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+Project Gutenberg's Three New Beavers from Utah, by Stephen D. Durrant
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
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+
+Title: Three New Beavers from Utah
+
+Author: Stephen D. Durrant
+
+Editor: Harold S. Crane
+
+Release Date: November 16, 2010 [EBook #34340]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THREE NEW BEAVERS FROM UTAH ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Josephine Paolucci,
+The Internet Archive for some images, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Three New Beavers from Utah
+
+By
+
+STEPHEN D. DURRANT and HAROLD S. CRANE
+
+University of Kansas Publications
+
+Museum of Natural History
+
+Volume 1, No. 20, pp. 407-417, 7 figs. in text
+December 24, 1948
+
+University of Kansas
+LAWRENCE
+1948
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
+Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, Edward H. Taylor
+~Volume 1, No. 20, pp. 407-417, 7 figs. in text~
+~December 24, 1948~
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
+Lawrence, Kansas
+
+PRINTED BY
+FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER
+TOPEKA, KANSAS
+1948
+
+22-3716
+
+[Transcriber's Note: Words surrounded by tildes, like ~this~ signifies
+words in bold. Words surrounded by underscores, like _this_, signifies
+words in italics.]
+
+
+
+
+Three New Beavers from Utah
+
+By
+
+STEPHEN D. DURRANT AND HAROLD S. CRANE
+
+
+The subspecific identity of beavers from Utah seems never to have been
+carefully investigated. With the exception of the name _Castor
+canadensis repentinus_ applied to animals from Zion and Parunuweap
+canyons by Presnall (1938:14), all other writers from 1897 until the
+present time, have used for animals from Utah, the name combination
+_Castor canadensis frondator_ Mearns, the type of which is from Sonora,
+Mexico. Study of specimens of beavers from Utah, accumulated in the
+collections of the Museum of Zoology, University of Utah, proves these
+animals to be far more variable than formerly supposed, and discloses
+the existence of three hitherto unnamed kinds, which are named and
+described below.
+
+We recognize the need for caution in proposing new names for American
+beavers, because the transplanting of these animals from one watershed
+to another may have permitted the animals of a given area to change
+genetically, say, through hybridization, and may also have altered the
+geographic distribution of the several kinds. The officials of the Utah
+State Fish and Game Commission have assured us that such transplants
+have not occurred in the areas where these three new kinds are found,
+and further that nowhere in the state have transplants been made from
+one major drainage system to another; such transplants as have been made
+were only within the same major drainage system.
+
+The capitalized color terms used in this paper are after Ridgway, Color
+Standards and Color Nomenclature, Washington, D. C., 1912. All
+measurements are in millimeters. We are indebted to the officials of the
+United States National Museum for the loan of comparative materials.
+
+
+~Castor canadensis pallidus~ new subspecies
+
+_Type._--Female, adult, skin and skull, number 719, Museum of Zoology,
+University of Utah; Lynn Canyon, 7,500 ft., Boxelder County, Utah;
+September 7, 1932; collected by W. W. Newby.
+
+_Range._--Known only from the Raft River Mountains.
+
+_Diagnosis._--Size small; tail and hind foot short (see measurements).
+Color (type): Pale, upper parts uniformly Ochraceous-Buff; underfur
+Snuff Brown; underparts uniformly Light Buff, grading to Light
+Ochraceous-Buff at base of tail; underfur Light Drab; front and hind
+feet Light Ochraceous-Buff. Skull: Rostrum short; nasals broad (breadth
+averaging 54 per cent of length), constricted posteriorly and barely
+projecting posteriorly beyond premaxillae; zygomatic arches robust, but
+not widely spreading (zygomatic breadth 77 per cent of basilar length);
+mastoid breadth 73 per cent of zygomatic breadth; anterolateral margin
+of orbit narrow (6.2); occipital condyles visible from dorsal view;
+condylobasal length greater than occipitonasal length; upper incisors
+narrow (Orange Chrome in color); coronoid processes high and wide; cheek
+teeth narrow.
+
+_Measurements._--Measurements of the type are as follows: Total length,
+1040; length of tail, 380; length of hind foot, 157; length of ear, 35;
+occipitonasal length, 129.1; basilar length, 116.6; mastoid breadth,
+65.6; interorbital breadth, 23.6; length of nasals, 43.3; zygomatic
+breadth, 89.7; breadth of nasals, 23.4; alveolar length of upper
+molariform teeth, 30.4.
+
+_Comparisons._--From topotypes and near topotypes of _Castor canadensis
+taylori_, _C. c. pallidus_ differs as follows: Size smaller; tail and
+hind foot shorter. Color: Markedly lighter throughout. Skull: Nasals
+shorter and wider (breadth of nasals averages 54 per cent of length of
+nasals, as opposed to 46 per cent); nasals barely projecting posteriorly
+beyond premaxillae; rostrum shorter; zygomatic breadth relative to
+basilar length less; mastoid breadth actually as well as relatively
+greater; interorbital breadth greater; occipitonasal length shorter
+rather than longer than condylobasal length; tympanic bullae smaller;
+coronoid process higher and wider; cheek teeth narrower.
+
+From specimens of _Castor canadensis baileyi_, from 20 miles north
+northeast of Elko, Elko County, Nevada, _C. c. pallidus_ differs as
+follows: Body smaller; tail longer; hind foot shorter; ears shorter:
+Color: Markedly lighter throughout. Skull: Larger; nasals shorter and
+wider (breadth of nasals averages 54 per cent of length of nasals as
+opposed to 41 per cent); nasals barely projecting posteriorly beyond
+premaxillae; rostrum broader; zygomatic breadth relative to basilar
+length less; mastoid breadth actually as well as relatively greater;
+occipitonasal length less rather than greater than condylobasal length;
+tympanic bullae smaller; coronoid process higher and wider; cheek teeth
+narrower.
+
+From one topotype and two specimens of _Castor canadensis repentinus_,
+from the Colorado River at Yuma, Yuma County, Arizona, _C. c. pallidus_
+differs as follows: Tail and hind foot shorter. Color: Lighter
+throughout. Skull: Narrower; nasals shorter and wider (breadth of nasals
+averages 54 per cent of length of nasals as opposed to 47 per cent);
+nasals barely projecting posteriorly beyond premaxillae; rostrum
+shorter; zygomatic breadth relative to basilar length less; mastoid
+breadth actually as well relatively greater; tympanic bullae narrower
+and smaller; coronoid process higher and wider; cheek teeth narrower.
+
+From one specimen of _Castor canadensis concisor_, from Trappers Lake,
+Garfield County, Colorado, and from the original description of that
+subspecies (Warren and Hall, 1939: 358), _C. c. pallidus_ differs as
+follows: Size smaller. Color: Markedly lighter throughout. Skull:
+Smaller, narrower; nasals shorter and wider (breadth of nasals averages
+54 per cent of length of nasals as opposed to 48 per cent); rostrum
+shorter; zygomatic breadth relative to basilar length less; mastoid
+breadth relative to zygomatic breadth greater; tympanic bullae narrower
+and smaller; jugals narrower; distal end of meatal tube smaller;
+coronoid process shorter and wider; angular process shorter and rounded
+rather than nearly pointed; cheek teeth narrower.
+
+From the type and near topotypes of _Castor canadensis rostralis_, _C.
+c. pallidus_ differs as follows: Size smaller; tail and hind foot
+shorter. Color: Markedly lighter throughout. Skull: Smaller and
+narrower; rostrum shallower and narrower; posterior end of nasals more
+constricted and barely projecting posteriorly beyond premaxillae;
+zygomatic breadth relative to basilar length less; mastoid breadth
+actually as well as relatively greater; dorsal surface of lacrimal bone
+larger; tympanic bullae narrower; coronoid process higher and wider;
+angular process not projecting so far caudad; cheek teeth narrower.
+
+From the type and near topotypes of _Castor canadensis duchesnei_, _C.
+c. pallidus_ differs as follows: Size smaller; tail and hind foot
+shorter. Color: Lighter throughout. Skull: Shorter, narrower and less
+massive; nasals shorter and wider (breadth of nasals averages 54 per
+cent of length of nasals as opposed to 46 per cent); nasals barely
+projecting posteriorly beyond premaxillae; rostrum shorter and narrower;
+zygomatic breadth relative to basilar length less; mastoid breadth
+actually as well as relatively greater; tympanic bullae narrower and
+smaller; coronoid process higher and wider; angular process not
+projecting so far caudad; cheek teeth narrower.
+
+_Remarks._--The Raft River Mountains of extreme northwestern Utah, where
+_C. c. pallidus_ occurs, are the only mountains of the state within the
+drainage of the Snake River. The Snake River proper lies 50 miles to the
+northward in Idaho and contains another kind of beaver, _C. c. taylori_
+(Davis, 1939: 273). Although occurring within the same drainage as _C.
+c. taylori_, _C. c. pallidus_ is as distinct from it as from any other
+named kind. The relationships of _C. c. pallidus_, as indicated by the
+short rostrum and short, wide nasals, are rather more with _C. c.
+rostralis_ of the Wasatch Mountains, than with _C. c. taylori_.
+
+The pale color of the animals belonging to _C. c. pallidus_ was noted at
+the time of capture, and is the same in the young specimen (625 mm.
+total length) as in the type, an adult.
+
+     _Specimens examined._--Total, 2, distributed as follows:
+     _Boxelder County_: Raft River, 5 mi. S Yost, Raft River
+     Mountains, 6,000 ft., 1; Lynn Canyon, Raft River Mountains,
+     7,500 ft., 1.
+
+
+~Castor canadensis rostralis~ new subspecies
+
+_Type._--Male, young adult, skin and skull, number 5199, Museum of
+Zoology, University of Utah; Red Butte Canyon, Fort Douglas, 5,000 ft.,
+Salt Lake County, Utah; October 13, 1947; collected by Harold S. Crane
+and Clifton M. Greenhalgh, original number 446 of Crane.
+
+_Range._--Known from the western streams of the Wasatch Mountains;
+probably occurs in all streams draining westward into the basin of
+Pleistocene Lake Bonneville.
+
+_Diagnosis._--Size large; tail and hind foot long (see measurements).
+Color (type): Upper parts Snuff Brown, purest on head; underfur Brownish
+Black (2); base of tail Cinnamon Buff; hind feet Carob Brown; ears
+Blackish Brown (2); underparts Auburn, grading posteriorly to Cinnamon
+Buff; underfur Light Drab. Skull: Large, massive; nasals short and broad
+(breadth averaging 54 per cent of length) and moderately convex
+transversely; rostrum deep and broad; ventral surface of rostrum
+moderately concave dorsally; dorsal surface of lacrimal bone small;
+frontal region generally flat; zygomatic arches robust and widely
+spreading (zygomatic breadth averaging 82 per cent of basilar length).
+
+_Measurements._--Measurements of the type and average and extreme
+cranial measurements of 6 unsexed adults from Charleston, are,
+respectively, as follows: Total length, 1,330; length of tail, 470;
+length of hind foot, 170; length of ear, 34; occipitonasal length,
+128.2, 134.3 (142.1-129.5); basilar length, 112.4, 117.2 (128.2-113.2);
+mastoid breadth, 62.5, 64.3 (68.9-60.2); interorbital breadth, 27.9,
+26.0 (26.9-26.0); zygomatic breadth, 91.3, 93.8 (105.8-90.8); length of
+nasals, 44.9, 43.9 (51.3-41.5); breadth of nasals, 24.5, 23.7
+(25.7-22.0); alveolar length of upper molariform teeth, 28.3, 30.9
+(32.5-28.7).
+
+_Comparisons._--From topotypes and near topotypes of _Castor canadensis
+taylori_, _C. c. rostralis_ differs as follows: Color: Darker on upper
+parts owing to darker underfur, guard hairs actually lighter. Skull:
+Longer; nasals shorter and wider (breadth of nasals averages 54 per cent
+of length of nasals as opposed to 47 per cent); extension of nasals
+posterior to premaxillae less; rostrum shorter, broader and deeper;
+dorsal surface of lacrimal bone smaller; zygomatic breadth relative to
+basilar length greater; mastoid breadth relative to zygomatic breadth
+less; coronoid process shorter; coronoid and condyloid processes farther
+apart and space between them shallower.
+
+From one topotype and two specimens from the Colorado River at Yuma,
+Yuma County, Arizona, of _Castor canadensis repentinus_, _C. c.
+rostralis_ differs as follows: Size larger; tail longer. Color: Darker
+throughout. Skull: Longer; nasals shorter and wider (breadth of nasals
+relative to length of nasals averages 54 per cent as opposed to 47 per
+cent); extension of nasals posterior to premaxillae less; rostrum
+shorter, deeper and wider; zygomatic breadth relative to basilar length
+greater; mastoid breadth actually as well as relatively greater; dorsal
+surface of lacrimal bone smaller; coronoid and condylar processes
+farther apart and space between them shallower.
+
+From specimens of _Castor canadensis baileyi_, from 20 miles north
+northeast of Elko, Elko County, Nevada, _C. c. rostralis_ differs as
+follows: Size larger; tail and hind foot longer. Color: Darker
+throughout. Skull: Larger in all measurements taken; nasals markedly
+wider (breadth of nasals relative to length of nasals averages 54 per
+cent as opposed to 41 per cent); extension of nasals posterior to
+premaxillae less; dorsal surface of lacrimal bone smaller; mastoid
+breadth relative to zygomatic breadth less.
+
+From one specimen of _Castor canadensis concisor_, from Trappers Lake,
+Garfield County, Colorado, and from the original description of that
+subspecies (Warren and Hall, 1939: 358), _C. c. rostralis_ differs as
+follows: Color: Guard hairs lighter; underfur darker (blackish as
+opposed to brownish). Skull: Longer and narrower; nasals broader and
+shorter (breadth of nasals averages 54 per cent of length of nasals as
+opposed to 48 per cent); dorsal surface of lacrimal bone smaller; distal
+end of meatal tube smaller; distal end of angular process rounded
+rather than pointed; coronoid process shorter; coronoid and condylar
+processes farther apart and space between them shallower.
+
+Among known kinds of _Castor canadensis_, _C. c. rostralis_ is most like
+_Castor canadensis duchesnei_, from which the former subspecies differs
+as follows: Tail and hind foot longer. Color: Darker throughout. Skull:
+Nasals shorter and wider (breadth of nasals averages 54 per cent of
+length of nasals as opposed to 46 per cent); nasals less arched
+transversely; rostrum shorter, deeper and broader; ventral surface of
+rostrum less concave dorsally; dorsal surface of lacrimal bone smaller.
+
+For comparison with _Castor canadensis pallidus_, see account of that
+subspecies.
+
+_Remarks._--Animals from Kamas, in the drainage of the Weber River, are
+intergrades between _C. c. rostralis_ and _C. c. duchesnei_, but their
+short, wide nasals and wide rostra make them referable to _C. c.
+rostralis_.
+
+The available specimens of _C. c. rostralis_ are all from streams which
+ultimately empty into Great Salt Lake, which is in the northern part of
+the basin of Pleistocene Lake Bonneville. Some streams drain into the
+Lake Bonneville Basin without emptying into Great Salt Lake proper.
+Beavers from these streams, we suspect, when they become known, will be
+found to be related to _C. c. rostralis_.
+
+     _Specimens examined._--Total, 16 (2 skins and skulls, 14
+     skulls only), distributed as follows: Summit County: Kamas,
+     5,500 ft., 6. _Salt Lake County_: Red Butte Canyon, Fort
+     Douglas, 5,000 ft., 1; Millcreek Canyon, 6 mi. above mouth,
+     7,000 ft., 1. _Wasatch County_: Charleston, Heber Valley,
+     5,500 ft., 8.
+
+
+~Castor canadensis duchesnei~ new subspecies
+
+_Type._--Male, young adult, skin and skull, number 4625, Museum of
+Zoology, University of Utah; Duchesne River, 10 miles northwest of
+Duchesne, 5,600 ft., Duchesne County, Utah; September 23, 1946;
+collected by Dave Thomas, original number 160 of K. R. Kelson.
+
+_Range._--Drainage of the Duchesne and White rivers in Utah and
+Colorado.
+
+_Diagnosis._--Size large; tail long (see measurements). Color (type):
+Upper parts Sayal Brown, purest on head, grading to Cinnamon Buff at
+base of tail; underfur Fuscous; hind feet Burnt Umber; ears Fuscous
+Black; underparts Tawny Olive; underfur Smoke Gray. Skull: Large,
+massive; nasals long, slender (breadth averaging 46 per cent of length)
+and markedly convex transversely; rostrum long and attenuate; zygomatic
+arches heavy and widely spreading (zygomatic breadth averaging 81.5 per
+cent of basilar length); ventral surface of rostrum markedly concave
+dorsally, especially immediately behind upper incisors; nasals extend
+posterior to premaxillae.
+
+_Measurements._--Measurements of the type and average and extreme
+cranial measurements of 9 unsexed adults, from Currant Creek, are,
+respectively, as follows: Total length, 1,176; length of tail, 458;
+length of hind foot, 165; length of ear, 33; occipitonasal length,
+123.6, 132.1 (138.5-122.3); basilar length, 98.6, 114.4 (125.8-99.2);
+mastoid breadth, 60.4, 65.1 (67.2-64.1); interorbital breadth, 23.0,
+25.1 (26.1-23.7); zygomatic breadth, 88.3, 94.2 (99.7-89.5); length of
+nasals, 46.1, 48.4 (51.5-46.2); breadth of nasals, 20.5, 22.5
+(24.5-18.8); alveolar length of upper molariform teeth, 28.9, 29.9
+(32.2-26.5).
+
+[Illustration: FIGS. 1-4 Dorsal views of skulls of _Castor canadensis_.
+x 1/2]
+
+     FIG. 1. _Castor canadensis rostralis_, male, young adult,
+     no. 5199 (holotype), Mus. Zool., Univ. Utah.
+
+     FIG. 2. _Castor canadensis pallidus_, female, adult, no. 719
+     (holotype), Mus. Zool., Univ. Utah.
+
+     FIG. 3. _Castor canadensis duchesnei_, male, young adult,
+     no. 4625 (holotype), Mus. Zool., Univ. Utah.
+
+     FIG. 4. _Castor canadensis concisor_, male, adult, no. 2090,
+     Mus. Nat. Hist., Univ. Kansas, from Trappers Lake, Garfield
+     County, Colorado, obtained by L. L. Dyche, October 22, 1891.
+
+_Comparisons._--From topotypes and near topotypes of _Castor canadensis
+taylori_, _C. c. duchesnei_ differs as follows: Color: Guard hairs
+lighter, underfur darker. Skull: Nasals narrower; rostrum narrower;
+mastoid breadth relative to zygomatic breadth less; zygomatic breadth
+relative to basilar length greater; tympanic bullae narrower and
+smaller; cheek teeth narrower.
+
+[Illustration: FIGS. 5-7 Lateral views of left side of skulls of _Castor
+canadensis_. x 1/2]
+
+     Fig. 5. _Castor canadensis rostralis_, male, young adult,
+     no. 5199 (holotype), Mus. Zool., Univ. Utah.
+
+     Fig. 6. _Castor canadensis pallidus_, female, adult, no. 719
+     (holotype), Mus. Zool., Univ. Utah.
+
+     Fig. 7. _Castor canadensis duchesnei_, male, young adult,
+     no. 4625 (holotype), Mus. Zool., Univ. Utah.
+
+From specimens of _Castor canadensis baileyi_, from 20 miles north
+northeast of Elko, Elko County, Nevada, _C. c. duchesnei_ differs as
+follows: Size larger; tail and hind foot longer. Color: Guard hairs
+lighter, underfur darker. Skull: Larger in all measurements taken;
+nasals broader and longer (breadth of nasals averages 46 per cent of
+length of nasals as opposed to 41 per cent); rostrum broader and longer;
+mastoid breadth relative to zygomatic breadth less; tympanic bullae
+larger.
+
+From one specimen of _Castor canadensis concisor_, from Trappers Lake,
+Garfield County, Colorado, and from the original description of that
+subspecies (Warren and Hall, 1939: 358), _C. c. duchesnei_ differs as
+follows: Color: Lighter throughout. Skull: Nasals more convex
+transversely; rostrum narrower; ventral border of rostrum more concave
+dorsally, especially immediately behind upper incisors; distal end of
+meatal tube smaller; angular process shorter and rounded rather than
+pointed; cheek teeth smaller.
+
+Among known subspecies of _Castor canadensis_, _C. c. duchesnei_ is most
+like _Castor canadensis repentinus_, but differs from the latter as
+follows: Size larger; hind foot shorter. Color: Darker throughout.
+Skull: Basilar length less; mastoid breadth greater; nasals shorter and
+narrower; extension of nasals posterior to premaxillae less; nasals more
+convex transversely; cheek teeth smaller.
+
+For comparisons with _Castor canadensis pallidus_ and _Castor canadensis
+rostralis_, see accounts of those subspecies.
+
+_Remarks._--The extent of the range of _C. c. duchesnei_ within the
+drainage of the White River is not definitely known. Three animals from
+9-1/2 miles southwest of Pagoda Peak, Rio Blanco County, Colorado, from
+the drainage of the White River, are intergrades between _C. c.
+concisor_ and _C. c. duchesnei_. They are like the latter subspecies in
+shape and length of the nasals, less expanded distal end of the meatal
+tube and the rounded angular process, and it appears best, pending the
+acquisition of more material, to refer them to C. c. duchesnei. Another
+specimen, number 2090, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas,
+from Trappers Lake, Garfield County, Colorado, at the headwaters of the
+White River, and only 16 miles distant from the three aforementioned
+animals, is, however, nearly typical of _C. c. concisor_. Relying upon
+the original description (Warren and Hall, 1939: 358), this animal is
+like _C. c. concisor_ in size and shape of the jugals, in size of the
+distal end of the meatal tube and in the pointed end of the angular
+process. Warren and Hall (_loc. cit._) noted that animals assignable to
+_C. c. concisor_ occurred throughout the mountainous parts of Colorado,
+and recorded them from the headwaters of nearly all the major rivers of
+that state. Apparently _C. c. concisor_ also occurs in the headwaters of
+the White River, while the main part of the river is inhabited by
+animals referable to _C. c. duchesnei_.
+
+     _Specimens examined._--Total, 15 (4 skins and skulls, 11
+     skulls only), distributed as follows: Utah: _Wasatch
+     County_: Currant Creek, Strawberry Valley, 6,000 ft., 11.
+     _Duchesne County_: Duchesne River, 10 mi. NW Duchesne, 5,600
+     ft., 1. Colorado: _Rio Blanco County_: 9-1/2 mi. SW Pagoda
+     Peak, 7,700 ft., 3 (Museum of Natural History, University of
+     Kansas).
+
+
+
+
+LITERATURE CITED
+
+
+DAVIS, WILLIAM B.
+
+1939. The Recent mammals of Idaho. The Caxton Printers, Caldwell, Idaho,
+400 pp., 2 full page half-tones, 33 figs. in text, April 5, 1939.
+
+PRESNALL, C. C.
+
+1938. Mammals of Zion-Bryce and Cedar Breaks. Zion-Bryce Mus. Bull.,
+2:1-20, January, 1938.
+
+WARREN, EDWARD R. and HALL, E. RAYMOND.
+
+1939. A new subspecies of beaver from Colorado. Journ. Mamm.,
+20:358-362, 1 map, August 14, 1939.
+
+
+_Transmitted, May 15, 1948._
+
+22-3716
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Three New Beavers from Utah, by Stephen D. Durrant
+
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