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diff --git a/34195.txt b/34195.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a36dfeb --- /dev/null +++ b/34195.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3658 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Notes and Queries, Number 229, March 18, 1854, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes and Queries, Number 229, March 18, 1854 + A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, + Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc + +Author: Various + +Other: George Bell + +Release Date: November 2, 2010 [EBook #34195] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, MARCH 18, 1854 *** + + + + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive/Canadian +Libraries) + + + + + +Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they +are listed at the end of the text. + + * * * * * + + +{237} + +NOTES AND QUERIES: + +A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, +GENEALOGISTS, ETC. + +"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. + + * * * * * + + +No. 229.] +SATURDAY, MARCH 18. 1854. +[Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition 5d. + + * * * * * + + +CONTENTS. + + NOTES:-- Page + + Gossiping History 239 + + Works on Bells, by the Rev. H. T. Ellacombe 240 + + Inedited Letter of Lord Nelson, by E. W. Jacob 241 + + FOLK LORE:--Herefordshire Folk Lore--Greenock + Fair--Dragons' Blood--Charm for the Ague 242 + + Psalms for the Chief Musician: Hebrew Music, by T. J. + Buckton 242 + + MINOR NOTES:--"Garble"--Deaths in the Society of + Friends--The Eastern Question--Jonathan Swift, Dean of + St. Patrick's, Dublin--English Literature--Irish Legislation + --Anecdote of George IV. and the Duke of York 243 + + QUERIES:-- + + Anonymous Works: "Posthumous Parodies," "Adventures in the + Moon," &c. 244 + + Blind Mackerel 245 + + MINOR QUERIES:--Original Words of old Scotch Airs-- + Royal Salutes--"The Negro's Complaint"--"The Cow Doctor"-- + Soomarokoff's "Demetrius"--Polygamy--Irish, Anglo-Saxon, + Longobardic, and Old English Letters--Description of Battles + --Do Martyrs always feel Pain?--Carronade--Darcy, of Platten, + co. Meath--Dorset--"Vanitatem observare"--King's Prerogative + --Quotations in Cowper--Cawley the Regicide 245 + + MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--Dr. John Pocklington + --Last Marquis of Annandale--Heralds' College--Teddy the + Tiler--Duchess of Mazarin's Monument--Halcyon Days 247 + + REPLIES:-- + + Dogs in Monumental Brasses, by the Rev. W. S. Simpson, &c. 249 + + Sneezing, by C. W. Bingham 250 + + Sir John de Morant 250 + + Inn Signs 251 + + "Concilium Delectorum Cardinalium" 252 + + Pulpit Hour-glasses, by Dr. E. F. Rimbault, &c. 253 + + PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE:--A Prize for the best + Collodion--Double Iodide of Silver and Potassium-- + Albumenized Paper--Cyanide of Potassium 254 + + REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Sawdust Recipe--Brydone + the Tourist--Etymology of "Page"--Longfellow--Canting Arms-- + Holy Loaf Money--"Could we with Ink," &c.--Mount Mill, and + the Fortifications of London--Standing while the Lord's + Prayer is read--A dead Sultan, with his Shirt for an Ensign + --"Hovd mact of lact"--Captain Eyre's Drawings--Sir Thos. + Browne and Bishop Ken, &c. 255 + + MISCELLANEOUS:-- + + Books and Odd Volumes wanted 258 + + Notices to Correspondents 259 + + * * * * * + + +Just published, price 6d. + +OXFORD REFORMERS. + +A LETTER TO ENDEMUS AND ECDEMUS. By A FELLOW OF ORIEL. + +[Greek: Outoi diaptuchthentes ophthesan kenoi] + +Oxford and London: +JOHN HENRY PARKER. + + * * * * * + + +Now ready, price 4s. 6d., a New Edition of + +THE CHRISTIAN SCHOLAR. + +By the Author of "The Cathedral." 32mo. + +Oxford and London: +JOHN HENRY PARKER. + + * * * * * + + +Just published, price 1s. + +A REPLY TO PROFESSOR VAUGHAN'S STRICTURES on the THIRD REPORT of the OXFORD +TUTORS' ASSOCIATION. By One of the Committee. + +Oxford and London: +JOHN HENRY PARKER. + + * * * * * + + +Just published, price 1s. + +THE CASE OF QUEEN'S COLLEGE, OXFORD: in a Letter addressed to the Rt. Hon. +W. E. Gladstone, M.P., Chancellor of the Exchequer. By JOHN BARROW, B.D., +Fellow, and formerly Tutor, of Queen's College. + +Oxford and London: +JOHN HENRY PARKER. + + * * * * * + + +Just published, 8vo., price 10s. 6d. + +SERMONS BY THE REV. E. HARSTON, M.A., Vicar and Rural Dean of Tamworth. + +Also, by the same Author, + +THE WAR IN THE EAST; a Sermon preached in the Parish Church, Tamworth, Feb. +28, 1854. 8vo., 1s., by Post 1s. 4d. + +Oxford and London: +JOHN HENRY PARKER. + +THOMPSON: Tamworth. + + * * * * * + + +THE CIVIL SERVICE, ETC. + +Just published, price 1s., by Post 1s. 6d. + +SUGGESTIONS respecting the Conditions under which University Education may +be made available for Clerks in Government Offices, for Barristers, for +Attorneys: by SIR F. ROGERS, BART.; SIR S. NORTHCOTE, BART.; ROUNDELL +PALMER, ESQ.; W. H. TINNEY, ESQ.; W. PALMER, ESQ.; CHRISTOPHER CHILDS, +ESQ.; J. GIDLEY, ESQ. + +Oxford and London: +JOHN HENRY PARKER. + + * * * * * + + +LEGAL EDUCATION. + +Just published, price 1s., by Post 1s. 6d. + +SUGGESTIONS with regard to CERTAIN PROPOSED ALTERATIONS in the UNIVERSITY +and COLLEGES of OXFORD, and to the Possibility and Advantages of a LEGAL +EDUCATION at the UNIVERSITY. By SIR JOHN WITHER AWDRY and the RIGHT HON. +SIR JOHN PATTESON. + +Oxford and London: +JOHN HENRY PARKER. + + * * * * * + + +Just published, price 1s. + +REPORTS OF THE OXFORD TUTORS' ASSOCIATION, NO. IV. + +RECOMMENDATIONS RESPECTING COLLEGE STATUTES, and the Alterations required +in Colleges, as adopted by THE TUTORS' ASSOCIATION, February, 1854. + +Oxford and London: +JOHN HENRY PARKER. + + * * * * * + + +Preparing for Publication. + +DR. PUSEY'S EVIDENCE VINDICATED from PROFESSOR VAUGHAN'S STRICTURES. By the +REV. DR. PUSEY. + +Oxford and London: +JOHN HENRY PARKER. + + * * * * * + + +This Day, Cheaper Edition, Three Volumes, 10s. 6d. + +FAMILY HISTORY OF ENGLAND, by G. R. GLEIG, M.A., Chaplain General to the +Forces. + +By the same Author, 3s. 6d., + +SKETCH OF THE MILITARY HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. + +London: JOHN W. PARKER & SON, West Strand. + + * * * * * + + +On March 20th, price 2d., stamped, by Post, 3d. + +THE BIBLIOGRAPHICAL MISCELLANY, No. V., containing a Reprint of "A Whip for +an Ape," or Rhymes against Martin Mar-Prelate, with Notes by DR. RIMBAULT. +Also, a Notice of the Hardwicke Manuscripts; together with a Catalogue of +Valuable Books (upwards of 1000 Articles) in all Classes of Literature, on +Sale by + +JOHN PETHERAM, 94. High Holborn. + + * * * * * + + +GRADUATES of the UNIVERSITIES and PROPRIETORS of SCHOOLS who are desirous +of becoming Corresponding Directors of this Society, will be furnished with +the particulars of the Remuneration and Duties on application, addressed to +the Head Office, 18. Basinghall Street, London. + +English and Irish Church and University Assurance Office, January 23, 1854. + +STEPHEN J. ALDRICH, Secretary. + +{238} + + * * * * * + + +Just published, No. III., price 6s., of + +THE LONDON QUARTERLY REVIEW. + + CONTENTS:-- + + I. THIERSCH, AS THEOLOGIAN AND CRITIC. + + II. MADAGASCAR. + + III. LIFE AND EPISTLES OF ST. PAUL. + + IV. THE MORMONS. + + V. METEOROLOGY: ITS PROGRESS AND PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS. + + VI. RESEARCHES IN PALESTINE. + + VII. JUNCTION OF THE ATLANTIC AND PACIFIC OCEANS. + + VIII. RICHARD WATSON. + + IX. MODERN POETRY: ITS GENIUS AND TENDENCIES. + + X. AMERICA, PAST AND FUTURE. + + BRIEF LITERARY NOTICES. + +London: PARTRIDGE, OAKEY, & CO., Paternoster Row, and Edgware Road. + + * * * * * + + +Royal 18mo., with Portrait, price 4s. 6d., cloth, + +LEILA ADA, the Jewish Convert. An Authentic Memoir. By OSBORN W. TRENERY +HEIGHWAY. Fourth Thousand. + + "One of the most interesting books of its class to be found in English + literature."--_Christian Witness._ + +London: PARTRIDGE, OAKEY, & CO., Paternoster Row, and Edgware Road. + + * * * * * + + +Two vols., fcap. 8vo., price 10s. 6d., + +ADELINE; or, Mysteries, Romance, and Realities of Jewish Life. + +By the same Author.[_In a few days._ + +London: PARTRIDGE, OAKEY, & CO., Paternoster Row, and Edgware Road. + + * * * * * + + +Crown 8vo., cloth, 4s. 6d., + +ISRAEL'S FUTURE. Lectures delivered in the Lock Chapel, in Lent, 1843. By +the REV. CAPEL MOLYNEUX, B.A. Third Thousand. + +London: PARTRIDGE, OAKEY, & CO., Paternoster Row, and Edgware Road. + + * * * * * + + +Crown 8vo., cloth, 4s. 6d., + +THE WORLD TO COME. Lectures delivered in the Lock Chapel, in Lent, 1853. By +the same Author. Second Thousand. + +London: PARTRIDGE, OAKEY, & CO., Paternoster Row, and Edgware Road. + + * * * * * + + +Demy 8vo., price 1s.: cheap edition, 4d., + +THE LATE EARL DUCIE. A Sermon occasioned by the Death of the late Earl +Ducie, preached on Sunday Morning, June 12, 1853. By the same Author. + +London: PARTRIDGE, OAKEY, & CO., Paternoster Row, and Edgware Road. + + * * * * * + + +Demy 8vo., price 10s. 6d.; People's Edition, single copies, 1s. 6d., or in +Parcels of Twenty, 1l., + +INFIDELITY; its Aspects, Causes, and Agencies. By the REV. T. PEARSON, +Eyemouth, N.B. (Evangelical Alliance Prize Essay.) + + "One of the ablest productions that has issued from the press on + Infidelity."--_Evangelical Christendom._ + + "No sum received by the author can be equal to the value of his + remarkable essay."--_Evangelical Magazine._ + +London: PARTRIDGE, OAKEY, & CO., Paternoster Row, and Edgware Road. + + * * * * * + + +BOOTHROYD'S BIBLE.--NEW EDITION. + +Super-royal 8vo., cloth, 24s., + +THE HOLY BIBLE. Now Translated from Corrected Texts of the Original +Tongues, and with former Translations diligently compared; together with a +General Introduction and Short Explanatory Notes. By B. BOOTHROYD, D.D. + + "I do not think we have any similar work in our language approaching it + in all the qualities of usefulness."--_The late Dr. J. Pye Smith._ + +London: PARTRIDGE, OAKEY, & CO., Paternoster Row, and Edgware Road. + + * * * * * + + +Price 3s. 6d. + +LIVES OF THE ILLUSTRIOUS. Vol. IV., just published, contains:--Samuel +Johnson, Petrarca, George Fox, Earl of Shaftesbury, J. S. Buckingham, John +Foster, Robespierre, Nicholas Breakspeare, George Cuvier, Robert Hall, +B. R. Haydon, Strauss, William Tyndale, C. J. Napier, John Milton, Goethe, +D. Francois Arago, Joseph Smith, Walter Raleigh, J. B. Gough, Admiral +Cockburn, Nicholas I. + +London: PARTRIDGE, OAKEY, & CO., Paternoster Row, and Edgware Road. + + * * * * * + + +Just published, demy 8vo., price 10s. 6d. + +NOTES OF LECTURES ON THE APOCALYPSE. By the late JOHN KNAPP SUTCLIFFE, +Solicitor. + +London: PARTRIDGE, OAKEY, & CO., Paternoster Row, and Edgware Road. + + * * * * * + + +ELEGANT GIFT-BOOK. + +Post, 8vo., gilt, with Illustrations, 3s., + +THE FRIENDSHIPS OF THE BIBLE. By AMICUS. + +London: PARTRIDGE, OAKEY, & CO., Paternoster Row, and Edgware Road. + + * * * * * + + +MURRAY'S + +BRITISH CLASSICS. + +Publishing Monthly, in Demy Octavo Volumes. + +------ + +This Day, with Portrait and Maps, Vol. I. 8vo., 7s. 6d. (to be completed in +8 vols.). + +GIBBON'S DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. With Notes by MILMAN and +GUIZOT. A New Edition. Edited, with additional Notes, by WILLIAM SMITH, +LL.D., Editor of the "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities," &c. + +This Edition includes the Autobiography of Gibbon, and is distinguished by +careful revision of the text, verification of all the references to Ancient +Writers, and Notes incorporating the researches of Modern Scholars and +Recent Travellers. + +Vol. II. will appear on March 31st. + +_Examiner._--Mr. Murray's British Classics, so edited and printed as to +take the highest place in any library. + +------ + +Now ready, with Vignette Titles, Vols. I. and II., 8vo., 7s. 6d. each (to +be completed in 4 vols.). + +THE WORKS OF OLIVER GOLDSMITH. A New Edition. Edited by PETER CUNNINGHAM, +F.S.A., Author of the "Handbook of London." + +This Edition is printed from the last revised by the Author, and not only +contains more pieces than any other, but is also the first in which the +works appear together exactly as their author left them. + +Vol. III. will appear in April. + +_Guardian._--The best editions have been consulted, and the present volume +certainly gives evidence of careful and conscientious editing. + +JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street. + + * * * * * + + +Now ready, No. VI., 2s. 6d., published Quarterly. + +RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW (New Series): consisting of Criticisms upon, Analyses +of, and Extracts from, Curious, Useful, Valuable, and Scarce Old Books. + +Vol. I., 8vo., pp. 438, cloth 10s. 6d., is also ready. + +JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square, London. + + * * * * * + + +REV. W. BARNES'S NEW WORK. + +Now ready, in 8vo. cloth, 9s. + +A PHILOLOGICAL GRAMMAR, grounded upon English, and formed from a Comparison +of more than Sixty Languages. Being an Introduction to the Science of +Grammar, and a help to Grammars of all Languages, especially English, +Latin, and Greek. By WILLIAM BARNES, B.D., of St. John's College, +Cambridge, Author of "Poems in the Dorset Dialect," "Anglo-Saxon Delectus," +&c. + +JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square, London. + + * * * * * + + +Preparing for immediate Publication. + +MISCELLANEA GRAPHICA. A Collection of Ancient Medieval and Renaissance +Remains in the possession of Lord Londesborough. Illustrated by F. W. +FAIRHOLT, F.S.A., &c. The Work will be published in Quarterly Parts of +royal 4to., with each Part containing 4 Plates, one of which will be in +Chromolithography; representing Jewellery, Antique Plate, Arms and Armour, +and Miscellaneous Antiquities. + +London: CHAPMAN & HALL, +193. Piccadilly. + + * * * * * + + +{239} + +_LONDON, SATURDAY, MARCH 18, 1854_ + +Notes. + +GOSSIPING HISTORY. + + "This is the Jew + That Shakspeare drew." + +I do not know by whom or when the above couplet was first imputed to Pope. +The following extracts will show how a story grows, and the parasites +which, under unwholesome cultivation, adhere to it. The restoration of +Shakspeare's text, and the performance of Shylock as a serious part, are +told as usual. + + "In the dumb action of the trial scene he was amazingly descriptive, + and through the whole displayed such unequalled merit, as justly + entitled him to that very comprehensive, though concise, compliment + paid to him by Mr. Pope, who sat in the stage-box on the third night of + the reproduction, and who emphatically exclaimed,-- + + 'This is the Jew + That Shakspeare drew.'" + + _Life of Macklin_, by J. T. Kirkman, vol. i. p. 264.: London, 1799, 2 + vols. 8vo. + +The book is ill-written, and no authorities are cited. + + "A few days after, Macklin received an invitation to dine with Lord + Bolingbroke at Battersea. He attended the rendezvous, and there found + Pope and a select party, who complimented him very much on the part of + Shylock, and questioned him about many little particulars, relative to + his getting up the play, &c. Pope particularly asked him why he wore a + _red hat_, and he answered, because he had read that Jews in Italy, + particularly in Venice, wore hats of that colour. + + 'And pray, Mr. Macklin,' said Pope, 'do players in general take such + pains?' 'I do not know, sir, that they do; but as I had staked my + reputation on the character, I was determined to spare no trouble in + getting at the best information.' Pope nodded, and said, 'It was very + laudable.'"--_Memoirs of Macklin_, p. 94., Lond. 1804. + +The above work has not the author's name, and is as defective in references +as Mr. Kirkman's. It is, however, not quite so trashy. Being published five +years later, the author must have seen the preceding _Life_, and his not +repeating the story about the couplet is strong presumption that it was not +then believed. It appears again in the _Biographia Dramatica_, vol. i. p. +469., London, 1812: + + "Macklin's performance of this character (Shylock) so forcibly struck a + gentleman in the pit, that he as it were involuntarily exclaimed, 'This + is,' &c. It has been said that this gentleman was Mr. Pope." + +I am not aware of its alteration during the next forty years, but this was +the state of the anecdote in 1853: + + "Macklin was a tragedian, and the personal friend of Alexander Pope. He + had a daughter, a beautiful and accomplished girl, who was likewise on + the stage. On one occasion Macklin's daughter was about to take a + benefit at Drury Lane Theatre, and on the morning of that evening, + whilst the father and daughter were at breakfast, a young nobleman + entered the apartment, and, with the most undisguised ruffianism, made + overtures of a dishonourable character to Macklin for his daughter. The + exasperated father, seizing a knife from the table, rushed at the + fellow, who on the instant fled, on which Macklin pursued him along the + street with the knife in his hand. The cause of the tragedian's wild + appearance in the street soon got vent in the city. Evening came, and + Old Drury seldom saw so crowded a house. The play was the _Merchant of + Venice_, Macklin sustaining the part of Shylock, and his interesting + daughter that of Jessica. Their reception was most enthusiastic; but in + that scene where the Jew is informed of his daughter being carried off, + the whole audience seemed to be quite carried away by Macklin's acting. + The applause was immense, and Pope, who was standing in the pit, + exclaimed,-- + + 'That's the Jew that Shakspeare drew.' + + Macklin was much respected in London. He was a native of Monaghan, and + a Protestant. His father was a Catholic, and died when he was a child; + and his mother being a Protestant, he was educated as such."--_Dublin + Weekly Telegraph_, Feb. 9, 1853. + +One more version is given in the _Irish Quarterly Review_, and quoted +approvingly in _The Leader_, Dec. 17, 1853. + + "The house was crowded from the opening of the doors, and the curtain + rose amidst the most dreadful of all awful silence, the stillness of a + multitude. The Jew enters in the third scene, and from that point, to + the famous scene with Tubal, all passed off with considerable applause. + Here, however, and in the trial scene, the actor was triumphant, and in + the applause of a thousand voices the curtain dropped. The play was + repeated for nineteen successive nights with increased success. On the + third night of representation all eyes were directed to the stage-box, + where sat a little deformed man; and whilst others watched _his_ + gestures, as if to learn his opinion of the performers, he was gazing + intently upon Shylock, and as the actor panted, in broken accents of + rage, and sorrow, and avarice--'Go, Tubal, fee me an officer, bespeak + him a fortnight before: I will have the heart of him, if he forfeit; + for were he out of Venice, I can make what merchandise I will: go, + Tubal, and meet me at our synagogue; go, good Tubal; at our synagogue, + Tubal.'--the little man was seen to rise, and leaning from the box, as + Macklin passed it, he whispered,-- + + 'This is the Jew, + That Shakspeare drew.' + + The speaker was Alexander Pope, and, in that age, from his judgment in + criticism there was no appeal." + +{240} No reference to cotemporary testimony is given by these historians. + +Galt, in his _Lives of the Players_, Lond. 1831, does not notice the story. + +Pope was at Bath on the 4th of February, 1741, as appears from his letter +to Warburton of that date; but as he mentions his intention to return to +London, he may have been there on the 14th. That he was not in the pit we +may be confident; that he was in the boxes is unlikely. His health was +declining in 1739. In his letter to Swift, quoted in Croly's edition, vol. +i. p. lxxx., he says: + + "Having nothing to tell you of my poetry, I come to what is now my + chief care, my health and amusement; the first is better as to + headaches, worse as to weakness and nerves. The changes of weather + affect me much; the mornings are my life, _in the evenings I am not + dead indeed, but sleepy and stupid enough_. I love reading still better + than conversation, but my eyes fail, and the hours when most people + indulge in company, I am tired, and find the labour of the past day + sufficient to weigh me down; _so I hide myself in bed, as a bird in the + nest, much about the same time_, and rise and chirp in the morning." + +I hope I have said enough to stop the farther growth of this story; but +before laying down my pen, I wish to call attention to the practice of +giving anecdotes without authorities. This is encouraged by the newspapers +devoting a column to "varieties," which are often amusing, but oftener +stale. A paragraph is now commencing the round, telling how a lady took a +linendraper to a barber's, and on pretence of his being a mad relative, had +his head shaved, while she absconded with his goods. It is a bad version of +an excellent scene in Foote's _Cozeners_. + +H. B. C. + +Garrick Club. + + * * * * * + +WORKS ON BELLS. + +I have a Note of many books on bells, which may be acceptable to readers of +"N. & Q." Those marked *, Cancellieri, in his work, calls Protestant +writers on the subject. + + * Anon. Recueil curieux et edifiant sur les Cloches de l'Eglise, avec + les Ceremonies de leur Benediction. Cologne, 1757. + + Barraud (Abb.). Notice sur les Cloches. 8vo., Caen, 1844. + + Boemeri (G. L.). Programma de Feudo Campanario. Gottingae, 1755. + + Buonmattei (Ben.). Declamazione delle Campane, dopo le sue Cicalate + delle tre Sirocchie. Pisa, 1635. + + Campani (Gio. Ant.). Opera. The frontispiece a large bell. Roma, 1495. + + Cancellieri (F.). Descrizione della nuova Campana Magiore della + Basilica Vaticana. Roma, 1786. + + Cancellieri (F.). Descrizione delle due nuove Campane di Campidoglio + beneditte del Pio VII. Roma, 1806, 4to. + + * Cave (G. G.). An Turrium et Campanarum Usus in Repub. Christ. Deo + displiceat? Leipsiae, 1709, 4to. + + Conrad (Dietericus). De Campanis. Germanice. + + * Eggers (Nic.). Dissertatio de Campanarum Materia et Forma. + + Eggers (Nic.). Dissertatio de Origine et Nomine Campanarum. Ienae, + 1684. + + Eschenwecker. De eo quod justum est circa Campanas. + + Fesc (Laberanus du). Des Cloches. 12mo., Paris, 1607-19. + + * Goezii. Diatriba de Baptismo Campanarum, Lubecae, 1612. + + Grimaud (Gilb.). Liturgie Sacree, avec un Traite des Cloches. Lyons, + 1666, 4to. Pavia, 1678, 12mo. + + * Hilschen (Gio.). Dissertatio de Campanis Templorum. Leipsiae, 1690. + + * Homberg (Gas.). De Superstitiosis Campanarum pulsibus, ad eliciendas + preces, quibus placentur fulmina, excogitatis. 4to., Frankfortiae, + 1577. + + Lazzarini (Alex.). De vario Tintinnabulorum Usu apud veteres Hebraeos + et Ethnicos. 2 vols. 8vo., Romae, 1822. + + Ludovici (G. F.). De eo quod justum est circa Campanas. Halae, 1708 et + 1739. + + Magii (Hier.). De Tintinnabulis, cum notis F. Swertii et Jungermanni. + 12mo., Amstelodamae et Hanoviae, 1608, 1664, 1689. "A learned + work."--Parr. + + Martene. De Ritibus Ecclesiae. + + * Medelii (Geo.). An Campanarum Sonitus Fulmina, Tonitura, et Fulgura + impedire possit. 4to. 1703. + + Mitzler (B. A.). De Campanis. + + * Nerturgii (Mar.). Campanula Penitentiae. 4to., Dresden, 1644. + + Paciaudi. Dissertazione su due Campane di Capua. Neapoli, 1750. + + Pacichelli (Ab. J. B.). De Tintinnabulo Nolano Lucubratio Autumnalis. + Neapoli, 1693. Dr. Parr calls this "a great curiosity." + + Pagii. De Campanis Dissertatio. + + Rocca (Ang.). De Campanis Commentarius. 4to. Romae, 1612. + + * Reimanni (Geo. Chris.). De Campanis earumque Origine, vario Usu, + Abusu, et Juribus. 4to., Isenaci, 1769. + + Saponti (G. M.). Notificazione per la solenne Benedizione della nuova + Campana da Collocarsi nella Metropolitana di S. Lorenzo. Geneva, 1750. + + Seligmann (Got. Fr). De Campana Urinatoria. Leipsiae, 1677, 4to. + + * Stockflet (Ar.). Dissertatio de Campanarum Usu. 4to., Altdorfii, + 1665, 1666. + + * Storius (G. M.). De Campanis Templorum. 4to., Leipsiae, 1692. + + Swertius (Fran.). + + Thiers (G. B.). Des Cloches. 12mo., Paris, 1602, 1619. + + Thiers (J. B). Traite des Cloches. Paris, 1721. + + * Walleri (Ar.). De Campanis et praecipuis earum Usibus. 8vo. Holmiae, + 1694. + + Willietti (Car.) Ragguaglio delle Campane di Viliglia. 4to., Roma, + 1601. + + Zech (F. S.). De Campanis et Instrumentis Musicis. + +{241} + +Without enumerating any Encyclopaedias (in most of which may be found very +able and interesting articles on the subject), in the following works the +best treatises for all _practical_ purposes will be found: + + Pirotechnia, del Vannuccio Biringuccio, nobile Senese, 1540, 1550, + 1559, 1678. There is a French translation of it by Jasper Vincent, + 1556--1572, 1627. The tenth chapter is about bells. Magius refers to it + in these words:--"In illa, perscriptum in Italico Sermone, et + delineatum quisque reperiet, quicquid ad artem ediscendam conducit, + usque adeo, ut et quo pacto, Campanae in turribus constituantur ac + moveantur, edoceat, optimeque figuris delineatis commonstret." + + Ducange in Glossario, in vocibus Aes, Campana, Codon, Cloca, Crotalum, + Glogga, Lebes, Nola, Petasus, Signum, Squilla, Tintinnabulum. + + Mersenni (F. M.). Harmonicorum Libri XII. Paris, 1629, 1643. (Liber + Quartus de Campanis.) This and Biringuccio contain all the art and + mystery of bell-casting, &c. &c. + + Puffendorff. De Campanarum Usu in obitu Parochiani publice + significando, in ejus Observationibus. Jur. Univers., p. iv. No. 104. + +And now with regard to our English authors; their productions seem to be +confined chiefly to the _Art of Ringing_, as the following list will show: + + Tintinalogia, or the Art of Ringing improved, by T. W[hite]. 18mo., + 1668. This is the book alluded to by Dr. Burney, in his _History of + Music_, vol. iv. p. 413. + + Campanalogia, or the Art of Ringing improved. 18mo., 1677. This was by + _Fabian Steadman_. + + Campanalogia, improved by I. D. and C. M., London scholars. 18mo., + 1702. + + Ditto 2nd edition 18mo., 1705. + + Ditto 3rd edition 18mo., 1733. + + Ditto 4th edition 18mo., 1753. + + Ditto 5th edition, by J. Monk. 18mo., 1766. + + The School of Recreation, or Gentleman's Tutor in various Exercises, + one of which is _Ringing_. 1684. + + Clavis Campanalogia, by Jones, Reeves, and Blackmore. 12mo., 1788. + Reprinted in 1796 and 1800? + + The Ringer's True Guide, by S. Beaufoy. 12mo., 1804. + + The Campanalogia, or Universal Instructor in the Art of Ringing, by + William Shipway. 12mo., 1816. + + Elements of Campanalogia, by H. Hubbard. 12mo., 1845. + + The Bell: its Origin, History, and Uses, by Rev. A. Gatty. 12mo., 1847. + + Ditto, enlarged. 1848. + + Blunt's Use and Abuse of Church Bells. 8vo., 1846. + + Ellacombe's Practical Remarks on Belfries and Ringers. 8vo., 1850. + + Ellacombe's Paper on Bells, with Illustrations, in the Report of + Bristol Architectural Society. 1850. + + Croome's Few Words on Bells and Bell-ringing. 8vo., 1851. + + Woolf's Address on the Science of Campanology. Tract. 1851. + + Plain Hints to Bell-ringers. No. 47. of _Parochial Tracts_. 1852? + + The Art of Change-ringing, by B. Thackrah. 12mo., 1852. + +To these may be added, as single poetical productions, + + The Legend of the Limerick Bell Founder, published in the _Dublin + University Mag._, Sept. 1847. + + The Bell, by Schiller. + +Perhaps some courteous reader of "N. & Q." may be able to correct any error +there may be in the list, or to add to it. + +There is a curious collection of MSS. on the subject by the late Mr. +Osborn, among the _Additional MSS._, Nos. 19,368 and 19,373. + +H. T. ELLACOMBE. + +Rectory, Clyst St. George. + + * * * * * + +INEDITED LETTER OF LORD NELSON. + +I have in my possession a long letter written by Lord Nelson, sixteen days +before the battle of Trafalgar, to the Right Hon. Lord Barham, who was at +that time First Lord of the Admiralty. As an autograph collector, I prize +it much; and I think that the readers of "N. & Q." might be glad to see it. +It has not yet, as far as I am aware, been published: + + Victory, Oct. 5th, 1805. + + My Dear Lord, + + On Monday the French and Spanish ships took their troops on board which + had been landed on their arrival, and it is said that they mean to sail + the first fresh Levant wind. And as the Carthagena ships are ready, + and, when seen a few days ago, had their topsail yards hoisted up, this + looks like a junction. The position I have taken for this month, is + from sixteen to eighteen leagues west of Cadiz; for, although it is + most desirable that the fleet should be well up in the easterly winds, + yet I must guard against being caught with a westerly wind near Cadiz: + for a fleet of ships, with so many three-deckers, would inevitably be + forced into the Straits, and then Cadiz would be perfectly free for + them to come out with a westerly wind--as they served Lord Keith in the + late war. I am most anxious for the arrival of frigates: less than + eight, with the brigs, &c., as we settled, I find are absolutely + inadequate for this service and to be with the fleet; and Spartel, Cape + Cantin, or Blanco, and the Salvages, must be watched by fast-sailing + vessels, in case any squadron should escape. + + I have been obliged to send six sail of the line to water and get + stores, &c. at Tetuan and Gibraltar; for if I did not begin, I should + very {242} soon be obliged to take the whole fleet into the Straits. I + have twenty-three sail with me, and should they come out, I shall + immediately bring them to battle; but although I should not doubt of + spoiling any voyage they may attempt, yet I hope for the arrival of the + ships from England, that, as an enemy's fleet, they may be annihilated. + Your Lordship may rely upon every exertion from + + Your very faithful and obedient servant, + + NELSON AND BRONTE. + + I find the Guerrier is reduced to the command of a Lieutenant; I hope + your Lordship will allow me to seek Sir William Bolton, and to place + him in the first vacant frigate; he will be acting in a ship when the + Captains go home with Sir Robert Calder. This will much oblige _me_. + + + +If any valuable autographs come into my possession hereafter, you may +expect to receive some account of them. + +EUSTACE W. JACOB. + +Crawley, Winchester. + + * * * * * + +FOLK LORE. + +_Herefordshire Folk Lore._--Pray make an imperishable Note of the following +concentration of Herefordshire folk lore, extracted from the "Report of the +Secretary of the Diocesan Board of Education," as published in _The Times_ +of Jan. 28, 1854: + + "The observation of unlucky days and seasons is by no means unusual. + The phases of the moon are regarded with great respect: in one medicine + may be taken; in another it is advisable to kill a pig; over the doors + of many houses may be found twigs placed crosswise, and never suffered + to lose their cruciform position; and the horse-shoe preserves its old + station on many a stable-door. Charms are devoutly believed in. A ring + made from a shilling offered at the Communion is an undoubted cure for + fits; hair plucked from the crop of an ass's shoulder, and woven into a + chain, to be put round a child's neck, is powerful for the same + purpose; and the hand of a corpse applied to a neck is believed to + disperse a wen. Not long since, a boy was met running hastily to a + neighbour's for some holy water, as the only hope of preserving a sick + pig. The 'evil eye,' so long dreaded in uneducated countries, has its + terrors amongst us; and if a person of ill life be suddenly called + away, there are generally some who hear his 'tokens,' or see his ghost. + There exists, besides, the custom of communicating deaths to hives of + bees, in the belief that they invariably abandon their owners if the + intelligence be withheld." + +May not any one exclaim: + + "O miseras hominum mentes! O pectora caeca! + Qualibus in tenebris vitae, quantisque periclis + Degitur hoc aevi, quodcunque est!" + +S. G. C. + +_Greenock Fair._--A very curious custom existed in this town, and in the +neighbouring town of Port-Glasgow, within forty years; it has now entirely +disappeared. I cannot but look upon it as a last remnant of the troublous +times when arms were in all hands, and property liable to be openly and +forcibly seized by bands of armed men. This custom was, that the whole +trades of the town, in the dresses of their guilds, with flags and music, +each man armed, made a grand rendezvous at the place where the fair was to +be held, and with drawn swords and array of guns and pistols, surrounded +the booths, and greeted the baillie's announcement by tuck of drum, "that +Greenock fair was open," by a tremendous shout, and a straggling fire from +every serviceable barrel in the crowd, and retired, bands playing and flags +flying, &c., home. Does any such _wappenschau_ occur in England on such +occasions now? + +C. D. LAMONT. + +Greenock. + +_Dragons' Blood._--A peculiar custom exists amongst a class, with whom +unfortunately the schoolmaster has not yet come very much in contact, when +supposed to be deserted or slighted by a lover, of procuring dragons' +blood; which being carefully wrapped in paper, is thrown on the fire, and +the following lines said: + + "May he no pleasure or profit see, + Till he comes back again to me." + +B. J. S. + +_Charm for the Ague.--_ + + "Cut a few hairs from the cross marked on a donkey's shoulders. Enclose + these hairs in a small bag, and wear it on your breast, next to the + skin. If you keep your purpose secret, a speedy cure will be the + result." + +The foregoing charm was told to me a short time since by the agent of a +large landed proprietor in a fen county. My informant gravely added, that +he had known numerous instances of this charm being practised, and that in +every case a cure had been effected. From my own knowledge, I can speak of +another charm for the ague, in which the fen people put great faith, viz. a +spider, covered with dough, and taken as a pill. + +CUTHERT BEDE, B.A. + + * * * * * + +PSALMS FOR THE CHIEF MUSICIAN--HEBREW MUSIC. + +The words [Hebrew: LMNTSCH BNGYNWT], at the head of Psalms iv., liv., lv., +lxvii., and lxxvi., are rendered in the Septuagint and Vulgate [Greek: eis +to telos], _in finem_, as if they had read [Hebrew: LANETSACH], omitting +the [Hebrew: M] formative. The Syriac and Arabic versions omit this +superscription altogether, from ignorance of the {243} musical sense of the +words. The Chaldee reads [Chaldee: LSHBCH' `L CHNGYT'], "to be sung on the +pipe." The word [Hebrew: LMNTSCH] is (from [Hebrew: NTSCH], to overcome, +excel, or accomplish) a performance, and Aquila translates the entire +title, [Greek: toi nikopoioi en psalmois melodema toi Dauid]; and Jerome, +_Victori in Canticis, Psalmus David_. But Symmachus, [Greek: epinikios dia +psalterion oide]; and Theodotius, [Greek: eis to nikos humnois], who must +have read [Hebrew: LNTSCH]. The best reading is that of the present text, +[Hebrew: LMNTSCH], which Jarchi, Aben Ezra, and Kimchi render chief singer, +or leader of the band (=_moderatorem chori musici_), as appropriate for a +psalm to sung and played in divine service. Therefore the proper +translation is, "For the leading performer upon the neginoth." The neginoth +appear from the Greek translations, [Greek: dia psalterion] and [Greek: en +psalmois] ([Greek: psallein] = playing on strings). and from its root, +[Hebrew: NGN], _to strike_, to be stringed instruments, struck by the +fingers or hand. + +The words [Hebrew: LMNTSCH 'L HNCHYLWT] at the head of Psalm v. (for this +is the only one so superscribed) should, perhaps, be read with [Hebrew: `L] +instead of [Hebrew: 'L] meaning, "For the leading performer on the +nehiloth." The nehiloth appear from the root [Hebrew: CHLL], _to bore +through_, and in Piel, _to play the flute_, to be the same instruments as +the _na-y_ of the Arabs, similar to the English flute, blown, not +transversely as the German flute, but at the end, as the oboe. But the +Septuagint, Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotius translate [Greek: huper tes +kleronomouses]: and hence the Vulgate _pro ea, quae hereditatem +consequitur_; and Jerome, _pro hereditatibus_. Suidas explains [Greek: +kleronomousa] by [Greek: ekklesia], which is the sense of the Syriac. + +Psalm vi. is headed [Hebrew: BNGYNWT `L HSHMYNYT], and Psalm vi. [Hebrew: +`L SHMYNYT], without the "neginoth;" and the "sheminith" is also mentioned +(Chron. xv. 21.). The Chaldee and Jarchi translate "Harps of eight +strings." The Septuagint, Vulgate, Aquila, and Jerome, [Greek: huper tes +ogdoes], appear also to have understood an instrument of eight strings. + +T. J. BUCKTON. + +Birmingham. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Notes. + +"_Garble._"--MR. C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY has called attention to a growing +corruption in the use of the word "eliminate," and I trust he may be able +to check its progress. The word _garble_ has met with very similar usage, +but the corrupt meaning is now the only one in which it is ever used, and +it would be hopeless to try and restore it to its original sense. + +The original sense of "to _garble_" was a good one, not a bad one; it meant +a selection of the good, and a discarding of the bad parts of anything: its +present meaning is exactly the reverse of this. By the statute 1 Rich. III. +c. 11., it is provided that no bow-staves shall be sold "ungarbled:" that +is (as Sir E. Coke explains it), until the good and sufficient be severed +from the bad and insufficient. By statute 1 Jac. I. c. 19., a penalty is +imposed on the sale of spices and drugs not "garbled;" and an officer +called the _garbler_ of spices is authorised to enter shops, and view the +spices and drugs, "and to _garble_ and make clean the same." Coke derives +the word either from the French _garber_, to make fine, neat, clean; or +from _cribler_, and that from _cribrare_, to sift, &c. (4 Inst. 264.) + +It is easy to see how the corruption of this word has taken place; but it +is not the less curious to compare the opposite meanings given to it at +different times. + +E. S. T. T. + +_Deaths in the Society of Friends, 1852-3._--In "N. & Q.," Vol. viii., p. +488., appeared a communication on the great longevity of persons at +Cleveland in Yorkshire. I send you for comparison a statement of the deaths +in the Society of Friends in Great Britain and Ireland, from the year 1852 +to 1853, the accuracy of which may be depended on; from which it appears +that one in three have attained from 70 to 100 years, the average being +about 74-1/2; and that thirty-seven attain from 80 to 90, and eight from 90 +to 100. It would be useful to ascertain to what the longevity of the +inhabitants of Cleveland may be attributed, whether to the situation where +they reside, or to their social habits. + +The total number of the Society was computed to be from 19,000 to 20,000, +showing the deaths to be rather more than 1-1/2 per cent. per annum. Great +numbers are total abstainers from strong drink. + + +----------------+---------+---------+---------+ + | Ages. | Male. | Female. | Total. | + +----------------+---------+---------+---------+ + | Under 1 year | 13 | 8 | 21 | + | Under 5 years | 18 | 13 | 31 | + | From 5 to 10 | 4 | 2 | 6 | + | ,, 10 to 15 | 5 | 6 | 11 | + | ,, 15 to 20 | 5 | 3 | 8 | + | ,, 20 to 30 | 7 | 10 | 17 | + | ,, 30 to 40 | 8 | 8 | 16 | + | ,, 40 to 50 | 7 | 14 | 21 | + | ,, 50 to 60 | 16 | 14 | 30 | + | ,, 60 to 70 | 26 | 34 | 60 | + | ,, 70 to 80 | 20 | 46 | 66 | + | ,, 80 to 90 | 13 | 24 | 37 | + | ,, 90 to 100 | 2 | 6 | 8 | + +----------------+---------+---------+---------+ + | All ages | 144 | 188 | 332 | + +----------------+---------+---------+---------+ + +W. C. + +Plymouth. + +{244} + +_The Eastern Question._--The following extract from _Tatler_, No. 155., +April 6, 1710, appears remarkable, considering the events of the present +day: + + "The chief politician of the Bench was a great assertor of paradoxes. + He told us, with a seeming concern, 'that by some news he had lately + read from Muscovy, it appeared to him there was a storm gathering in + the Black Sea, which might in time do hurt to the naval forces of this + nation.' To this he added, 'that, for his part, he could not wish to + see the Turk driven out of Europe, which he believed could not but be + prejudicial to our woollen manufacture.' He then told us, 'that he + looked upon those extraordinary revolutions which had lately happened + in those parts of the world, to have risen chiefly from two persons who + were not much talked of; and those,' says he, 'are Prince Menzicoff and + the Duchess of Mirandola.' He backed his assertions with so many broken + hints, and such a show of depth and wisdom, that we gave ourselves up + to his opinions." + +F. B. RELTON. + +_Jonathan Swift, Dean of St. Patrick's, Dublin._--It is remarkable (and yet +it has not been noticed, I believe, by his biographers) that Dean Swift was +suspended from his degree of B.A. in Trinity College, Dublin, for exciting +disturbances within the college, and insulting the junior dean. He and +another were sentenced by the Board to ask pardon publicly of the junior +dean, on their knees, as having offended more atrociously than the rest. +These facts afford the true solution of Swift's animosity towards the +University of Dublin, and account for his determination to take the degree +of M.A. at Oxford; and the solution receives confirmation from this, that +the junior dean, for insulting whom he was punished, was the same Mr. Owen +Lloyd (afterwards professor of divinity and Dean of Down) whom Swift has +treated with so much severity in his account of Lord Wharton. + +ABHBA. + +_English Literature._--Some French writer (Victor Hugo, I believe) has said +that English literature consists of four distinct literatures, English, +American, Scottish, and Irish, each having a different character. Has this +view of our literature been taken, and exhibited in all its aspects, by any +English writer and if so, by whom? + +J. M. + +Oxford. + +_Irish Legislation._--I have met with the following statement: is it to be +received as true? In May, 1784, a bill, intended to limit the privilege of +franking, was sent from Ireland for the royal sanction; and in it was a +clause enacting that any member who, from illness or other cause, should be +unable to write, might authorise some other person to frank for him, +provided that on the back of the letter so franked the member gave at the +same time, under his hand, a full certificate of his inability to write. + +ABHBA. + +_Anecdote of George IV. and the Duke of York._--The following letter was +written in a boy's round hand, and sent with some China cups: + + Dear Old Mother Batten, + + Prepare a junket for us, as Fred. and I are coming this evening. I send + you these cups, which we have stolen from the old woman [the queen]. + Don't you say anything about it. + + GEORGE. + +The above was found in the bottom of one of the cups, which were sold for +five guineas on the death of Mr. Nichols, who married Mother Batten. The +cups are now in possession of a Mr. Toby, No. 10. York Buildings, St. +Sidwells, Exeter. + +JULIA R. BOCKETT. + +Southcote Lodge. + + * * * * * + +Queries. + +ANONYMOUS WORKS: "POSTHUMOUS PARODIES," "ADVENTURES IN THE MOON," ETC. + +A remote correspondent finds all help to fail him from bibliographers and +cotemporary reviewers in giving any clue to the authorship of the works +described below. But he has been conversant enough with the "N. & Q." to +perceive that no Query, that he is aware, has yet been started in its pages +involving a problem, for which somebody among its readers and contributors +has not proved a match. Encouraged thereby, he tenders the three following +titles, in the full faith that his curiosity, which is pretty strong, will +not have been transmitted over the waste of waters but to good result. + +1. _Posthumous Parodies, and other Pieces_, by several of our most +celebrated poets, but not before published in any former edition of their +works: John Miller, London, 12mo., 1814. This contains some twenty +imitations or over, of the more celebrated minor poems, all of a political +cast, and breathing strongly the tone of the anti-Jacobin verse; executed +for the most part, and several of them in particular, with great felicity. +Among that sort of _jeux d'esprit_ they hardly take second place to _The +Knife Grinder_, the mention of which reminds me to add that it is manifest +enough, from half-a-dozen places in the volume, that Canning is the "magnus +Apollo" of the satirist. The final piece (in which the writer drops his +former vein) is written in the spirit of sad earnest, in odd contrast with +the preceding _facetiae_, and betokening, in some lines, a disappointed +man. Yet, strange to tell, through all the range of British criticism of +that year, there is an utter unconsciousness of its existence. Whether +there be another copy on this side the Atlantic, besides the one which +enables me to {245} make these few comments, your correspondent greatly +doubts. One living person there is on the other side, it is believed, who +could throw light on this question, if these lines should be so fortunate +as to meet his eye; since he is referred to, like many others, by initials +and terminals, if not in full--Mr. John Wilson Croker. + +2. _Adventures in the Moon and other Worlds_: Longman & Co., sm. 8vo., +1836. Of this work, a friend of the writer (who has but partially read it +as yet himself), of keen discernment, says: "It is a work of very marked +character. The author is an uncommonly skilful and practical writer, a +philosophical thinker, and a scholar familiar with foreign literature and +wide reaches of learning. He has great ingenuity and fancy withal; so that +he is at the same time exceedingly amusing, and suggestive of weighty and +subtle thoughts." This, too, is neglected by all the reviews. + +3. _Lights, Shadows, and Reflections of Whigs and Tories_: Lond. 12mo., +1841. This is a retrospective survey of the several administrations of +George III. from 1760 (his accession) to the regency in 1811; evincing much +political insight, with some spirited portraits, and indicative both of a +close observation of public measures and events, and of personal connexion +or intercourse with men in high place. There is a notice of this in the +_London Spectator_ of 1841 (May 29th), and in the old _Monthly Review_; but +neither, it is plain, had the author's secret. + +HARVARDIENSIS. + +Cambridge, Massachusetts, N.E. + +P.S.--Two articles of recent time in the _London Quarterly Review_, the +writer would fain trace to their source; "The Life and Correspondence of +Robert Southey," edited by the Rev. Charles Cuthbert Southey, No. 175. +(1851), and "Physiognomy," No. 179. (1852), having three works as the +caption of the article, Sir Charles Bell's celebrated work being one. + +BLIND MACKEREL. + +Can any of your numerous contributors, who may be lovers of ichthyology, +inform me whether or not the mackerel is blind when it first arrives on our +coasts? I believe it to be blind, and for the following reasons:--A few +years ago, while beating up channel early in June, on our homeward-bound +voyage from the West Indies, some of the other passengers and myself were +endeavouring to kill time by fishing for mackerel, but without success. + +When the pilot came on board and saw what we were about, he laughed at us, +and said, "Oh, gentlemen, you will not take them with the hook, because the +fish is blind." We laughed in our turn, thinking he took us for flat-fish, +and wished to amuse himself at our expense. Observing this he said, "I will +convince you that it is so," and brought from his boat several mackerel he +had taken by net. He then pointed out a film over the eye, which he said +prevented the fish seeing when it first made our coast, and explained that +this film gradually disappeared, and that towards the middle of June the +eye was perfectly clear, and that the fish could then take the bait. + +I have watched this fish for some years past, and have invariably observed +this film quite over the eye in the early part of the mackerel season, and +that it gradually disappears until the eye is left quite clear. This film +appears like an ill-cleared piece of calf's-foot jelly spread over the eye, +but does not strike you as a natural part of the fish, but rather as +something extraneous. I have also remarked that when the fish is boiled, +that this patch separates, and then resembles a piece of discoloured white +of egg. This film may be observed by any one who takes the trouble of +looking at the eye of the mackerel. + +I have looked into every book on natural history I could get hold of, and +in none is the slightest notice taken of this; therefore I suppose my +conclusion as to its blindness is wrong; but I do not consider this to be +conclusive, as all we can learn from books is, "_Scomber_ is the mackerel +genus, and is too well known to require description." I believe less is +known about fish than any other animals; and should you think this question +on natural history worthy a place in your "N. & Q.," I will feel obliged by +your giving it insertion. + +AN ODD FISH. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Queries. + +_Original Words of old Scotch Airs._--Can any one tell me where the +original words of many fine old Scotch airs are to be found? The wretched +verses of Allan Ramsay, and others of the same school, are adapted to the +"Yellow-haired Laddie," "Ettrick Banks," "The Bush aboon Traquair," "Mary +Scott," and hundreds of others. There must exist old words to many of these +airs, which at least will possess some local characteristics, and be a +blessed change from the "nymphs" and "swains," the "Stephens" and +"Lythias," which now pollute and degrade them. Any information on this +subject will be received most thankfully. I particularly wish to recover +some old words to the air of "Mary Scott." The only verse I remember is +this,-- + + "Mary's black, and Mary's white, + Mary is the king's delight; + The king's delight, and the prince's marrow, + Mary Scott, the Flower of Yarrow." + +L. M. M. R. + +_Royal Salutes._--When the Queen arrives at any time in Edinburgh after +sunset, it has been {246} remarked that the Castle guns are never fired in +salute, in consequence, it is said, of the existence of a general order +which forbids the firing of salutes after sunset. Is there such an order in +existence? I would farther ask why twenty-one was the number fixed for a +royal salute? + +S. + +_"The Negro's Complaint."_--Who was the author of this short poem, to be +found in all the earlier collection of poetry for the use of schools? It +begins thus: + + "Wide o'er the tremulous sea, + The moon spread her mantle of light; + And the gale gently dying away, + Breath'd soft on the bosom of night." + +HENRY STEPHENS. + +"_The Cow Doctor._"--Who is the author of the following piece?--_The Cow +Doctor_, a Comedy in Three Acts, 1810. Dedicated to the Rev. Thomas +Pennington, Rector of Thorley, Herts, and Kingsdown, Kent; author of +_Continental Excursions_, &c. + +This satire is addressed to the Friends of Vaccination.[1] + +S. N. + +[Footnote 1: On the title-page of a copy of this comedy now before us is +written, "With the author's compliments to Dr. Lettsom;" and on the +fly-leaf occurs the following riddle in MS.: + + "Who is that learned man, who the secret disclos'd + Of a book that was printed before 'twas composed? + + _Answer._ + + He is harder than iron, and as soft as a snail, + Has the head of a viper, and a file in his tail."--ED. + +_Soomarokoff's_ "_Demetrius._"--Who translated the following drama from the +Russian? + +_Demetrius_, a Tragedy, 8vo., 1806, translated by Eustaphiere. This piece, +which is a translation from a tragedy of Soomarokoff, one of the most +eminent dramatic authors of Russia, is said to be the first (and I think it +is still the only) Russian drama of which there is an English translation. + +S. N. + +_Polygamy._--1. Do the Jews at present, in any country, practise polygamy? +2. If not, when and why was that practice discontinued among them? 3. Is +there any religious sect which forbids polygamy, besides the Christians +(and the Jews, if the Jews do forbid it)? 4. Was Polygamy permitted among +the early Christians? Paul's direction to Timothy, that a bishop should be +"the husband of one wife," seems to show that it was; though I am aware +that the phrase has been interpreted otherwise. 5. On what ground has +polygamy become forbidden among Christians? I am not aware that it is +directly forbidden by Scripture. + +STYLITES. + +_Irish, Anglo-Saxon, Longobardic, and Old English Letters._--I would be +glad to know the earliest date in which the Irish language has been +discovered inscribed on stone or in manuscript; also the earliest date in +which the Anglo-Saxon, Longobardic, and Old English letter has been known +in England and Ireland. + +E. F. + +Youghal. + +_Description of Battles._--Judging from my own experience, historical +details of battles are comparatively unintelligible to non-military +readers. Now that, unhappily, we shall probably be compelled to "hear of +battles," would not some of our enterprising publishers do well to furnish +to the readers of history and of the bulletins, a popular "Guide to the +Battle Field," drawn up some talented military officer? It must contain +demonstratively clear diagrams, and such explanations of all that needs to +be known, as an officer would give, on the spot, to his nonprofessional +friend. The effects of eminences, rivers, roads, woods, marshes, &c., +should be made plain; in short, nothing should be omitted which is +necessary to render an account of a battle intelligible to ordinary +readers, instead of being, as is too often the case, a mere chaotic +assemblage of words. + +THINKS I TO MYSELF. + +_Do Martyrs always feel Pain?_--Is it not possible that an exalted state of +feeling--approaching perhaps to the mesmeric state--may be attained, which +will render the religious or political martyr insensible to pain? It would +be agreeable to think that the pangs of martyrdom were ever thus +alleviated. It is certainly possible, by a strong mental effort, to keep +pain in subjection during a dental operation. A firmly fixed tooth, under a +bungling operator, may be wrenched from the jaw without pain to the +patient, if he will only determine not to feel. At least, I know of one +such case, and that the effort was very exhausting. In the excitement of +battle, wounds are often not felt. One would be glad to hope that Joan of +Arc was insensible to the flames which consumed her: and that the recovered +nerve which enabled Cranmer to submit his right hand to the fire, raised +him above suffering. + +ALFRED GATTY. + +_Carronade._--What is the derivation of the term _carronade_, applied to +pieces of ordnance shorter and thicker in the chamber than usual? Here the +idea is that they took their name from the Carron foundries, where they +were cast. In the early years of the old war-time, there were carron pieces +or carron guns, and only some considerable time thereafter carronades. How +does this stand? and is there any likelihood of the folk story being true? + +C. D. LANDRY. + +Greenock. + +{247} + +_Darcy, of Platten, co. Meath._--It is on record that, in the year 1486, +the citizens of Dublin, encouraged by the Earl of Kildare and the +Archbishop, received Lambert Simnel, and actually crowned him King of +England and Ireland in Christ's Church; and that to make the solemnity more +imposing, they not only borrowed a crown for the occasion from the head of +the image of the Virgin that stood in the church dedicated to her service +at Dame's Gate, but carried the young impostor on the shoulders of "a +monstrous man, one Darcy, of Platten, in the county of Meath." + +Did this "monstrous man" leave any descendants? And if so, is there any +representative, and where, at the present day? Platten has long since +passed into other hands. + +ABHBA. + +_Dorset._--In Byrom's MS. Journal, about to be printed for the Chetham +Society, I find the following entry: + + "May 18, 1725. I found the effect of last night drinking that foolish + Dorset, which was pleasant enough, but did not at all agree with me, + for it made me very stupid all day." + +Query, What is Dorset? + +R. P. + +_"Vanitatem observare."_--Can any of your readers explain the following +extract from the Council of Ancyra, A.D. 314? I quote from a Latin +translation: + + "Mulieribus quoque Christianis non liceat in suis lanificiis vanitatem + observare: sed Deum invocent adjutorem, qui eis sapientiam texendi + donavit." + +What is meant by "vanitatem observare?" + +R. H. G. + +_King's Prerogative._--A writer in the _Edinburgh Review_, vol. lxxiv. p. +77., asserts, on the authority of Blackstone (but he does not refer to the +volume and page of the _Commentaries_, and I have in vain sought for the +passages), that it is to _this day_ a branch of the king's prerogative, at +the death of _every bishop_, to have his kennel of hounds, or a +compensation in lieu of it. Does the writer mean, and is it the fact, that +if a bishop die without having a kennel of hounds, his executors are to pay +the king a compensation in lieu thereof? And if it is, what is the amount +of that compensation? Is it merely nominal? I can understand the king +claiming a bishop's kennel of hounds or compensation in feudal times, when +bishops were hunters (vide Raine's _Auckland Castle_, a work of great +merit, and abounding with much curious information); but to say, to _this +day_ it is a branch of the king's prerogative, is an insult alike to our +bishops and to religious practices in the nineteenth century. Of hunting +bishops in feudal times, I beg to refer your readers, in addition to Mr. +Raine's work, to an article in the fifty-eighth volume of the _Quarterly +Review_, p. 433., for an extract from a letter of Peter of Blois to Walter, +Bishop of Rochester, who at the age of eighty was a great hunter. Peter was +shocked at his lordship's indulgence in so unclerical a sport. It is +obvious neither Peter nor the Pope could have heard of the hunting Bishops +of Durham. + +FRA. MEWBURN. + +_Quotations in Cowper._--Can any of your correspondents indicate the +sources of the following quotations, which occur in Cowper's Letters +(Hayley's _Life and Letters of Cowper_, 4 vols., 1812)? In vol. iii. p. +278. the following verses, referring to the Atonement, are cited: + + [Greek: Tou de kath' haima rheen kai soi kai emoi kai adelphois] + [Greek: Hemeterois, autou sozomenois thanatoi.] + +In vol. iv. p. 240. it is stated that Twining applied to Pope's translation +of Homer the Latin verse-- + + "Perfida, sed quamvis perfida, cara tamen." + +L. + +_Cawley the Regicide._--Mr. Waylen, in his _History of Marlborough_, just +published, shows that Cawley of Chichester, the regicide, has in Burke's +_Commoners_ been confounded with Cawley of Burderop, in Wiltshire; and he +adds, "the fact that a son of the real regicide (the Rev. John Cawley) +became a rector of the neighbouring parish of Didcot," &c. has helped to +confound the families. May I ask what is the authority for stating that the +Rev. J. Cawley was a son of the regicide? + +C. T. R. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Queries with Answers. + +_Dr. John Pocklington._--Can any of your correspondents oblige me with +information respecting the family, or the armorial bearings of Dr. John +Pocklington? He wrote _Altare Christianum_ and _Sunday no Sabbath_. The +parliament deprived him of his dignities A.D. 1640; and he died Nov. 14, +1642. Dr. Pocklington descended from Ralph Pocklington, who, with his +brother Roger, followed Margaret of Anjou after the battle of Wakefield, +A.D. 1460. He is said to have settled in the west, where he lived to have +three sons. The family is mentioned in connexion with the county of York, +as early as A.D. 1253. + +X. Y. Z. + + [John Pocklington was first a scholar at Sidney Sussex College, B.D. in + 1621, and afterwards a Fellow of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge. He + subsequently became Rector of Yelden in Bedfordshire, Vicar of Waresley + in Huntingdonshire, prebend of Lincoln, Peterborough, and Windsor; and + was also one of the chaplains to Charles I. "On the 15th May, 1611, the + Earl of Kent, with consent of Lord Harington, wrote to Sidney College + to dispense with Mr. Pocklington's holding a small living with cure of + souls. {248} See the original letter in the college treasury, box 1 or + 6." (Cole's MSS., vol. xlvi. p.207.). Among the King's Pamphlets in the + British Museum is "The Petition and Articles exhibited in Parliament + against John Pocklington, D.D., Parson of Yelden, in Bedfordshire, anno + 1641." The petition "humbly sheweth, That John Pocklington, D.D., + Rector of the parish of Yelden in the county of Bedford, Vicar of + Waresley in the county of Huntingdon, Prebend of Lincoln, Peterborough, + and Windsor, hath been a chief author and ringleader in all those + innovations which have of late flowed into the Church of England." The + Articles exhibited (too long to quote) are singularly illustrative of + the ecclesiastical usages in the reign of Charles I., and would make a + curious appendix to the REV. H. T. ELLACOMBE'S article at p. 257. of + the present Number. Having rendered himself obnoxious to the popular + faction by the publication of his _Altare Christianum_ and _Sunday no + Sabbath_, the parliament that met on Nov. 3, 1640, ordered these two + works to be burnt by the common hangman in both the Universities, and + in the city of London. He died on November 14, and was buried Nov. 16, + 1642, in the churchyard of Peterborough Cathedral. On his monumental + slab is the following inscription: "John Pocklington, S.S. Theologia + Doctor, obiit Nov. 14, 1642." A copy of his will is in the British + Museum (Lansdown, 990, p. 74.). It is dated Sept. 6, 1642; and in it + bequests are made to his daughters Margaret and Elizabeth, and his sons + John and Oliver. His wife Anne was made sole executrix. He orders his + body "to be buried in Monk's churchyard, at the foot of those monks + martyrs whose monument is well known: let there be a fair stone with a + great crosse cut upon it laid on my grave." For notices of Dr. + Pocklington, see Willis's _Survey of Cathedrals_, vol. iii. p. 521.; + Walker's _Sufferings of the Clergy_, Part II. p. 95.; and Fuller's + _Church History_, book xi. cent. xvii. sect. 30-33.] + +_Last Marquis of Annandale._--1. When and where did he die? 2. Any +particulars regarding his history? 3. When and why was Lochwood, the family +residence, abandoned? 4. How many marquisses were there, and were any of +them men of any note in their day and generation? + +ANNANDALE. + + [The first marquis was William Johnstone, third Earl of Annandale and + Hartfell, who was advanced 4th June, 1701, to the Marquisate of + Annandale. He died at Bath, 14th January, 1721, and was succeeded by + his son James, who died 21st February, 1730. George, his half-brother, + born 29th May, 1720, was the third and last Marquis of Annandale. An + inquest from the Court of Chancery, 5th March, 1748, found this marquis + a lunatic, and incapable of governing himself and his estate, and that + he had been so from the 12th December, 1744. He died at Turnham Green + on the 29th April, 1792, in the seventy-second year of his age, and was + buried at Chiswick, 7th May following. (_Gent. Mag._, May, 1792, p. + 481.) Since his decease the honours of the house of Annandale have + remained dormant, although they have been claimed by several branches + of the family. (Burke's _Extinct Peerages_.) Before the union of the + two crowns the Johnstones were frequently wardens of the west borders, + and were held in enthusiastic admiration for their exploits against the + English, the Douglasses, and other borderers. During the wars between + the two nations, they effectually suppressed the plunderers on the + borders; hence their device, a winged spur, and their motto, "Alight + thieves all," to denote their authority in commanding them to + surrender. Lochwood, the ancient seat of the Marquisses of Annandale, + was inhabited till 1724, three years after the death of the first + marquis, when it was finally abandoned by the family, and suffered + gradually to fall into decay. In _The New Statistical Account of + Scotland_, vol. iv. p. 112., we read "that the principal estate in the + parish of Moffat has descended to Mr. Hope Johnstone of Annandale, to + whom it is believed the titles also, in so far as claimed, of right + belong, and whose restoration to the dormant honours of the family + would afford universal satisfaction in this part of Scotland; because + it is the general feeling that he has a right to them, and that in his + family they would not only be supported, but graced." Some farther + particulars of the three marquisses will be found in Douglass' _Peerage + of Scotland_ (by Wood), vol. i. p. 75., and in _The Scots Compendium_, + edit. 1764, p. 151.] + +_Heralds' College._--Richard III. incorporated the College of Arms in 1483, +and that body consisted of three kings of arms, six heralds, and four +pursuivants. Can you inform me of the names of these _first_ members of +that Heraldic body? + +ESCUTCHEON. + +---- Vicarage. + + [Mark Noble, in his _History of the College of Arms_, p. 57., remarks, + "There is nothing more difficult than to obtain a true and authentic + series of the heralds, previous to the foundation of the College of + Arms, or, to speak more properly, the incorporation of that body. Mr. + Lant, Mr. Anstis, Mr. Edmondson, and other gentlemen, who had the best + opportunities, and whose industry was equal to their advantage, have + not been able to accomplish it; and from that time, especially in + Richard's reign, it is not practicable. Some idea may be formed of the + heraldic body at the commencement of this reign, by observing the names + of those who attended the funeral of Edward IV. Sandford and other + writers mention Garter, Clarenceux, Norroy, March, and Ireland, _kings_ + at arms; Chester, Leicester, Gloucester, and Buckingham, _heralds_; and + Rouge-Croix, Rose-Blanch, Calais, Guisnes, and Harrington, + _pursuivants_."] + +_Teddy the Tiler._--Who was Teddy the Tiler? + +W. P. E. + + [This is a fire-and-water farce, taken from the French by G. Herbert + Rodwell, Esq., ending with one element and beginning with the other. + Mr. Power's performance of Teddy, as many of our readers will remember, + kept the audience in one broad grin from beginning to end. It will be + found in Cumberland's _British Theatre_, vol. xxv., with remarks, + biographical and critical.] + +{249} + +_Duchess of Mazarin's Monument._--I read yesterday, in an interesting +French work, that the beautiful Hortense Mancini, a niece of Mazarin, and +sister to Mary Mancini, the early love of Louis XIV., after various +peregrinations, died at Chelsea, in England, on July 2, 1699. Although not +an important question, I think I may venture to ask whether any monument or +memorial of this remarkable beauty exists at Chelsea, or in its +neighbourhood? + +W. ROBSON. + + [Neither Faulkner nor Lysons notices any monumental memorial to the + Duchess of Mazarin, whose finances after the death of Charles II. (who + allowed her a pension of 4,000l. per annum) were very slender, so much + so that, according to Lysons, it was usual for the nobility and others, + who dined at her house, to leave money under the plates to pay for + their entertainment. She appears to have been in arrear for the parish + rates during the whole time of her residence at Chelsea.] + +_Halcyon Days._--What is the derivation of "halcyon days?" + +W. P. E. + + [The halcyon, or king's fisher, a bird said to breed in the sea, and + that there is always a calm during her incubation; hence the adjective + figuratively signifies placid, quiet, still, peaceful: as Dryden + says,-- + + "Amidst our arms as quiet you shall be, + As halcyons brooding on a winter's sea." + + "The halcyon," says Willsford, in his _Nature's Secrets_, p. 134., "at + the time of breeding, which is about fourteen days before the winter + solstice, foreshews a quiet and tranquil time, as it is observed about + the coast of Sicily, from whence the proverb is transported, the + halcyon days."] + + * * * * * + + +Replies. + +DOGS IN MONUMENTAL BRASSES. + +(Vol. ix., p. 126.) + +I may refer MR. B. H. ALFORD to the Oxford _Manual of Monumental Brasses_, +p. 56., for an answer to his Query: + + "Knights have no peculiar devices besides their arms, unless we are to + consider the lions and dogs beneath their feet as emblematical of the + virtues of courage, generosity, and fidelity, indispensable to their + profession. One or two dogs are often at the feet of the lady. They are + probably intended for some favourite animal, as the name is + occasionally inscribed," &c. + +Neither dog nor lion occurs at the feet of the following knights +represented on brasses prior to 1460: + + "c. 1450. Sir John Peryent, Jun., Digswell, Herts. (engd. Boutell.) + + 1455. John Daundelyon, Esq., Margate. (ditto.) + + c. 1360. William de Aldeburgh, Aldborough, Yorkshire. (engd. _Manual_.) + + c. 1380. Sir Edward Cerue, Draycot Cerue, Wiltshire. (engd. Boutell.) + + 1413. c. 1420. John Cressy, Esq., Dodford, Northants. (ditto.) + + 1445. Thomas de St. Quintin, Esq., Harpham, Yorkshire. (ditto.)" + +Whilst a dog is seen in the following: + + "1462. Sir Thomas Grene, Green's Norton, Northants. (ditto.) + + 1510. John Leventhorpe, Esq., St. Helen's, Bishopsgate. (_Manual._) + + 1471. Wife of Thomas Colte, Esq., Roydon, Essex. + + c. 1480. Brass at Grendon, Northants. + + c. 1485. Brass, Latton, Essex. + + 1501. Robert Baynard, Esq., Laycock, Wilts." + +These examples are described or engraved in the works of the Rev. C. +Boutell, or in the Oxford _Manual_, and I have little doubt that my own +collection of rubbings (if I had leisure to examine it) would supply other +examples under both of these sections. + +W. SPARROW SIMPSON. + +It is usually asserted that the dog appears at the feet of the lady in +monumental brasses as a symbol of fidelity; while the lion accompanies her +lord as the emblem of strength and courage. These distinctions, however, do +not appear to have been much attended to. The dog, in most cases a +greyhound, very frequently appears at the feet of a knight or civilian, as +on the brasses of the Earl of Warwick, 1401, Sir John Falstolf at Oulton, +1445, Sir John Leventhorpe at Sawbridgeworth, 1433, Sir Reginald de Cobham +at Lingfield, 1403, Richard Purdaunce, Mayor of Norwich, 1436, and Peter +Halle, Esquire, at Herne, Kent, 1420. Sir John Botiler, at St. Bride's, +Glamorganshire, 1285, has a dragon; and on the brass of Alan Fleming, at +Newark, 1361, appears a lion with a human face seizing a smaller lion. On a +very late brass of Sir Edward Warner, at Little Plumstead, Norfolk, 1565, +appears a greyhound, a full century after the date assigned by B. H. ALFORD +for the cessation of these symbolical figures. + +Sometimes the lady has two little dogs, as Lady Bagot, at Baginton, +Warwickshire, 1407; and in one instance, that of Lady Peryent, at Digswell, +Herts, 1415, there is a hedgehog, the meaning of which is sufficiently +obvious. B. H. ALFORD, in noticing the omission of the dog in the brass of +Lady Camoys at Trotton, 1424, has not mentioned a singular substitute which +is found for it, namely, the figure of a boy or young man, standing by the +lady's right foot: but what this means I cannot attempt to determine; +perhaps her only son. + +It may be interesting to add that some brasses of ecclesiastics exhibit +strange figures, not easy to interpret, if meant as symbolical. The brass +at {250} Oulton, of the priest ---- de Bacon, 1310, has a lion; that of the +Abbot Delamere, at St. Albans, 1375, two dragons; that of a priest at North +Mimms, about 1360, a stag; and, still more extraordinary, that of Laurence +Seymour, a priest, at Higham Ferrers, 1337, two dogs contending for a bone. + +F. C. H. + + * * * * * + +SNEEZING. + +(Vol. viii., pp. 366. 624.; Vol. ix., p. 63.) + +I can add another item of the folk lore to those already quoted. One of the +salutations, by which a sneezer is greeted amongst the lower class of +Romans at the present day, is _Figli maschi_, "May you have male children!" + +The best essay on _sneezing_, that I am acquainted with, is to be found in +Strada's _Prolusions_, book iii. Prol. 4., in which he replies at some +length, and not unamusingly, to the Query, "Why are sneezers saluted?" It +seems to have arisen out of an occurrence which had recently taken place at +Rome, that a certain _Pistor Suburranus_, after having sneezed twenty-three +times consecutively, had expired at the twenty-fourth sneeze: and his +object is to prove that Sigonius was mistaken in supposing that the custom +of saluting a sneezer had only dated from the days of Gregory the Great, +when many had died of the plague in the act of sneezing. In opposition to +this notion, he adduces passages from Apuleius and Petronius Arbiter, +besides those from Ammianus, Athenaeus, Aristotle, and Homer, already +quoted in your pages by MR. F. J. SCOTT. He then proceeds to give five +causes from which the custom may have sprung, and classifies them as +religious, medical, facetious, poetical, and augural. + +Under the first head, he argues that the salutation given to sneezers is +not a mere expression of good wishes, but a kind of veneration: "for," says +he, "we rise to a person sneezing, and humbly uncover our heads, and deal +reverently with him." In proof of this position, he tells us that in +Ethiopia, when the emperor sneezed, the salutations of his adoring +gentlemen of the privy chamber were so loudly uttered as to be heard and +re-echoed by the whole of his court; and thence repeated in the streets, so +that the whole city was in simultaneous commotion. + +The other heads are then pursued with considerable learning, and some +humour; and, under the last, he refers us to St. Augustin, _De Doctr. +Christ._ ii. 20., as recording that-- + + "When the ancients were getting up in the morning, if they chanced to + sneeze whilst putting on their shoes, they immediately went back to bed + again, in order that they might get up more auspiciously, and escape + the misfortunes which were likely to occur on that day." + +One almost wishes that people now-a-days would sometimes consent to follow +their example, when they have "got out of bed the wrong way." + +C. W. BINGHAM. + + * * * * * + +SIR JOHN DE MORANT. + +(Vol. ix., p. 56.) + +In answer to the Query of H. H. M., I beg to state that the Sir John de +Morant chronicled by Froissart was Jean de Morant, Chevalier, Seigneur +d'Escours, and other lordships in Normandy. He was fourth in descent from +Etienne de Morant, Chevalier, living A.D. 1245, and son of Etienne de +Morant and his wife Marie de Pottier. His posterity branched off into many +noble Houses; as the Marquis de Morant, and Mesnil-Garnier, the Count de +Panzes, the Barons of Fontenay, Rupierre, Bieville, Coulonces, the +Seigneurs de Courseulles, Brequigny, &c. + +The Sire Jean de Morant, born A.D. 1346, was the hero of the following +adventure, quoted from an ancient chronicle of Brittany, by +Chesnaye-Desbois. It appears that the Sire de Morant was one of five French +knights, who fought a combat _a l'outrance_ against an equal number of +English challengers, with the sanction, and in the presence, of John of +Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, A.D. 1381-2. The result was in favour of the +French. The chronicle proceeds: + + "Le Sire de Morant s'etant principalement distingue dans cette action, + un Chevalier Anglois lui propose de venger, tete-a-tete, la defaite de + ses compatriotes, et qu'ils en vinrent aux mains; mais que l'Anglois, + qu'une indisposition aux genouils avoit force de combattre sans bottes + garnies, avoit engage son adversaire de quitter les siennes, en + promettant, parole d'honneur, de ne point abuser de cette + condescendance, a quoi le Sire de Morant consentit: le perfide Anglois + ne lui tint pas parole, et lui porta trois coups d'epee dans la jambe. + Le Duc de Lancastre, qui en fut temoin, fit arreter ce lache, et le fit + mettre entre les mains du Sire de Morant, pour tirer telle vengeance + qu'il jugeroit a propos, ou du moins le contraindre a lui payer une + forte rancon. Le Seigneur de Morant remercia ce Prince, en lui disant + 'qu'il etoit venu de Bretagne non pour de l'or, mais pour l'honneur' et + le supplia de recevoir en grace l'Anglois, attribuant a son peu + d'adresse ce qui n'etoit que l'effet de sa trahison. Le Duc de + Lancastre, charme d'une si belle reponse, lui envoya une coupe d'or et + une somme considerable. Morant refusa la somme, et se contenta de la + coupe d'or, par respect pour le Prince." + +There is a short account of the branch of Morant de Mesnil-Garnier in the +_Genealogie de France_, by Le Pere Anselme, vol. ix.; but a very full and +complete pedigree is contained in the eighth volume of the _Dict. de la +Noblesse Francaise_, by M. de la Chesnaye-Desbois. {251} + +As the Rev. Philip Morant was a native of Jersey, it is more than probable +that he was an offset of the ancient Norman stock, though their armorial +bearings are widely different. The latter bore, Azure, three cormorants +argent; but the family of Astle, of Colne Park in Essex, are said to +quarter for Morant, Gules, on a chevron argent, three talbots passant +sable. + +Having only a daughter and heiress, married to Thomas Astle, Keeper of the +Records in the Tower of London, the reverend historian of Essex could +hardly have been the ancestor of the Morants of Brockenhurst. + +There was also another family in Normandy, named Morant de Bois-ricard, in +no way connected with the first, who bore Gules, a bend ermine. + +JOHN O' THE FORD. + +Malta. + + * * * * * + +INN SIGNS. + +(Vol. ix., p. 148.) + +ALPHEGE will find a good paper on the origin of signs in the _Mirror_, vol. +ii. p. 387.; also an article on the present specimens of country ale-house +signs, in the first volume of the same interesting periodical, p. 101. In +Hone's _Every-Day Book_, vol. i., are notices of curious signs at pp. 1262. +and 1385. In vol. ii. some very amusing specimens are given at p. 789. +Others occur in Hone's _Table-Book_, at pp. 448. 504. and 756. + +F. C. H. + +I can answer ALPHEGE's Query, having some notes by me on the subject. He +will pardon my throwing them, in a shapeless heap, jolting out as you +unload stones. + +The Romans had signs; and at Pompeii a pig over the door represents a +wine-shop within. The Middle Ages adopted a bush. "Good wine needs no +bush," &c., answering to the gilded grapes at a modern vintner's. The bush +is still a common sign. At Charles I.'s death, a cavalier landlord painted +his bush black. Then came the modern square sign, formerly common to all +trades. Old signs are generally heraldic, and represent royal bearings, or +the blazonings of great families. The White Hart was peculiar to Richard +II; the White Swan of Henry IV. and Edward III.; the Blue Boar of Richard +III.; the Red Dragon came in with the Tudors. Then we have the Bear and +Ragged Staff of Leicester, &c. Monograms are common; as Bolt and Tun for +_Bolton_; Hare and Tun for _Harrington_. The Three Suns is the favourite +bearing of Edward IV.; and all Roses, white or red (as at Tewkesbury), are +indications of political predilection. Other signs commemorate historical +events; as the Bull and Mouth, Bull and Gate (the Boulogne engagement in +Henry VIII.'s time, and alluded to by Shakspeare). The Pilgrim, Cross Keys, +Salutation, Catherine Wheel, Angel, Three Kings, Seven Stars, St. Francis, +&c., are medieval signs. Many are curiously corrupted; as the Coeur Dore +(Golden Heart) to the Queer Door; Bacchanals (the Bag of Nails); Pig and +Whistle (Peg and Wassail Bowl); the Swan and Two Necks (literally Two +_Nicks_); Goat and Compasses (God encompasseth us); The Bell Savage (La +Belle Sauvage, or Isabel Savage); the Goat in the Golden Boots (from the +Dutch, Goed in der Gooden Boote), Mercury, or the God in the Golden Boots. +The Puritans altered many of the monastic signs; as the Angel and Lady, to +the Soldier and Citizen. In signs we may read every phase of ministerial +popularity, and all the ebbs and flows of war in the Sir Home Popham, +Rodney, Shovel, Duke of York, Wellington's Head, &c. At Chelsea, a sign +called the "Snow Shoes," I believe, still indicates the excitement of the +American war. + +I shall be happy to send ALPHEGE more instances, or to answer any +conjectures. + +G. W. THORNBURY. + +A century ago, when the houses in streets were unnumbered, they were +distinguished by sign-boards. The chemist had the dragon (some astrological +device); the pawnbroker the three golden pills, the arms of the Medici and +Lombardy, as the descendant of the ancient bankers of England; the +barber-chirurgeon the pole for the wig, and the parti-coloured ribands to +bind up the patient's wounds after blood-letting; the haberdasher and +wool-draper the golden fleece; the tobacconist the snuff-taking Highlander; +the vintner the bunch of grapes and ivy-bush; and the Church and State +bookseller the Bible and crown. The Crusaders brought in the signs of the +Saracen's Head, the Turk's Head, and the Golden Cross. Near the church were +found the Lamb and Flag, The Bell, the Cock of St. Peter, the Maiden's +Head, and the Salutation of St. Mary. The Chequers commemorated the licence +granted by the Earls of Arundel, or Lords Warrenne. The Blue Boar was the +cognizance of the House of Oxford (and so The Talbots, The Bears, White +Lions, &c. may usually be reasonably referred to the supporters of the arms +of noble families, whose tenants the tavern landlords were). The Bull and +Mouth, the hostelry of the voyager to Boulogne Harbour. The Castle, The +Spread Eagle, and The Globe (Alphonso's), were probably adopted from the +arms of Spain, Germany, and Portugal, by inns which were the resort of +merchants from those countries. The Belle Sauvage recalled some show of the +day; the St. George and Dragon commemorated the badge of the Garter, the +Rose and Fleur-de-Lys, the Tudors; The Bull, The Falcon, {252} and Plume of +Feathers, Edward IV.; the Swan and Antelope were the arms of Henry V.; the +chained or White Hart of Richard II.; the Sun and Boar of King Richard +III.; the Greyhound and Green Dragon of Henry VII. The Bag o' Nails +disguised the former Bacchanals; the Cat and Fiddle the Caton Fidele; the +Goat and Compasses was the rebus of the Puritan motto "God encompasseth +us." The Swan with Two Nicks represented the Thames swans, so marked on +their bills under the "conservatory" of the Goldsmiths' Company. The Cocoa +Tree and Thatched House tell their own tale; so the Coach and Horses, +reminding us of the times when the superior inns were the only +posting-houses, in distinction to such as bore the sign of the Pack-Horse. +The Fox and Goose denoted the games played within; the country inn, the +Hare and Hounds, the vicinity of a sporting squire. + +MACKENZIE WALCOTT, M.A. + +ALPHEGE will find some information on this subject in Lower's _Curiosities +of Heraldry_, _The Beaufoy Tokens_ (printed by the Corporation of London), +and the _Journal of the Archaeological Association_ for April, 1853. + +WILLIAM KELLY. + +Leicester. + +There are a series of articles on this subject in the _Gentleman's +Magazine_, vol. lxxxviii., parts i. and ii., and vol. lxxxix. parts i. and +ii. Taylor the Water-poet wrote _A Catalogue of Memorable Places and +Taverns within Ten Shires of England_, London, 1636, 8vo. Much information +will also be found in Akerman's _Tokens_, and Burn's _Catalogue of the +Beaufoy Cabinet_. + +ZEUS. + + * * * * * + +"CONSILIUM DELECTORUM CARDINALIUM." + +(Vol. viii., p. 54. Vol. ix., pp. 127-29.) + +Novus did not require correction; but MR. B. B. WOODWARD has elaborately +confounded the genuine _Consilium_ of 1537 with Vergerio's spurious Letter +of Advice, written in 1549. _Four_ cardinals, and not _nine_ (as MR. +WOODWARD supposes), subscribed the authentic document; but perhaps _novem_ +may have been a corruption of _novum_, applied to the later Bolognese +_Consilium_; or else the word was intended to denote the number of _all_ +the dignitaries who addressed Pope Paul III. + +R. G. + + "This Consilium was the result of an assembly of four cardinals, among + whom was our Pole, and five prelates, by Paul III. in 1537, charged to + give him their best advice relative to a reformation of the church. The + corruptions of that community were detailed and denounced with more + freedom than might have been expected, or was probably desired; so much + so, that when one of the body, Cardinal Caraffa, assumed the tiara as + Paul IV., he transferred his own _advice_ into his own list of + prohibited books. The Consilium became the subject of an animated + controversy. McCrie in his _History of the Reformation in Italy_, has + given a satisfactory account of the whole, pp. 83, &c. The candid + Quirini could maintain neither the spuriousness of this important + document, nor its non-identity with the one condemned in the Index. + (See Schelborn's Two Epistles on the subject, Tiguri, 1748.) And now + observe, gentle reader, the pontifical artifice which this discussion + has produced. Not in the Index following the year 1748, namely, that of + 1750 (that was too soon), but in the next, that of 1758, the article + appears thus: 'Consilium de emendanda Ecclesia. _Cum Notis vel + Praefationibus Haereticorum. Ind. Trid._' The whole, particularly the + Ind. Trid., is an implied and real falsehood."-- Mendham's _Literary + Policy of the Church of Rome_, pp. 48, 49. + +M. Barbier, in his _Dictionnaire des Pseudoynmes_, has given his opinion of +the genuineness of the Consilium in the following note, in reply to some +queries on the subject: + +"Monsieur.--Le _Consilium quorundam Episcoporum_, &c., me parait une piece +bien authentique, puisque Brown declare l'avoir trouve non-seulement dans +les oeuvres de Vergerio, mais encore dans les _Lectiones Memorabiles_, en 2 +vol. in fol. par Wolphius. _Je ne connais rien contre_ cette piece. + + "J'ai l'honneur, &c. + + "BARBIER." + +The learned Lorente has reprinted the "Concilium" also in his work entitled +_Monumens Historiques concernant les deux Pragmatiques Sanctions_. There +can, therefore, be no just grounds for doubting the character of this +precious article. + +BIBLIOTHECAR. CHETHAM. + + * * * * * + +PULPIT HOUR-GLASSES. + +(Vol. viii., pp. 82. 209. 279. 328. 454. 525.) + +I should be glad to see some more information in your pages relative to the +_early_ use of the pulpit hour-glass. It is said that the ancient fathers +preached, as the old Greek and Roman orators declaimed, by this instrument; +but were the sermons of the ancient fathers an hour long? Many of those in +St. Augustine's ten volumes might be delivered with distinctness in seven +or eight minutes; and some of those of Latimer and his contemporaries, in +about the same time. But, Query, are not the _printed_ sermons of these +divines merely outlines, to be filled up by the preacher _extempore_? Dyos, +in a sermon preached at Paul's Cross, in 1570, speaking of the walking and +profane talking in the church at sermon time, also laments how they grudged +the preacher his _customary hour_. So that an hour seems to have been the +practice at the Reformation. {253} + +The hour-glass was used equally by the Catholics and Protestants. In an +account of the fall of the house in Blackfriars, where a party of Romanists +were assembled to hear one of their preachers, in 1623, the preacher is +described as-- + + "Having on a surplice, girt about his middle with a linnen girdle, and + a tippet of scarlet on both his shoulders. He was attended by a man + that brought after him his book and _hour-glass_."--See _The Fatal + Vespers_, by Samuel Clark, London, 1657. + +In the Preface to the Bishops' _Bible_, printed by John Day in 1569, +Archbishop Parker is represented with an _hour-glass_ at his right hand. +And in a work by Franchinus Gaffurius, entitled _Angelicum ac Divinum opus +Musice_, printed at Milan in 1508, is a curious representation of the +author seated in a pulpit, with a book in his hand; an _hour-glass_ on one +side, and a bottle on the other; lecturing to an audience of twelve +persons. This woodcut is engraved in the second volume of Hawkins' _History +of Music_, p. 333. + +Hour-glasses were often very elegantly formed, and of rich materials. Shaw, +in his _Dresses and Decorations of the Middle Ages_, has given an engraving +of one in the cabinet of M. Debruge at Paris. It is richly enamelled, and +set with jewels. In the churchwardens' accounts of Lambeth Church are two +entries respecting the hour-glass: the first is in 1579, when 1s. 4d. was +"payd to Yorke for the frame in which the _hower_ standeth;" and the second +in 1615, when 6s. 8d. was "payd for an iron for the _hour-glasse_." In an +inventory of the goods and implements belonging to the church of All +Saints, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, taken about 1632, mention is made of "one +_whole_ hour-glasse," and of "one _halfe_ hour-glasse." (See Brand's +_Newcastle_, vol. i. p. 370.). + +Fosbroke says, "Preaching by the _hour-glass_ was put an end to by the +Puritans" (_Ency. of Antiq._, vol. i. pp. 273. 307.). But the account given +by a correspondent of the _Gentleman's Magazine_ (1804, p. 201.) is +probably more correct: + + "Hour-glasses, in the puritanical days of Cromwell, were made use of by + the preachers; who, on first getting into the pulpit, and naming the + text, turned up the glass; and if the sermon did not hold till the + glass was out, it was said by the congregation that the preacher was + lazy: and if he continued to preach much longer, they would yawn and + stretch, and by these signs signify to the preacher that they began to + be weary of his discourse, and wanted to be dismissed." + +Butler speaks of "gifted brethren preaching by a carnal _hour-glass_" +(_Hudibras_, Part I., canto III., v. 1061.). And in the frontispiece of Dr. +Young's book, entitled _England's Shame, or a Relation of the Life and +Death of Hugh Peters_, London, 1663, Peters is represented preaching, and +holding an _hour-glass_ in his left hand, in the act of saying: "I know you +are good fellows, so let's have another _glass_." The same words, or +something very similar, are attributed to the Nonconformist minister, +Daniel Burgess. Mr. Maidment, in a note to "The New Litany," printed in his +_Third Book of Scottish Pasquils_ (Edin., 1828, p. 49.), also gives the +following version of the same: + + "A humorous story has been preserved of one of the Earls of Airly, who + entertained at his table a clergyman, who was to preach before the + Commissioner next day. The glass circulated, perhaps too freely; and + whenever the divine attempted to rise, his Lordship prevented him, + saying, 'Another glass, and then.' After 'flooring' (if the expression + may be allowed) his Lordship, the guest went home. He next day selected + a text: 'The wicked shall be punished, and that RIGHT EARLY.' Inspired + by the subject, he was by no means sparing of his oratory, and the + hour-glass was disregarded, although repeatedly warned by the + precentor; who, in common with Lord Airly, thought the discourse rather + lengthy. The latter soon knew why he was thus punished by the reverend + gentleman, when reminded, always exclaiming, _not_ sotto voce, 'Another + glass, and then.'" + +Hogarth, in his "Sleeping Congregation," has introduced an hour-glass on +the left side of the preacher; and Mr. Ireland observes, in his description +of this plate, that they are "still placed on some of the pulpits in the +provinces." At Waltham, in Leicestershire, by the side of the pulpit was +(or is) an hour-glass in an iron frame, mounted on three high wooden +brackets. (See Nichols' _Leicestershire_, vol. ii p. 382.) A bracket for +the support of an hour-glass is still preserved, affixed to the pulpit of +Hurst Church, in Berkshire: it is of iron, painted and gilt. An interesting +notice, accompanied by woodcuts, of a number of existing specimens of +hour-glass frames, was contributed to the _Journal of the British +Archaeological Association_, vol. iii., 1848, by Mr. Fairholt, to which I +refer the reader for farther information. + +EDWARD F. RIMBAULT. + +I remember to have seen it stated in some antiquarian journal, that there +are only three hour-glass stands in England where any portion of the glass +is remaining. In Cowden Church, in Kent, the glass is nearly entire. +Perhaps some of your readers will be able to mention the two other places. + +W. D. H. + +In Salhouse Church, near Norwich, an iron hour-glass stand still remains +fixed to the pulpit; and a bell on the screen, between the nave and the +chancel. + +C--s. T. P. + +At Berne, in the autumn of last year, I saw an hour-glass stand _still_ +attached to the pulpit in the minster. + +W. SPARROW SIMPSON. + + * * * * * + +{254} + +PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE. + +_A Prize for the best Collodion._--Your "Hint to the Photographic Society" +(Feb. 25) I much approve of, but I have always found more promptness from +individuals than from associated bodies; and all photographers I deem to be +under great obligations to _you_ in affording us a medium of communication +before a Photographic Society was in existence. During the past month your +valuable articles, from some of our most esteemed photographists, show that +your pages are the agreeable medium of publishing their researches. I would +therefore respectfully suggest that you should yourself offer a prize for +the best mode of making a good useful collodion, and that that prize should +be a complete set of your valuable journal, which now, I believe, is +progressing with its ninth volume. You might associate two independent +names with your own, in testing the merits of any sample supplied to you, +and a condition should be that the formula should be published in "N. & Q." +Your observations upon the manufacturers of paper, respecting the intrinsic +value of a premium, are equally applicable to this proposition, because, +should the collodion prepared by any of the various dealers who at present +advertise in your columns be deemed to be the most satisfactory, your +sanction and that of your friends alone would be an ample recompense. I +would also suggest that samples sent to you should be labelled with a +motto, and a corresponding motto, _sealed_, should contain the name and +address, the name and address of the successful sample _alone_ to be +opened: this would effectually preclude all preconceived notions +entertained by the testing manipulators who are to decide on the merits of +what is submitted to them. + +A READER OF "N. & Q." AND A PHOTOGRAPHER. + + [We are obliged to our correspondent not only for the compliment he has + paid to our services to photography, but also for his suggestion. There + are many reasons, and some sufficiently obvious, why _we_ should not + undertake the task proposed; and there are as obvious reasons why it + should be undertaken by the Photographic Society. That body has not + only the means of securing the best judges of such matters, but an + invitation from such a body would probably call into the field of + competition all the best photographers, whether professional or + amateur.] + +_Double Iodide of Silver and Potassium._--I shall feel greatly indebted to +you, or to any correspondent of "N. & Q.," for information as to the +proportion of iodide of silver to the ounce of water, to be afterwards +taken up by a _saturated solution_ of iodide of potassium, and converted +into the double iodide of silver and potassium. + +I generally pour all waste solution of silver into a jar of iodide of +potassium solution; and last year, having washed some of the precipitated +iodide of silver, I redissolved it in a solution of iodide of potassium of +an unknown strength. Paper prepared with this solution answered very +satisfactorily, kept well after excitation, and was very clear and intense; +but this was purely accidental: and if you can tell me how to insure like +success this summer, without a series of experiments, for which I have but +little time just now, the information will be very acceptable to me, and +probably to many others. + +I excite my paper with equal proportions of saturated solution of gallic +acid and aceto-nitrate of silver, one or two drops of each to the drachm of +distilled water. I always plunge the bottle of gallic acid solution into +hot water when first made, which enables it to take up more of the acid; on +cooling, the excess crystallises at the bottom. This ensures an even +strength of solution: it will keep any length of time, if a small piece of +camphor be allowed to float in it. + +J. W. WALROND. + +Wellington. + + [The resultant iodide from fifteen grains of nitrate of silver, + precipitated by means of the iodide of potassium, will give the + requisite quantity of iodide for every ounce of water; or about + twenty-seven grains of the dried iodide will produce the same effect. + It is however far preferable, and more economical, to convert all waste + into chloride of silver, from which the pure metal may be again so + readily obtained. Iodide of silver, collected in the manner described + by our correspondent, is very likely to lead to disappointment.] + +_Albumenized Paper._--I have by careful observation found that the cause of +the albumen settling and drying in waving lines and blotches on my paper, +arose from some parts of the paper being more absorbent than others, the +gelatinous-like nature of the albumen assisting to retard its ready ingress +into the unequal parts, and, consequently, that those places becoming the +first dried, prevented the albumen, still slowly dripping over the now more +wetted parts, from running down equally and smoothly, thereby causing a +check to its progress; and as at last these become also dry, thicker and +irregular patches of albumen were deposited, forming the mischief in +question. + +The discovery of the cause suggested to me the propriety of either giving +each sheet a prolonged floating of from ten to fifteen minutes on the +salted albumen, or until every part had become fully and equally saturated; +or, as a preliminary to the floating and hanging up by one corner on a +line, of putting overnight between each sheet a damped piece of bibulous +paper, and placing the whole between two smooth plates of stone, or other +non-absorbent material. + +Either method produces equally good results; but I now always use the +latter, thereby avoiding the necessity of otherwise having several dishes +of albumen at work at once. + +HENRY H. HELE. + +_Cyanide of Potassium_ (Vol. ix., p. 230.).--I have for a long time been in +the habit of using a solution of the above-named substance for fixing +collodion _positives_, because the reduced silver has a much _whiter_ +appearance when thus fixed, than when the hyposulphite of soda is used for +the same purpose; but I cannot quite agree with MR. HOCKIN that it is +_equally_ applicable to negatives, though in many cases it will do very +well. I find the reduced metal is more pervious to light when fixed with +the cyanide solution, particularly in weak negatives. Lastly, I find that a +small quantity of the {255} silver salts being added to the solution before +using, produces less injury to the half-tones, and this not by merely +weakening the solution, as one of double the strength with the silver is +better than one without it, though only half as powerful. + +Your correspondent C. E. F. (_ibid._) will find his positives will not +stand a saturated solution of hyposulphite of soda, unless he prints them +so intensely dark that all traces of a picture by reflected light are +obliterated; but I have sometimes accidentally exposed my positives a +_whole day_, and retained a fair proof by soaking the apparently useless +impressions in such a solution. + +GEO. SHADBOLT. + + * * * * * + + +Replies to Minor Queries. + +_Saw-dust Recipe_ (Vol. ix., p. 148.).--See Herschel's _Discourse on the +Study of Natural Philosophy_, published in Lardner's _Cyclopaedia_, p. 64., +where he says: + + "That sawdust itself is susceptible of conversion into a substance + bearing no remote analogy to bread; and though certainly less palatable + than that of flour, yet no way disagreeable, and both wholesome and + digestible, as well as highly nutritive." + +To which passage the following note is appended: + + "See Dr. Prout's account of the experiments of Professor Autenrieth of + Tubingen, _Phil. Trans._, 1827, p. 331. This discovery, which renders + famine next to _impossible_, deserves a higher degree of celebrity than + it has obtained." + +J. M. W. + +Though not exactly the recipe for _saw-dust biscuits_ which I have heard +of, there is an account of the process of making bread from bark in Laing's +"Norway" (Longman's _Traveller's Lib._), part ii. p. 219., where, on the +subject of pine-trees, it is stated: + + "Many were standing with all their branches dead, stripped of the bark + to make bread, and blanched by the weather, resembling white + marble,--mere ghosts of trees. The bread is made of the inner rind next + the wood, taken off in flakes like a sheet of foolscap paper, and is + steeped or washed in warm water, to clear off its astringent principle. + It is then hung across a rope to dry in the sun, and looks exactly like + sheets of parchment. When dry it is pounded into small pieces mixed + with corn, and ground into meal on the hand-mill or quern. It is much + more generally used than I supposed. There are districts in which the + forests suffered very considerable damage in the years 1812 and 1814, + when bad crops and the war, then raging, reduced many to bark bread. + The Fjelde bonder use it, more or less, every year. It is not very + unpalatable; nor is there any good reason for supposing it unwholesome, + if well prepared; but it is very costly. The value of the tree, which + is left to perish on its root, would buy a sack of flour, if the + English market were open." + +Now, if G. D., or any enterprising individual, could succeed in converting +saw-dust into wholesome food, or fit for admixture with flour, somewhat +after the above manner, it would indeed be a "happy discovery," considering +the present high price of "the staff of life." Bread has also been made +from the horse-chesnut; but the expense of preparation, removing the strong +bitter flavour, is no doubt the obstacle to its success. What could be done +with the Spanish chesnut? + +WILLO. + +The saw-dust recipe is to be found in the _Saturday Magazine_, Jan. 3, +1835, taken from No. 104. of the _Quarterly Review_. It is entitled, "How +to make a Quartern Loaf out of a Deal Board." + +J. C. + +Your correspondent G. D. may find something to his purpose in a little +German work, entitled _Wie kann man, bey grosser Theuerung und Hungersnoth, +ohne Getreid, gesundes Brod verschaffen?_ Von Dr. Oberlechner: Xav. Duyle, +Salzburg, 1817. + +W. T. + +_Brydone the Tourist_ (Vol. ix., p. 138.).--The literary world would feel +obliged to J. MACRAY to tell us the name of the writer of the criticism who +says, "Brydone never was on the Summit of Etna." Did the scholars of Italy +know more of what was done by Englishmen in Sicily in Brydone's day than +they do at present? How are the dates reconciled? Brydone would be 113 +years old. Mr. Beckford, I think, must have been some thirteen or fourteen +years younger. Brydone was always considered to be in his relations in life +a man of probity and honour. I used to hear much of him from one nearly +related to me, whose father was first cousin to Brydone's wife. + +H. R., NEE F. + +_Etymology of "Page"_ (Vol. ix., p. 106.).--_Paggio_ Italian, _page_ French +and Spanish, _pagi_ Provencal, is derived by Diez, _Etymologisches +Woerterbuch der Romanischen Sprachen_ (Bonn, 1853), p. 249., from the Greek +[Greek: paidion]. This derivation is evidently the true one. I may take +this opportunity of recommending the above-cited work to all persons who +feel an interest in the etymology of the Romance languages. It is not only +more scientific and learned, but more comprehensive, than any other work of +the kind. + +L. + +_Longfellow_ (Vol. ix., p. 174.).--There was a family of the name of +Longfellow resident in Brecon, South Wales, about fifty or sixty years ago, +who were large landowners in the county; and one of them (Tom Longfellow, +alluded to in the lines below) kept the principal inn, "The Golden Lion," +in that town. His son occupied a farm a few miles from Brecon, about thirty +years ago; and two of his sisters resided in the town. The family was +frequently engaged in law suits (perhaps from the _proverbially_ litigious +disposition {256} of their Welsh neighbours), and was ultimately ruined. +Many of the old inhabitants of that part of the Principality could, no +doubt, give a better and fuller account of them. + +The following lines (not very flattering to the landlord, certainly), said +to have been written by a commercial traveller on an inside-window shutter +of "The Golden Lion," when Mr. Longfellow was the proprietor, may not be +out of place in "N. & Q.:" + + "Tom Longfellow's name is most justly his due, + Long his neck, long his bill, which is very long too; + Long the time ere your horse to the stable is led, + Long before he's rubbed down, and much longer till fed; + Long indeed may you sit in a comfortless room, + Till from kitchen, long dirty, your dinner shall come; + Long the often-told tale that your host will relate, + Long his face whilst complaining how long people eat; + Long may Longfellow long ere he see me again,-- + Long 'twill be ere I long for Tom Longfellow's inn." + +C. H. (2) + +Yesterday I happened to be looking over an old Bristol paper (Sarah +Farley's _Bristol Journal_, Saturday, June 11, 1791), and the name of +Longfellow, which I had before only known as borne by the poet, caught my +eye. At the end of the paper there is a notice in these words: + + "Advertisements are taken in for this paper by agents in various + places, and by Mr. Longfellow, Brecon," &c. + +HENRY GEO. TOMKINS. + +Park Lodge, Weston-super-Mare. + +There is now living at Beaufort Iron Works, Breconshire, a respectable +tradesman, bearing the name of Longfellow. He himself is a native of the +town of Brecon, as was his father also. But his grandfather was a settler; +though from what part of the country this last-named relative originally +came, he is unfortunately unable to say. He has the impression, however, +that it was from Cornwall or Devonshire. Perhaps this information will +partly answer the question of OXONIENSIS. + +E. W. I. + +It is by no means improbable that the name is a corruption of +_Longvillers_, found in Northamptonshire as early as the reign of Edward +I., and derived, I imagine, from the town of Longueville in Normandy. There +is a Newton Longville in this county. + +W. P. STORER. + +Olney, Bucks. + +_Canting Arms_ (Vol. ix., p. 146.).--The introduction to the collection of +arms alluded to was _not_ written by Sir George Naylor, but by the Rev. +James Dallaway, who had previously published his _Historical Enquiries_, a +work well known. + +G. + +_Holy Loaf Money_ (Vol. ix., p. 150.).--At some time before the date of +present rubrics, it was the custom for every house in the parish to provide +in rotation bread (and wine) for the Holy Communion. By the first book of +King Edward VI., this duty was devolved upon those who had the cure of +souls, with a provision "that the parishioners of every parish should offer +every Sunday, at the time of the offertory, _the just value and price of +the holy loaf_ ... to the use of the pastors and curates" who had provided +it; "and that in such order and course as they were wont to find, and pay +the said holy loaf." This is, I think, the correct answer to the Query of +T. J. W. + +J. H. B. + +"_Could we with ink_," _&c._ (Vol. viii., pp. 127. 180.).--The idea +embodied in these lines was well known in the seventeenth century. The +following "rhyme," extracted from a rare miscellany entitled _Wits +Recreations_, 12mo., 1640, has reference to the subject. + + "_Interrogativa Cantilena._ + + "If all the world were paper, + And all the sea were inke; + If all the trees were bread and cheese, + How should we do for drinke? + + "If all the world were sand'o, + Oh then what should we lack'o; + If as they say there were no clay, + How should we take tobacco? + + "If all our vessels ran'a, + If none but had a crack'a; + If Spanish apes eat all the grapes, + How should we do for sack'a? + + "If fryers had no bald pates, + Nor nuns had no dark cloysters; + If all the seas were beans and pease, + How should we do for oysters? + + "If there had been no projects, + Nor none that did great wrongs; + If fiddlers shall turne players all, + How should we doe for songs? + + "If all things were eternall, + And nothing their end bringing; + If this should be, then how should we + Here make an end of singing?" + +EDWARD F. RIMBAULT. + +_Mount Mill, and the Fortifications of London_ (Vol. ix., p. 174.).--B. R. +A. Y. will find that the name is still applied to an obscure locality in +the parish of St. Luke, situated close to the west end of Seward Street on +the north side. The parliamentary fortifications of London are described in +Maitland's _Hist._, and Mount Mill is noticed in Cromwell's _Clerkenwell_, +pp. 33. 396. This writer supposes that the _Mount_ (long since levelled) +originated in the interment of a great number of persons during the plague +of 1665; but {257} this, I think, is a mistake, for the Mount is mentioned +in a printed broadside which, if I remember rightly, bears an earlier date. +I cannot furnish its title, but it will be found in the British Museum, +with the press-mark 669. f. 8/22. A plan of the city and suburbs, as +fortified by order of the parliament in 1642 and 1643, was engraved by +George Vertue, 1738; and a small plan of the same works appeared in the +_Gentleman's Magazine_ a few years afterwards (1749?). + +W.P. STORER. + +Olney, Bucks. + +_Standing while the Lord's Prayer is read_ (Vol. ix., p. 127.).--A custom +noted to prevail at Bristol: in connexion with it, it would be interesting +to ascertain in what churches there still remain _any_ usages of by-gone +days, but which have generally got into desuetude. It is probable that in +some one or other church there may still exist a usage handed down by +tradition, which is not generally recognised nor authorised in the present +day. Perhaps by means of our widely spread "N. & Q.," and the notes of its +able contributors, this may be ascertained. By way of example, and as a +beginning, I would mention the following:-- + +At St. Sampson's, Cricklade (it was so before 1820), the people say, +"Thanks be to Thee, O God!" after the reading of the Gospel; a usage said +to be as old as St. Chrysostom. + +At Talaton, Devon, where the congregation turn towards the singing gallery +at the west end, during the singing of the "Magnificat" and other psalms, +at the "Gloria" they all turn round to the _east_. + +At Bitton, Gloucestershire, two parishioners, natives of Lincolnshire, +always gave me notice before they came to Holy Communion, as it was their +_custom_ always to do. + +When a boy, I remember an old gentleman, who came from one of the Midland +Counties, always stood up at the "Glory" in the Litany. In many country +churches, the old women make a courtesy. + +In many country churches, the old men bow and smooth down their hair when +they enter the church; and women make a courtesy. + +H. T. ELLACOMBE. + +Rectory, Clyst St. George. + +In a late Number of your miscellany, you say it is a general practice for +congregations in churches to _stand_ during the reading of the Lord's +Prayer, when it occurs in the order of Morning Lessons. In my experience, I +do not remember any such custom prevalent in this part of the country; but +may mention, as a curious and (as far as I know, or ever heard of) singular +example of kneeling at the reading of St Matt. vi. and St. Luke xi., that +at Formby, a retired village on the Lancashire coast, my first cure, the +people observed this usage. The children in the schools were instructed to +kneel whenever they read the section of these chapters which contains the +Lord's Prayer. And at the "Burial of the Dead," as soon as the minister +came to that portion of the ceremony where the use of the Lord's Prayer is +enjoined, all the assembled mourners (old and young, and however cold or +damp the day) would devoutly kneel down in the chapel yard, and remain in +this posture of reverence until the conclusion of the service. I observed +that their Roman Catholic neighbours, who often attended at funerals, when +they happened to be present, did the same. So that it seemed to be "a +tradition derived from their fathers," and handed down "from one generation +to another." + +R. L. + +Great Lever, Bolton. + +This custom is observed in the Cathedral at Norwich, but not (I believe) in +the other churches in that city. I remember seeing it noticed in a very old +number of the _Gentleman's Magazine_, and should be glad if any of your +correspondents could tell me which number it is. I have looked through the +Index in vain. The writer denounced it as a _Popish_ custom! + +W. + +_A dead Sultan, with his Shirt for an Ensign_ (Vol. ix., p. 76.).--MR. +WARDEN will find a long and interesting description of Saladin in Knolles' +_Turkish History_, pp. 33. 57., published in London by Adam Islip in 1603. +I take from this learned work the following curious anecdote: + + "About this time (but the exact period is not stated) died the great + Sultan Saladin, the greatest terrour of the Christians; who, mindfull + of man's fragilitie, and the vanitie of worldly honours, commanded at + the time of his death no solemnitie to be vsed at his buriall, but only + his shirt in manner of an ensigne, made fast vnto the point of a lance, + to be carried before his dead bodie as an ensigne. A plaine priest + going before and crying aloud vnto the people in this sort: '_Saladin + Conquerour of the East, of all the greatnesse and riches hee had in + this life, carrieth not with him after his death anything more than his + shirt._'"--"A sight (says Knolles) woorthie so great a king, as wanted + nothing to his eternall commendation, more than the true knowledge of + his salvation in Christ Jesu." + +W. W. + +Malta. + +"_Houd maet of laet_" (Vol. ix., p. 148.).--One of your correspondents +desires an explanation of _this_ phrase, which he found in the corner of an +old Dutch picture. It is a Flemish proverb; I translate it thus: + + "Keep within bounds, though 'tis late." + +It may either be the motto which the artist adopted to identify his work +while he concealed {258} his name; or it may be descriptive of the picture, +which then would be an illustration of _this_ proverb. Inscribed either by +the artist himself, or by some officious person, who thus "tacked the moral +full in sight." + +I think I have seen a similar inscription somewhere in Flanders on an +antique drinking-cup, a very appropriate place for such wholesome counsel. + +I should like to know the subject of the picture your correspondent refers +to. In modern Dutch the proverb reads thus: + + "Houd maat of laat." + +E. F. WOODMAN. + +The above Dutch proverb means, in English: + + "Keep within bounds, or leave off." + +[Greek: Halieus.] + +_Captain Eyre's Drawings_ (Vol. ix., p. 207.).--The mention of Captain +Eyre's drawings of the Fortifications in London, and the editorial note +appended thereto, remind me of an inquiry I have long been desirous of +making respecting the curious, if authentic, drawings by this same Captain +Eyre, illustrative of Shakspeare's residence in London, described in one of +your earlier volumes (Vol. vii., p. 545.). I have not myself had an +opportunity of consulting Mr. Halliwell's first volume, but a friend who +looked at it for me says he could not find any account of them there. In +whose possession are they now? + +M. A. + +Shrewsbury. + +_Sir Thomas Browne and Bishop Ken_ (Vol. ix., p. 220.).--Had MR. MACKENZIE +WALCOTT referred to a preceding volume of "N. & Q." (Vol. viii., p. 10.), +he would have seen that the "coincidences" between these writers had been +already noticed in your pages by one of the bishop's biographers. + +The life of Ken, from the pen of your correspondent, is omitted in MR. +MACKENZIE WALCOTT'S list, and may be equally unknown to that gentleman as +the note before mentioned; but in the _Quarterly Review_ (vol. lxxxix. p. +278.), and in many pages of Mr. Anderdon's valuable volume, MR. MACKENZIE +WALCOTT will find ample mention of the work in question. + +J. H. MARKLAND. + +_Unfinished Works_ (Vol. ix., p. 148.).--J. M. is informed that Dr. Shirley +Palmer's _Medical Dictionary_ is finished. From the Preface it appears to +have been finished in 1841; but not published (in a complete form) till +1845, with the title _A Pentaglot Dictionary of the Terms employed in +Anatomy_, &c.; London, Longman & Co.; Birmingham, Langbridge. + +M. D. + +"_The Lounger's Common-place Book_" (Vol. ix., p. 174.).--The editor of +this publication was Jeremiah Whitaker Newman, who died July 27, 1839, aged +eighty years. Some information respecting him and his work, supplied by me, +appeared in the _Gentleman's Magazine_, June, 1846. + +J. R. W. + +Bristol. + + * * * * * + + +Miscellaneous. + +BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE. + +LONDON LABOUR AND LONDON POOR. Nos. XLIV. and LXIV. to End of Work. + +MRS. GORE'S BANKER'S WIFE. + +TALES BY A BARRISTER. + +SCHILLER'S WALLENSTEIN, translated by Coleridge. Smith's Classical Library. + +GOETHE'S FAUST (English). Smith's Classical Library. + +THE CIRCLE OF THE SEASONS. 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ROBINSON, ESQ., _Deputy-Chairman_. + +---- + +The SCALE OF PREMIUMS adopted by this Office will be found of a very +moderate character, but at the same time quite adequate to the risk +incurred. + +FOUR-FIFTHS, or 80 per cent. of the Profits, are assigned to Policies +_every fifth year_, and may be applied to increase the sum insured, to an +immediate payment in cash, or to the reduction and ultimate extinction of +future Premiums. + +ONE-THIRD of the Premium on Insurances of 500l. and upwards, for the whole +term of life, may remain as a debt upon the Policy, to be paid off at +convenience; or the Directors will lend sums of 50l. and upwards, on the +security of Policies effected with this Company for the whole term of life, +when they have acquired an adequate value. + +SECURITY.--Those who effect Insurances with this Company are protected by +its Subscribed Capital of 750,000l., of which nearly 140,000l. is invested, +from the risk incurred by Members of Mutual Societies. + +The satisfactory financial condition of the Company, exclusive of the +Subscribed and Invested Capital, will be seen by the following Statement: + + On the 31st October, 1853, the sums + Assured, including Bonus added, + amounted to L2,500,000 + + The Premium Fund to more than 800,000 + + And the Annual Income from the + same source, to 109,000 + +Insurances, without participation in Profits, may be effected at reduced +rates. + +SAMUEL INGALL, Actuary. + + * * * * * + + +CHUBB'S LOCKS, with all the recent improvements. Strong fire-proof safes, +cash and deed boxes. Complete lists of sizes and prices may be had on +application. + +CHUBB & SON, 57. St. Paul's Churchyard, London; 28. Lord Street, Liverpool; +16. Market Street, Manchester; and Horseley Fields, Wolverhampton. + + * * * * * + + +ALLEN'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, containing Size, Price, and Description of +upwards of 100 articles, consisting of + +PORTMANTEAUS, TRAVELLING-BAGS, Ladies' Portmanteaus, DESPATCH-BOXES, +WRITING-DESKS, DRESSING-CASES, and other travelling requisites. Gratis on +application, or sent free by Post on receipt of Two Stamps. + +MESSRS. ALLEN'S registered Despatch-box and Writing-desk, their +Travelling-bag with the opening as large as the bag, and the new +Portmanteau containing four compartments, are undoubtedly the best articles +of the kind ever produced. + +J. W. & T. ALLEN, 18. & 22. West Strand. + + * * * * * + + +W. H. HART, RECORD AGENT and LEGAL ANTIQUARIAN (who is in the possession of +Indices to many of the early Public Records whereby his Inquiries are +greatly facilitated) begs to inform Authors and Gentlemen engaged in +Antiquarian or Literary Pursuits, that he is prepared to undertake searches +among the Public Records, MSS. in the British Museum, Ancient Wills, or +other Depositories of a similar Nature in any Branch of Literature, +History, Topography, Genealogy, or the like, and in which he has had +considerable experience. + +1. ALBERT TERRACE, NEW CROSS, HATCHAM, SURREY. + + * * * * * + + +WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY. + +3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON. + +Founded A.D. 1842. + + _Directors._ + + H. E. Bicknell, Esq. | T. Grissell, Esq. + T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq., M.P. | J. Hunt, Esq. + G. H. Drew, Esq. | J. A. Lethbridge, Esq. + W. Evans, Esq. | E. Lucas, Esq. + W. Freeman, Esq. | J. Lys Seager, Esq. + F. Fuller, Esq. | J. B. White, Esq. + J. H. Goodhart, Esq. | J. Carter Wood, Esq. + + _Trustees._--W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq., T. Grissell, + Esq. + _Physician._--William Rich. Basham, M.D. + _Bankers._--Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross. + +VALUABLE PRIVILEGE. + +POLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary +difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application to +suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed in +the Prospectus. + +Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100l., with a Share in +three-fourths of the Profits:-- + + Age L s. d. | Age L s. d. + 17 1 14 4 | 32 2 10 8 + 22 1 18 8 | 37 2 18 6 + 27 2 4 5 | 42 3 8 2 + +ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary. + +Now ready, price 10s. 6d., Second Edition, with material additions, +INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE ON BENEFIT BUILDING +SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in +the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a +Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and Life Assurance. By ARTHUR +SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. +Parliament Street, London. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERAS.--OTTEWILL & MORGAN'S Manufactory, 24. & 25. Charlotte +Terrace, Caledonian Road, Islington. OTTEWILL'S Registered Double Body +Folding Camera, adapted for Landscapes or Portraits, may be had of A. ROSS, +Featherstone Buildings, Holborn: the Photographic Institution, Bond Street: +and at the Manufactory as above, where every description of Cameras, +Slides, and Tripods may be had. The Trade supplied. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHY.--HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous +Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light. + +Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the choicest +Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their Establishment. + +Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used in this +beautiful Art.--123. and 121. Newgate Street. + + * * * * * + + +IMPROVEMENT IN COLLODION.--J. B. HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289. Strand. have, +by an improved mode of Iodizing, succeeded in producing a Collodion equal, +they may say superior, in sensitiveness and density of Negative, to any +other hitherto published; without diminishing the keeping properties and +appreciation of half-tint for which their manufacture has been esteemed. + +Apparatus, pure Chemicals, and all the requirements for the practice of +Photography. Instruction in the Art. + +THE COLLODION AND POSITIVE PAPER PROCESS. By J. B. HOCKIN. Price 1s., per +Post, 1s. 2d. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION. + +THE EXHIBITION OF PHOTOGRAPHS, by the most eminent English and Continental +Artists, is OPEN DAILY from Ten till Five. Free Admission. + + L s. d. + A Portrait by Mr. Talbot's Patent + Process 1 1 0 + Additional Copies (each) 0 5 0 + A Coloured Portrait, highly finished + (small size) 3 3 0 + A Coloured Portrait, highly finished + (larger size) 5 5 0 + +Miniatures, Oil Paintings, Water-Colour, and Chalk Drawings, Photographed +and Coloured in imitation of the Originals. Views of Country Mansions, +Churches, &c., taken at a short notice. + +Cameras, Lenses, and all the necessary Photographic Apparatus and +Chemicals, are supplied, tested, and guaranteed. + +Gratuitous Instruction is given to Purchasers of Sets of Apparatus. + +PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION, +168. New Bond Street. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS, MATERIALS, AND PURE CHEMICAL PREPARATIONS. + +KNIGHT & SONS' Illustrated Catalogue, containing Description and Price of +the best forms of Cameras and other Apparatus. Voightlander and Son's +Lenses for Portraits and Views, together with the various Materials, and +pure Chemical Preparations required in practising the Photographic Art. +Forwarded free on receipt of Six Postage Stamps. + +Instructions given in every branch of the Art. + +An extensive Collection of Stereoscopic and other Photographic Specimens. + +GEORGE KNIGHT & SONS, Foster Lane, London. + + * * * * * + + +COLLODION PORTRAITS AND VIEWS obtained with the greatest ease and certainty +by using BLAND & LONG'S preparation of Soluble Cotton; certainty and +uniformity of action over a lengthened period, combined with the most +faithful rendering of the half-tones, constitute this a most valuable agent +in the hands of the photographer. + +Albumenized paper, for printing from glass or paper negatives, giving a +minuteness of detail unattained by any other method, 5s. per Quire. + +Waxed and Iodized Papers of tried quality. + +Instruction in the Processes. + +BLAND & LONG, Opticians and Photographical Instrument Makers, and Operative +Chemists, 153. Fleet Street, London. + +*** Catalogues sent on application. + + * * * * * + + +THE SIGHT preserved by the Use of SPECTACLES adapted to meet every variety +of Vision by means of SMEE'S OPTOMETER, which effectually prevents Injury +to the Eyes from the Selection of Improper Glasses, and is extensively +employed by + +BLAND & LONG, Opticians, 153. Fleet Street, London. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPERS manufactured by MESSRS. TOWGOOD, of St. Neot's Mills, +as mentioned in "Notes and Queries," No. 220., Jan. 14. Commercial and +Family Stationery, &c. + +Depot for all Works on Physiology, Phrenology, Hydropathy, &c. Catalogues +sent free on application. + +London: HORTELL & SHIRRESS, +492. New Oxford Street. + + * * * * * + + +Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 10. Stonefield Street, in the Parish +of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St. +Bride, in the City of London; and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. +Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of +London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.--Saturday, March 18, +1854. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 229, March +18, 1854, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, MARCH 18, 1854 *** + +***** This file should be named 34195.txt or 34195.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/4/1/9/34195/ + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive/Canadian +Libraries) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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