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diff --git a/34368-h/34368-h.htm b/34368-h/34368-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..32b425d --- /dev/null +++ b/34368-h/34368-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,5831 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> +<head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + Sex-linked Inheritance in Drosophila. + </title> + + <style type="text/css"> + + p { margin-top: .75em; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + } + hr {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 50%;} + hr.full {width: 100%;} + hr.short {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 20%;} + hr.tb {text-align: left; border-top: 1px dotted #000; color: #fff; background-color: #fff; width: 40%;} + body { margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + text-align: justify; font-family: serif; + } + + table.allbnomar { border : 1px solid black; border-collapse: collapse; } + table.allb { border : 1px solid black; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4em } + table.tpbtb { border-top : 1px solid black; border-bottom : 1px solid black; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4em } + table.allbctr { border : 1px solid black; border-collapse: collapse; + margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } + table.nob { margin-left: 4em } + table.nobctr { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border-collapse: collapse;} + + table.math { margin-left:10%;vertical-align: middle; text-align:center; } + table.math0 { vertical-align: middle; text-align:center; } + table.math15 { margin-left:15%;vertical-align: middle; text-align:center; } + table.maths { font-size:smaller; vertical-align: middle; text-align:center; } + + /*td { border : 1px solid gray;}*/ + td.allb { border : 1px solid black; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; } + td.spac { padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; } + td.tpb { border-top : 1px solid black; padding-left: 1em; 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left: -0.4em;} + .x3 {position: absolute; top: 1.75ex; left: -0.4em;} + .x4 {position: absolute; top: 1.65ex; left: -0.6em;} + .x5 {position: absolute; top: -0.5ex; left: -0.3em;} + .x6 {position: absolute; top: 0.3ex; left: -0.5em;} + .x7 {position: absolute; top: -0.6ex; left: -0.5em;} + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Sex-linked Inheritance in Drosophila, by +Thomas Hunt Morgan and Calvin B. Bridges + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Sex-linked Inheritance in Drosophila + +Author: Thomas Hunt Morgan + Calvin B. Bridges + +Release Date: November 18, 2010 [EBook #34368] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SEX-LINKED INHERITANCE IN DROSOPHILA *** + + + + +Produced by Bryan Ness, Keith Edkins and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +book was produced from scanned images of public domain +material from the Google Print project.) + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="10" style="background-color: #ccccff;"> +<tr> +<td style="width:25%; vertical-align:top"> +Transcriber's note: +</td> +<td> +A few typographical errors have been corrected. They +appear in the text <span class="correction" title="explanation will pop up">like this</span>, and the +explanation will appear when the mouse pointer is moved over the marked +passage.<br /><br /> + +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h2>SEX-LINKED INHERITANCE IN<br /> +DROSOPHILA</h2> + +<p class="cenhead">BY</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">T. H. MORGAN and C. B. BRIDGES</span></p> + + <p> </p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:25%;"> + <a href="images/png01.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/png01.jpg" + alt="Publisher's medallion" title="Publisher's medallion" /></a> + </div> + <p> </p> + +<p class="cenhead">WASHINGTON<br /> +<span class="sc">Published by the Carnegie Institution of Washington</span><br /> +1916</p> + + <p> </p> + +<p class="cenhead">CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON<br /> +<span class="sc">Publication No. 237.</span></p> + + <p> </p> + +<p class="cenhead">PRESS OF GIBSON BROTHERS, INC.<br /> +WASHINGTON, D. C.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><!-- Page 3 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page3"></a>{3}</span></p> + +<h3>CONTENTS.</h3> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Contents" title="Contents"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> PAGE.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="sc">Part I. Introductory</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page5">5</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Mendel's law of segregation </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page5">5</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Linkage and chromosomes </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page5">5</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Crossing-over </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page7">7</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> The Y chromosome and non-disjunction </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page8">8</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Mutation in <i>Drosophila ampelophila</i> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page10">10</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Multiple allelomorphs </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page11">11</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:5em"> Sex-linked lethals and the sex ratio </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page14">14</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Influence of the environment on the realization of two sex-linked characters</td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page16">16</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Sexual polymorphism </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page17">17</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Fertility and sterility in the mutants </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page18">18</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Balanced inviability </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page19">19</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> How the factors are located in the chromosomes </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page20">20</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> The sex-linked factors of <i>Drosophila</i> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page21">21</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Map of chromosome X </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page22">22</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Nomenclature </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page24">24</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="sc">Part II. New data</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page25">25</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> White </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page25">25</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Rudimentary </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page25">25</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Miniature </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page26">26</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Vermilion </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page27">27</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Yellow </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page27">27</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Abnormal abdomen </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page27">27</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Eosin </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page28">28</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Bifid </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page28">28</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:5em"> Linkage of bifid with yellow, with white, and with vermilion</td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page29">29</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:5em"> Linkage of cherry, bifid, and vermilion </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page30">30</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Reduplicated legs </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page31">31</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Lethal 1 </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page31">31</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Lethal 1a </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page32">32</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Spot </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page33">33</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Sable </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page34">34</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:5em"> Linkage of yellow and sable </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page35">35</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:5em"> Linkage of cherry and sable </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page37">37</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:5em"> Linkage of eosin, vermilion, and sable </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page37">37</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:5em"> Linkage of miniature and sable </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page40">40</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:5em"> Linkage of vermilion, sable, and bar </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page40">40</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Dot </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page44">44</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:5em"> Linkage of vermilion and dot </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page44">44</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Bow </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page46">46</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:5em"> Bow by arc </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page47">47</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Lemon body-color </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page48">48</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:5em"> Linkage of cherry, lemon, and vermilion </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page48">48</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Lethal 2 </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page49">49</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Cherry </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page51">51</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:5em"> A system of quadruple allelomorphs </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page51">51</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:5em"> Linkage of cherry and vermilion </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page51">51</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:5em"> Compounds of cherry </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page52">52</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Fused </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page53">53</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:5em"> Linkage of eosin and fused </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page54">54</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:5em"> Linkage of vermilion, bar, and fused </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page56">56</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> +<!-- Page 4 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page4"></a>{4}</span> + Forked </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page58">58</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:5em"> Linkage of vermilion and forked </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page59">59</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:5em"> Linkage of cherry and forked </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page59">59</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:5em"> Linkage of forked, bar, and fused </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page60">60</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:5em"> Linkage of sable, rudimentary, and forked </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page61">61</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:5em"> Linkage of rudimentary, forked, and bar </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page62">62</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Shifted </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page63">63</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:5em"> Linkage of shifted and vermilion </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page63">63</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:5em"> Linkage of shifted, vermilion, and bar </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page64">64</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Lethals <i>sa</i> and <i>sb</i> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page64">64</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Bar </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page66">66</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Notch </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page66">66</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Depressed </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page67">67</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:5em"> Linkage of depressed and bar </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page67">67</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:5em"> Linkage of cherry, depressed, and vermilion </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page68">68</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Club </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page69">69</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:5em"> Genotypic club </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page70">70</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:5em"> Linkage of club and vermilion </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page70">70</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:5em"> Linkage of yellow, club, and vermilion </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page70">70</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:5em"> Linkage of cherry, club, and vermilion </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page72">72</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Green </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page73">73</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Chrome </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page74">74</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Lethal 3 </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page74">74</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Lethal 3<i>a</i> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page75">75</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Lethal 1<i>b</i> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page76">76</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Facet </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page76">76</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:5em"> Linkage of facet, vermilion, and sable </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page77">77</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:5em"> Linkage of eosin, facet, and vermilion </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page78">78</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Lethal <i>sc</i> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page79">79</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Lethal <i>sd</i> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page79">79</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Furrowed </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page80">80</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Additional data for yellow, white, vermilion, and miniature </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page80">80</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:5em"> New data contributed by A. H. Sturtevant and H. J. Muller</td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page82">82</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Summary of the previously determined cross-over values </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page83">83</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> Summary of all data upon linkage of gens in chromosome I. </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page84">84</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="padding-left:3em"> <span class="sc">Bibliography.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page86">86</a></td></tr> +</table> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><!-- Page 5 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page5"></a>{5}</span></p> + +<h3>PART I. INTRODUCTORY.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">MENDEL'S LAW OF SEGREGATION.</p> + + <p>Although the ratio of 3 to 1 in which contrasted characters reappear + in the second or F<sub>2</sub> generation is sometimes referred to as + Mendel's Law of Heredity, the really significant discovery of Mendel was + not the 3 to 1 ratio, but the segregation of the characters (or rather, + of the germinal representatives of the characters) which is the + underlying cause of the appearance of the ratio. Mendel saw that the + characters with which he worked must be represented in the germ-cells by + specific producers (which we may call factors), and that in the + fertilization of an individual showing one member of a pair of + contrasting characters by an individual showing the other member, the + factors for the two characters meet in the hybrid, and that <i>when the + hybrid forms germ-cells the factors segregate from each other without + having been contaminated one by the other.</i> In consequence, half the + germ-cells contain one member of the pair and the other half the other + member. When two such hybrid individuals are bred together the + combinations of the pure germ-cells give three classes of offspring, + namely, two hybrids to one of each of the pure forms. Since the hybrids + usually can not be distinguished from one of the pure forms, the observed + ratio is 3 of one kind (the dominant) to 1 of the other kind (the + recessive).</p> + + <p>There is another discovery that is generally included as a part of + Mendel's Law. We may refer to this as the <i>assortment</i> in the + germ-cells of the products of the segregation of two or more pairs of + factors. If assortment takes place according to chance, then definite + F<sub>2</sub> ratios result, such as 9:3:3:1 (for two pairs) and + 27:9:9:9:3:3:3:1 (for three pairs), etc. Mendel obtained such ratios in + peas, and until quite recently it has been generally supposed that free + assortment is the rule when several pairs of characters are involved. + But, as we shall try to show, the emphasis that has been laid on these + ratios has obscured the really important part of Mendel's discovery, + namely, <i>segregation</i>; for with the discovery in 1906 of the fact of + linkage the ratios based on free assortment were seen to hold only for + combinations of certain pairs of characters, not for other combinations. + But the principle of segregation still holds for each pair of characters. + Hence segregation remains the cardinal point of Mendelism. Segregation is + to-day Mendel's Law.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">LINKAGE AND CHROMOSOMES.</p> + + <p>It has been found that when <i>certain</i> characters enter a cross + together (<i>i. e.</i>, from the same parent) their factors tend to pass + into the same gamete of the hybrid, with the result that other ratios + than the chance ratios described by Mendel are found in the F<sub>2</sub> + generation. <!-- Page 6 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page6"></a>{6}</span>Such cases of linkage have been described in + several forms, but nowhere on so extensive a scale as in the pomace fly, + <i>Drosophila ampelophila</i>. Here, over a hundred characters that have + been investigated as to their linkage relations are found to fall into + four groups, the members of each group being linked, in the sense that + they tend to be transmitted to the gametes in the same combinations in + which they entered from the parents. The members of each group give free + assortment with the members of any of the other three groups. A most + significant fact in regard to the linkage shown by the <i>Drosophila</i> + mutants is that <i>the number of linked groups corresponds to the number + of pairs of the chromosomes.</i> If the gens for the Mendelian characters + are carried by the chromosomes we should expect to find demonstrated in + <i>Drosophila</i> that there are as many groups of characters that are + inherited together as there are pairs of chromosomes, provided the + chromosomes retain their individuality. The evidence that the chromosomes + are structural elements of the cell that perpetuate themselves at every + division has continually grown stronger. That factors have the same + distribution as the chromosomes is clearly seen in the case of sex-linked + characters, where it can be shown that any character of this type appears + in those individuals which from the known distribution of the X + chromosomes must also contain the chromosome in question. For example, in + <i>Drosophila</i>, as in many other insects, there are two X chromosomes + in the cells of the female and one X chromosome in the cells of the male. + There is in the male, in addition to the X, also a Y chromosome, which + acts as its mate in synapsis and reduction. After reduction each egg + carries an X chromosome. In the male there are two classes of sperm, one + carrying the X chromosome and the other carrying the Y chromosome. Any + egg fertilized by an X sperm produces a female; any egg fertilized by a Y + sperm produces a male. The scheme of inheritance is as follows.</p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Scheme of inheritance" title="Scheme of inheritance"> +<tr><td class="hspcsingle"> Eggs </td><td class="hspcsingle" style="text-align:center;"> X—X</td></tr> +<tr><td class="botbsing"> Sperm </td><td class="botbsing" style="text-align:center;"> X—Y</td></tr> +<tr><td class="hspcsingle"> Daughter </td><td class="hspcsingle" style="text-align:center;"> XX</td></tr> +<tr><td class="hspcsingle"> Son </td><td class="hspcsingle" style="text-align:center;"> XY</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The sons get their single X chromosome from their mother, and should + therefore show any character whose gen is carried by such a chromosome. + In sex-linked inheritance all sons show the characters of their mother. A + male transmits his sex-linked character to his daughters, who show it if + dominant and conceal it if recessive. But any daughter will transmit such + a character, whether dominant or recessive, to half of her sons. The path + of transmission of the gen is the same as the path followed by the X + chromosome, received here <!-- Page 7 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page7"></a>{7}</span>from the male. Many other combinations show + the same relations. In the case of non-disjunction, to be given later, + there is direct experimental evidence of such a nature that there can no + longer be any doubt that the X chromosomes are the carriers of certain + gens that we speak of as sex-linked. This term (sex-linked) is intended + to mean that such characters are carried by the X chromosome. It has been + objected that this use of the term implies a knowledge of a factor for + sex in the X chromosome to which the other factors in that chromosome are + linked; but in fact we have as much knowledge in regard to the occurrence + of a sex factor or sex factors in the X chromosome as we have for other + factors. It is true we do not know whether there is more than one + sex-factor, because there is no crossing-over in the male (the + heterozygous sex), and crossing-over in the female does not influence the + distribution of sex, since like parts are simply interchanged. It follows + from this that we are unable as yet to locate the sex factor or factors + in the X chromosome. The fact that we can not detect crossing-over under + this condition is not an argument against the occurrence of linkage. We + are justified, therefore, in speaking of the factors carried by the X + chromosome as sex-linked.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">CROSSING-OVER.</p> + + <p>When two or more sex-linked factors are present in a male they are + always transmitted together to his daughters, as must necessarily be the + case if they are carried by the unpaired X chromosome. If such a male + carrying, let us say, two sex-linked factors, is mated to a wild female, + his daughters will have one X chromosome containing the factors for both + characters, derived from the father, and another X chromosome that + contains the factors that are normal for these two factors (the normal + allelomorphs). The sons of such a female will get one or the other of + these two kinds of chromosomes, and should be expected to be like the one + or the other grandparent. In fact, most of the sons are of these two + kinds. But, in addition, there are sons that show one only of the two + original mutant characters. Clearly an interchange has taken place + between the two X chromosomes in the female in such a way that a piece of + one chromosome has been exchanged for the homologous piece of the other. + The same conclusion is reached if the cross is made in such a way that + the same two sex-linked characters enter, but, one from the mother and + the other from the father. The daughter gets one of her sex chromosomes + from her mother and the other from her father. She should produce, then, + two kinds of sons, one like her mother and one like her father. In fact, + the majority of her sons are of these two kinds, but, in addition, there + are two other kinds of sons, one kind showing both mutant characters, the + other kind showing normal characters. Here again the results must be due + to interchange between the two X's in the hybrid female. <i>The number + of</i> <!-- Page 8 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page8"></a>{8}</span><i>the sons due to exchange in the two + foregoing crosses is always the same, although they are of contrary + classes.</i> Clearly, then, the interchange takes place irrespective of + the way in which the factors enter the cross. We call those classes that + arise through interchange between the chromosomes "cross-over classes" or + merely "cross-overs." The phenomenon of holding together we speak of as + linkage.</p> + + <p>By taking a number of factors into consideration at the same time it + has been shown that <i>crossing-over involves large pieces of the + chromosomes</i>. The X chromosomes undergo crossing-over in about 60 per + cent of the cases, and the crossing-over may occur at any point along the + chromosome. When it occurs once, whole ends (or halves even) go over + together and the exchange is always equivalent. If crossing-over occurs + twice at the same time a middle piece of one chromosome is intercalated + between the ends of the other chromosome. This process is called double + crossing-over. It occurs not oftener than in about 10 per cent of cases + for the total length of the X chromosome. Triple crossing-over in the X + chromosome is extremely rare and has been observed only about a half + dozen times.</p> + + <p>While the genetic evidence forces one to accept crossing-over between + the sex chromosomes in the female, that evidence gives no clue as to how + such a process is brought about. There are, however, certain facts + familiar to the cytologist that furnish a clue as to how such an + interchange might take place. When the homologous chromosomes come + together at synapsis it has been demonstrated, in some forms at least, + that they twist about each other so that one chromosome comes to lie now + on the one side now on the other of its partner. If at some points the + chromosomes break and the pieces on the same side unite and pass to the + same pole of the karyokinetic spindle, the necessary condition for + crossing-over will have been fulfilled.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">THE Y CHROMOSOME AND NON-DISJUNCTION.</p> + + <p>Following Wilson's nomenclature, we speak of both X and Y as sex + chromosomes. Both the cytological and the genetic evidence shows that + when two X chromosomes are present a female is produced, when one, a + male. This conclusion leaves the Y chromosome without any observed + relation to sex-determination, despite the fact that the Y is normally + present in every male and is confined to the male line. The question may + be asked, and in fact has been asked, why may not the presence of the Y + chromosome determine that a male develop and its absence that a female + appear? The only answer that has yet been given, outside of the work on + <i>Drosophila</i>, is that since in some insects there is no Y + chromosome, there is no need to make such an assumption. But in + <i>Drosophila</i> direct proof that Y has no such function is furnished + by the evidence discovered by Bridges in the case of non-disjunction. + (Bridges, 1913, 1914, 1916, and unpublished results.) <!-- Page 9 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page9"></a>{9}</span></p> + + <p>Ordinarily all the sons and none of the daughters show the recessive + sex-linked characters of the mother when the father carries the dominant + allelomorph. The peculiarity of non-disjunction is that sometimes a + female produces a daughter like herself or a son like the father, + although the rest of the offspring are perfectly regular. For example, a + vermilion female mated to a wild male produces vermilion sons and + wild-type daughters, but rarely also a vermilion daughter or a wild-type + son. The production of these exceptions (primary exceptions) by a normal + XX female must be due to an aberrant reduction division at which the two + X chromosomes fail to disjoin from each other. In consequence both remain + in the egg or both pass into the polar body. In the latter case an egg + without an X chromosome is produced. Such an egg fertilized by an X sperm + produces a male with the constitution XO. These males received their + single X from their father and therefore show the father's characters. + While these XO males are exceptions to sex-linked inheritance, the + characters that they do show are perfectly normal, that is, the miniature + or the bar or other sex-linked characters that the XO male has are like + those of an XY male, showing that the Y normally has no effect upon the + development of these characters. But that the Y does play some positive + rôle is proved by the fact that all the XO males have been found to be + absolutely sterile.</p> + + <p>While the presence of the Y is necessary for the fertility of the + male, it has no effect upon sex itself. This is shown even more + strikingly by the phenomenon known as secondary non-disjunction. If the + two X chromosomes that fail to disjoin remain in the egg, and this egg is + fertilized by a Y sperm, an XXY individual results. This is a female + which is like her mother in all sex-linked characters (a matroclinous + exception), since she received both her X chromosomes from her mother and + none from her father. As far as sex is concerned this is a perfectly + normal female. The extra Y has no effect upon the appearance of the + characters, even in the case of eosin, where the female is much darker + than the male. The only effect which the extra Y has is as an extra wheel + in the machinery of synapsis and reduction; for, on account of the + presence of the Y, both X's of the XXY female are sometimes left within + the ripe egg, a process called secondary non-disjunction. In consequence, + an XXY female regularly produces exceptions (to the extent of about 4 per + cent). A small percentage of reductions are of this XX-Y type; the + majority are X-XY. The XY eggs, produced by the X-XY reductions, when + fertilized by Y sperm, give XYY males, which show no influence of the + extra Y except at synapsis and reduction. By mating an XXY female to an + XYY male, XXYY females have been produced and these are perfectly normal + in appearance. We may conclude from the fact that visibly + indistinguishable males have been produced with the formulas XO, XY, and + XYY, and <!-- Page 10 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page10"></a>{10}</span>likewise females with the formulas XX, XXY, + and XXYY, that the Y is without effect either on the sex or on the + visible characters (other than fertility) of the individual.</p> + + <p>The evidence is equally positive that sex is quantitatively determined + by the X chromosome—that two X's determine a female and one a male. + For in the case of non-disjunction, a zero or a Y egg fertilized by an X + sperm produces a male, while conversely an XX egg fertilized by a Y sperm + produces a female. It is thus impossible to assume that the X sperms are + normally female-producing because of something else than the X or that + the Y sperm produce males for any other reason than that they normally + fertilize X eggs. Both the X and the Y sperm have been shown to produce + the sex opposite to that which they normally produce when they fertilize + eggs that are normal in every respect, except that of their X chromosome + content. These facts establish experimentally that sex is determined by + the combinations of the X chromosomes, and that the male and female + combinations are the causes of sex differentiation and are not simply the + results of maleness and femaleness already determined by some other + agent.</p> + + <p>Cytological examination has demonstrated the existence of one XXYY + female, and has checked up the occurrence in the proper classes and + proportions of the XXY females. Numerous and extensive breeding-tests + have been made upon the other points discussed. The evidence leaves no + escape from the conclusion that the genetic exceptions are produced as a + consequence of the exceptional distribution of the X chromosomes and that + the gens for the sex-linked characters are carried by those + chromosomes.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">MUTATION IN DROSOPHILA AMPELOPHILA.</p> + + <p>The first mutants were found in the spring of 1910. Since then an + ever-increasing series of new types has been appearing. An immense number + of flies have come under the scrutiny of those who are working in the + Zoological Laboratory of Columbia University, and the discovery of so + many mutant types is undoubtedly due to this fact. But that mutation is + more frequent in <i>Drosophila ampelophila</i> than in some of the other + species of <i>Drosophila</i> seems not improbable from an extensive + examination of other types. It is true a few mutants have been found in + other <i>Drosophilas</i>, but relatively few as compared with the number + in <i>D. ampelophila</i>. Whether <i>ampelophila</i> is more prone to + mutate, or whether the conditions under which it is kept are such as to + favor this process, we have no knowledge. Several attempts that we have + made to produce mutations have led to no conclusive results.</p> + + <p>The mutants of <i>Drosophila</i> have been referred to by Baur as + "mutations through loss," but inasmuch as they differ in no respect that + we can discover from other mutants in domesticated animals and plants, + there is no particular reason for putting them into this category unless + <!-- Page 11 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page11"></a>{11}</span>to + imply that new characters have not appeared, or that those that have + appeared must be due to loss in the sense of absence of something from + the germ-plasm.</p> + + <p>In regard to the first point, several of the mutants are characterized + by what seem to be additions. For example, the eye-color sepia is darker + than the ordinary red. At least three new markings have been added to the + thorax. A speck has appeared at the base of the wing, etc. These are + recessive characters, it is true, but the character "streak," which + consists of a dark band added to the thorax, is a dominant. If dominance + is supposed to be a criterion as to "presence," then it should be pointed + out that among the mutants of <i>Drosophila</i> a number of dominant + types occur. But clearly we are not justified by these criteria in + inferring anything whatever in regard to the nature of the change that + takes place in the germ-plasm. Probably the only data which give a basis + for attempting to decide the nature of the change in the germ-plasm are + from cases where multiple allelomorphs are found. Several such cases are + known to us, and two of these are found in the X chromosome group, + namely, a quadruple system (white, eosin, cherry, red), and a triple + system (yellow, spot, gray). In such cases each member acts as the + allelomorph of any other member, and only two can occur in any one + female, and only one in any male. If the normal allelomorph is thought of + as the positive character, which one of the mutants is due to its loss or + to its absence? If each is produced by a loss it must be a different loss + that acts as an allelomorph to the other loss. This is obviously absurd + unless a different idea from the one usually promulgated in regard to + "absence" is held.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">MULTIPLE ALLELOMORPHS.</p> + + <p>It appears that Cuénot was the first to find a case (in mice) in which + the results could be explained on the basis that more than two factors + may stand in the relation of allelomorphs to each other. In other words, + a given factor may become the partner of more than one other factor, + although, in any one individual, no more than two factors stand in this + relation. While it appears that his evidence as published was not + demonstrative, and that, at the time he wrote, the possibility of such + results being due to very close linkage could not have been appreciated + as an alternative explanation, nevertheless it remains that Cuénot was + right in his interpretation of his results and that the factors for + yellow, gray, gray white-belly, and black in mice form a system of + quadruple allelomorphs.</p> + + <p>There are at least two such systems among the factors in the first + chromosome in <i>Drosophila</i>. The first of these includes the factor + for white eyes, that for eosin eyes, and that for cherry eyes, and of + course that allelomorph of these factors present in the wild fly and + which when present gives the red color. In this instance the normal <!-- + Page 12 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page12"></a>{12}</span>allelomorph dominates all the other three, + but in mice the mutant factor for yellow dominates the wild or "normal" + allelomorph.</p> + + <p>The other system of multiple allelomorphs in the first chromosome is a + triple system made up of yellow (body-color), spot (on abdomen), and + their normal allelomorph—the factor in the normal fly that stands + for "gray."</p> + + <p>In general it may be said that there are two principal ways in which + it is possible to show that certain factors (more than two) are the + allelomorphs of each other. First, if they are allelomorphs only two can + exist in the same individual; and, in the case of sex-linked characters, + while two may exist in the same female, only one can exist in the male, + for he contains but one X chromosome. Second, all the allelomorphs should + give the same percentages of crossing-over with each other factor in the + same chromosome.</p> + + <p>It is a question of considerable theoretical importance whether these + cases of multiple allelomorphs are only extreme cases of linkage or + whether they form a system quite apart from linkage and in relation to + normal allelomorphism. It may be worth while, therefore, to discuss this + question more at length, especially because <i>Drosophila</i> is one of + the best cases known for such a discussion.</p> + + <p>The factors in the first chromosome are linked to each other in + various degrees. When they are as closely linked as yellow body-color and + white eyes crossing-over takes place only once in a hundred times. If two + factors were still nearer together it is thinkable that crossing-over + might be such a rare occurrence that it would require an enormous number + of individuals to demonstrate its occurrence. In such a case the factors + might be said to be completely linked, yet each would be supposed to have + its normal allelomorph in the homologous chromosome of the wild type. + Imagine, then, a situation in which one of these two mutant factors (a) + enters from one parent and the other mutant factor (b) from the other + parent. The normal allelomorph of a may be called A. It enters the + combination with b, while the normal allelomorph B of b enters the + combination with a. Since b is completely linked to A and a to B, the + result will be the same as though a and b were the allelomorphs of each + other, for in the germ-cells of the hybrid aBAb the assortment will be + into aB and Ab, which is the same as though a and b acted as segregating + allelomorphs.</p> + + <p>There is no way from Mendelian data by which this difference between a + true case of multiple allelomorphs and one of complete linkage (as just + illustrated) can be determined. There is, however, a different line of + attack which, in a case like that of <i>Drosophila</i>, will give an + answer to this question. The answer is found in the way in which the + mutant factors arise. This argument has been fully developed in the book + entitled "The Mechanism of Mendelian Inheritance," and will therefore not + be repeated here. It must suffice to say that if two mutant <!-- Page 13 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page13"></a>{13}</span>types that + behave as allelomorphs of each other arise separately from the wild form, + one of them must have arisen as a double mutation of two factors so close + to each other as to be completely linked—a highly improbable + occurrence when the infrequency of mutations is taken into + consideration.<a name="NtA1" href="#Nt1"><sup>[1]</sup></a> The evidence + opposed to such an interpretation is now so strong that there can be + little doubt that multiple allelomorphs have actually appeared.</p> + + <p>On <i>a priori</i> grounds there is no reason why several mutative + changes might not take place in the same locus of a chromosome. If we + think of a chromosome as made up of a chain of chemical particles, there + may be a number of possible recombinations or rearrangements within each + particle. Any change might make a difference in the end-product of the + activity of the cell, and give rise to a new mutant type. It is only when + one arbitrarily supposes that the only possible change in a factor is its + loss that any serious difficulty arises in the interpretation of multiple + allelomorphs.</p> + + <p>One of the most striking facts connected with the subject of multiple + allelomorphs is that the same kind of change is effected in the same + organ. Thus, in the quadruple system mentioned above, the color of the + eye is affected. In the yellow-spot system the color of the body is + involved. In mice it is the coat-color that is different in each member + of the series. While this is undoubtedly a striking relation and one + which seems to fit well with the idea that such effects are due to + mutative changes in the same fundamental element that affects the + character in question, yet on the other hand it would be dangerous to lay + too much emphasis on this point, because any given organ may be affected + by other factors in a similar manner, and also because a factor + frequently produces more than a single effect. For instance, the factor + that when present gives a white eye affects also the general yellowish + pigment of the body. If red-eyed and white-eyed flies are put for several + hours into alcohol, the yellowish body-color of the white-eyed flies is + freely extracted, but not that of the red-eyed flies. In the living + condition the difference between the body-colors of the red- and of the + white-eyed flies is too slight to be visible, but after extraction in + alcohol the difference is striking. There are other effects also that + follow in the wake of the white factor. Now, it is quite conceivable that + in some specific case one of the effects might be more striking than the + one produced in that organ more markedly affected by the other factor of + the allelomorphic series. In such a case the relation mentioned above + might seemingly disappear. For this reason it is well not to insist too + strongly on the idea that multiple allelomorphs affect the same part in + the same way, even although at present that appears to be the rule for + all known cases.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 14 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page14"></a>{14}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">SEX-LINKED LETHALS AND THE SEX RATIO.</p> + + <p>Most of the mutant types of <i>Drosophila</i> show characteristics + that may be regarded as superficial in so far as they do not prevent the + animal from living in the protected life that our cultures afford. Were + they thrown into open competition with wild forms, or, better said, were + they left to shift for themselves under natural conditions, many or most + of the types would no doubt soon die out. So far as we can see, there is + no reason to suppose that the mutations which can be described as + superficial are disproportionally more likely to occur than others. Of + course, superficial mutations are more likely to survive and hence to be + seen; while if mutations took place in important organs some of them + would be expected to affect injuriously parts essential to the life of + the individual and in consequence such an individual perishes. The + "lethal factors" of <i>Drosophila</i> may be supposed to be mutations of + some such nature; but as yet we have not studied this side of the + question sufficiently, and this supposed method of action of the lethals + is purely speculative. Whatever the nature of the lethals' action, it can + be shown that from among the offspring obtained from certain stocks + expected classes are missing, and the absence of these classes can be + accounted for on the assumption that there are present mutant factors + that follow the Mendelian rule of segregation and which show normal + linkage to other factors, but whose only recognizable difference from the + normal is the death of those individuals which receive them. The + numerical results can be handled in precisely the same way as are other + linkage results.</p> + + <p>There are some general relations that concern the lethals that may be + mentioned here, while the details are left for the special part or are + found in the special papers dealing with these lethals. A factor of this + kind carried by the X chromosome would be transmitted in the female line + because the female, having two X chromosomes, would have one of them with + the normal allelomorph (dominant) of the lethal factor carried by the + other X chromosome. Half of her sons would get one of her X's, the other + half the other. Those sons that get the lethal X will die, since the male + having only one X lacks the power of containing both the lethal and its + normal allelomorph. The other half of the sons will survive, but will not + transmit the lethal factor. In all lethal stocks there are only half as + many sons as daughters. The heterozygous lethal-bearing female, + fertilized by a normal male, will give rise to two kinds of daughters; + one normal in both X's, the other with a normal X and a lethal-bearing X + chromosome. The former are always normal in behavior, and the latter + repeat in their descendants the 2:1 sex-ratio.</p> + + <p>Whether a female bearing the same lethal twice (<i>i.e.</i>, one + homozygous for a given lethal) would die, can not be stated, for no such + females are obtainable, because the lethal males, which alone could bring + about <!-- Page 15 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page15"></a>{15}</span>such a condition, do not exist. The + presumption is that a female of this kind would also die if the lethal + acts injuriously on some vital function or structure.</p> + + <p>Since only half of the daughters of the lethal-bearing females carry + the lethal, the stock can be maintained by breeding daughters separately + in each generation to insure obtaining one which repeats the 2:1 ratio. + There is, however, a much more advantageous way of carrying on the + stock—one that also confirms the sufficiency of the theory.</p> + + <p>In carrying on a stock of a lethal, advantage can be taken of linkage. + A lethal factor has a definite locus in the chromosome; if, then, a + lethal-bearing female is crossed to a male of another stock with a + recessive character whose factor lies in the X chromosome very close to + the lethal factor, half the daughters will have lethal in one X and the + recessive in the other. The lethal-bearing females can be picked out from + their sisters by the fact that they give a 2:1 sex-ratio, and by the fact + that nearly all the sons that do survive show the recessive character. If + such females are tested by breeding to the recessive males, then the + daughters which do not show the recessive carry the lethal, except in the + few cases of crossing-over. Thus in each generation the normal females + are crossed to the recessive males with the assurance that the lethal + will not be lost. If instead of the single recessive used in this + fashion, a double recessive of such a sort that one recessive lies on + each side of the lethal is used, then in each generation the females + which show neither recessive will almost invariably contain the lethal, + since a double cross-over is required to remove the lethal.</p> + + <p>It is true that females carrying two <i>different</i> lethals might + arise and not die, because the injurious effect of each lethal would be + dominated by its allelomorph in the other X chromosome. Such females can + not be obtained by combining two existing lethals, since lethal males do + not survive. They can occur only through a new lethal arising through + mutation in the homologous chromosome of a female that already carries + one lethal. Rare as such an event must be, it has occurred in our + cultures thrice. The presence of a female of this kind will be at once + noticed by the fact that she produces no sons, or very rarely one, giving + in consequence extraordinary sex-ratios. The rare appearance of a son + from such a female can be accounted for in the following way: If + crossing-over occurs between her X chromosomes the result will be that + one X will sometimes contain two lethals, the other none. The latter, if + it passes into a male, will lead to the development of a normal + individual. The number of such males depends on the distance apart of the + two lethals in the chromosome. There is a crucial test of this hypothesis + of two lethals in females giving extraordinary ratios. This test has been + applied to the cases in which such females were found, by Rawls (1913), + by Morgan (1914<i>c</i>), and again by Stark (1915), and it has been + found to confirm the explanation. The daughters of <!-- Page 16 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page16"></a>{16}</span>such a female should all + (excepting a rare one due to crossing-over) give 2:1 ratios, because each + daughter must get one or the other X chromosome of her mother, that is, + one or the other lethal. Although the mother was fertilized by a normal + male, every daughter is heterozygous for one or the other of the lethal + factors. The daughters of the two-lethal females differ from the + daughters of the one-lethal female in that the former mother, as just + stated, gives all lethal-bearing daughters; the latter transmits her + lethal to only half of her daughters.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">INFLUENCE OF THE ENVIRONMENT ON THE REALIZATION OF TWO +SEX-LINKED CHARACTERS.</p> + + <p>The need of a special environment in order that certain mutant + characters may express themselves has been shown for abnormal abdomen + (Morgan, 1912<i>d</i>, 1915<i>b</i>) and for reduplication of the legs + (Hoge, 1915). In a third type, club, described here (page <a + href="#page69">69</a>), the failure of the unfolding of the wing which + occurs in about 20 per cent of the flies is also without much doubt an + environmental effect, but as yet the particular influence that causes the + change is unknown.</p> + + <p>A very extensive series of observations has been made on the character + called abnormal abdomen. In pure cultures kept moist with abundance of + fresh food all the flies that hatch for the first few days have the black + bands of the abdomen obliterated or made faint and irregular. As the + bottles get dry and the food becomes scarce the flies become more and + more normal, until at last they are indistinguishable from the normal + flies. Nevertheless these normal-looking flies will give rise in a + suitable environment to the same kind of flies as the very abnormal flies + first hatched. By breeding from the last flies of each culture, and in + dry cultures, flies can be bred from normal ancestors for several + generations, and then by making the conditions favorable for the + appearance of the abnormal condition, the flies will be as abnormal as + though their ancestors had always been abnormal. Here, then, is a + character that is susceptible to the variations in the environment, yet + whatever the realized condition of the soma may be, that condition has no + effect whatever on the nature of the germ-plasm. A more striking disproof + of the theory of the inheritance of acquired characters would be hard to + find.</p> + + <p>A demonstration is given in this instance of the interaction between a + given genotypic constitution and a special environment. The character + abnormal is a sex-linked dominant. Therefore, if an abnormal male is + mated to a wild female the daughters are heterozygous for abnormal, while + the sons, getting their X chromosome from their mother, are entirely + normal. In a wet environment all the daughters are abnormal and the sons + normal. As the culture dries out the daughters' color becomes normal in + appearance. But while the sons <!-- Page 17 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page17"></a>{17}</span>will never transmit abnormality to any of + their descendants in any environment, the daughters will transmit (if + bred to normal males) in a suitable environment their peculiarity to half + of their daughters and to half of their sons. The experiment shows + convincingly that the abnormal abdomen appears in a special environment + only in those flies that have a given genotypic constitution.</p> + + <p>As the cultures dry out the abnormal males are the first to change + over to normal, then the heterozygous females, and lastly the homozygous + females. It is doubtful if any far-reaching conclusion can be drawn from + this series, because the first and second classes differ from each other + not only in the presence of one or of two factors for abnormal, but also + by the absence in the first case (male) of an entire X chromosome with + its contained factors. The second and third classes differ from each + other only by the abnormal factor.</p> + + <p>Similar results were found in the mutant type called reduplicated + legs, which is a sex-linked recessive character that appears best when + the cultures are kept at about 10° C. As Miss M. A. Hoge has shown, this + character then becomes realized in nearly all of the flies that have the + proper constitution, but not in flies of normal constitution placed in + the same environment. Here the effect is produced by cold.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">SEXUAL POLYMORPHISM.</p> + + <p>Outside the primary and secondary sexual differences between the male + and the female, there is a considerable number of species of animals with + more than one kind of female or male. Darwin and his followers have tried + to explain such cases on the grounds that more than one kind of female + (or male) might arise through natural selection, in consequence of some + individuals mimicking a protected species. It is needless to point out + here how involved and intricate such a process would be, because the + mutation theory has cut the Gordian knot and given a simpler solution of + the origin of such diandromorphic and digynomorphic conditions.</p> + + <p>In <i>Drosophila</i> a mutant, eosin eye-color, appeared in which the + female has darker eyes than the male. If such stock is crossed with + cherry (another sex-linked recessive mutant, allelomorphic to eosin) the + females in the F<sub>2</sub> generation are alike (for the pure eosin and + the eosin-cherry compound are not separable), but the cherry males and + the eosin males are quite different in appearance. Here we have a + simulation, at least, of a diandromorphic species. Such a group + perpetuates itself, giving one type of female (inasmuch as eosin and + cherry females are very closely similar) and two types of males, only one + of which is like the females. A population of this kind is very directly + comparable to certain polymorphic types that occur in nature. In + <i>Colias philodice</i> there is one type of male, yellow, and two types + of females, yellow and <!-- Page 18 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page18"></a>{18}</span>white. In <i>Colias eurydice</i> the male is + orange and the females are orange or white. In <i>Papilio turnus</i> the + male is yellow and the females either yellow or black. Those cases are + directly comparable to an eosin-cherry population, except that in + Lepidoptera the female is heterozygous for the sex differential, in + Diptera the male.</p> + + <p>Since in <i>Drosophila</i> the results are explicable on a sex-linked + basis, a similar explanation may apply to polymorphism in butterflies. By + suitable combinations of eosin and cherry most of the cases of + polymorphism in butterflies may be simulated. To simulate the more + complex cases, such as that of <i>Papilio polytes</i> and <i>memnon</i>, + another allelomorph like eosin would have to be introduced. A population + of mixed cherry and white would give three somatic types of females + (cherry, cherry-white, and white) and two of males (cherry and + white).</p> + +<p class="cenhead">FERTILITY AND STERILITY IN THE MUTANTS.</p> + + <p>Aside from the decrease in fertility that occurs in certain stocks (a + question that need not be treated here), there are among the types + described in the text two cases that call for special comment. When the + mutant type called "rudimentary" was first discovered, it was found that + the females were sterile but the males were fully fertile. Later work has + revealed the nature of the sterility of the female. The ovaries are + present and in the young flies appear normal, but while in the normal + flies the eggs in the posterior portion enlarge rapidly during the first + few days after hatching, in the rudimentary females only a very few + (about 15) eggs enlarge. The other eggs in the ovary remain at a lower + stage of their development. Rarely the female lays a few eggs; when she + does so some of the eggs hatch, and if she has been mated to a + rudimentary male, the offspring are rudimentary females and males. The + rudimentary females mate in the normal time with rudimentary or with + normal males, and their sexual behavior is normal. Their sterility is + therefore due to the failure of the eggs to develop properly. Whether in + addition to this there is some incompatibility between the sperm and the + eggs of this type (as supposed to be the case at one time) is not + conclusively disproved, but is not probable from the evidence now + available.</p> + + <p>In the mutant called "fused" the females are sterile both with wild + males and with males from their own stock. An examination of the ovaries + of these females, made by Mr. C. McEwen, shows clearly that there are + fewer than the normal number of mature eggs, recalling the case of + rudimentary.</p> + + <p>It should be noticed that there is no apparent relation between the + sterility of these two types and the occurrence of the mutation in the X + chromosome, because other mutations in the X do not cause sterility, and + there is sterility in other mutant types that are due to factors in other + chromosomes. <!-- Page 19 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page19"></a>{19}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">BALANCED INVIABILITY.</p> + + <p>The determination of the cross-over values of the factors was at first + hindered because of the poor viability of some of the mutants. If the + viability of each mutant type could be determined in relation to the + viability of the normal, "coefficients of viability" could serve as + corrections in working with the various mutant characters. But it was + found (Bridges and Sturtevant, 1914) that viability was so erratic that + coefficients might mislead. At the same time it was becoming more + apparent that poor viability is no necessary attribute of a character, + but depends very largely on the condition of culture. Competition among + larvæ was found to be the chief factor in viability. Mass cultures almost + invariably have extremely poor viability, even though an attempt is made + to supply an abundance of food. Special tests (Morgan and Tice, 1914) + showed that even those mutants which were considered the very poorest in + viability were produced in proportions fairly close to the theoretical + when only one female was used for each large culture bottle and the + amount and quality of food was carefully adjusted.</p> + + <p>For the majority of mutants which did well even under heavy + competition in mass cultures the pair-breeding method reduced the + disturbances due to viability to a point where they were negligible.</p> + + <p>Later a method was devised (Bridges, 1915) whereby mutations of poor + viability could be worked with in linkage experiments fairly accurately + and whereby the residual inviability of the ordinary characters could be + largely canceled. This method consists in balancing the data of a certain + class with poor viability by means of an equivalent amount of data in + which the same class occurs as the other member of the ratio. Thus in + obtaining data upon any linkage case it is best to have the total number + of individuals made up of approximately equal numbers derived from each + of the possible ways in which the experiment may be conducted. In the + simplest case, in which the results are of the form AB:Ab:aB:ab, let us + suppose that the class ab has a disproportionately low viability. If, + then, ab occurs in an experiment as a cross-over class, that class will + be too small and a false linkage value will be calculated. The remedy is + to balance the preceding data by an equal amount of data in which ab + occurs as a non-cross-over. In these latter the error will be the + opposite of the previous one, and by combining the two experiments the + errors should be balanced to give a better approximation to the true + value. When equal amounts of data, secured in these two ways, are + combined, all four classes will be balanced in the required manner by + occurring both as non-cross-overs and as cross-overs. The error, + therefore, should be very small. For three pairs of gens there are eight + classes, and in order that each of them may appear as a non-cross-over, + as each single cross-over, and as the double cross-over, four experiments + must be made. <!-- Page 20 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page20"></a>{20}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">HOW THE FACTORS ARE LOCATED IN THE CHROMOSOMES.</p> + + <p>A character is in the first chromosome if it is transmitted by the + grandfather to half of his grandsons, while, in the reciprocal cross, the + mother transmits her character to all her sons (criss-cross inheritance) + and to half of her granddaughters and to half of her grandsons; in other + words, if the factor that differentiates the character has the same + distribution as the X chromosome. If, however, a new mutant type does not + show this sex-linked inheritance, its chromosome is determined by taking + advantage of the fact that in <i>Drosophila</i> there is no crossing-over + in the male between factors in the same chromosome. For instance, if a + new mutant type is found not to be sex-linked, its group is determined by + the following tests: It is crossed to black, whose factor is known to be + in the second chromosome, and to pink, whose factor lies in the third + chromosome. If the factor of the new form should happen to be in the + second chromosome, then, in the cross with black, no double recessive can + appear, so that the F<sub>2</sub> proportion is 2:1:1:0; but with pink, + the mutant type should give the proportion 9:3:3:1, typical of free + assortment.</p> + + <p>If, however, the factor of the new form is in the third chromosome, + then, when crossed to black, the double recessive and the 9:3:3:1 + proportion appear in F<sub>2</sub>. But when crossed to pink no double + recessive appears in F<sub>2</sub>, and the proportion 2:1:1:0 + occurs.</p> + + <p>If these tests show that the new mutant does not belong to either the + second or third chromosome, that is, if both with black and with pink the + 9:3:3:1 ratio is obtained, then by exclusion the factor lies in the + fourth chromosome, in which as yet only two factors have been found.</p> + + <p>We propose to give in a series of papers an account of the mutant + races of <i>Drosophila</i> and the linkage shown in their inheritance. In + this paper we shall consider only the members of the first chromosome, + describing a large number of new mutants with their linkage relations and + summarizing to date all the linkage data relating to the first + chromosome. In later papers we propose to consider the members of the + second, third, and fourth chromosomes.</p> + + <p>The list at the top of page 21 gives the names of the factors dealt + with in this paper. They stand in the order of their discovery, the + mutant forms reported here for the first time being starred.</p> + + <p>In each experiment the percentage of crossing-over is found by + dividing the number of the cross-overs by the sum of the non-cross-overs + and the cross-overs, and multiplying this quotient by 100. The resulting + percentages, or cross-over values, are used as measures of the distances + between loci. Thus if the experiments give a cross-over value of 5 per + cent for white and bifid, we say that white and bifid lie 5 units apart + in the X chromosome. Other experiments show that yellow and white are + about 1 unit apart, and that yellow and bifid are about 6 units apart. We + can therefore construct a diagram with yellow as <!-- Page 21 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page21"></a>{21}</span>the zero, with white at + 1, and with bifid at 6. If we know the cross-over values given by a new + mutant with any two mutants of the same chromosome whose positions are + already determined, then we can locate the new factor with accuracy, and + be able to predict the cross-over value which the new factor will give + with any other factor whose position is plotted.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><i>The sex-linked factors of Drosophila.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Sex-linked factors" title="Sex-linked factors"> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Gen. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Part affected. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Figure. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Symbol. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Locus. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Date found. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Found by. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> White </td><td class="vertbsing"> Eye-color </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> w </td><td class="vertbsing"> 1.1 </td><td class="hspcsingle"> May </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 1910 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Morgan. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Rudimentary </td><td class="vertbsing"> Wings </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> A </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> r </td><td class="vertbsing"> 55.1 </td><td class="hspcsingle"> June </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 1910 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Morgan. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Miniature </td><td class="vertbsing"> Wings </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 7-8 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> m </td><td class="vertbsing"> 36.1 </td><td class="hspcsingle"> Aug. </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 1910 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Morgan. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Vermilion </td><td class="vertbsing"> Eye-color </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> v </td><td class="vertbsing"> 33.0 </td><td class="hspcsingle"> Nov. </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 1910 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Morgan. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Yellow </td><td class="vertbsing"> Body-color </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 5 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> y </td><td class="vertbsing"> 0.0 </td><td class="hspcsingle"> Jan. </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 1911 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Wallace. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Abnormal </td><td class="vertbsing"> Abdomen </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> A′ </td><td class="vertbsing"> 2.4 </td><td class="hspcsingle"> July </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 1911 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Morgan. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Eosin </td><td class="vertbsing"> Eye-color </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 7-8 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> w<sup>e</sup> </td><td class="vertbsing"> 1.1 </td><td class="hspcsingle"> Aug. </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 1911 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Morgan. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Bifid </td><td class="vertbsing"> Wings </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> B </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> b<sub>i</sub> </td><td class="vertbsing"> 6.3 </td><td class="hspcsingle"> Nov. </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 1911 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Morgan. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Reduplicated </td><td class="vertbsing"> Legs </td><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing"> 34.7 </td><td class="hspcsingle"> Nov. </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 1911 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Hoge. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Lethal 1 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Life </td><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> l<sub>1</sub> </td><td class="vertbsing"> 0.7 </td><td class="hspcsingle"> Feb. </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 1912 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Rawls. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Lethal 1<i>a</i>* </td><td class="vertbsing"> Life </td><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> l<sub>1<i>a</i></sub> </td><td class="vertbsing"> 3.3 </td><td class="hspcsingle"> Mar. </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 1912 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Rawls. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Spot* </td><td class="vertbsing"> Body-color </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 14-17 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> y<sup>s</sup> </td><td class="vertbsing"> 0.0 </td><td class="hspcsingle"> April </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 1912 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Cattell. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Sable* </td><td class="vertbsing"> Body-color </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> s </td><td class="vertbsing"> 43.0 </td><td class="hspcsingle"> July </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 1912 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Bridges. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Dot* </td><td class="vertbsing"> Thorax </td><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing"> 33 ± </td><td class="hspcsingle"> July </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 1912 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Bridges. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Bow* </td><td class="vertbsing"> Wings </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> C </td><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="hspcsingle"> Aug. </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 1912 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Bridges. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Lemon* </td><td class="vertbsing"> Body-color </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> l<sub>m</sub> </td><td class="vertbsing"> 17.5 </td><td class="hspcsingle"> Aug. </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 1912 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Wallace. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Lethal 2 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Life </td><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> l<sub>2</sub> </td><td class="vertbsing"> 12.5± </td><td class="hspcsingle"> Sept. </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 1912 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Morgan. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Cherry </td><td class="vertbsing"> Eye-color </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 9 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> w<sup>c</sup> </td><td class="vertbsing"> 1.1 </td><td class="hspcsingle"> Oct. </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 1912 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Safir. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Fused* </td><td class="vertbsing"> Venation </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> D </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> f<sub>u</sub> </td><td class="vertbsing"> 59.5 </td><td class="hspcsingle"> Nov. </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 1912 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Bridges. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Forked* </td><td class="vertbsing"> Bristles </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> E </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> f </td><td class="vertbsing"> 56.5 </td><td class="hspcsingle"> Nov. </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 1912 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Bridges. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Shifted* </td><td class="vertbsing"> Venation </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> F </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> s<sub>h</sub> </td><td class="vertbsing"> 17.8 </td><td class="hspcsingle"> Jan. </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 1913 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Bridges. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Lethal sa </td><td class="vertbsing"> Life </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> l<sub>sa</sub> </td><td class="vertbsing"> 23.7 </td><td class="hspcsingle"> Jan. </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 1913 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Stark. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Bar </td><td class="vertbsing"> Eye-shape </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 12-13 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> B′ </td><td class="vertbsing"> 57.0 </td><td class="hspcsingle"> Feb. </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 1913 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Tice. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Notch </td><td class="vertbsing"> Wing </td><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> N′ </td><td class="vertbsing"> 2.6 </td><td class="hspcsingle"> Mar. </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 1913 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Dexter. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Depressed* </td><td class="vertbsing"> Wing </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> G </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> d<sub>p</sub> </td><td class="vertbsing"> 18.0 </td><td class="hspcsingle"> April </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 1913 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Bridges. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Lethal sb </td><td class="vertbsing"> Life </td><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> l<sub>sb</sub> </td><td class="vertbsing"> 16.7 </td><td class="hspcsingle"> April </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 1913 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Stark. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Club* </td><td class="vertbsing"> Wings </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> H </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> c<sub>l</sub> </td><td class="vertbsing"> 14.6 </td><td class="hspcsingle"> May </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 1913 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Morgan. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Green* </td><td class="vertbsing"> Body-color </td><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="hspcsingle"> May </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 1913 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Bridges. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Chrome* </td><td class="vertbsing"> Body-color </td><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="hspcsingle"> Sept. </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 1913 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Bridges. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Lethal 3 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Life </td><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> l<sub>3</sub> </td><td class="vertbsing"> 26.5 </td><td class="hspcsingle"> Dec. </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 1913 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Morgan. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Lethal 3<i>a</i> </td><td class="vertbsing"> Life </td><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> l<sub>3<i>a</i></sub> </td><td class="vertbsing"> 19.5 </td><td class="hspcsingle"> Jan. </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 1914 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Morgan. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Lethal 1<i>b</i>* </td><td class="vertbsing"> Life </td><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> l<sub>1<i>b</i></sub> </td><td class="vertbsing"> 1.1- </td><td class="hspcsingle"> Feb. </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 1914 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Morgan. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Facet* </td><td class="vertbsing"> Eye </td><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> f<sub>a</sub> </td><td class="vertbsing"> 2.2 </td><td class="hspcsingle"> Feb. </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 1914 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Bridges. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Lethal <i>sc</i> </td><td class="vertbsing"> Life </td><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> l<sub>sc</sub> </td><td class="vertbsing"> 66.2 </td><td class="hspcsingle"> April </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 1914 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Stark. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Lethal <i>sd</i> </td><td class="vertbsing"> Life </td><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> l<sub>sd</sub> </td><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="hspcsingle"> May </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 1914 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Stark. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Furrowed </td><td class="vertbsing"> Eye </td><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> f<sub>w</sub> </td><td class="vertbsing"> 38.0 </td><td class="hspcsingle"> Nov. </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 1914 </td><td class="vertbsing"> Duncan. </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The factors are located preferably by short distances (<i>i.e.</i>, by + those cases in which the amount of crossing-over is small), because when + the amount of crossing-over is large a correction must be made for double + crossing-over, and the correction can be best found through breaking up + the long distances into short ones, by using intermediate points.</p> + + <p>Conversely, when a long distance is indicated on the chromosome + diagram, the actual cross-over value found by experiment (<i>i.e.</i>, + the percentage of cross-overs) will be less than the diagram indicates, + because the diagram has been corrected for double crossing-over. <!-- + Page 22 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page22"></a>{22}</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:17%;"> + <a href="images/png22.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/png22.jpg" + alt="Diagram I." title="Diagram I." /></a> + <p class="poem"><span class="sc">Diagram I.</span></p> + </div> + +<p><!-- Page 23 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page23"></a>{23}</span></p> + + <p>Diagram I has been constructed upon the basis of all the data + summarized in table 65 (p. <a href="#page84">84</a>) for the first or X + chromosome. It shows the relative positions of the gens of the sex-linked + characters of <i>Drosophila</i>. One unit of distance corresponds to 1 + per cent of crossing-over. Since all distances are corrected for double + crossing-over and for coincidence, the values represent the <i>total</i> + of crossing-over between the loci. The uncorrected value obtained in any + experiment with two loci widely separated will be smaller than the value + given in the map.</p> + + <p>It may be asked what will happen when two factors whose loci are more + than 50 units apart in the same chromosome are used in the same + experiment? One might expect to get more than 50 per cent of cross-overs + with such an experiment, but double crossing-over becomes + disproportionately greater the longer the distance involved, so that in + experiments the observed percentage of crossing-over does not rise above + 50 per cent. For example, if eosin is tested against bar, somewhat under + 50 per cent of cross-overs are obtained, but if the distance of bar from + eosin is found by summation of the component distances the interval for + eosin bar is 56 units.</p> + + <p>In calculating the loci of the first chromosome, a system of weighting + was used which allowed each case to influence the positions of the loci + in proportion to the amount of the data. In this way advantage was taken + of the entire mass of data.</p> + + <p>The factors (lethal 1, white, facet, abnormal, notch, and bifid) which + lie close to yellow were the first to be calculated and plotted. The next + step was to determine very accurately the position of vermilion with + respect to yellow. There are many separate experiments which influence + this calculation and all were proportionately weighted. Then, using + vermilion as the fixed point the factors (dot, reduplicated, miniature, + and sable) which lie close to vermilion were plotted. The same process + was repeated in locating bar with respect to vermilion and the factors + about bar with reference to bar. The last step was to interpolate the + factors (club, lethal 2, lemon, depressed, and shifted), which form a + group about midway between yellow and vermilion. Of these, club is the + only one whose location is accurate. The apparent closeness of the + grouping of these loci is not to be taken as significant, for they have + been placed only with reference to the distant points yellow and + vermilion and not with respect to each other; furthermore, the data + available in the cases of lemon and depressed are very meager.</p> + + <p>The factors which are most important and are most accurately located + are yellow, white (eosin), bifid, club, vermilion, miniature, sable, + forked, and bar. Of these again, white (eosin), vermilion, and bar are of + prime importance and will probably continue to claim first rank. Of the + three allelomorphs, white, eosin, and cherry, eosin is the most useful. + <!-- Page 24 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page24"></a>{24}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">NOMENCLATURE.</p> + + <p>The system of symbols used in the diagrams and table headings is as + follows: The factor or gen for a recessive mutant character is + represented by a lower-case letter, as v for vermilion and m for + miniature. The symbols for the dominant mutant characters bar, abnormal, + and notch are B′, A′, and N′. There are now so many + characters that it is impossible to represent all of them by a single + letter. We therefore add a subletter in such cases, as bifid + (b<sub>i</sub>), fused (f<sub>u</sub>), and lethal 2 (l<sub>2</sub>). In + the case of multiple allelomorphs we usually use as the base of the + symbol the symbol of that member of the system which was first found and + add a letter as an exponent to indicate the particular member, as + y<sup>s</sup> for spot, w<sup>e</sup> for eosin, and w<sup>c</sup> for + cherry. The normal allelomorphs of the mutant gens are indicated by the + converse letter, as V for not-vermilion, B<sub>i</sub> for not-bifid, and + b′ for not-bar. In the table headings the normal allelomorphs are + indicated by position alone without the use of a symbol.</p> + + <p>Thus the symbol <a href="images/png024a.png"><img + src="images/png024a.png" class="middle" style="height:4ex" alt="symbol" + /></a> indicates that the female in question carried eosin, + not-vermilion, and bar in one chromosome and not-eosin, vermilion, and + not-bar in the other. The symbol <a href="images/png024b.png"><img + src="images/png024b.png" class="middle" style="height:4ex" alt="symbol" + /></a> when used in the heading of a column in a table indicates that the + flies classified under this heading are the result of single + crossing-over between eosin and vermilion in a mother which was the + composition <a href="images/png024a.png"><img src="images/png024a.png" + class="middle" style="height:4ex" alt="symbol" /></a>; the symbol tells + at the same time that the flies that result from a single cross-over + between eosin and vermilion in the mother are of the two contrary + classes, <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'eosin bar and vermilion'." + >eosin vermilion and bar</span>. When a fly shows two or more + non-allelomorphic characters the names are written from left to right in + the order of their positions from the zero end of the map.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><!-- Page 25 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page25"></a>{25}</span></p> + +<h3>PART II. NEW DATA.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">WHITE.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(<a href="#plate2">Plate II</a>, figure 11.)</p> + + <p>The recessive character white eye-color, which appeared in May 1910, + was the first sex-linked mutation in <i>Drosophila</i> (Morgan, + 1910<i>a</i>, 1910<i>b</i>). Soon afterwards (June 1910) rudimentary + appeared, and the two types were crossed (Morgan, 1910<i>c</i>). Under + the conditions of culture the viability of rudimentary was extremely + poor, but the data demonstrated the occurrence of recombination of the + factors in the ovogenesis so that white and rudimentary, though both + sex-linked, were brought together into the same individual. The results + were not fully recognized as linkage, because white and rudimentary are + so far apart in the chromosome that they seemed to assort freely from + each other.</p> + + <p>Owing to the excellent viability and the perfect sharpness of + separation, white was extensively used in linkage experiments, especially + with miniature and yellow (Morgan, 1911<i>a</i>; Morgan and Cattell, 1912 + and 1913). White has been more extensively used than any other character + in <i>Drosophila</i>, though it is now being used very little because of + the fact that the double recessives of white with other sex-linked + eye-colors, such as vermilion, are white, and consequently a separation + into the true genetic classes is impossible. The place of white has been + taken by eosin, which is an allelomorph of white and which can be readily + used with any other eye-color.</p> + + <p>The locus of white and its allelomorphs is only 1.1 units from that of + yellow, which is the zero of the chromosome. Yellow and white are very + closely linked, therefore giving only about one cross-over per 100 + flies.</p> + + <p>All the published data upon the linkage of white with other sex-linked + characters have been collected into table 65.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">RUDIMENTARY.</p> + + <p>Rudimentary, which appeared in June 1910, was the second sex-linked + character in <i>Drosophila</i> (Morgan, 1910<i>c</i>). Its viability has + always been very poor; in this respect it is one of the very poorest of + the sex-linked characters. The early linkage data (Morgan, 1911<i>a</i>) + derived from mass cultures have all been discarded. By breeding from a + single F<sub>1</sub> female in each large culture bottle it has been + possible to obtain results which are fairly trustworthy (Morgan, + 1912<i>g</i>; Morgan and Tice, 1914). These data appear in table 65, + which summarizes all the published data. <!-- Page 26 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page26"></a>{26}</span></p> + + <p>The locus of rudimentary is at 55.1, for a long time the extreme right + end of the known chromosome, though recently several mutants have been + found to lie somewhat beyond it.</p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:35%;"> + <a href="images/png26.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/png26.jpg" + alt="Fig. A. Rudimentary and normal flies" title="Fig. A. Rudimentary and normal flies" /></a> + Fig. A. <i>a.</i> rudimentary wing; <i>b.</i> the wild fly for + comparison. + </div> + + <p>The rudimentary males are perfectly fertile, but the rudimentary + females rarely produce any offspring at all, and then only a very few. + The reason for this is that most of the germ-cells cease their + development in the early growth stage of the eggs (Morgan, + 1915<i>a</i>).</p> + +<p class="cenhead">MINIATURE.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(<a href="#plate2">Plate II</a>. figures 7 and 8.)</p> + + <p>The recessive sex-linked mutant miniature wings appeared in August + 1910 (Morgan, 1911b and 1912a). The viability of miniature is fair, and + this stock has been used in linkage experiments more than any <!-- Page + 27 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page27"></a>{27}</span>other, with + the single exception of white. While the wings of miniature usually + extend backwards, they are sometimes held out at right angles to the + body, and especially in acid bottles the miniature flies easily become + stuck to the food or the wings become stringy, so that other wing + characters are not easy to distinguish in those flies which are also + miniature. At present vermilion, whose locus is at 33, in being used more + frequently in linkage work. The locus of miniature at 36.1 is slightly + beyond the middle of the chromosome.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">VERMILION.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(<a href="#plate2">Plate II</a>. figure 10.)</p> + + <p>The recessive sex-linked mutant vermilion eye-color (Morgan, + 1911<i>c</i> and 1912<i>a</i>) appeared in November 1910, and has + appeared at least twice since then (Morgan and Plough, 1915). This is one + of the best of the sex-linked characters, on account of its excellent + viability, its sharp distinction from normal with very little + variability, its value as a double recessive in combination with other + sex-linked eye-colors, and because of its location at 33.0, very near to + the middle of the known chromosome.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">YELLOW.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(<a href="#plate1">Plate I</a>. figure 5.)</p> + + <p>The recessive sex-linked mutant yellow body and wing-color appeared in + January 1911 (Morgan, 1911<i>c</i> and 1912<i>a</i>). Its first + appearance was in black stock; hence the fly was a double recessive, then + called brown. Later the same mutation has appeared independently from + gray stock. Yellow was found to be at the end of the X chromosome, and + this end was arbitrarily chosen as the zero or the "left end," while the + other gens are spoken of as lying at various distances to the right of + yellow. Recently a lethal gen has been located less than one-tenth of a + unit (-0.04) to the left of yellow, but yellow is still retained as the + zero-point.</p> + + <p>The viability of yellow is fairly good and the character can be + separated from gray with great facility, and in consequence yellow has + been used extensively, although at present it is being used less than + formerly, since eosin lies only 1.1 units distant from yellow and is + generally preferred.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">ABNORMAL ABDOMEN.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(<a href="#plate1">Plate I</a>. figure 4.)</p> + + <p>The dominant sex-linked character abnormal abdomen appeared in July + 1911 (Morgan, 1911<i>d</i>). It was soon found that the realization of + the abnormal condition depended greatly upon the nature of the + environment (Morgan, 1912). Recently a very extensive study of this + character has been published (Morgan, 1915). As this case has been + reviewed in the introduction, there is little further to be said here. + <!-- Page 28 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page28"></a>{28}</span>Because of the change that takes place as + the culture grows older (the abnormal changing to normal), this character + is not of much value in linkage work. The location of the factor in the X + chromosome at 2.4 has been made out from the data given by Morgan + (1915<i>b</i>). These data, which in general include only the abnormal + classes, are summarized in table 1.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 1.</span>—<i>Linkage data, from Morgan, 1915b.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 1. Linkage of yellow, white and abnormal" title="Table 1. Linkage of yellow, white and abnormal"> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Gens. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Total. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cross-<br />overs. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cross-over<br />values. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Yellow white </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 28,018 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 334 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1.2 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Yellow abnormal </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15,314 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 299 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2.0 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> White abnormal </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 16,300 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 277 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1.7 </td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead">EOSIN.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(<a href="#plate2">Plate II</a>, figures 7 and 8.)</p> + + <p>The recessive sex-linked mutation eosin eye-color appeared in August + 1911 in a culture of white-eyed flies (Morgan 1912<i>a</i>). The + eye-color is different in the male and female, the male being a light + pinkish yellow, while the female is a rather dark yellowish pink. Eosin + is allelomorphic to white and the white-eosin compound or heterozygote + has the color of the eosin male. There is probably no special + significance in this coincidence of color, since similar dilutions to + various degrees have been demonstrated for all the other eye-colors + tested (Morgan and Bridges, 1913). Since eosin is allelomorphic to white, + its locus is also at 1.1. Eosin is the most useful character among all + those in the left end of the chromosome.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">BIFID.</p> + + <p>The sex-linked wing mutant bifid, which appeared in November 1911, is + characterized by the fusion of all the longitudinal veins into a heavy + stalk at the base of the wing. The wing stands out from the body at a + wide angle, so that the fusion is easily seen. At the tip of the wing the + third longitudinal vein spreads out into a delta which reaches to the + marginal vein. The fourth longitudinal vein reaches the margin only + rarely. There is very often opposite this vein a great bay in the margin, + or the whole wing is irregularly truncated.</p> + + <p>The stock of bifid was at first extremely varied in the amount of this + truncation. By selection a stock was secured which showed only very + greatly reduced wings like those shown in figures <i>a</i>, <i>b</i>. + Another stock (figs. <i>c</i>, <i>d</i>) was secured by outcrossing and + selection which showed wings of nearly normal size and shape, which + always had the bifid stalk, generally the spread positions (not as + extreme), and often the delta and the shortened fourth longitudinal vein. + We believe that the extreme reduction in size seen in the one stock was + due to an added modifier of <!-- Page 29 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page29"></a>{29}</span>the nature of beaded, since this could be + eliminated by outcrossing and selection.</p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:41%;"> + <a href="images/png29.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/png29.jpg" + alt="Fig. B. Bifid wing" title="Fig. B. Bifid wing" /></a> + <p class="poem"><span class="sc">Fig. B.</span>—Bifid wing. + <i>c</i> and <i>d</i> show the typical condition of bifid wings. All + the longitudinal veins are fused into a heavy stalk at the base of the + wing. <i>a</i> shows the typical position in which the bifid wings are + held. The small size of the wings in <i>a</i> and <i>b</i> is due to + the action of a modifier of the nature of "beaded" which has been + eliminated in <i>c</i>, <i>d</i>.</p> + </div> + +<p class="cenhead">LINKAGE OF BIFID WITH YELLOW, WITH WHITE, AND WITH VERMILION.</p> + + <p>The stock of the normal (not-beaded) bifid was used by Dr. R. + Chambers, Jr., for determining the chromosome locus of bifid by means of + its linkage relations to vermilion, white, and yellow (Chambers, 1913). + We have attempted to bring together in table 2 the complete data and to + calculate the locus of bifid.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 2.</span>—<i>Linkage data, from Chambers, 1913.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 2. Linkage of bifid with yellow, white, and vermilion" title="Linkage of bifid with yellow, white, and vermilion"> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Gens. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Total. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cross-<br />overs. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cross-over<br />values. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Yellow bifid </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 3,175 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 182 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 5.8 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> White bifid </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 20,800 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1,127 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 5.3 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Bifid vermilion </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2,509 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 806 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 32.1 </td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 30 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page30"></a>{30}</span></p> + + <p>In the crosses between white and bifid there were 1,127 cross-overs in + a total of 20,800 available individuals, which gives a cross-over value + of 5.3. In the crosses between yellow and bifid there were 182 + cross-overs in a total of 3,175 available individuals, which gives a + cross-over value of 5.8. In crosses between bifid and vermilion there + were 806 cross-overs in a total of 2,509, which gives a cross-over value + of 32.1. On the basis of all the data summarized in table 65, bifid is + located at 6.3 to the right of yellow.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">LINKAGE OF CHERRY, BIFID, AND VERMILION.</p> + + <p>In a small experiment of our own, three factors were + involved—cherry, bifid, and vermilion. A cherry vermilion female + was crossed to a bifid male. Two daughters were back-crossed singly to + white bifid males. The female offspring will then give data for the + linkage of cherry white with bifid, while the sons will show the linkage + of the three gens, cherry, bifid, and vermilion. The results are shown in + table 3.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 3.</span>—<i>P<sub>1</sub> cherry vermilion ♀ ♀ × bifid ♂ ♂. B. C.<a name="NtA2" href="#Nt2"><sup>[2]</sup></a> F<sub>1</sub> wild-type ♀ × +white bifid ♂ ♂.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 3. Linkage of cherry, bifid and vermilion" title="Table 3. Linkage of cherry, bifid and vermilion"> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="1" rowspan="3"> Refer-<br />ence. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="4"> F<sub>2</sub> females. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="8"> F<sub>2</sub> males.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Non-cross-<br/>overs. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Cross-overs. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t3a.png"><img src="images/t3a.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t3b.png"><img src="images/t3b.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t3c.png"><img src="images/t3c.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t3d.png"><img src="images/t3d.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> White-<br />cherry +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Bifid. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> White-<br />cherry<br />bifid. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cherry<br />ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Bifid. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cherry<br />bifid. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cherry. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Bifid<br />ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cherry<br />bifid<br />vermilion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type. </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 262 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 40 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 46 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 45 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 38 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 13 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 263 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 47 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 45 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 30 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 50 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 8 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total.</td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 87 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 91 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 5 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 75 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 88 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 5 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 19 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 23 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Both males and females give a cross-over value of 5 units for cherry + bifid, which is the value determined by Chambers. The order of the + factors, viz, cherry, bifid, vermilion, is established by taking + advantage of the double cross-over classes in the males. The male classes + give a cross-over value of 20 for bifid vermilion and 24 for cherry + vermilion, which are low compared with values given by other experiments. + The locus of bifid at 6.3 is convenient for many linkage problems, but + this advantage is largely offset by the liability of the bifid flies to + become stuck in the food and against the sides of the bottle. Bifid flies + can be separated from the normal with certainty and with great ease. <!-- + Page 31 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page31"></a>{31}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">REDUPLICATED LEGS.</p> + + <p>In November 1912 Miss Mildred Hoge found that a certain stock was + giving some males whose legs were reduplicated, either completely or only + with respect to the terminal segments (described and figured, Hoge, + 1915). Subsequent work by Miss Hoge showed that the condition was due to + a sex-linked gen, but that at room temperature not all the flies that + were genetically reduplicated showed reduplication. However, if the flies + were raised through the pupa stage in the ice-box at a temperature of + about 10° to 12° a majority of the flies which were expected to show + reduplication did so. The most extremely reduplicated individual showed + parts of 14 legs.</p> + + <p>In studying the cross-over values of reduplicated, only those flies + that have abnormal legs are to be used in calculation, as in the case of + abnormal abdomen where the phenotypically normal individuals are partly + genetically abnormal. Table 4 gives a summary of the data secured by Miss + Hoge.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 4.</span>—<i>Summary of linkage data upon reduplicated legs, from Hoge, 1915.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 4. Linkage data upon reduplicated legs" title="Table 4. Linkage data upon reduplicated legs"> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Gens. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Total. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cross-<br />overs. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cross-over<br />values. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> White reduplicated </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 418 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 121 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 29.0 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Reduplicated vermilion </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 667 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1.7 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Reduplicated bar </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 583 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 120 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 20.6 </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The most accurate data, those upon the value for reduplicated and + vermilion, give for reduplicated a distance of 1.7 from vermilion, either + to the right or to the left. The distance from white is 29, which would + place the locus for reduplication to the left of vermilion, which is at + 33. The data for bar give a distance of 21, but since bar is itself 24 + units from vermilion, this distance of 21 would seem to place the locus + to the right of vermilion. The evidence is slightly in favor of this + position to the right of vermilion at 34.7, where reduplicated may be + located provisionally. In any case the locus is so near to that of + vermilion that final decision must come from data involving double + crossing-over, <i>i. e.</i>, from a three-locus experiment.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">LETHAL 1.</p> + + <p>In February 1912 Miss E. Rawls found that certain females from a wild + stock were giving only about half as many sons as daughters. Tests + continuing through five generations showed that the sons that appeared + were entirely normal, but that half of the daughters gave again 2 : 1 + sex-ratios, while the other half gave normal 1 : 1 sex-ratios. <!-- Page + 32 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page32"></a>{32}</span></p> + + <p>The explanation of this mode of transmission became clear when it was + found that the cause of the death of half of the males was a particular + factor that had as definite a locus in the X chromosome as have other + sex-linked factors (Morgan, 1912<i>e</i>). Morgan mated females (from the + stock sent to him by Miss Rawls) to white-eyed males. Half of the + females, as expected, gave 2 : 1 sex-ratios, and daughters from these + were again mated to white males. Here once more half of the daughters + gave 2 : 1 sex-ratios, but in such cases the sons were nearly all + white-eyed and only rarely a red-eyed son appeared, when under ordinary + circumstances there should be just as many red sons as white sons. The + total output for 11 such females was as follows (Morgan, 1914<i>b</i>): + white ♀, 457; red ♀, 433; white ♂, 370; red + ♂, 2. It is evident from these data that there must be present in + the sex-chromosome a gen that causes the death of every male that + receives this chromosome, and that this lethal factor lies very close to + the factor for white eyes. The linkage of this lethal (now called lethal + 1) to various other sex-linked gens was determined (Morgan 1914<i>b</i>), + and is summarized in table 5. On the basis of these data it is found that + the gen lethal 1 lies 0.4 unit to the left of white, or at 0.7.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 5.</span>—<i>Summary of linkage data upon lethal 1, from Morgan, 1914b, pp. 81-92.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 5. Linkage data upon lethal 1" title="Table 5. Linkage data upon lethal 1"> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Gens. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Total. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cross-<br />overs. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cross-over<br />values. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Yellow lethal 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 131 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0.8 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Yellow miniature </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 131 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 45 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 34.4 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Lethal 1 white </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1,763 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 7 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0.4 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Lethal 1 miniature </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 814 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 323 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 39.7 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> White miniature </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 994 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 397 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 39.9 </td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead">LETHAL 1a.</p> + + <p>In the second generation of the flies bred by Miss Rawls, one female + gave (March 1912) only 3 sons, although she gave 312 daughters. It was + not known for some time (see lethals 3 and 3<i>a</i>) what was the cause + of this extreme rarity of sons. It is now apparent, however, that this + mother carried lethal 1 in one X and in the other X a new lethal which + had arisen by mutation. The new lethal was very close to lethal 1, as + shown by the rarity of the surviving sons, which are cross-overs between + lethal 1 and the new lethal that we may call lethal 1<i>a</i>. There is + another class of cross-overs, namely, those which have lethal 1 and get + lethal 1<i>a</i> by crossing-over. These doubly lethal males must also + die, but since they are theoretically as numerous as the males (3) free + from both lethals, we must double this number (3 × 2) to get the total + number of cross-overs. There were 312 daughters, but as the sons are + normally about 96 per cent of the number of the females, <!-- Page 33 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page33"></a>{33}</span>we may take 300 + as the number of the males which died. There must have been, then, about + 2 per cent of crossing-over, which makes lethal 1<i>a</i> lie about 2 + units from lethal 1. This location of lethal 1<i>a</i> is confirmed by a + test that Miss Rawls made of the daughters of the high-ratio female. Out + of 98 of these daughters none repeated the high sex-ratio and only 2 gave + 1 ♀ : 1 ♂ ratios. The two daughters which gave 1 : 1 ratios + are cross-overs. There should be an equal number of cross-overs which + contain both lethals. These latter would not be distinguishable from the + non-cross-over females, each of which carries one or the other lethal. In + calculation, allowance can be made for them by doubling the number of + observed cross-overs (2 × 2) and taking 98 - 2 as the number of + non-cross-overs. The cross-over fraction {6 + 4}/{300 + 96} gives 2.6 as + the distance between the two lethals. Lethal 1<i>a</i> is probably to the + right of lethal 1 at 0.7 + 2.6 = 3.3.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">SPOT.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(<a href="#plate2">Plate II</a>, figures 14 to 17.)</p> + + <p>In April 1912 there was found in the stock of yellow flies a male that + differed from yellow in that it had a conspicuous light spot on the upper + surface of the abdomen (Morgan, 1914<i>a</i>). In yellow flies this + region is dark brown in color. In crosses with wild flies the spot + remained with the yellow, and although some 30,000 flies were raised, + none of the gray offspring showed the spot, which should have occurred + had crossing-over taken place. The most probable interpretation of spot + is that it was due to another mutation in the yellow factor, the first + mutation being from gray to yellow and the second from yellow to + spot.</p> + + <p>Spot behaves as an allelomorph to yellow in all crosses where the two + are involved and is completely recessive to yellow, <i>i. e.</i>, the + yellow-spot hybrid is exactly like yellow. A yellow-spot female, + back-crossed to a spot male, produces yellows and spots in equal + numbers.</p> + + <p>In a cross of spot to black it was found that the double recessive, + spot black, flies that appear in F<sub>2</sub> have, in addition to the + spot on the abdomen, another spot on the scutellum and a light streak on + the thorax. These two latter characters ("dot and dash") are very sharply + marked and conspicuous when the flies are young, but they are only + juvenile characters and disappear as the flies become older. The spot + flies never show the "dot and dash" clearly, and it only comes out when + black acts as a developer. These characters furnish a good illustration + of the fact that mutant gens ordinarily affect many parts of the body, + though these secondary effects often pass unnoticed.</p> + + <p>In the F<sub>2</sub> of the cross of spot by black one yellow black + fly appeared, although none are expected, on the assumption that spot and + yellow <!-- Page 34 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page34"></a>{34}</span>are allelomorphic. Unless due to + crossing-over it must have been a mutation from spot back to yellow. + Improbable as this may seem to those who look upon mutations as due to + losses from the germ-plasm, yet we have records of several other cases + where similar mutations "backwards" have taken place, notably in the case + of eosin to white, under conditions where the alternative interpretation + of crossing-over is excluded.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">SABLE.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(<a href="#plate1">Plate I</a>, figure 2.)</p> + + <p>In an experiment involving black body-color<a name="NtA3" + href="#Nt3"><sup>[3]</sup></a> a fly appeared (July 19, 1912) whose + body-color differed slightly from ordinary black in that the trident mark + on the thorax was sharper and the color itself was brighter and clearer. + This fly, a male, was mated to black females and gave some black males + and females, but also some gray (wild body-color) males and females, + showing not only that he was heterozygous for ordinary recessive black, + but at the same time that his dark color must be due to another kind of + black. The gray F<sub>1</sub> flies when mated together gave a series of + gray and dark flies in F<sub>2</sub> about as follows: In the females 3 + grays to 1 dark; in the males 3 grays to 5 dark in color. The result + indicated that the new black color, which we call sable, was due to a + sex-linked factor. It was difficult to discover which of the + heterogeneous F<sub>2</sub> males were the new blacks. Suspected males + were bred (singly) to wild females, and the F<sub>2</sub> dark males, + from those cultures that gave the closest approach to a 2 gray ♀ : + 1 gray ♂ : 1 dark ♂, were bred to their sisters in pairs in + order to obtain sable females and males. Thus stock homozygous for sable + but still containing black as an impurity was obtained. It became + necessary to free it from black by successive individual out-crossings to + wild flies and extractions.</p> + + <p>This account of how sable was purified shows how difficult it is to + separate two recessive factors that give closely similar somatic effects. + If a character like sable should be present in any other black stock, or + if a character like black should be present in sable, very erratic + results would be obtained if such stocks were used in experiments, before + such a population had been separated into its component races.</p> + + <p>Sable males of the purified stock were mated to wild females and gave + wild-type (gray) males and females. These inbred gave the results shown + in table 6.</p> + + <p>No sable females appeared in F<sub>2</sub>, as seen in table 6. The + reciprocal cross gave the results shown in table 7.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 35 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page35"></a>{35}</span></p> + + <p>The F<sub>1</sub> males were sable like their mother. The evidence + thus shows that sable is a sex-linked recessive character. Our next step + was to determine the linkage relations of sable to certain other + sex-linked gens, namely, yellow, eosin, cherry, vermilion, miniature, and + bar.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 6.</span>—<i>P<sub>1</sub> wild ♀ ♀ × sable ♂. F<sub>1</sub> wild-type ♀ ♀ × F<sub>1</sub> wild-type ♂ ♂.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 6. Crosses from sable male" title="Table 6. Crosses from sable male"> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Reference.<a name="NtA4" href="#Nt4"><sup>[4]</sup></a> </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-type ♀. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-type ♂. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Sable ♂. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 88 C </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 218 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 100 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 70 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 143 C </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 245 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 108 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 72 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 146 C </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 200 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 115 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 82 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 663 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 323 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 224 </td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 7.</span>—<i>P<sub>1</sub> sable ♀ × wild ♂ ♂. F<sub>1</sub> wild-type ♀ × F<sub>1</sub> sable ♂.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 7. Crosses from sable female" title="Table 7. Crosses from sable female"> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Reference. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-type ♀. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-type ♂. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Sable ♀. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Sable ♂. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 4 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 6 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead">LINKAGE OF YELLOW AND SABLE.</p> + + <p>The factor for yellow body-color lies at one end of the known series + of sex-linked gens. As already stated, we speak of this end as the left + end of the diagram, and yellow as the zero in locating factors.</p> + + <p>When yellow (not-sable) females were mated to (not-yellow) sable males + they gave wild-type (gray) daughters and yellow sons. These inbred gave + in F<sub>2</sub> two classes of females, namely, yellow and gray, and + four classes of males, namely, yellow and sable (non-cross-overs), wild + type and the double recessive yellow sable (cross-overs). From off-spring + (F<sub>3</sub>) of the F<sub>2</sub> yellow sable males by F<sub>2</sub> + yellow females, pure stock of the double recessive yellow sable was made + up and used in the crosses to test linkage.</p> + + <p>In color the yellow sable is quite similar to yellow black, that is, a + rich brown with a very dark brown trident pattern on the thorax. Yellow + sable is easier to distinguish from yellow than is yellow black, even + when the flies have not yet acquired their adult body-color.</p> + + <p>Yellow sable males were bred to wild females and F<sub>1</sub> + consisted of wild-type males and females. These inbred gave the results + shown in table 8. <!-- Page 36 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page36"></a>{36}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 8.</span>—<i>P<sub>1</sub> wild ♀ ♀ × yellow sable ♂ ♂. F<sub>1</sub> wild-type ♀ ♀ × +F<sub>1</sub> wild-type ♂ ♂.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 8. Crosses from yellow sable male" title="Table 8. Crosses from yellow sable male"> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"> Wild-<br />type ♀. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Non-cross-over ♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Cross-over ♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"> Total<br />males. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"> Cross-over<br />value.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Yellow<br />sable. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Yellow. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Sable.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 44 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 292 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 110 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 43 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 75 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 36 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 264 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 42 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 45 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 384 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 104 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 58 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 71 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 60 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 293 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 45 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 676 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 214 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 101 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 146 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 96 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 557 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 43 </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Some of the F<sub>1</sub> females were back-crossed to yellow sable + males and gave the data for table 9.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 9.</span>—<i>P<sub>1</sub> wild-type ♀ ♀ × yellow sable ♂ ♂. B. C. F<sub>1</sub> wild-type ♀ × yellow sable ♂ ♂.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 9. Further crosses from yellow sable male" title="Table 9. Further crosses from yellow sable male"> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Non-cross-overs. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Cross-overs. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"> Total. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"> Cross-over<br />value.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-type. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Yellow sable. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Yellow. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Sable.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 31 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 108 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 51 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 58 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 56 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 273 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 42 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 49 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 265 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 175 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 161 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 169 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 770 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 43 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 373 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 226 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 219 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 225 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 1,043 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 43 </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>In these tables the last column (to the right) shows for each culture + the amount of crossing-over between yellow and sable. These values are + found by dividing the number of cross-overs by the total number of + individuals which might show crossing-over, that is, males only or both + males and females, as the case may be. Free assortment would give 50 per + cent of cross-overs and absolute linkage 0 per cent of cross-overs. + Except where the percentage of crossing-over is very small these values + are expressed to the nearest unit, since the experimental error might + make a closer calculation misleading.</p> + + <p>The combined data of tables 8 and 9 give 686 cross-overs in a total of + 1,600 individuals in which crossing-over might occur. The females of + table 8 are all of one class (wild type) and are useless for this + calculation except as a check upon viability. The cross-over value of 43 + per cent shows that crossing-over is very free. We interpret this to mean + that sable is far from yellow in the chromosome. Since yellow is at one + end of the known series, sable would then occupy a locus somewhere near + the opposite end. This can be checked up by finding its linkage relations + to the other sex-linked factors. <!-- Page 37 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page37"></a>{37}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">LINKAGE OF CHERRY AND SABLE.</p> + + <p>The origin of cherry eye-color (<a href="#plate2">Plate II</a>, fig. + 9) has been given by Safir (Biol. Bull., 1913). From considerations which + will be discussed later in this paper we regard cherry as allelomorphic + to white in a quadruple allelomorph system composed of white, eosin, + cherry, and their normal red allelomorph. Cherry will then occupy the + same locus as white, which is one unit to the right of yellow, and will + show the same linkage relations to other factors as does white. A + slightly lower cross-over value should be given by cherry and sable than + was given by yellow and sable.</p> + + <p>When cherry (gray) females were crossed to (red) sable males the + daughters were wild type and the sons cherry. Inbred these gave the + results shown in table 10.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 10.</span>—<i>P<sub>1</sub> cherry ♀♀ × sable ♂♂. F<sub>1</sub> wild-type ♀ × F<sub>1</sub> cherry ♂ ♂.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 10. Linkage of cherry and sable" title="Table 10. Linkage of cherry and sable"> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"> Wild-<br />type ♀. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"> Cherry<br />♀. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Non-cross-<br />over ♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Cross-over<br />♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"> Total<br />males. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"> Cross-<br />over<br />value.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cherry. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Sable. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cherry<br />sable. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 24 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 94 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 105 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 51 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 42 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 20 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 43 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 156 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 40 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 55 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 101 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 131 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 63 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 52 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 38 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 48 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 201 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 43 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 55′ I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 96 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 94 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 52 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 31 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 29 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 30 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 142 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 42 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 291 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 330 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 166 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 125 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 87 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 121 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 499 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 42 </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The percentage of crossing-over between cherry and sable is 42. Since + cherry is one point from yellow, this result agrees extremely well with + the value 43 for yellow and sable. Since yellow and eosin lie at the left + end of the first chromosome, the high values, namely, 43 and 42, agree in + making it very probable that sable lies near the other end (<i>i. e.</i>, + to the right). Sable will lie farther to the right than vermilion, for + vermilion has been shown elsewhere to give 33 per cent of crossing-over + with eosin. The location of sable to the right of vermilion has in fact + been substantiated by all later work.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">LINKAGE OF EOSIN, VERMILION, AND SABLE.</p> + + <p>Three loci are involved in the next experiment. Since eosin is an + allelomorph of cherry, it should be expected to give with sable the same + cross-over value as did cherry. When eosin (red) sable females were + crossed to (red) vermilion (gray) males, the daughters were wild type and + the males were eosin sable. Inbred these gave the classes shown in table + 11. <!-- Page 38 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page38"></a>{38}</span></p> + + <p><span class="sc">Table 11.</span>—<i>P<sub>1</sub> eosin sable + ♀ × vermilion ♂♂. F<sub>1</sub> wild-type + ♀♀ × F<sub>1</sub> eosin sable ♂♂.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 11. Linkage of eosin, sable and vermilion" title="Table 11. Linkage of eosin, sable and vermilion"> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="1" rowspan="3"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="4"> F<sub>2</sub> females. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="8"> F<sub>2</sub> males.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t11a.png"><img src="images/t11a.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t11b.png"><img src="images/t11b.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t11c.png"><img src="images/t11c.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t11d.png"><img src="images/t11d.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t11e.png"><img src="images/t11e.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t11f.png"><img src="images/t11f.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Eosin<br />sable. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Eosin. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Sable. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Eosin<br />sable. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Eosin<br />ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Sable. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Eosin. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />sable. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Eosin<br />ver-<br />milion<br />sable. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 26 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 132 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 171 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 113 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 109 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 127 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 163 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 75 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 76 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 37 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 14 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 5 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 26′I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 96 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 146 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 86 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 78 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 74 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 128 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 76 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 59 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 18 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 21 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total.</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 228 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 317 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 199 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 187 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 201 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 291 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 151 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 135 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 55 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 35 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 6 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 8 </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>If we consider the male classes of table 11, we find that the smallest + classes are eosin vermilion sable and wild type, which are the expected + double cross-over classes if sable lies to the right of vermilion, as + indicated by the crosses with eosin and with yellow. The classes which + represent single crossing-over between eosin and vermilion are eosin + vermilion, and sable, and those which represent single crossing-over + between vermilion and sable are eosin and vermilion sable. These + relations are seen in diagram II.</p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:33%;"> + <a href="images/png38a.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/png38a.jpg" + alt="Diagram II. Positions of eosin, vermilion and sable" title="Diagram II. Positions of eosin, vermilion and sable" /></a> + <p class="poem"><span class="sc">Diagram II.</span>—The upper + line represents an X chromosome, the lower line its mate. The cross + connecting lines indicate crossing-over between pairs of factors.</p> + </div> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Classes of eosin vermilion sable crosses" title="Classes of eosin vermilion sable crosses"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" rowspan="2"> Non-cross-overs </td><td class="nspcsingle" rowspan="2"> <a href="images/png038b.png"><img src="images/png038b.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="symbol" /></a></td><td class="nspcsingle" rowspan="2"> <a href="images/$lbrace.png"><img src="images/$lbrace.png" class="middle" style="height:5.5ex; width:0.75em" alt="brace" /></a></td><td class="nspcsingle"> Eosin sable.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle"> Vermilion.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" rowspan="2"> Single cross-overs </td><td class="nspcsingle" rowspan="2"> <a href="images/png038c.png"><img src="images/png038c.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="symbol" /></a></td><td class="nspcsingle" rowspan="2"> <a href="images/$lbrace.png"><img src="images/$lbrace.png" class="middle" style="height:5.5ex; width:0.75em" alt="brace" /></a></td><td class="nspcsingle"> Eosin vermilion.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle"> Sable.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" rowspan="2"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" rowspan="2"> <a href="images/png038d.png"><img src="images/png038d.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="symbol" /></a></td><td class="nspcsingle" rowspan="2"> <a href="images/$lbrace.png"><img src="images/$lbrace.png" class="middle" style="height:5.5ex; width:0.75em" alt="brace" /></a></td><td class="nspcsingle"> Eosin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle"> Vermilion sable.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" rowspan="2"> Double cross-overs </td><td class="nspcsingle" rowspan="2"> <a href="images/png038e.png"><img src="images/png038e.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="symbol" /></a></td><td class="nspcsingle" rowspan="2"> <a href="images/$lbrace.png"><img src="images/$lbrace.png" class="middle" style="height:5.5ex; width:0.75em" alt="brace" /></a></td><td class="nspcsingle"> Eosin vermilion sable.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle"> Wild-type.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>If we consider the female classes of table 11, we get information as + to the cross-over value of eosin and sable, namely, 42 units. The male + classes will be considered in connection with the cross that follows.</p> + + <p>The next experiment involves the same three gens which now enter in + different relations. A double recessive, eosin vermilion (gray) female + <!-- Page 39 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page39"></a>{39}</span>was + mated to (red red) sable males and gave 202 wild-type<a name="NtA5" + href="#Nt5"><sup>[5]</sup></a> females and 184 eosin vermilion males. Two + F<sub>1</sub> pairs gave the results shown in table 12 (the four classes + of females not being separated).</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 12.</span>—<i>P<sub>1</sub> eosin vermilion F<sub>1</sub> wild-type ♀ × F<sub>1</sub> +eosin vermilion ♂ ♂.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 12. Linkage of eosin, sable and vermilion" title="Table 12. Linkage of eosin, sable and vermilion"> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="1" rowspan="3"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="1" rowspan="3"> F<sub>2</sub> females. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="8"> F<sub>2</sub> males.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t12a.png"><img src="images/t12a.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t12b.png"><img src="images/t12b.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t12c.png"><img src="images/t12c.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t12d.png"><img src="images/t12d.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Eosin<br />Ver-<br />milion<br />♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Sable<br />♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Eosin<br />sable<br />♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion.<br />♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Eosin<br />Ver-<br />milion<br />sable<br />♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type<br />♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Eosin<br />♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />sable<br />♂.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 59 C </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 133 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 40 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 33 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 7 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 16 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 5 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 5 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 61 C </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 101 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 34 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 26 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 8 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 7 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 234 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 74 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 59 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 27 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 8 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 12 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>If we combine the data for males given in table 12 with those of table + 11, we get the following cross-over values. Eosin vermilion, 32; + vermilion sable, 12; eosin sable, 41.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 40 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page40"></a>{40}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">LINKAGE OF MINIATURE AND SABLE.</p> + + <p>The miniature wing has been described (Morgan, Science, 1911) and the + wing figured (Morgan, Jour. Exp. Zool., 1911). The gen for miniature lies + about 3 units to the right of vermilion, so that it is still closer to + sable than is vermilion. The double recessive, miniature sable, was made + up, and males of this stock were bred to wild females (long gray). The + wild-type daughters were back-crossed to double recessive males and gave + the results (mass cultures) shown in table 13.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 13.</span>—<i>P<sub>1</sub> wild ♀ ♀ × miniature sable ♂ ♂. B. C. F<sub>1</sub> wild-type ♀ ♀ × +miniature sable ♂ ♂.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 13. Linkage of miniature and sable" title="Table 13. Linkage of miniature and sable"> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Non-cross-overs. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Cross-overs. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"> Total. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"> Cross-<br />over<br />value.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Miniature sable.</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-type.</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Miniature.</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Sable.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 38 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 245 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 283 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 17 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 560 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 6 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 43 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 191 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 236 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 13 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 18 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 458 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 7 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 46 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 232 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 274 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 24 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 21 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 551 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 8 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 668 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 793 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 52 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 56 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 1,569 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 7 </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Since the results for the male and the female classes are expected to + be the same, the sexes were not separated. The combined data give 7 per + cent of crossing-over between miniature and sable.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">LINKAGE OF VERMILION, SABLE, AND BAR.</p> + + <p>Bar eye has been described by Mrs. S. C. Tice (1914). It is a dominant + sex-linked character, whose locus, lying beyond vermilion and sable, is + near the right end of the chromosome series, that is, at the end opposite + yellow.</p> + + <p>In the first cross of a balanced series of experiments for the gens + vermilion, sable, and bar, vermilion (gray not-bar) entered from one side + (♀) and (red) sable bar from the other (♂). The daughters + were bar and the sons vermilion. The daughters were back-crossed singly + to the triple recessive males vermilion sable (not-bar), and gave the + data included in table 14.</p> + + <p>In the second cross, vermilion sable (not-bar) went in from one side + (♀) and (red, gray) bar from the other. The daughters were bar and + the sons were vermilion sable. Since these sons have the three recessive + factors, inbreeding of F<sub>1</sub> is equivalent to a triple + back-cross. The results are given by pairs in table 15. <!-- Page 41 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page41"></a>{41}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 14.</span>—<i>P<sub>1</sub> vermilion ♀ ♀ × sable bar ♂ ♂. B. C. F<sub>1</sub> bar ♀ × vermilion +sable ♂ ♂.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 14. Linkage of vermilion, sable, and bar" title="Table 14. Linkage of vermilion, sable, and bar"> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t14a.png"><img src="images/t14a.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t14b.png"><img src="images/t14b.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t14c.png"><img src="images/t14c.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t14d.png"><img src="images/t14d.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"> Total. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> Cross-over values.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Sable<br />bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />sable<br />bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Sable. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />sable. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />sable. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Sable<br />bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />bar.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 147 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 81 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 66 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 12 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 18 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 207 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 13 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 16 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 29 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 148 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 103 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 108 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 19 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 256 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 9 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 9 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 18 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 149 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 97 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 88 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 8 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 17 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 17 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 239 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 8 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 22 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 150 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 95 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 75 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 21 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 22 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 236 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 19 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 27 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 151 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 116 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 96 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 23 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 26 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 289 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 18 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 26 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 89 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 89 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 94 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 19 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 239 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 13 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 23 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 90 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 49 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 50 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 8 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 14 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 140 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 9 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 21 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 29 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 91 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 104 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 88 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 13 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 12 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 12 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 244 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 21 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total.</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 734 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 665 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 74 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 110 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 129 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 131 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center">1,850 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 14 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 24 </td></tr> + +</table> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 15.</span>—<i>P<sub>1</sub> vermilion sable ♀ ♀ × bar ♂ ♂. B. C. F<sub>1</sub> bar ♀ × vermilion +sable ♂ ♂.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 15. Linkage of vermilion, sable, and bar" title="Table 15. Linkage of vermilion, sable, and bar"> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t15a.png"><img src="images/t15a.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t15b.png"><img src="images/t15b.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t15c.png"><img src="images/t15c.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t15d.png"><img src="images/t15d.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"> Total. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> Cross-over values.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />sable. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Bar +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Sable. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />sable<br />bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Sable<br />bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />sable. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Sable<br />bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />bar.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 105 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 41 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 75</td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 5 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 146 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 21 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 106 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 59 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center">122</td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 16 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 13 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 17 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 238 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 12 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 12 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 24 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 107 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 92 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 98</td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 8 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 12 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 16 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 236 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 9 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 20 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 116 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 111 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center">149</td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 19 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 16 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 20 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 19 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 335 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 12 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 22 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 117 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 92 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center">117</td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 16 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 14 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 18 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 272 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 12 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 23 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 126 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 96 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center">160</td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 13 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 13 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 17 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 35 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 334 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 8 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 23 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 127 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 117 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center">124</td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 13 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 25 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 24 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 30 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 334 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 12 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 16 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 28 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 608 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center">845</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 95 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 97 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 108 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 140 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center">1,895 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 13 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 23 </td></tr> + +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 42 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page42"></a>{42}</span></p> + + <p>In the third cross, vermilion (gray) bar entered from one side + (♀) and (red) sable (not-bar) from the other (♂). The + daughters are bar and the sons vermilion bar. The daughters were + back-crossed singly to vermilion sable males and gave the data in table + 16.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 16</span>.—<i>P<sub>1</sub> vermilion bar</i> ♀ ♀ × <i>sable</i> ♂ ♂. <i>B. C. F<sub>1</sub> bar</i> ♀ × <i>vermilion +sable</i> ♂ ♂.</p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 16. Linkage of vermilion, sable, and bar" title="Table 16. Linkage of vermilion, sable, and bar"> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t16a.png"><img src="images/t16a.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t16b.png"><img src="images/t16b.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t16c.png"><img src="images/t16c.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t16d.png"><img src="images/t16d.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"> Total. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> Cross-over values.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Sable. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />sable. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Sable<br />bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />sable<br />bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />sable. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Sable<br />bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />bar.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 129 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 132 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 147 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 19 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 21 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 351 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 9 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 12 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 20 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 130 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 194 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 168 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 21 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 17 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 28 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 25 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 454 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 9 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 12 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 20 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 131 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 121 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 89 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 20 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 26 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 279 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 12 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 14 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 24 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 137 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 139 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 113 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 19 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 12 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 33 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 14 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 331 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 24 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 138 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 131 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 128 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 28 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 24 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 334 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 7 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 16 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 22 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 139 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 83 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 79 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 12 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 17 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 12 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 207 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 8 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 14 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 22 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 800 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 724 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 80 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 87 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 151 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 107 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 1,956 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 9 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 14 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 22 </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>In the fourth cross, vermilion sable bar entered from one side, and + (red gray not-bar) wild type from the other. The daughters were bar and + the sons vermilion sable bar. The daughters were back-crossed singly to + vermilion sable males, with the results shown in table 17.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 17</span>.—<i>P<sub>1</sub> vermilion sable bar</i> ♀ ♀ × <i>wild</i> ♂ ♂. <i>B. C. F<sub>1</sub> bar</i> ♀ × +<i>vermilion sable</i> ♂ ♂.</p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 17. Linkage of vermilion, sable, and bar" title="Table 17. Linkage of vermilion, sable, and bar"> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t17a.png"><img src="images/t17a.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t17b.png"><img src="images/t17b.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t17c.png"><img src="images/t17c.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t17d.png"><img src="images/t17d.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"> Total. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> Cross-over values.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />sable<br />bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Sable<br />bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />sable. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Sable. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />sable. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Sable<br />bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />bar.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 132 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 95 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 108 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 13 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 24 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 22 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 272 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 9 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 17 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 25 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 133 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 112 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 150 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 18 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 16 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 26 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 16 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 341 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 13 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 22 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 134 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 84 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 95 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 14 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 7 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 16 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 232 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 14 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 22 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 135 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 100 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 86 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 16 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 17 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 19 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 22 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 261 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 13 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 16 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 28 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 152 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 73 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 88 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 12 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 8 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 14 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 18 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 213 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 9 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 24 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 153 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 114 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 138 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 12 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 12 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 17 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 17 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 310 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 8 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 19 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 154 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 63 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 90 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 8 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 8 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 194 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 9 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 12 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 21 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 641 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 755 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 92 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 81 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 123 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center">126 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 1,823 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 14 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 23 </td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 43 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page43"></a>{43}</span></p> + + <p>In tables 14 to 17 the calculations for the three cross-over values + for vermilion, sable, and bar are given for the separate cultures and for + the totals. The latter are here repeated.</p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Total cross-over values" title="Total cross-over values"> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:left"> From— +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Vermilion<br />sable. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Sable<br />bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Vermilion<br />bar.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right"> Table 14 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:center"> 14 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:center"> 24</td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right"> 15 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:center"> 13 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:center"> 23</td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right"> 16 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:center"> 9 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:center"> 14 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:center"> 22</td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right"> 17 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:center"> 14 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:center"> 23</td></tr> + +</table> + + <p>The results of the different experiments are remarkably uniform. There + can be no doubt that the cross-over value is independent of the way in + which the experiment is made, whether any two recessives enter from the + same or from opposite sides.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 18.</span>—<i>Linkage of vermilion, sable, and bar with balanced viability.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 18. Linkage of vermilion, sable, and bar" title="Table 18. Linkage of vermilion, sable, and bar"> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;"> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;"> <a href="images/t18a.png"><img src="images/t18a.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;"> <a href="images/t18b.png"><img src="images/t18b.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;"> <a href="images/t18c.png"><img src="images/t18c.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;"> <a href="images/t18d.png"><img src="images/t18d.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;"> Total.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertb" style="text-align:left"> Wild-type </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 755 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 110 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 140 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 4 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertb" style="text-align:left"> Vermilion </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 734 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 92 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 151 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 1 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertb" style="text-align:left"> Sable </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 724 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 97 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 131 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 4 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertb" style="text-align:left"> Bar </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 845 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 87 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 126 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 4 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertb" style="text-align:left"> Vermilion sable </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 608 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 80 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 123 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 3 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertb" style="text-align:left"> Vermilion bar </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 800 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 95 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 129 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 1 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertb" style="text-align:left"> Sable bar </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 665 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 81 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 107 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 1 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertb" style="text-align:left"> Vermilion sable bar </td><td class="vertbotb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 641 </td><td class="vertbotb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 74 </td><td class="vertbotb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 108 </td><td class="vertbotb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 3 </td><td class="vertbotb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertb" style="text-align:left; padding-left:2em"> Total </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 5,772 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 716 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 1,015 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 21 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 7,524 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertb" style="text-align:left; padding-left:2em"> Percentage </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 76.7 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 9.53 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 13.49 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 0.28 </td><td class="vertb" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>In table 18 the data from each of the four separate experiments have + been combined in the manner explained, so that viability is canceled to + the greatest extent. The amount of each kind of cross-over appears at the + bottom of the table. The total amount of crossing-over between vermilion + and sable is the sum of the single (9.53) and of the double (0.28) + cross-overs, which value is 9.8. Likewise the cross-over value for sable + bar is 13.49 + 0.28 (= 14), and for vermilion bar is 9.53 + 13.49 (= 23). + By means of these cross-over values we may calculate the coincidence + involved, which is in this case</p> + +<table class="math" summary="Formatted mathematical expression" title="Formatted mathematical expression"><tr><td>0.0028 × 100 </td><td rowspan="2"> = 20.8</td></tr><tr><td class="denom"> 0.0953 + 0.0028 × 0.1349 + 0.0028 </td></tr></table> + + <p>This value shows that there actually occurs only about 21 per cent of + the double cross-overs which from the values of the single cross-overs + are expected to occur in this section of the chromosome. This is the + result which is to be anticipated upon the chromosome view, for if + crossing-over is connected with loops of the chromosomes, and if these + loops have an average length, then if the chromosomes cross over at one + <!-- Page 44 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page44"></a>{44}</span>point it is unlikely they will cross over + again at another point nearer than the average length of the loop.</p> + + <p>The calculation of the locus for sable gives 43.0.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">DOT.</p> + + <p>In the F<sub>2</sub>, from a cross of a double recessive (white + vermilion) female by a triple recessive (eosin vermilion pink) male, + there appeared, July 21, 1912, three white-eyed females which had two + small, symmetrically placed, black, granular masses upon the thorax. + These "dots" appeared to be dried exudations from pores. It did not seem + possible that such an effect could be inherited, but as this condition + had never been observed before, it seemed worth while to mate the three + females to their brothers. In the next generation about 1 per cent of the + males were dotted. From these females and males a stock was made up which + in subsequent generations showed from 10 to 50 per cent of dot. Selection + seemed to have no effect upon the percentage of dot. Although the stock + never showed more than 50 per cent of dot, yet it was found that the + normal individuals from the stock threw about the same per cent as did + those that were dotted, so that the stock was probably genetically pure. + The number of males which showed the character was always much smaller + than the number of dotted females; in the hatches which produced nearly + 50 per cent of dot, nearly all the females but very few of the males were + dotted. Quite often the character showed on only one side of the + thorax.</p> + + <p>Since this character arose in an experiment involving several + eye-colors an effort was made by crossing to wild and extracting to + transfer the dot to flies normal in all other respects. This effort + succeeded only partly, for a stock was obtained which differed from the + wild type only in that it bore dot (about 30 per cent) and in that the + eyes were vermilion. Several attempts to get the dot separated from + vermilion failed. Since this was only part of the preliminary routine + work necessary to get a mutant stock in shape for exact experimentation, + no extensive records were kept.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">LINKAGE OF VERMILION AND DOT.</p> + + <p>When a dot male with vermilion eyes was bred to a wild female the + offspring were wild-type males and females. These inbred gave the data + shown in table 19.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 19.</span>—<i>P<sub>1</sub> vermilion dot ♂ × wild ♀ ♀. F<sub>1</sub> wild-type ♀ ♀ +× F<sub>1</sub> wild-type ♂ ♂.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 19. Linkage of vermilion and dot" title="Table 19. Linkage of vermilion and dot"> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> F<sub>2</sub> females. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-type ♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Vermilion ♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Vermilion<br />dot ♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Dot ♂.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 7 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 345 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 151 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 130 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 8 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 524 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 245 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 220 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 869 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 396 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 350 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td></tr> + +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 45 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page45"></a>{45}</span></p> + + <p>Only three dot individuals appeared in F<sub>2</sub>, but since these + were males the result indicates that the dot character is due to a + sex-linked gen. These three males had also vermilion eyes, indicating + linkage of dot and vermilion. The males show no deficiency in numbers, + therefore the non-appearance of the dot can not be due to its being + semi-lethal. It appears, therefore, that the expression of the character + must depend on the presence of an intensifying factor in one of the + autosomes, or more probably, like club, it appears only in a small + percentage of flies that are genetically pure for the character.</p> + + <p>The reciprocal cross (dot female with vermilion eyes by wild male) was + made (table 20). The daughters were wild type and the sons vermilion. Not + one of the 272 sons showed dot. If the gen is sex-linked the + non-appearance of dot in the F<sub>1</sub> males can be explained on the + ground that males that are genetically dot show dot very rarely, or that + its appearance is dependent upon the intensification by an autosomal + factor of the effect produced by the sex-linked factor for dot.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 20.</span>—<i>P<sub>1</sub> vermilion dot ♀ × wild ♂.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 20. Linkage of vermilion and dot" title="Table 20. Linkage of vermilion and dot"> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> First generation. +</td><td> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="9"> Second generation.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type<br />♀. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />♂. +</td><td> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type<br />♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type<br />♀. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />♀. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />dot ♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />dot ♀. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Dot<br />♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Dot<br />♀.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 137 C. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 44 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 45 </td><td></td><td class="vertbsing"> 19 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 211 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 198 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 228 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 206 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 20 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 138 C. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 77 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 62 </td><td></td><td class="vertbsing"> 22 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 266 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 220 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 227 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 227 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 16 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 124 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 124 </td><td></td><td class="vertbsing"> 28 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 143 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 149 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 125 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 124 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 14 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 57 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 41 </td><td></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top" rowspan="2"> Total.</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top" rowspan="2"> 620 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top" rowspan="2"> 567 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top" rowspan="2"> 570 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top" rowspan="2"> 557 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top" rowspan="2"> 50 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top" rowspan="2"> 4 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top" rowspan="2"> 0 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top" rowspan="2"> 0 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total.</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 291 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 272 </td><td></td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The F<sub>2</sub> generation is given in table 20. The dot reappeared + in F<sub>2</sub> both in females and in males, but instead of appearing + in 50 per cent of both sexes, as expected if it is simply sex-linked, it + appeared in 4.0 per cent in the females and in only 0.4 per cent in the + males. The failure of the character to be fully realized is again + apparent, but here, where it is possible for it to be realized equally in + males and females, we find that there are 50 females with dot to only 4 + dot males. This would indicate that the character is partially + "<i>sex-limited</i>" (Morgan, 1914<i>d</i>) in its realization. The dot + appeared only in flies with vermilion eyes, indicating extremely strong + linkage between vermilion and dot.</p> + + <p>The evidence from the history of the stock, together with these + experiments, shows that the character resembles club (wing) in that it is + not expressed somatically in all the flies which are homozygous for it. + In the case of club we were fortunate enough to find a constant feature + <!-- Page 46 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page46"></a>{46}</span>which we could use as an index, but, so far + as we have been able to see, there is no such constant accessory + character in the case of the dot. Unlike club, dot is markedly + sex-limited in its effect; that is, there is a difference of expression + of the gen in the male and female. This difference recalls the sexual + dimorphism of the eosin eye.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">BOW.</p> + + <p>In an F<sub>2</sub> generation from rudimentary males by wild females + there appeared, August 15, 1912, a single male whose wings instead of + being flat were turned down over the abdomen (fig. c). The curvature was + uniform throughout the length of the wing. A previous mutation, arc, of + this same type had been found to be a recessive character in the second + group. The new mutation, bow, is less extreme than arc and is more + variable in the amount of curvature. When the bow male was mated to wild + females the offspring had straight wings.</p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:49%;"> + <a href="images/png46.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/png46.jpg" + alt="Fig. C. Bow wing" title="Fig. C. Bow wing" /></a> + <span class="sc">Fig</span>. C.—Bow wing. + </div> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table</span> 21.—<i>P<sub>1</sub> bow ♂♂ × wild ♀♀.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 21. Crosses of bow" title="Table 21. Crosses of bow"> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> First generation. +</td><td> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="4"> Second generation.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-type<br />♀♀. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-type<br /> +</td><td> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-type<br />♀♀. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-type<br />♂♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Bow<br />♂♂.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 169 C. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 17 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 17 </td><td></td><td class="vertbsing"> 18 I. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 193 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 145 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 67 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td></td><td class="vertbsing"> 21 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 182 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 100 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 49 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td></td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total.</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 375 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 245 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 116 </td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 47 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page47"></a>{47}</span></p> + + <p>The F<sub>2</sub> ratio in table 21 is evidently the 2:1:1 ratio + typical of sex-linkage, but with the bow males running behind + expectation. This deficiency is due in part to viability but more to a + failure to recognize all the bow-winged individuals, so that some of them + were classified among the not-bow or straight wings. In favor of the view + that the classification was not strict is the fact that the sum of the + two male classes about equals the number of the females.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">BOW BY ARC.</p> + + <p>When this mutant first appeared its similarity to arc led us to + suspect that it might be arc itself or an allelomorph of arc. It was + bred, therefore, to arc. The bow male by arc females gave straight + (normal) winged males and females. The appearance of straight wings shows + that bow is not arc nor allelomorphic to arc. When made later, the + reciprocal cross of bow female by arc male gave in F<sub>1</sub> + straight-winged females but bow males. This result is in accordance with + the interpretation that bow is a sex-linked recessive. Further details of + these last two experiments may now be given. The F<sub>1</sub> + (wild-type) flies from bow male by arc female were inbred. The data are + given in table 22.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table</span> 22.—<i>P<sub>1</sub> bow ♂ × arc ♀.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 22. Crosses of bow with arc" title="Table 22. Crosses of bow with arc"> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> First generation. +</td><td> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> Second generation.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-type<br />♀ ♀. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-type<br />♂ ♂. +</td><td> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Straight. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Not-<br />straight.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 71 C. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 48 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 43 </td><td></td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 71 C. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 179 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 133 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 75 C. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 28 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 27 </td><td></td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total.</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 76 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 70 </td><td></td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Bow and arc are so much alike that they give a single rather variable + phenotypic class in F<sub>2</sub>. Therefore the F<sub>2</sub> generation + is made up of only two separable classes—flies with straight wings + and flies with not-straight wings. The ratio of the two should be + theoretically 9:7, which is approximately realized in 179:133.</p> + + <p>If the distribution of the characters according to sex is ignored, the + case is similar to the case of the two white races of sweet peas, which + bred together gave wild-type or purple peas in F<sub>1</sub> and in + F<sub>2</sub> gave 9 colored to 7 white. If sex is taken into account, + the theoretical expectation for the F<sub>2</sub> females is 6 straight + to 2 arc, and for the F<sub>2</sub> males 3 straight to 1 arc to 3 bow to + 1 bow-arc.</p> + + <p>The F<sub>1</sub> from bow females by arc male and their F<sub>2</sub> + offspring are given in table 23. <!-- Page 48 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page48"></a>{48}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table</span> 23.—<i>P<sub>1</sub> bow ♀ × arc ♂.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 23. Crosses of bow with arc" title="Table 23. Crosses of bow with arc"> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> First generation. +</td><td> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> Second generation.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-type<br />♀ ♀. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Bow ♂ ♂. +</td><td> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Straight. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Not-<br />straight.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 72 C. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 22 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 19 </td><td></td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 3 I. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 56 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 69 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 73 C. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 12 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td></td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 3.1 I. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 46 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 62 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 5 I. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 22 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 21 </td><td></td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 5 I. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 56 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 68 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 74 C. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 56 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 52 </td><td></td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 5.1 I. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 90 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 108 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total.</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 112 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 102 </td><td></td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total.</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 248 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 307 </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>In this case the F<sub>2</sub> expectation is 6 straight to 10 + not-straight. Since the sex-linked gen bow entered from the female, half + the F<sub>2</sub> males and females are bow. The half that are not-bow + consist of 3 straight to 1 arc, so that both in the female classes and in + the male classes there are 3 straight to 5 not-straight or in all 6 + straight to 10 not-straight. The realized result, 248 straight to 307 + not-straight, is more nearly a 3:4 ratio, due probably to a wrong + classification of some of the bow as straight.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">LEMON BODY-COLOR.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(<a href="#plate1">Plate I</a>, figure 3.)</p> + + <p>A few males of a new mutant with a lemon-colored body and wings + appeared in August 1912. The lemon flies (<a href="#plate2">Plate II</a>, + fig. 3) resemble quite closely the yellow flies (<a href="#plate2">Plate + II</a>, fig. 4). They are paler and the bristles, instead of being brown, + are black. These flies are so weak that despite most careful attention + they get stuck to the food, so that they die before mating. The stock was + at first maintained in mass from those cultures that gave the greatest + percentage of lemon flies. In a few cases lemon males mated with their + gray sisters left offspring, but the stock obtained in this way had still + to be maintained by breeding heterozygotes, as stated above. But from the + gray sisters heterozygous for lemon (bred to lemon males) some lemon + females were also produced.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">LINKAGE OF CHERRY, LEMON, AND VERMILION.</p> + + <p>In order to study the linkage of lemon, the following experiment was + carried out. Since it was impracticable to breed directly from the lemon + flies, virgin females were taken from stock throwing lemon, and were + mated singly to cherry vermilion males. Only a few of the females showed + themselves heterozygous for lemon by producing lemon as well as gray + sons. Half the daughters of such a pair are expected to be heterozygous + for lemon and also for cherry and vermilion, which went in from the + father. These daughters were mated singly to cherry vermilion males, and + those that gave some lemon sons were continued, <!-- Page 49 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page49"></a>{49}</span>and are recorded in table + 24. The four classes of females were not separated from each other, but + the total of females is given in the table.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table</span> 24.—<i>P<sub>1</sub> lemon (het.) ♀ × cherry vermilion ♂ ♂. F<sub>1</sub> wild-type ♀ × +cherry vermilion ♂ ♂.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 24. Linkage of cherry, lemon and vermilion" title="Table 24. Linkage of cherry, lemon and vermilion"> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Females. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t24a.png"><img src="images/t24a.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t24b.png"><img src="images/t24b.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t24c.png"><img src="images/t24c.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t24d.png"><img src="images/t24d.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Total<br />♂♂.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cherry<br />ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Lemon. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cherry<br />lemon. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cherry +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Lemon<br />ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cherry<br />lemon<br />ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild<br />type.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 71 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 42 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 19 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 6 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 6 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 78 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 88 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 26 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 19 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 8 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 8 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 67 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 36 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 28 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 7 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 38 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 51 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 12 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 22 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 46 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 98 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 29 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 35 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 8 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 5 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 78 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 47 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 17 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 34 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 46 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 23 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 20 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 6 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 5 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 57 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 437 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 177 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 133 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 5 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 35 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 29 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 19 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 398 </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>There are three loci involved in this cross, namely, cherry, lemon, + and vermilion. Of these loci two were known, cherry and vermilion. The + data are consistent with the assumption that the lemon locus is between + cherry and vermilion, for the double cross-over classes (the smallest + classes) are cherry lemon vermilion and wild type. The number of single + cross-overs between cherry and lemon and between lemon and vermilion are + also consistent with this assumption. Since lemon flies fail to emerge + successfully, depending in part upon the condition of the bottle, the + classes involving lemon are worthless in calculating crossing-over and + are here ignored. In other words, lemon may be treated as though it did + not appear at all, <i>i. e.</i>, as a lethal. The not-lemon + classes—cherry, vermilion, cherry vermilion, and wild + type—give the following approximate cross-over values for the three + loci involved: Cherry lemon, 15; lemon vermilion, 12; cherry vermilion, + 27. The locus of lemon, calculated by interpolation, is at about + 17.5.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">LETHAL 2.</p> + + <p>In September 1912 a certain wild female produced 78 daughters and only + 16 sons (Morgan, 1914<i>b</i>); 63 of these daughters were tested and 31 + of them gave 2 females to 1 male, while 32 of them gave 1:1 sex-ratios. + This shows that the mother of the original high sex-ratio was + heterozygous for a recessive sex-linked lethal. In order to determine the + position of this lethal, a lethal-bearing female was bred to an eosin (or + white) miniature male, and those daughters that were heterozygous for + eosin, lethal, and miniature were then back-crossed to <!-- Page 50 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page50"></a>{50}</span>eosin miniature + males. The daughters that result from such a cross give only the amount + of crossing-over between eosin and miniature (as 29.7), but the males + give the cross-over values for eosin lethal (9.9), lethal miniature + (15.4), and eosin miniature (25.1). The data for this cross are given in + table 25.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 25.</span>—<i>Total data upon linkage of eosin, lethal 2, and miniature, from +Morgan, 1914b.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 25. Linkage of eosin, lethal 2, and miniature" title="Table 25. Linkage of eosin, lethal 2, and miniature"> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> Females. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="7"> Males.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Total. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Cross-overs. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Cross-over<br />value. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> <a href="images/t25a.png"><img src="images/t25a.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> <a href="images/t25b.png"><img src="images/t25b.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> <a href="images/t25c.png"><img src="images/t25c.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> <a href="images/t25d.png"><img src="images/t25d.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> Cross-over values.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Eosin<br />lethal 2. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Lethal 2<br />miniature. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Eosin<br />miniature.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 15,904 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 4,736 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 29.7 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 5,045 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 653 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1,040 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 14 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 9.9 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15.4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 25.1 </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>A similar experiment, in which eosin and vermilion were used instead + of eosin and miniature, is summarized in table 26.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 26.</span>—<i>Total data upon the linkage of eosin, lethal 2, and vermilion, from +Morgan, 1914b.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 26. Linkage of eosin, lethal 2, and vermilion" title="Table 26. Linkage of eosin, lethal 2, and vermilion"> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> Females. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="7"> Males.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Total. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Cross-overs. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Cross-over<br />value. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> <a href="images/t26a.png"><img src="images/t26a.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> <a href="images/t26b.png"><img src="images/t26b.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> <a href="images/t26c.png"><img src="images/t26c.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> <a href="images/t26d.png"><img src="images/t26d.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> Cross-over values.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Eosin<br />lethal 2. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Lethal 2<br />vermilion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Eosin<br />vermilion.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 2,656 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 729 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 27.5 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 902 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 124 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 227 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 6 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 10.3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 18.5 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 27.9 </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Considerable data in which lethal was not involved were also obtained + in the course of these experiments and are included in the summary of the + total data given in table 27.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 27.</span>—<i>Summary of all data upon lethal 2, from Morgan, 1914b.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 27. Data upon lethal 2" title="Table 27. Data upon lethal 2"> +<tr> <td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Gens. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Total. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cross-overs. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cross-over<br />values.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> White lethal 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 8,011 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 767 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 9.6 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> White vermilion </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 6,023 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 1,612 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 26.8 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> White miniature </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 36,021 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 11,048 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 30.7 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Lethal 2 vermilion </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 1,400 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 248 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 17.7 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Lethal 2 miniature </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 6,752 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 1,054 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em"> 15.4 </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The amount of crossing-over between eosin and lethal is about 10 per + cent and the amount of crossing-over between lethal and miniature is + about 18 per cent. Since the amount of crossing-over between eosin <!-- + Page 51 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page51"></a>{51}</span>and + miniature is over 30 per cent, the lethal factor must lie between eosin + and miniature, somewhat nearer to eosin. It is impossible at present to + locate lethal 2 accurately because of a real discrepancy in the data, + which makes it appear that lethal 2 extends for a distance of about 5 + units along the chromosome from about 10 to about 15. Work is being done + which it is hoped will make clear the reason for this. For the present we + may locate lethal 2 at the midpoint of its range, or at 12.5.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">CHERRY.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(<a href="#plate2">Plate II</a>, figure 9.)</p> + + <p>The origin of the eye-color cherry has been given by Safir (Biol. + Bull., 1913).</p> + + <p>Cherry appeared (October 1912) in an experiment involving vermilion + eye-color and miniature wings. This is the only time the mutant has ever + come up, and although several of this mutant (males) appeared in Safir's + experiment, they may have all come from the same mother. It is probable + that the mutation occurred in the vermilion stock only a generation or so + before the experiment was made, for otherwise cherry would be expected to + be found also in the vermilion stock from which the mothers were taken; + however, it was not found.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">A SYSTEM OF QUADRUPLE ALLELOMORPHS.</p> + + <p>Safir has described crosses between this eye-color and red, white, + eosin, and vermilion. We conclude for reasons similar to those given by + Morgan and Bridges (Jour. Exp. Zool., 1913) for the case of white and + eosin, that cherry is an allelomorph of white and of eosin. This is not + the interpretation followed in Safir's paper, where cherry is treated as + though absolutely linked to white or to eosin. Both interpretations give, + however, the same numerical result for each cross considered by itself. + Safir's data and those which appear in this paper show that white, eosin, + cherry, and a normal (red) allelomorph form a system of quadruple + allelomorphs. If this interpretation is correct, then the linkage + relations of cherry should be identical with those of white or of + eosin.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">LINKAGE OF CHERRY AND VERMILION.</p> + + <p>The cross-over value for white (eosin) and vermilion, based on a very + large amount of data, is about 31 units. An experiment of our own in + which cherry was used with vermilion gave a cross-over value of 31 units, + which is a close approximation to the cross-over value of white and + vermilion. The cross which gave this data was that of a cherry vermilion + (double recessive) male by wild females. The F<sub>1</sub> wild-type + flies inbred gave a single class of females (wild-type) and the males in + four classes which show by the deviation from a 1:1:1:1 ratio the amount + of crossing-over involved. <!-- Page 52 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page52"></a>{52}</span></p> + + <p>In one of the F<sub>2</sub> male classes of table 28 the simple + eye-color cherry appeared for the first time (since the original mutant + was vermilion as well as cherry). Safir has recorded a similar cross with + like results.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table</span> 28.—<i>P<sub>1</sub> cherry vermilion ♂ ♂ × wild ♀ ♀. F<sub>1</sub> wild-type ♀ ♀ +× F<sub>1</sub> wild-type ♂ ♂.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 28. Linkage of cherry and vermilion" title="Table 28. Linkage of cherry and vermilion"> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"> Wild-<br />type ♀♀. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Non-cross-over ♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Cross-over ♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"> Total<br />♂♂ +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"> Cross-<br />over<br />value.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cherry<br />vermilion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cherry. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 160 C </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center;"> 188 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center;"> 57 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center;"> 61 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center;"> 32 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center;"> 34 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center;"> 184 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center;"> 36 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 161 C </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center;"> 256 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center;"> 85 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center;"> 93 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center;"> 40 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center;"> 52 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center;"> 270 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center;"> 34 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 162 C </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center;"> 251 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center;"> 78 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center;"> 78 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center;"> 20 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center;"> 37 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center;"> 213 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center;"> 26 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 163 C </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center;"> 229 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center;"> 76 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center;"> 95 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center;"> 34 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center;"> 33 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center;"> 238 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center;"> 28 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 924 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 296 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 327 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 126 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 156 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 905 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 31 </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Some cherry males were bred to wild females. The F<sub>1</sub> + wild-type males and females inbred gave the results shown in table 29. + Some of the cherry males thus produced were bred to their sisters. Cherry + females as well as males resulted; and it was seen that the eye-color is + the same in the males and females, in contradistinction to the + allelomorph eosin, where there is a marked bicolorism (figs. 7, 8, <a + href="#plate2">Plate II</a>). The cherry eye-color is almost identical + with that of the eosin female, but is perhaps slightly more translucent + and brighter.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table</span> 29.—<i>P<sub>1</sub> cherry ♂ ♂ × wild ♀ ♀. F<sub>1</sub> wild-type ♀ ♀ × F<sub>1</sub> wild-type ♂ ♂.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 29. Crosses of cherry" title="Table 29. Crosses of cherry"> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Reference. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-type ♀. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-type ♂. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cherry ♂. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 15 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center;"> 266 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center;"> 120 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center;"> 100 </td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead">COMPOUNDS OF CHERRY.</p> + + <p>In order to examine the effect of the interaction of cherry and white + in the same individual (<i>i. e.</i>, white-cherry compound) cherry + females were crossed to white males. This cross should give white-cherry + females and cherry males. These white-cherry females were found (table + 30) to be very much lighter than their brothers, the cherry males. The + color of the pure cherry females and males is the same, but the + substitution of one white for one cherry lowers the eye-color of the + female below that of the cherry male. In eosin the white also lowers the + eye-color of the compound female about in the same proportion as in the + case of cherry. In the eosin the female starts at a higher degree of + pigmentation than the male and dilution seems to bring her down <!-- Page + 53 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page53"></a>{53}</span>to the level + of the male. But this coincidence of color between eosin male and + white-eosin compound female is probably without significance, as shown by + the results with cherry.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 30.</span>—<i>P<sub>1</sub> cherry ♀♀ × white ♂♂.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 30. Crosses of cherry and white" title="Table 30. Crosses of cherry and white"> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> First generation.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> White-cherry<br />compound ♀. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cherry ♂.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 9 M </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center;"> 321 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center;"> 302 </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Eosin-cherry compound was also made. An eosin female was mated to a + cherry male. The eosin-cherry daughters were darker than their eosin + brothers. Inbred they gave the results shown in table 31.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 31.</span>—<i>P<sub>1</sub> eosin ♀ × cherry ♂.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 31. Crosses of eosin and cherry." title="Table 31. Crosses of eosin and cherry."> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> First generation. +</td><td> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="4"> Second generation.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Eosin-cherry<br />compound<br />♀♀. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Eosin ♂♂. +</td><td> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Eosin and<br />eosin-cherry<br />compound ♀♀. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cherry ♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Eosin ♂.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 43C </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 71 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 58 </td><td></td><td class="vertbsing"> 1I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 154 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 99 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 62 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td></td><td class="vertbsing"> 2I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 174 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 74 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 77 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td></td><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 328 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 173 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 139 </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Although in the F<sub>2</sub> results there are two genotypic classes + of females, namely, pure eosin and eosin-cherry compound, the eye-colors + are so nearly the same that they can not be separated. The two classes of + males can be readily distinguished; of these, one class, cherry, has the + same color as the females, while the other class, eosin, is much lighter. + Such an F<sub>2</sub> group will perpetuate itself, giving one type of + female (of three possible genotypic compositions, but somatically + practically homogeneous) and two types of males, only one of which is + like the females.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">FUSED.</p> + + <p>In a cross between purple-eyed<a name="NtA6" + href="#Nt6"><sup>[6]</sup></a> males and black females there appeared in + F<sub>2</sub> (Nov. 4, 1912) a male having the veins of the wing arranged + as shown in text-figure D <i>b</i>. It will be seen that the third and + the fourth longitudinal veins are fused from the base to and beyond the + <!-- Page 54 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page54"></a>{54}</span>point at which in normal flies the anterior + cross-vein lies. The cross-vein and the cell normally cut off by it are + absent. There are a number of other features (see fig. D <i>c</i>) + characteristic of this mutation: the wings are held out at a wide angle + from the body, the ocelli are very much reduced in size or entirely + absent, the bristles around the ocelli are usually small. The females are + absolutely sterile, not only with their own, but with any males.</p> + + <p>Fused males by wild females gave wild-type males and females. Inbred + these gave the results shown in table 32. The fused character reappeared + only in the F<sub>2</sub> males, showing that it is a recessive + sex-linked character.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 32.</span>—<i>P<sub>1</sub> fused ♂ × wild ♀♀.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 32. Crosses of fused." title="Table 32. Crosses of fused."> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> First generation. +</td><td> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="4"> Second generation.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-type<br />♀♀. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-type<br />♂♂. +</td><td> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-type<br />♀♀. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-type<br />♂♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Fused<br />♂♂.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 4I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 66 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 43 </td><td></td><td class="vertbsing"> 190C </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 258 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 96 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 115 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td></td><td class="vertbsing"> 14I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 239 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 105 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 90 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td><td></td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 497 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 201 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 205 </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The reciprocal cross was tried many times, but is impossible, owing to + the sterility of the females. Since the fused females are sterile to + fused males, the stock is kept up by breeding heterozygous females to + fused males.</p> + + <p>By means of the following experiments the position of fused in the X + chromosome was determined. A preliminary test was made by mating with + eosin, whose factor lies near the left end of the X chromosome + series.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">LINKAGE OF EOSIN AND FUSED.</p> + + <p>Fused (red-eyed) males mated to eosin (not-fused) females gave + wild-type daughters and eosin sons, which inbred gave the classes shown + in table 33.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 33.</span>—<i>P<sub>1</sub> eosin ♀♀ × fused ♂♂. F<sub>1</sub> wild-type ♀♀ × F<sub>1</sub> eosin ♂♂.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 33. Linkage of eosin and fused." title="Table 33. Linkage of eosin and fused."> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Females. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Non-cross-over ♂♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Cross-over ♂♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Total<br />males. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Cross-<br />over<br />value.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Eosin. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Fused. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Eosin<br />fused. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 56I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 496 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 131 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 113 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 82 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 104 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 430 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 43 </td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 55 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page55"></a>{55}</span></p> + + <p>The data give 43 per cent of crossing-over, which places fused far to + the right or to the left of eosin. The latter position is improbable, + since eosin already lies very near the extreme left end of the known + series. Therefore, since 43 per cent would place the factor nearly at the + right end of the series, the next step was to test its relation to a + factor like bar that lies at the right end of the chromosome. By mating + to bar alone we could only get the linkage to bar without discovering on + which side of bar the new factor lies, but by mating to a fly that + carries still another sex-linked factor, known to lie to the left of bar, + the information gained should show the relative order of the factors + involved. Furthermore, since, by making a back-cross, both males and + females give the same kind of data (and need not be separated), the + experiment was made in this way. In order to have material for such an + experiment double mutant stocks of vermilion fused and also of bar fused + were made up.</p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:32%;"> + <a href="images/png55.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/png55.jpg" + alt="Fig. D. Fused wings" title="Fig. D. Fused wings" /></a> + <p class="poem">Fig. D.—<i>a</i>, normal wing; <i>b</i> and + <i>c</i>, fused wings. <i>c</i> shows a typical fused wing. The most + striking feature is the closure of the cell between the third and + fourth longitudinal veins with the elimination of the cross-vein; the + veins at the base of the wing differ from those in the normal shown in + <i>a</i>. <i>b</i> shows the normal position in which the fused wings + are held. The fusion of the veins in <i>b</i> is unusually + complete.</p> + </div> + +<p><!-- Page 56 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page56"></a>{56}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">LINKAGE OF VERMILION, BAR, AND FUSED.</p> + + <p>Males from the stock of (red) bar fused were mated to vermilion + (not-bar, not-fused) females, and produced bar females and vermilion + males. The bar F<sub>1</sub> daughters were back-crossed to vermilion + fused males and produced the classes of offspring shown in table 34.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 34.</span>—P<sub>1</sub> <i>vermilion</i> ♀ ♀ × <i>bar fused</i> ♂ ♂. <i>B. C. F<sub>1</sub> bar</i> ♀ × <i>vermilion +fused</i> ♂ ♂.</p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 34. Linkage of vermilion, bar, and fused." title="Table 34. Linkage of vermilion, bar, and fused."> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t34a.png"><img src="images/t34a.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t34b.png"><img src="images/t34b.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t34c.png"><img src="images/t34c.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t34d.png"><img src="images/t34d.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Total. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> Cross-over values.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Bar<br />fused. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />bar<br />fused. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />fused. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Fused. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Bar<br />fused. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />fused.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 140 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 137 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 130 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 35 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 40 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 5 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 8 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 355 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 21 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 25 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 141 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 144 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 137 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 38 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 41 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 366 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 22 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 23 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 142 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 153 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 120 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 43 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 58 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 6 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 7 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 388 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 26 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 29 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 143 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 153 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 92 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 44 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 41 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 7 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 344 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 26 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 28 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 145 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 69 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 62 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 29 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 19 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 181 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 27 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 27 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 146 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 96 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 103 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 30 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 34 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 7 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 273 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 23 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 26 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 156 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 62 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 45 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 25 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 27 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 164 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 32 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 35 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 157 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 93 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 57 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 31 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 198 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 22 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 23 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 907 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 746 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 255 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 291 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 29 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 33 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 5 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 2,269 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 24 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 27 </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The data show that the factor for fused lies about 3 units to the + right of bar. This is the furthest point yet obtained to the right. The + reasons for locating fused to the right of bar are that, if it occupies + such a position, then the double cross-over classes (which are expected + to be the smallest classes) should be vermilion bar and fused, and these + are, in fact, the smallest classes. The order of factors is, then, + vermilion, bar, fused. This order is confirmed by the result that the + number of cross-overs between fused and vermilion is greater than that + between bar and vermilion.</p> + + <p>In order to obtain data to balance viability effects, the following + experiment was made:</p> + + <p>Vermilion (not-bar) fused males were bred to (red) bar (not-fused) + females. The daughters and sons were bar. The daughters were + back-crossed, singly, to vermilion fused males and gave the results shown + in table 35. Each female was also transferred to a second culture bottle, + so that for each female there are two broods given consecutively (82, + 82′, etc.) in table 35.</p> + + <p>The results given by the two broods of the same female are similar. + The values are very near to those given in the last experiment, and + confirm the conclusions there drawn. The combined data give the results + shown in table 36. <!-- Page 57 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page57"></a>{57}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 35.</span>—<i>P<sub>1</sub> bar ♀ ♀ × vermilion fused ♂ ♂. B. C. F<sub>1</sub> bar ♀ × vermilion +fused ♂ ♂.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 35. Linkage of vermilion, bar, and fused." title="Table 35. Linkage of vermilion, bar, and fused."> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t35a.png"><img src="images/t35a.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t35b.png"><img src="images/t35b.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t35c.png"><img src="images/t35c.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t35d.png"><img src="images/t35d.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Total. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> Cross-over values.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />fused. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Fused. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Bar<br />fused. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />bar<br />fused. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Bar<br />fused. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />fused.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 82 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 165 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 165 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 63 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 57 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 8 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 7 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 466 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 26</td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center">3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 29</td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 82′ </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 104 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 87 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 26 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 24 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 245 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 20</td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center">2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 22</td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 83 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 128 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 164 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 51 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 39 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 6 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 392 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 23</td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center">3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 26</td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 83′ </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 100 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 94 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 28 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 30 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 260 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 22</td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center">3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 25</td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 89 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 85 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 105 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 23 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 24 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 5 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 244 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 19</td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center">3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 22</td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 89′ </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 78 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 91 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 21 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 27 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 221 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 22</td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center">2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 23</td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 90 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 86 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 85 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 30 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 28 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 5 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 234 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 25</td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center">2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 27</td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 90′ </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 33 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 38 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 22 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 14 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 113 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 33</td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center">5 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 36</td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 91 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 125 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 107 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 41 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 31 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 306 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 24</td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center">1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 24</td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 91′ </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 91 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 95 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 31 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 25 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 5 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 250 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 23</td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center">3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 25</td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 92 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 109 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 136 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 41 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 24 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 316 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 21</td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center">2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 23</td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 92′ </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 100 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 105 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 29 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 29 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 265 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 22</td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center">1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 22</td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 93 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 75 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 67 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 19 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 20 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 182 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 21</td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center">1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 22</td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 93′ </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 68 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 94 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 31 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 17 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 212 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 23</td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center">1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 24</td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 94 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 84 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 96 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 31 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 35 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 8 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 255 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 26</td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center">4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 29</td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 94′ </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 61 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 73 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 20 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 22 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 5 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 185 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 23</td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center">5 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 28</td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 95 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 84 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 102 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 27 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 26 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 245 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 22</td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center">2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 24</td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 96 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 144 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 148 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 43 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 34 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 373 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 21</td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center">1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 21</td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 97 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 81 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 96 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 25 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 20 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 5 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 230 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 20</td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center">4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 23</td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 98 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 107 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 112 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 39 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 33 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 294 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 25</td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center">1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 26</td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Firsts </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center">1,273 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center">1,383 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 433 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 371 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 47 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 28 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center">3,537 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 23</td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center">2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 25</td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Seconds </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 635 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 677 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 208 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 188 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 20 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 18 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 5 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center">1,751 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 23</td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center">3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 25</td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total.</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center">1,908 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center">2,060 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 641 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 559 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 67 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 46 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 6 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center">5,288 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 23</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 2.3</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 25</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 36.</span>—<i>Linkage of vermilion, bar, and fused with balanced viability.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 36. Linkage of vermilion, bar, and fused." title="Table 36. Linkage of vermilion, bar, and fused."> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> <a href="images/t36a.png"><img src="images/t36a.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> <a href="images/t36b.png"><img src="images/t36b.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> <a href="images/t36c.png"><img src="images/t36c.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> <a href="images/t36d.png"><img src="images/t36d.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Total.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 5,621 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1,756 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 175 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 7,567 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Percentage </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 74.3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 23.19 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2.31 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0.2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Some additional data bearing on the linkage of vermilion and fused + were obtained. Males of (red) fused stock were bred to vermilion + (not-fused) females, and gave wild-type females and vermilion males, + which inbred gave the results shown in table 37.</p> + + <p>The percentage of cross-overs between vermilion and fused is here 27, + which is in agreement with the 26 per cent of the preceding + experiment.</p> + + <p>The converse experiment, namely, red (not-fused) females by vermilion + fused males also gave, when the wild-type daughters were <!-- Page 58 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page58"></a>{58}</span>back-crossed to + vermilion fused males, a linkage value of 27 units. Two 10-day broods + were reared from each female. The data given in table 38 show that the + percentage of crossing-over does not change as the flies get older. The + locus of fused on the basis of all of the data is at 59.5.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 37.</span>—P<sub>1</sub> vermilion ♀ ♀ × fused ♂ ♂. F<sub>1</sub> wild-type ♀ ♀ +× F<sub>1</sub> vermilion ♂ ♂.</p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 37. Linkage of vermilion and fused." title="Table 37. Linkage of vermilion and fused."> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Females. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Non-cross-over ♂ ♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Cross-over ♂ ♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Total<br />♂ ♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Cross-<br />over<br />values.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Vermilion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Fused. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Vermilion<br />fused. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 79 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 299 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 93 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 96 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 37 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 36 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 262 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 28 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 80 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 245 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 93 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 60 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 28 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 27 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 208 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 26 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 81 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 263 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 101 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 63 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 22 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 40 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 226 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 27 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 807 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 287 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 219 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 87 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 103 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 696 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 27 </td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 38.</span>—P<sub>1</sub> wild ♀ ♀ × vermilion fused ♂ ♂. F<sub>1</sub> wild-type ♀ + × F<sub>1</sub> wild-type ♂ ♂.</p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 38. Linkage of vermilion and fused." title="Table 38. Linkage of vermilion and fused."> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Females. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Non-cross-over ♂ ♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Cross-over ♂ ♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Total<br />♂ ♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Cross-<br />over<br />values.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Vermilion<br />fused. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Vermilion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Fused.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 52 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 96 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 25 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 30 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 16 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 82 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 33 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 52′ </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 176 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 59 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 64 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 24 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 19 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 166 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 26 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 53 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 60 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 20 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 22 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 9 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 6 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 57 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 26 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 53′ </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 76 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 21 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 27 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 69 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 31 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 54 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 88 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 35 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 38 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 14 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 16 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 103 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 29 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 54′ </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 60 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 22 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 20 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 8 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 9 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 59 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 29 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 57 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 61 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 22 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 20 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 7 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 60 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 30 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 57′ </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 170 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 47 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 54 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 24 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 19 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 144 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 30 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 58 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 128 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 37 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 55 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 14 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 116 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 21 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 58′ </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 144 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 38 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 64 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 16 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 133 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 23 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Firsts </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 433 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 139 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 165 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 60 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 54 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 418 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 27 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Seconds </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 626 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 187 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 229 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 83 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 72 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 571 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 27 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 1,059 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 326 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 394 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 143 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 126 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 989 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 27 </td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead">FORKED.</p> + + <p>On November 19, 1912 there appeared in a stock of a double recessive + eye-color, vermilion maroon, a few males which showed a novel form of the + large bristles (macrochætæ) upon the head and thorax. In this mutation + (text-fig. E) the first of several which affect the shape and + distribution of the bristles, the macrochætæ, instead of <!-- Page 59 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page59"></a>{59}</span>being long, + slender, and tapered (see Plate 1, fig. <span class="scac">I</span>), are + greatly shortened and crinkled as though scorched. The ends are forked or + branched, bent sharply, or merely thickened. The bristles which are most + <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'disorted'." + >distorted</span> are those upon the scutellum, where they are sometimes + curled together into balls.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">LINKAGE OF VERMILION AND FORKED.</p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:23%;"> + <a href="images/png58.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/png58.jpg" + alt="Fig. E. Forked bristles" title="Fig. E. Forked bristles" /></a> + <span class="sc">Fig. E.</span>—Forked bristles. + </div> + + <p>Since forked arose in vermilion stock, the double recessive for these + two sex-linked factors could be used in testing the linkage relations of + the mutation. Vermilion forked males were crossed to wild females and + gave wild-type males and females, which inbred gave in F<sub>2</sub> the + results shown in table 39. Forked reappeared only in the males in the + following proportion: not-forked ♀, 742; not-forked ♂, 346; + forked ♂, 301. The result shows that the character is a sex-linked + recessive.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 39.</span>—<i>P<sub>1</sub> wild</i> ♀ ♀ × <i>vermilion-forked</i> ♂ ♂. <i>F<sub>1</sub> wild-type</i> ♀ ♀ +× <i>F<sub>1</sub> wild-type</i> ♂ ♂.</p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 39. Linkage of vermilion and forked." title="Table 39. Linkage of vermilion and forked."> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Wild-type<br />♀♀. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Non-cross-over ♂ ♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Cross-over ♂ ♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Total<br />♂ ♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Cross-<br />over<br />values.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Vermilion<br />forked. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Vermilion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Forked.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 9 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 366 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 113 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 123 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 49 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 41 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 326 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 28 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 11 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 376 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 116 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 150 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 42 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 31 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 339 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 22 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total.</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 742 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 229 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 273 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 91 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 72 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 665 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 25 </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>In table 39 vermilion forked and wild-type are non-cross-overs, and + vermilion and forked are cross-overs, giving a cross-over value of 25 + units. The locus, therefore, is 25 units to the right or to the left of + vermilion, that is, either about 58 or 8 units from the yellow locus.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">LINKAGE OF CHERRY AND FORKED.</p> + + <p>Forked males were crossed to cherry females (cherry has the same locus + as white, which is about 1 unit from yellow) and gave wild-type females + and cherry males. These gave in F<sub>2</sub> the results shown in table + 40. The non-cross-overs (cherry and forked) plus the cross-overs (cherry + forked and wild type) divided into the cross-overs give a cross-over + value of 46 units, which shows that the locus lies to the right of + vermilion, because if it had been to the left, the value would have been + 8 (<i>i. e.</i>, 33-25) instead of 33+25=58. The difference between 58 + <!-- Page 60 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page60"></a>{60}</span>and + 46 is due to the expected amount of double crossing-over. In fact, for a + distance as long as 58 an almost independent behavior of linked gens is + to be expected.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table</span> 40.—<i>P<sub>1</sub> cherry</i> ♀ ♀ × <i>forked</i> ♂ ♂. <i>F<sub>1</sub> wild-type</i> ♀ ♀ × <i>F<sub>1</sub> cherry</i> ♂ ♂.</p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 40. Linkage of cherry and forked." title="Table 40. Linkage of cherry and forked."> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Females. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Non-cross-over ♂ ♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Cross-over ♂ ♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Total<br />♂ ♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Cross-<br />over<br />values.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cherry. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cherry. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Forked. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cherry<br />forked. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 25 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 129 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 145 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 73 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 70 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 65 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 68 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 276 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 48 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 25′ </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 167 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 148 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 74 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 82 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 66 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 88 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 310 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 50 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 36 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 96 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 88 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 52 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 52 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 35 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 51 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 190 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 45 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 36′ </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 57 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 76 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 41 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 32 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 24 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 30 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 127 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 43 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 84 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 76 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 86 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 40 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 34 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 38 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 26 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 138 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 46 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 84′ </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 62 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 71 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 24 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 39 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 25 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 28 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 116 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 46 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 85 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 114 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 86 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 43 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 78 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 41 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 53 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 215 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 44 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 85′ </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 98 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 95 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 48 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 63 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 52 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 46 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 209 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 47 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 86 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 307 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 323 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 152 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 144 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 118 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 165 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 579 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 49 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 87 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 351 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 341 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 183 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 213 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 160 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 147 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 703 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 45 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 88 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 244 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 246 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 142 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 142 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 107 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 104 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 495 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 43 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 1,701 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 1,705 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 872 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 949 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 731 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 806 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 3,358 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 46 </td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead">LINKAGE OF FORKED, BAR, AND FUSED.</p> + + <p>This value of 58 gave the furthest locus to the right obtained up to + that time, since forked is slightly beyond rudimentary. Later, the locus + for bar-eye was found still farther to the right, and the locus for fused + even farther to the right than bar. A cross was made involving these + three gens. A forked (not-bar) fused male was bred to a (not-forked) bar + (not-fused) female and gave bar females and males. The F<sub>1</sub> + females were back-crossed singly to forked fused males with the result + shown in table 41.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table</span> 41.—<i>P<sub>1</sub> bar</i> ♀ ♀ × <i>forked fused</i> ♂ ♂. <i>B. C. F<sub>1</sub> bar</i> ♀ +× <i>forked fused</i> ♂ ♂.</p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 41. Linkage of forked, bar and fused." title="Table 41. Linkage of forked, bar and fused."> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t41a.png"><img src="images/t41a.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t41b.png"><img src="images/t41b.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t41c.png"><img src="images/t41c.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t41d.png"><img src="images/t41d.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Total.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Forked<br />fused. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Forked<br />bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Fused. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Forked. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Bar<br />fused. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Forked<br />bar fused. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 163 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 45 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 55 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 108 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 164 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 71 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 90 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 166 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 165 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 97 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 106 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 209 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 21 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 35 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 59 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 33 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 23 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 39 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 250 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 309 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 581 </td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 61 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page61"></a>{61}</span></p> + + <p>The same three points were combined in a different way, namely, by + mating forked females to bar fused males. The bar daughters were + back-crossed to forked fused males and gave the results shown in table + 42.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 42</span>.—<i>P<sub>1</sub> forked</i> ♀ ♀ × <i>bar fused</i> ♂ ♂. <i>B.C. F<sub>1</sub> bar</i> ♀ × <i>forked +fused</i> ♂ ♂.</p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 42. Linkage of forked, bar and fused." title="Table 42. Linkage of forked, bar and fused."> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t42a.png"><img src="images/t42a.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t42b.png"><img src="images/t42b.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t42c.png"><img src="images/t42c.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t42d.png"><img src="images/t42d.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Total.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Forked. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Fused<br />bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Forked<br />bar fused. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Forked<br />fused. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Forked<br />bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Fused.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 158 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 131 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 124 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 262 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 159 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 31 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 45 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 76 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 160 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 29 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 23 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 55 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 161 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 24 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 36 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 162 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 96 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 91 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 191 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total.</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 311 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 294 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 5 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 6 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 620 </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>By combining the results of tables 41 and 42 data are obtained for + cross-over values from which (by balancing the inviable classes, as + explained in table 43) the element of inviability is reduced to a + minimum.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 43</span>.</p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 43. Linkage of forked, bar and fused." title="Table 43. Linkage of forked, bar and fused."> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> <a href="images/t18a.png"><img src="images/t18a.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> <a href="images/t18b.png"><img src="images/t18b.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> <a href="images/t18c.png"><img src="images/t18c.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> <a href="images/t18d.png"><img src="images/t18d.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Total.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1,164 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 5 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 32 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1,201 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Per cent. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 96.9 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0.42 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2.7 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The linkages involved in these data are very strong. The cross-overs + between forked and bar number only 5 in a total of 1,201, which gives + less than 0.5 per cent of crossing-over. There are 32 cross-overs or 2.7 + per cent between bar and fused. The value for forked fused is the sum of + the two other values, or 3.1 per cent.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">LINKAGE OF SABLE, RUDIMENTARY, AND FORKED.</p> + + <p>Rudimentary, forked, bar, and fused form a rather compact group at the + right end of the chromosome, as do yellow, lethal 1, white, abnormal, + etc., at the zero end. The following two experiments were made to + determine more accurately the interval between rudimentary and the other + members of this group. A sable rudimentary forked <!-- Page 62 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page62"></a>{62}</span>male mated to a wild + female gave wild-type sons and daughters. These inbred give the results + shown in table 44.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table</span> 44.—<i>P<sub>1</sub> sable rudimentary forked</i> ♂ × <i>wild</i> ♀. <i>F<sub>1</sub> wild-type</i> ♀ +× <i>F<sub>1</sub> wild-type</i> ♂ ♂.</p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 44. Linkage of sable, rudimentary and forked" title="Table 44. Linkage of sable, rudimentary and forked."> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Wild-<br />type<br />♀♀. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t44a.png"><img src="images/t44a.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t44b.png"><img src="images/t44b.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t44c.png"><img src="images/t44c.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t44d.png"><img src="images/t44d.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Sable<br />rudi-<br />mentary<br />forked. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Sable. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Rudi-<br />mentary<br />forked. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Sable<br />rudi-<br />mentary. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Forked. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Sable<br />forked. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Rudi-<br />mentary.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 264 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 98 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 28 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 17 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 5 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 265 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 97 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 29 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 54 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 9 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 266 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 114 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 42 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 49 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 309 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 99 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center">120 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 17 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 25 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> .. </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>There were 265 males, of which 42 were cross-overs between sable and + rudimentary and 4 between rudimentary and forked. The values found are: + sable rudimentary, 16; rudimentary forked, 1.5; sable forked, 17.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">LINKAGE OF RUDIMENTARY, FORKED, AND BAR.</p> + + <p>The three gens, rudimentary, forked, and bar, form a very compact + group. A rudimentary forked male was crossed to bar females and the + daughters (bar) were back-crossed singly to rudimentary forked males, the + results being shown in table 45.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table</span> 45.—<i>P<sub>1</sub> rudimentary forked</i> ♂ × <i>bar</i> ♀. <i>B.C. F<sub>1</sub> bar</i> ♀ +× <i>rudimentary forked</i> ♂ ♂.</p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 45. Linkage of rudimentary, forked and bar." title="Table 45. Linkage of rudimentary, forked and bar."> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t45a.png"><img src="images/t45a.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t45b.png"><img src="images/t45b.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t45c.png"><img src="images/t45c.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t45d.png"><img src="images/t45d.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Rudi-<br />mentary<br />forked. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Rudi-<br />mentary<br />bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Forked. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Rudi-<br />mentary<br />forked<br />bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Rudi-<br />mentary. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Forked<br />bar.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 267 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 56 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 104 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 268 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 82 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 86 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 269 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 68 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 101 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 206 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 291 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> .. </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The cross-over values are: rudimentary forked, 1; forked bar, 0.6; + rudimentary bar, 1.6. The order of factors is rudimentary, forked, bar. + On the basis of the total data the locus of forked is at 56.5. <!-- Page + 63 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page63"></a>{63}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">SHIFTED.</p> + + <p>Shifted appeared (January 1913) in a stock culture of vermilion dot. + The chief characteristic of this mutant is that the third longitudinal + vein (see text-fig. <span class="scac">F</span>) does not reach the + margin as it does in the normal fly. The vein is displaced toward the + fourth throughout its length, and only very rarely does it extend far + enough to join the marginal vein. The cross-vein between the third and + the fourth veins is often absent because of the shifting. The flies + themselves are smaller than normal. The wings are held out from the body + at a wide angle. The two posterior bristles of the scutellum are much + reduced in size and stick straight up—a useful landmark by which + just-hatched shifted flies may be recognized, even though the wings are + not expanded.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">LINKAGE OF SHIFTED AND VERMILION.</p> + + <p>Since shifted arose in vermilion, the double recessive shifted + vermilion was available for the following linkage experiment: shifted + vermilion males by wild females gave wild-type males and females which + inbred gave the data shown in table 46.</p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:26%;"> + <a href="images/png62.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/png62.jpg" + alt="Fig. F. Shifted venation." title="Fig. F. Shifted venation." /></a> + <p class="poem"><span class="sc">Fig. F</span>.—Shifted venation. + The third longitudinal vein is shifted toward the fourth and fails to + reach the margin. Cross-vein between third and fourth longitudinal + veins is lacking.</p> + </div> + + <p>Disregarding the eye-color, the following is a summary of the + preceding results: wild-type ♀, 1,001; wild-type ♂, 437; + shifted ♂, 328. The result shows that shifted is a sex-linked + recessive. The data of table 46 show that the locus of shifted lies about + 15 units on one side or the other of vermilion, which from the calculated + position of vermilion at 33 would give a position for shifted at either + 18 or 48 from yellow.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 46.</span>—<i>P<sub>1</sub> shifted vermilion ♂ ♂ × wild ♀ ♀. F<sub>1</sub> wild-type ♀ +× F<sub>1</sub> wild-type ♂ ♂.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 46. Linkage of shifted and vermilion." title="Table 46. Linkage of shifted and vermilion."> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Females. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Non-cross-over ♂ ♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Cross-over ♂ ♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Total<br />♂ ♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Cross-<br />over<br />values.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Shifted<br />vermilion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Shifted. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Vermilion.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 13 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 345 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 79 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 115 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 8 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 25 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 227 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15</td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 29 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 68 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 20 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 32 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 59 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 12</td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 30 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 191 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 37 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 54 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 5 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 13 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 109 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 17</td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 31 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 151 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 41 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 65 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 17 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 13 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 136 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 22</td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 33 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 133 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 49 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 40 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 6 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 99 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 10</td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 34 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 113 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 56 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 59 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 9 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 135 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15</td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 1,001 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 282 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 365 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 46 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 72 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 765 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 15</td></tr> + +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 64 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page64"></a>{64}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">LINKAGE OF SHIFTED, VERMILION, AND BAR.</p> + + <p>In order to determine on which side of vermilion shifted lies, a + shifted vermilion (not-bar) female was crossed to a (not-shifted red) bar + male. Three factors are involved, of which one, bar, is dominant. The + shifted vermilion (not-bar) stock is a triple recessive, and a + three-point back-cross was therefore possible. The daughters were bar and + the sons were shifted vermilion (the triple recessive). Inbred these gave + the results shown in table 46. The smallest classes (double cross-overs) + are shifted and vermilion bar, which places shifted to the left of + vermilion at approximately 17.8 units from yellow.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table</span> 47.—<i>P<sub>1</sub> shifted vermilion</i> ♀ × <i>bar</i> ♂ ♂. <i>F<sub>1</sub> bar</i> ♀ × <i>F<sub>1</sub> shifted +vermillion</i> ♂ ♂.</p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 47. Linkage of shifted, vermilion and bar." title="Table 47. Linkage of shifted, vermilion and bar."> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t47a.png"><img src="images/t47a.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t47b.png"><img src="images/t47b.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t47c.png"><img src="images/t47c.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t47d.png"><img src="images/t47d.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Total. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> Cross-over values.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Shifted<br />ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Shifted<br />bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Shifted<br />ver-<br />milion<br />bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Shifted. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Shifted<br />ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Shifted<br />bar.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 65 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 56 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center">108 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 20 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 8 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 33 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 242 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 18 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 31 </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The stock of shifted has been thrown away, since too great difficulty + was encountered in maintaining it, because, apparently, of sterility in + the females.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">LETHALS SA AND SB.</p> + + <p>The first lethal found by Miss Rawls was in a stock that had been bred + for about 3 years. While there was no <i>a priori</i> reason that could + be given to support the view that lethal mutations would occur more + frequently among flies inbred in confinement, nevertheless a hundred + females from each of several newly caught and from each of several + confined stocks were examined for lethals (Stark, 1915). No lethals were + found among the wild stocks, but 4 were found among the confined stocks. + Whether this difference is significant is perhaps open to question. The + first lethal was found in January 1913, in a stock that had been caught + at Falmouth, Massachusetts, in 1911, and had been inbred for 18 months, + <i>i.e.</i>, for about 50 generations. This lethal, lethal <i>sa</i>, was + recessive and behaved like the former lethals, being transmitted by half + the females and causing the death of half the sons. The position of this + lethal to the X chromosome was found as follows, by means of the + cross-over value white lethal <i>sa</i>. Lethal-bearing females were + mated to white males and the lethal-bearing daughters were again mated to + white males. The white sons (894) were non-cross-overs and the red sons + (256) were cross-overs. The percentage of crossing-over <!-- Page 65 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page65"></a>{65}</span>is 22.2. A + correction of 0.4 unit should be added for double crossing-over, + indicating that the locus is 22.6 units from white, or at 23.7.</p> + + <p>When the work on lethal <i>sa</i> had been continued for 3 months, the + second lethal, lethal <i>sb</i>, was found (April 1913) to be present in + a female which was already heterozygous for lethal <i>sa</i>. It is + probable that this second lethal arose as a mutation in the father, and + that a sperm whose X carried lethal <i>sb</i> fertilized an egg whose X + carried lethal <i>sa</i>. As in the cases of lethals 1 and 1<i>a</i> and + lethals 3 and 3<i>a</i>, this lethal, lethal <i>sb</i>, was discovered + from the fact that only a very few sons were produced, there being 82 + daughters and only 3 sons. If, as in the other cases, the number of + daughters is taken as the number of non-cross-overs and twice the number + of sons as the cross-overs, it is found that the two lethals are about 7 + units apart. Since the two lethals were in different X chromosomes, all + the daughters should receive one or the other lethal, except in those few + cases in which crossing over had taken place. Of the daughters 19 were + tested and every one was found to carry a lethal. Again, if the + cross-over values of the lethals with some other character, such as white + eyes, be found and plotted, the curve should show two modes corresponding + to the two lethals. This test was applied, but the curve failed to show + two modes clearly,<a name="NtA7" href="#Nt7"><sup>[7]</sup></a> the two + lethals being too close together to be differentiated by the small number + of determinations that were made. It seems probable that lethal <i>sa</i> + and lethal <i>sb</i> are about 5 units apart.</p> + + <p>The position of lethal <i>sb</i> was accurately found by continuing + the determinations with a white lethal cross-over. A white female was + found which had only one of the two lethals and the linkage of this + lethal with eosin and miniature was found as follows: A female carrying + white and lethal in one chromosome and no mutant factor in the homologous + chromosome was bred to an eosin miniature male. The white eosin daughters + carried lethal, and their sons show the amount of crossing-over between + white and lethal (15.6), between lethal and miniature (19.9), and between + white and miniature (32.9). The data on which these calculations are + based are given in table 48.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 48</span>.—<i>Data on the linkage of white, lethal sb, and miniature, +from Stark, 1915</i>.</p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 48. Linkage of white, lethal sb, and miniature." title="Table 48. Linkage of white, lethal sb, and miniature."> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> <a href="images/t48a.png"><img src="images/t48a.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> <a href="images/t48b.png"><img src="images/t48b.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> <a href="images/t48c.png"><img src="images/t48c.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> <a href="images/t48d.png"><img src="images/t48d.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Total. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> Cross-over values.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Eosin<br />miniature. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> White<br />miniature. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Eosin. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> White. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> White<br />lethal <i>sb</i>. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Lethal <i>sb</i>.<br />miniature. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> White<br />miniature.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2,421 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 524 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 685 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 48 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 3,678 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15.6 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 19.9 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 32.9 </td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 66 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page66"></a>{66}</span></p> + + <p>The locus of this lethal is at 16.7; the locus of lethal <i>sa</i> was + found to be at 23.7, so that the lethal at 16.7 is evidently the second + lethal or lethal <i>sb</i> whose advent gave rise to the high sex-ratio. + This interpretation is in accord with the curve which Miss Stark + published, for although the mode which corresponds to lethal <i>sa</i> is + weak, the mode at 15-16 is well marked.</p> + + <p>The two other lethals, lethals <i>sc</i> and <i>sd</i>, which came up + in the course of these experiments by Miss Stark, are treated in other + sections of this paper.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">BAR.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(<a href="#plate2">Plate II</a>, figures 12 and 13.)</p> + + <p>The dominant sex-linked mutant called bar-eye (formerly called barred) + appeared in February 1913 in an experiment involving rudimentary and + long-winged flies (Tice, 1914). A female that is heterozygous for bar has + an eye that is intermediate between the rounded eye of the wild fly and + the narrow band of the bar stock. This heterozygous bar female is always + readily distinguishable from the normal, but can not always be separated + from the pure bar. Bar is therefore nearly always used as a dominant and + back-crosses are made with normal males.</p> + + <p>Bar is the most useful sex-linked character so far discovered, on + account of its dominance, the certainty of its classification, and its + position near the right end of the X chromosome. The locus of bar at 57 + was determined on the basis of the data of table 65.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">NOTCH.</p> + + <p>A sex-linked dominant factor that brings about a notch at the ends of + the wings appeared in March 1913, and has been described and figured by + Dexter (1914, p. 753, and fig. 13, p. 730). The factor acts as a lethal + for the male. Consequently a female heterozygous for notch bred to a wild + male gives a 2:1 sex-ratio; half of her daughters are notch and half + normal; the sons are only normal. The actual figures obtained by Dexter + were 235 notch females, 270 normal females, and 235 normal males.</p> + + <p>The location of notch in the X chromosome was not determined by + Dexter, but the mutant has appeared anew three or four times and the + position has been found by Bridges to be approximately at 2.6. <!-- Page + 67 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page67"></a>{67}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">DEPRESSED.</p> + + <p>Several mutations have appeared in which the wings are not flat. Of + these the first that appeared was curved (second chromosome), in which + the wings are curved downward throughout their length, but are elevated + and held out sidewise from the body; the texture is thinner than normal. + The second of these wing mutants to appear was jaunty (second + chromosome), in which the wings turn up sharply at the tip; they lie in + the normal position. The third mutant, arc (second chromosome), has, as + its name implies, its wings curved like the arc of a circle. The fourth + mutant, bow (first chromosome, fig. <span class="sc">c</span>), is like + arc, but the amount of curvature is slightly less. The fifth mutant, + depressed (first chromosome, fig. <span class="sc">g</span>), has the tip + of its wings turned down instead of up, as in jaunty, but, as in jaunty, + the wing is straight, except near the tip, where it bends suddenly. These + stocks have been kept separate since their origin, and flies from them + have seldom been crossed to each other, because in the succeeding + generations it would be almost impossible to make a satisfactory + classification of the various types. But that they are genetically + different mutations is at once shown on crossing any two, when wild-type + offspring are produced. For instance, bow and arc are the two most nearly + alike. Mated together (bow ♂ by arc ♀), they give in + F<sub>1</sub> straight-winged flies which inbred give in F<sub>2</sub> 9 + straight to 7 not-straight (<i>i.e.</i>, bow, arc, and bow arc + together).</p> + + <p>Depressed wings first appeared (April 1913) among the males of a + culture of black flies. They were mated to their sisters and from + subsequent generations both males and females with depressed wings were + obtained which gave a pure stock. This new character proved to be another + sex-linked recessive.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">LINKAGE OF DEPRESSED AND BAR.</p> + + <p>Depressed (not-bar) males mated to (not-depressed) bar females gave + bar daughters. Two of these were back-crossed singly to depressed males + and gave the results shown in table 49. Males and females were not + separated, since they should give the same result.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 49</span>.—<i>P<sub>1</sub> depressed</i> ♀ ♀ × <i>bar</i> ♀ ♀. <i>B.C. F<sub>1</sub> bar</i> ♀ × <i>depressed</i> ♂ ♂.</p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 49. Linkage of depressed and bar" title="Table 49. Linkage of depressed and bar"> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Non-cross-overs. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Cross-overs. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Total. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Cross-<br />over<br />values.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Depressed. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Depressed<br />bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 66 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 48 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 51 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 21 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 41 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 161 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 39 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 67 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 85 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 104 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 44 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 70 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 303 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 38 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total.</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 133 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 155 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 65 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 111 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 464 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 38 </td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 68 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page68"></a>{68}</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:68%;"> + <a href="images/png67.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/png67.jpg" + alt="Fig. G.--Depressed wing." title="Fig. G.--Depressed wing." /></a> + <span class="sc">Fig</span>. G.—Depressed wing. + </div> + +<p class="cenhead">LINKAGE OF CHERRY, DEPRESSED, AND VERMILION.</p> + + <p>The linkage value 38 (see table 49) indicates that depressed is + somewhere near the opposite end of the series of sex-linked factors from + bar. The locus could be more accurately determined by finding the linkage + relations of depressed with gens at its end of the chromosome. + Accordingly, depressed females were crossed to cherry vermilion males. + F<sub>1</sub> gave wild-type females and depressed males. The daughters + bred again to cherry vermilion males gave the results shown in table 50. + The data only suffice to show that the locus of depressed is about midway + between cherry and vermilion, or at about 15 units from yellow.</p> + + <p>The F<sub>1</sub> males in the last experiment did not have their + wings as much depressed as is the condition in stock males, and in + F<sub>2</sub> most of the depressed winged males were of the + F<sub>1</sub> type, although a few were like those of stock. This result + suggests that the stock is a double recessive, <i>i. e.</i>, one that + contains, in addition to the sex-linked depressed, an autosomal factor + that intensifies the effect of the primary sex-linked factor.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table</span> 50.—<i>P<sub>1</sub> depressed ♀ × cherry vermilion ♂ ♂.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 50. Linkage of cherry, depressed and vermilion." title="Table 50. Linkage of cherry, depressed and vermilion."> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2" rowspan="2"> First<br />generation. +</td><td> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="10"> Second generation.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Ref-<br />erence. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> ♀♀. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t50a.png"><img src="images/t50a.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t50b.png"><img src="images/t50b.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t50c.png"><img src="images/t50c.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t50d.png"><img src="images/t50d.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type<br />♀♀. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Depressed<br />♂♂. +</td><td> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cherry<br />ver-<br />milion<br />♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> De-<br />pressed<br />♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cherry<br />de-<br />pressed<br />♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cherry<br />♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> De-<br />pressed<br />ver-<br />milion<br />♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cherry<br />de-<br />pressed<br />ver-<br />milion<br />♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type<br />♂.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 21 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 31 </td><td></td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 19 I </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 59 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 23 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 24 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 6 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 6 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 5 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 5 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td></tr> + +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 69 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page69"></a>{69}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">CLUB.</p> + + <p>In May 1913 there were observed in a certain stock some flies which, + although mature, did not unfold their wings (text-fig. H<i>a</i>). This + condition was at first found only in males and suspicion was aroused that + the character might be sex-linked. When these males were bred to wild + females the club-shaped wings reappeared only in the F<sub>2</sub> males, + but in smaller number than expected for a recessive sex-linked character. + The result led to the further suspicion that not all those individuals + that are genetically club show club somatically. These points are best + illustrated and proven by the following history of the stock:</p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:71%;"> + <a href="images/png68.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/png68.jpg" + alt="Fig. H. Club wing." title="Fig. H. Club wing." /></a> + <p class="poem"><span class="sc">Fig. H.</span>—Club wing. + <i>a</i> shows the unexpanded wings of club flies; <i>c</i> shows the + absence of the two large bristles from the side of the thorax present + in the normal condition of the wild, <i>b</i>.</p> + </div> + + <p>Club females were obtained by breeding F<sub>2</sub> club males to + their F<sub>2</sub> long-winged sisters, half of which should be + heterozygous for club. <!-- Page 70 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page70"></a>{70}</span><span class="correction" title="A line seems to be missing here'." + >5,352</span>; wild-type ♂, 4,181; club ♂, 236. The + wild-type males include, of course, those club males that have expanded + wings (potential clubs).</p> + + <p>Club females by wild males gave in the F<sub>2</sub> generation (mass + cultures): wild-type ♀, 1,131; wild-type ♂, 897; club + ♀, 57; club ♂, 131.</p> + + <p>It is noticeable that there were fewer club females than club males, + equality being expected, which might appear to indicate that the club + condition is more often realized by the male than by the female, but + later crosses show that the difference here is not a constant feature of + the cross.</p> + + <p>Long-winged males from club stock (potential clubs) bred to wild + females gave in F<sub>2</sub> the following: wild-type ♀, 521; + wild-type (and potential club) ♂, 403; club ♂, 82.</p> + + <p>Club females by club males of club stock gave in F<sub>2</sub>: + potential club ♀, 126; potential club ♂, 78; club ♀, + 95; club ♂, 81. These results are from 8 pairs. The high + proportion of club is noticeable.</p> + + <p>Potential club females and males from pure club stock (<i>i. e.</i>, + stock derived originally from a pair of club) gave in F<sub>2</sub> the + following: potential club ♀, 1,049; potential club ♂, 666; + club ♀, 450; club ♂, 453.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">GENOTYPIC CLUB.</p> + + <p>Accurate work with the club character was made possible by the + discovery of a character that is a constant index of the presence of + homozygous club. This character is the absence of the two large bristles + (text-fig. H<i>c</i>) that are present on each side of the thorax of the + wild fly as shown in figure H<i>b</i>. All club flies are now classified + by this character and no attention is paid to whether the wings remain as + pads or become expanded.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">LINKAGE OF CLUB AND VERMILION.</p> + + <p>The linkage of club and vermilion is shown by the cultures listed in + table 51, which were obtained as controls in working with lethal III. The + cross-over value is shown in the male classes by the cross-over fraction + <sup>276</sup>/<sub>1463</sub> or 19 per cent.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">LINKAGE OF YELLOW, CLUB, AND VERMILION.</p> + + <p>The data just given in <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'table 50'." + >table 51</span> show that club is 19 units from vermilion, but in order + to determine in which direction from vermilion it lies, the crossing-over + of club to one other gen must be tested. For this test we used yellow, + which lies at the extreme left of the chromosome series. At the same time + we included vermilion, so that a three-point experiment was made.</p> + + <p>Females that were (gray) club vermilion were bred to yellow (not-club + red) and gave wild-type daughters and club vermilion sons. These inbred + gave the results of table 52.</p> + + <p>The data from the males show that the locus of club is about midway + between yellow and vermilion. This conclusion is based on the <!-- Page + 71 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page71"></a>{71}</span>evidence that + yellow and club give 18 per cent of crossing-over, club and vermilion 20 + per cent, and yellow and vermilion 35 per cent. The double cross-overs on + this view are yellow club (3) and vermilion (3). The females furnish + additional data for the linkage of club and vermilion. The value + calculated from the female classes alone is 20 units, which is the same + value as that given by the males.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 51</span>.—<i>P<sub>1</sub> club</i> ♀ ♀ × <i>vermilion</i> ♂ ♂. <i>F<sub>1</sub> wild-type</i> ♀ × <i>F<sub>1</sub> club</i> ♂.</p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 51. Linkage of club and vermilion." title="Table 51. Linkage of club and vermilion."> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Females. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Non-cross-over ♂ ♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Cross-over ♂ ♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Total<br />♂ ♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Cross-<br />over<br />values.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Club. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Club<br />Vermilion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 137 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 75 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 17 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 39 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 6 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 73 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 23 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 138 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 64 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 24 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 32 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 6 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 8 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 70 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 20 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 139 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 56 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 31 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 48 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 140 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 74 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 13 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 39 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 5 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 60 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 13 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 144 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 97 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 30 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 40 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 13 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 93 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 25 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 145 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 63 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 29 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 6 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 54 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 19 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 146 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 126 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 44 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 46 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 9 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 9 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 108 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 106 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 92 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 33 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 34 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 6 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 83 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 19 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 107 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 55 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 31 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 25 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 7 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 66 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 108 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 86 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 29 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 32 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 7 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 78 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 22 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 109 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 103 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 25 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 36 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 9 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 74 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 18 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 83 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 30 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 34 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 6 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 9 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 79 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 19 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 77 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 18 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 26 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 7 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 8 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 59 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 25 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 67 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 20 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 21 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 6 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 7 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 54 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 24 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 126 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 32 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 60 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 13 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 120 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 23 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 63 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 21 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 28 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 7 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 66 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 26 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 114 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 45 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 71 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 9 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 7 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 132 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 12 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 46 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 18 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 18 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 42 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 14 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 111 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 35 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 56 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 6 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 7 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 104 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 13 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total.</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 1,578 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 490 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 697 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 125 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 151 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 1,463 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 19 </td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 52</span>.—<i>P<sub>1</sub> club vermilion</i> ♀ ♀ × <i>yellow</i> ♂ ♂. <i>F<sub>1</sub> wild-type</i> ♀ ♀ +× <i>F<sub>1</sub> club vermilion</i> ♂ ♂.</p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 52. Linkage of yellow, club and vermilion." title="Table 52. Linkage of yellow, club and vermilion."> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="4"> F<sub>2</sub> females. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="8"> F<sub>2</sub> males.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Non-cross-<br />overs. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Cross-overs. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t52a.png"><img src="images/t52a.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t52b.png"><img src="images/t52b.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t52c.png"><img src="images/t52c.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t52d.png"><img src="images/t52d.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Club<br />ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Club. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Yellow. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Club<br />ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Yellow<br />club<br />ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Yellow<br />ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Club. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Yellow<br />Club. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 99 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 44 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 52 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 13 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 7 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 35 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 27 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 9 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 8 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 100 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 38 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 58 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 6 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 12 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 43 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 23 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 14 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 101 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 30 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 32 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 6 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 12 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 19 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 24 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 6 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 5 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 102 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 44 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 55 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 20 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 13 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 48 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 38 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 12 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 14 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 8 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 103 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> ... </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center">... </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> ... </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> ... </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 43 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 32 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 7 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 16 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 13 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 7 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 156 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center">197 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 45 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 44 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 188 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 144 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 28 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 59 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 50 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 50 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 72 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page72"></a>{72}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">LINKAGE OF CHERRY, CLUB, AND VERMILION.</p> + + <p>The need for a readily workable character whose gen should lie in the + long space between cherry and vermilion has long been felt. Cherry and + vermilion are so far apart that there must be considerable double + crossing-over between them. But with no favorably placed character which + is at the same time viable and clearly and rapidly distinguishable, we + were unable to find the exact amount of double crossing-over, and hence + could not make a proper correction in plotting the chromosome. Club + occupies just this favorable position nearly midway between cherry and + vermilion. The distances from cherry to club and from club to vermilion + are short enough so that no error would be introduced if we ignored the + small amount of double crossing-over within each of these distances.</p> + + <p>It thus becomes important to know very exactly the cross-over values + for cherry club and club vermilion. The experiment has the form of the + yellow club vermilion cross of table 52, except that cherry is used + instead of yellow. Cherry is better than yellow because it is slightly + nearer club than is yellow and because the bristles of yellow flies are + very inconspicuous. In yellow flies the bristles on the side of the + thorax are yellowish brown against a yellow background, while in + gray-bodied flies the bristles are very black against a light + yellowish-gray background.</p> + + <p>For the time being we are able to present only incomplete results upon + this cross. In the first experiment cherry females were crossed to club + vermilion males and the wild-type daughters were back-crossed to cherry + club vermilion, which triple recessive had been secured for this purpose. + Table 53 gives the results.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table</span> 53.—<i>P<sub>1</sub> cherry</i> ♀ ♀ × <i>club vermilion</i> ♂ ♂. <i>B. C. F</i><sub>1</sub> <i>wild-type</i> ♀ +× <i>cherry club vermilion</i> ♂ ♂.</p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 53. Linkage of cherry, club, and vermilion." title="Table 53. Linkage of cherry, club, and vermilion."> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Refer-<br />ence. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t53a.png"><img src="images/t53a.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t53b.png"><img src="images/t53b.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t53c.png"><img src="images/t53c.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t53d.png"><img src="images/t53d.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Total. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> Cross-over values.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cherry. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Club<br />ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cherry<br />club<br />ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cherry<br />ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Club. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cherry<br />club. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cherry<br />club. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Club<br />ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cherry<br />ver-<br />milion.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 163 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 68 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 68 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 21 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 13 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 185 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 8 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 19 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 26 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 164 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 99 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 67 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 13 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 21 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 21 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 12 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 234 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 29 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 165 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 23 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 37 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 9 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 7 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 95 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 19 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 25 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 35 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 166 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 107 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 86 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 14 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 28 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 31 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 43 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 315 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 25 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 37 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 167 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 42 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 49 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 7 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 12 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 136 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 16 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 20 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 30 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 168 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 40 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 30 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 6 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 16 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 8 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 115 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 18 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 21 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 39 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 379 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 337 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 53 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 92 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 116 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 89 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 7 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 7 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 1,080 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 20 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 32 </td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 73 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page73"></a>{73}</span></p> + + <p>A complementary experiment was made by crossing cherry club vermilion + females to wild males and inbreeding the F<sub>1</sub> in pairs. Table 54 + gives the results of this cross.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table</span> 54.—<i>P<sub>1</sub> cherry club vermilion</i> ♂ ♂. ♀ ♀ × <i>wild</i> ♂ ♂. +<i>F<sub>1</sub> wild-type</i> ♀ × <i>F<sub>1</sub> cherry club vermilion</i> ♂ ♂.</p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 54. Linkage of cherry, club, and vermilion." title="Table 54. Linkage of cherry, club, and vermilion."> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Refer-<br />ence. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t54a.png"><img src="images/t54a.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t54b.png"><img src="images/t54b.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t54c.png"><img src="images/t54c.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t54d.png"><img src="images/t54d.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Total. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> Cross-over values.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cherry<br />club<br />ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cherry. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Club<br />ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cherry<br />club. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cherry<br />ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Club. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cherry<br />club. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Club<br />ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cherry<br />ver-<br />milion.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 188 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 60 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 76 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 12 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 8 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 12 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 29 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 200 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 22 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 30 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 189 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 228 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 314 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 48 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 44 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 50 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 60 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 8 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 753 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 13 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 16 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 27 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 197 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 68 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 81 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 23 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 13 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 9 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 22 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 218 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 17 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 31 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 356 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 471 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 83 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 65 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 71 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 111 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 5 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 9 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center">1,171 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 14 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 17 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 28 </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The combined data of tables 53 and 54 give 14.2 as the value for + cherry club. All the data thus far presented upon club vermilion (886 + cross-overs in a total of 4,681), give 19.2 as the value for club + vermilion. The locus of club on the basis of the total data available is + at 14.6.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">GREEN.</p> + + <p>In May 1913 there appeared in a culture of flies with gray body-color + a few males with a greenish-black tinge to the body and legs. The trident + pattern on the thorax, which is almost invisible in many wild flies, was + here quite marked. A green male was mated to wild females and gave in + F<sub>2</sub> a close approach to a 2:1:1 ratio. The green reappeared + only in the F<sub>2</sub> males, but the separation of green from gray + was not as easy or complete as desirable. From subsequent generations a + pure stock of green was made. A green female by wild male gave 138 + wild-type females and 127 males which were greenish. This green color + varies somewhat in depth, so that some of these F<sub>1</sub> males could + not have been separated with certainty from a mixed culture of green and + gray males.</p> + + <p>The results of these two experiments show that green is a sex-linked + melanistic character like sable, but the somatic difference produced is + much less than in the case of sable, so that the new mutation, although + genetically definite, is of little practical value. We have found several + eye-colors which differed from the red color of the wild fly by very + small differences. With some of these we have worked successfully by + using another eye-color as a developer. For example, the double recessive + vermilion "clear" is far more easily distinguished from vermilion than is + clear from red. But it is no small task to make up the stocks <!-- Page + 74 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page74"></a>{74}</span>necessary for + such a special study. In the case of green we might perhaps have employed + a similar method, performing all experiments with a common difference + from the gray in all flies used.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">CHROME.</p> + + <p>In a stock of forked fused there appeared, September 15, 1913, three + males of a brownish-yellow body-color. They were uniform in color, + without any of the abdominal banding so striking in other body-colors. + Even the tip of the abdomen lacked the heavy pigmentation which is a + marked secondary sexual character of the male. About 20 or more of these + males appeared in the same culture. This appearance of many males showing + a mutant character and the non-appearance of corresponding females is + usual for sex-linked characters. In such cases females appear in the next + generation, as they did in this case when the chrome males were mated to + their sisters in mass cultures. Since both females and males of chrome + were on hand, it should have been an easy matter to continue the stock, + but many matings failed, and it was necessary to resort to breeding in + heterozygous form. The chrome, however, gradually disappeared from the + stock. Such a difficult sex-linked mutation as this could be successfully + handled (like a lethal) if it could be mated to a double recessive whose + members lie one on each side of the mutant, but in the case of chrome + this was not attempted soon enough to save the stock.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">LETHAL 3.</p> + + <p>In the repetition of a cross between a white miniature male and a + vermilion pink male (December 1913), the F<sub>2</sub> ratios among the + males were seen to be very much distorted because of the partial absence + of certain classes (Morgan 1914<i>c</i>). While it was suspected that the + disturbance was due to a lethal, the data were useless for determining + the position of such a lethal, from the fact that more than one mother + had been used in each culture. From an F<sub>2</sub> culture that gave + practically a 2:1 sex-ratio, vermilion females were bred to club males. + Several such females gave sex-ratios. Their daughters were again mated to + vermilion males. Half of these daughters gave high female sex-ratios and + showed the linkage relations given in table 55.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 55</span>.—<i>Linkage data on club, lethal 3, and vermilion, from Morgan, 1914c</i>.</p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 55. Linkage of club, lethal 3, and vermilion." title="Table 55. Linkage of club, lethal 3, and vermilion."> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"> Females. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="4"> Males.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> <a href="images/t55a.png"><img src="images/t55a.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> <a href="images/t55b.png"><img src="images/t55b.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> <a href="images/t55c.png"><img src="images/t55c.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> <a href="images/t55d.png"><img src="images/t55d.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Club. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-type. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Club vermilion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Vermilion.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 588 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 182 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 28 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 75 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page75"></a>{75}</span></p> + + <p>Lethal 3 proved to lie between club and vermilion, 13 units from club + and 5 from vermilion. The same locus was indicated by the data from the + cross of vermilion lethal-bearing females by eosin miniature males. The + complete data bearing on the position of lethal 3 is summarized in table + 56. On the basis of this data lethal 3 is located at 26.5.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 56</span>.—<i>Summary of linkage data on lethal 3, from Morgan, 1914c</i>.</p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 56. Linkage data on lethal 3." title="Table 56. Linkage data on lethal 3."> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Gens. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Total. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cross-<br />overs. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cross-over<br />values.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Eosin lethal 3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1,327 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 268 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 20.2 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Eosin vermilion </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1,327 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 357 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 27.0 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Eosin miniature </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 3,374 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 967 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 29.0 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Club lethal 3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 222 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 29 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 13.0 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Club vermilion </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 877 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 161 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 18.4 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Lethal 3 vermilion </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1,549 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 105 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 6.8 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Lethal 3 miniature </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1,481 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 138 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 9.3 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Vermilion miniature </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1,327 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 31 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2.3 </td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead">LETHAL 3a.</p> + + <p>In January 1914 a vermilion female from a lethal 3 culture when bred + to a vermilion male gave 71 daughters and only 3 sons; 34 of these + daughters were tested, and every one of them gave a 2:1 sex-ratio. The + explanation advanced (Morgan 1914<i>c</i>) was that the mother of the + high ratio was heterozygous for lethal 3, and also for another lethal + that had arisen by mutation in the X chromosome brought in by the sperm. + On this interpretation the few males that survived were those that had + arisen through crossing-over. The rarity of the sons shows that the two + lethals were in loci near together, although here of course in different + chromosomes, except when one of them crossed over to the other. As + explained in the section on lethal 1 and 1<i>a</i> the distance between + the two lethals can be found by taking twice the number of the surviving + males (2+3) as the cross-overs and the number of the females as the + non-cross-overs. But the 34 daughters tested were also non-cross-overs, + since none of them failed to carry a lethal. The fractions (6+0)/(71+34) + = 6/105 give 5.7 as the distance between the lethals in question. In the + case of lethals 3 and 3<i>a</i> another test was applied which showed + graphically that two lethals were present. Each of the daughters tested + showed, by the classes of her sons, the amount of crossing-over between + white and that lethal of the two that she carried. These cross-over + values were plotted and gave a bimodal curve with modes 7 units apart. It + had already been shown that the locus of one of the two lethals was at + 26.5, and since the higher of the two modes was at about 23, it + corresponds to lethal 3. The data and the curve show that the lethals 3 + and 3<i>a</i> are about 7 units apart, <i>i. e.</i>, <span + class="correction" title="Original reads 'lethal 3'.">lethal + 3<i>a</i></span> lies at about 19.5. <!-- Page 76 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page76"></a>{76}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">LETHAL 1b.</p> + + <p>A cross between yellow white males and abnormal abdomen females gave + (February 1914) regular results in 10 F<sub>2</sub> cultures, but three + cultures gave 2 ♀ : 1 ♂ sex-ratios (Morgan, 1914<i>b</i>, + p. 92). The yellow white class, which was a non-cross-over class in these + 10 cultures, had disappeared in the 3 cultures. Subsequent work gave the + data summarized in table 57. At the time when the results of table 57 + were obtained it did not seem possible that two different lethals could + be present in the space of about 1 unit between yellow and white, and + this lethal was thought to be a reappearance of lethal 1 (Morgan, + 1912<i>b</i>, p. 92). Since then a large number of lethals have arisen, + one of them less than 0.1 unit from yellow, and at least one other + mutation has taken place between yellow and white, so that the + supposition is now rather that the lethal in question was not lethal 1. + Indeed, the linkage data show that this lethal, which may be called + lethal 1<i>b</i>, lies extraordinarily close to white, for the distance + from yellow was 0.8 unit and of white from yellow on the basis of the + same data 0.8. There was also a total absence of cross-overs between + lethal 1<i>b</i> and white in the total of 846 flies which could have + shown such crossing-over. On the basis of this linkage data alone we + should be obliged to locate lethal 1<i>b</i> at the point at which white + itself is situated, namely, 1.1, but on <i>a priori</i> grounds it seems + improbable that a lethal mutation has occurred at the same locus as the + factor for white eye-color. Farther evidence against this supposition is + that females that have one X chromosome with both yellow and white and + the other X chromosome with yellow, lethal, and white are exactly like + regular stock yellow white flies. The lethal must have appeared in a + chromosome which was already carrying white and yet did not affect the + character of the white. We prefer, therefore, to locate lethal 1<i>b</i> + at 1.1-.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 57</span>.—<i>Summary of all linkage data upon lethal 1b, from Morgan, 1914b</i>.</p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 57. Linkage data on lethal 1b." title="Table 57. Linkage data on lethal 1b."> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Gens. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Total. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cross-<br />overs. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cross-over<br />values.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Yellow lethal 1<i>b</i> </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 744 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 6 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0.81 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Yellow white </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2,787 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 23 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0.82 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Lethal 1<i>b</i> white </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 846 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 0.0 </td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead">FACET.</p> + + <p>Several autosomal mutations had been found in which the facets of the + compound eye are disarranged. One that was sex-linked appeared in + February 1914. Under the low power of the binocular microscope the facets + are seen to be irregular in arrangement, instead of being arranged in a + strictly regular pattern. The ommatidia are more nearly circular than + hexagonal in outline, and are variable in size, some being considerably + larger than normal. The large ones are also darker than <!-- Page 77 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page77"></a>{77}</span>the smaller, + giving a blotched appearance to the eye. The short hairs between the + facets point in all directions instead of radially, as in the normal eye. + The irregular reflection breaks up the dark fleck which is characteristic + of the normal eye. The shape of the eye differs somewhat from the normal; + it is more convex, smaller, and is encircled by a narrow rim destitute of + ommatidia.</p> + + <p>Facet arose in a back-cross to test the independence of speck (second + chromosome) and maroon (third chromosome). One of the cultures produced, + among the first males to hatch, some males which showed the facet + disarrangement. None of the females showed this character. The complete + output was that typical of a female heterozygous for a recessive + sex-linked character: not-facet ♀ ♀ (2), 112; not-facet + ♂ ♂ (1), 57; facet ♂ ♂ (1), 51.</p> + + <p>Of the three characters which were shown by the F<sub>2</sub> males, + one, facet, is sex-linked, another, speck, is in the second chromosome, + and maroon is in the third chromosome. All eight F<sub>2</sub> classes + are therefore expected to be equal in size, and each pair of characters + should show free assortment, that is, 50 per cent. The assortment value + for facet speck is 48, for speck maroon 52, and for facet maroon 48, as + calculated from the F<sub>2</sub> males of table 58.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 58</span>.—<i>P<sub>1</sub> speck maroon</i> ♂ × <i>wild</i> ♀ ♀. <i>B.C. F<sub>1</sub> wild-type</i> ♀ × <i>speck +maroon</i> ♂.</p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 58. Independence of facet, speck and maroon." title="Table 58. Independence of facet, speck and maroon."> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="4"> F<sub>2</sub> females. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="8"> F<sub>2</sub> males.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Speck<br />maroon. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Speck. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Maroon. + +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Facet. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Speck<br />maroon. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Facet<br />speck<br />maroon. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Facet<br />maroon. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Speck. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Fecet'.">Facet</span><br />speck. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Maroon.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 66 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 31 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 30 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 26 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 25 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 14 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 14 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 14 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 17 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 12 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 17 </td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead">LINKAGE OF FACET, VERMILION AND SABLE.</p> + + <p>In order to determine the location of facet in the first chromosome, + one of the facet males which appeared in culture 66 was crossed out to + vermilion sable females. Three of the wild-type daughters were + back-crossed to vermilion sable males. The females of the next generation + should give data upon the linkage of vermilion and sable, while the males + should show the linkage of all three gens, facet, vermilion, and sable. + The offspring of these three females are classified in table 59.</p> + + <p>The cross-over fraction for vermilion sable as calculated from the + females is <sup>19</sup>/<sub>194</sub>. The cross-over value + corresponding to this fraction is 10 units, which was the value found in + the more extensive experiments given in the section on sable.</p> + + <p>It will be noticed that the results in the males of culture 150 are + markedly different from those of the other two pairs. While the sable + males are fully represented, their opposite classes, the gray males, are + <!-- Page 78 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page78"></a>{78}</span>entirely absent. This result is due to a + lethal factor, lethal 5, which appeared in this culture for the first + time.</p> + + <p>The males of the two cultures 149 and 151 give the order of gens as + facet, vermilion, sable; that is, facet lies to the left of vermilion and + toward yellow. The cross-over values are: facet vermilion 40; vermilion + sable 12; facet sable 42. Since yellow and vermilion usually give but 34 + per cent of crossing-over, this large value of 40 for facet vermilion + shows that facet must lie very near to yellow.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 59</span>.—<i>P<sub>1</sub> facet</i> ♂ × <i>vermilion sable</i> ♀ ♀. <i>B.C. F<sub>1</sub> wild-type</i> ♀ +× <i>vermilion sable</i> ♂ ♂.</p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 59. Linkage of facet, vermilion and sable." title="Table 59. Independence of facet, vermilion and sable."> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="4"> F<sub>2</sub> females. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="8"> F<sub>2</sub> males.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Non-cross-overs. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Cross-overs. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t59a.png"><img src="images/t59a.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t59b.png"><img src="images/t59b.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t59c.png"><img src="images/t59c.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t59d.png"><img src="images/t59d.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />sable. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Sable. + +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Facet. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />sable. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Facet<br />ver-<br />milion<br />sable. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Facet<br />sable. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Facet<br />ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Sable.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 149 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 16 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 29 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 17 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 8 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 12 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 150 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 13 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 17 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 9 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 151 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 37 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 63 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 7 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 38 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 23 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 12 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 26 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 8 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 66 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 109 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 12 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 8 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 55 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 43 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 29 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 38 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 5 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 8 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 6 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead">LINKAGE OF EOSIN, FACET, AND VERMILION.</p> + + <p>In order to obtain more accurate information on the location of facet, + a facet male was mated to an eosin vermilion female. The F<sub>1</sub> + females were mated singly to wild males and they gave the results shown + in table 60. The F<sub>2</sub> females were not counted, since they do + not furnish any information. The evidence of table 60 places facet at 1.1 + units to the right of eosin, or at 2.2.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 60</span>.—<i>P<sub>1</sub> eosin vermilion</i> ♀ × <i>facet</i> ♂. <i>F<sub>1</sub> wild-type</i> ♀ × <i>wild</i> ♂.</p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 60. Linkage of eosin, facet, and vermilion." title="Table 60. Linkage of eosin, facet, and vermilion."> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t60a.png"><img src="images/t60a.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t60b.png"><img src="images/t60b.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t60c.png"><img src="images/t60c.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t60d.png"><img src="images/t60d.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Total. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> Cross-over values.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Eosin<br />ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Facet. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Eosin<br />facet. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Eosin. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Facet<br />ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Eosin<br />facet<br />ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-<br />type. + +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Eosin<br />facet. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Facet<br />ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Eosin<br />ver-<br />milion.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 512 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 43 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 43 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 13 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 16 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 116 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .... </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .... </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .... </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 513 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 28 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 35 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 19 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 5 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 89 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .... </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .... </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .... </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 514 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 18 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 31 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 17 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 78 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .... </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .... </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .... </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 515 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 18 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 60 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 20 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 113 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .... </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .... </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .... </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 516 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 31 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 7 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 12 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 60 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .... </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .... </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .... </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 517 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 24 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 34 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 10 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 12 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 80 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .... </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .... </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .... </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 518 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 44 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 38 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 23 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 22 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 130 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .... </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .... </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> .... </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> Total.</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 185 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 272 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 109 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 93 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> .. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 666 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 1.05 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 30.5 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 31.3 </td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 79 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page79"></a>{79}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">LETHAL SC.</p> + + <p>The third of the lethals which Miss Stark found (Stark, 1915) while + she was testing the relative frequency of occurrence of lethals in fresh + and inbred wild stocks arose in April 1914 in stock caught in 1910. + Females heterozygous for this lethal, lethal <i>sc</i>, were mated to + white males and the daughters were back-crossed to white males. Half of + the daughters gave lethal sex-ratio, and these gave 1,405 cross-overs in + a total of 3,053 males, from which the amount of crossing-over between + white and lethal <i>sc</i> has been calculated as 46 per cent.</p> + + <p>By reference to table 65 it is seen that white and bar normally give + only about 44 per cent of crossing-over in a two-locus experiment; lethal + <i>sc</i> then is expected to be situated at least as far to the right as + bar. Females heterozygous for lethal <i>sc</i> were therefore crossed to + bar males, and their daughters were tested. The lethal-bearing daughters + gave 144 cross-overs in a total of 1,734 males, that is, bar and lethal + <i>sc</i> gave 8.3 per cent of crossing-over. Lethal <i>sc</i> therefore + lies 8.3 units beyond bar or at about 66.5. The cross-over value sable + lethal <i>sc</i> was found to be 23.5 (387 cross-overs in a total of + 1,641 males) which places the lethal at 43+23.5, or at 66.5. We know from + other data that there is enough double crossing-over in the distance + which gives an experimental value of 23.5 per cent, so that the true + distance is a half unit longer or the locus at 67.0 is indicated by the + 1,641 males of the sable lethal experiment. In a distance so short that + the experimental value is only 8.3 per cent there is, as far as we have + been able to determine, no double crossing-over at all, or at most an + amount that is entirely negligible, so that a locus at 57+8.3 or 65.3 is + indicated by the 1,734 males of the bar lethal experiment. To get the + value indicated by the total data the cases may be weighted, that is, the + value 65.3 may be multiplied by 1,734, and 67.0 may be multiplied by + 1,641. The sum of these two numbers divided by the sum of 1,734 and 1,641 + gives 66.2 as the locus indicated by all the data available. This method + has been used in every case where more than one experiment furnishes data + upon the location of a factor. In constructing the map given in diagram I + rather complex balancings were necessary.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">LETHAL SD.</p> + + <p>The fourth lethal which Miss Stark found (May 1914) in the inbred + stocks of <i>Drosophila</i> has not been located by means of linkage + experiments. It is interesting in that the males which receive the lethal + factor sometimes live long enough to hatch. These males are extremely + feeble and never live more than two days. There is, as far as can be + seen, no anatomical defect to which their extreme feebleness and early + death can be attributed. <!-- Page 80 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page80"></a>{80}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">FURROWED.</p> + + <p>In studying the effect of hybridization upon the production of + mutations in <i>Drosophila</i>, F. N. Duncan found a sex-linked mutation + which he called "furrowed eye" (Duncan 1915). The furrowed flies are + characterized by a foreshortening of the head, which causes the surface + of the eye to be thrown into irregular folds with furrows between. The + spines of the scutellum are stumpy, a character which is of importance in + classification, since quite often flies occur which have no noticeable + disturbance of the eyes.</p> + + <p>The locus of furrowed was determined to be at 38.0 on the basis of the + data given in table 61.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 61</span>.—<i>Data on the linkage of furrowed, from Duncan, 1915</i>.</p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 61. Linkages of furrowed." title="Table 61. Linkages of furrowed."> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Gens. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="4"> F<sub>2</sub> males. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Total. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> Cross-over values.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> <a href="images/t61a.png"><img src="images/t61a.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> <a href="images/t61b.png"><img src="images/t61b.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> <a href="images/t61c.png"><img src="images/t61c.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> <a href="images/t61d.png"><img src="images/t61d.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Eosin<br />minia-<br />ture. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Minia-<br />ture<br />fur-<br />rowed. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Eosin<br />fur-<br />rowed.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Eosin, miniature,<br /> furrowed. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 142 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 59 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 4 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 208 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 29.8 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 30.4 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 30.3 </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> <a href="images/t61e.png"><img src="images/t61e.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> <a href="images/t61f.png"><img src="images/t61f.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> <a href="images/t61g.png"><img src="images/t61g.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> <a href="images/t61h.png"><img src="images/t61h.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Fur-<br />rowed<br />sable. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Sable<br />forked. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Fur-<br />rowed<br />forked.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Furrowed, sable,<br /> forked. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 166 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 9 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 31 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 3 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 209 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 5.7 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 16.3 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 19.1 </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> <a href="images/t61i.png"><img src="images/t61i.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> <a href="images/t61j.png"><img src="images/t61j.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> <a href="images/t61k.png"><img src="images/t61k.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> <a href="images/t61l.png"><img src="images/t61l.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Verm-<br />ilion<br />fur-<br />rowed. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Fur-<br />rowed<br />bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Verm-<br />ilion<br />fur-<br />rowed.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Vermilion, fur-<br /> rowed, bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 188 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 9 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 43 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 240 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 3.8 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 21.6 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 17.9 </td></tr> + +</table> + +<p class="cenhead">ADDITIONAL DATA FOR YELLOW, WHITE, VERMILION, AND MINIATURE.</p> + + <p>Considerable new work has been done by various students upon the + linkage of the older mutant characters, namely, yellow, white, vermilion, + and miniature. We have summarized these new data, and they give values + very close to those already published. We have included in the white + miniature data those published by P. W. Whiting (Whiting 1913). <!-- Page + 81 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page81"></a>{81}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 62</span>.—<i>Data upon the linkage of yellow, white, vermilion, and miniature</i> +(<i>contributed by students</i>).</p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 62. Linkage of yellow, white, vermilion, and miniature." title="Table 62. Linkage of yellow, white, vermilion, and miniature."> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Gens. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Non-cross-overs. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Cross-overs. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Total. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Cross-over<br />values.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t62a.png"><img src="images/t62a.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t62b.png"><img src="images/t62b.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> White miniature. </td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 6,219<a name="NtA8" href="#Nt8"><sup>[8]</sup></a> </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 7,378 </td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 3,754 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 3,337 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 20,688 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 34.2 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"></td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t62c.png"><img src="images/t62c.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t62d.png"><img src="images/t62d.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> </td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 1,651 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 1,116 </td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 671 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 1,047 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 4,485 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 38.3</td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"></td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t62e.png"><img src="images/t62e.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t62f.png"><img src="images/t62f.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Yellow miniature. </td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 761 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 923 </td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 421 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 653 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 2,758 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 39 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"></td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t62g.png"><img src="images/t62g.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t62h.png"><img src="images/t62h.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Vermilion miniature.</td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 1,685 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 1,460 </td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 32 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 36 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 3,213 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 2.1 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"></td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t62i.png"><img src="images/t62i.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t62j.png"><img src="images/t62j.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Yellow white. </td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 1,600 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 1,807 </td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 10 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 7 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 3,424 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 0.5 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"></td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t62k.png"><img src="images/t62k.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t62l.png"><img src="images/t62l.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Yellow vermilion. </td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 509 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 587 </td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 328 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 284 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 1,708 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 35.8 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"></td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t62m.png"><img src="images/t62m.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t62n.png"><img src="images/t62n.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> White bar. </td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 198 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 272 </td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 168 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 166 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 804 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 42 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"></td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t62o.png"><img src="images/t62o.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t62p.png"><img src="images/t62p.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Bifid rudimentary. </td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 142 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 15 </td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 12 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 116 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 285 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 45 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"></td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t62q.png"><img src="images/t62q.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t62r.png"><img src="images/t62r.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Rudimentary forked. </td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 73 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 211 </td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> ... </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 4 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 288 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 1.4 </td></tr> + +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 82 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page82"></a>{82}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">NEW DATA CONTRIBUTED BY A. H. STURTEVANT AND H. J. MULLER.</p> + + <p>Data from several experiments upon sex-linked characters described in + this paper have been contributed by Dr. A. H. Sturtevant and Mr. H. J. + Muller, and are given in table 63.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table</span> 63.—<i>Data contributed by A. H. Sturtevant and H. J. Muller.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 63. Data contributed by A. H. Sturtevant and H. J. Muller." title="Table 63. Data contributed by A. H. Sturtevant and H. J. Muller."> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="4"> Gens. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="8">Classes. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Total. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="3">Cross-over values. </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing" colspan="4"> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t63a.png"><img src="images/t63a.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t63b.png"><img src="images/t63b.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t63c.png"><img src="images/t63c.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t63d.png"><img src="images/t63d.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Yellow<br />white. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> White<br />bifid. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Yellow<br />bifid.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing" colspan="4"> Yellow white × bifid. +</td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 233</td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 254</td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 1 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 2 </td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 10 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 6 </td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> .. </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> .. </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 506 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 0.6 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 3.2 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 3.8 </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing" colspan="4"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing" colspan="4"> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t63e.png"><img src="images/t63e.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t63f.png"><img src="images/t63f.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t63g.png"><img src="images/t63g.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t63h.png"><img src="images/t63h.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Yellow<br />ver-<br />milion. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />bar. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Yellow<br />bar.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing" colspan="4"> Yellow × vermilion<br /> bar. +</td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 99 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 101 </td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 60 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 55 </td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 49 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 48 </td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 9 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 14 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 435 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 32 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 28 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 49 </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing" colspan="4"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing" colspan="4"> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t63i.png"><img src="images/t63i.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t63j.png"><img src="images/t63j.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t63k.png"><img src="images/t63k.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t63l.png"><img src="images/t63l.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> White<br />bifid. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Bifid<br />forked. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> White<br />forked.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing" colspan="4"> White bifid × forked. +</td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 84 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 77 </td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 9 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 6 </td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 65 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 59 </td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 1 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 5 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 306 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 7 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 42 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 45 </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing" colspan="4"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing" colspan="4"> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t63m.png"><img src="images/t63m.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t63n.png"><img src="images/t63n.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t63o.png"><img src="images/t63o.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t63p.png"><img src="images/t63p.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />minia-<br />ture. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Minia-<br />ture<br />sable. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Ver-<br />milion<br />sable.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing" colspan="4"> Vermilion miniature<br /> × sable. +</td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 152</td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 111</td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 4 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 2 </td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 5 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 12 </td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> .. </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> ..</td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 286 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 2.1 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 6 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 8.1 </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing" colspan="4"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"></td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing" colspan="4"> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t63q.png"><img src="images/t63q.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t63r.png"><img src="images/t63r.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t63s.png"><img src="images/t63s.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t63t.png"><img src="images/t63t.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Sable<br />rudi-<br />men-<br />tary. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Rudi-<br />men-<br />tary<br />forked. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Sable<br />forked.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing" colspan="4"> Sable rudimentary ×<br /> forked. +</td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 143 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 195</td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 26 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 27 </td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 4 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 3 </td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> .. </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> ..</td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 398 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 13.3 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 1.8 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 15 </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="16"><span class="sc">White Bifid</span> × <span class="sc">Rudimentary</span>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="4"> F<sub>2</sub> females. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="8"> F<sub>2</sub> males. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"> Total. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="3">Cross-over values. </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t63u.png"><img src="images/t63u.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t63v.png"><img src="images/t63v.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t63w.png"><img src="images/t63w.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t63x.png"><img src="images/t63x.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t63y.png"><img src="images/t63y.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t63z.png"><img src="images/t63z.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> White<br />bifid. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Bifid<br />rudi-<br />men-<br />tary. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> White<br />rudi-<br />men-<br />tary.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 228</td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 335 </td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 15 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 11 </td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 150</td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 66 </td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 2 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 10 </td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 29 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 135</td><td class="leftbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 2 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 1 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 395 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 3.8 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 42.3 </td><td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 44.5 </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="16"><span class="sc">White Bifid</span> × <span class="sc">Miniature Rudimentary</span>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t63za.png"><img src="images/t63za.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t63zb.png"><img src="images/t63zb.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t63zc.png"><img src="images/t63zc.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t63zd.png"><img src="images/t63zd.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t63ze.png"><img src="images/t63ze.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <a href="images/t63zf.png"><img src="images/t63zf.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> <a href="images/t63zg.png"><img src="images/t63zg.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> <a href="images/t63zh.png"><img src="images/t63zh.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> <a href="images/t63zi.png"><img src="images/t63zi.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a> +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> <a href="images/t63zj.png"><img src="images/t63zj.png" class="middle" style="height:6ex" alt="Symbol" /></a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> 344 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> 31 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> 109 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> 2 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> 58 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> 41 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 2 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 0 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 6 </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> 1 </td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 83 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page83"></a>{83}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">SUMMARY OF THE PREVIOUSLY DETERMINED CROSS-OVER VALUES.</p> + + <p>The data of the earlier papers, namely, Dexter, 1912; Morgan, + 1910<i>c</i>, 1911<i>a</i>, 1911<i>f</i>, 1912<i>f</i>, 1912<i>g</i>; + Morgan and Bridges, 1913; Morgan and Cattell, 1912 and 1913; Safir, 1913; + Sturtevant, 1913 and 1915; and Tice, 1914, have been summarized in a + recent paper by Sturtevant (Sturtevant, 1915) and are given here in table + 64. Our summary combines three summaries of Sturtevant, viz, that of + single crossing-over and two of double crossing-over.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 64</span>.—<i>Previously published data summarized from Sturtevant, 1915</i>.</p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 64. Previously published data." title="Table 64. Previously published data."> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Factors. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Total. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cross-overs. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cross-over<br />values.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Yellow white. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 46,564 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 498 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.0em;"> 1.07 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Yellow vermilion. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 10,603 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 3,644 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 33.4 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Yellow miniature. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 18,797 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 6,440 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 34.3 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Yellow rudimentary. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 2,563 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 1,100 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 42.9 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Yellow bar. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 191 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 88 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 46.1 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> White vermilion. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 15,257 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 4,910 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 32.1 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> White miniature. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 41,034 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 13,513 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 32.8 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> White rudimentary. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 5,847 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 2,461 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 42.1 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> White bar. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 5,151 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 2,267 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 44.0 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Vermilion miniature. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 5,329 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 212 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 4.0 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Vermilion rudimentary. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 1,554 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 376 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 24.1 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Vermilion bar. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 7,514 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 1,895 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 25.2 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Miniature rudimentary. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 12,567 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 2,236 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 17.8 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Miniature bar. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 3,112 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 636 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 20.4 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Rudimentary bar. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 159 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 7 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 4.4 </td></tr> + +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 84 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page84"></a>{84}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">SUMMARY OF ALL DATA UPON LINKAGE OF GENS IN CHROMOSOME I.</p> + + <p>In table 65 all data so far secured upon the sex-linked characters are + summarized. These data include the experiments previously published in + the papers given in the bibliography and the experiments given here. The + data from experiments involving three or more loci are calculated + separately for each value and included in the totals.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Table 65</span>.—<i>A summary of all linkage data upon chromosome I</i>.</p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Table 65. Summary of all linkage data upon chromosome I." title="Table 65. Summary of all linkage data upon chromosome I."> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Gens. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Total. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cross-overs. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Cross-over<br />values.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Yellow lethal 1. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 131 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 1 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 0.8 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Yellow lethal 1<i>b</i>. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 744 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 6 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 0.8 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Yellow white. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 81,299 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 875 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 1.1 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Yellow abnormal. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 15,314 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 299 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 2.0 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Yellow bifid. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 3,681 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 201 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 5.5 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Yellow club. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 525 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 93 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 17.7 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Yellow vermilion. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 13,271 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 4,581 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 34.5 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Yellow miniature. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 21,686 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 7,559 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 34.3 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Yellow sable. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 1,600 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 686 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 42.9 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Yellow rudimentary. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 2,563 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 1,100 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 42.9 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Yellow bar. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 626 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 300 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 47.9 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Lethal 1 white. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 1,763 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 7 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 0.4 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Lethal 1 miniature. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 814 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 323 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 39.7 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Lethal 1<i>b</i> white. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 846 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 0.0 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> White facet. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 666 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 7 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 1.1 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> White abnormal. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 16,300 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 277 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 1.7 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> White bifid. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 23,595 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 1,260 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 5.3 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> White lethal 2. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 8,011 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 767 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 9.6 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> White club. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 2,251 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 321 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 14.3 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> White lethal <i>sb</i>. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 3,678 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 572 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 15.6 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> White lemon. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 241 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 35 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 14.5 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> White depressed. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 59 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 12 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 20.3 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> White lethal <i>sa</i>. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 1,150 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 256 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 22.2 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> White vermilion. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 27,962 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 8,532 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 30.5 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> White reduplicated. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 418 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 121 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 28.9 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> White miniature. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 110,701 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 31,071 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 33.2 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> White furrowed. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 208 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 63 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 30.3 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> White sable. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 2,511 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 1,032 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 41.2 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> White rudimentary. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 6,461 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 2,739 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 42.4 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> White forked. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 3,664 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 1,676 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 45.7 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> White bar. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 5,955 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 2,601 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 43.6 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> White fused. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 430 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 186 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 43.3 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> White lethal <i>sc</i>. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 3,053 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 1,406 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 46.0 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Facet vermilion. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 852 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 278 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 32.6 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Facet sable. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 186 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 80 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 43.0 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Bifid vermilion. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 2,724 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 849 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 31.1 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Bifid miniature. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 219 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 67 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 30.6 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Bifid rudimentary. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 899 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 384 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 42.7 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Bifid forked. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 306 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 130 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 42.5 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Lethal 2 vermilion. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 1,400 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 248 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 17.7 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Lethal 2 miniature. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 6,752 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 1,054 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 15.4 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Club lethal 3. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 222 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 29 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 13.0 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Club vermilion. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 5,558 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 1,047 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 18.8 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Lethal <i>sb</i> miniature.</td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 3,678 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 733 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 19.9 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Lemon vermilion. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 241 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 29 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 12.0 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> +<!-- Page 85 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page85"></a>{85}</span> + Shifted vermilion. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 1,007 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 155 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 15.5 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Shifted bar. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 242 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 76 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 31.4 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Depressed vermilion. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 59 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 10 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 17.0 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Depressed bar. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 464 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 176 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 38.0 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Lethal 3 vermilion. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 1,549 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 105 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 6.8 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Lethal 3 miniature. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 1,481 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 138 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 9.3 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Vermilion dot. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 57 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 0 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 0.0 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Vermilion reduplicated. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 667 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 11 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 1.7 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Vermilion miniature. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 10,155 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 317 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 3.1 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Vermilion furrowed. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 240 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 9 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 3.8 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Vermilion sable. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 9,209 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 929 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 10.1 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Vermilion rudimentary. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 1,554 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 376 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 24.1 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Vermilion forked. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 665 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 163 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 24.5 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Vermilion bar. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 23,522 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 5,612 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 23.9 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Vermilion fused. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 9,252 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 2,390 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 25.8 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Reduplicated bar. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 583 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 120 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 20.6 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Miniature furrowed. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 208 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 7 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 3.4 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Miniature sable. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 1,855 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 125 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 6.7 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Miniature rudimentary. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 12,786 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 2,284 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 17.9 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Miniature bar. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 3,112 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 636 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 20.5 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Furrowed sable. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 209 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 12 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 5.7 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Furrowed forked. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 209 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 40 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 19.1 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Furrowed bar. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 240 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 43 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 17.9 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Sable rudimentary. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 663 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 95 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 14.3 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Sable forked. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 872 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 140 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 16.0 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Sable bar. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 7,524 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 1,036 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 13.8 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Sable lethal <i>sc</i>. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 1,641 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 387 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 23.6 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Rudimentary forked. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 1,456 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 20 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 1.4 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Rudimentary bar. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 664 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 15 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 2.3 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Forked bar. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 1,706 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 8 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 0.5 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Forked fused. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 1,201 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 37 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 3.1 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Bar fused. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 8,768 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 222 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 2.5 </td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> Bar lethal <i>sc</i>. </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right"> 1,734 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 144 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:right; padding-right:1.5em;"> 8.3 </td></tr> +</table> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><!-- Page 86 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page86"></a>{86}</span></p> + +<h3>BIBLIOGRAPHY.</h3> + + <p><span class="sc">Bridges, Calvin B.</span></p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>1913. Non-disjunction of the sex-chromosomes of <i>Drosophila</i>. + Jour. Exp. Zool., 15, p. 587, Nov. 1913.</p> + + <p>1914. Direct proof through non-disjunction that the sex-linked gens of + <i>Drosophila</i> are borne by the X chromosome. Science, 40, p. 107, + July 17, 1914.</p> + + <p>1915. A linkage variation in <i>Drosophila</i>. Jour. Exp. Zool., 19, + p. 1. July 1915.</p> + + <p>1916. Non-disjunction as proof of the chromosome theory of heredity. + First instalment, Genetics I, p. 1-52; second instalment, Genetics I, No. + 2, 107-164.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p><span class="sc">Chambers, R.</span></p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>1914. Linkage of the factor for bifid wing. Biol. Bull. 27, p. 151, + Sept. 1914.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p><span class="sc">Dexter, John S.</span></p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>1912. On coupling of certain sex-linked characters in + <i>Drosophila</i>. Biol. Bull. 23, p. 183, Aug. 1912.</p> + + <p>1914. The analysis of a case of continuous variation in + <i>Drosophila</i> by a study of its linkage relations. Am. Nat., 48, p. + 712, Dec. 1914.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p><span class="sc">Duncan, F. N.</span></p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>1915. An attempt to produce mutations through hybridization. Am. Nat., + 49, p. 575, Sept. 1915.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p><span class="sc">Hoge, M. A.</span></p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>1915. The influence of temperature on the development of a Mendelian + character. Jour. Exp. Zool., 18, p. 241.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p><span class="sc">Morgan, T. H.</span></p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>1910<i>a</i>. Hybridization in a mutating period in <i>Drosophila</i>. + Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med., p. 160, May 18, 1910.</p> + + <p>1910<i>b</i>. Sex-limited inheritance in <i>Drosophila</i>. Science + 32, p. 120, July 22, 1910.</p> + + <p>1910<i>c</i>. The method of inheritance of two sex-limited characters + in the same animal. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med., 8, p. 17.</p> + + <p>1911<i>a</i>. An alteration of the sex-ratio induced by hybridization. + Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med., 8, No. 3.</p> + + <p>1911<i>b</i>. The origin of nine wing mutations in <i>Drosophila</i>. + Science, 33, p. 496, Mar. 31, 1911.</p> + + <p>1911<i>c</i>. The origin of five mutations in eye-color in + <i>Drosophila</i>, and their mode of inheritance. Science, April 7, 1911, + 33, P. 534.</p> + + <p>1911<i>d</i>. A dominant sex-limited character. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. + and Med., Oct. 1911.</p> + + <p>1911<i>e</i>. Random segregation <i>versus</i> coupling in Mendelian + inheritance. Science, 34, p. 384, Sept. 22, 1911.</p> + + <p>1911<i>f</i>. An attempt to analyze the constitution of the + chromosomes on the basis of sex-linked inheritance in <i>Drosophila</i>. + Jour. Exp. Zool., 11, p. 365, Nov. 1911.</p> + + <p>1912<i>a</i>. Eight factors that show sex-linked inheritance in + <i>Drosophila</i>. Science, Mar. 22, 1912.</p> + + <p>1912<i>c</i>. Heredity of body-color in <i>Drosophila</i>. Jour. Exp. + Zool., 13, p. 27, July 1912.</p> + + <p>1912<i>d</i>. The masking of a Mendelian result by the influence of + the environment. Proc. Soc. Exp. Zool. and Med., 9, p. 73.</p> + + <p>1912<i>e</i>. The explanation of a new sex-ratio in <i>Drosophila</i>. + Science, 36, p. 718, No. 22, 1912.</p> + + <p>1912<i>f</i>. Further experiments with mutations in eye-color of + <i>Drosophila</i>. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., Nov. 1912.</p> + + <p>1912<i>g</i>. A modification of the sex-ratio and of other ratios + through linkage. Z. f. ind. Abs. u. Veterb. 1912.</p> + + <p>1914<i>a</i>. Another case of multiple allelomorphs in + <i>Drosophila</i>. Biol. Bull. 26, p. 231, Apr. 1914.</p> + + <p>1914<i>b</i>. Two sex-linked lethal factors in <i>Drosophila</i> and + their influence on the sex-ratio. Jour. Exp. Zool., 17, p. 81, July + 1914.</p> + + <p>1914<i>c</i>. A third sex-linked lethal factor in <i>Drosophila</i>. + Jour. Exp. Zool., 17, p. 315, Oct. 1914.</p> + + <p>1914<i>d</i>. Sex-limited and sex-linked inheritance. Am. Nat., 48, P. + 577, Oct. 1914.</p> + + <p>1915<i>a</i>. The infertility of rudimentary-winged females of + <i>Drosophila</i>. Am. Nat., 49, p. 40, Apr. 1915.</p> + + <p>1915<i>b</i>. The rôle of the environment in the realization of a + sex-linked Mendelian character in <i>Drosophila</i>. Am. Nat., 49, p. + 385, July 1915.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p><!-- Page 87 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page87"></a>{87}</span></p> + + <p><span class="sc">Morgan, T. H.</span>, and <span class="sc">C. B. + Bridges</span>.</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>1913. Dilution effects and bicolorism in certain eye-colors of + <i>Drosophila</i>. Jour. Exp. Zool., 15, p. 429, Nov. 1913.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p><span class="sc">Morgan, T. H.</span>, and <span class="sc">Eleth + Cattell</span>.</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>1912. Data for the study of sex-linked inheritance in + <i>Drosophila</i>. Jour. Exp. Zool., July, 1912.</p> + + <p>1913. Additional data for the study of sex-linked inheritance in + <i>Drosophila</i>. Jour. Exp. Zool., Jan. 1913.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p><span class="sc">Morgan, T. H.</span>, and <span class="sc">H. + Plough</span>.</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>1915. The appearance of known mutations in other mutant stocks. Am. + Nat., 49, p. 318, May 1915.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p><span class="sc">Morgan</span>, <span class="sc">Sturtevant</span>, + <span class="sc">Muller</span>, and <span class="sc">Bridges</span>. The + mechanism of Mendelian heredity. Henry Holt & Co., 1915.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Morgan, T. H.</span>, and <span class="sc">S. C. + Tice</span>.</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>1914. The influence of the environment on the size of the expected + classes. Biol. Bull., 26, p. 213, Apr. 1914.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p><span class="sc">Rawls, Elizabeth</span>.</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>1913. Sex-ratios in <i>Drosophila ampelophila</i>. Biol. Bull. 24, p. + 115, Jan. 1913.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p><span class="sc">Safir, S. R.</span></p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>1913. A new eye-color mutation in <i>Drosophila</i> and its mode of + inheritance. Biol. Bull. 25, p. 47, June 1913.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p><span class="sc">Stark, M. B.</span></p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>1915. The occurrence of lethal factors in inbred and wild stocks of + <span class="sc">Drosophila</span>. Jour. Exp. Zool., 19, p. 531-538. + Nov. 1915.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p><span class="sc">Sturtevant, A. H.</span></p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>1913. The linear arrangement of six sex-linked factors in + <i>Drosophila</i> as shown by their mode of association. Jour. Exp. + Zool., Jan. 1913.</p> + + <p>1915. The behavior of the chromosomes as studied through linkage. Z. + f. Ind. Abs. u. Vereb. 1915.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p><span class="sc">Tice, S. C.</span></p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>1914. A new sex-linked character in <i>Drosophila</i>. Biol. Bull., + Apr., 1914.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p><span class="sc">Whiting, P. W.</span></p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>1913. Viability and coupling in <i>Drosophila</i>. Am. Nat., 47, p. + 508, Aug. 1913.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<h3>DESCRIPTIONS OF PLATES.</h3> + + <div class="contents"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><span class="sc">Plate I.</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 1. Normal ♀.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 2. Sable ♀.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 3. Lemon ♂.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 4. Abnormal abdomen ♀.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 5. Abnormal abdomen ♀.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 6. Yellow ♀.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><span class="sc">Plate II.</span></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 7. Eosin, miniature, black ♂.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 8. Eosin, miniature, black ♀.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 9. Cherry.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 10. Vermilion.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 11. White.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 12. Bar (from above).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 13. Bar (from side).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 14. Spot ♀ (abdomen from above).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 15. Spot ♀ (abdomen from side).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 16. Spot ♂ (abdomen from above).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><span class="sc">Fig.</span> 17. Spot ♂ (abdomen from side).</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p><a name="plate1"></a></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;"> + <a href="images/plate01.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/plate01.jpg" + alt="Plate I" title="Plate I" /></a> + </div> + <p><a name="plate2"></a></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;"> + <a href="images/plate02.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/plate02.jpg" + alt="Plate II" title="Plate II" /></a> + </div> + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<h3>Notes</h3> + +<div class="note"> + <p><a name="Nt1" href="#NtA1">[1]</a> For a fuller discussion see "The + Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity" by Morgan, Sturtevant, Muller, and + Bridges. Henry Holt & Co., 1915.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt2" href="#NtA2">[2]</a> <i>B. C.</i> here and throughout + stands for back-cross.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt3" href="#NtA3">[3]</a> The first dark body-color mutation + "black" (see <a href="#plate2">plate II</a>, figs. 7, 8) had appeared + much earlier (Morgan 1911<i>b</i>, 1912<i>c</i>). It is an autosomal + character, a member of the second group of linked gens. Still another + dark mutant, "ebony," had also appeared, which was found to be a member + of the third group of gens.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt4" href="#NtA4">[4]</a> Wherever reference numbers are + given, these denote the pages in the note-books of Bridges upon which the + original entries for each culture are to be found.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt5" href="#NtA5">[5]</a> In addition to these expected + F<sub>1</sub> wild-type females there occurred 13 females of an eye-color + like that of the mutant pink. So far as was seen none of the + F<sub>1</sub> males differed in eye-color from the expected eosin + vermilion. Since the eosin vermilion and sable stocks were unrelated and + neither was known to contain a "pink" as an impurity, these "pinks" must + be due to mutation of an unusual kind. That these "pinks" were really + products of the cross is proven by the result of crossing one of them to + one of her eosin vermilion brothers, for she showed herself to be + heterozygous for eosin, vermilion, and sable.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><i>F<sub>1</sub> "pink" (Ref. 51 C) ♀ × F<sub>1</sub> eosin vermilion ♂.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Crosses of pink and eosin vermilion" title="Crosses of pink and eosin vermilion"> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"> Reference. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Wild-type. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2">Eosin vermilion.</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Eosin. </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> Vermilion. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center">♀</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center">♂</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center">♀</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center">♂ </td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> ♀</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> ♂</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> ♀</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> ♂</td></tr> +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 59 C </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 59 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 38 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 43 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 40 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 15 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 9 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 16 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 17 </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>In addition to the combinations of eosin and vermilion, sable also + appeared in its proper distribution though no counts were made. The four + smaller classes are cross-overs between eosin and vermilion. Since no + "pinks" appeared the color is recessive, and the brother was not + heterozygous for it.</p> + + <p>Two other "pink" females mated to wild males gave similar results in + their sons.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><i>F<sub>1</sub> "pink" ♀ × wild ♂.</i></p> + +<table class="allbctr" summary="Crosses of pink and wild" title="Crosses of pink and wild"> +<tr><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Reference. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-type ♀. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Wild-type ♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Eosin vermilion ♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Eosin ♂. +</td><td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> Vermilion ♂.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="vertbsing"> 61 C </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 101 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 33 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 37 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 9 </td><td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> 11 </td></tr> +</table> + + <p>These F<sub>1</sub> flies should all be heterozygous for "pink." A + pair of wild-type flies which were mated gave a 3 : 1 ratio—wild + type 51 to "pink" 18. From the "pinks" which appeared in this cross a + stock was made which was lost through sterility. Females tested to males + of true pink were also sterile, so that no solution can be given of the + case.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt6" href="#NtA6">[6]</a> Purple is an eye-color whose gen is + in the second chromosome.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt7" href="#NtA7">[7]</a> The curve published by Miss Stark + included by mistake 6 cultures from the succeeding generations, and these + coming from only one of the lethals (lethal <i>sb</i>) increase its mode + so that the mode of the other lethal (lethal <i>sa</i>) becomes + submerged. If these cultures are taken out the curve shows two modes more + clearly.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt8" href="#NtA8">[8]</a> The figures to the left in each + double column correspond to the symbols above the heavy line, as, in the + first example 6,219 white miniature. The similar figure to the right + corresponds to the symbol below the heavy line. If no symbols are present + below, as in the first example, the column to the right should be read + wild-type.</p> + +</div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Sex-linked Inheritance in Drosophila, by +Thomas Hunt Morgan and Calvin B. 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