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diff --git a/34511.txt b/34511.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3b5e19b --- /dev/null +++ b/34511.txt @@ -0,0 +1,727 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Supposed Autographa of John the Scot, by +Edward Kennard Rand + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Supposed Autographa of John the Scot + +Author: Edward Kennard Rand + +Release Date: November 30, 2010 [EBook #34511] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUPPOSED AUTOGRAPHA--JOHN THE SCOT *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Josephine Paolucci +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net. + + + + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS + +IN + +CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY + +Vol. 5, No. 8, pp. 135-141, plates 1-11 October 13, 1920 + + + + +THE SUPPOSED AUTOGRAPHA OF JOHN THE SCOT + +BY + +EDWARD KENNARD RAND + +{Transcriber's Note: ^ and {} around a number or letter signifies +a superscript.] + + +In the fifth part of Ludwig Traube's _Palaeographische Forschungen_, +(which I had the honor of publishing after that great scholar's +death)[1] evidence was presented for Traube's apparently certain +discovery of the very handwriting of John the Scot. In manuscripts of +Reims, of Laon, and of Bamberg, he had observed certain marginal notes +which were neither omitted sections nor glosses, but rather the author's +own amplifications and embellishments of his work. Johannes had made +such additions to his _De Divisione Naturae_ in the Reims manuscript, +and they all appear in that of Bamberg. In the latter manuscript there +are fresh additions--or enlargements as I shall call them in the present +paper--which have similarly been absorbed into the text in two +manuscripts now in Paris. We thus have, in an interesting series, the +author's successive recensions of his work. One of the shorter forms is +the basis of the text published by Thomas Gale in 1681; the most +complete form was edited by H. J. Floss in 1852 from the Paris +manuscripts.[2] Though not venturing to carry out Traube's elaborate +plans for treatment of the subject, I attempted to corroborate his +belief that the notes were in the hand of Johannes. The evidence seemed +conclusive to me at the time, and was not questioned, so far as I know, +in any subsequent publication. In the summers of 1912 and 1913, however, +I examined the manuscripts of John the Scot in Paris, in Reims, in Laon, +and in Bamberg, and became convinced, most reluctantly, that his +autograph is yet to be found. I here present the chain of facts that +make this conclusion inevitable.[3] + +Let us start with the hypothesis that the marginal notes discovered by +Traube are in the hand of Johannes himself and let us support this +hypothesis until it becomes too heavy to bear. Our first document is the +Reims Manuscript 875 (= _R_) of the _De Divisione Naturae_. This is the +work of some six or seven writers, whose hands are sometimes hard to +tell apart. Though it is the briefest and hence the earliest form of the +text that I have found, it is not the original draft of the work. The +scribes could not have taken it from the author's dictation, for they +commit errors of various sorts that presuppose the existence of a text +that they were copying.[4] This text, which is as near to the original +as our present information permits us to come, I will call _O_. + +Besides making corrections and additions in their copy of _O_, the +scribes also insert marginal notes that have all the characteristics of +the author's own amplifications of his work. This fact does not militate +against our present hypothesis, if we assume that Johannes added these +marginalia, or caused them to be added, in _O_, and that the scribes of +_R_, at first forgetting to include them in the text of their new copy, +later wrote them in the margin.[5] In some cases, as we might expect, a +different ink is used. The insular hand (= _I_), which we are assuming +to be that of Johannes, corrects minor errors in these enlargements now +and then.[6] This fact is entirely in accord with our hypothesis. + +A number of enlargements omitted by the writers of the text were +supplied not by them but by special correctors, who were assigned, it +would seem, considerable portions of the manuscript to revise. +Particularly important among these wide-ranging correctors are two hands +that I will call _r^{1}_ and _r^{2}_. The former is a largish hand with +some slight traces of Insular habits.[7] _r^{2}_ is very similar, and +indeed may be merely a smaller variety of _r^{1}_. In the specimen that +I have reproduced, as is true of both _r^{1}_ and _r^{2}_ elsewhere, +correction by _I_ may be observed.[8] In all, I detected, or thought I +detected, five or six correcting hands, which sometimes supplement +stretches of text written by others, sometimes supplement their own +text, and, in all the cases under discussion, add notes of the author +which were evidently in the margin of _O_. It is sometimes hard to be +sure whether _r_ is the text-hand or not. The point is not vitally +important. The main fact is that several different kinds of correcting +hand make, either in their own texts or in those of others, the kind of +additions or enlargements with which we are specially concerned. +However, as we have seen, we can still retain our hypothesis by +supposing that _I_ is the hand of Johannes, while r represents various +correctors who copied from _O_ enlargements added there by Johannes or +at his direction. + +But we have now to note an intimate connection between _I_ and _r_. They +collaborate on the same notes. Plate V (fol. 285^{v}) shows us an +enlargement that begins in the hand (= _r^{3}_) that writes the text. It +extends through _substantiam_ (1.3), then is succeeded by _I_ (_ex +his--horum est_), then returns (_Ibi--superans_), and finally gives way +to _I_ once more (_dum--esse_). The interesting possibility and +enlargements taken from _O_. Possibly two or more stages are represented +by _O_, _r_ starting with an earlier, and _I_ supplementing from a more +complete form--but into that _terra incognita_ of fresh hypothesis we +need not enter. _I_'s procedure, at any rate, seems exactly like that of +_r_. Thus his practice of calling in a variety of _r_ to complete a note +too large for the space is paralleled by _r^{4}_, the writer of the text +on fol. 231^{v} (Plate II), who uses up a legitimate amount of his +margin and then has _r^{5}_ finish it, with signs of references, on the +following page. The latter scribe uses a finer hand, and has no +difficulty in completing the note with a decent margin to spare.[9] + +Surely in the scribal play illustrated in Plate V, _I_ is acting more +like a fellow-worker than the author of the work. Likewise on another +page, we note corrections and minor enlargements by the text-hand, then +similar changes by _I_, and, finally, corrections of _I_ by the +text-hand.[10] If Johannes wished to change _cogitationes_ to +_operationes_, it is strange that he did not do it himself rather than +beckon to some scribe to insert the word; another correction, _nisi_, +added above the line, is made in the hand of _I_. In short, _r_ and _I_ +are two different scribes collaborating on what would appear to be a +rather difficult original or set of originals. + +Moreover, if _I_ is Johannes, he does not understand his own text. In +_De Divisione Naturae_ i. 49 (Migne _P.L._ cxxii, 491 A) we read: + + Omnium hominum una eademque [Greek: ousia] est. Omnes enim + unam participant essentiam, ac per hoc, quia omnibus + communis est, nullius proprie est. Corpus autem commune + omnium hominum non est. Nam unusquisque suum proprium + possidet corpus, non et [Greek: ousian]. Igitur communis + est, et corpus commune non est. + +This passage forms part of one of the enlargements of _I_. In it he +writes _omnis_ for _omnes_, and _Non et [Greek: ousiae] igitur communis +est_ for _non et [Greek: ousian]. Igitur communis est_. These are +understandable errors for any scribe, but not for the author of the +work, to make. Others occur elsewhere in the Insular hand; I have not +recorded many, but I made no systematic search. + +We now come to the most startling consideration of all, namely, that +_there are two varieties of insular script in the book_. The first +variety, which I will now call _i^{1}_, is exhibited in all the plates +thus far presented. It is loose, pointed, flowing, with few +abbreviations or ligatures specially characteristic of Irish script. +With only one or two exceptions, it uses a _d_ with a curved shaft. The +other variety (_i^{2}_), as Plate X (fol. 106) shows, is at once more +compact and regular, and more cursive, with more of the specifically +Irish traits; it has a straight-shafted _d_. Furthermore, the two hands +appear in different portions of the manuscript. _i^{1}_ is confined to +foll. 1-80^{v} (= quires I-X) and foll. 113-318^{v} (= quires XV-XLI), +while _i^{2}_ appears only in foll. 81-112^{v} (= quires XI-XIV) and +foll. 319-358 (= quires XLII-XLVI). In the sections corrected by +_i^{2}_, we note the same features as in the other parts. _i^{2}_ +inserts many long enlargements and makes many minor corrections. He is +supplemented in one of his own enlargements by _r^{2}_.[11] On another +page, he is corrected by _r^{2}_, or possibly the text-hand.[12] + +Our last resort, if we are still to look for the autograph of John the +Scot in the various hands of Reims, is to suppose that, if not _i^{1}_, +it is _i^{2}_. This is indeed the hand that Traube believed was the +author's; it happened that almost all of the photographs taken for +Traube contain enlargements by _i^{2}_ and not by _i^{1}_. Yet if +_i^{2}_ is Johannes, why does that hand never correct the sections +assigned to _i^{1}_? Of the two, _i^{1}_ seems more free, more +individual, more like an author's, unless that author be also a +calligraphist. But if we imagine that _i^{1}_ is Johannes, why does he +never appear in the sections assigned to _i^{2}_? + +Our chain of evidence draws us to the conclusion that neither _i^{1}_ +nor _i^{2}_ is Johannes, but that both are scribes employed by him, +together with others, to correct and enlarge the manuscripts of his +works. The two Insular writers were very possibly the most important of +his workmen, for he entrusted most of the revision to them. Their task +was done in intimate cooperation with the other scribes. They would call +them in to finish their notes if considerations of space demanded, or, +now and then, merely to indulge in a pastime of alternate writing. +Perhaps it was the difficulty of deciphering the original that induced a +scribe to appeal more frequently than usual for help from a +fellow-craftsman. I have confined my discussion to the manuscript 875 of +Reims, but the two Insular hands appear also in the manuscripts of +Bamberg and of Laon.[13] + +After all is said and done, the great value of Traube's discovery +remains. It is positive that the enlargements in the manuscripts were +made at the direction of the author himself. They present to the modern +editor of the _De Divisione Naturae_ the fascinating task of +distinguishing the different revisions, and of following the growth of +the subject in Johannes' mind. The best way, I believe, would be to +print on the left-hand page the enlarged form of the text, for that is +the form in which the author wished his work to be known to posterity. +On the right-hand page, the briefest form, the nearest approach to his +original draft, might be given, with indication, in the critical +apparatus, of the successive stages by which the final text was reached. +Possibly further research may reveal _O_, or even the hand of Johannes +himself. For the present, we at least have accessible--if the contents +of the libraries of Reims and of Laon are accessible--the material for +preparing a highly accurate and well-nigh unique edition of one of the +masterpieces of medieval philosophy. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] In Abh. d. k. b. Akad. d. Wiss., philos.-philol. u. hist. Classe, +Muenchen, XXVI (1912). + +[2] In Migne, _Patrologia Latina_, vol. 122 (1865). + +[3] I have confined my illustrations almost entirely to passages +exhibited in the plates. I have notes of many other examples quite as +pertinent, but do not include them here, believing that those presented +amply prove my point. + +[4] For an example, see Plate I (fol. 273). In the last regular line of +the page, after writing _caelestis essentiae particeps est_, the scribe +first omitted the words _de die--caelestis essentiae particeps est_ (an +exceedingly easy haplography) and then added them, with signs of +reference, in the margin immediately below. As the error is one of sight +and not of hearing, he must have had a text before him. + +[5] Plate II (fol. 231^{v}) contains a striking instance. After the +citation of St. Basil, the author bethinks him of another possible +interpretation of his words (_An aliud ex uerbis ipsius--intelligendum_) +and sets it forth in the enlargement. It is not probable, I believe, +that the author dictated this forthwith to the scribe. As the existence +of _O_ has been proved, it is more natural to assume that the +enlargement had already been inserted there. + +[6] E.g., fol. 59 (I have no photograph). The added _quodam_ in l.10 of +fol. 231 (Plate II) is not by _I_. See below, note 10. _Ut arbitror_ in +the right margin seems exactly the thing that an author tucks in when +revising and qualifying his work. But see below p. 138. + +[7] Plate III contains a specimen (fol. 64). At first this hand looks +like that of the text, but it is really different. The corrections are, +I believe, by _r^{1}_ himself. They had been made in _O_, I infer, but +at first were not observed by _r^{1}_. The heading _De agere et pati_ is +by a hand of the thirteenth century or later (= _h_). + +[8] See Plate IV (fol. 15). As in the previous specimen, this hand is +similar to that of the text, but not identical with it. The hand _h_ +adds three headings. + +[9] Fol. 232 (Plate VIII). _r^{5}_ then collated the work of _r^{4}_ +with _O_, adding _quodam_ in l.10, and perhaps correcting +_consequentius_ to _consequentias_ in l.12. + +[10] Fol. 58^{v} (Plate IX). + +[11] See fol. 81, Plate XI (= Plate I in _Pal. Forsch._). + +[12] Fol. 106 (Plate X). + +[13] For _i^{2}_ in the Bamberg MS, see _Pal. Forsch._, Plates III-VIII. +For _i^{1}_ in the Laon MS, see _Pal. Forsch._, Plate X. + + + + +PLATES + + + Plate I. Fol. 273. + + Plate II. Fol. 231^{v}. + + Plate III. Fol. 64. + + Plate IV. Fol. 15. + + Plate V. Fol. 285^{v}. + + Plate VI. Fol. 49. + + Plate VII. Fol. 56. + + Plate VIII. Fol. 232. + + Plate IX. Fol. 58^{v}. + + Plate X. Fol. 106. + + Plate XI. Fol. 81 (= _Pal. Forsch._, Plate I). + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: PLATE 1] + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: PLATE 2] + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: PLATE 3] + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: PLATE 4] + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: PLATE 5] + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: PLATE 6] + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: PLATE 7] + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: PLATE 8] + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: PLATE 9] + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: PLATE 10] + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: PLATE 11] + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Supposed Autographa of John the +Scot, by Edward Kennard Rand + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUPPOSED AUTOGRAPHA--JOHN THE SCOT *** + +***** This file should be named 34511.txt or 34511.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/4/5/1/34511/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Josephine Paolucci +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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