,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">ignorance of, <a href="#the_N">§ 67;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> regulation of, <a href="#Regulation_of">A 65;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> against escape of, <a href="#Escape_of">A 78;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> petition of a soldier, <a href="#Propositions_of_1797">§ 19;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> free, how affected, <a href="#Propositions_from_1817">§ 20;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">regulation of, <a href="#assa">A 53.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">See also <a href="#Fugitives">Fugitives.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0"><a id="New_Amsterdam"></a>New Amsterdam,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> escape of servants from, <a href="#Escapes_from_New_Amsterdam">§ 7;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> trial at, <a href="#Intercolonial_cases">§ 9.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> See also <a href="#New_Netherlands">New Netherlands.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">New England,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> regulations as to fugitives, <a href="#Regulations_in_New_England">§ 4.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">New England Confederation,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> composition of, <a href="#al">§ 8;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> articles of, <a href="#Arti">A 8.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">New Hampshire,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">legislation in, <a href="#Regulations_in_New_England">§ 4,</a> <a href="#minors_and">A 61;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> personal liberty laws in, <a href="#occa">§ 80,</a> <a href="#ew_of">§ 82;</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">New Haven,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">in the New England Confederation, <a href="#al">§ 8.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">New Jersey,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> regulations on fugitives, <a href="#Treatment_of_fugitives">§ 3,</a> <a href="#New_Jersey">A 32,</a> <a href="#New_Jer">A 39,</a> <a href="#vention">A 42;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> sanctions rendition, <a href="#occa">§ 80;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> slaves, <a href="#ew_Je">A 55;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> white servants, <a href="#of_white">A 56.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0"><a id="New_Netherlands"></a>New Netherlands,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">legislation in, <a href="#Regulations_in_New_England">§ 4;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> on fugitive slave cases, <a href="#International_cases">§ 11;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> regulations against runaways, <a href="#away">A 1,</a> <a href="#ants">A 3,</a> <a href="#Against_harboring">A 5,</a> + <a href="#ands">A 10,</a> <a href="#aty_w">A 14,</a> <a href="#herlands">A 19;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> Quakers, <a href="#admission_to_colony">A 29;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> controversy with Hartford, <a href="#ds_and">D 1.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> See also <a href="#Dutch_Colonies">Dutch Colonies.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">New York,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">regulation on fugitives, <a href="#al">§ 8,</a> <a href="#anad">A 50,</a> <a href="#Act_of_1702_revived">A 51,</a> <a href="#Act_o">A 59;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> Governor of, in Solomon Northrup case, <a href="#olomo">§ 38;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> refusal to return abettors of fugitives, <a href="#Boston_and_Isaac">§ 47;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> personal liberty laws, <a href="#occa">§ 80,</a> <a href="#ew_of">§ 82,</a> <a href="#ct_of">§ 83;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> slaves, <a href="#New_Y">A 49;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> prevention of insurrections, <a href="#insurrections">A 68;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> kidnapping in, <a href="#s_aga">§ 99.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Niblack, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">resolution, <a href="#Nibl">C 7.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Nicholson,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">on committee, <a href="#Propositions_of_1797">§ 19.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Norfolk,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">kidnapping cases in, <a href="#s_aga">§ 99,</a> <a href="#olk_ca">D 68.</a></span></p> + + + + + + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Oberlin Case, <a href="#Ober">§ 40,</a> <a href="#lin_ca">D 26.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0"><a id="Oberlin-Wellington"></a>Oberlin-Wellington,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> rescue, <a href="#rescue_1858">§ 59,</a> <a href="#ngton_c">D 62.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Officers,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">return of fugitives by army and navy, <a href="#endme">C 53.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0"><a id="Ohio"></a>Ohio,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">fugitives protected in, <a href="#Missouri_Compromise">§ 21;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> refusal to return abettors of fugitives, <a href="#Ohio_and_Kentucky">§ 48;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> personal liberty law, <a href="#occa">§ 80,</a> <a href="#ew_of">§ 82.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Olmsted, F. L.,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> quoted, <a href="#ndit">§ 65.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">"Omnibus Bill,"</span><br /> +<span class="i1">fugitive slave provision in, <a href="#Act_1850">§ 29.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Ordinance of 1787,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">for the Northwest Territory, <a href="#Ordinance_for_the_Northwest">§ 14,</a> <a href="#giti">§ 15;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> confirmed, <a href="#Effe">§ 16.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Ottoman case, <a href="#Ottoman_case">§ 45,</a> <a href="#ig_Ot">D 34.</a></span></p> + + + + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Parker, Theodore,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">speaks on Burns' case, <a href="#urns">§ 55;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> indicted for riot, <a href="#urns">§ 55;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> protects William and Lucy Crafts, <a href="#Fugitives_disguised">§ 69.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Parker, William,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> in Christiana case, <a href="#Christiana">§ 60.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Pass,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">necessity of, <a href="#ndit">§ 65.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Patrols,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">duty of, <a href="#ndit">§ 65.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Patroons,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">runaways from, <a href="#away">A 1.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Peace Convention,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> amendment, <a href="#Peace_Convention">C 22.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Pearl,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">carries fugitives, <a href="#and_Walker_cases">§ 50.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Penalties</span><br /> +<span class="i1">for escape, <a href="#Provisions_of_the_second">§ 30;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> for violating personal liberty laws, <a href="#occa">§ 80.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0"><a id="Pennsylvania"></a>Pennsylvania,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">emancipation in, <a href="#Ordinance_for_the_Northwest">§ 14;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1">Governor of, in "John" case, <a href="#The_first">§ 17;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1">act of, reported, <a href="#Missouri_Compromise">§ 21,</a> <a href="#Pennsy">B 17;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> fugitives abetted in, <a href="#Missouri_Compromise">§ 21;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> personal liberty laws in, <a href="#occa">§ 80,</a> <a href="#ew_of">§ 82;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> regulation of servants, <a href="#sylv">A 48;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> regulation of negroes, <a href="#Regulation_of">A 65;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> harboring of fugitives, <a href="#Harboring">A 80;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> case in, <a href="#Case_in_P">D 46.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> efforts in behalf of "John," <a href="#The_first">§ 17;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> petition of, <a href="#Propositions_from_1817">§ 20;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> efforts of, <a href="#app">§ 25.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Pensacola,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">Walker embarks from, <a href="#and_Walker_cases">§ 50.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0"><a id="Personal_Liberty_Laws"></a>Personal Liberty Laws,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> passed, <a href="#app">§ 25;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> character of, <a href="#cter">§ 77;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> before the Prigg decision, <a href="#pass">§ 78;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> between the Prigg decision and the Second Fugitive Slave Law, <a href="#ssed">§ 79;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> occasioned by the law of 1850, <a href="#occa">§ 80;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> change in character, <a href="#occa">§ 80;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> table of, <a href="#occa">§ 80;</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i1"> distribution among States, <a href="#occa">§ 80;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> report on, <a href="#assach">§ 81;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> effect of, <a href="#ct_of">§ 83,</a> <a href="#trov">§ 105;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> constitutionality of, <a href="#ct_of">§ 83;,</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> obstruction by, <a href="#crisis_of_1860">§ 85;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> repeal urged, <a href="#crisis_of_1860">§ 85;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> resolution against, <a href="#Propositions_to_enforce">§ 86;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Saulsbury substitute on, <a href="#validity">C 81.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Petition</span><br /> +<span class="i1">of North Carolina negroes, <a href="#Propositions_of_1797">§ 19;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> of free negroes, <a href="#Propositions_of_1797">§ 19;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> of a free colored soldier, <a href="#Propositions_of_1797">§ 19;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society, <a href="#Propositions_from_1817">§ 20;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> from the Kentucky Legislature, <a href="#cti">§ 27;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> to remove jailer and sheriff in Latimer case, <a href="#atim">§ 44;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> for an amendment to the Constitution, <a href="#atim">§ 44;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> for a new personal liberty law, <a href="#assach">§ 81.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Philadelphia,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">constitutional convention sits in, <a href="#giti">§ 15;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> attempted rescue in, <a href="#Philadelphia_and_Kennedy">§ 43,</a> <a href="#lphi">D 22.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Phillips, Wendell,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">speeches on Latimer case, <a href="#atim">§ 44;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> addresses mass meeting, <a href="#urns">§ 55;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> speaks on Burns' case, <a href="#urns">§ 55;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> indicted for riot, <a href="#urns">§ 55.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Pierce, Franklin, President,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">sends executive message, <a href="#adrac">§ 57;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> issues proclamation, <a href="#adrac">§ 57.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Pindall,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> on revision of the fugitive slave act, <a href="#Propositions_from_1817">§ 20;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> made chairman of committee, <a href="#Propositions_from_1817">§ 20;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1">amendatory bill, <a href="#stract">B 10.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Pine Grove Plantation,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">probable refuge, <a href="#wood">§ 66.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Pinckney, Gen. C. C.,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">on the fugitive slave clause, <a href="#giti">§ 15.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Plymouth,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> in the New England Confederation, <a href="#al">§ 8.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Pomeroy, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> on confiscation bill, <a href="#provisions_extended">§ 91;</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Porter, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">amendment, <a href="#cat">C 67.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Potter, R. J.,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">advertisement by, <a href="#civil_officers">§ 96.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Powell, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">on District of Columbia jail, <a href="#jails_in_the_District">§ 97,</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> joint resolution, <a href="#Powell">C 28;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> amendment, <a href="#Grimes">C 51.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Pratt, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">amendment, <a href="#lative">B 30.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0"><a id="Priggs_vs_Pennsylvania_case"></a>Priggs vs. Pennsylvania case, <a href="#app">§ 25,</a> <a href="#Prigg_ca">D 18;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">consequences of, <a href="#ssed">§ 79;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">extracts from, <a href="#ignifi">B 22.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Proclamation,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> by West India Company, <a href="#International_cases">§ 11;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> on Shadrach case, <a href="#adrac">§ 57;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> emancipation, <a href="#provisions_extended">§ 91.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Prosecutions,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> carried on, <a href="#osec">§ 49;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> after "Jerry" rescue, <a href="#Jerry_McHenry">§ 58;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> of Oberlin-Wellington rescuers, <a href="#rescue_1858">§ 59;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> of Wendell Phillips, <a href="#urns">§ 55.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Protection papers,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">use of, <a href="#protection_papers">§ 68.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Pugh, George H.,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> joint resolution, <a href="#Pugh">C 26.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Purrington, brig William, <a href="#Purrington">D 39.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Purvis, Robert,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">connection with Underground Railroad, <a href="#Formal">§ 75.</a></span></p> + + + + + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Quakers,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">arrange station on the Underground Railroad, <a href="#ise">§ 71;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> fugitives hidden by, <a href="#ds_pu">§ 72;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1">refused admission to New Netherlands, <a href="#admission_to_colony">A 29.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Quincy, Josiah,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">account of first fugitive slave case in the North, <a href="#irst">§ 34,</a> <a href="#s_ca">D 12.</a></span></p> + + + + + + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Raids,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">upon plantations, <a href="#wood">§ 66.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Rantoul, Robert, Jr.,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> in Sims case, <a href="#ims">§ 54.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Read, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">on committee, <a href="#The_first">§ 17.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0"><a id="Redemptioners"></a>Redemptioners,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">described, <a href="#Elem">§ 1;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> cases of, <a href="#Elem">§ 1;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1">case of running away with negroes, <a href="#Treatment_of_fugitives">§ 3.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Refuge,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">place of, <a href="#wood">§ 66.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Rendition,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">a duty, <a href="#al">§ 8.</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1">See also <a href="#Fugitives">Fugitives.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Rescue,</span><br /> + <span class="i1">first case of, <a href="#irst">§ 34.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Re<a id="solution"></a>solution,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">by Maryland Legislature, <a href="#Missouri_Compromise">§ 21;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> on relations with Canada, <a href="#Canada_and_Mexico_places_of_refuge">§ 23;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Kentucky, <a href="#Canada_and_Mexico_places_of_refuge">§ 23;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> on fugitives on the high seas, <a href="#on_the_high_seas">§ 24;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> Giddings, <a href="#in_the_District">§ 28;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> against the return of Latimer, <a href="#atim">§ 44;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> to base representation on free persons, <a href="#atim">§ 44;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> Georgia Legislature, <a href="#Boston_and_Isaac">§ 47;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> on arrests by army officers, <a href="#discussed_in_Congress">§ 95;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Fitch, <a href="#Fitch">B 35;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Jackson, <a href="#affirming_the_Compromise">B 36;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Hillyer, <a href="#Hillyer">B 37;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> Chase, <a href="#Chase">B 38;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> Cochrane's joint, <a href="#Cochra">C 2;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Morris, <a href="#esoluti">C 3;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Leake, <a href="#Leake">C 4;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Cox, <a href="#Cox">C 5;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Stevenson, <a href="#Steve">C 6;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Niblack, <a href="#Nibl">C 7;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> English joint, <a href="#Engl">C 8;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> McClernand joint, <a href="#McClernand">C 9;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Hindman, <a href="#indman">C 10;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Kilgore, <a href="#ilgore">C 11;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> Johnson's joint, <a href="#ohnson">C 12,</a> <a href="#Johnson">27;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> Crittenden's joint, <a href="#Crittende">C 13;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> Douglas's joint, <a href="#Doug">C 14;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> Florence, <a href="#Floren">C 15,</a> <a href="#Florence">C 18;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Morris's joint, <a href="#Morris">C 16;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> Kellogg's joint, <a href="#Kell">C 19,</a> <a href="#Kello">C 20,</a> <a href="#Kellogg">C 21;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Clarence's joint, <a href="#Clarence">C 23;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Crittenden's joint, <a href="#Crittenden">C 24;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> Pugh's joint, <a href="#Pugh">C 26;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> Powell's joint, <a href="#Powell">C 28;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> Lovejoy's, <a href="#by_the_Army">C 29;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> Wilson's, <a href="#nahan">C 32,</a> <a href="#ck_cod">C 33,</a> <a href="#olu">C 47,</a> <a href="#manage">C 55,</a> <a href="#Resolu">C 61;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> Clark, <a href="#expla">C 34;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> Sumner, <a href="#on_Army">C 36;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Fessenden, <a href="#essende">C 38;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Bingham, <a href="#ingha">C 39;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Morrill's confiscation joint, <a href="#orril">C 40;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> Hale, <a href="#ale">C 41;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> Sumner, <a href="#against">C 43,</a> <a href="#Sumner">C 74;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Lovejoy, <a href="#Love">C 44;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Julian, <a href="#Julian">C 45;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Shank, <a href="#Shank">C 46;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Colfax, <a href="#Colfax">C 77;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Hubbard's repeal, <a href="#repealing">C 83.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Revolution,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">did not change condition of slave, <a href="#Ordinance_for_the_Northwest">§ 14.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Reward, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">offered by Missouri, <a href="#Kansas_1858"> § 62;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> by United States, <a href="#Kansas_1858">§ 62;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> by colonies, <a href="#al">§ 8.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Rhode Island legislation, <a href="#Regulations_in_New_England">§ 4;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> emancipation, <a href="#Ordinance_for_the_Northwest">§ 14;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> personal liberty law, <a href="#ssed">§ 79,</a> <a href="#occa">§ 80,</a> <a href="#ew_of">§ 82;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> regulation of ferries in, <a href="#endments">A 57.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Rice, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">amendment, <a href="#endme">C 53.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Rice, John,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">kidnapped, <a href="#rescue_1858">§ 59.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Rich,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">on the fugitive slave bill, <a href="#Propositions_from_1817">§ 20.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Riker, Richard,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">in Jones case, <a href="#Jones_case">§ 37.</a> +</span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Riley, ——, United States commissioner, <a href="#adrac">§ 57.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Rotch,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> aids escape, <a href="#Escapes_in_New_England">§ 5.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0"><a id="Runaways"></a>Runaways, </span><br /> + <span class="i1">regulations against, <a href="#Dutch_regulations_in_New">§ 6,</a> <a href="#al">§ 8;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> easily regulated, <a href="#al">§ 8;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> the habitual, <a href="#wood">§ 66;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> methods pursued, <a href="#the_N">§ 67;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> harboring upon a ship, <a href="#the_N">§ 67;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> regulations against, <a href="#away">A 1,</a> <a href="#ants">A 3,</a> + <a href="#apprentices_felons">A 4,</a> <a href="#vant">A 7,</a> <a href="#shme">A 17,</a> <a href="#Gloc">A 24,</a> <a href="#unaway_se">A 25,</a> <a href="#ursuit">A 27,</a> + <a href="#and_their_entert">A 31,</a> <a href="#nawa">A 33,</a> <a href="#rylan">A 40,</a> <a href="#ay_serva">A 52,</a> <a href="#minors_and">A 61,</a> <a href="#Conn">A 67;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">entertainment of, <a href="#ands">A 10,</a> <a href="#tain">A 16,</a> <a href="#admission_to_colony">A 29,</a> <a href="#Appr">A 37,</a> <a href="#arol">A 73;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> second offence, how punished, <a href="#alty">A 13;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1">hue and cry after, <a href="#crie">A 18;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1">from the Dutch, <a href="#ship">A 21;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1">apprehension of, <a href="#hens">A 22;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> English, <a href="#ay_wi">A 23;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> in Glocester, <a href="#Gloc">A 24;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1">apprehension of, <a href="#on_of_R">A 35,</a> <a href="#Apprehension">A 38;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1">capture rewarded, <a href="#Appr">A 37;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1">prevention of, <a href="#vention">A 42;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1">to Canada, <a href="#anad">A 50;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1">trade with, inhibited, <a href="#Inhibition">A 47;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> against ferriage of, <a href="#age_o">A 57,</a> <a href="#Ferria">A 74;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> minor, <a href="#minors_and">A 61;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> pursuit of, <a href="#Pursuit_of">A 79.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Russia, Emperor of,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">arbitration by, <a href="#atus">§ 22.</a></span></p> + + + + + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Saulsbury,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">amendments, <a href="#Grimes">C 51,</a> + <a href="#endme">C 53,</a> <a href="#Blair">C 58,</a> <a href="#auls">C 70,</a> <a href="#validity">C 81,</a> <a href="#Discussion">C 82,</a> <a href="#repealing">C 83.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Savannah Georgian,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">advertisement in, <a href="#wood">§ 66.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Secrecy,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> observed by fugitives, <a href="#Formal">§ 75.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Sedgwick, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">on committee, <a href="#The_first">§ 17.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Seizure,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">of North Carolina negroes, <a href="#Propositions_of_1797">§ 19.</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> See also <a href="#Arrest">Arrest,</a> <a href="#Kidnapping">Kidnapping</a> Cases.</span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0"><a id="Seminoles"></a>Seminoles,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">steal slaves, <a href="#atus">§ 22;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> trouble, <a href="#Canada_and_Mexico_places_of_refuge">§ 23;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> United States claims on, <a href="#Assump">B 19.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Sergeant, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">on the fugitive slave bill, <a href="#Propositions_from_1817">§ 20.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0"><a id="Servants"></a>Servants,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">English, <a href="#unaway_se">A 25,</a> <a href="#ary">A 28;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> an act concerning, <a href="#rolina">A 60;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> regulation of, <a href="#of_white">A 56,</a> <a href="#Delaw">A 70,</a> <a href="#Delawa">A 71;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> fugitive, <a href="#Connect">A 9,</a> <a href="#herlands">A 19,</a> + <a href="#ship">A 21,</a> <a href="#New_Jersey">A 32,</a> <a href="#New_Jer">A 39,</a> <a href="#East_New_J">A 41,</a> + <a href="#ast_N">A 45,</a> <a href="#Conn">A 67,</a> <a href="#Escape_of">A 78;</a></span><br /> + +<span class="i1"> how to know a, <a href="#ay_se">A 20.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> See also <a href="#Fugitives">Fugitives,</a> <a href="#Runaways">Runaways.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Sewall, Samuel E.,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">counsels fugitives, <a href="#atim">§ 44,</a> <a href="#adrac">§ 57.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Seward, W. H.,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">amendments, <a href="#Act_1850">§ 29,</a> <a href="#lative">B 30.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0"><a id="Shadrach"></a>Shadrach,</span><br /> + <span class="i1"> case, <a href="#adrac">§ 57;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1">personal liberty laws tested, <a href="#assach">§ 81;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> Clay's resolution on, <a href="#Clay">B 33;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> case, <a href="#ach_ca">D 48.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Shank, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">resolution, <a href="#Shank">C 46.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Shanley vs. Haney case, <a href="#ley">D 8.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Shaw, Chief Justice,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">in Latimer case, <a href="#atim">§ 44.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Shell, O. P.,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">advertises a runaway, <a href="#ndit">§ 65.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Sheriff,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">power of, <a href="#Provisions_of_the_second">§ 30.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Sherman, John,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">amendments, <a href="#in_the_Senate">§ 103</a>, <a href="#Discussion">C 82.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Sherman, Roger,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> on the fugitive slave clause, <a href="#giti">§ 15;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> on committee, <a href="#The_first">§ 17.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Sherwood, Major,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">case of servant of, <a href="#ypic">§ 94,</a> <a href="#Major_Sherwood">D 67.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Ship,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">refuge for runaways, <a href="#the_N">§ 67;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> slave on Brazilian, <a href="#on_board">D 36.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Ship-masters, Dutch,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">rewarded, <a href="#ship">A 21.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Sims, Thomas M.,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> case, <a href="#ims">§ 54;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> brigade, § <a href="#ims">54;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> court-house used as jail, <a href="#assach">§ 81;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> case, <a href="#ims_ca">D 47.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Slaves,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> conditions of life, <a href="#ndit">§ 65;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> Mother's Farewell, extract from, <a href="#ason">§ 64;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> stealing of, <a href="#stealing">A 77;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> abolition of trade in, <a href="#Propositions_from_1817">§ 20;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> status of, in England, <a href="#atus">§ 22;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> question of damages, <a href="#Provisions_of_the_second">§ 30;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> must wear livery, <a href="#ndit">§ 65;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> new conditions surround, <a href="#The_q">§ 88;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> regulation of, <a href="#New_Y">A 49,</a> <a href="#better">A 54,</a> <a href="#ew_Je">A 55,</a> <a href="#rolina">A 60,</a> <a href="#h_Ca">A 64,</a> + <a href="#Conn">A 67,</a> <a href="#Delaw">A 70,</a> <a href="#Delawa">A 71,</a> <a href="#Sou">A 72;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> extradition of, <a href="#odbrid">B 21;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> status on the high seas, <a href="#alhoun">B 20,</a> <a href="#iddings">B 23;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> of the Dutch, escape to the English, <a href="#al">§ 8;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> escape to the forest, <a href="#al">§ 8;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> of rebels, resolutions on, <a href="#The_q">§ 88;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> bill to free, <a href="#umbu">C 52.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Slaveholder, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">demand for legislation, <a href="#giti">§ 15;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> basis of, argued, <a href="#Effe">§ 16;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> complaints of, <a href="#Propositions_of_1797">§ 19.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Slave-hunters,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> how received, <a href="#ds_pu">§ 72;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> insurrections to prevent, <a href="#insurrections">A 68.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Slavery,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">condition in the colonies, <a href="#International_cases">§ 11;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> interests advanced, <a href="#Effe">§ 16;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> justification of, <a href="#Effe">§ 16;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> extinction of, <a href="#ge_in">§ 33;</a> </span><br /> + <span class="i1"> attacked in Congress, <a href="#ry_at">§ 89;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> abolition in the District of Columbia, <a href="#bia">§ 98,</a> <a href="#ill">C 62,</a> <a href="#abolitio">C 65;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1">studies of the institution of, <a href="#Secondary_works">E 3;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> studies of colonial, <a href="#Secondary_works">E 3;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> speeches upon, <a href="#eeche">E 8.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Smith, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">on fugitive slave law, <a href="#Propositions_from_1817">§ 20.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Smith, Gerrit,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">in Anderson case, <a href="#Canada_and_Mexico_places_of_refuge">§ 23;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> in "Jerry" rescue, <a href="#Jerry_McHenry">§ 58.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Smithburg case, <a href="#Smithb">D 32.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Society for the Abolition of Slavery.</span><br /> +<span class="i1">See <a href="#Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0"><a id="Somersett_case"></a>Somersett case, +<a href="#mother_country"> § 12,</a> <a href="#Somer">D 9.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Soulé, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">on the fugitive slave bill, <a href="#ts_fo">§ 31.</a> </span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">South Bend Case, <a href="#Bend">D 38.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">South Carolina,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> regulations on fugitives, <a href="#egula">§ 2,</a> <a href="#Treatment_of_fugitives">§ 3;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> difficulty in recovering fugitives, <a href="#al">§ 8;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> constitutional convention in, <a href="#giti">§ 15;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> regulations against runaways, <a href="#Carolina">A 43,</a> + <a href="#Inhibition">A 47,</a> <a href="#Additional">A 58,</a> <a href="#outh_Caro">A 62,</a> <a href="#h_Ca">A 64;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> regulation of slaves, <a href="#better">A 54,</a> <a href="#h_Ca">A 64,</a> <a href="#ula">A 69,</a> + <a href="#stealing">A 77.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Southern States,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">complain of Underground Railroad, <a href="#enera">§ 76.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Spalding, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">repeal bill, <a href="#Early_propositions_to">§ 101,</a> <a href="#repeal">C 80.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Spanish colonies,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">interval of unpopulated country south, <a href="#Elem">§ 1.</a> </span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Sprague, E., <a href="#urns">§ 55.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">State Jails.</span><br /> +<span class="i1">See <a href="#Jails">Jails.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">State Officers,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">power discussed, <a href="#Propositions_of_1797">§ 19,</a> <a href="#Propositions_from_1817">§ 20;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> forfeiture of office, <a href="#assach">§ 81;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> forbidden to act, <a href="#ssed">§ 79,</a> <a href="#assach">§ 81.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">St. Augustine,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">escapes to, <a href="#al">§ 8.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">St. Luc, Sieur de la Corne,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">negro servant of, <a href="#International_cases">§ 11.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Staunton, General,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> in Sherwood case, <a href="#ypic">§ 94.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Stevens, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">repeal bill, <a href="#Early_propositions_to">§ 101,</a> <a href="#repeal">C 80;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> motion of, <a href="#lative">B 30.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Stevenson, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">resolution, <a href="#Steve">C 6.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Stewart, ——.</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> See <a href="#Somersett_case">Somersett Case.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Story, Justice,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">decision in Prigg case, <a href="#app">§ 25.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Stuyvesant, Governor,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> in fugitive slave case, <a href="#International_cases">§ 11.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Sumner, Charles,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> in Drayton case, <a href="#and_Walker_cases">§ 50;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> resolutions, <a href="#discussed_in_Congress">§ 95;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> repeal bills, <a href="#Early_propositions_to">§ 101,</a> <a href="#ussi">§ 102,</a> <a href="#repeal">C 80;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> resolutions, <a href="#on_Army">C 36,</a> <a href="#against">C 43,</a> <a href="#Sumner">C 74;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> amendment, <a href="#endments">C 57.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Suttle, Charles F.,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> in Burns case, <a href="#urns">§ 55.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Swain, John,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">suit for slave, <a href="#Escapes_in_New_England">§ 5.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Swamps,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">as a refuge, <a href="#wood">§ 66.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Swan, Captain,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">in Wisdom case, <a href="#ypic">§ 94.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Swedish colonies,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">along the coast, <a href="#Elem">§ 1;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> regulations on fugitives, <a href="#egula">§ 2.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Syracuse, "Jerry" rescue in, <a href="#Jerry_McHenry">§ 58.</a></span></p> + + + + + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Taylor, ——, on committee, <a href="#The_first">§ 17.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Ten Eyck, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">amendment, <a href="#Grimes">C 51;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">report of, <a href="#repeal">C 80.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Thomas case, <a href="#Thomas_case">D 30.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Thompson, ——, case, <a href="#Thompson_case">D 27.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0"><a id="Tre"></a>Treaty,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> of Hartford, fugitive slave clause in, <a href="#aty_w">A 14;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> of 1783, <a href="#clause">B 2;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> with Indian tribes, <a href="#atio">§ 13,</a> <a href="#Effe">§ 16,</a> <a href="#The_first">§ 17,</a> <a href="#atus">§ 22,</a> <a href="#gitive">B 1,</a> <a href="#lauses">B 3,</a> <a href="#ian_tre">B 5,</a> + <a href="#urning">B 8,</a> <a href="#on_of_sl">B 11,</a> <a href="#lause_i">B 12,</a> <a href="#Assump">B 19;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> of Ghent, <a href="#atus">§ 22,</a> <a href="#lause_i">B 12;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> proposed with Great Britain, <a href="#Canada_and_Mexico_places_of_refuge">§ 23.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Tremont Temple,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">mass meetings in, <a href="#ims">§ 54.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0"><a id="Trial"></a>Trial, by jury,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">not admitted, in first act, <a href="#Propositions_of_1797">§ 19;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> objected to, <a href="#Propositions_from_1817">§ 20;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> denied, <a href="#Provisions_of_the_second">§ 30;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> proposed, <a href="#repeal_or_amend">§ 87;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> resolution demanding, <a href="#Colfax">C 77.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Trumbull,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">confiscation bill, <a href="#provisions_extended">§ 91,</a> <a href="#cation_B">C 30,</a> <a href="#onfisc">C 37;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> bill, <a href="#umbu">C 52;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> amendments, <a href="#Chan">C 31,</a> <a href="#endments">C 57,</a> <a href="#disloyal">C 78.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0"><a id="Tubman_Harriet"></a>Tubman, Harriet,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">account of, <a href="#ts_of">§ 73.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Tukey, Marshal,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">in Sims case, <a href="#ims">§ 54.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Turc,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">escape of, <a href="#Intercolonial_cases">§ 9.</a></span></p> + + + + + + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Underground Railroad,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> beginnings of, <a href="#app">§ 25;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> how regarded by the South, <a href="#ts_fo">§ 31;</a> </span><br /> +<span class="i1"> methods south of the Ohio, <a href="#Garner">§ 56;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> use of, by John Brown, <a href="#Kansas_1858">§ 62;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> incident at, <a href="#ason">§ 64;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> description of, <a href="#rgro">§ 70;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> rise and growth, <a href="#ise">§ 71;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> stations on, described, <a href="#ds_pu">§ 72;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> methods pursued, <a href="#ds_pu">§ 72;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> extent of system, <a href="#ise">§ 71;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> origin of name, <a href="#ise">§ 71;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> in the South, <a href="#ds_pu">§ 72;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> in the North, <a href="#ds_pu">§ 72;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> colored agents on, <a href="#ds_pu">§ 72, </a> <a href="#ts_of">§ 73;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> prosecution of agents, <a href="#f_age">§ 74;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> formal organization, <a href="#Formal">§ 75;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> market women as helpers, <a href="#Formal">§ 75.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Underwood, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">amendment, <a href="#lative">B 30.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">United Colonies,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> treaty with New Netherlands, <a href="#aty_w">A 14.</a></span></p> + + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">United States,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">reward offered for John Brown, <a href="#Kansas_1858">§ 62;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> in Seminole trouble, <a href="#atus">§ 22;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> in Anderson case, <a href="#Canada_and_Mexico_places_of_refuge">§ 23.</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> See also <a href="#Act">Acts,</a> <a href="#Bill">Bills,</a> <a href="#Fugitives">Fugitives,</a> + <a href="#solution">Resolutions,</a> <a href="#Runaways">Runaways.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">United States Hotel,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> slave hunters at, <a href="#Fugitives_disguised">§ 69.</a></span></p> + + + + + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Vallandigham, C. L.,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">amendment, <a href="#ompromis">C 25.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Van Zandt,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">aids fugitive, <a href="#and_Walker_cases">§ 50,</a> <a href="#andt">D 25.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Vermont,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">personal liberty laws in, <a href="#ssed">§ 79,</a> <a href="#occa">§ 80,</a> <a href="#ew_of">§ 82;</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Vigilance committee</span><br /> +<span class="i1">organized, <a href="#erfer">§ 41;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> in "Jerry" rescue, <a href="#Jerry_McHenry">§ 58.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Villeinage,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">ceased in England, <a href="#mother_country">§ 12.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Virginia,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> regulations on fugitives, <a href="#Treatment_of_fugitives">§ 3;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> rewards the recovery of a fugitive, <a href="#al">§ 8;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> slaves escape, <a href="#al">§ 8;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> constitutional convention in, <a href="#giti">§ 15;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> Governor of, action in "John" case, <a href="#The_first">§ 17;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> demands arrest of abettors of a fugitive, <a href="#Boston_and_Isaac">§ 47;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> regulation against the entertainment of fugitives, <a href="#ainm">A 6;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> regulations against runaways, <a href="#vant">A 7,</a> <a href="#alty">A 13,</a> <a href="#tain">A 16,</a> <a href="#shme">A 17,</a> <a href="#crie">A 18,</a> <a href="#ay_se">A 20,</a> + <a href="#hens">A 22,</a> <a href="#unaway_se">A 25,</a> <a href="#ursuit">A 27,</a> <a href="#Entertainment_of">A 30,</a> <a href="#nawa">A 33,</a> <a href="#on_of_R">A 35,</a> <a href="#Appr">A 37,</a> <a href="#ay_serva">A 52;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> reward for the capture of runaways, <a href="#ship">A 21,</a> <a href="#ward">A 36;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> on English runaways, <a href="#hens">A 22;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> in county of Glocester, <a href="#Gloc">A 24;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> repeal law, <a href="#Sept">A 44;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> amends law, <a href="#sylv">A 48;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> amended, <a href="#lier_act_amend">A 66;</a></span><br /> + <span class="i1"> against ferriage of runaways, <a href="#Ferria">A 74.</a></span></p> + + + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Walker, Jonathan,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">aids fugitives, <a href="#and_Walker_cases">§ 50,</a> <a href="#ker_ca">D 31.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Walton, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">amendment, <a href="#cat">C 67,</a> <a href="#Sumner">C 74.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Washington, President,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">asks for the return of a fugitive, <a href="#side">§ 35,</a> <a href="#s_sl">D 13.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Washington case, <a href="#Washington_case">§ 39,</a> <a href="#ton_ca">D 42.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Washington, jail,</span><br /> + <span class="i1">resolutions on, <a href="#nahan">C 32,</a> <a href="#expla">C 34,</a> <a href="#essende">C 38,</a> <a href="#ingha">C 39,</a> <a href="#manage">C 55.</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> See also <a href="#Jail">Jail.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Webster, Daniel,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> in Creole case, <a href="#on_the_high_seas">§ 24;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> introduces bill, <a href="#lative">B 30.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Wellington.</span><br /> +<span class="i1">See <a href="#Oberlin-Wellington">Oberlin-Wellington.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">West India Company,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">regulation of, <a href="#egula">§ 2;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> execution of regulation <a href="#Escapes_from_New_Amsterdam">§ 7;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> ordinance of, <a href="#away">A 1.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Whipping,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">motive for flight, <a href="#ason">§ 64.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Whipple, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">in kidnapping case, <a href="#side">§ 35.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">White, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">on committee, <a href="#The_first">§ 17.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">White slaves.</span><br /> +<span class="i1">See <a href="#Redemptioners">Redemptioners,</a> <a href="#Servants">Servants.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Whitman, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> on the fugitive slave bill <a href="#Propositions_of_1797">§ 19,</a> <a href="#Propositions_from_1817">§ 20.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Williams case, <a href="#llia">D 17.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Williamson case, <a href="#mson_ca">D 59.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Wilkins, Frederick.</span><br /> +<span class="i1">See <a href="#Shadrach">Shadrach.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Wilson, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> on Butler's proposition, <a href="#giti">§ 15.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Wilson, Henry,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">on confiscation, <a href="#Confiscation_bills">§ 90;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> bills, <a href="#bia">§ 98,</a> +<a href="#cipat">C 42,</a> <a href="#ilso">C 48,</a> +<a href="#Wils">C 54,</a> <a href="#al_the_bl">C 56;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> resolutions, <a href="#discussed_in_Congress"> § 95,</a> +<a href="#jails_in_the_District">§ 97,</a> + <a href="#Joint_R">C 32,</a> <a href="#ck_cod">C 33,</a> <a href="#olu">C 47,</a> +<a href="#manage">C 55,</a> <a href="#Resolu">C 61;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> amendment, <a href="#arri">C 71.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Winthrop, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">amendment, <a href="#lative">B 30.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Winthrop, Governor John,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">in fugitive slave case, <a href="#International_cases">§ 11.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Wisconsin, </span><br /> +<span class="i1">personal liberty laws in, <a href="#occa">§ 80,</a> <a href="#ew_of">§ 82;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> Supreme Court decision, <a href="#crisis_of_1860">§ 85.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Wisdom case, <a href="#ypic">§ 94,</a> <a href="#om_ca">D 66</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Woodbridge resolutions, <a href="#Canada_and_Mexico_places_of_refuge">§ 23,</a> <a href="#odbrid">B 21</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Woods,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">as a refuge, <a href="#Elem">§ 1,</a> <a href="#wood">§ 66.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Wright, ——,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">presents Maryland Resolution, <a href="#Missouri_Compromise">§ 21.</a></span></p> + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Writ,</span><br /> +<span class="i1"> of habeas corpus, in Somersett case, <a href="#mother_country">§ 12;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> allowed, <a href="#Propositions_from_1817">§ 20;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> advisability of, <a href="#Propositions_of_1797">§ 19,</a> <a href="#Propositions_from_1817">§ 20;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> refused, <a href="#Canada_and_Mexico_places_of_refuge">§ 23;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1"> issued, <a href="#ickas">§ 42;</a></span><br /> +<span class="i1">of personal replevin, sworn out, <a href="#atim">§ 44.</a> </span></p> + + + +<p class="index"><span class="i0">Yulee,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">on the fugitive slave law, <a href="#ts_fo">§ 31.</a></span></p> + + + + + +<h2><span id="id4"><a id="FOOTNOTES"></a>FOOTNOTES.</span></h2> + +<div class="fnbox"> +<p><b>Footnotes Chapter I.</b></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn1"></a><a href="#masters">1</a></small> Hurd, Law of Freedom and Bondage, I. 295.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn2"></a><a href="#County">2</a></small> Nation, April 18, 1889.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn3"></a><a href="#service">3</a></small> Appendix A, No. <a href="#away">1.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn4"></a><a href="#ugi">4</a></small> N. Y. Colonial Manuscripts, XIII. 211.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn5"></a><a href="#Province">5</a></small> Appendix A, No. <a href="#ast_N">45.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn6"></a><a href="#person">6</a></small> Hurd, Law of Freedom and Bondage, I. 295.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn7"></a><a href="#he7">7</a></small> The texts will be found <i>post</i>, Appendix <a href="#APPENDIX_A">A.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn8"></a><a href="#R8">8</a></small> Appendix A, No. <a href="#ainm">6.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn9"></a><a href="#wn9">9</a></small> Appendix A, No. <a href="#ay_wi">23.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn10"></a><a href="#rs10">10</a></small> Appendix A, No. <a href="#ay_se">20.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn11"></a><a href="#er11">11</a></small> Iredell, 90; Appendix A, No. <a href="#arol">73.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn12"></a><a href="#ed12">12</a></small> Maryland Archives, II. 224.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn13"></a><a href="#taken13">13</a></small> Appendix A, No. <a href="#achu">2.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn14"></a><a href="#town14">14</a></small> Appendix A, No. <a href="#assa">53.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn15"></a><a href="#pass15">15</a></small> Appendix A, No. <a href="#age_o">57;</a> Appendix D, No. <a href="#us_At">6.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn16"></a><a href="#etc16">16</a></small> Boston Gazette, Jan. 1, 1770.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn17"></a><a href="#law17">17</a></small> Boston Gazette, Oct. 2, 1750; G. W. Williams, History of the Negro Race +in America, I. 330.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn18"></a><a href="#erv18">18</a></small> Liberator, March 16, 1860.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn19"></a><a href="#rch19">19</a></small> W. C. Nell's Address at the Nineteenth Anniversary of Boston Massacre.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn20"></a><a href="#efenda20">20</a></small> Moore, Slavery in Massachusetts, 117.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn21"></a><a href="#guilders21">21</a></small> Appendix A, No. <a href="#ants">3;</a> Appendix D, No. <a href="#ip_Fr">10.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn22"></a><a href="#Company22">22</a></small> See <i>ante</i>, § <a href="#egula">2.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn23"></a><a href="#chains23">23</a></small> N. Y. Colonial Manuscripts, XIII. 238; Letter from Jacob Aldrich to +Director Stuyvesant of New Netherlands, New Amstel, 14 May, 1659; Documentary History +of N. Y. Colony, II. 556; Appendix D, No. <a href="#pe_to">2.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn24"></a><a href="#or24">24</a></small> Appendix A, No. <a href="#Arti">8,</a> Gilman, History of the American People, 605.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn25"></a><a href="#Haven25">25</a></small> N. Y. Colonial Manuscripts, I. 342; Doyle, English in America, I. 391.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn26"></a><a href="#value26">26</a></small> Maryland Archives, II. 523.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn27"></a><a href="#value27">27</a></small> Appendix A, No. <a href="#Appr">37.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn28"></a><a href="#inducement28">28</a></small> Acts and Laws of Connecticut, 229.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn29"></a><a href="#fugitives29">29</a></small> N. Y. Colonial Manuscripts, V. 637; Appendix D, No. <a href="#dian">4.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn30"></a><a href="#done30">30</a></small> N. Y. Colonial Manuscripts, V. 793.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn31"></a><a href="#Canada31">31</a></small> Appendix A, Nos. <a href="#anad">50,</a> <a href="#Act_o">59.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn32"></a><a href="#refuge32">32</a></small> Giddings, Exiles of Florida, 281; Wilson, Rise and Fall of the Slave +Power in America, I. 122.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn33"></a><a href="#of33">33</a></small> <i>Ante</i>, § <a href="#al">8.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn34"></a><a href="#landed34">34</a></small> Letter from William Beekman to Director Stuyvesant, in N. Y. Colonial +Manuscripts, XIII. 346; Appendix D, No. <a href="#pe_of">3.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn35"></a><a href="#sentence35">35</a></small> N. Y. Colonial Manuscripts, XIII. 346.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn36"></a><a href="#Dutch36">36</a></small> Moore, Notes on the History of Slavery in Massachusetts, 28; + Doyle, English in America, I. 391; compare Appendix A, No. <a href="#aty_w">14.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn37"></a><a href="#reputation37">37</a></small> John Winthrop, History of New England from 1630 to 1649, p. 383; +Appendix D, No. <a href="#ds_and">1.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn38"></a><a href="#Netherlands38">38</a></small> Archives of Maryland, Proceedings of Council, 1636-1667, pp. 134, 135.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn39"></a><a href="#Netherland39">39</a></small> Archives of Maryland, Proceedings of Council, III. 472.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn40"></a><a href="#above40">40</a></small> Letter from M. de la Jonquičre to M. de Rouillé, in N. Y. Colonial Manuscripts, X. 209; +Appendix D, No. <a href="#to_Fr">5.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn41"></a><a href="#free41">41</a></small> Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, Third +Series, IX. 2; Appendix D, No. <a href="#asgo">7.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn42"></a><a href="#free42">42</a></small> J. Quincy, Reports of Cases, 96; Appendix D, No. <a href="#ley">8.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn43"></a><a href="#countries43">43</a></small> Moore, Slavery in Massachusetts, 117; T. R. Cobb, Historical +Sketch of Slavery, 2, Law of Negro Slavery, 164; Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, +Third Series, IX. 2; Josiah Quincy, Reports of Cases, 96; Hurd, Law of Freedom and Bondage, II.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn44"></a><a href="#deliver44">44</a></small> Appendix B, No. <a href="#gitive">1.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn45"></a><a href="#property45">45</a></small> Appendix B, Nos. <a href="#lauses">3,</a> <a href="#ian_tre">5.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn46"></a><a href="#property46">46</a></small> Appendix B, No. <a href="#clause">2.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn47"></a><a href="#secured47">47</a></small> <i>Post</i>, § <a href="#atus">22.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn48"></a><a href="#after48">48</a></small> Randall, Jefferson, I. 397-400; Winsor, VII. 528; +Journals of Congress, IX. 153-156.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn49"></a><a href="#States49">49</a></small> Appendix B, No. <a href="#ordin">4;</a> Journals of Congress, X. 79; Bancroft, History +of the U. S. (last rev.), VI. 132-134; +Bancroft, Constitution, I. 178-180; Hildreth, III. 458.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn50"></a><a href="#aforesaid50">50</a></small> Appendix B, No. <a href="#thwest">6.</a> On the Northwest Ordinance in general, see Winsor, VII. 538; + J. H. Merriam, Legislative History of the Ordinance of 1787 (Worcester, 1888); Lalor's Cyclopędia, III. 30-34.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn51"></a><a href="#criminals51">51</a></small> Elliot's Debates, V. 487.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn52"></a><a href="#horse52">52</a></small> Ibid., V. 487.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn53"></a><a href="#due53">53</a></small> Appendix B, No. <a href="#tution">7.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn54"></a><a href="#bad54">54</a></small> Elliot's Debates, III. 277.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn55"></a><a href="#necessary55">55</a></small> Ibid., III. 182.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn56"></a><a href="#State56">56</a></small> Ibid., III. 401.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn57"></a><a href="#slaves57">57</a></small> Ibid., III. 428.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn58"></a><a href="#had58">58</a></small> Ibid., III. 335.</p> +</div> + + + + +<div class="fnbox"> +<p><b>Footnotes Chapter II.</b></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn59"></a><a href="#slaves59">59</a></small> Statutes at Large, I. 50.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn60"></a><a href="#required60">60</a></small> Appendix B, No. <a href="#urning">8.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn61"></a><a href="#request61">61</a></small> Cong. Globe, 31 Cong. 1 Sess., Appendix, 1585; Annals of Cong., 2 Cong. 1 Sess., +H. of R., 147.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn62"></a><a href="#Pennsylvania62">62</a></small> State Papers, Miscellaneous, I. 39-43.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn63"></a><a href="#due63">63</a></small> House Journal, 2 Cong. 1 Sess., 444; Annals of Cong., 148.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn64"></a><a href="#November64">64</a></small> House Journal, 2 Cong. 1 Sess., 454; Annals of Cong., 179.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn65"></a><a href="#masters65">65</a></small> Senate Journal, 170; Annals, 115.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn66"></a><a href="#Read66">66</a></small> 2 Cong. 2 Sess., Senate Journal, 460; Annals of Cong., 616.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn67"></a><a href="#December67">67</a></small> Senate Journal, 16; Annals, 622.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn68"></a><a href="#amend68">68</a></small> Senate Journal, 25, 26; Annals, 623.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn69"></a><a href="#upon69">69</a></small> Senate Journal, 28; Annals, 625.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn70"></a><a href="#arrest70">70</a></small> Senate Journal, 35; Annals, 630.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn71"></a><a href="#January71">71</a></small> Senate Journal, 34, 35; Annals, 630.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn72"></a><a href="#to72">72</a></small> House Journal, 105; Annals, 861.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn73"></a><a href="#February73">73</a></small> Appendix B, No. <a href="#ave_Act">9.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn74"></a><a href="#Confederation74">74</a></small> <i>Ante</i>, § <a href="#al">8;</a> Appendix A, No. <a href="#Arti">8.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn75"></a><a href="#Constitution75">75</a></small> <i>Ante</i>,§ <a href="#giti">15.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn76"></a><a href="#law76">76</a></small> For general discussions of the act, +see Von Holst, Constitutional History, I. 309-315; +Hildreth, History of the U. S., IV. 406-440; Lalor's Cyclopędia, II. 315-316; +Stephens, War between the States, I. 629-636, 674; Bancroft's History of the U. S. +(last revision), VI. 309, 310; Goodell, Slavery and Antislavery, 227; Curtis, + History of the Constitution, II. 450-467; Hurd, Law of Freedom and Bondage, II. 142; Story, +Commentaries, III. 673-678; McMaster, History of the American People, + I. 508, II. 356, 357; Elliott's Debates, V. 357, 487; Schouler, History of the U. S., I. 219, 220; +Tucker, History of the U. S., I. 500.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn77"></a><a href="#elsewhere77">77</a></small> Appendix B, No. <a href="#ave_Act">9.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn78"></a><a href="#magistrate78">78</a></small> <i>Post</i>, § <a href="#cti">27.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn79"></a><a href="#of79">79</a></small> <i>Post</i>, §§ <a href="#irst">34,</a> <a href="#side">35.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn80"></a><a href="#petition80">80</a></small> Annals of Congress, 1796-97, p. 2015, and 1801-2, p. 343.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn81"></a><a href="#law81">81</a></small> House Journal, 4 Cong. 2 Sess., 65; Annals of Cong., 1741, 1767.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn82"></a><a href="#January82">82</a></small> Murray, Cooper, and Kiltera. Annals of Cong., 1767.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn83"></a><a href="#January83">83</a></small> Sedgwick, Reed, and Henry. Senate Journal, 4 Cong. 2 Sess., 39; Annals of +Cong., 1528.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn84"></a><a href="#act84">84</a></small> Appendix B, No. <a href="#stract">10.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn85"></a><a href="#considered85">85</a></small> House Journal, 6 Cong. 2 Sess., 220; Annals of Cong., 1053.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn86"></a><a href="#December86">86</a></small> Nicholson, Goddard, Holland, J. Smith (Va.), Lowndes. House Journal, 7 Cong. +1 Sess., 34; Annals of Cong., 317.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn87"></a><a href="#December87">87</a></small> House Journal, 7 Cong. 1 Sess., 45; Annals of Cong., 335.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn88"></a><a href="#reception88">88</a></small> Annals of Cong., 343.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn89"></a><a href="#law89">89</a></small> House Journal, 7 Cong. 1 Sess., 125; Annals of Cong., 422, 423; Appendix B, No. <a href="#stract">10.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn90"></a><a href="#aside90">90</a></small> House Journal, 7 Cong. 1 Sess., 125, 128; Annals of Cong., 423, 425.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn91"></a><a href="#fugitives91">91</a></small> <i>Post</i>, <a href="#atus">§ 22.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn92"></a><a href="#December92">92</a></small> House Journal, 15 Cong. 1 Sess., 50, 86, 182, 186, 189, 193, 198; Annals of Cong., +446, 447, 513, 819, 829, 831, 840, 1339, 1393.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn93"></a><a href="#grounds93">93</a></small> Appendix B, No. <a href="#oposed">13.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn94"></a><a href="#discussion94">94</a></small> Annals of Cong., 829.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn95"></a><a href="#Union95">95</a></small> Annals of Cong., 838.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn96"></a><a href="#bill96">96</a></small> Annals of Cong., 15 Cong. 1 Sess., 829, 830.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn97"></a><a href="#convicted97">97</a></small> Annals of Cong., 838.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn98"></a><a href="#improbable98">98</a></small> Annals of Cong., 838.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn99"></a><a href="#South99">99</a></small> Annals of Cong., 838.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn100"></a><a href="#majority100">100</a></small> Annals of Cong., 838.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn101"></a><a href="#Case101">101</a></small> Appendix B, No. <a href="#oposed">13.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn102"></a><a href="#it102">102</a></small> <i>Post</i>, § <a href="#app">25.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn103"></a><a href="#to103">103</a></small> House Journal, 15 Cong. 1 Sess., 198; Annals of Cong., 840.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn104"></a><a href="#adopted104">104</a></small> Appendix B, No. <a href="#for_del">14.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn105"></a><a href="#years105">105</a></small> Appendix B, No. <a href="#limita">15.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn106"></a><a href="#bill106">106</a></small> Senate Journal, 15 Cong. 1 Sess., 128, 135, 174, 202, 227, 228, 233; House Journal, +328; Annals of Cong., 165, 210, 259, 262, 1339.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn107"></a><a href="#April107">107</a></small> Annals of Cong., 1716.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn108"></a><a href="#fugitives108">108</a></small> Cf. Appendix B, No. <a href="#Pennsy">17.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn109"></a><a href="#considered109">109</a></small> House Journal, 15 Cong. 1 Sess., 188, 191; Annals of Cong., 546, 551.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn110"></a><a href="#of110">110</a></small> Annals of Cong., 16 Cong. 1 Sess., 469, 1587.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn111"></a><a href="#aforesaid111">111</a></small> Appendix B, No. <a href="#ssouri">16.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn112"></a><a href="#court112">112</a></small> Liberator, Jan. 24, 1840 (N. Y. Evening Post).</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn113"></a><a href="#appointed113">113</a></small> House Journal, 16 Cong. 1 Sess., 427; Annals of Cong., 1863.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn114"></a><a href="#of114">114</a></small> Appendix B, No. <a href="#Maryla">18.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn115"></a><a href="#down115">115</a></small> Senate Journal, 16 Cong. 1 Sess., 319, 326; Annals of Cong., p. 618.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn116"></a><a href="#Pennsylvania116">116</a></small> Appendix B, No. <a href="#Maryla">18.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn117"></a><a href="#January117">117</a></small> House Journal, 17 Cong. 1 Sess., 143; Annals of Cong., 553, 558, 710.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn118"></a><a href="#tabled118">118</a></small> Annals of Cong, 17 Cong. 1 Sess., 1379, 1415, 1444.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn119"></a><a href="#war119">119</a></small> Appendix B, No. <a href="#urning">8.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn120"></a><a href="#fugitives120">120</a></small> Appendix B, No. <a href="#on_of_sl">11.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn121"></a><a href="#Seminoles121">121</a></small> Appendix B, No. <a href="#Assump">19.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn122"></a><a href="#them122">122</a></small> <i>Ante</i>, § <a href="#atio">13;</a> Appendix B, No. <a href="#clause">2.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn123"></a><a href="#property123">123</a></small> Appendix B, No. <a href="#lause_i">12.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn124"></a><a href="#in124">124</a></small> Am. State Papers, Foreign, IV. 106-126, VI. 346-354.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn125"></a><a href="#subject125">125</a></small> Annals of Cong., 16 Cong. 2 Sess., 94.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn126"></a><a href="#success126">126</a></small> S. G. Howe, Refugees from Slavery in Canada, 12-14; Niles's Register, XXIII. 26, LV. 289.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn127"></a><a href="#States127">127</a></small> Appendix B, No. <a href="#odbrid">21;</a> cf. No. <a href="#scapin">24.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn128"></a><a href="#Louisiana128">128</a></small> Niles's Register, XXIII. 26.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn129"></a><a href="#Canada129">129</a></small> Liberator, Dec. 31, 1860.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn130"></a><a href="#writ130">130</a></small> Pamphlets on Anderson case, Boston Public Library; Appendix D, No. <a href="#rson_c">65.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn131"></a><a href="#States131">131</a></small> Life of Gerrit Smith, 115.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn132"></a><a href="#point132">132</a></small> Liberator, Jan. 22, 1861.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn133"></a><a href="#in133">133</a></small> Von Holst, II. 312; Calhoun, III. 9, 464, 486; Senate Docs., 25 Cong. 3 Sess., +No. 216.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn134"></a><a href="#in134">134</a></small> Wilson, Slave Power, I. 439-442; Congressional Globe, XIV. 50.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn135"></a><a href="#Bermudas135">135</a></small> Goodell, Slavery and Antislavery, 252, 253; Von Holst, Calhoun, 204-209.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn136"></a><a href="#colonies136">136</a></small> House Docs., 27 Cong. 2 Sess., V., No. 242; Congressional Globe, XIV. 50.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn137"></a><a href="#slavery137">137</a></small> Senate Docs., 26 Cong. 1 Sess., III., No. 11.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn138"></a><a href="#principle138">138</a></small> Congressional Globe, XIV. 80, 113-118; Calhoun, III. 462; Appendix B, No. <a href="#alhoun">20.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn139"></a><a href="#Nassau139">139</a></small> Senate Docs., 27 Cong. 1 Sess., II., No. 51.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn140"></a><a href="#murderers140">140</a></small> Cobbett's Case, 47; Dana's Wheaton, note 62; cf. Appendix B, No. <a href="#iddings">23.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn141"></a><a href="#government141">141</a></small> Lawrence's Wheaton, 207, n.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn142"></a><a href="#murder142">142</a></small> Von Holst, I. 321, 322; Opinions of the Attorney Generals, III. 484; 15 Peters, 518.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn143"></a><a href="#people143">143</a></small> R. Smedley, Underground Railroad, 26.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn144"></a><a href="#railroad144">144</a></small> See <i>post</i>, §§ <a href="#ise">71</a>-<a href="#enera">76.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn145"></a><a href="#as145">145</a></small> See <i>post</i>, § <a href="#olomo">38.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn146"></a><a href="#action146">146</a></small> Appendix B, No. <a href="#ignifi">22;</a> 16 Peters, 957; Report of Case of +Edward Prigg, Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, 202; Bledsoe, Liberty and +Slavery, 355; J. F. Clarke, Antislavery Days, 69.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn147"></a><a href="#imprisonment147">147</a></small> <i>Post</i>, §§ <a href="#pass">78,</a> <a href="#ssed">79.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn148"></a><a href="#rescues148">148</a></small> <i>Post</i>, §§ <a href="#irst">34,</a> <a href="#erfer">41,</a> <a href="#ickas">42.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn149"></a><a href="#States149">149</a></small> Senate Journal, 30 Cong., 1 Sess., 59; Congressional Globe, 51.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn150"></a><a href="#Judiciary150">150</a></small> Senate Journal, 30 Cong., 1 Sess., 313; Congressional Globe, 722.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn151"></a><a href="#Constitution151">151</a></small> Senate Journal, 30 Cong., 1 Sess., 313; Congressional Globe, 722.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn152"></a><a href="#bill152">152</a></small> Appendix B, No. <a href="#more_eff">29.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn153"></a><a href="#Giddings153">153</a></small> Appendix B, Nos. <a href="#istric">25,</a> <a href="#inquir">27,</a> <a href="#the_jail">28.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn154"></a><a href="#slave154">154</a></small> Appendix B, No. <a href="#Columb">26.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn155"></a><a href="#severe155">155</a></small> Appendix B, No. <a href="#lative">30.</a> In this number of the Appendix is a summary of the legislative +history of the measure, from the introduction of Mason's bill, Jan. 4, 1850, to the +signature of the act by President Fillmore, Sept. 18, 1850, with references to the records +of Congress.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn156"></a><a href="#marshal156">156</a></small> Congressional Globe, 31 Cong. 1 Sess., 236.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn157"></a><a href="#Mason157">157</a></small> Senate Journal, 31 Cong. 1 Sess., 118.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn158"></a><a href="#House158">158</a></small> Congressional Globe, 31 Cong. 1 Sess., 248; Appendix B, No. <a href="#lative">30.</a> The test vote +in the House stood as follows:—</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="test"> +<tr><td align="center"><b>States</b>. </td><td align="center"><b>For</b>.</td><td align="center"><b>Against</b>.</td><td align="center"><b><small>Not</small><br /> <small>voting</small></b>.</td><td align="center"><b>Total</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">New England<br /> States</td><td align="right">7 </td><td align="right">15 </td><td align="right">10 </td><td align="right">32 </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Middle<br /> States</td><td align="right">9 </td><td align="right">33 </td><td align="right">21 </td><td align="right">63 </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Interior and<br /> Pacific<br /> States</td><td align="right">16 </td><td align="right">27 </td><td align="right">8 </td><td align="right">51 </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right">— </td><td align="right">— </td><td align="right">— </td><td align="right">— </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total,<br /> Free States</td><td align="right">32 </td><td align="right">75 </td><td align="right">39 </td><td align="right">146 </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Border<br /> Slave States</td><td align="right">32 </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">6 </td><td align="right">38 </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Planter<br /> States</td><td align="right">45 </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">9 </td><td align="right">54 </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right">— </td><td align="right">— </td><td align="right">— </td><td align="right">— </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total,<br /> Slave States</td><td align="right">77 </td><td align="right">0 </td><td align="right">15 </td><td align="right">92 </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right">— </td><td align="right">— </td><td align="right">— </td><td align="right">— </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total</td><td align="right">109 </td><td align="right">75 </td><td align="right">54 </td><td align="right">238 </td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn159"></a><a href="#September159">159</a></small> Appendix B, No. <a href="#lative">30.</a> For + general discussions of the act, see + Von Holst, III. 548-557, IV. 9-12, 20-29; Wilson, Slave Power, II. 302-329; + Greeley, American Conflict, I. 210-221; Cooley's Story, § 1921; Lalor's +Cyclopędia, II. 315-317; Bryant and Gay, U. S., IV. 397-401.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn160"></a><a href="#added160">160</a></small> For the text of the act, see Appendix B, No. <a href="#Second">31.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn161"></a><a href="#valueless161">161</a></small> Congressional Globe, 31 Cong. 1 Sess., Appendix, 1610.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn162"></a><a href="#things162">162</a></small> Congressional Globe, 31 Cong. 1 Sess., 1583.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn163"></a><a href="#slaveholder163">163</a></small> Congressional Globe, 31 Cong. 2 Sess., Appendix, 1051.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn164"></a><a href="#slaves164">164</a></small> Congressional Globe, 31 Cong. 2 Sess., Appendix, 1622.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn165"></a><a href="#all165">165</a></small> Congressional Globe, 31 Cong. 1 Sess., 79.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn166"></a><a href="#sections166">166</a></small> Congressional Globe, 31 Cong. 1 Sess., 78.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn167"></a><a href="#preserved167">167</a></small> Von Holst, III. 493.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn168"></a><a href="#loss168">168</a></small> Congressional Globe, 31 Cong. 1 Sess., Appendix, 1597.</p> +</div> + + + +<div class="fnbox"> +<p><b>Footnotes Chapter III.</b></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn169"></a><a href="#Massachusetts169">169</a></small> Mr. Quincy also states, that "about a fortnight elapsed, when I was called upon by +Rufus Green Amory, a lawyer of eminence at the Boston bar in that day, who showed +me a letter from a Southern slaveholder, directing him to prosecute Josiah Quincy for +the penalty under the law of 1793, for obstructing the agent of the claimant in obtaining +his slave under the process established by that law. Mr. Amory felt, no less than +myself, the folly of such a pretence; and I never heard from him, or from any one, +anything more upon the subject of prosecution. This fact, and the universal gratification +which the fact appeared to give to the public, satisfied my mind, that, unless by +accident, or stealth, or in some very thin settled part of the country, the law of 1793 +would be forever inoperative, as the event has proved in Massachusetts."—Meeting +at Faneuil Hall to protest against the Fugitive Slave Law, letter read from Josiah +Quincy, Boston Atlas, Oct. 15, 1850; Goodell, Slavery and Antislavery, 232; Appendix +D, No. <a href="#s_ca">12.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn170"></a><a href="#favor170">170</a></small> Appendix D, No. <a href="#s_sl">13.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn171"></a><a href="#witness171">171</a></small> Appendix D, No. <a href="#of_Jo">19.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn172"></a><a href="#out172">172</a></small> Appendix D, No. <a href="#on_No">16.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn173"></a><a href="#bondage173">173</a></small> Appendix D, No. <a href="#ton_ca">42.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn174"></a><a href="#trial174">174</a></small> Appendix D, No. <a href="#lin_ca">26.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn175"></a><a href="#safety175">175</a></small> Appendix D, No. <a href="#aw_re">20.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn176"></a><a href="#blacks176">176</a></small> Appendix D, No. <a href="#lphi">22.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn177"></a><a href="#it177">177</a></small> Appendix D, No. <a href="#dy_ca">35.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn178"></a><a href="#jury178">178</a></small> See post, § <a href="#assach">81.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn179"></a><a href="#illegal179">179</a></small> <i>Ante</i>, § <a href="#app">25.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn180"></a><a href="#printed180">180</a></small> Appendix D, No. <a href="#mer_ca">28;</a> see <i>post</i>, § <a href="#assach">81.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn181"></a><a href="#outrages181">181</a></small> Appendix D, No. <a href="#ig_Ot">34.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn182"></a><a href="#case182">182</a></small> <i>Ante</i>, § <a href="#app">25.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn183"></a><a href="#taken183">183</a></small> Appendix D, No. <a href="#er_Bo">21.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn184"></a><a href="#legislation184">184</a></small> Appendix D, No. <a href="#anse">24.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn185"></a><a href="#man185">185</a></small> Appendix D, No. <a href="#ky_co">37.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn186"></a><a href="#property186">186</a></small> Appendix D, No. <a href="#andt">25.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn187"></a><a href="#Sumner187">187</a></small> Appendix D, No. <a href="#d_Say">40.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn188"></a><a href="#stealer188">188</a></small> Appendix D, No. <a href="#ker_ca">31.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn189"></a><a href="#steel189">189</a></small> Liberator, Aug. 15, 1845, "The Branded Hand."</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn190"></a><a href="#provisions190">190</a></small> Von Holst, IV. 10, 11.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn191"></a><a href="#freedom191">191</a></small> J. F. Clarke, Antislavery Days, 92.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn192"></a><a href="#slavery192">192</a></small> Appendix D, No. <a href="#let_ca">43.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn193"></a><a href="#Curtis193">193</a></small> Appendix D, No. <a href="#ach_ca">48.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn194"></a><a href="#hopeless194">194</a></small> Liberator, April 17, 1851.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn195"></a><a href="#South195">195</a></small> Daily Morning Chronicle, April 26, 1851.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn196"></a><a href="#Wharf196">196</a></small> Liberator, April 17, 1851.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn197"></a><a href="#discovered197">197</a></small> Appendix D, No. <a href="#rns_ca">57.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn198"></a><a href="#about198">198</a></small> Boston Journal, May 29, 1854.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn199"></a><a href="#done199">199</a></small> Personal statement of Mr. Elbridge Sprague, made to the writer. Col. T. W. +Higginson suggests a few minor corrections in Mr. Sprague's narrative. The first +person to step in was an unknown negro: the beam used was found in Court Square; +none were prepared beforehand; there was but one box of axes.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn200"></a><a href="#given200">200</a></small> Boston Daily Advertiser, 1854, Worcester Spy, May 31, 1854, Argument of Mr. +R. H. Dana.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn201"></a><a href="#back201">201</a></small> Liberator, Aug. 22, 1854.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn202"></a><a href="#master202">202</a></small> Von Holst, V. 64.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn203"></a><a href="#it203">203</a></small> Appendix D, No. <a href="#rns_ca">57.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn204"></a><a href="#discharged204">204</a></small> Commonwealth, June 26, 1854.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn205"></a><a href="#south205">205</a></small> Appendix D, No. <a href="#rner">58.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn206"></a><a href="#of206">206</a></small> See <i>post</i>, § <a href="#assach">81.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn207"></a><a href="#law207">207</a></small> Appendix D, No. <a href="#ims_ca">47.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn208"></a><a href="#case208">208</a></small> 31 Cong. 2 Sess., Senate Journal, 187; Congressional Globe, 580.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn209"></a><a href="#Shadrach209">209</a></small> Von Holst, III. 25.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn210"></a><a href="#rendered210">210</a></small> Appendix D, No. <a href="#rry_ca">51.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn211"></a><a href="#imposed211">211</a></small> Appendix D, No. <a href="#ngton_c">62.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn212"></a><a href="#safety212">212</a></small> Appendix D, No. <a href="#ana_ca">49.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn213"></a><a href="#riot213">213</a></small> Appendix D, No. <a href="#iller">50.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn214"></a><a href="#Railroad214">214</a></small> Sanborn, Life and Letters of John Brown, 420; Douglass, Life and Times of John +Brown, 279, 282.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn215"></a><a href="#Ohio215">215</a></small> Von Holst, John Brown, 104.</p> +</div> + + + +<div class="fnbox"> +<p><b>Footnotes Chapter IV.</b></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn216"></a><a href="#freedom216">216</a></small> Still, Underground Railroad, 410.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn217"></a><a href="#liberty217">217</a></small> Ibid., 444.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn218"></a><a href="#angry218">218</a></small> F. L. Olmsted, Journey in the Back Country, 49.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn219"></a><a href="#feelings219">219</a></small></p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0"> "Gone, gone,—sold and gone</span><br /> +<span class="i0"> To the rice swamp dank and lone,—</span><br /> +<span class="i0"> Where the slave-whip ceaseless swings,</span><br /> +<span class="i0"> Where the noisome insect stings,</span><br /> +<span class="i0"> Where the fever demon strews</span><br /> +<span class="i0"> Poison with the falling dews,</span><br /> +<span class="i0"> Where the sickly sunbeams glare</span><br /> +<span class="i0"> Through the hot and misty air,—</span><br /> +<span class="i2"> Gone, gone,—sold and gone</span><br /> +<span class="i2"> To the rice swamp dank and lone</span><br /> +<span class="i2"> From Virginia's hills and waters,—</span><br /> +<span class="i2"> Woe is me, my stolen daughters!</span> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"There no mother's eye is near them,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">There no mother's ear can hear them;</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Never, when the torturing lash</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Seams their back with many a gash,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Shall a mother's kindness bless them,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Or a mother's arms caress them....</span> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Oh, when weary, sad, and slow</span><br /> +<span class="i0">From the fields at night they go,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Faint with toil, and racked with pain,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">To their cheerless homes again,—</span><br /> +<span class="i0">There no brother's voice shall greet them</span><br /> +<span class="i0">There no father's welcome meet them."</span> +</div></div> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn220"></a><a href="#haven220">220</a></small> Still, Underground Railroad, 443.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn221"></a><a href="#back221">221</a></small> Ibid., 448.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn222"></a><a href="#master222">222</a></small> Williams, History of the Negro Race in America, 293.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn223"></a><a href="#jail223">223</a></small> Still, Underground Railroad, 27.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn224"></a><a href="#June224">224</a></small> F. L. Olmsted, The Cotton Kingdom, 157.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn225"></a><a href="#blacks225">225</a></small> F. L. Olmsted, Journey in the Back Country, 444.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn226"></a><a href="#year226">226</a></small> W. I. Bowditch, Slavery and the Constitution; Macon (Ga.) Telegram, Nov. 27, +1838.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn227"></a><a href="#accord227">227</a></small> Ball, Mammoth Pictorial Tour of United States, 54; F. L. Olmsted, Journey +in the Back Country, 155.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn228"></a><a href="#runaway228">228</a></small> W. I. Bowditch, Slavery and the Constitution; Macon (Ga.) Telegram, Nov. 27, +1838.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn229"></a><a href="#years229">229</a></small> Liberator, April 12, 1839.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn230"></a><a href="#follow230">230</a></small> Wm. Parker, Freedman's Story, in Atlantic Monthly, February and March, +1866; Letter from Gerrit Smith, in Liberator, Dec. 28, 1838.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn231"></a><a href="#pig231">231</a></small> J. F. Clarke, Antislavery Days, 93.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn232"></a><a href="#returned232">232</a></small> Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, 196.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn233"></a><a href="#Canada233">233</a></small> Appendix D, No. <a href="#afts">41;</a> Antislavery Almanac, 74.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn234"></a><a href="#escape234">234</a></small> J. F. Clarke, Antislavery Days, 83.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn235"></a><a href="#peace235">235</a></small> Appendix D, No. <a href="#afts">41.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn236"></a><a href="#negroes236">236</a></small> Smedley, The Underground Railroad, 26.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn237"></a><a href="#apart237">237</a></small> Lalor's Cyclopędia, I. 5; Williams, History of the Negro Race in America, +II. 58, 59.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn238"></a><a href="#Canada238">238</a></small> Clarke, Antislavery Days, 81.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn239"></a><a href="#known239">239</a></small> Smedley, The Underground Railroad, 35.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn240"></a><a href="#purpose240">240</a></small> Ibid., 64, 138.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn241"></a><a href="#concealment241">241</a></small> Ibid., 568-570.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn242"></a><a href="#journey242">242</a></small> Ibid., 172.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn243"></a><a href="#coolness243">243</a></small> Ibid., 34.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn244"></a><a href="#Quakers244">244</a></small> Ibid., 146.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn245"></a><a href="#house245">245</a></small> Smedley, Underground Railroad, 58.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn246"></a><a href="#Tubman246">246</a></small> Harriet, the Moses of her People.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn247"></a><a href="#up247">247</a></small> Clarke, Antislavery Days, 81.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn248"></a><a href="#runaways248">248</a></small> Liberator, March 2, 1860.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn249"></a><a href="#me249">249</a></small> Pamphlet proposing a Defensive League of Freedom, 6.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn250"></a><a href="#them250">250</a></small> Smedley, Underground Railroad, 241.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn251"></a><a href="#again251">251</a></small> Ibid., 355.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn252"></a><a href="#escape252">252</a></small> Douglass, My Bondage and Freedom, 323.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn253"></a><a href="#man253">253</a></small> J. F. Clarke, Antislavery Days, 83.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn254"></a><a href="#North254">254</a></small> Lalor's Cyclopędia, I. 5; Congressional Globe, 36 Cong. 1 Sess., Appendix, 250.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn255"></a><a href="#Domingo255">255</a></small> Williams, History of the Negro Race in America, II. 58, 59.</p> +</div> + + + +<div class="fnbox"> +<p><b>Footnotes Chapter V.</b></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn256"></a><a href="#Indiana256">256</a></small> Revised Laws of Indiana, 1824, p. 221.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn257"></a><a href="#Connecticut257">257</a></small> Laws of Connecticut, 1838, p. 32.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn258"></a><a href="#Vermont258">258</a></small> Acts and Resolves of Vermont, 1840, p. 13.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn259"></a><a href="#York259">259</a></small> Laws of New York, 1840, p. 174.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn260"></a><a href="#action260">260</a></small> See <i>ante</i>, § <a href="#cti">27.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn261"></a><a href="#Massachusetts261">261</a></small> Laws of Massachusetts, 1843, p. 33.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn262"></a><a href="#Vermont262">262</a></small> Acts and Resolves of Vermont, 1843, p. 11.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn263"></a><a href="#Pennsylvania263">263</a></small> Laws of Pennsylvania, 1847, p. 206.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn264"></a><a href="#Island264">264</a></small> Acts and Resolves of Rhode Island, 1848, p. 12.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn265"></a><a href="#Vermont265">265</a></small> Laws of Vermont, 1850, p. 9.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn266"></a><a href="#Connecticut266">266</a></small> Public Acts of Connecticut, 1854, p. 80.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn267"></a><a href="#Island267">267</a></small> Laws of Rhode Island, 1854, p. 22.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn268"></a><a href="#Massachusetts268">268</a></small> Laws of Massachusetts, 1855, p. 924; 1858, p. 151.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn269"></a><a href="#Michigan269">269</a></small> Laws of Michigan, 1855, p. 415.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn270"></a><a href="#Maine270">270</a></small> Laws of Maine, 1857, p. 38.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn271"></a><a href="#Wisconsin271">271</a></small> Lalor, III. 162.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn272"></a><a href="#Kansas272">272</a></small> Lalor, III. 162.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn273"></a><a href="#Ohio273">273</a></small> Laws of Ohio, 1857, p. 170; 1857, p. 10.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn274"></a><a href="#Pennsylvania274">274</a></small> Lalor, III. 162.</p> + + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn275"></a><a href="#passed275">275</a></small> The following tabulation shows the provisions of the personal liberty laws as +distributed among the States:—<br /> +<br /> +<i>Judges and justices forbidden to take cognizance.</i> <br /> +Massachusetts, 1843; Vermont, 1843; Connecticut, 1838; Rhode Island, 1854; Maine, 1855; Pennsylvania, 1847.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Writ of habeas corpus.</i><br /> + Massachusetts, 1855; Michigan, 1855; Maine, 1857; Connecticut, 1838 and 1844.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Jury trial.</i> <br /> +Indiana, 1824; New York, 1840; Vermont, 1840, 1850, and 1858; Connecticut, 1838; Michigan, 1855; Massachusetts, 1855.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Use of jails forbidden.</i> <br /> Massachusetts, 1843 and 1855; Vermont, 1843 and 1858; Pennsylvania, 1847; +Rhode Island, 1848; Maine, 1855; Michigan, 1855; Ohio, 1857.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Attorneys employed to defend fugitives.</i> <br /> +New York, 1840; Vermont, 1840; Massachusetts, 1855; Maine, 1857.<br /> +<br /> +<i>False testimony punished.</i> <br /> +Connecticut, 1838 and 1844; Michigan, 1855.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Admission of national officers.</i> <br /> +Connecticut, 1838 and 1844; Vermont, 1844; Maine, 1855; New Hampshire, 1857.</p> + + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn276"></a><a href="#case276">276</a></small> See <i>ante</i>, § <a href="#atim">44.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn277"></a><a href="#fugitives277">277</a></small> Laws of Massachusetts, 1843, p. 33.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn278"></a><a href="#case278">278</a></small> See <i>ante</i>, § <a href="#adrac">57.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn279"></a><a href="#until279">279</a></small> Parker, Personal Liberty Laws, 27.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn280"></a><a href="#Sims280">280</a></small> See <i>ante</i>, § <a href="#ims">54.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn281"></a><a href="#Burns281">281</a></small> See <i>ante</i>, § <a href="#urns">55.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn282"></a><a href="#vote282">282</a></small> Parker, Personal Liberty Laws, 27; Laws of Massachusetts, 1855, p. 924; Appendix D, No. <a href="#hnson_c">60</a>, case of William Johnson.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn283"></a><a href="#in283">283</a></small> Laws of Massachusetts, 1858, p. 151.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn284"></a><a href="#until284">284</a></small> Acts and Resolves of Maine, 1855, p. 207.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn285"></a><a href="#in285">285</a></small> Ibid., 1857, p. 38.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn286"></a><a href="#of286">286</a></small> Acts and Resolves of New Hampshire, 1857, p. 1876.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn287"></a><a href="#in287">287</a></small> Acts and Resolves of Vermont, 1840, p. 13.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn288"></a><a href="#repealed288">288</a></small> Laws of Vermont, 1843, p. 11.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn289"></a><a href="#in289">289</a></small> Ibid., 1850, p. 9.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn290"></a><a href="#in290">290</a></small> Acts and Resolves of Rhode Island, 1848, p. 12.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn291"></a><a href="#in291">291</a></small> Laws of Rhode Island, 1854, p. 22.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn292"></a><a href="#York292">292</a></small> Laws of New York, 1840, p. 174.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn293"></a><a href="#cases293">293</a></small> Laws of Pennsylvania, 1847, p. 206.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn294"></a><a href="#in294">294</a></small> Laws of Ohio, 1857, p. 170.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn295"></a><a href="#repealed295">295</a></small> Laws of Ohio, 1858, p. 10.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn296"></a><a href="#in296">296</a></small> Laws of Michigan, 1855, p. 415.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn297"></a><a href="#acts297">297</a></small> Lalor, III. 162.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn298"></a><a href="#founded298">298</a></small> Hurd, Law of Freedom and Bondage, II. 763; Von Holst, IV. 551; Parker, +Personal Liberty Laws.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn299"></a><a href="#executed299">299</a></small> Phillips, No Slave Hunting in the Old Bay State; Phillips, Argument against +repeal of Personal Liberty Law; Pierce, Personal Liberty Law, 4; Johnson, Speech +on Personal Liberty Law, New York, 1861.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn300"></a><a href="#of300">300</a></small> 36 Cong. 2 Sess., Congressional Globe, Appendix, 2.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn301"></a><a href="#legislation301">301</a></small> Lalor, III. 162.</p> +</div> + + +<div class="fnbox"> +<p><b>Footnotes Chapter VI.</b></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn302"></a><a href="#unconstitutional302">302</a></small> Ableman v. Booth, 3 Wis., 1.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn303"></a><a href="#executed303">303</a></small> Globe, 1860-61, p. 356, App. 197.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn304"></a><a href="#repealed304">304</a></small> Globe, 1860-61, (Baker) 228, (Burnham) 970.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn305"></a><a href="#void305">305</a></small> Senate Journal, 36 Cong. 2 Sess., p. 18. +Appendix C, No. <a href="#chanan">1.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn306"></a><a href="#House306">306</a></small> House Journal, 36 Cong. 2 Sess., p. 60; Congr. Globe, 36 Cong. 2 Sess., 77. Appendix C, Nos. 2-12. For a list of proposed constitutional amendments bearing on +fugitive slaves, I am indebted to Mr. H. V. Ames, of the Harvard Graduate School, +who has kindly furnished me transcripts from his material for a forthcoming monograph +on proposed amendments to the Constitution.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn307"></a><a href="#him307">307</a></small> Cong. Globe, 3 Cong. 2 Sess., 114. Appendix C, Nos. <a href="#Cochra">2</a>-<a href="#ohnson">12.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn308"></a><a href="#fugitives308">308</a></small> House Journal, 36 Cong. 2 Sess., 70; Cong. Globe, 36 Cong. 2 Sess., 79. Appendix C, No. 10.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn309"></a><a href="#runaway309">309</a></small> House Journal, 36 Cong. 2 Sess., 67; Cong. Globe, 36 Cong. 2 Sess., 77. Appendix C, No. 3.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn310"></a><a href="#returned310">310</a></small> House Journal, 36 Cong. 2 Sess., 70; Cong. Globe, 36 Cong. 2 Sess., 78. Appendix C, No. 11.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn311"></a><a href="#reported311">311</a></small> Cong. Globe, 36 Cong. 2 Sess., 1328.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn312"></a><a href="#reading312">312</a></small> Appendix C, No. <a href="#ompromis">25.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn313"></a><a href="#known313">313</a></small> Liberator, Nov. 1, 1861; Edw. L. Pierce, in Atlantic Monthly, November, 1861.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn314"></a><a href="#property314">314</a></small> Cong. Globe, 36 Cong. 2 Sess., 1076.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn315"></a><a href="#government315">315</a></small> Cong. Globe, 36 Cong. 2 Sess., 1077.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn316"></a><a href="#notwithstanding316">316</a></small> Cong. Globe, 37 Cong. 1 Sess., 218. +Appendix C, Nos. <a href="#cation_B">30,</a> <a href="#Chan">31.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn317"></a><a href="#irritation317">317</a></small> Cong. Globe, 37 Cong. 1 Sess., 219.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn318"></a><a href="#liberality318">318</a></small> Cong. Globe, 37 Cong. 1 Sess., 412.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn319"></a><a href="#service319">319</a></small> House Journal, 37 Cong. 1 Sess., 197; Cong. Globe, 409, 410. Appendix C, No. <a href="#Chan">31.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn320"></a><a href="#amendment320">320</a></small> Senate Journal, 37 Cong. 1 Sess., 178; Cong. Globe, 434. Appendix C, No. <a href="#Chan">31.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn321"></a><a href="#August321">321</a></small> Cong. Globe, 37 Cong. 1 Sess., 454. Appendix C, No. <a href="#Chan">31.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn322"></a><a href="#of322">322</a></small> Appendix C, Nos. <a href="#onfisc">37,</a> <a href="#orril">40,</a> <a href="#Love">44.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn323"></a><a href="#others323">323</a></small> Appendix C, No. <a href="#umbu">52.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn324"></a><a href="#purposes324">324</a></small> Appendix C, No. <a href="#Harri">59.</a> Referred to the + Committee on the Judiciary, and reported by them, + April 16, 1862. Appendix C, No. <a href="#cat">67.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn325"></a><a href="#of325">325</a></small> Cong. Globe, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 944.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn326"></a><a href="#avoided326">326</a></small> Cong. Globe, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 946.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn327"></a><a href="#May327">327</a></small> Appendix C, No. <a href="#arri">71.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn328"></a><a href="#offered328">328</a></small> Appendix C, No. <a href="#Clark">72.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn329"></a><a href="#May329">329</a></small> Appendix C, No. <a href="#fisca">73.</a> Previous bills introduced + by Mr. Eliot had been unfavorably reported on by the Judiciary Committee. Appendix C, No. <a href="#lio">69.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn330"></a><a href="#recommitments330">330</a></small> Appendix C, No. <a href="#cipa">75.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn331"></a><a href="#government331">331</a></small> Appendix C, No. <a href="#disloyal">78.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn332"></a><a href="#to332">332</a></small> Appendix C, No. <a href="#disloyal">78.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn333"></a><a href="#servitude333">333</a></small> Appendix C, No. <a href="#Progress">79.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn334"></a><a href="#July334">334</a></small> Appendix C, No. <a href="#Progress">79.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn335"></a><a href="#Washington335">335</a></small> Liberator, July 19, 1861; Appendix D, No. <a href="#olk_ca">68.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn336"></a><a href="#safety336">336</a></small> Williams, History of Negro Race in America, 245; Appendix D, No. <a href="#er_Ale">69.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn337"></a><a href="#difficulty337">337</a></small> Appendix C, + Nos. <a href="#on_Army">36,</a> <a href="#against">43,</a> <a href="#Love">44,</a> <a href="#Shank">46</a>-<a href="#ilso">48.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn338"></a><a href="#slaves338">338</a></small> Appendix C, No. <a href="#ovejo">35.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn339"></a><a href="#April339">339</a></small> Appendix C, No. <a href="#ejoy">66.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn340"></a><a href="#rebels340">340</a></small> Appendix C, No. <a href="#ale">41.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn341"></a><a href="#fugitives341">341</a></small> Cong. Globe, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 110; Appendix C, No. <a href="#cipat">42.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn342"></a><a href="#preservation342">342</a></small> Cong. Globe, 37 Cong. 1 Sess, 130.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn343"></a><a href="#country343">343</a></small> Cong. Globe, 37 Cong. 1 Sess., 130.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn344"></a><a href="#consideration344">344</a></small> Appendix C, No. <a href="#olu">47.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn345"></a><a href="#passed345">345</a></small> Appendix C, No. <a href="#ilso">48.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn346"></a><a href="#purpose346">346</a></small> Appendix C, No. <a href="#Blair">58.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn347"></a><a href="#book347">347</a></small> Cong. Globe, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 955.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn348"></a><a href="#magistrates348">348</a></small> Cong. Globe, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 956.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn349"></a><a href="#March349">349</a></small> Liberator, May 1, 1863 Extract from Frankfort Commonwealth.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn350"></a><a href="#held350">350</a></small> Appendix C, No. <a href="#ck_cod">33.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn351"></a><a href="#there351">351</a></small> Cong. Globe, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 10.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn352"></a><a href="#District352">352</a></small> Appendix C, No. <a href="#ck_cod">33.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn353"></a><a href="#Judiciary353">353</a></small> Appendix C, No. <a href="#ingha">39.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn354"></a><a href="#to354">354</a></small> Appendix C, No. <a href="#essende">38.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn355"></a><a href="#January355">355</a></small> Cong. Globe, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 182; Appendix C, No. <a href="#Grimes">51.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn356"></a><a href="#prevail356">356</a></small> Cong. Globe, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 313.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn357"></a><a href="#master357">357</a></small> Cong. Globe, 37 Cong. 2 Sess., 264.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn358"></a><a href="#January358">358</a></small> Appendix C, No <a href="#Grimes">51.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn359"></a><a href="#bill359">359</a></small> Appendix C, Nos. <a href="#cipat">42,</a> <a href="#Wils">54,</a> <a href="#al_the_bl">56.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn360"></a><a href="#radical360">360</a></small> Wilson, Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, iii. 273.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn361"></a><a href="#was361">361</a></small> Appendix C, Nos. <a href="#ill">62,</a> <a href="#abolitio">65.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn362"></a><a href="#pursuers362">362</a></small> Appendix D, No. <a href="#olk_ca">68.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn363"></a><a href="#December363">363</a></small> Appendix C, No. <a href="#Howe">49.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn364"></a><a href="#country364">364</a></small> Cong. Globe, 37 Cong. 1 Sess., 1356.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn365"></a><a href="#Judiciary365">365</a></small> Appendix C, No. <a href="#lia">76.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn366"></a><a href="#acts366">366</a></small> Three bills were introduced in the House on the same day, December 14, 1863, by +Messrs. Stevens, Julian, and Ashley. They were read twice and referred. Appendix +C, No. 80. Before the final consideration of the subject, on February 8, 1864, +two more bills were introduced in Congress, Mr. Sumner's in the Senate, and Mr. +Spalding's in the House. The former went to the Committee on the Judiciary, the +latter to the Select Committee on Slavery and Freedom. Appendix C, No. <a href="#repeal">80.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn367"></a><a href="#Congress367">367</a></small>Appendix C, No. <a href="#repeal">80.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn368"></a><a href="#outrage368">368</a></small> Cong. Globe, 38 Cong. 1 Sess., 2774, 2775.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn369"></a><a href="#slavery369">369</a></small> Cong. Globe, 38 Cong. 1 Sess., 2914.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn370"></a><a href="#adhered370">370</a></small> Cong. Globe, 38 Cong. 1 Sess., 2914.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn371"></a><a href="#rehearsed371">371</a></small> Cong. Globe, 38 Cong. 1 Sess., 2911.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn372"></a><a href="#it372">372</a></small> Cong. Globe, 38 Cong. 1 Sess., 2913.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn373"></a><a href="#duty373">373</a></small> Cong. Globe, 38 Cong. 1 Sess., 2919.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn374"></a><a href="#institution374">374</a></small> Cong. Globe, 38 Cong. 1 Sess., 2917.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn375"></a><a href="#House375">375</a></small> Cong. Globe. 38 Cong. 1 Sess., 2920.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn376"></a><a href="#February376">376</a></small> Senate Journal, 38 Cong. 1 Sess., 196; Cong. Globe, 38 Cong. + 1 Sess., 869; Appendix C, No. <a href="#repeal">80.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn377"></a><a href="#consideration377">377</a></small> Cong. Globe, 38 Cong. 1 Sess., 1175.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn378"></a><a href="#constitutionally378">378</a></small> Cong. Globe, 38 Cong. 1 Sess., 1710.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn379"></a><a href="#commandments379">379</a></small> Cong. Globe, 38 Cong. 1 Sess., 1709.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn380"></a><a href="#lands380">380</a></small> Cong. Globe, 38 Cong. 1 Sess., 1713.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn381"></a><a href="#accepted381">381</a></small> Senate Journal, 38 Cong. 1 Sess., 348; Cong. Globe, 38 Cong. 1 Sess., 1710, 1714.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn382"></a><a href="#argument382">382</a></small> Cong. Globe, 38 Cong. 1 Sess., 1752.</p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn383"></a><a href="#to383">383</a></small> Cong. Globe, 38 Cong. 1 Sess., 3191; Appendix C, No. <a href="#repealing">83.</a></p> + +<p class="ind"><small><a id="fn384"></a><a href="#States384">384</a></small> Appendix C, No. <a href="#repealing">83.</a></p> +</div> + + + + + + + + + +<div class="tnbox"> +<p class="noindent"><b>Transcriber's note:</b> Original spelling varieties have been maintained; footnotes +were renumbered. The index was changed to refer to section numbers instead of page numbers. Abbreviations + and references changed for clarity: +§ <a href="#International_cases">11</a>: o'selves—> +we could not promise ourselves from you; w'ch—> which are shortly like to be nearer + neighbors; O'tres—> vpon the receiving of these Outres; +p'ties—> the demand of the parties interessted; p'sons—> compell such other +persons.——§ <a href="#Act_1850">29</a>, Footnotes + <small>158</small>, <small>159</small>: "Appendix B, Nos. 68., 83, 84" not found; +all linked to Appendix B, No. <a href="#lative">30.</a> ——§ 84 not listed in the original.——§ <a href="#Early_propositions_to">101</a>., Footnote <small>366</small>: + "Appendix C, Nos. 104, 106" not found; +both linked to Appendix C, No. <a href="#repeal">80.</a>——§ <a href="#in_the_Senate">103</a>, Footnote <small>384</small>: "Appendix C, No. 116" not found; +linked to Appendix C, No. <a href="#repealing">83.</a>——Appendix A, No. <a href="#Connect">9:</a> appr'ntices—> apprentices; +w'th—> with; fr'o—> from; pr'euenting—> preuenting.——Appendix A, <a href="#and_their_entert">31:</a> ag't—> against; + Satisfacc'on—> Satisfaccion; reparac'on—> reparacion; +Lord Prop'ry—> Lord Proprietary; publicac'on—> publicacion; Informac'on—> Informacion.——Appendix A, No. <a href="#lier_act_amend">66:</a> goalers—> Fees of the +gaolers given.——Appendix C, No. <a href="#repeal">80:</a> "See No. 84" not found, linked to No. <a href="#repealing">83.</a> +——Appendix E, No. <a href="#Reminiscences">9:</a> reminscences—> the reminiscences of participants. +</p></div> + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Fugitive Slaves, by Marion Gleason McDougall + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FUGITIVE SLAVES *** + +***** This file should be named 34594-h.htm or 34594-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/4/5/9/34594/ + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive/American +Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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