diff options
| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 20:01:54 -0700 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 20:01:54 -0700 |
| commit | 05e4e23b454376ea3741415d790a1548ae738330 (patch) | |
| tree | 0f9dbe1e53bed9cb247062c5af7f9a57c0432288 | |
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34579-8.txt | 816 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34579-8.zip | bin | 0 -> 13838 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34579-h.zip | bin | 0 -> 15219 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34579-h/34579-h.htm | 785 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34579.txt | 816 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34579.zip | bin | 0 -> 13812 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 |
9 files changed, 2433 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/34579-8.txt b/34579-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8b576ba --- /dev/null +++ b/34579-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,816 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Bees from British Guiana, by T. D. A. Cockerell + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Bees from British Guiana + Bulletin of the AMNH, Vol. XXXVIII, Art. XX, pp. 685-690 + +Author: T. D. A. Cockerell + +Release Date: December 5, 2010 [EBook #34579] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BEES FROM BRITISH GUIANA *** + + + + +Produced by Larry B. Harrison and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + _Bees from British Guiana_ + + BY T. D. A. COCKERELL + + + + BULLETIN + OF + THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + + VOL. XXXVIII, ART. XX, pp. 685-690 + + _New York, December 21, 1918_ + + + +59.57.99(88) + +#Article XX.#--BEES FROM BRITISH GUIANA + +BY T. D. A. COCKERELL. + + +In connection with the work of the Tropical Research Station of the New +York Zoological Society, conducted by Mr. William Beebe, collections of +insects, including bees, were made. The present report deals with a +series of bees from the Bartica District, and Mr. John Tee Van, in +forwarding them, states that "almost all of these bees were procured +about a clump of several species of nightshades (_Solanum_), which were +flowering in thinned-out jungle." I give an artificial key, which will +enable one who is not a specialist in bees to separate readily each +species from the rest. It will, of course, remain necessary to compare +any species with a fuller account to make sure that it is not some form +unrepresented in the present collection. The types of the new species +and varieties from British Guiana are deposited in The American Museum +of Natural History. Species marked P. are from the Penal Settlement; +those marked K. occur at Kalacoon. + + The body, or some part of it, brilliant green 1. + No part of the body brilliant green 11. + + 1. Thorax dark, with more or less purple tints, not bright green 2. + Thorax bright or clear green, at least in part 4. + + 2. Small bee, less than 10 mm. long + _Augochlora callichlorura_, new species. + Large, robust bees, greatly exceeding 10 mm. 3. + + 3. Abdomen with the first two segments dark; tongue not extending + to end of abdomen _Eufriesia pulchra_ (Smith). + Abdomen all bright green, with brassy tints; tongue extending + backward far beyond tip of abdomen + _Euglossa brullei_ Lepeletier. + + 4. Hind margins of abdominal segments broadly black. + _Augochlora nigromarginata_ (Spinola).--P. + Hind margins of abdominal segments green 5. + Hind margins of abdominal segments red or whitish; very + robust bees 10. + + 5. Small bee, less than 10 mm. long, the clypeus with a + transverse apical ivory-colored band _Ceratina læta_ Spinola. + Larger, very robust bees 6. + + 6. Tongue extending beyond abdomen posteriorly 7. + Tongue not extending beyond abdomen 8. + + 7. Scutellum with a patch of black tomentum + _Euglossa ignita_ Smith; female. + Scutellum without a patch of black tomentum + _Euglossa ignita_ Smith; male. + + 8. Robust bees, about 10 mm. long or a little over; scutellum + with, a patch of black tomentum + _Euglossa cordata_ (Linnæus).--P. + Much larger bees, a little over 20 mm. long 9. + + 9. Scutellum with an obtuse median keel; posterior angles of + scutellum rounded _Exærele smaragdina_ (Guérin). + + Scutellum depressed in middle, without any keel; posterior + angles of scutellum rather prominent _Exærele dentata_ (Linné). + + 10. Scutellum with a patch of light fulvous tomentum; scape red. + _Euglossa decorata ruficauda_, new variety; female--K. + + Scutellum with a patch of black tomentum; scape dark, with + a pale yellow mark _Euglossa singularis_ Mocsáry.--P. + + Scutellum without a patch of tomentum; scape pale yellow + in front. _Euglossa decorata ruficauda_, new variety; male. + + 11. Very large bees, anterior wing at least 23 mm. long; integument + partly or wholly ferruginous 12. + Anterior wing less than 20 mm. long 13. + + 12. Abdomen with broad black bands. + _Xylocopa frontalis nitens_ (Lepeletier); male[A]--P. + Abdomen without black bands _Xylocopa fimbriala_ (Fabricius). + + 13. Wasp-like bee, with fusiform abdomen, reddish wings and red + legs; three complete submarginal cells, first recurrent + nervure meeting second transversocubital + _Rhathymus beebei_, new species + Otherwise formed, the abdomen broad at base 14. + + 14. Surface of eyes with fine short hair; first abdominal segment + red, the others black; female abdomen sharply pointed. + _Cælioxys ardescens_ Cockerell. (Hym. 6 and 138.) + Eyes not hairy; female abdomen not sharply pointed 15. + + 15. Anterior wings with three complete submarginal cells 16. + Anterior wings with submarginal cells incomplete or wanting; + stingless social bees 29. + + 16. Small bee, about 8 mm. long; wings beyond middle milky-white, + the extreme apex dusky _Tetrapedia lacteipennis_ Vachal.--P. + Larger bees; the wings not thus colored 17. + + 17. Abdomen clear ferruginous; large robust bees 18. + Abdomen not ferruginous; or only partly so 19. + + 18. Hind legs with black hair _Centris personata_ Smith; male.--P. + Hind legs with pale hair _Centris personata_ Smith; female.--P. + + 19. Integument with at least some bluish, purplish or greenish + tints; abdomen not banded; form very robust 20. + Integument not at all metallic (very slightly in _Eulæma + nigrita_, variety) 21. + + 20. Larger; anterior wing at least 17 mm. long; head and thorax + with black hair; fourth and fifth abdominal segments purple + _Eulæma nigrita_ Lepeletier. + Much smaller; cheeks densely covered with white hair; clypeus + black in female, yellow in male _Xylocopa barbata_ (Fabricius). + + 21. Thorax and abdomen hairy; hair of thorax yellow, with + a transverse black band, of abdomen black, with a + transverse yellow band. _Bombus incarum_ Franklin. + Not thus colored 22. + + 22. Clypeus with two longitudinal keels 23. + Clypeus with a single, median longitudinal keel, sharp and + extending its whole length; black bee, with black hair. + _Eulæma nigrita_ Lepeletier, variety; female.[B] + Clypeus without any distinct keels 25. + + 23. Scutellum with two large yellow marks. + _Epicharis maculata barticana_, new variety.--K. + Scutellum with the integument all dark 24. + + 24. Second abdominal segment with a yellow mark on each side. + _Epicharis affinis_ Smith.--P. + Abdomen with the integument all black + _Epicharis rustica_ (Olivier).--P. + + 25. Less than 12 mm. long; wings not deep fuliginous 26. + Over 18 mm. long; wings deep fuliginous 27. + + 26. Hair bands of abdomen broad; male with long antennæ and + yellow clypeus. _Florilegus barticanus_, new species. + Hair bands of abdomen linear; integument of clypeus black. + _Melitoma fulvifrons_ (Smith). + + 27. Hair of mesothorax and scutellum dark brown; apical part of + abdomen with integument red _Centris fusciventris_ Mocsáry.--P. + Hair of mesothorax and scutellum red 28. + + 28. Face with yellow markings; anterior wing about 14 mm. long. + _Centris lineolata_ Lepeletier. + Face without yellow markings; anterior wing about 20 mm. long. + _Centris atriventris_ Mocsáry.--P. + + 29. Robust bees, not less than 9 mm. long 30. + Small, fly-like bees, not nearly 9 mm. long 32. + + 30. Thorax with ferruginous hair; integument of scutellum yellow. + _Melipona fasciata barticensis_ Cockerell, ined.--P. + Thorax with dorsal hair not ferruginous 31. + + 31. Abdomen more or less reddish, at least the first segment + dorsally pale red. _Melipona intermixta_ Cockerell, ined.--P. + Abdomen black, with narrow yellowish-white tegumentary + bands; a tuft of dark red hair before each tegula. + _Melipona interrupta_ (Latreille).--K. + + 32. Legs mainly red; clypeus yellow _Trigona longipes_ Smith.--K. + Legs and clypeus black _Trigona_ sp. (specimens imperfect).--P. + + + [A] The female of _X. nitens_ is black, with dark wings. It was + not in the material sent. The female of _X. fimbriala_ is + also black. + + [B] A little purple can be seen at sides of abdomen, but it is + easily overlooked. + + +NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS + +#Melipona interrupta# (Latreille).--In the specimen sent, the bands on +second and following segments are notched above in middle, with only an +obscure linear interruption. + +#Melipona fasciata barticensis# Cockerell.--One specimen has five linear +red bands on abdomen, but in another the bands are very indistinct, +almost obsolete. + +#Melipona intermixta# Cockerell.--The ground color of the first three +abdominal tergites varies; in the lighter forms that of the first is +pale fulvous with the shoulders blackish, of the second and third clear +ferruginous. + +#Euglossa singularis# Mocsáry.--Judging from the brief description, it +appears that #E. meliponoides# Ducke is probably the same species. + + +#Euglossa decorata# Smith, var. #ruficauda#, new variety + +Both sexes with abdomen ferruginous, apically more or less dusky, but +the whole effect lighter and redder than typical; scutellum green with +the hind margin red. Tuft on female scutellum light fulvous. The female, +from Kalacoon, (Hym. 212) is the type of the variety. + + +#Euglossa ignita# Smith, var. #chlorosoma#, new variety + +Green, without coppery tints, but variably suffused with purple. It is +smaller than _E. piliventris_, with shorter mouth-parts, and the labrum +pallid with a pair of dusky spots. A male in the U. S. Nat. Museum from +Bartica, which I reported as _E. piliventris_, belongs here. Female _E. +piliventris_ has long yellow hairs on the anterior margin of hind +basitarsus, but in _chlorosoma_ the hair in this situation is black. The +type of the variety is a female labelled Hym. 140. A female from +Kalacoon has brassy and coppery tints on the apical part of abdomen, and +must be referred to _E. ignita_ proper. The type locality of _ignita_ is +Jamaica. + +#Ceratina læta# Spinola. This was described from the female. The +specimen sent is a male, and differs from the female in being smaller, +and having a transverse band on anterior margin of clypeus, triangular +marks on lower corners of face, and a large patch (emarginate above) on +labrum all ivory-white. This is very like _C. viridula_ Smith, which +Ducke considers a synonym of _læta_, but the base of the metathorax +seems to differ, and the nervures are piceous. For the present, +therefore, I retain _C. viridula_ as a distinct species. The female of +_C. viridula_, collected by Busck in the Panama Canal Zone, is also +distinguishable from that sex of _C. læta_. + + +#Epicharis maculata# var. #barticana#, new variety + +[Female].--Base of mandibles with a large cuneiform yellow mark; a broad +black band down each side of labrum; yellow spots on prothorax large; +scutellum with a pair of large transversely oval yellow areas, separated +by a narrow black band; band on second abdominal segment with a +posterior median projection. Kalacoon, 1916. (Hym. 217.) + + +#Rhathymus beebei#, new species + +[Female].--Length about 22 mm., anterior wing 18 mm.; head clear +ferruginous, with red hair, lower part of face more pallid, with a +creamy tint; apical half of mandibles black; clypeus prominent, minutely +roughened, with a smooth median line; mesothorax black, with a median +ridge, the surface on each side of this strongly punctured, but shining +between the punctures; rest of thorax ferruginous, and all of thorax +with ferruginous hair; scutellum not bigibbous, but with an elevated +transverse ridge; pleura with a blackish area below the wings; lower +part of mesopleura with a shining tubercle; tegulæ clear ferruginous, +finely punctured; wings strongly reddened; legs clear ferruginous; +abdomen fusiform, shining; first two segments dull reddish, pallid +posterolaterally, the others reddish black, with the hind margins +redder; apical plate very large, concave. Bartica District (Hym. 19). +Very distinct by the transverse straight ridge on scutellum; nearest +perhaps to the considerably smaller _R. unicolor_ Smith, but that has +dark fuscous wings. The antennæ are unfortunately missing. + + +#Augochlora callichlorura#, new species + +[Female].--Length a little over 7 mm.; first two abdominal segments +rather weakly vibrissate on hind margin with orange hairs; hind spur of +hind leg with long spines. Head and thorax very dark purplish, nearly +black, but a blue-green spot at upper end of clypeus, supraclypeal area +brilliant purple, and base of metathorax strongly tinged with purple; +anterior and middle legs dark, with weak purple tints, but hind femora, +tibiæ and basal half of basitarsi all brilliant green on outer side; +abdomen short and broad, shining, very brilliant emerald green. Head +broad, eyes strongly converging below; clypeus with extremely large +punctures; front dull and granular; ocelli ordinary; cheeks with thin +white hair; mesothorax and scutellum shining, but well punctured; base +of metathorax with strong short plicæ; angles of prothorax not +prominent; tegulæ rufotestaceous; wings grayish translucent, stigma and +nervures dusky pale brown; first recurrent nervure meeting second +transversocubital; abdomen with thin pale hair, hind margins of segments +not darkened. Bartica District. + +Unique by the combination of purplish head and thorax and green abdomen, +the general effect recalling _A. atropos_ Smith. + + +#Florilegus barticanus#, new species. + +[Male].--Length about 11 mm.; black, except as follows: first abdominal +segment strongly greenish; clypeus and labrum entirely yellow; mandibles +fulvous apically (but base black); antennæ, except the first two joints, +ferruginous beneath; hind tarsi, and apex of hind tibiæ, dusky red; hair +of head and thorax ferruginous, paler below, no admixture of dark hairs; +eyes reddish; mesothorax shining, but distinctly punctured; tegulæ clear +ferruginous; wings dusky hyaline, nervures reddish fuscous; legs with +pale hair, conspicuously plumose on hind tibiæ; abdomen with four broad +dense ochraceous hair-bands, that on fourth segment broadly excavated in +middle posteriorly, on fifth broadly interrupted; sixth segment with a +small patch of fulvous hair on each side; apical part of abdomen +dorsally, except for the bands and patches, with very dark fuscous hair. +Bartica District (Hym. 11). + +Related to _F. lanieri_ Guér. from Cuba and _F. condigna_ Cresson from +the United States. In the coloration of the legs it is intermediate +between these two. + +#Tetrapedia lacteipennis# Vachal.--It should be added to Vachal's +description, that the dorsal abdominal segments 2 to 4 have yellow +bands. + +The Bartica collection contains a _Megalopta_ from Hoorie, but it is +unfortunately broken. I have _Megalopta panamensis_ Cockerell from +Maroni, French Guiana (Queensland Museum, 42). + +I add the description of a new species from French Guiana, the type of +which is in my collection. + + +#Augochlora maroniana#, new species + +[Female].--Length slightly over 8 mm.; head, thorax and legs bright +green; abdomen yellowish green strongly suffused with coppery, the first +two segments with apical fringes of orange hair; face rather narrow; +antennæ black; lower middle of clypeus black; mesothorax and scutellum +rough with dense punctatures, the scutellum with two copper-red spots; +area of metathorax with very feeble plicæ; tegulæ black with pallid +margin, the basal side broadly green; wings dusky; second s. m. square; +first r. n. meeting second t. c; stigma dusky reddish; legs with mainly +pale hair, hind tibiæ with dark hair on outer side basally; hind spur +with about six long spines; basal half of basitarsi green on outer side; +abdomen shining, with pale ochreus hair. + +Maroni, French Guiana (Queensland Mus., 43). Related to _A. cupreola_ +(Ckll.), but with the vibrissate fringes on abdomen nearly twice as +long, and deep orange-fulvous, and the mesothorax much more densely +punctured. Also related to _A. diversipennis_ (Lep.), but with the face +much narrower, and the area of metathorax much less distinctly plicate. +From _A. calypso_ Sm. it is known by the wings not being yellowish, the +inner orbits not edged with blue, and the tarsi not ferruginous. + + + + + PUBLICATIONS + OF + THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + + +MEMOIRS + + Volume I. Zoology and Palæontology. + Volumes II-VIII. Anthropology. + Volume IX. Zoology and Palæontology. + Volumes X-XIV. Anthropology. + +Volumes II, IV, V, VII, VIII, X-XIV, and an Ethnographical Album form +Volumes I-VII of the Memoirs of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition. + + +MEMOIRS--NEW SERIES + + Volumes I and II. Zoology and Palæontology. + + +BULLETIN + + Volumes I-XXIV, XXV, parts 1 and 2, and XXVI-XXXIX. + + +ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS + +Volumes I-IX, X, parts 1-6; XI, XII, parts 1-5; XIII; XIV, parts 1 and +2; XV, part 1; XVI, parts 1-3; XVII, parts 1-4; XVIII, parts 1 and 2; +and XIX, part 1. + + +MONOGRAPHS + +A Review of the Primates. By D. G. Elliot. 3 volumes. + +Hitherto Unpublished Plates of Tertiary Mammals and Permian Vertebrates. +By E. D. Cope and W. D. Matthew. + + +THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL + +Volumes I-XVIII. The Journal is a popular record of the progress of The +American Museum of Natural History, issued monthly from October to May. + +HANDBOOKS. Numbers 1-6. + +GUIDE LEAFLETS. Numbers 1-48. + +ANNUAL REPORTS. First (1869) to Forty-ninth (1917). + +A more detailed list, with prices, of these publications may be had upon +application to the Librarian of the Museum. + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Bees from British Guiana, by T. D. A. Cockerell + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BEES FROM BRITISH GUIANA *** + +***** This file should be named 34579-8.txt or 34579-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/4/5/7/34579/ + +Produced by Larry B. Harrison and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/34579-8.zip b/34579-8.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9df5b87 --- /dev/null +++ b/34579-8.zip diff --git a/34579-h.zip b/34579-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..cede9da --- /dev/null +++ b/34579-h.zip diff --git a/34579-h/34579-h.htm b/34579-h/34579-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a21bca6 --- /dev/null +++ b/34579-h/34579-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,785 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Bees from British Guiana, by T. D. A. Cockerell. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; font-size: 0.9em;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .blockquot{margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .u {text-decoration: underline;} + + .caption {font-weight: bold;} + + .footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's Bees from British Guiana, by T. D. A. Cockerell + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Bees from British Guiana + Bulletin of the AMNH, Vol. XXXVIII, Art. XX, pp. 685-690 + +Author: T. D. A. Cockerell + +Release Date: December 5, 2010 [EBook #34579] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BEES FROM BRITISH GUIANA *** + + + + +Produced by Larry B. Harrison and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + + + + +<h1><i>Bees from British Guiana</i></h1> + +<h3><span class="smcap">By T. D. A. Cockerell</span></h3> +<hr style="width: 25%;" /> + +<h3>BULLETIN</h3> + +<h5>OF</h5> + +<h3>THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY</h3> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Vol.</span> XXXVIII, <span class="smcap">Art.</span> XX, pp. 685-690</h4> + +<h4><i>New York, December 21, 1918</i></h4> + + +<hr style="width: 100%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_685" id="Page_685">[Pg 685]</a></span></p> +<h5>59.57.99(88)</h5> +<h2><b>Article XX.</b>—BEES FROM BRITISH GUIANA</h2> + +<h3><span class="smcap">By T. D. A. Cockerell.</span></h3> + + +<p>In connection with the work of the Tropical Research Station of the +New York Zoological Society, conducted by Mr. William Beebe, collections +of insects, including bees, were made. The present report deals with a +series of bees from the Bartica District, and Mr. John Tee Van, in forwarding +them, states that "almost all of these bees were procured about a clump of +several species of nightshades (<i>Solanum</i>), which were flowering in thinned-out +jungle." I give an artificial key, which will enable one who is not a specialist +in bees to separate readily each species from the rest. It will, of course, +remain necessary to compare any species with a fuller account to make +sure that it is not some form unrepresented in the present collection. The +types of the new species and varieties from British Guiana are deposited +in The American Museum of Natural History. Species marked P. are from +the Penal Settlement; those marked K. occur at Kalacoon.</p> + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='left' colspan='2'>The body, or some part of it, brilliant green<br />No part of the body brilliant green</td><td align='right'>1.<br />11.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right' valign='top'>1.</td><td align='left'>Thorax dark, with more or less purple tints, not bright green<br />Thorax bright or clear green, at least in part</td><td align='right'>2.<br />4.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right' valign='top'>2.</td><td align='left'>Small bee, less than 10 mm. long<br />Large, robust bees, greatly exceeding 10 mm.</td><td align='right'><i>Augochlora callichlorura</i>, new species.<br />3.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right' valign='top'>3.</td><td align='left'>Abdomen with the first two segments dark; tongue not extending to end of abdomen<br />Abdomen all bright green, with brassy tints; tongue extending backward far beyond tip of abdomen</td><td align='right'><i>Eufriesia pulchra</i> (Smith).<br /><i>Euglossa brullei</i> Lepeletier.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right' valign='top'>4.</td><td align='left'>Hind margins of abdominal segments broadly black.<br />Hind margins of abdominal segments green<br />Hind margins of abdominal segments red or whitish; very robust bees</td><td align='right'><i>Augochlora nigromarginata</i> (Spinola).—P.<br />5.<br />10.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right' valign='top'>5.</td><td align='left'>Small bee, less than 10 mm. long, the clypeus with a transverse apical ivory-colored band<br />Larger, very robust bees</td><td align='right'><i>Ceratina læta</i> Spinola.<br />6.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right' valign='top'>6.</td><td align='left'>Tongue extending beyond abdomen posteriorly<br />Tongue not extending beyond abdomen</td><td align='right'>7.<br />8.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right' valign='top'>7.</td><td align='left'>Scutellum with a patch of black tomentum<br />Scutellum without a patch of black tomentum</td><td align='right'><i>Euglossa ignita</i> Smith; female.<br /><i>Euglossa ignita</i> Smith; male.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_686" id="Page_686">[Pg 686]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right' valign='top'>8.</td><td align='left'>Robust bees, about 10 mm. long or a little over; scutellum with, a patch of black tomentum<br />Much larger bees, a little over 20 mm. long</td><td align='right'><i>Euglossa cordata</i> (Linnæus).—P.<br />9.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right' valign='top'>9.</td><td align='left'>Scutellum with an obtuse median keel; posterior angles of scutellum rounded<br />Scutellum depressed in middle, without any keel; posterior angles of scutellum rather prominent</td><td align='right'><i>Exærele smaragdina</i> (Guérin).<br /><i>Exærele dentata</i> (Linné).</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right' valign='top'>10.</td><td align='left'>Scutellum with a patch of light fulvous tomentum; scape red.<br />Scutellum with a patch of black tomentum; scape dark, with a pale yellow mark<br />Scutellum without a patch of tomentum; scape pale yellow in front.</td><td align='right'><i>Euglossa decorata ruficauda</i>, new variety; female—K.<br /><i>Euglossa singularis</i> Mocsáry.—P.<br /><i>Euglossa decorata ruficauda</i>, new variety; male.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right' valign='top'>11.</td><td align='left'>Very large bees, anterior wing at least 23 mm. long; integument partly or wholly ferruginous<br />Anterior wing less than 20 mm. long</td><td align='right'>12.<br />13.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right' valign='top'>12.</td><td align='left'>Abdomen with broad black bands.<br />Abdomen without black bands</td><td align='right'><i>Xylocopa frontalis nitens</i> (Lepeletier); male<a href="#Footnote_1_1">[A]</a>—P.<br /><i>Xylocopa fimbriala</i> (Fabricius).</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right' valign='top'>13.</td><td align='left'>Wasp-like bee, with fusiform abdomen, reddish wings and red legs; three complete submarginal cells,<br /> first recurrent nervure meeting second transversocubital<br />Otherwise formed, the abdomen broad at base</td><td align='right'><i>Rhathymus beebei</i>, new species<br />14.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right' valign='top'>14.</td><td align='left'>Surface of eyes with fine short hair; first abdominal segment red, the others black; female abdomen sharply pointed.<br />Eyes not hairy; female abdomen not sharply pointed</td><td align='right'><i>Cælioxys ardescens</i> Cockerell. (Hym. 6 and 138.)<br />15.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right' valign='top'>15.</td><td align='left'>Anterior wings with three complete submarginal cells<br />Anterior wings with submarginal cells incomplete or wanting; stingless social bees</td><td align='right'>16.<br />29.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right' valign='top'>16.</td><td align='left'>Small bee, about 8 mm. long; wings beyond middle milky-white, the extreme apex dusky<br />Larger bees; the wings not thus colored</td><td align='right'><i>Tetrapedia lacteipennis</i> Vachal.—P.<br />17.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right' valign='top'>17.</td><td align='left'>Abdomen clear ferruginous; large robust bees<br />Abdomen not ferruginous; or only partly so</td><td align='right'>18.<br />19.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right' valign='top'>18.</td><td align='left'>Hind legs with black hair<br />Hind legs with pale hair</td><td align='right'><i>Centris personata</i> Smith; male.—P.<br /><i>Centris personata</i> Smith; female.—P.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right' valign='top'>19.</td><td align='left'>Integument with at least some bluish, purplish or greenish tints; abdomen not banded; form very robust<br />Integument not at all metallic (very slightly in <i>Eulæma nigrita</i>, variety)</td><td align='right'>20.<br />21.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_687" id="Page_687">[Pg 687]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right' valign='top'>20.</td><td align='left'>Larger; anterior wing at least 17 mm. long; head and thorax with black hair; fourth and fifth abdominal segments purple<br />Much smaller; cheeks densely covered with white hair; clypeus black in female, yellow in male</td><td align='right'><i>Eulæma nigrita</i> Lepeletier.<br /><i>Xylocopa barbata</i> (Fabricius).</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right' valign='top'>21.</td><td align='left'>Thorax and abdomen hairy; hair of thorax yellow, with a transverse black band, of abdomen black,<br /> with a transverse yellow band.<br />Not thus colored</td><td align='right'><i>Bombus incarum</i> Franklin.<br />22.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right' valign='top'>22.</td><td align='left'>Clypeus with two longitudinal keels<br />Clypeus with a single, median longitudinal keel, sharp and extending its whole length; black bee, with black hair.<br />Clypeus without any distinct keels</td><td align='right'>23.<br /><i>Eulæma nigrita</i> Lepeletier, variety; female.<a href="#Footnote_1_2">[B]</a><br />25.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right' valign='top'>23.</td><td align='left'>Scutellum with two large yellow marks.<br />Scutellum with the integument all dark</td><td align='right'><i>Epicharis maculata barticana</i>, new variety.—K.<br />24.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right' valign='top'>24.</td><td align='left'>Second abdominal segment with a yellow mark on each side.<br />Abdomen with the integument all black</td><td align='right'><i>Epicharis affinis</i> Smith.—P.<br /><i>Epicharis rustica</i> (Olivier).—P.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right' valign='top'>25.</td><td align='left'>Less than 12 mm. long; wings not deep fuliginous<br />Over 18 mm. long; wings deep fuliginous</td><td align='right'>26.<br />27.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right' valign='top'>26.</td><td align='left'>Hair bands of abdomen broad; male with long antennæ and yellow clypeus.<br />Hair bands of abdomen linear; integument of clypeus black.</td><td align='right'><i>Florilegus barticanus</i>, new species.<br /><i>Melitoma fulvifrons</i> (Smith).</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right' valign='top'>27.</td><td align='left'>Hair of mesothorax and scutellum dark brown; apical part of abdomen with integument red<br />Hair of mesothorax and scutellum red</td><td align='right'><i>Centris fusciventris</i> Mocsáry.—P.<br />28.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right' valign='top'>28.</td><td align='left'>Face with yellow markings; anterior wing about 14 mm. long.<br />Face without yellow markings; anterior wing about 20 mm. long.</td><td align='right'><i>Centris lineolata</i> Lepeletier.<br /><i>Centris atriventris</i> Mocsáry.—P.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right' valign='top'>29.</td><td align='left'>Robust bees, not less than 9 mm. long<br />Small, fly-like bees, not nearly 9 mm. long</td><td align='right'>30.<br />32.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right' valign='top'>30.</td><td align='left'>Thorax with ferruginous hair; integument of scutellum yellow.<br />Thorax with dorsal hair not ferruginous</td><td align='right'><i>Melipona fasciata barticensis</i> Cockerell, ined.—P.<br />31.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right' valign='top'>31.</td><td align='left'>Abdomen more or less reddish, at least the first segment dorsally pale red.<br />Abdomen black, with narrow yellowish-white tegumentary bands; a tuft of dark red hair before each tegula.</td><td align='right'><i>Melipona intermixta</i> Cockerell, ined.—P.<br /><i>Melipona interrupta</i> (Latreille).—K.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right' valign='top'>32.</td><td align='left'>Legs mainly red; clypeus yellow<br />Legs and clypeus black</td><td align='right'><i>Trigona longipes</i> Smith.—K.<br /><i>Trigona</i> sp. (specimens imperfect).—P.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p> </p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><span class="label">[A]</span> +The female of <i>X. nitens</i> is black, with dark wings. It was not in the material sent. The female +of <i>X. fimbriala</i> is also black.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_2" id="Footnote_1_2"></a><span class="label">[B]</span> +A little purple can be seen at sides of abdomen, but it is easily overlooked.</p></div> +</div> + + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_688" id="Page_688">[Pg 688]</a></span></p> + +<h3>NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS</h3> + +<p><b>Melipona interrupta</b> (Latreille).—In the specimen sent, the bands +on second and following segments are notched above in middle, with only +an obscure linear interruption.</p> + +<p><b>Melipona fasciata barticensis</b> Cockerell.—One specimen has five +linear red bands on abdomen, but in another the bands are very indistinct, +almost obsolete.</p> + +<p><b>Melipona intermixta</b> Cockerell.—The ground color of the first three +abdominal tergites varies; in the lighter forms that of the first is pale fulvous +with the shoulders blackish, of the second and third clear ferruginous.</p> + +<p><b>Euglossa singularis</b> Mocsáry.—Judging from the brief description, it +appears that <b>E. meliponoides</b> Ducke is probably the same species.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Euglossa decorata</b> Smith, var. <b>ruficauda</b>, new variety</p> + +<p>Both sexes with abdomen ferruginous, apically more or less dusky, but +the whole effect lighter and redder than typical; scutellum green with the +hind margin red. Tuft on female scutellum light fulvous. The female, +from Kalacoon, (Hym. 212) is the type of the variety.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Euglossa ignita</b> Smith, var. <b>chlorosoma</b>, new variety</p> + +<p>Green, without coppery tints, but variably suffused with purple. It is +smaller than <i>E. piliventris</i>, with shorter mouth-parts, and the labrum pallid +with a pair of dusky spots. A male in the U. S. Nat. Museum from Bartica, +which I reported as <i>E. piliventris</i>, belongs here. Female <i>E. piliventris</i> has +long yellow hairs on the anterior margin of hind basitarsus, but in <i>chlorosoma</i> +the hair in this situation is black. The type of the variety is a female +labelled Hym. 140. A female from Kalacoon has brassy and coppery tints +on the apical part of abdomen, and must be referred to <i>E. ignita</i> proper. +The type locality of <i>ignita</i> is Jamaica.</p> + +<p><b>Ceratina læta</b> Spinola. This was described from the female. The +specimen sent is a male, and differs from the female in being smaller, and +having a transverse band on anterior margin of clypeus, triangular marks +on lower corners of face, and a large patch (emarginate above) on labrum all +ivory-white. This is very like <i>C. viridula</i> Smith, which Ducke considers a +synonym of <i>læta</i>, but the base of the metathorax seems to differ, and the +nervures are piceous. For the present, therefore, I retain <i>C. viridula</i> as a +distinct species. The female of <i>C. viridula</i>, collected by Busck in the +Panama Canal Zone, is also distinguishable from that sex of <i>C. læta</i>.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_689" id="Page_689">[Pg 689]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><b>Epicharis maculata</b> var. <b>barticana</b>, new variety</p> + +<p>♀.—Base of mandibles with a large cuneiform yellow mark; a broad +black band down each side of labrum; yellow spots on prothorax large; +scutellum with a pair of large transversely oval yellow areas, separated by a +narrow black band; band on second abdominal segment with a posterior +median projection. Kalacoon, 1916. (Hym. 217.)</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Rhathymus beebei</b>, new species</p> + +<p>♀.—Length about 22 mm., anterior wing 18 mm.; head clear ferruginous, +with red hair, lower part of face more pallid, with a creamy tint; +apical half of mandibles black; clypeus prominent, minutely roughened, +with a smooth median line; mesothorax black, with a median ridge, the +surface on each side of this strongly punctured, but shining between the +punctures; rest of thorax ferruginous, and all of thorax with ferruginous +hair; scutellum not bigibbous, but with an elevated transverse ridge; pleura +with a blackish area below the wings; lower part of mesopleura with a +shining tubercle; tegulæ clear ferruginous, finely punctured; wings strongly +reddened; legs clear ferruginous; abdomen fusiform, shining; first two +segments dull reddish, pallid posterolaterally, the others reddish black, with +the hind margins redder; apical plate very large, concave. Bartica District +(Hym. 19). Very distinct by the transverse straight ridge on scutellum; +nearest perhaps to the considerably smaller <i>R. unicolor</i> Smith, but that has +dark fuscous wings. The antennæ are unfortunately missing.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Augochlora callichlorura</b>, new species</p> + +<p>♀.—Length a little over 7 mm.; first two abdominal segments rather +weakly vibrissate on hind margin with orange hairs; hind spur of hind leg +with long spines. Head and thorax very dark purplish, nearly black, but +a blue-green spot at upper end of clypeus, supraclypeal area brilliant purple, +and base of metathorax strongly tinged with purple; anterior and middle +legs dark, with weak purple tints, but hind femora, tibiæ and basal half +of basitarsi all brilliant green on outer side; abdomen short and broad, +shining, very brilliant emerald green. Head broad, eyes strongly converging +below; clypeus with extremely large punctures; front dull and granular; +ocelli ordinary; cheeks with thin white hair; mesothorax and scutellum +shining, but well punctured; base of metathorax with strong short plicæ; +angles of prothorax not prominent; tegulæ rufotestaceous; wings grayish +translucent, stigma and nervures dusky pale brown; first recurrent nervure +meeting second transversocubital; abdomen with thin pale hair, hind +margins of segments not darkened. Bartica District.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_690" id="Page_690">[Pg 690]</a></span></p> +<p>Unique by the combination of purplish head and thorax and green abdomen, +the general effect recalling <i>A. atropos</i> Smith.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Florilegus barticanus</b>, new species.</p> + +<p>♂.—Length about 11 mm.; black, except as follows: first abdominal +segment strongly greenish; clypeus and labrum entirely yellow; mandibles +fulvous apically (but base black); antennæ, except the first two joints, +ferruginous beneath; hind tarsi, and apex of hind tibiæ, dusky red; hair of +head and thorax ferruginous, paler below, no admixture of dark hairs; +eyes reddish; mesothorax shining, but distinctly punctured; tegulæ clear +ferruginous; wings dusky hyaline, nervures reddish fuscous; legs with pale +hair, conspicuously plumose on hind tibiæ; abdomen with four broad dense +ochraceous hair-bands, that on fourth segment broadly excavated in middle +posteriorly, on fifth broadly interrupted; sixth segment with a small patch +of fulvous hair on each side; apical part of abdomen dorsally, except for the +bands and patches, with very dark fuscous hair. Bartica District (Hym. +11).</p> + +<p>Related to <i>F. lanieri</i> Guér. from Cuba and <i>F. condigna</i> Cresson from the +United States. In the coloration of the legs it is intermediate between these +two.</p> + +<p><b>Tetrapedia lacteipennis</b> Vachal.—It should be added to Vachal's +description, that the dorsal abdominal segments 2 to 4 have yellow bands.</p> + +<p>The Bartica collection contains a <i>Megalopta</i> from Hoorie, but it is +unfortunately broken. I have <i>Megalopta panamensis</i> Cockerell from +Maroni, French Guiana (Queensland Museum, 42).</p> + +<p>I add the description of a new species from French Guiana, the type of +which is in my collection.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Augochlora maroniana</b>, new species</p> + +<p>♀.—Length slightly over 8 mm.; head, thorax and legs bright green; abdomen +yellowish green strongly suffused with coppery, the first two segments with apical +fringes of orange hair; face rather narrow; antennæ black; lower middle of clypeus +black; mesothorax and scutellum rough with dense punctatures, the scutellum with +two copper-red spots; area of metathorax with very feeble plicæ; tegulæ black with +pallid margin, the basal side broadly green; wings dusky; second s. m. square; +first r. n. meeting second t. c; stigma dusky reddish; legs with mainly pale hair, +hind tibiæ with dark hair on outer side basally; hind spur with about six long spines; +basal half of basitarsi green on outer side; abdomen shining, with pale ochreus hair.</p> + +<p>Maroni, French Guiana (Queensland Mus., 43). Related to <i>A. cupreola</i> (Ckll.), +but with the vibrissate fringes on abdomen nearly twice as long, and deep orange-fulvous, +and the mesothorax much more densely punctured. Also related to <i>A. +diversipennis</i> (Lep.), but with the face much narrower, and the area of metathorax +much less distinctly plicate. From <i>A. calypso</i> Sm. it is known by the wings not being +yellowish, the inner orbits not edged with blue, and the tarsi not ferruginous.</p> + + + + +<hr style="width: 100%;" /> +<h2><big>PUBLICATIONS</big><br /> + +<small>OF</small><br /> + +THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h3><span class="smcap">Memoirs</span></h3> + +<p class="center"> +Volume I. Zoology and Palæontology.<br /> +Volumes II-VIII. Anthropology.<br /> +Volume IX. Zoology and Palæontology.<br /> +Volumes X-XIV. Anthropology.<br /> +</p> + +<p>Volumes II, IV, V, VII, VIII, X-XIV, and an Ethnographical Album form +Volumes I-VII of the Memoirs of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition.</p> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Memoirs—New Series</span></h3> + +<p class="center">Volumes I and II. Zoology and Palæontology.</p> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span></h3> + +<p class="center">Volumes I-XXIV, XXV, parts 1 and 2, and XXVI-XXXIX.</p> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Anthropological Papers</span></h3> + +<p>Volumes I-IX, X, parts 1-6; XI, XII, parts 1-5; XIII; XIV, parts 1 and 2; +XV, part 1; XVI, parts 1-3; XVII, parts 1-4; XVIII, parts 1 and 2; and XIX, +part 1.</p> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Monographs</span></h3> + +<p>A Review of the Primates. By D. G. Elliot. 3 volumes.</p> + +<p>Hitherto Unpublished Plates of Tertiary Mammals and Permian Vertebrates. +By E. D. Cope and W. D. Matthew.</p> + +<h3><span class="smcap">The American Museum Journal</span></h3> + +<p>Volumes I-XVIII. The Journal is a popular record of the progress of The +American Museum of Natural History, issued monthly from October to May.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Handbooks.</span> Numbers 1-6.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Guide Leaflets.</span> Numbers 1-48.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Annual Reports.</span> First (1869) to Forty-ninth (1917).</p> + +<p>A more detailed list, with prices, of these publications may be had upon application +to the Librarian of the Museum.</p> +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Bees from British Guiana, by T. D. A. Cockerell + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BEES FROM BRITISH GUIANA *** + +***** This file should be named 34579-h.htm or 34579-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/4/5/7/34579/ + +Produced by Larry B. Harrison and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + +</pre> + +</body> +</html> diff --git a/34579.txt b/34579.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..478a92d --- /dev/null +++ b/34579.txt @@ -0,0 +1,816 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Bees from British Guiana, by T. D. A. Cockerell + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Bees from British Guiana + Bulletin of the AMNH, Vol. XXXVIII, Art. XX, pp. 685-690 + +Author: T. D. A. Cockerell + +Release Date: December 5, 2010 [EBook #34579] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BEES FROM BRITISH GUIANA *** + + + + +Produced by Larry B. Harrison and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + _Bees from British Guiana_ + + BY T. D. A. COCKERELL + + + + BULLETIN + OF + THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + + VOL. XXXVIII, ART. XX, pp. 685-690 + + _New York, December 21, 1918_ + + + +59.57.99(88) + +#Article XX.#--BEES FROM BRITISH GUIANA + +BY T. D. A. COCKERELL. + + +In connection with the work of the Tropical Research Station of the New +York Zoological Society, conducted by Mr. William Beebe, collections of +insects, including bees, were made. The present report deals with a +series of bees from the Bartica District, and Mr. John Tee Van, in +forwarding them, states that "almost all of these bees were procured +about a clump of several species of nightshades (_Solanum_), which were +flowering in thinned-out jungle." I give an artificial key, which will +enable one who is not a specialist in bees to separate readily each +species from the rest. It will, of course, remain necessary to compare +any species with a fuller account to make sure that it is not some form +unrepresented in the present collection. The types of the new species +and varieties from British Guiana are deposited in The American Museum +of Natural History. Species marked P. are from the Penal Settlement; +those marked K. occur at Kalacoon. + + The body, or some part of it, brilliant green 1. + No part of the body brilliant green 11. + + 1. Thorax dark, with more or less purple tints, not bright green 2. + Thorax bright or clear green, at least in part 4. + + 2. Small bee, less than 10 mm. long + _Augochlora callichlorura_, new species. + Large, robust bees, greatly exceeding 10 mm. 3. + + 3. Abdomen with the first two segments dark; tongue not extending + to end of abdomen _Eufriesia pulchra_ (Smith). + Abdomen all bright green, with brassy tints; tongue extending + backward far beyond tip of abdomen + _Euglossa brullei_ Lepeletier. + + 4. Hind margins of abdominal segments broadly black. + _Augochlora nigromarginata_ (Spinola).--P. + Hind margins of abdominal segments green 5. + Hind margins of abdominal segments red or whitish; very + robust bees 10. + + 5. Small bee, less than 10 mm. long, the clypeus with a + transverse apical ivory-colored band _Ceratina laeta_ Spinola. + Larger, very robust bees 6. + + 6. Tongue extending beyond abdomen posteriorly 7. + Tongue not extending beyond abdomen 8. + + 7. Scutellum with a patch of black tomentum + _Euglossa ignita_ Smith; female. + Scutellum without a patch of black tomentum + _Euglossa ignita_ Smith; male. + + 8. Robust bees, about 10 mm. long or a little over; scutellum + with, a patch of black tomentum + _Euglossa cordata_ (Linnaeus).--P. + Much larger bees, a little over 20 mm. long 9. + + 9. Scutellum with an obtuse median keel; posterior angles of + scutellum rounded _Exaerele smaragdina_ (Guerin). + + Scutellum depressed in middle, without any keel; posterior + angles of scutellum rather prominent _Exaerele dentata_ (Linne). + + 10. Scutellum with a patch of light fulvous tomentum; scape red. + _Euglossa decorata ruficauda_, new variety; female--K. + + Scutellum with a patch of black tomentum; scape dark, with + a pale yellow mark _Euglossa singularis_ Mocsary.--P. + + Scutellum without a patch of tomentum; scape pale yellow + in front. _Euglossa decorata ruficauda_, new variety; male. + + 11. Very large bees, anterior wing at least 23 mm. long; integument + partly or wholly ferruginous 12. + Anterior wing less than 20 mm. long 13. + + 12. Abdomen with broad black bands. + _Xylocopa frontalis nitens_ (Lepeletier); male[A]--P. + Abdomen without black bands _Xylocopa fimbriala_ (Fabricius). + + 13. Wasp-like bee, with fusiform abdomen, reddish wings and red + legs; three complete submarginal cells, first recurrent + nervure meeting second transversocubital + _Rhathymus beebei_, new species + Otherwise formed, the abdomen broad at base 14. + + 14. Surface of eyes with fine short hair; first abdominal segment + red, the others black; female abdomen sharply pointed. + _Caelioxys ardescens_ Cockerell. (Hym. 6 and 138.) + Eyes not hairy; female abdomen not sharply pointed 15. + + 15. Anterior wings with three complete submarginal cells 16. + Anterior wings with submarginal cells incomplete or wanting; + stingless social bees 29. + + 16. Small bee, about 8 mm. long; wings beyond middle milky-white, + the extreme apex dusky _Tetrapedia lacteipennis_ Vachal.--P. + Larger bees; the wings not thus colored 17. + + 17. Abdomen clear ferruginous; large robust bees 18. + Abdomen not ferruginous; or only partly so 19. + + 18. Hind legs with black hair _Centris personata_ Smith; male.--P. + Hind legs with pale hair _Centris personata_ Smith; female.--P. + + 19. Integument with at least some bluish, purplish or greenish + tints; abdomen not banded; form very robust 20. + Integument not at all metallic (very slightly in _Eulaema + nigrita_, variety) 21. + + 20. Larger; anterior wing at least 17 mm. long; head and thorax + with black hair; fourth and fifth abdominal segments purple + _Eulaema nigrita_ Lepeletier. + Much smaller; cheeks densely covered with white hair; clypeus + black in female, yellow in male _Xylocopa barbata_ (Fabricius). + + 21. Thorax and abdomen hairy; hair of thorax yellow, with + a transverse black band, of abdomen black, with a + transverse yellow band. _Bombus incarum_ Franklin. + Not thus colored 22. + + 22. Clypeus with two longitudinal keels 23. + Clypeus with a single, median longitudinal keel, sharp and + extending its whole length; black bee, with black hair. + _Eulaema nigrita_ Lepeletier, variety; female.[B] + Clypeus without any distinct keels 25. + + 23. Scutellum with two large yellow marks. + _Epicharis maculata barticana_, new variety.--K. + Scutellum with the integument all dark 24. + + 24. Second abdominal segment with a yellow mark on each side. + _Epicharis affinis_ Smith.--P. + Abdomen with the integument all black + _Epicharis rustica_ (Olivier).--P. + + 25. Less than 12 mm. long; wings not deep fuliginous 26. + Over 18 mm. long; wings deep fuliginous 27. + + 26. Hair bands of abdomen broad; male with long antennae and + yellow clypeus. _Florilegus barticanus_, new species. + Hair bands of abdomen linear; integument of clypeus black. + _Melitoma fulvifrons_ (Smith). + + 27. Hair of mesothorax and scutellum dark brown; apical part of + abdomen with integument red _Centris fusciventris_ Mocsary.--P. + Hair of mesothorax and scutellum red 28. + + 28. Face with yellow markings; anterior wing about 14 mm. long. + _Centris lineolata_ Lepeletier. + Face without yellow markings; anterior wing about 20 mm. long. + _Centris atriventris_ Mocsary.--P. + + 29. Robust bees, not less than 9 mm. long 30. + Small, fly-like bees, not nearly 9 mm. long 32. + + 30. Thorax with ferruginous hair; integument of scutellum yellow. + _Melipona fasciata barticensis_ Cockerell, ined.--P. + Thorax with dorsal hair not ferruginous 31. + + 31. Abdomen more or less reddish, at least the first segment + dorsally pale red. _Melipona intermixta_ Cockerell, ined.--P. + Abdomen black, with narrow yellowish-white tegumentary + bands; a tuft of dark red hair before each tegula. + _Melipona interrupta_ (Latreille).--K. + + 32. Legs mainly red; clypeus yellow _Trigona longipes_ Smith.--K. + Legs and clypeus black _Trigona_ sp. (specimens imperfect).--P. + + + [A] The female of _X. nitens_ is black, with dark wings. It was + not in the material sent. The female of _X. fimbriala_ is + also black. + + [B] A little purple can be seen at sides of abdomen, but it is + easily overlooked. + + +NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS + +#Melipona interrupta# (Latreille).--In the specimen sent, the bands on +second and following segments are notched above in middle, with only an +obscure linear interruption. + +#Melipona fasciata barticensis# Cockerell.--One specimen has five linear +red bands on abdomen, but in another the bands are very indistinct, +almost obsolete. + +#Melipona intermixta# Cockerell.--The ground color of the first three +abdominal tergites varies; in the lighter forms that of the first is +pale fulvous with the shoulders blackish, of the second and third clear +ferruginous. + +#Euglossa singularis# Mocsary.--Judging from the brief description, it +appears that #E. meliponoides# Ducke is probably the same species. + + +#Euglossa decorata# Smith, var. #ruficauda#, new variety + +Both sexes with abdomen ferruginous, apically more or less dusky, but +the whole effect lighter and redder than typical; scutellum green with +the hind margin red. Tuft on female scutellum light fulvous. The female, +from Kalacoon, (Hym. 212) is the type of the variety. + + +#Euglossa ignita# Smith, var. #chlorosoma#, new variety + +Green, without coppery tints, but variably suffused with purple. It is +smaller than _E. piliventris_, with shorter mouth-parts, and the labrum +pallid with a pair of dusky spots. A male in the U. S. Nat. Museum from +Bartica, which I reported as _E. piliventris_, belongs here. Female _E. +piliventris_ has long yellow hairs on the anterior margin of hind +basitarsus, but in _chlorosoma_ the hair in this situation is black. The +type of the variety is a female labelled Hym. 140. A female from +Kalacoon has brassy and coppery tints on the apical part of abdomen, and +must be referred to _E. ignita_ proper. The type locality of _ignita_ is +Jamaica. + +#Ceratina laeta# Spinola. This was described from the female. The +specimen sent is a male, and differs from the female in being smaller, +and having a transverse band on anterior margin of clypeus, triangular +marks on lower corners of face, and a large patch (emarginate above) on +labrum all ivory-white. This is very like _C. viridula_ Smith, which +Ducke considers a synonym of _laeta_, but the base of the metathorax +seems to differ, and the nervures are piceous. For the present, +therefore, I retain _C. viridula_ as a distinct species. The female of +_C. viridula_, collected by Busck in the Panama Canal Zone, is also +distinguishable from that sex of _C. laeta_. + + +#Epicharis maculata# var. #barticana#, new variety + +[Female].--Base of mandibles with a large cuneiform yellow mark; a broad +black band down each side of labrum; yellow spots on prothorax large; +scutellum with a pair of large transversely oval yellow areas, separated +by a narrow black band; band on second abdominal segment with a +posterior median projection. Kalacoon, 1916. (Hym. 217.) + + +#Rhathymus beebei#, new species + +[Female].--Length about 22 mm., anterior wing 18 mm.; head clear +ferruginous, with red hair, lower part of face more pallid, with a +creamy tint; apical half of mandibles black; clypeus prominent, minutely +roughened, with a smooth median line; mesothorax black, with a median +ridge, the surface on each side of this strongly punctured, but shining +between the punctures; rest of thorax ferruginous, and all of thorax +with ferruginous hair; scutellum not bigibbous, but with an elevated +transverse ridge; pleura with a blackish area below the wings; lower +part of mesopleura with a shining tubercle; tegulae clear ferruginous, +finely punctured; wings strongly reddened; legs clear ferruginous; +abdomen fusiform, shining; first two segments dull reddish, pallid +posterolaterally, the others reddish black, with the hind margins +redder; apical plate very large, concave. Bartica District (Hym. 19). +Very distinct by the transverse straight ridge on scutellum; nearest +perhaps to the considerably smaller _R. unicolor_ Smith, but that has +dark fuscous wings. The antennae are unfortunately missing. + + +#Augochlora callichlorura#, new species + +[Female].--Length a little over 7 mm.; first two abdominal segments +rather weakly vibrissate on hind margin with orange hairs; hind spur of +hind leg with long spines. Head and thorax very dark purplish, nearly +black, but a blue-green spot at upper end of clypeus, supraclypeal area +brilliant purple, and base of metathorax strongly tinged with purple; +anterior and middle legs dark, with weak purple tints, but hind femora, +tibiae and basal half of basitarsi all brilliant green on outer side; +abdomen short and broad, shining, very brilliant emerald green. Head +broad, eyes strongly converging below; clypeus with extremely large +punctures; front dull and granular; ocelli ordinary; cheeks with thin +white hair; mesothorax and scutellum shining, but well punctured; base +of metathorax with strong short plicae; angles of prothorax not +prominent; tegulae rufotestaceous; wings grayish translucent, stigma and +nervures dusky pale brown; first recurrent nervure meeting second +transversocubital; abdomen with thin pale hair, hind margins of segments +not darkened. Bartica District. + +Unique by the combination of purplish head and thorax and green abdomen, +the general effect recalling _A. atropos_ Smith. + + +#Florilegus barticanus#, new species. + +[Male].--Length about 11 mm.; black, except as follows: first abdominal +segment strongly greenish; clypeus and labrum entirely yellow; mandibles +fulvous apically (but base black); antennae, except the first two joints, +ferruginous beneath; hind tarsi, and apex of hind tibiae, dusky red; hair +of head and thorax ferruginous, paler below, no admixture of dark hairs; +eyes reddish; mesothorax shining, but distinctly punctured; tegulae clear +ferruginous; wings dusky hyaline, nervures reddish fuscous; legs with +pale hair, conspicuously plumose on hind tibiae; abdomen with four broad +dense ochraceous hair-bands, that on fourth segment broadly excavated in +middle posteriorly, on fifth broadly interrupted; sixth segment with a +small patch of fulvous hair on each side; apical part of abdomen +dorsally, except for the bands and patches, with very dark fuscous hair. +Bartica District (Hym. 11). + +Related to _F. lanieri_ Guer. from Cuba and _F. condigna_ Cresson from +the United States. In the coloration of the legs it is intermediate +between these two. + +#Tetrapedia lacteipennis# Vachal.--It should be added to Vachal's +description, that the dorsal abdominal segments 2 to 4 have yellow +bands. + +The Bartica collection contains a _Megalopta_ from Hoorie, but it is +unfortunately broken. I have _Megalopta panamensis_ Cockerell from +Maroni, French Guiana (Queensland Museum, 42). + +I add the description of a new species from French Guiana, the type of +which is in my collection. + + +#Augochlora maroniana#, new species + +[Female].--Length slightly over 8 mm.; head, thorax and legs bright +green; abdomen yellowish green strongly suffused with coppery, the first +two segments with apical fringes of orange hair; face rather narrow; +antennae black; lower middle of clypeus black; mesothorax and scutellum +rough with dense punctatures, the scutellum with two copper-red spots; +area of metathorax with very feeble plicae; tegulae black with pallid +margin, the basal side broadly green; wings dusky; second s. m. square; +first r. n. meeting second t. c; stigma dusky reddish; legs with mainly +pale hair, hind tibiae with dark hair on outer side basally; hind spur +with about six long spines; basal half of basitarsi green on outer side; +abdomen shining, with pale ochreus hair. + +Maroni, French Guiana (Queensland Mus., 43). Related to _A. cupreola_ +(Ckll.), but with the vibrissate fringes on abdomen nearly twice as +long, and deep orange-fulvous, and the mesothorax much more densely +punctured. Also related to _A. diversipennis_ (Lep.), but with the face +much narrower, and the area of metathorax much less distinctly plicate. +From _A. calypso_ Sm. it is known by the wings not being yellowish, the +inner orbits not edged with blue, and the tarsi not ferruginous. + + + + + PUBLICATIONS + OF + THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + + +MEMOIRS + + Volume I. Zoology and Palaeontology. + Volumes II-VIII. Anthropology. + Volume IX. Zoology and Palaeontology. + Volumes X-XIV. Anthropology. + +Volumes II, IV, V, VII, VIII, X-XIV, and an Ethnographical Album form +Volumes I-VII of the Memoirs of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition. + + +MEMOIRS--NEW SERIES + + Volumes I and II. Zoology and Palaeontology. + + +BULLETIN + + Volumes I-XXIV, XXV, parts 1 and 2, and XXVI-XXXIX. + + +ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS + +Volumes I-IX, X, parts 1-6; XI, XII, parts 1-5; XIII; XIV, parts 1 and +2; XV, part 1; XVI, parts 1-3; XVII, parts 1-4; XVIII, parts 1 and 2; +and XIX, part 1. + + +MONOGRAPHS + +A Review of the Primates. By D. G. Elliot. 3 volumes. + +Hitherto Unpublished Plates of Tertiary Mammals and Permian Vertebrates. +By E. D. Cope and W. D. Matthew. + + +THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL + +Volumes I-XVIII. The Journal is a popular record of the progress of The +American Museum of Natural History, issued monthly from October to May. + +HANDBOOKS. Numbers 1-6. + +GUIDE LEAFLETS. Numbers 1-48. + +ANNUAL REPORTS. First (1869) to Forty-ninth (1917). + +A more detailed list, with prices, of these publications may be had upon +application to the Librarian of the Museum. + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Bees from British Guiana, by T. D. A. Cockerell + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BEES FROM BRITISH GUIANA *** + +***** This file should be named 34579.txt or 34579.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/4/5/7/34579/ + +Produced by Larry B. Harrison and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/34579.zip b/34579.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a4818d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/34579.zip diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..131bc1b --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #34579 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/34579) |