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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Exploits and Triumphs, in Europe, of
+Paul Morphy, the Chess Champion, by Frederick Milnes Edge
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Exploits and Triumphs, in Europe, of Paul Morphy, the Chess Champion
+
+Author: Frederick Milnes Edge
+
+Release Date: November 1, 2010 [EBook #34180]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE EXPLOITS AND TRIUMPHS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Suzanne Lybarger, Kathryn Lybarger, Brownfox
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Paul Morphy]
+
+THE
+
+EXPLOITS AND TRIUMPHS,
+
+IN EUROPE,
+
+OF
+
+PAUL MORPHY,
+
+The Chess Champion;
+
+INCLUDING
+
+AN HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF CLUBS, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES
+OF FAMOUS PLAYERS, AND VARIOUS INFORMATION AND
+ANECDOTE RELATING TO THE NOBLE
+GAME OF CHESS.
+
+BY
+
+PAUL MORPHY'S LATE SECRETARY.
+
+ILLUSTRATED WITH TEN PORTRAITS ON WOOD.
+
+NEW YORK:
+D. APPLETON AND COMPANY,
+346 & 348 BROADWAY.
+M.DCCC.LIX.
+
+
+
+
+Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1859,
+
+BY D. APPLETON AND COMPANY,
+
+In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the
+Southern District of New York.
+
+
+
+
+THIS RECORD
+
+OF
+
+PAUL MORPHY'S
+
+ACHIEVEMENTS IN THE OLD WORLD,
+
+IS DEDICATED
+
+TO
+
+The Members of
+
+THE FIRST AMERICAN CHESS CONGRESS,
+
+BY
+THEIR MOST GRATEFUL
+      AND OBLIGED SERVANT,
+            THE AUTHOR.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+I am much indebted, in the following pages, to the kind assistance of that
+able writer and veteran chess-player, Mr. George Walker, who has furnished
+me with most of the very interesting and valuable information contained in
+the fourth chapter of this work. I am likewise under obligations to Herr
+Loewenthal for many anecdotes relating to chess celebrities of the past,
+and other information; and also to Mr. George Medley, Honorary Secretary
+of the London Chess Club, and Mr. Ries, of the Divan.
+
+The cuts with which this work is embellished have been engraved by the
+well-known Brothers Dalziel. The portrait of Paul Morphy, copied from a
+photograph taken shortly after his arrival in London last year, is an
+excellent likeness.
+
+The portraits of Messrs. Staunton, Boden, Anderssen, and Loewenthal, are
+copies of photographs, for which they sat at the Manchester Meeting, in
+1857. The originals of Messrs. Saint Amant and Harrwitz are admirably
+executed lithographs of those gentlemen, taken about four years ago, and
+that of Mr. Mongredieu is copied from a photograph kindly lent for the
+purpose.
+
+I am under great obligations to Mr. Lewis, who came to London expressly to
+sit for his likeness; and I feel assured that my readers will value this
+"very form and feature" of an amateur who was famous before Labourdonnais
+was known outside the Regence; and whose works are found in every
+chess-player's library.
+
+I had considerable difficulty in obtaining the portrait of Mr. George
+Walker. Photographs, lithographs, etc., of that most popular of all chess
+writers, did not exist, and many friends prophesied that his likeness
+would not be in my book. But I importuned him so that he relented, and
+confided to my care an oil painting, for which he sat five years ago, and
+which was the only portrait of him in existence.
+
+My readers can judge of the resemblance of the other cuts by the portrait
+of Paul Morphy. I only wish my story was as good.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                 PAGE
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+MORPHY'S FIRST GAMES                               1
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE FIRST AMERICAN CHESS CONGRESS                  4
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+MORPHY PREPARES TO START FOR EUROPE               12
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+CHESS IN ENGLAND                                  23
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+MORPHY IN ENGLAND                                 57
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+THE STAUNTON AFFAIR                               86
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+MORPHY IN FRANCE                                 140
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+THE CAFE DE LA REGENCE                           144
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+THE MATCH BETWEEN MORPHY AND HARRWITZ            150
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+MORPHY'S GREATEST BLINDFOLD FEAT                 159
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+CONTINUATION OF THE MATCH WITH HARRWITZ          166
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+MORPHY IN SOCIETY                                170
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+MORPHY AND THE FRENCH AMATEURS                   176
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+MORPHY GETS BEATEN                               183
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+MORPHY AND ANDERSSEN                             186
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+MORPHY AND MONGREDIEU                            197
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+TROPHIES                                         200
+
+VALEDICTORY                                      203
+
+
+
+
+PAUL MORPHY.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+MORPHY'S FIRST GAMES.
+
+
+Paul Morphy's father, Judge Morphy, of the Supreme Court of Louisiana,
+beguiled his leisure hours with the fascinations of Chess, and, finding a
+precocious aptitude for the game in his son, he taught him the moves and
+the value of the various pieces. In the language of somebody,--
+
+    "To teach the young Paul chess,
+      His leisure he'd employ;
+    Until, at last, the old man
+      Was beaten by the boy."
+
+I have here spoilt a very pretty story. The report in chess circles is,
+that the young Paul learned the moves from seeing his father play with
+his uncle, Mr. Ernest Morphy, long ranking amongst the first players in
+the Union, and one of the brightest living ornaments of American chess.
+One evening--so runs the tale--this gentleman awaited the arrival of the
+Judge, when Master Paul impudently offered to be his antagonist. What was
+the uncle's astonishment at finding the stripling a match for his deepest
+combinations, and what the father's surprise on discovering a very
+Philidor in his son of ten years! Deschapelles became a first-rate player
+in three days, at the age of something like thirty. Nobody ever believed
+the statement, not even Deschapelles himself, although his biographer
+declares he had told the lie so often that he at last forgot the facts of
+the case. But the story about Morphy beats the Deschapelles story in the
+proportion of thirty to ten. I sorrowfully confess that my hero's
+unromantic regard for truth makes him characterize the above statement as
+a humbug and an impossibility.
+
+Paul's genius for Chess was, very properly, not permitted to interfere
+with his educational pursuits. At college (in South Carolina) until
+eighteen years of age, he had but little time for indulgence in his
+favorite game, nor did he find any one capable of contending with him.
+When the vacations allowed of his playing against such adepts as his
+father and uncle, or such well-known paladins as Mr. Ernest Rousseau, of
+New Orleans, and Judge Meek, of Alabama, he soon showed himself superior
+to all antagonists. In the autumn of 1849, Herr Loewenthal, the celebrated
+Hungarian player, visited the Crescent City, and out of three games
+against the young Paul, then but twelve years old, he lost two and drew
+one. It is but reasonable to suppose that the desire of atoning for this
+defeat had something to do with Herr Loewenthal's challenging his youthful
+victor, on his arrival last year in Europe.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE FIRST AMERICAN CHESS CONGRESS.
+
+
+A circular was issued by the New York Chess Club, in the month of April,
+1857, "for the purpose of ascertaining the feasibility and propriety of a
+general assemblage of the chess players resident in America." This "met
+with a hearty and zealous response from the amateurs and clubs of the
+United States. So favorable was the feeling everywhere manifested, that it
+was deemed advisable to proceed with the undertaking, and to complete at
+once the preliminary arrangements."[A] In consideration of the movement
+having been initiated by the New York Chess Club, it was conceded that the
+meeting should take place in that city.
+
+Some of the founders of the New York Chess Club still live to do honor to
+the game. I believe that Mr. James Thompson and Colonel Mead suckled the
+bantling in times of yore, sometimes forming the entire of the Club
+without assistance. In that day of small things, I believe, too, they
+defeated the Norfolk (Va.) Club, proving themselves just two too many for
+their opponents. Then they travelled about from house to house, as their
+members increased, with the arrival of Mr. Charles H. Stanley, Mr.
+Frederick Perrin, and others. About 1855 or 1856, the Club made the
+acquisition of two enterprising young players, Mr. Theodore Lichtenhein
+and Mr. Daniel W. Fiske; and to the latter gentleman is due the credit of
+first suggesting this Chess Congress, which made known to fame the genius
+of Paul Morphy.
+
+In the summer of 1857, being then engaged on the New York Herald, I used
+occasionally to tumble into the basement of an edifice opposite the
+newspaper office, where a jolly, fat German, with a never-to-be-remembered
+name, regaled his visitors upon sausages and "lager." Here the members of
+the Chess Club were wont to congregate; for the landlord had provided
+chessmen and boards as an inducement to visitors.
+
+One afternoon being engaged in a game with a brother reporter, a
+gentleman, whom I subsequently learned was Mr. Theodore Lichtenhein,
+stepped up to us, and put into our hands the prospectus of the approaching
+Chess Congress, stating his opinion that an event of so much importance
+merited newspaper publicity. So began my acquaintance with American chess
+amateurs. Although possessing but little skill as a player, I had a strong
+liking for the game, and determined that every thing in my power should
+be done to render the meeting successful.
+
+My visits to the saloon, and eventually to the Club, became frequent, and
+the Committee of Management, finding that I both could and would work, did
+me the honor of appointing me one of the secretaries.
+
+The Congress was advertised to open on the 6th of October, but players
+began to arrive some weeks previously. First of all came Judge Meek, of
+Alabama, a truly imposing specimen of a man. Soon after him followed Mr.
+Louis Paulsen, from Dubuque, Iowa, whose astonishing blindfold feats out
+West were the theme of general talk, and almost total disbelief, amongst
+Eastern players. From Judge Meek we first heard of Paul Morphy's wondrous
+strength. He told the New York Club that if the youthful Louisianian
+entered the tournament, he would infallibly wrest the palm of victory from
+all competition.
+
+We were much afraid, nevertheless, that Mr. Morphy would be unable to quit
+his legal studies for the purpose of attending the Congress, but when Mr.
+Fiske announced the receipt of a telegraphic despatch, which stated that
+he was _en route_, everybody hailed the news with satisfaction. Mr.
+Paulsen now came to the support of Judge Meek, and declared that Paul
+Morphy would carry off the first prize in the tournament; giving, as the
+grounds of his opinion, some two or three published games of the young
+Louisianian, which he considered worthy to rank with the finest
+master-pieces of chess strategy. Benignant fate brought the young hero
+safely to New York, some two days before the assembling of the Congress.
+
+Who that was present that evening does not remember Paul Morphy's first
+appearance at the New York Chess Club? The secretary, Mr. Frederick
+Perrin, valorously offered to be his first antagonist, and presented about
+the same resistance as a musquito to an avalanche. Then who should enter
+the room but the warrior Stanley, tomahawk in one hand and the scalps of
+Schulten and Rousseau in the other. Loud cries were made for "Stanley!
+Stanley!" and Mr. Perrin resigned his seat to the new comer, in deference
+to so general a request. Thus commenced a contest, or rather a succession
+of contests, in which Mr. Stanley was indeed astonished. "Mate" followed
+upon "mate," until he arose from his chair in bewildered defeat.
+
+The following day, the assembled delegates and amateurs from the various
+clubs, organized the Congress by the election of a president, in the
+person of Judge Meek, with Mr. Fiske as secretary, four assistant
+secretaries, marshals, treasurer, etc. All these matters of detail, as
+well as the games played, the laws passed, etc., etc., will eventually
+appear in the long looked for "Book of the Congress," forthcoming with the
+completion of the "British Museum Catalogue."
+
+In the absence of the "Book of the Congress," I must give a slight sketch
+of its proceedings, in order to trace the career of Paul Morphy _ab
+initio_. After taking possession of the magnificent hall which the New
+York Committee of Management had chosen for the meeting, the sixteen
+contestants in the Grand Tournament, proceeded to pair themselves off by
+lot. Never was fate more propitious than on this occasion in coupling the
+antagonists. It is obvious, that however apparently equal in strength two
+opponents may be, one will prove stronger than the other. This is an axiom
+requiring no proof. Out of sixteen, one is better than the rest, and one
+out of the remaining fifteen is stronger than the fourteen others. The
+latter player may be drawn in the first round of the tournay with the
+former, and though he stand incomparably the superior of all but one, he
+loses every chance of a prize by being put immediately _hors du combat_.
+
+Amongst the sixteen players who entered the lists, two were unmistakably
+the strongest, namely, Messrs. Morphy and Paulsen; and much fear was
+manifested lest they might be drawn together, in the first round. Such,
+however, was not the case. Mr. Paulsen was coupled with Mr. Dennis Julien,
+the well-known problem maker, and a gentleman whose hospitality to chess
+players scarcely requires praise from me. Mr. Julien had allowed his name
+to be entered in the Grand Tournament in the absence of the representative
+of Connecticut, Mr. S. R. Calthrop, but the latter player arriving shortly
+after, Mr. Julien was but too happy to resign in his favor. Mr. Morphy's
+antagonist was Mr. James Thompson, of New York, a gentleman who finished
+his chess education at the Cafe de la Regence, and the London Chess Divan,
+noted for the brilliancy and daring of his attack, and his pertinacity in
+playing the Evans' Gambit wherever he has a chance. If Mr. Thompson had
+not been pitted against such a terrible opponent, in the first round, he
+would have tested the powers of some of the other players.
+
+Mr. Morphy's second opponent was Judge Meek. As they took their seats
+opposite each other, one thought of David and Goliath; not that the Judge
+gasconaded in any wise after the fashion of the tall Philistine, for
+modesty adorns all his actions; but there was as much difference in cubic
+contents between the two antagonists, as between the son of Jesse and the
+bully of Gath, and in both cases the little one came out biggest. Judge
+Meek sat down with an evident conviction of the result, and although he
+assured his youthful opponent, that if he continued mating him without
+ever allowing him the least chance, he would put him in his pocket, he
+consoled himself with the reflection that Paul Morphy would serve
+everybody else as he served him.
+
+Hitherto our hero had won every game. In the third round he encountered
+the strongest player of the New York Club, Mr. Theodore Lichtenhein, a
+gentleman who had formerly been President of the Circle des Echecs at
+Koenigsburg in Prussia, and an admirable exponent of the Berlin school of
+play. Mr. Lichtenhein eventually carried off the third prize in the
+tournament, and although he did not win any game from Mr. Morphy, he
+succeeded in effecting "a draw," which, against such a terrible enemy, is
+almost worthy of being esteemed a victory.
+
+Mr. Paulsen had also been successful in the first and second rounds
+without losing or drawing a single game, and, as if to keep even with his
+great rival, he, too, had made "a draw" in the third section of the
+tournament--with Dr. Raphael, of Kentucky. Now was to be decided the
+championship of the New World, and notwithstanding that the majority
+anticipated the result, yet many of the spectators thought that the
+Western knight might prove a hard nut for Morphy to crack. Mr. Paulsen's
+game is steady and analytical to a nicety. Modelling his operations on
+profound acquaintance with Philidor, he makes as much out of his Pawns as
+most others of their Pieces. In reply to Mons. de Riviere, I once heard
+Morphy say, "Mr. Paulsen never makes an oversight; I sometimes do."
+
+It is only justice to Mr. Paulsen to state, that he never for one moment
+imagined that he would beat Mr. Morphy. So exalted was his appreciation of
+the latter's wondrous powers of combination, that he has been frequently
+heard to declare--"If Anderssen and Staunton were here, they would stand
+no chance with Paul Morphy; and he would beat Philidor and Labourdonnais
+too, if they were alive." And when, after the termination of the Congress,
+Mr. Morphy offered Pawn and Move to all and every player in America, Mr.
+Paulsen declared that he could easily give those odds to him. But this
+invariable confession of inferiority did not at all interfere with his
+doing the utmost to become victor, although supremacy was only to be
+decided by one player scoring five games. If I recollect rightly, it was
+in the third game that Mr. Morphy committed an error, which spoiled one of
+the finest combinations ever seen on a chess-board. This combination
+consisted of some eighteen or twenty moves, and its starting point was one
+of those daring sacrifices which European players dignify with the title
+"a la Morphy." Certain of the inevitable result, (_humanum est erraret_
+almost loses its signification when applied to his combinations,) our hero
+played rapidly, and misplaced a move. The result was, loss of attack and a
+piece, and apparently of the game; the most ardent admirer of Paul Morphy
+believed it was impossible for him to avoid defeat. But though angry with
+himself for his carelessness, he was not disheartened, but set to work
+with courage, and effected "a draw." The latter part of this game is a
+masterpiece of perseverance and strategy. The result of the tournament is
+well known. Mr. Morphy won five games, drew one, and lost one in the
+concluding section--only one battle lost during the entire campaign. The
+annals of chess do not furnish a similar victory.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[A] Prospectus of "The National Chess Congress."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+MORPHY PREPARES TO START FOR EUROPE.
+
+
+Arriving in Europe three months before Mr. Morphy, I was in some
+sort,--not from any consent or knowledge on his part, his _avant courier_;
+and the fact of my having been one of the Secretaries at the New York
+Chess Congress, joined to my acquaintance with him, afforded me the
+opportunity of conversing frequently with prominent English players in
+reference to this new meteor in the chess firmament.
+
+Shortly after my arrival in London, I called upon the Secretary of the St.
+George's Chess Club, Thomas Hampton, Esq., and introduced myself to him.
+Chess is a bond of brotherhood amongst all lovers of the noble game, as
+perfect as free masonry. It is a leveller of rank--title, wealth,
+nationality, politics, religion--all are forgotten across the board. Every
+chess player recognizes this, and none more so than Mr. Hampton, who gave
+me the warmest of welcomes. He told me that every Saturday there was a
+full attendance of members, and kindly invited me to visit the club on
+that day, promising to introduce me to Mr. Staunton. I was but too happy
+to accept this invitation, being desirous of learning how far the prowess
+of Paul Morphy was appreciated by one so eminent in the chess world.
+
+My acquaintance with the young American was a passport of general interest
+to all present on the following Saturday. In addition to Mr. Staunton, I
+met there Herr Falkbeer, Messrs. Barnes, Bird, "Alter," and other
+luminaries, and many were the questions asked in reference to Mr. Morphy.
+But I am bound to say that the feeling with which he was regarded in the
+United States was not participated in by English players. I was told by
+one gentleman--"Mr. Morphy's games are very pretty, but they will not bear
+the test of analysis." Another said--and his opinion was universally
+endorsed--"It is quite possible that Mr. Morphy may arrive at the highest
+rank, nay, even that he may become a second Labourdonnais, but he cannot
+have the strength his admiring countrymen wish to believe. Chess requires
+many long years of attentive study, and frequent play with the best
+players, and neither of these your friend has had. Depend upon it he will
+find European amateurs very different opponents from those he has hitherto
+encountered." This rather nettled me, but it was reasonable and just. Any
+one possessing the slightest acquaintance with the game knows that it
+partakes more of hard, laborious application to arrive at first-rate
+skill, than of mere pastime. Very few of Morphy's games had been seen in
+Europe, and his opponents were not, certainly, of a class to rank with the
+Stauntons, Loewenthals, and Anderssens of the Old World. Was it reasonable
+to suppose that a youth, just out of his teens, who had devoted but little
+time to chess, and who was about to meet first-rate players for the first
+time, should possess the experience and lore of men double his age? At the
+present time, now that he has unmistakably proved himself the superior of
+all living players, I feel utterly at a loss to solve the problem of his
+skill. At college, until eighteen years old, what time could he find
+there, except out of school hours, for the required practice, and what
+antagonists worthy of him? From eighteen to twenty, he was engaged in
+reading for the bar. During that period he was as frequent a visitor at
+the chess club as circumstances would permit, but certainly not
+sufficiently so to increase his strength. Who were his antagonists? His
+father had almost entirely abandoned chess; Mr. Ernest Morphy had settled
+in "the West," and Mr. Rousseau, absorbed in the sterner duties of life,
+held the same relation to the game as Mr. Lewis in England. To one and all
+of his opponents, except these gentlemen, he could give the rook; and
+playing at odds is somewhat different from contending with even players.
+He met strong players for the first time at New York. Paulsen,
+Lichtenhein, Thompson, Montgomery, Marache were all northern players, and
+new to him, and vastly superior to the antagonists he had previously
+encountered. There is but one way to account for his annihilation of all
+precedent. His skill is intuitive, and I doubt much whether his prodigious
+memory has been of assistance to him. In answer to a gentleman in Paris as
+to whether he had not studied many works on chess, I heard him state that
+no author had been of much value to him, and that he was astonished at
+finding various positions and solutions given as novel--certain moves
+producing certain results, etc., _for that he had made the same deductions
+himself, as necessary consequences_. In like manner, Newton demonstrated,
+in his own mind, the problems of Euclid, the enunciations only being
+given; and I can think of no more suitable epithet for Morphy than to call
+him "the Newton of Chess."
+
+But _revenons a nos moutons_. Morphy's achievements at the Congress in New
+York induced many to believe that America now possessed a champion capable
+of contending with the proficients of Europe, and it was proposed that he
+should be backed by the American Chess Association against any player who
+would take up the challenge. I am sorry to say that the action of certain
+prominent men prevented the gauntlet being thrown down. These gentlemen
+said, "He beats us because he is better versed in the openings, but such
+players as Loewenthal and Harrwitz will be too strong for him. He wants
+experience, and were we to make this national challenge, we should appear
+ridiculous when our champion is defeated, which he certainly would be."
+The proposal, however, got noised abroad, and the following paragraph
+appeared, in consequence, in the Illustrated London News:
+
+     "CHALLENGE TO EUROPEAN CHESS PLAYERS."[B]
+
+     "The American Chess Association, it is reported, are about to
+     challenge any player in Europe to contest a match with the
+     young victor in the late passage at arms, for from $2,000 to
+     $5,000 a side, the place of meeting being New York. If the
+     battle-ground were to be London or Paris, there can be little
+     doubt, we apprehend, that a European champion would be found;
+     but the best players in Europe are not chess professionals, but
+     have other and more serious avocations, the interests of which
+     forbid such an expenditure of time as is required for a voyage
+     to the United States and back again."
+
+I would say, by way of parenthesis, that such a being as a professional
+chess player does not exist in the United States. Paulsen is a tobacco
+broker, with tendencies to speculating in "corner lots." (Western men know
+what that means.) Lichtenhein deals in dry-goods, dry wines and Italian
+opera; Thompson is the proprietor of a magnificent restaurant; Colonel
+Mead devotes himself to democratic cabals at the New York Hotel; Fiske is
+an admixture of the Chess Monthly, the Astor Library and Scandinavian
+literature; Perrin and Marache are bothered daily with banks, "bears" and
+"bulls." Chess professionals, indeed! they do not grow in the United
+States.
+
+Mr. Morphy returned to his native city without any further action having
+been taken, but the New Orleans Chess Club determined that the challenge
+should be made, and they addressed the following letter to Mr. Staunton,
+at the commencement of last year:
+
+                              NEW ORLEANS, _February 4, 1858_.
+
+     HOWARD STAUNTON, ESQ.,
+
+     Sir,--On behalf of the New Orleans Chess Club, and in
+     compliance with the instructions of that body, we, the
+     undersigned committee, have the honor to invite you to visit
+     our city, and there meet Mr. Paul Morphy in a chess match. In
+     transmitting this invitation, permit us to observe, that we are
+     prompted no less by the desire to become personally acquainted
+     with one whom we have so long admired, than by the very natural
+     anxiety to ascertain the strength of our American players by
+     the decisive criterion of actual conflict over the board.
+
+     We can see no valid reason why an exercise so intellectual and
+     ennobling as chess, should be excluded from the generous
+     rivalry which exists between the Old and the New World, in all
+     branches of human knowledge and industry. That the spirit of
+     emulation from which this rivalry arises has not, hitherto,
+     been made to embrace our chivalrous game, may be mainly
+     ascribed to the fact that, although the general attention paid
+     to chess in the United States during the last fifteen years has
+     produced a number of fine players, yet their relative force
+     remained undetermined, and none could assert an indisputable
+     right to pre-eminence. The late Chess Congress has, however,
+     removed this obstacle, by finally settling the claims of the
+     several aspirants to the championship; and it must now be a
+     matter of general desire to fix, by actual contest with the
+     best European amateurs, the rank which American players shall
+     hold in the hierarchy of chess.
+
+     For this purpose it was suggested that Mr. Morphy, the winner
+     at the late Congress and the present American champion, should
+     cross the ocean, and boldly encounter the distinguished
+     magnates of the transatlantic chess circles; but it
+     unfortunately happens that serious family reasons forbid Mr.
+     Morphy, for the present, to entertain the thought of visiting
+     Europe. It, therefore, becomes necessary to arrange, if
+     possible, a meeting between the latter and the acknowledged
+     European champion, in regard to whom there can be no scope for
+     choice or hesitation--the common voice of the chess world
+     pronounces your name; and to us it is a subject of
+     congratulation that the sceptre of transatlantic chess is
+     wielded by one who, with respect to regularity of communication
+     between the two countries, and for other reasons, enjoys
+     facilities for accepting our invitation possessed by no other
+     European player.
+
+     We take the liberty herewith to inclose a series of proposed
+     "terms of the match," which has been drawn up, not for the
+     purpose of imposing conditions, but with a view to obviate the
+     necessity of repeated correspondence. We have been studious to
+     make these terms as equitable as possible, and to include all
+     matters upon which contestation was likely to arise. You are
+     respectfully invited to suggest any alterations which you may
+     deem advisable, not only in the minor points embraced, but also
+     as to the amount of the stakes, the time fixed for the
+     commencement of the match, &c., &c.
+
+     Fully subscribing to the wisdom of the proposal made by you in
+     the introduction to the "Book of the Tournament," we beg leave
+     to express our entire willingness to insert a clause providing
+     that "one-half at least" (or even _all_) "of the games shall be
+     _open_ ones."
+
+     In conclusion, Sir, receive the assurance that it will afford
+     us extreme pleasure to welcome among us a gentleman, who is as
+     greatly admired for his powers in play as he is esteemed for
+     his many and valuable contributions to the literature of chess.
+
+     Hoping soon to receive a favorable answer, we remain, with
+     distinguished regard, your obedient servants,
+
+        E. W. HALSEY,         CHAS. A. MAURIAN, JR.,
+        FRANCIS MICHINARD,    P. E. BONFORD,
+        E. PANDELY.
+
+
+     TERMS OF THE MATCH.
+
+     1. The amount of the stakes, on each side, to be five thousand
+     dollars, and the winner of the first eleven games to be
+     declared the victor, and entitled to the stakes.
+
+     2. The match to be played in the city of New Orleans.
+
+     3. Should the English player lose the match, the sum of one
+     thousand dollars (L200) to be paid to him out of the stakes, in
+     reimbursement of the expenses incurred by him in accepting this
+     challenge.
+
+     4. The games to be conducted in accordance with the rules laid
+     down in Mr. Staunton's "Chess Player's Handbook."
+
+     5. The parties to play with Staunton chessmen of the usual
+     club-size, and on a board of corresponding dimensions.
+
+     6. The match to be commenced on or about the first of May,
+     1858, (or on any other day during the present year most
+     agreeable to Mr. Staunton,) and to be continued at not less
+     than four sittings each week.
+
+     7. In order that the stay of the English player in New Orleans
+     be not unnecessarily prolonged, he shall have the right to fix
+     the hours of play at from ten o'clock, A. M., to two, P. M.,
+     and from six to ten o'clock, P. M.
+
+     8. The time occupied in deliberating on any move, shall not
+     exceed thirty minutes.
+
+     9. The right to publish the games is reserved exclusively to
+     the contestants, subject only to such private arrangements as
+     they may agree upon.
+
+     10. The stakes on the part of Mr. Staunton to be deposited
+     prior to the commencement of the match in the hands of ----;
+     and those on the part of Mr. Morphy, in the hands of Eugene
+     Rousseau, Esq., cashier of the Citizen's Bank of Louisiana.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On the 3d of April, Mr. Staunton replied to this very flattering
+communication as follows, through the "Illustrated London News:"--
+
+     "PROPOSED CHESS MATCH BETWEEN ENGLAND AND AMERICA FOR ONE
+     THOUSAND POUNDS A SIDE.--We have been favored with a copy of
+     the _defi_ which the friends of Mr. Paul Morphy, the chess
+     champion of the United States, have transmitted to Mr.
+     Staunton. The terms of this cartel are distinguished by extreme
+     courtesy, and with one notable exception, by extreme liberality
+     also. The exception in question, however, (we refer to the
+     clause which stipulates that the combat shall take place in New
+     Orleans!) appears to us utterly fatal to the match; and we must
+     confess our astonishment that the intelligent gentlemen who
+     drew up the conditions did not themselves discover this. Could
+     it possibly escape their penetration, that if Mr. Paul Morphy,
+     a young gentleman without family ties or professional claims
+     upon his attention, finds it inconvenient to anticipate, by a
+     few months, an intended voyage to Europe, his proposed
+     antagonist, who is well known for years to have been compelled,
+     by laborious literary occupation, to abandon the practice of
+     chess beyond the indulgence of an occasional game, must find it
+     not merely inconvenient, but positively impracticable, to cast
+     aside all engagements, and undertake a journey of many thousand
+     miles for the sake of a chess-encounter? Surely the idea of
+     such a sacrifice is not admissible for a single moment. If Mr.
+     Morphy--for whose skill we entertain the liveliest
+     admiration--be desirous to win his spurs among the chess
+     chivalry of Europe, he must take advantage of his purposed
+     visit next year; he will then meet in this country, in France,
+     in Germany, and in Russia, many champions whose names must be
+     as household words to him, ready to test and do honor to his
+     prowess."
+
+Can this mean aught else than, "Come over to England and I will play
+you?"
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[B] Illustrated London News, December 26th, 1857.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+CHESS IN ENGLAND.
+
+
+Most of us know how "Box," when called upon by "Cox," to give explanations
+of the improper attentions he (Box) was paying to C.'s wife, hums and haws
+and begins, "Towards the close of the sixteenth century;" when Cox very
+properly cries out, "What the deuce has the sixteenth century to do with
+my wife?" Many of my readers may, like Cox, want to know what a great deal
+my book contains has to do with Paul Morphy; all I have to say, in reply,
+is,--if you don't like it, skip it; more especially the following thirty
+pages, which, nevertheless, will be interesting to all chess-players.
+
+Chess seems to have first acquired social importance in England during
+Philidor's residence in that country. Judging from the number of titled
+names attached to his work as subscribers, the British aristocracy were,
+in his time, much given to the game, but "nous avons change tout cela,"
+and the English nobility nowadays, with but a few notable exceptions,
+confine their abilities to "Tattersall's" and "Aunt Sally."
+
+"What a fall was there, my countrymen!"
+
+Surely the "King of Games," which has enlisted amongst its votaries such
+names as that of the victor of Culloden, and his rival, Marechal Saxe;
+without enumerating those of all the greatest warriors of many centuries,
+might still offer inducements to their comparatively unknown descendants.
+We have thousands of men, composing the British aristocracy, at a loss to
+get rid of their time; sauntering down to their clubs at mid-day;
+listlessly turning over the leaves of magazines and reviews, until their
+dinner-hour arrives. Why, in the name of common sense, do not these men
+learn something of chess, and thus provide themselves with a pastime which
+not merely hastens Time's chariot-wheels, but quickens the intellect? One
+gets tired of billiards, cards, horse-racing, etc., but your chess-player
+becomes more enamored of his game, the more he knows of it.
+
+It may have been that gentlemen and nobles affixed their names to
+Philidor's book, out of compliment or charity, but it is doubtful whether
+their descendants would now do so, even from those considerations. Must we
+measure the capacity of dukes and lords by that intellectual standard,
+"Aunt Sally?"
+
+Philidor certainly did much for chess, particularly in England. He
+possessed peculiar advantages for so doing. In the first place he had true
+talent; his powers for playing blindfold excited extraordinary interest
+at the time, not merely amongst chess players, but especially with the
+titled crowd. His political antecedents increased the general interest,
+and, last and best of all, he was a foreigner. If Philidor had been an
+Englishman he would hardly have sold a copy of his book.
+
+Philidor organized a chess club in London, which met at Parsloe's Coffee
+House, St. James street. At the present day little is known of that early
+association, and we cannot even tell whether the members were numerous.
+After his death, chess seems to have languished; Parsloe's club dragged on
+its existence during some years, dying from inanition about 1825. The
+London Chess Club, first organized in 1807, kept alive the sacred fire;
+but that was the only community in England during the first quarter of
+this century where the game was publicly played. Some years after the
+establishment of the London, the Edinburgh Chess Club started into
+existence. In 1833, a great impetus was given to the game by the
+commencement of a weekly chess article in the columns of "Bell's Life in
+London." Amateurs now had an organ which could record their achievements;
+men hitherto unknown beyond their private circles felt, that the
+opportunity was afforded them to become famous throughout the country, and
+provincial clubs started up here and there. Chess players cannot but
+regard that paper as a very nursing mother for Caissa, and certainly never
+hear it mentioned but their thoughts revert to the veteran--George
+Walker. I once heard that gentleman relate the following anecdote as a
+proof of how little was known of chess, in England, previous to the year
+1833.
+
+Travelling towards the north somewhere about that period, he put up one
+night at a hotel in Stratford-upon-Avon. Now any man with music or poetry
+in his soul, would, under such circumstances, wander towards the home of
+Shakspeare, or to his last resting-place; provided always that fear of
+rheumatism, or influenza, did not render him regardful of the rain which
+then fell "like cats and dogs." How to pass the evening was the question.
+Only one other traveller in the coffee-room, and he as uncommunicative as
+Englishmen proverbially are. Mr. Walker did not feel like going to bed at
+seven o'clock in the evening, and the idea of throwing out "a feeler"
+struck him as interesting. "Did Traveller play chess?" Traveller did.
+"Would he have a game?" Yes, he would. The waiter is thereupon summoned,
+and ordered to bring in a set of chessmen. Waiter, strongly suspicious
+that Mr. Walker means skittles, finally awaked to consciousness, and, with
+a smile of triumph, produces a backgammon board.
+
+The very idea of an opponent obliterated all fear of the weather in Mr.
+Walker's breast, and he sallied forth in quest of the desired pieces.
+Toyshops, libraries, etc., were entered, but the proprietors scarcely
+understood what was asked of them, and Mr. W. finally returned to the inn
+to dispatch "Boots" to the solicitor, doctor, and neighboring gentry--but
+all to no purpose. Thereupon mine host suggested a note to the parson, but
+that individual having just rendered himself famous for all time by
+cutting down Shakspeare's mulberry tree, Mr. Walker replied that such a
+man could not possibly know anything of the game, and it would be useless
+to send to him. So the two travellers were forced to console themselves
+with the intricacies of draughts.
+
+After the death of Philidor, the strongest players were Sarratt, De
+Bourblanc, Lewis and Parkinson. Sarratt and Mr. Lewis may be looked upon
+as chess professors. We all know the story of the former's playing with
+the great Napoleon, and the struggle between pride and courtesy (very
+silly courtesy, indeed!) finally overcome by Sarratt's drawing every game.
+This could not have been a satisfactory result to the "Little Corporal,"
+for he never seemed partial to leaving things _in statu quo ante bellum_.
+Sarratt was a schoolmaster, Parkinson an architect, and Mr. Lewis
+commenced life as a merchant's clerk, and eventually embarked in the
+manufacture of piano fortes. This information has nothing whatever to do
+with the reputation of the above gentlemen, as successors of Philidor, and
+I only mention it because chess players, like other men, are not adverse
+to hearing what does not concern them.
+
+The continental blockade and long wars with Napoleon, isolated England
+from the rest of the world, and completed the decay and fall of chess for
+a time. But the game did not languish in France and Germany. About 1820,
+the Holy Alliance (of Sovereigns against the people) began playing its
+pranks: proscribed fugitives, martyrs to liberty--_soi disant_ and
+otherwise--came over to England in shoals, and amongst them were to be
+found thorough adepts in the mysteries of chess. These refugees rekindled
+the fire in Britain. They brought with them new and unknown German and
+Italian works, and made Englishmen acquainted with far more extended
+information than could be found in Philidor's meagre work.
+
+Before we enter on the new era of chess, I may add for the benefit of such
+of my readers as are not "up" in its history, that Lewis was the pupil of
+Sarratt, and McDonnel the pupil of Lewis. It is difficult, from the
+paucity of existing _data_, to judge of the strength of former players as
+compared with modern examples. Mr. Lewis had been accustomed at one time
+to give McDonnel pawn and two; but, when these odds became too heavy, he
+declined playing longer, and may be considered to have retired from the
+arena. Mr. Walker thinks that, in their best play, Messrs. Sarratt and
+Lewis were a pawn below Morphy, and he ranks the latter with Labourdonnais
+and McDonnel, stating his belief that the two latter would have played up
+to a much higher standard if provoked by defeat. For my own part, I think
+it is indisputable that the reputation of these two players is, at this
+day, entirely based on their eighty published games, and when Herr
+Loewenthal's much looked-for collection of Morphy's contests is published,
+we shall then be enabled to judge of the American's strength, as compared
+with those celebrated masters.
+
+The influx of foreigners into London was introductory to the establishment
+of numerous chess circles in different coffee houses. Hundreds of "exiled
+patriots," bearded Poles and Italians, congregated together to smoke and
+play chess, and soon infused a general passion for the game amongst the
+Londoners. The first room specially devoted to chess, of which we have any
+account, was one opened by Mr. Gliddon, and this led to the establishment
+of the London Chess Divan.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE LONDON CHESS DIVAN.
+
+What chess player has not heard of the far-famed resort of the devotees of
+Caissa? The Cafe de la Regence may be the Mecca of chess, but the Divan is
+indisputably its Medina. Chess Clubs have risen and fallen, and the
+fortunes of the survivors have waxed or waned; but the Divan flourishes in
+spring-tide glory, the _Forum Romanum_ for players of every clime and
+strength. Now my readers must not suppose that I am about to attempt a
+history of the "Divan in the Strand," as the Cockneys call it; for I
+should then have to write the history of modern European chess. I merely
+intend a sketch, from which they will learn with how much reverence that
+classic spot is to be regarded.
+
+Somewhere about the year 1820, a tobacconist, named Gliddon, opened a room
+in the rear of his shop, King Street, Covent Garden, which he fitted up in
+Oriental style, and supplied with papers, chess periodicals and
+chess-boards, calling the establishment "Gliddon's Divan." Amongst his
+patrons was a Mr. Bernhard Ries, who soon perceived that there was room in
+London for a similar undertaking on a much larger scale. He accordingly
+opened a grand chess saloon in the building now occupied by the Divan.
+This was so far back as 1828. It was, at first, on the ground-floor, in
+the room known as Simpson's Restaurant, but when Mr. Ries gave up the
+establishment to his brother, the present proprietor, in 1836, that
+gentleman transferred the Divan to the vast saloon up stairs. In 1838, Mr.
+Ries (No. 2) found the Westminster Chess Club suffering from paralysis,
+its sinews (of war) being grievously affected. He purchased the good-will
+and furniture of the club, giving the members private rooms on the first
+floor of his house for their exclusive use. The boards and men now in use
+at the Divan were made expressly for the Westminster Club when first
+established. The members in their new locale soon found that whilst some
+twenty boards would be going in the public room, the game languished with
+them; and in the course of two years the club broke up and became absorbed
+in the Divan. This will invariably be the case when a private and
+exclusive chess association holds its meetings contiguous to a public
+resort devoted to the same game. During the past year, the Paris _Cercle
+des Echecs_, which met in rooms over the Cafe de la Regence, found that
+the influence of the arena down stairs was too great for them, and they
+broke up their meetings, and are now to be found _en masse_ in the public
+cafe.
+
+In 1842 Mr. Ries invited Labourdonnais to come over from Paris, and play
+exclusively at the Divan, which offer that great master accepted. But his
+constitution was already shattered, and the malady which eventually
+carried him off interfered with his devoting much time to chess, and no
+matches of importance were played by him during the period. It was next
+door to the Divan, at No. 6 Beaufort Buildings, in rooms taken for him by
+Mr. Ries, that Labourdonnais finally succumbed to that terrible antagonist
+who, whatever the opening may be, brings the game of life to one
+inevitable ending--death!
+
+Who, known to fame in chess during the past quarter of a century, has not
+assisted in making the Divan classic ground? Of bygone palladins we might
+instance Popard, Fraser, Zenn, Daniels, Alexander, Williams, Perigal, and
+a host of others, never for a moment forgetting Labourdonnais and
+Kieseritzky. The veterans Lewis and Walker made it a place of constant
+resort before they withdrew from the chess arena. In the Divan, Staunton
+rose from a Knight-player to a first rate. St. Arnaud, Anderssen,
+Harrwitz, Hoerwitz, Kling,--in fact all the great living celebrities--make
+it their house of call when in London, whilst the brilliant _corps
+d'elite_ composing the phalanx of English players--Loewenthal, Boden,
+Barnes, Bird, Lowe, Falkbeer, Wormald, Campbell, Zytogorsky, Brien, &c.,
+&c., may frequently be found there, ready to meet all antagonists. When
+Mr. Buckle casts a "longing, lingering look behind" at his first love, he
+offers homage to Caissa at the Divan. But we must stop, or we shall fain
+run through the whole list of living players.
+
+In the room are busts of Lewis, Philidor, Labourdonnais, and other _vieux
+de la vielle_, and the library is replete with all the chief works on
+chess. From noon to midnight, players of every shade of strength are to be
+met with;--amateurs who learned the moves last week; professors who
+analyze openings, adepts inventing new defences, and editors who prove
+satisfactorily that the winner ought to have lost and the vanquished to
+have gained. [_Sal[=a]m_ to the Divan! May it live a thousand years!]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Divan has certainly done much to spread a liking for the game amongst
+the masses; but, at the same time, it has somewhat interfered with the
+formation of a flourishing West End Chess Club. There is no city in the
+world in which so much chess is played as London, and the British
+metropolis should certainly show, at least, one club numbering from 500 to
+1,000 members. Club life is an institution peculiar to Englishmen;
+divans, even when so well managed as Ries's, partake rather of the Gallic
+element, being of the _genus_ cafe. Your aristocratic Briton frequents not
+the public saloon, preferring the _otium cum dignitate_ of the private
+club. I am aware that chess in England is not fostered by the upper ranks
+of society: its amateurs are to be found mainly in the middle classes.
+Shopmen, clerks, professors of the arts, literary men, &c., form its rank
+and file. The majority of these, I speak of them as Englishmen, object to
+a place of public resort from various reasons. Smoking displeases some,
+and smoking is part and parcel of a divan. The Automaton itself could not
+get on without its _tchibouk_. All the advantages and none of the
+drawbacks of a public hall, are to be obtained at a club; especially when,
+as at the St. George's, one room is set apart for smoking. Surely the late
+impulse given to chess by Paul Morphy's European feats, will increase the
+members of these chess associations, which are incontestably the best
+schools for progress in the game.
+
+About the year 1824, three or four young gentlemen who had recently
+learned chess, or rather the mechanical part of it, and had been playing a
+good deal together, made vain inquiries as to the existence of a Chess
+Club at the West End of London, being desirous of showing off their
+abilities to new advantage. The foremost of these ambitious juveniles was
+Mr. George Walker, the eminent Chess writer, and an author, too, whose
+never failing _bonhommie_ is worthy of Lafontaine. Finding that "westward
+the star of empire" and of chess had not, as yet, begun to "take its way,"
+they resolved to have a Club of their own. Philidor's Club could not be
+said to exist; the flame was flickering in some obscure corner, and the
+last member was preparing to leave. But the sacred fire was not to die
+out:--George Walker and his fellow youngsters built an altar for it at the
+Percy Coffee-House in Rathbone Place, Oxford Street, and blew the flame
+into a perfect blaze. Percy's Coffee-House was then a first-rate hotel:
+Belgravia, Brompton, Pimlico, were corn-fields and market-gardens, and the
+aristocracy had not emigrated from the neighborhood of Oxford Street. The
+denizens of that ilk might be supposed to find some leisure for the
+enjoyment of such a pastime as chess, and Walker and Co. soon enlisted
+upwards of a score of recruits. Night after night the members played what
+they in their innocence called chess, finishing the Monday evening with a
+supper, after which harmony and "the flowing bowl" prevailed. Things went
+on swimmingly in this Mutual Admiration Society, until one of the members,
+Mr. Perrier, of the War Office, upset the _status quo_ by bringing into
+their midst Mr. Murphy, the celebrated ivory miniature painter, and father
+of Mrs. Jamieson, the authoress. Dire was the result; Mr. Murphy proved a
+very Trojan horse in this West End Ilium: for, as Mr. Walker says, "he
+entirely dispelled the illusion of the 'bold Percies' that they had been
+playing chess." He gave them one and all a Knight, essayed the Gambit on
+every occasion, and not one of the young gentlemen could make a stand
+against him.
+
+As though not sufficiently humiliated, Mr. Murphy introduced Mr. Lewis to
+them, and the new comer completed their bewilderment by giving them the
+Rook and sweeping them clean off the board. But with such a master, the
+Percies, by dint of diligent study and practice, rapidly improved, and it
+was suggested to Mr. Lewis that he should open a private club at his own
+house. After a short delay this was accomplished, and nearly all the
+members joined Mr. Lewis, when he opened subscription rooms in St.
+Martin's Lane--classic ground surely, for a former Chess Club had lived
+and died at Slaughter's Coffee-House, hard by.
+
+Mr. Lewis collected quite a number of players around him, and was in fair
+way to find his enterprise profitable; but the most prominent members
+demurred to his not playing with them so much as they desired, more
+especially as Mr. Lewis did not appear to regard the institution as a Free
+School for the inculcation of Chess. The best of the young amateurs were
+Messrs. Walker, Brand, Mercier and McDonnell; the last, the best of the
+lot. McDonnell received from Mr. Lewis the odds of Pawn and Two Moves, but
+when he had fairly surmounted that advantage and could win every game, his
+antagonist declined playing on even terms, much to McDonnell's
+disappointment. This, however, appears to be the usual course with leading
+chess players,--Deschappelle's conduct in regard to Labourdonnais being a
+notable example of the fact. There are peculiar idiosyncrasies in chess
+human nature, as, for instance, the remarkable reserve and
+"_don't-come-nigh-me_" _feeling_ with which leading amateurs treat each
+other. Go into any public or private chess association, and you will find
+that the superior craft steer clear of each other as a general thing;
+reserving their antagonism for matches few and far between.
+
+The Club subsequently removed to the bottom of St. Martin's Lane, and
+shortly broke up, McDonnell and others returning to the London Club,
+whence they had migrated. A futile attempt was afterwards made to
+establish a grand aristocratic silk and satin club in Waterloo Place, the
+door of admission to which could only be opened with a golden key of ten
+guineas. Here lots of every thing could be found except chess, and no
+wonder, for the game does not find supporters, to any extent, among the
+rich, depending mainly upon individuals to whom ten guineas are a
+consideration. The club expired in twelve months. Caissa thus lost her
+last foothold at the West End, and Mr. Lewis henceforth virtually
+abandoned the practice of chess.
+
+The question has frequently been asked, whether and how Mr. Lewis played
+Labourdonnais? They played together on three different occasions, _in all
+seven games_, of which Labourdonnais won five and lost two. The first time
+they met was at the house of Mr. Domitt, Hon. Sec. of the London Club, and
+two Allgaier Gambits were played, each winning one. As they had just done
+their duty to a very good dinner, and society was then divided into two,
+three, and four bottle men, Labourdonnais remarked, "The victory is not
+likely to be gained by the better player, but by him who carries his wine
+best." This reminds me of a _bon mot_ of Mr. Boden. Somebody remarked in
+his presence that two amateurs (whose names to mention "decency forbids")
+were both drunk, though engaged in a match game: he replied--"Then the
+best player will win."
+
+After the conclusion of the two games, Messrs. Mercier, Bonfil and Domit,
+particular friends of the English player, challenged Labourdonnais to play
+Mr. Lewis a match of twenty-five games at L5 a game. This was rather too
+bad, considering that Labourdonnais, to use his own words, was "without a
+friend or a shilling in a foreign country;" but he laughed the challenge
+away as a joke in his own witty manner, by saying that "in such case he
+must be the best player who could offer to play for the highest stake," a
+reply which so pleased a gentleman present, Mr. Brand, that he cried out,
+"Labourdonnais shall play Lewis a match of 25 games at L10 a game, and I
+will find his stakes." It is stated that Mr. Brand evinced considerable
+ill-feeling towards Mr. Lewis, at the time, in consequence of the latter's
+preferring a move recommended by Mr. Mercier in the match then pending
+between the London and Edinburgh clubs, to one proposed by himself, and
+perhaps this was the reason for his offering to back the Frenchman
+against his own countryman. But Mr. Lewis's friends did not accept the
+challenge, and the two champions confined their contests to five off-hand
+games, which were played at the residences of Messrs. Bonfil and Mercier,
+Lewis winning one and Labourdonnais four, so that the final result was:--
+
+    Labourdonnais, 5--Lewis, 2--Drawn, 0.
+
+The above occurrences took place on the occasion of Labourdonnais' first
+visit to London, many years before his famous encounters with McDonnell.
+
+About the year 1830, a gentleman of great parts and education, named
+Huttmann, finding his share of this world's loaves and fishes not
+precisely what he could wish, opened a coffee house in Covent Garden. His
+patrons belonged to what society calls the "upper classes," for his prices
+were high and his refreshments first-rate; two considerable attractions to
+men of means. Amongst the frequenters of the rooms were Mr. Henry Russell,
+the since celebrated singer; Captain Medwin (Byron's medium), and Mr.
+Mackay, now Dr. Charles Mackay, the poet. Doctor Mackay was in New York
+during the chess tournament, and visited the rooms on that occasion, but
+we were then unaware of his early acquaintance with the game.
+
+At Huttman's Coffee House, the habitues were gentlemen in quest of
+quietness; men of calm, reflective turn, given to chit-chat in nooks and
+corners; smoking a genuine "Havana" over a cup of unquestionable "Mocha,"
+and reading that everlasting refuge for an Englishman, "_The Times_." Just
+the atmosphere for a chess-board, and two or three were accordingly
+introduced. Now you can never get chess-boards into any establishment,
+without the fact becoming immediately known amongst amateurs. Mr. George
+Walker soon got wind of the arrangement, and forthwith reconnoitred the
+lines. The result of his observations was that he suggested the formation
+of a chess club in the first floor rooms, and to this Mr. Huttmann
+assented. Mr. Walker forthwith began drumming about for recruits; electing
+himself secretary, _pro tem._, he drew up a set of rules, and got out
+printed circulars, and it was not his fault if any person with whom he
+claimed even bowing acquaintance, escaped from the meshes of the proposed
+club. Within a few days he had canvassed all his earliest chess friends,
+and had rallied round the standard of Caissa between twenty and thirty
+defenders. It was resolved to style the association
+
+
+THE WESTMINSTER CLUB,
+
+and Captain Medwin was elected the first president.
+
+We are upon classic ground. Who does not remember the feats performed
+within the walls of this home of the glorious departed? Who shall forget
+the oft-told wonders of that golden age of chess? Any thing related of the
+Westminster Club is swallowed with willing faith by gaping acolytes.
+Those were glorious days, indeed, the Homeric age of zatrikiological
+worthies! Amongst the early supporters of the Club were the Rev. Mr.
+D'Arblay, (son of Madame D'Arblay,) Mr. Skelton, (so well known about town
+as "Dandy Skelton,") Mr. Nixon, organist of the Bavarian Catholic Church,
+in Warwick Street, Duncan Forbes, Professor of Oriental languages at
+University College, and many other celebrated literary characters. The
+proprietor, Mr. Huttman, followed the enterprise with spirit. Every cigar
+he sold in the coffee-room was wrapt in a printed problem; and, in
+addition, he published a periodical penny miscellany on chess. Such
+extraordinary exertions quickly bore fruit, and, in a short time the Club
+rose to something like fifty members. The room in which the meetings were
+held became, in consequence, so hot, that it was deservedly styled "the
+oven."
+
+Emboldened by success, Mr. Huttman began to look about for new and more
+commodious quarters; these he eventually found on the opposite side of the
+street. Certain gamblers had there taken a house, and furnished the
+principal apartments in sumptuous style, for the sole purpose of decoying
+thither a young foreign nobleman, who, in one night, is said to have lost
+there upwards of L30,000. The house having served their diabolical ends,
+was of no further use to them, and Mr. Huttman rented it. Here the
+Westminster Club was enshrined. Amongst the chief supporters were Mr.
+George Walker, Hon. Sec.; Mr. B. Smith, M. P.; Albany Fonblanque, Esq., of
+_The Examiner_; Messrs. Perigal, Slous, Popert, McDonnel, and many others
+from the London Club. In 1833, Labourdonnais and McDonnel played their
+different matches at these splendid rooms.
+
+By the continued exertions of Mr. George Walker, the number of members was
+increased to three hundred. What a glorious muster-roll! Why should the
+"old days" not live again at the West End? Surely the ranks of chess
+players are not thinned, nor is their strength diminished. Our Loewenthals,
+Bodens, Birds, Stauntons, Barneses, Buckles, Wormalds, Falkbeers, Briens,
+Zytogoroskys, Lowes, Hannahs, etc., etc., etc., are worthy descendants of
+West End men of the olden time, without even enlisting the support of such
+city magnates as the Mongredieus, Slouses, Medleys, etc., of the ancient
+and virile London Club. Many members of the Westminster still make love to
+the nymph Caissa; such historical names as Slous and Walker for instance.
+But, in addition to the above-mentioned general officers, we now possess a
+constantly-increasing rank and file, recruited from the chess-playing
+militia of schools and private families. Chess is assuming vast
+proportions in England and America: scarcely a weekly paper of any
+circulation but gives a column to the game; and certainly no newspaper
+editor would do so if he did not find it pay. At the West End of London,
+there now exist two clubs of importance, the old St. George's and the new
+St. James's; the Philidorean Rooms in Rathbone Place partaking rather of
+the divan character. Neither of these clubs require proficiency in the
+game as a passport for membership; and a gentleman receiving the Queen
+would be just as eligible as the amateur giving it. Surely the advantages
+offered for increasing one's strength in this intellectual struggle of
+mind against mind, should be an inducement for young players to enroll
+themselves in one or the other of these two associations.
+
+When the Westminster had grown up into a goodly body of three hundred
+members, Mr. George Walker began to find that the duties of secretary were
+interfering seriously with his other pursuits, and he therefore resigned
+the office, and was succeeded by Mr. William Greenwood Walker, to whom the
+chess world is so much indebted for taking down the games of McDonnel. The
+Club had arrived at its Augustine era, and, in 1838, its fortunes began to
+wane; the proprietor getting into pecuniary difficulties. Mr. Huttman
+could not let well alone. He introduced a daily dinner, on plans so
+profoundly calculated, that the more persons who dined the more he lost.
+He got the Club, also, into bad odor, by allowing chess to be played there
+on Sundays. Musical soirees and other nonsense followed; the main object
+of the establishment thus became ignored, and, instead of new members
+joining, the old ones fell off one by one, and the princely mansion in
+Bedford street was shortly to let. Mr. Huttman's pecuniary difficulties
+perilled the very existence of the Club, notwithstanding that the members
+handed over to him the reserve fund, amounting to a few hundred pounds. No
+Club can be said to be in safety without such a fund upon which to fall
+back in case of emergency, as for instance, retirement of members. Members
+of chess clubs will retire--prominent ones even--a very frequent cause
+being marriage; the backsliders, however, often come back eventually.
+
+The Westminster Club being now without house or home, looked about for
+some benevolent individual who would "take them in and do for them." Such
+an one they found in Mr. Ries, proprietor of the Divan in the Strand, who
+offered them private rooms in his establishment; thither the _debris_ of
+the old Westminster forthwith removed. Each member was provided with a
+latch-key, with which to let himself in at the private door. Here it was
+that Mr. Staunton appeared for the first time in chess-circles, although
+he was never a member of the Westminster Club. In its new quarters the
+association drew out an existence of twelve months, giving up the ghost in
+1840.
+
+About this time, the veteran writer and encyclopaedist, Alexandre, made a
+lamentable _fiasco_ at his Cafe de l'Echiquier in Paris; an establishment
+which he vainly hoped would entice away the _habitues_ of the Cafes de la
+Regence et de Procope. Coming over to London, he made the acquaintance of
+Mr. Staunton, and the two players struck hands together, and resolved to
+open a chess establishment as a partnership concern. Alexandre put in his
+little all--the change out of his Paris capital--and he and his coadjutor
+opened rooms at the Waterloo Chambers. A very good locality, perhaps too
+good, for rents in that neighborhood are rather high. Some twenty or
+thirty old players rallied round them, but the attempt was only of short
+duration. The two _camarades_ took to squabbling and vilifying each other;
+and, within a year, the Club was formally dissolved at the request of the
+members.
+
+All connection now being severed between the members and Messrs. Alexandre
+and Staunton, the amateurs convened a private meeting for the purpose of
+examining their prospects and taking steps for reorganization. Mr. George
+Walker advertised for a large room, and was answered by Mr. Beattie,
+proprietor of Beattie's Hotel, George street, Hanover square. Here, once
+again, the remains of the "old guard" planted their standard, and in
+special, solemn convocation, under a full sense of their responsibility,
+and with all due solemnity, they christened their Club
+
+
+THE ST. GEORGE'S,
+
+the name being suggested, in the first place, by the baptismal appellative
+of their virtual founder and Hon. Sec., Mr. George Walker; and, secondly,
+because the meeting was in George street, in the parish of St. George's.
+The Club was exceedingly prosperous during the first year of its
+existence, much being due to the fostering care of Mr. B. Smith, M. P.
+for Norwich, who was assiduous in his attendance, and a capital
+"whipper-in" of members. The room was large, well proportioned, and well
+ventilated, cooking first-rate, wines unexceptionable. Wine, by the by,
+makes your game brilliant, if not sound. Dull, unimaginative Zsen would
+have been betrayed into an attempt at brilliance and dash, with a couple
+of bottles of "old crusted" under his belt. But it began to appear as
+though a West End Club could be nought but an "annual." Mr. Beattie failed
+in business, and the St. George's were turned out of doors, wanderers for
+a season, without prospect of refuge. And the devotees of Caissa were on
+the town for some weeks, two or three of the leading and most active
+assiduously on the watch to find a fresh location, but almost in blank
+despair as to the result.
+
+Mr. B. Smith was a large shareholder in the Polytechnic Institution,
+Regent street. The managing committee of that estimable establishment
+were, about this time, endeavoring to form reading-rooms by subscription,
+in the first floor of their building, facing Cavendish square. It was
+suggested to the committee that chess and reading might be combined; that
+one large room facing the square should be set apart for reading
+exclusively, and two smaller ones be devoted to chess. A meeting was
+forthwith convened, Mr. Nurse representing the proprietors of the
+Institution, the chess players present being Mr. B. Smith, Mr. Richard
+Penn, and the indefatigable and indomitable George Walker. These three
+gentlemen guaranteed that one hundred members, paying an annual
+subscription of three guineas each, should be enrolled in the Chess Club
+within twelve months; and, once again, the red cross of the St. George's
+was floating bravely in the air. Forthwith commenced the hunting up of old
+members of the Westminster and other West End Clubs: touching and tender
+circulars were issued by Mr. Walker, adjuring the straggling devotees of
+Caissa, by all the recollections of their first and early loves, by all
+their hopes of a glorious hereafter, to rush once more to the rescue.
+Could such pathetic appeals fall unheeded upon the chess-lover's ear? No.
+A hundred and fifty members reiterated "no" to the accompaniment of their
+one hundred and fifty three-guinea subscriptions. "Royal Blue-Book"
+notabilities enrolled themselves; as, for instance, the present Lord
+Ravensworth, Dr. Murray, Lord Bishop of Rochester, the Honorable Charles
+Murray, Mr. Brooke Greville, Mr. Albany Fonblanque, the Messrs. Hampton,
+Lord Clarence Paget, and a host of other fashionables. So the St. George's
+flourished for years, and it began to appear that a Chess Club at the West
+End could, under proper management, become a permanent institution.
+
+It was in this _locale_ that Mr. Staunton played his first match with
+Saint Amant, and, losing it, took his revenge by winning in his turn at
+Paris. For some reason or other, the French amateur displayed
+unaccountable nervousness during the progress of the match in his own
+capital. The Baronne de L----, who is well known in Parisian _salons_ as
+an excellent player and firm supporter of the game, assured me but lately
+that she had no easy task in instilling courage into her countryman,
+startled as he was by Mr. Staunton's winning game after game from him.
+Warming up under the merry rebukes of his fair inspirer, Saint Amant began
+to turn the tables upon his antagonist, and it seemed as if he would
+anticipate the result of the contest between Loewenthal and Harrwitz. Mr.
+Staunton, however, eventually won, and the stakes were deposited for the
+third and deciding match, but Mr. S. was taken ill, and it was never
+played. It is unfortunate for Mr. Staunton's reputation that the plea of
+bad health was so frequently used by him when opponents appeared, more
+especially as he is the first to ridicule such an excuse when coming from
+others. And it is more than ever unfortunate in this instance, because the
+French players declared that, judging from the later games of the match in
+Paris, it was obvious that Mr. Staunton would have succumbed to their
+champion if the third and deciding heat had not been prevented by the
+Englishman's indisposition. And many of them even affirm that Mr. S. felt
+this and acted in consequence.
+
+It may be added that the St. George's Chess Club had been installed at the
+Polytechnic Institution some years before Mr. Staunton joined them, as an
+honorary member, in compliment to his rising reputation. Mr. Staunton was
+laid under lasting obligations to Mr. George Walker, by the latter's
+bringing him from obscurity into public notice, not merely by introducing
+him to the London chess world, but, in addition, by flattering notices of
+him in his works. He may, in fact, be considered the pupil of Mr. Walker,
+and the courtesy with which he has always treated his benefactor makes one
+think of Labourdonnais's delicacy towards his old master Deschappelles.
+
+It would seem as though chess-players, like other men, "get weary in
+well-doing," and constantly stand in need of fresh stimulus. Nothing could
+have been more suitable or comfortable than the accommodations of the St.
+George's at the Polytechnic, and yet they got to yearning after they
+scarcely knew what. The cry was raised that members ought to be able to
+dine at their Club, and they forthwith migrated _en masse_ to apartments
+in Crockford's Club, transmogrified into an eating-house on a splendid
+scale, and styled "The Wellington." Here they dwindled away, and the St.
+George's would have finally disappeared from existence had it not been for
+the kindness of Mr. Thomas Hampton, who offered them apartments at New
+Palace Club Chambers, in King street, St. James's. Under his fostering
+care, and the patriotic manner in which he is continually arranging
+matches and organizing tournaments amongst the members, the St. George's
+has largely increased its muster-roll of amateurs, and bids fair to enjoy
+more halcyon days than ever. In these rooms Paul Morphy played part of his
+match with Herr Loewenthal, and vanquished the well-known amateur "Alter,"
+in a contest at Pawn and Move. And in dismissing this now prosperous West
+End Club, I must not forget to mention, for the benefit of those of my
+readers who are ignorant of the fact, that it was the St. George's which
+initiated and successfully carried out the Grand International Tournament
+of 1851, in which the Teutonic element made itself so conspicuous.
+
+Experience seems to teach us that no West End Club can be permanently
+prosperous, without a recognized professor of the game being constantly,
+or frequently, in attendance; one whose object is the interest, not of
+himself, but of chess, willing and ready to play with all comers for the
+benefit of all. In such a Club as the London, where the members are
+business men, there is no hollow principle of _caste_; social democracy
+exists, and the players play, talk, laugh, and eat together on a perfect
+equality, be they simple clerks or merchant princes. At the Court End of
+the town manners are reserved; and such a thing may happen as two members
+of the same Club waiting several years, before an introduction justifies
+them in speaking to each other. A professor would bring all these stupid
+_convenances de la societe_ to a speedy end, and, by his recognized
+position in the Club, arrange contests between members of equal force, and
+thus further the objects for which they are associated.
+
+
+THE LONDON CHESS CLUB.
+
+In the very heart of the City of London, under the shadows of the Bank and
+Royal Exchange, and but a step from Lombard street, the London Chess Club
+holds its daily sittings. Who would expect to find such an association in
+such a place? Is the quiet of the chess arena consonant with the hum of
+busy multitudes, hurrying to and fro in never-failing ardor after the
+yellow god? Are stocks and scrip and dividends allied to gambits and
+mates? Shall Lloyd's Capel Court and the Corn Exchange furnish supporters
+of Caissa? Come along with me to Cornhill. Stop! This is Purssell's
+restaurant. We'll walk up stairs. This room on the first floor is devoted
+to billiards. Above it meets the Cosmopolitan Club, and on the third
+floor--out of reach of the noise below--is the famous old "London," of
+which every player of note during the past fifty years has either been a
+member or visitor.
+
+It is between three and four o'clock in the afternoon, and the rooms of
+the Club present the usual appearance at that hour. In the right-hand
+corner we perceive the President, Mr. Mongredieu, engaged in dire conflict
+with Mr. Maude, to whom he has offered the advantage of Pawn and Move.
+Readers of the _Chess Players' Chronicle_, of the _Palamede_, and _La
+Regence_, have known Mr. Mongredieu for long years past, as an amateur of
+first-rate force, who gets himself invariably into difficulties at the
+commencement of a game, by his unvanquishable contempt for book openings,
+but who comes out all right at last, by his masterly tactics in the middle
+of the contest. Possessed of a fund of native English humor, and a
+finished scholar withal, he keeps up a running fire of wit and anecdote
+throughout the game, in which the lookers-on join. By his side is Mr.
+George Medley, the Secretary of the Club, whose name is also a "household
+word" to amateurs; he and Mr. Mongredieu ranking as the strongest players
+of the association. The latter gentleman has run in for an hour's play
+from the Corn Exchange, being in fact one of those men who, before the
+knowledge of Political Economy had become diffused amongst the masses,
+were styled "the rogues in grain." Mr. Medley has just arrived from the
+Stock Exchange, where, after "Bearing" or "Bulling" Mr. Slous, George
+Walker, and Mr. Waite during the morning, he meets them at the Chess Club
+towards three o'clock, and they become as much absorbed in the mysteries
+of the game as though it were the business of their lives.
+
+If you wish to see what influence chess can have upon individuals, just
+analyze the London Club. The members are not "men of straw," but sound,
+substantial citizens, with balances at their bankers heavy enough to buy
+up half-a-dozen lords. Does a Rothschild or a Baring negotiate a loan?
+Here you will find men to take up the greater part, if not the whole of
+it. Is capital for a railroad wanted? You need not wander much further.
+Look around you, and you will recognize many of the foremost of Great
+Britain's merchant princes; men pushing England's commerce into every bay
+and inlet of old ocean, carrying the British flag across seas and lakes,
+and penetrating continents; causing British cannon to thunder at the gates
+of Pekin, and opening Japan to the commerce of the world. These are the
+children of the men who first planted foot in Hindostan, descendants of
+those who established England's colonies. These are the men, the very men,
+who repealed the Corn Laws in 1846, established the principle of Free
+Trade, and told a proud, titled aristocracy--"We, the middle class, the
+merchants, bankers, and manufacturers of Great Britain, are the source of
+all power in England, as we are the source of her greatness."
+
+An admirable demonstration of these ideas is to be found in the London
+Chess Club. This association has flourished with never-failing vigor since
+its establishment in 1807, whilst Clubs have risen, waned, and died at the
+fashionable end of the town. City men are too patriotic and too proud to
+allow their Club to languish; and, depend upon it, whilst the old London
+counts a single member, that one last man will, from his own purse, find
+funds to keep it alive, inscribe on his colors "_Lateat scintillula
+forsan_," and shout with stentorian lungs for recruits.
+
+The London Chess Club organized on the 6th of April, 1807, Mr. Augustus
+Hankey being first President, and the committee numbering among its
+members Sir Astley Cooper, the celebrated surgeon, Sir Isaac Lyon
+Goldsmid, and others of almost equal eminence. The meetings took place at
+Tom's Coffee House, in Cornhill. Such men as Sarratt, Lewis, Walker,
+McDonnel, Cochrane, Popert, Perigal, Staunton, Fraser, etc., have either
+been members of the Club or frequenters of it. A good story is told of
+Perigal, who, for a long period, officiated as the Honorary Secretary. At
+the time Deschappelles made his ridiculous challenge to play any English
+amateur a match at Pawn and Two moves, Mr. Perigal was sent out to Paris
+to arrange preliminaries with the gasconading Frenchman. Deschappelles
+soon showed how little he was in earnest, and the ambassador returned
+without having effected any thing. On being questioned at the "London" as
+to the appearance, manner, etc., of the French champion, he said, with
+much gravity--"Mr. Deschappelles is the greatest chess-player in France;
+Mr. Deschappelles is the greatest whist-player in France; Mr.
+Deschappelles is the greatest billiard-player in France; Mr. Deschappelles
+is the greatest pumpkin-grower in France, and Mr. Deschappelles is the
+greatest liar in France."
+
+A match by correspondence was commenced in 1824, between the London and
+Edinburgh Chess Clubs, and was won by the latter. Two games were commenced
+simultaneously, the moves being forwarded every night through the
+post-office. On one occasion the Londoners sent off three moves at once,
+half-an-hour in advance of their usual time; and after the letter was
+posted, it was discovered that the last move was founded on a
+miscalculation, and might lose the game. Application was immediately made
+at the office for the letter to be returned, but such a thing was
+impossible without an order from the Secretary of State. A second letter
+was thereupon despatched to Edinburgh, retracting the move in question,
+but the _cannie_ sons of Auld Reekie held them to their first showing, and
+the London Club lost the game in consequence. Shortly afterwards, the
+Edinburgh Club made a similar blunder, but they, somehow or other, induced
+their postmaster to produce the letter, and they corrected the move on the
+outside. Of course the Londoners wouldn't stand that.
+
+In the spring of 1846, Staunton played and won his match with Harrwitz at
+the rooms of the Club, and, in the summer of the same year, he there also
+vanquished Harrwitz, in a contest of seven even, seven pawn and move, and
+seven pawn and two games. In the latter part of that year, and in the same
+locality, Harrwitz and Hoerwitz played a match, the former scoring eight
+games to his opponent's seven; and, meeting again subsequently, a similar
+result was effected. In 1847, the Club entered on a match by
+correspondence with the Amsterdam _Cercle des Echecs_, the latter having
+sent a challenge of L50 to any London club. One game lasted five years,
+and was won by the Englishmen, and a second game was drawn. The Londoners
+scored the third, and this game is considered to be one of the finest and
+most brilliant contests by correspondence on record. The players selected
+by the Club to represent them in this celebrated match were Messrs.
+Mongredieu, Slous, Medley, and Greenaway--a glorious quartet, who are now
+stronger than ever.
+
+The London Chess Club did not take part in the Tournament of 1851, because
+the St. George's, under the auspices of Mr. Staunton, wished to assume a
+position derogatory to their claims; nor was it proper that the oldest and
+most influential Club in the United Kingdom should play second-fiddle to a
+much younger association. But they gave a cup of the value of one hundred
+guineas to be played for by the foreign amateurs then in London, and
+Anderssen, Szabs, Zsen, Kling, and Harrwitz were amongst the contestants.
+The cup was won by Herr Anderssen.
+
+In 1852, '53, Harrwitz and Williams played a match at the London Club, the
+first-named player winning a large majority of the games. And, finally, on
+Paul Morphy's being challenged last year by Herr Loewenthal, this Club,
+ever foremost in the interests of chess, doubled the latter's stakes, and
+offered the combatants battle-ground for half the games in their saloons.
+Nowhere has Paul Morphy met with a heartier English welcome than from the
+veterans of this flourishing association.
+
+Amongst the strongest amateurs now figuring on the muster-roll of the
+London Chess Club are those "ancients," Messrs. Slous and George Walker,
+and Messrs. Mongredieu, Medley, Maude, Greenaway, and Brien. "May their
+shadows never grow less!"
+
+
+THE PHILIDOREAN ROOMS.
+
+A chess establishment has lately been opened, under the above title, in
+Rathbone place, Oxford street, partaking of the peculiar character of the
+Divan, in the Strand. The admission, as in the latter, is either by
+subscription, or by entrance fee of sixpence, which includes a cup of
+coffee or cigar.
+
+As the Philidorean is too youthful an undertaking to possess a history, I
+must confine myself to mentioning some of the principal frequenters, and,
+considering the size of the rooms and its age, the establishment may well
+be proud of its supporters. The well-known Austrian amateur, Herr
+Falkbeer, may be found there daily, with such proficients as Brien,
+Zytogorsky, Wormald, Kenny, Healey, and the rising star, Campbell,
+together with many others, scarcely less known to fame. As the Philidorean
+is centrally situated, in the midst of a very populous and influential
+neighborhood, and too far from any similar place of resort, it will
+probably hold its own, and become one of the great temples of Caissa.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+MORPHY IN ENGLAND.
+
+
+It is easy to understand that when a man, and especially a young man,
+feels his strength in any department of thought or action, he will be
+desirous of putting his abilities to the severest test, so as to take that
+rank to which he is entitled. Paul Morphy perceiving that it was a
+hopeless task endeavoring to induce the chess magnates of the Old World to
+visit America, resolved to cross the Atlantic himself, and it would be
+difficult to imagine a more chivalric act in one so young than thus
+embarking on a voyage of many thousand miles, for the sake of finding new
+antagonists. The journeyings of Il Puttino from Italy into Spain to battle
+with Ruy Lopez--the travels of the admirable Crichton through different
+countries of Europe, are mediocre in comparison with this.
+
+But an obstacle stood in the way of the proposed voyage. Paul Morphy was
+not yet of age, and it would be necessary to first obtain the consent of
+his family. This was difficult, for, in addition to other reasons,
+objections were made to our hero's entering on so public a career,
+interfering, too, as it would for a time, with his legal pursuits. A
+committee was appointed by the Chess Club to wait upon Mr. Morphy's family
+to request their consent to the much-desired voyage, and this was
+ultimately granted. Strong hopes were entertained in England that the
+American champion would assist at the meeting of the British Chess
+Association in Birmingham, and, for that purpose, the committee had
+offered to place at his disposal a certain sum to cover his expenses. This
+was not accepted, Mr. Morphy little wishing to travel as a professional
+chess-player. At the commencement of the month of June, the following
+announcement appeared in the _Illustrated London News_:
+
+     ANNUAL MEETING OF THE CHESS ASSOCIATION.
+
+     It was noticed in our columns last week that this event, the
+     Chess-players' Derby day, was fixed to commence on the 22d of
+     June. The arrangements of the local committee are, of course,
+     not yet complete, but it is whispered that they have succeeded
+     in insuring the presence of the American chess phenomenon, Paul
+     Morphy, an attraction, of itself, sufficient to secure the
+     largest attendance which has been known for years.
+
+The date for the assembling of the Association was ultimately postponed
+until the latter part of August, it being feared, with reason, that the
+sitting of Parliament would interfere with the attendance of many who
+would otherwise be present. The committee wrote to inform Mr. Morphy of
+this postponement, and again urging him to visit Europe, but he was
+already _en route_ before the latter reached New Orleans.
+
+I was both surprised and gratified when I read the announcement of Paul
+Morphy's arrival in the _Illustrated London News_. Now, thought I, these
+men who do not believe in an American chess-master, will be convinced.
+We'll see if Morphy's games are merely "pretty," and "will not bear the
+test of analysis;" and whether "he'll find plenty of matches." I wended my
+way to the St. George's, feeling confident that I should find Morphy
+there, and, after waiting a short time, I had the pleasure of welcoming
+him to England. But, having arisen up from a sick bed to travel, joined to
+the fatigues of a first voyage across the Atlantic, he did not appear in
+as good fighting trim as when I had last seen him in New York.
+
+On Mr. Staunton's arrival, Paul Morphy asked him if he had any objection
+to play an off-hand game. Now it is Morphy's almost invariable custom to
+wait to be asked; the solitary exceptions to this rule (to my knowledge)
+being in the cases of Messrs. Staunton and Harrwitz. Mr. Staunton declined
+the offer on the ground of an engagement preventing, and, notwithstanding
+that they met frequently at the St. George's, he would never consent to a
+contest of the most friendly description. Doubtless he was desirous of
+first observing Morphy's capabilities against other players. The
+well-known amateur, "Alter," whose games frequently grace the columns of
+Mr. Staunton's paper, offered himself as a sacrifice. "Alter," however,
+was not the first to measure skill with the young American, the Secretary
+of the St. George's, Mr. Hampton, having already played two games with
+him, on a previous occasion.
+
+Morphy and "Alter" ultimately effected a score of "Alter" 1, and Morphy 4.
+His next antagonist was Mr. Barnes, and the result of their play was, at
+first, most surprising. During several successive days they scored
+alternate games, and the London chess world consequently measured Morphy's
+powers by this antagonist. Ultimately the former recovered from the
+effects of his voyage, and the proportion was established of 19 to 7, the
+last ten or twelve games being scored by Morphy almost without a break.
+
+The first challenge which the young American received in London was from
+Herr Loewenthal. Morphy says that no one can mention this gentleman's name,
+without announcing the fact that he was one of the celebrated triumvirate
+in the match between Pesth and Paris. Herr Loewenthal and the 19th century
+came arm and arm into the world together, so that he has been contemporary
+with many who have gone to another sphere. He was led into chess from
+sheer jealousy, not of woman, but of a man. At a _cafe_ in Pesth, much
+frequented by amateurs of the game,--in fact the Magyar Cafe de la
+Regence,--he noticed that a crowd invariably surrounded a certain table
+after 4 o'clock in the afternoon; and, on further inquiry, he learned that
+the best chess-player in Hungary took upon himself daily to astonish the
+natives there. That player was Zsen. Zsen was a clerk in the office of
+Archives at Pesth, and, when the business of the day was over, he repaired
+to the above-mentioned spot to play chess for a nominal stake, which never
+exceeded a _zwanziger_ (sevenpence English). Another peculiarity of his
+was, that, no matter what the strength of his opponent might be--queen,
+rook, knight, or pawn player--he never would give any odds. His game was
+dull, analytical, and sound to a tiresome extent, his only object being to
+get through the _opening_ and _middle_, and then winning became a
+certainty; for all his strength came out in the _endings_, and a very good
+place, too, for it to appear in. Zsen went to Paris in 1831, and played
+some games with Labourdonnais at the odds of Pawn and Move, winning the
+majority. He then told the great Frenchman that he did not like playing
+for stakes as a general thing, but that he would propose to him a match of
+twenty-one even games for 200 francs; but Labourdonnais declined. And who
+will say he was wrong? for what pleasure could there be in sitting down
+day after day before the dullest player in Christendom, for the
+eventuality of 200 francs? Zsen was so frightfully slow, even in ordinary
+games, that he would have worn out 200 francs' worth of his opponent's
+pantaloons before the match was half through. He was an exceedingly
+nervous man, and this quality particularly evinced itself during the
+Tournament of '51, to the eminent delight of his London friends. But he
+was a good-hearted, amiable man, never losing his temper, and ever ready
+to declare that he hadn't won the game, but his opponent had lost it.
+
+We left Zsen over a move at the Pesth cafe. Herr Loewenthal observing what
+interest seemed to be taken in chess, thought he should like to try his
+hand at it, and forthwith pored over such works on the game as he was
+informed would initiate him into its mysteries. Obtaining a little
+knowledge, he soon after began playing daily with Zsen, receiving no odds,
+because, as before stated, Zsen would not give any, upon principle. During
+eighteen months, Loewenthal never scored one game. But whilst Zsen was away
+on his travels at Paris and elsewhere, he made rapid progress,
+particularly in the openings; and on his antagonist's return, he induced
+him to give the advantage of Pawn and Move, and Zsen lost every game.
+Returning to even play, the latter won the large majority; but with
+constant practice, Loewenthal decreased the distance between them, although
+he never turned the tables upon his adversary. Herr L. considers that, in
+their best play, Grimm would win three games to Zsen's seven, and four to
+his six. Most chess-players finished Grimm some years back, but he still
+flourishes "down East." After the Hungarian agitation of 1848, he fled
+into Turkey, and is now settled in Aleppo, where, as he turned Mussulman,
+he no doubt revels.
+
+Grimm was a music publisher in Pesth, and, according to Herr Loewenthal, a
+man of high intelligence, being a celebrated _pianist_ and a thorough
+proficient in the German, French, Italian, and Latin languages. He was
+also renowned as a whist-player, and his equal at the billiard-table was
+not to be found throughout the entire Austrian Empire. His chess was the
+antithesis of Zsen's, being "brilliant, but not over sound," qualities
+which find favor with "the gallery," but are dangerous to one's backers in
+a match. This interesting triumvirate--Zsen, Grimm, Loewenthal--had it all
+their own way, in Pesth, until July, 1842, when Alexandre came there, and
+then they had him too. Alexandre brought his Encyclopaedia, or the
+Encyclopaedia brought him, and both of them got sold in the Hungarian
+capital. He thought the idea of anybody there beating him, simply
+preposterous; but was irresistibly convinced to the contrary when Grimm &
+Co. did it with so much charming facility, that he told them they were a
+match for the Paris _Cercle des Echecs_, and advised them to send a
+challenge forthwith. The triumvirate were shy at first, then did as they
+were told, and, to their surprise, the Paris Club accepted their _defi_ by
+return of post, enclosing the first move. The match consisted of two
+games, and 1,250 francs a side; the reader can learn, on inquiry at Cafe
+de la Regence in Paris, who didn't win it.
+
+Herr Loewenthal's business led him twice a year to Vienna, and on those
+occasions he improved his play with the amateurs of the _Cercle des
+Echecs_ of that capital. In 1846, he won a match of Hampe, beating him
+nearly 2 to 1. About the same period he visited Breslau, and won a
+majority of games (off-hand) from Anderssen. He then steered for Berlin,
+"the city of the seven stars"--Heyderbrandt, Bledow, Bilguer, Hanstein,
+Mayet, Hoerwitz and Mendheim. The first of these paladins was absent from
+the capital, but Herr L. met him subsequently at Vienna, and Heyderbrandt
+won a majority of two games. With Hanstein, Loewenthal effected an even
+result, but got the better of Mayet. In Von der Lasa's absence, Bledow was
+incontestably the strongest player of the club; but Bledow was jealous of
+his reputation, and declined opposing the Hungarian, until strongly urged
+by the members. Herr Loewenthal states that Bledow evinced the greatest
+generosity. Having a certainly-won game, but not wishing to damp a young
+reputation by defeat, he said, "Oh, I suppose it can only be a drawn
+game," and forthwith made a move which allowed his antagonist to escape
+and draw the contest. Not many Bledows in this world!
+
+In 1849, Herr Loewenthal visited the United States, during the contest
+between Messrs. Stanley and Turner. With the latter gentleman he played
+two matches, winning both, and subsequently accompanied him into Kentucky,
+where he commenced another with Colonel Dudley, being again successful.
+Thence he strayed to Cincinnati, where he met his fellow-countryman,
+Colonel Pragay, and travelled with him to New Orleans, carrying a letter
+of introduction to Mr. Eugene Rousseau. Immediately on arriving he was
+taken ill with fever; but on recovery, he called upon that gentleman and
+heard, for the first time, of Paul Morphy. Our hero, then but twelve years
+of age, won two games, drew one, and lost none; and although Herr
+Loewenthal did not imagine that he thus made the acquaintance of a master
+whom he would eventually rank as the superior of every chess-player that
+ever lived--Labourdonnais not excepted--yet he felt satisfied that his
+youthful opponent would rise to equality with the strongest living
+amateurs. As proof of this, I will give a paragraph from _The Era_ of
+October 5th, 1856, twelve months before Paul Morphy was known outside of
+Louisiana. Herr Loewenthal writes as follows:
+
+     "CHESS IN AMERICA.--The progress Chess has made in America is
+     almost, if not quite, equal to that which it has achieved in
+     England. This is more than might have been expected; for in a
+     comparatively new country men may be supposed to be busier and
+     more restless than in an old one, and it seems to be rather
+     against probabilities that a game, requiring quiet thought and
+     study, should have been developed to the same extent as more
+     bustling amusements in America. Yet that it is so is proved by
+     the fact that in almost every large town there is a Chess Club,
+     and many of these clubs are in communication, and play games by
+     correspondence. Another proof is also to be found in the number
+     of papers regularly devoting a part of their space to chess,
+     and giving, as the English chess papers do, well-contested
+     games, with notes, problems, and chess intelligence. Among the
+     first in rank of these is the _Albion_, the chess column of
+     which is, we believe, edited by Mr. Stanley, and among the
+     latest of the accessions to the chess ranks we observe _Frank
+     Leslie's Illustrated Paper_. In the first rank of the players
+     in New York (between which and Philadelphia a correspondence
+     match is now going on) we may mention Messrs. Stanley,
+     Sullivan, Thompson, and Perrin. We must pay some _attention to
+     chess in America if we mean to keep our laurels green_. The men
+     of the New World are not apt to lag behind when they throw
+     themselves into any pursuit, and if we do not take care, we may
+     have the next chess champion from the far west."
+
+Herr Loewenthal, on quitting the Crescent City, returned to Cincinnati,
+where he was induced to settle. He opened a smoking and chess divan, and
+was on the high road to fortune, when he received a letter from Mr.
+Charles H. Stanley, in New York, enclosing one from Mr. Staunton. This
+communication invited Herr Loewenthal to attend the International
+Tournament at London, in 1851, and ambition prevailed over cupidity. He,
+however, got ousted in the first round of the tournay, his antagonist
+being Mr. Williams, but he turned the tables upon that gentleman soon
+afterwards, by beating him in a set match.
+
+When the St. George's Chess Club removed to St. James's street, Herr
+Loewenthal was elected secretary out of one hundred and forty candidates,
+and officiated in that capacity during four years. "_The Era_" newspaper
+commenced a chess column in February, 1854, and he was selected by the
+proprietor to conduct it--our readers know with what success. A few months
+ago, the _Illustrated News of the World_ announced its intention of
+devoting a column weekly to the game, under the direction of Herr
+Loewenthal, and he also edits an elementary chess article in the _Family
+Herald_. A fair amount of weekly work for one man; especially when his
+book labors and frequent play at the London, St. George's, and St. James's
+are taken into consideration. The last-named club is his own child, and
+promises to become one of the most flourishing in the metropolis.
+
+Herr Loewenthal did not regard his play with Morphy at New Orleans as any
+test of their respective strength, but it was not at all agreeable to his
+feelings to have it recorded against him that he was beaten by a boy of
+twelve. So, on Paul Morphy's arrival in England, he hastened to challenge
+him, and of course a match was immediately agreed upon. It was at first
+arranged that the match should be for L50 a side, and the victor he who
+first scored seven games, but the challenger possessed so many warm
+friends, all of whom wished to have a share in the stakes, that it was
+proposed to Morphy to double the amount and increase the number of games
+to nine. It is lucky that Morphy was not born a woman, for he never says
+"no" to any proposition, and he did not to this. Half of Herr Loewenthal's
+stakes were found by the London, and the remainder by members of the St.
+George's; and it was stipulated that the games should be played
+alternately at the rooms of those two clubs.
+
+My readers know the result. According to the opinion, or rather the
+statements, of numerous London players, Herr Loewenthal played much below
+his usual strength--one gentleman stating that his combinations were
+unworthy of a rook-player even. I was used to this, and liked it. The New
+Yorkers had uttered similar stuff, saying that Morphy only beat them
+because he knew the openings better, and I can state on authority that all
+the players in Europe came to a mutual understanding not to play their
+game when Morphy was their antagonist. But there was also another reason
+for the latter's success. He frightened his adversaries, not by his
+strength, but by his personal appearance. This boy of twenty-one, five
+feet four inches in height, of slim figure, and face like a young girl in
+her teens, positively appalled the chess warriors of the old
+world--Narcissus defying the Titans. Herr Loewenthal was the first to give
+Morphy his due; before the final game in the match was played, he said to
+me: "I felt chagrined at the result of the first one or two games, because
+I thought that I ought to have won them; but now I feel no longer
+dissatisfied, for I am convinced that I am vanquished by superior
+strength." And he has since told me--"After the first game I went home
+saying to myself, 'Well, Morphy is not so terrible after all!' The second
+_partie_ failed to change my opinion; but, in the third, I saw all my
+combinations twisted and turned against me, and I felt myself in a grasp
+against which it was almost vain to struggle." Chess-players will shortly
+see this noble-minded gentleman's opinion of Morphy fully expressed, in a
+collection of the latter's games which he has lately been engaged in
+editing.
+
+The following extract from _The Era_ newspaper thus announces the result
+of the match to its readers:
+
+     FINISH OF THE GREAT CHESS MATCH.
+
+     The match between Mr. Paul Morphy and Herr Loewenthal came to an
+     end on Saturday the 22d, the American carrying the victory.
+     Although it was universally remarked that Herr Loewenthal's play
+     was far below his usual strength, it must at the same time be
+     admitted that the play of Mr. Morphy marks that gentleman out
+     as one of the finest players in the world. We shall be glad to
+     see him engage with other great European players, in order that
+     it may be proved which is the stronger in the game, the Old
+     World or the New. We believe Mr. Morphy is ready to challenge
+     all comers. There is something exceedingly romantic and
+     chivalrous about this young man's coming over to Europe and
+     throwing down the gauntlet to all our veterans. He is certainly
+     a very admirable Crichton of Chess, and, like the accomplished
+     Scot, he is as courteous and generous as he is brave and
+     skilful.
+
+     _The Era_, August 29th, 1858.
+
+When the above match was only about half through, another was arranged
+between our hero and "Alter," the former giving the odds of Pawn and Move.
+In conversation one day with some gentlemen at the St. George's, Paul
+Morphy had expressed himself dissatisfied with "Alter's" having won a
+game from him, stating that he could give him the odds of Pawn and Move.
+This coming to "Alter's" ears, he stated to Mr. Hampton, the secretary of
+the Club, that he felt confident Mr. Morphy could do no such thing, and
+that he would very willingly play a match with him, in a friendly spirit,
+to convince him to the contrary. Whereupon Mr. Hampton brought the cartel
+to Morphy, who gladly accepted it, and, the two principals being put face
+to face, it was agreed that a set of ivory club-size Staunton chessmen
+should become the property of the winner of the first five games. Now
+"Alter" had been playing for months past at those odds (P. & M.) with Mr.
+Staunton, holding his own against that gentleman, and he considered that
+if he (Mr. S.) could not beat him, certainly Morphy could not. So
+confident was he of the result, that he told the young American: "Were it
+not for my position (meaning as a clergyman), I would willingly play you
+for a thousand pounds." As far as he was concerned, Morphy, too, was
+confident. Before the contest commenced, he said to me: "'Alter' may win
+two games, but he will not win more;" and I would here notice his (M.'s)
+power of estimating an opponent's strength. When the preliminaries were
+settled with Herr Loewenthal, he stated to me: "If I cared about betting, I
+would bet that Loewenthal does not win five games. Of course there will be
+plenty of draws, but he will not get more than four." On our way to Paris,
+he said: "Well, now I am going to play Harrwitz, and I would bet the same
+as I did about Loewenthal;" and when he was preparing to meet Anderssen, he
+awarded four games to the Prussian champion. In every instance he
+overrated his opponents, or, perhaps I should rather say, underrated
+himself.
+
+The preliminaries were soon settled, all ceremony, seconds, &c., being
+dispensed with; the only condition, that I can recollect, was in regard to
+smoking. "Alter" observed that gentlemen could use the weed in the room
+where the match was played, but it must be in moderation, so as not to
+render the atmosphere insupportable. "Alter" gave a capital example on the
+first game: he sat down in front of Morphy with an ordinary cigar in his
+mouth; when that was nearly finished, he ordered the waiter to bring him a
+full-sized _regalia_; cutty-pipe and "birdseye" followed the _regalia_;
+and then he left the room to fetch an immense _meerschaum_, from which he
+blew clouds worthy of Peter Stuyvesant and the Knickerbockers.
+
+"Alter" was thoroughly acquainted with the peculiar nature of the "pawn
+and move" game; Morphy, on the contrary, was less accustomed to those odds
+than to any other. In New Orleans, he did not engage even players, or any,
+in fact, but such as he gave the knight, and much more frequently, the
+rook. In New York he played a short match at pawn and move with Mr.
+Stanley, and that may be considered his introduction to such odds; I was
+therefore as much astonished as any one when I saw him make such short
+work of "Alter," who never won a single game, and only succeeded in
+drawing two. I am afraid that this result seriously interfered with Mr.
+Staunton's fixing a day for the commencement of the match between himself
+and Morphy.
+
+It must not be supposed that our hero was devoting all his time to chess,
+or that the game was always uppermost in his thoughts. A foreigner, and
+especially an American, feels bound to visit all "the lions" of the
+English metropolis, and Morphy was no exception to the rule. I was almost
+constantly with him, and certainly no subject was less frequently referred
+to than chess. I have been amused with the conduct of gentlemen on similar
+occasions, who seemed to think that no other subject than that could
+interest him, and after pertinaciously confining the conversation to the
+game, took upon themselves to declare that it was the single thought of
+his life. So that, in England, he is looked upon as a chess automaton. In
+France they give him the very opposite character, complaining of his
+aversion for the game.
+
+Precisely the same thing was observable in their references to the
+peculiar style of his play. In England, they considered him the very
+_beau-ideal_ of brilliancy, comparing him to McDonnel, and to "Cochrane,
+without his faults." In Paris, however, they characterized his game as
+"_solide_, close, and analytical, not possessing brilliance like
+Labourdonnais;" although these Frenchmen, one and all, with the exception
+of De Riviere, forced their close openings upon him.
+
+Since Mr. Staunton's voluntary relinquishment of what he terms "actual
+play," confining himself to consultation games and "odds," Mr. Boden is
+admitted to be the best English player. The B's certainly form a strong
+phalanx amongst London amateurs, numbering such names as Buckle, Boden,
+Barnes, Brien, Bird; but the first-named gentleman has long since quitted
+the lists. Mr. Boden was no exception to the rule of English players in
+their opinion of Morphy, on the latter's arriving in Europe; but he was
+one of the first to be convinced of the American's superiority, and, with
+John Bull honesty, immediately avowed it. The admirably-conducted chess
+column in _The Field_, is under his supervision; and his remarks therein
+on Morphy's tactics are too well known to require any comment from me. I
+have heard him state his conviction that no one could possibly be better
+adapted for the game, whether physically or mentally; and he, too, like
+Herr Loewenthal, ranks Morphy above all known players. In the month of
+January last, he drew my attention to one game in particular, between our
+hero and Anderssen, stating that he was satisfied "Labourdonnais would
+have lost it ten times over." Now it requires great courage on the part of
+any man to place a player beside Labourdonnais, much more above him. Herr
+Loewenthal says that he does not wonder that the chess world is so backward
+in giving Morphy the rank to which he is entitled; "but few players are
+capable of appreciating his games, and it was only after careful analysis
+that he could form a proper opinion of them." He assured me that he has
+frequently been confounded at the depth of Morphy's combinations whilst
+engaged in their work, expressing his firm conviction that when a
+collection of his games shall be placed before the public, the chess world
+will rank Morphy above all players, living or dead.
+
+The proportion in which Morphy had beaten Mr. Boden was so great, namely,
+five to one, that a prominent member of the St. George's remarked on
+hearing it, "Well, I did not think any player living could win in such
+proportion." I remember a similar occurrence in reference to Mr. Perrin,
+the late secretary of the New York Chess Club, some weeks before the
+appearance of Paul Morphy in that city. In answer to a friend, this
+gentleman replied, "That is the same as saying that a player could give
+any of us a piece," (meaning the principal members of his club, who were
+considered about on a par with each other.) "Now, I don't think that
+Labourdonnais, even, could give me the knight." Morphy, nevertheless,
+after beating him at even, at pawn and move, and pawn and two, offered him
+the knight, which was accepted "for trial's sake;" and out of five games
+there was a difference of the odd victory, but my memory fails me as to
+whether it was won by Morphy or not. Mr. Perrin will not feel displeased
+at my mentioning this fact, because it is pretty well conceded now, that
+where any other player can give pawn and two moves, Morphy can very easily
+give the knight. European celebrities, in making comparison of the
+strength of different amateurs, leave Morphy out of the question; and when
+they compare him at all, it is only with Labourdonnais. And very few of
+them, too, would scruple at taking odds from him. On the publication of
+his challenge to Mr. Harrwitz to play a match at pawn and move for 500
+francs, Mr. Boden stated in _The Field_, "There is more than one English
+player who will be glad to meet Mr. Morphy on these terms."
+
+The majority of his games in London, Morphy played at the Divan. It was a
+general subject of regret, after he had vanquished the different amateurs
+in the capital, that Mr. Bird was absent in the North, and that the
+American might leave before that gentleman could visit London. Mr. Bird is
+a terrible fellow for attacking right and left; his game was described as
+the counterpart of Morphy's, it being added that he was just the
+antagonist our hero required. At last, Mr. Bird arrived, and the result
+between the two was more startling than ever, Morphy winning ten to one.
+It is but just to state that Mr. Bird was somewhat out of play, as he
+himself observed; adding, however, that he never was a match for his
+antagonist. It gives me much pleasure to relate such instances as these,
+because, as a general rule, there are no more self-confident mortals than
+prominent chess-players.
+
+It would be difficult to remember all the men with whom Morphy played at
+the Divan; or, rather, with whom he did not play. But I must not forget
+that merry individual, Mr. Lowe. It was in the Divan that Mr. Staunton
+played Mr. Lowe that celebrated match at pawn and move, the play in which
+on both sides, as Mr. S. observed, "was unworthy of second-rate players in
+a third-rate coffee-room," because Mr. Staunton was beaten. Since that
+occasion, Mr. Staunton has slighted the Divan, but Mr. Lowe still
+flourishes there, ever ready to meet all comers, and if not nightly
+playing somebody, at all events nightly making everybody laugh. Mr. Lowe
+made trial of Morphy privately, immediately on the latter's arrival, and
+forthwith ran to the Divan to tell everybody, much to everybody's disgust,
+that not one of them would have any chance against the American. They all
+laughed at him, the only reply being, "Oh, Lowe, you're a funny fellow!"
+
+Before the Birmingham meeting, Morphy had met all the leading Metropolitan
+players, with, of course, the exception of Mr. Staunton. And yet perhaps I
+should not except that gentleman, for our hero had played in two
+consultation games with him, Mr. S.'s ally being "Alter," and Morphy's,
+Mr. Barnes. Messrs. Barnes and "Alter" are well matched. Both of these
+consultation games were won by Messrs. Barnes and Morphy.
+
+As the latter part of the month of August approached, considerable
+curiosity was evinced in various quarters as to whether Paul Morphy would
+then be a contestant in the tournament. Although not a Yankee, he
+nevertheless displayed as much "cuteness" under oft-repeated
+interrogatories as the downiest "down Easter;" feeling what an important
+bearing his determination would have upon the expected match with Mr.
+Staunton. In a subsequent chapter will be found his reasons for not
+entering the lists on that occasion. He was well aware that his decision
+must necessarily produce considerable disappointment, but he was conscious
+that a tournament triumph is by no means an accurate test of strength. If
+chess can ever become a game of chance, it is under such circumstances;
+and the only sure criterion of the respective strengths of two opponents
+is by actual hand-to-hand encounter.
+
+But Morphy did not intend disappointing the Birmingham gentry altogether,
+and felt convinced that if he played six or eight games blindfold before
+the association, they would pardon his absence at the opening of the
+meeting. After the tournament had got into the second section, he left
+London and arrived at Birmingham before the day's proceedings had fully
+commenced. I had the pleasure of accompanying him, and on our arrival at
+the College in which the meeting of the British Chess Association was
+held, we found quite a crowd in the commodious rooms provided by the
+Committee of Management. The President of the Birmingham Club, Mr. Avery,
+introduced the young American to the members of the association, and the
+cheers with which he was received were such as seldom come from others
+than Englishmen. Morphy advanced up the room without the slightest
+embarrassment, although his reception was as unlooked-for as it was
+flattering. Saint Amant, who was present, wrote a brilliant account of the
+meeting to the Paris journal _Le Sport_, and I am only sorry that I have
+not the article in question by me at the present moment. The style of the
+article, however, is indelibly fixed in my memory, reminding one of the
+Lays of the old Troubadours. Saint Amant writes prose in poetry, and he
+has made of Morphy an epic hero. He tells the Parisians that the young
+American is no mere pale-faced boy, visiting foreign lands to increase his
+powers; but "a citizen of the United States, who comes to claim a sceptre
+in Europe." Then again, "his walk is that of a king, and he advances
+through the crowd of strangers like a monarch receiving homage from his
+court." But he does not forget to state that Morphy is innately modest,
+and that all this admiration has no bad effect upon him; for such has been
+the theme of every one who has been brought in contact with him.
+
+Most of the principal players in England were assembled at Birmingham, in
+August, 1858. Amongst them, Staunton, Loewenthal, Boden, Bird, Kipping,
+Owen, Salmon, Avery, Hampton, the President of the Association, Lord
+Lyttelton, Falkbeer, Brien, etc. The prominent feature of the meeting was
+of course the tournament prizes of sixty and twenty guineas, for which
+Messrs. Staunton, Loewenthal, St. Amant, Falkbeer, Kipping, Owen, Hughes,
+Brien, Smith, Ingleby, Bird, Zsabo, Hampton, Brettlestone, and Salmon
+contended. The sixteenth player was intended to be Morphy, but not
+appearing in time, he was ruled to have lost all further share in the
+contest. It was matter for much disappointment that Mr. Boden did not
+enter the lists, especially after the gallant fight he had made at the
+previous meeting of the association in Manchester. The final result was
+that Herr Loewenthal carried off the first prize, and Herr Falkbeer the
+second; and, so far as the former gentleman was concerned, almost every
+player was both astonished and gratified at the _denouement_. It was only
+during the week preceding the Birmingham Festival, that the Hungarian had
+succumbed to his youthful antagonist, and he had consequently entered on a
+fresh contest with all the disheartening recollections of defeat; a
+defeat, too, which he expressed his belief had seriously damaged his chess
+reputation. Prominent London players had criticized his games with Morphy
+in an inconsiderate spirit, the almost universal statement being that he
+had not played up to any thing like his usual strength. The criticisms on
+his moves in the widely circulated columns of the _Illustrated London
+News_ were cruel to a degree; slighting allusions being made to his
+"bookish theoric," etc. Yet this old veteran goes down to the field of
+battle with unshaken courage, wins two games, one after the other, from
+Mr. Staunton in the second section of the tournay, and carries off the
+first prize in the teeth of fourteen able competitors. This result proved
+one thing beyond a doubt, namely, that Morphy's late triumph was the
+consequence of his superior strength, and not from mere want of practice
+and skill on the part of Herr Loewenthal. And it also verified the
+observation of Mr. George Walker, in _Bell's Life_, that "Mr. Morphy beat
+Mr. Loewenthal because Mr. Morphy was stronger than Mr. Loewenthal." Oh, Mr.
+Walker! Mr. Walker! what a rude way you have of putting naked truths
+before the public!
+
+Of course Morphy was not allowed to twirl his thumbs in idleness,
+especially with so energetic a master of the ceremonies as Mr. Avery. This
+gentleman soon arranged a contest between our hero and Mr. Kipping, the
+leading Manchester player, and exponent of the Evans' Gambit. Mr. K. had
+the move, and played the opening he has so much at heart; Morphy accepted,
+under the impression that he, too, knew something about the Evans'. First
+game scored by the American, the Manchester amateur thirsting for revenge.
+Morphy, in his turn, plays the Evans', and Mr. Kipping cries "enough." No
+other single games were played by Morphy during the meeting, the leading
+celebrities present being engaged in the tournament, but our hero made up
+the difference by astonishing the natives with a display of his blindfold
+powers.
+
+When Morphy declared his intention, in London, to play eight games
+without sight of the board, there were very few who believed the thing
+possible. They knew that Labourdonnais and Philidor had played two or
+three games simultaneously, and that Kieseritzky and Harrwitz had repeated
+the performance in later times, but there was a wide leap from three to
+eight antagonists. Harrwitz had earned a great reputation in Europe by his
+blindfold prowess, and was regarded without a rival, although many other
+players, such as Anderssen, De Riviere, etc., had occasionally met two or
+three antagonists at a time. Here was "a coil;" this young champion of the
+West, not satisfied with vanquishing all the chess veterans of England
+over the board, prepares to cast for ever into the shade the most
+astonishing performances of this and past ages. Well might Saint Amant
+declare that it was enough to make the bones of Philidor and Labourdonnais
+rattle in their graves!
+
+I well remember Paul Morphy's first blindfold contest in New York. It was
+on the occasion of Paulsen's playing against four antagonists without
+sight of the board. Morphy offered to be one of his adversaries, and to
+meet him on the same conditions; and somewhere about the twentieth move he
+announced mate in five, much to Paulsen's astonishment, who did not think
+the crash was so near, although well aware he was "going to the bad." Mr.
+Paulsen got such an insight into Morphy's blindfold capabilities, that he
+subsequently observed to me, "Mr. Morphy can play as many games, without
+seeing the board, as I can, only he is so unwilling to lose a game."
+
+It will here be well to mark the difference between the blindfold
+performances of these two gentlemen. Both of them _see the boards_ in the
+mind's eye equally well, but there the resemblance stops. Paulsen's
+contests average fifty moves, whereas Morphy's seldom extend beyond
+thirty. The former is a _balista_, the latter, a rifle bullet. What each
+is over the board, he is with his back turned to it, and there are many
+even in Europe who maintain that Morphy's blindfold feats are more
+brilliant than his usual mode of play. Paul Morphy, however, attaches very
+little importance to these displays, calling them mere _tours de force_,
+notwithstanding that they appear so wonderful to the multitude. To quote a
+favorite expression of his, one frequently used by him in speaking on the
+subject--"It proves nothing."
+
+A young gentleman has lately appeared somewhere in Germany, who, we are
+informed, has reproduced Morphy's performances at Birmingham and Paris. In
+fact he is represented to have precisely re-enacted the American's victory
+in the French capital, playing against eight _strong_ antagonists, winning
+from six and drawing from two. There seems some "method" in this; at least
+I for one cannot help feeling suspicious, especially as the news is
+heralded to the world in connection with Morphy's name. I have seen one of
+the games played on the occasion, in which this young gentleman announces
+mate in ten or twelve moves--an astonishing announcement, indeed, under
+the circumstances. The whole affair is beautifully managed throughout,
+and, whether played blindfolded or over the board, marks the player as an
+amateur of the very highest order. Was the transaction _bona fide_? Now I
+do not wish to depreciate any man for the sake of benefiting another.
+_Palmam qui meruit, ferat._ We know that Morphy has played against eight
+antagonists on two separate and most public occasions, and that the most
+eminent players in England and France were witnesses of his performance.
+If Germany does possess a second Morphy, let him step forward and prove
+his identity, and I, for one, will do him reverence. Cannot that
+responsible body, the Berlin Chess Club, tell us something tangible about
+him, and why it is that we never heard any thing about him till now?
+Perhaps he is a new Deschappelles, and has acquired chess in forty-eight
+hours, on hearing of Morphy's feats. The Berlin Schackzeitung can surely
+investigate this affair, and enlighten us on what seems very much like a
+_ruse de guerre_--an invention of the enemy.
+
+But let us return to Birmingham. Mr. Avery asked the young American what
+eight antagonists he would select; when the latter replied that it was
+immaterial to him, but that he should prefer all strong players. There
+were then in the room Messrs. Staunton, Saint Amant, Loewenthal, Boden,
+Falkbeer, Brien, and others of not much inferior strength, and Morphy was
+in hopes that many, if not all, of these gentlemen would offer themselves
+as opponents. But he was mistaken, and great difficulty was experienced by
+the Committee of Management in making up the required eight, who were,
+finally, as follows: Lord Lyttelton, President of the British Chess
+Association, Rev. Mr. Salmon, the strongest Irish player, Messrs. Kipping,
+Avery, Wills, Rhodes, Carr, and Dr. Freeman. Paul Morphy was put up in a
+corner at the end of the room, and, every thing being prepared for action,
+he threw open his portholes and gave the signal, "Pawn to King's Fourth on
+all the boards."
+
+Of course I am not going to mystify the general reader with the scientific
+details of the contest. I know that Lord Lyttelton had the first board,
+and received the deference due to his exalted rank, by being the first put
+_hors du combat_, and I remarked, too, that after his lordship had decided
+on his various moves, he would get up from his seat, walk towards the end
+of the room, and contemplate Morphy, as though desirous of seeing how he
+did it. And I know, too, that St. Amant was running from table to table,
+giving advice to one and the other with his continual "Il va croquer ca,"
+as an intimation that one or the other must look out for a pawn or piece
+in danger. And then, too, Morphy kept on checking Mr. Avery's king by
+moving his rook from the seventh square to the eighth, backwards and
+forwards, until that estimable gentleman declared it was a drawn game,
+when a bystander horrified him with the information--"That is only after
+fifty moves; Morphy will keep you there until he has kiboshed the others,
+and then he will honor you with his sole attention." But the game was
+finally declared drawn.
+
+And, at the finish, how everybody applauded when Morphy arose, the
+vanquisher of six, having only lost the game with Mr. Kipping--through an
+oversight at the beginning. And how everybody was astonished when he
+stepped from his seat as fresh as a newly plucked daisy, and Mr. Staunton
+examined him closely to find traces of fatigue. Then indeed his not
+playing in the tournament was forgiven and forgotten.
+
+Then there was the soiree, and the capital matter-of-fact address of Lord
+Lyttelton. His lordship lauded Morphy to the skies, both for his blindfold
+and other play, and referred to the match with Mr. Staunton, trusting that
+Morphy would beat every other antagonist but that gentleman. Nothing more
+now remained to be done in England for some months to come; and Morphy
+returned to London, to prepare for his campaigns on the Continent.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+THE STAUNTON AFFAIR.
+
+
+We must anticipate the events of a few months, in order to place the
+discussion with Mr. Staunton where it properly belongs, viz., with
+Morphy's achievements in England. I do not think I have omitted a single
+fact or incident connected with an affair which has now become history,
+and my readers will agree with me that Mr. Staunton has suffered a far
+worse defeat by not playing the match than if he had been vanquished, as
+everybody says he would have been.
+
+In dealing with this most delicate question, I feel desirous of letting
+facts, as far as possible, speak for themselves; but as it is the province
+and the duty of historians to seek the causes of events and to criticize
+the actions of their _dramatis personae_, I shall record, in all honesty
+and kindliness, what I believe to have been the motives at work in this
+contest. And, in order that nothing may remain unsaid, I shall give all
+the correspondence on the subject, both _pro_ and _con_.
+
+Paul Morphy's principal object in coming to Europe was to play a match
+with Mr. Staunton. I am well aware that a young gentleman travelling for
+the first time in foreign countries must have many objects in view; but in
+this particular case, the pretext for the voyage, the very inducement for
+his friends to consent to his journey, was to repeat that challenge
+personally, in England, which Mr. Staunton had declined, on the ground of
+the place of combat not being in Europe. It is necessary that this point
+should be understood, because much of the controversy hinges upon it. If
+we examine the challenge addressed to Mr. Staunton by the New Orleans
+Chess Club, we find therein two main ideas: 1stly. That Mr. Staunton is a
+representative of European chess. 2ndly. That American players challenge
+him to combat with their representative. Mr. Staunton's reply raised but
+one objection; and that objection led Paul Morphy across the Atlantic, in
+order to remove the only stumbling-block in the way of the contest.
+
+I was constantly with Morphy after his arrival in London, and a frequent
+subject of conversation between us was the match with Mr. Staunton. That,
+too, was the first, the principal topic at all the London Clubs we
+visited, and every thing but the date was looked upon as decided. Mr.
+Staunton, however, had not, as yet, stated explicitly that he accepted the
+challenge, but he did so _viva voce_ shortly after Mr. Morphy's arrival,
+and subsequently, in the _Illustrated London News_.
+
+It seems as if Mr. Staunton had refrained from accepting the _defi_ until
+a somewhat accurate estimate could be formed of his challenger's strength.
+Previously to the latter's arrival, Mr. S.'s opinion of him was not at all
+equal to that entertained by his countrymen in America, nor did any player
+in England give him the rank which he now holds. There were no means by
+which to judge of his force. Not a dozen of his games _all told_ had been
+seen in Europe, and his antagonists were comparatively unknown, with the
+exception of Mr. Charles H. Stanley. But that gentleman had, for some
+years, withdrawn from the chess arena, and his play with Morphy did not,
+certainly, equal his former exploits with Rousseau and Schulten. It was,
+therefore, absolutely necessary to await the result of his play with some
+known European antagonist; and I feel confident that the stature of his
+ability was measured on his first twelve or fifteen games with Mr. Barnes.
+Judging from these _parties_, Paul Morphy was little, if any thing,
+superior to that gentleman, but time had not been allowed him to recover
+from the fatigues of his voyage, and I have always remarked that
+travelling, even by rail, seriously deteriorates Morphy's game.
+
+In accepting the challenge, Mr. Staunton postponed the commencement of the
+match for a month, "in order to brush up his openings and endings." This
+was too reasonable for Morphy to decline. Subsequently, as will be seen by
+the latter's correspondence, Mr. Staunton obtained a postponement until
+after the Birmingham meeting, in August. In the mean time, the young
+American had won the match with Herr Loewenthal, beaten "Alter" in a set
+contest at "pawn and move," and startled the chess community by the
+imposing manner in which he had triumphed over every opponent. Public
+opinion had changed in respect to him. This was evinced by the way in
+which the London players, almost universally, spoke of the proposed match.
+I have heard gentlemen at the London Chess Club, the Divan, nay, even at
+the St. George's, declare repeatedly--"Mr. Staunton now knows too well
+what antagonist he will have to deal with. Depend upon it, he will find
+means of backing out." This language, repeated at every turn, necessarily
+caused Paul Morphy some anxiety. On myself, however, I can conscientiously
+declare it had no effect. I did not believe it possible that any man
+having so publicly accepted a challenge, would attempt to avoid a contest,
+and expressed this opinion to Mr. Morphy, "It will be well not to accept
+all that one hears. Mr. Staunton has numerous enemies; do not allow
+yourself to be prejudiced by them, but look upon his acceptance of the
+challenge as a certainty that the match will come off."
+
+With yet unshaken confidence in Mr. Staunton's intention to play, Paul
+Morphy addressed him a short note, ten days prior to the Birmingham
+meeting; to this he received a somewhat lengthy reply, the main point in
+it being that Mr. Staunton still required "a few weeks" for preparation.
+Morphy responded forthwith, entirely removing all ground for further
+excuse by "leaving the terms to himself." Here was an unjustifiable mode
+of putting an end to diplomacy! Mr. S. could not continue a correspondence
+with one so overwhelmingly courteous, and he left London for Birmingham
+without even acknowledging the receipt of the letter.
+
+Much argument has been built up against Paul Morphy on his non-appearance
+in the tournament, and one writer has endeavored to prove from it that he
+was afraid to meet Mr. Staunton. Before leaving London, the latter
+gentleman assured his young opponent _that he should not enter the lists,
+but should confine himself to simple consultation games_. Why Mr. S.
+changed his mind, it is not for me to say; although I might argue that Mr.
+Staunton sallied forth courageously when he was certain that "Achilles
+keeps his tent." However, Paul Morphy's first reason for not entering the
+tournay was that, his main object being to meet Mr. Staunton, and that
+gentleman having stated his intention of confining himself to a mere
+consultation game, as in past years, there was no chance of their crossing
+swords, and, consequently, no use of his spending two or three weeks in a
+contest which never could be a decisive test of skill. But, when repeated
+telegrams assured him that the English champion had decided on becoming a
+contestant, there were still stronger reasons for his continued
+declination. These reasons were the consequences of Mr. Staunton's own
+acts, added to the opinion of nearly every London player, that that
+gentleman was seeking an opportunity to evade the match. All these
+occurrences had somewhat shaken Mr. Morphy's faith, and he could not but
+be suspicious of his antagonist's movements. _He therefore declined
+positively and finally to enter the tournament, under the belief that,
+whether he won or lost in that contest, it would be equally to the
+prejudice of the challenge. Mr. Staunton might say, "I have beaten Morphy;
+what is the use of further contest?" or "He has beaten me, I am
+consequently out of play. It would be madness to attempt a set match."_
+This, and this only, prevented Paul Morphy from visiting Birmingham at the
+commencement of the tournament. Had he gone there when requested, every
+influence would have been brought to bear to induce him to alter his
+determination, and he merely consulted the interests of the contest he had
+so much at heart, by keeping out of temptation until the tournament was
+too far under way to admit of his entering it.
+
+But the meeting of the association afforded an admirable opportunity to
+obtain from Mr. Staunton the naming of the day on which the match should
+commence. Part of the proceedings of the anniversary was a public soiree,
+and Paul Morphy resolved that he would then ask his antagonist, in the
+face of all present, to fix the date. I had the pleasure of accompanying
+our hero to Birmingham, and I witnessed the disagreeable _contre temps_
+which upset this admirable intention. Crossing the courtyard of the
+college on the morning of the soiree, we met Lord Lyttelton, Mr. Staunton,
+Mr. Avery, and, I think, Mr. Wills. Now I do not know whether Mr. Staunton
+had got wind of what was to occur, but his action certainly frustrated
+Morphy's plan, and, for the moment, gave him the advantage. In all such
+rencontres the man who gets the first word has the attack, and Mr.
+Staunton instantly availed himself of it. He opened fire by declaring that
+he was entirely out of play--that he had long been engaged on a great
+work--that he was under bonds to his publishers accordingly--that he might
+subject them to a loss of many thousands in playing at the present time,
+and so forth. But he never stated aught that appeared to intimate the
+possibility of the match not coming off eventually, his plea being that he
+required further time, in order to put sufficient matter into the hands of
+the printers, and to prepare himself subsequently for the contest. It was
+now Morphy's turn, and the attack changed hands. The question was put:
+"Mr. Staunton, will you play in October, in November, or December? Choose
+your own time, but let the arrangement be final." The answer was: "Well,
+Mr. Morphy, if you will consent to the postponement, I will play you at
+the beginning of November. I will see my publishers, and let you know the
+exact date within a few days." The association now looked upon the affair
+as decided, and Morphy left Birmingham, firmly believing that the match
+would come off after all.
+
+On the 28th of August, within a few days of the above conversation, the
+following extraordinary announcement appeared in the _Illustrated London
+News_:
+
+     A SPECIMEN OF MR. STAUNTON'S STYLE OF PLAY.
+
+     ANTI-BOOK.--As you surmise, "knowing the authority," the slang
+     of the sporting paper in question regarding the proposed
+     encounter between Mr. Staunton and the young American is
+     "bunkum." In matches of importance it is the invariable
+     practice in this country, before any thing definite is settled,
+     for each party to be provided with representatives to arrange
+     the terms and money for the stakes. Mr. Morphy has come here
+     unfurnished in both respects; and, although both will no doubt
+     be forthcoming in due time, it is clearly impossible, until
+     they are, that any determinate arrangement can be made. 2. The
+     statement of another contemporary that the reduction in the
+     amount of stakes from L1000 aside to L500 was made at the
+     suggestion of the English amateur is equally devoid of truth;
+     the proposal to reduce the amount having been made by Mr.
+     Morphy.
+
+I was perfectly astonished when I read this statement. "Mr. Morphy had
+caused the stakes to be reduced from L1000 to L500 a side." Without
+mentioning Englishmen, there were Americans in London and Paris who
+asserted that Morphy could be backed against Mr. Staunton _for L10,000,
+and the money be raised within twenty-four hours_. I mentioned this fact
+to a noble lady in Paris, in order to show the confidence in which the
+young American was held, and she replied, "Oh, as regards that, you may
+tell Mr. Morphy from me, that for L10,000 against Mr. Staunton or any
+player in Europe, he must not go further than my house."
+
+I asked Morphy to demand an immediate retraction of the unblushing
+statements contained in the above paragraph, but he replied--"When a man
+resorts to such means as these, he will not stop until he has committed
+himself irremediably. Let him go on." Shortly after that Mr. Staunton
+changed his tactics. Let not the reader suppose I am about to represent
+things otherwise than they appear on the record. Let him take up the files
+of the _Illustrated London News_ from the time of Morphy's arrival in
+England to his match with Harrwitz; let him examine the analysis of the
+games, the notes to the moves in that paper, and he will invariably
+perceive that the American's antagonists _could_ or _might have_ won, the
+necessary inference being--"There's nothing so extraordinary about
+Morphy's play, after all." A change appeared in the criticism on the eight
+blindfold games at Birmingham, but, then, Morphy stood alone, and
+interfered with no one's pretensions. When, however, the match with
+Harrwitz came off, Mr. Staunton's tone was suddenly altered, and this
+gentleman who, previously, had scarcely a word of commendation for Morphy,
+now talked of "combinations which would have excited the admiration of
+Labourdonnais."
+
+     "The force of 'language' could no further go."
+
+Mr. Morphy judged from this unexpected change of tone that Mr. Staunton
+either believed that these contests with continental players would take
+up so much of his time in Europe, that he would have to leave without
+playing him; or that Mr. S. was experimenting on the maxim--"There are
+more flies caught with honey than with vinegar." He therefore addressed
+him the following letter, and in order that the public might no longer be
+under misapprehension as to the case in hand, he sent copies of the
+communication to those papers which had shown him marked kindness in
+Europe. At the suggestion of a very shrewd and attached American friend, a
+copy was also forwarded to the editor-in-chief of the _Illustrated London
+News_.
+
+The publication of the letter to Mr. Staunton, in so many journals, was a
+judicious proceeding. Newspapers are not fond of embarking in a discussion
+which may probably "draw its slow length along," and terminate angrily.
+Besides, whatever the feeling might be on the merits of the case, Mr.
+Staunton was certainly in the position of English champion, and John Bull
+does not like it to be proclaimed that one of his sons shows the "white
+feather." But, at the same time, rivalry exists between all journals as to
+precedence of news, and one paper would not willingly be behind the others
+in giving Morphy's letter. Accordingly, the following Saturday, _Bell's
+Life_, _The Era_, _The Field_, and the _Sunday Times_ published it as
+follows:
+
+     MORPHY'S LETTER TO STAUNTON.
+
+                              CAFE DE LA REGENCE, PARIS, _Oct. 6, '58_.
+
+     HOWARD STAUNTON, ESQ.:
+
+     SIR,--On my arrival in England, three months since, I renewed
+     the challenge to you personally which the New Orleans Chess
+     Club had given some months previously. You immediately
+     accepted, but demanded a month's delay in order to prepare
+     yourself for the contest. Subsequently, you proposed that the
+     time should be postponed until after the Birmingham meeting, to
+     which I assented. On the approach of the period you had fixed,
+     I addressed you a communication, requesting that the necessary
+     preliminaries might be immediately settled, but you left London
+     without replying to it. I went to Birmingham for the express
+     purpose of asking you to put a stop to further delay by fixing
+     a date for the opening of our match; but before the opportunity
+     presented itself you came to me, and, in the presence of Lord
+     Lyttelton, Mr. Avery, and other gentlemen, you stated that your
+     time was much occupied in editing a new edition of Shakespeare,
+     and that you were under heavy bonds to your publishers
+     accordingly. But you reiterated your intention to play me, and
+     said that if I would consent to a further postponement until
+     the first week in November, you would, within a few days,
+     communicate with me and fix the exact date. I have not heard
+     further from you, either privately, by letter, or through the
+     columns of the _Illustrated London News_.
+
+     A statement appeared in the chess department of that journal a
+     few weeks since, that "Mr. Morphy had come to Europe unprovided
+     with backers or seconds," the inference being obvious that my
+     want of funds was the reason of our match not taking place. As
+     you are the editor of that department of the _Illustrated
+     London News_, I felt hurt that a gentleman who had always
+     received me at his club and elsewhere with great kindness and
+     courtesy, should allow so prejudicial a statement to be made in
+     reference to me--one, too, which is not strictly in accordance
+     with fact.
+
+     Permit me to repeat what I have invariably declared in every
+     chess community I have had the honor of entering, that I am not
+     a professional player--that I never wished to make any skill I
+     possess the means of pecuniary advancement--and that my earnest
+     desire is never to play for any stake but honor. My friends in
+     New Orleans, however, subscribed a certain sum, without any
+     countenance from me, and that sum has been ready for you to
+     meet a considerable time past. Since my arrival in Paris I have
+     been assured by numerous gentlemen that the value of those
+     stakes can be immediately increased to any amount; but, for
+     myself personally, reputation is the only incentive I
+     recognize.
+
+     The matter of seconds cannot, certainly, offer any difficulty.
+     I had the pleasure of being first received in London by the St.
+     George's Chess Club, of which you are so distinguished a
+     member; and of those gentlemen I request the honor of
+     appointing my seconds, to whom I give full authority in
+     settling all preliminaries.
+
+     In conclusion, I beg leave to state that I have addressed a
+     copy of this letter to the editors of the _Illustrated London
+     News_, _Bell's Life in London_, _The Era_, _The Field_, and
+     _The Sunday Times_, being desirous that our true position
+     should no longer be misunderstood by the community at large.
+     Again requesting you to fix the date for our commencing the
+     match,
+
+    I have the honor to remain, sir,
+      Your very humble servant,
+        PAUL MORPHY.
+
+[Illustration: MR. STAUNTON. MR. BODEN. HERR LOeWENTHAL.]
+
+At the same time Mr. Morphy forwarded the following communication to the
+Secretary of the St. George's, requesting the Club to appoint his seconds
+in the match:--
+
+     MORPHY'S LETTER TO THE ST. GEORGE'S CLUB.
+
+                         T. HAMPTON, ESQ.,
+                         _Secretary of the St. George's Chess Club_:
+
+     SIR,--I beg respectfully to inform you that the New Orleans
+     Chess Club has deposited L500 at the Banking House of Messrs.
+     Heywood & Co., London: that sum being my proportion of the
+     stakes in the approaching match with Mr. Staunton.
+
+     I shall esteem it a great honor if the St. George's Chess Club
+     will do me the favor of appointing my seconds in that contest.
+     To such gentlemen as they may appoint I leave the settling of
+     all preliminaries.
+
+     May I request you to lay this communication before the members
+     of the Club, and to oblige me with an early answer?
+
+      I have the honor to remain, Sir,
+        Your very humble and obed't serv't,
+          PAUL MORPHY.
+
+    CAFE DE LA REGENCE, PARIS, _Oct. 8th, 1858_.
+
+It would be difficult to imagine a more respectful and kindly letter than
+that to Mr. Staunton. Since Morphy's arrival in Europe he had considered
+himself ill-used by that gentleman. His games had been annotated in an
+inferentially depreciatory manner, his victories _accounted for_, and his
+antagonists excused. He had been placed in a ridiculous light before the
+public by the utterly false assertion that he had come to Europe to
+challenge Mr. Staunton or any one else--_without a groat in his purse_.
+And yet he never charges Mr. Staunton with being the author of the
+falsehood, although Mr. S. is the known editor of the chess column of the
+_Illustrated London News_. He positively invites explanation in the most
+charitable and Christian-like manner; never even calling the statement in
+question, as he might have done, a positive untruth, but politely
+characterizing it as "not strictly in accordance with fact."
+
+The _Illustrated London News_ did not immediately publish the letter, or
+make any remark upon it, as did the other papers; but at the commencement
+of the week, Paul Morphy received a private communication from Mr.
+Staunton, as follows:--
+
+     STAUNTON'S REPLY TO MORPHY.
+
+                              LONDON, _October 9th, 1858_.
+
+     SIR,--In reply to your letter, I have to observe that you must
+     be perfectly conscious that the difficulty in the way of my
+     engaging in a chess-match is one over which I have no control.
+     You were distinctly apprised, in answer to the extraordinary
+     proposal of your friends that I should leave my home, family,
+     and avocations, to proceed to New Orleans for the purpose of
+     playing chess with you, that a long and arduous contest, even
+     in London, would be an undertaking too formidable for me to
+     embark in without ample opportunity for the recovery of my old
+     strength in play, together with such arrangements as would
+     prevent the sacrifice of my professional engagements. Upon your
+     unexpected arrival here, the same thing was repeated to you,
+     and my acceptance of your challenge was entirely conditional on
+     my being able to gain time for practice.
+
+     The experience, however, of some weeks, during which I have
+     labored unceasingly, to the serious injury of my health, shows
+     that not only is it impracticable for me to save time for that
+     purpose, but that by no means short of giving up a great work
+     on which I am engaged, subjecting the publishers to the loss of
+     thousands, and myself to an action for breach of contract,
+     could I obtain time even for the match itself. Such a
+     sacrifice is, of course, out of all question. A match at chess
+     or cricket (_proh pudor!_ why don't he say, "or skittles"?) may
+     be a good thing in its way, but none but a madman would for
+     either forfeit his engagements and imperil his professional
+     reputation. Under these circumstances, I waited only the
+     termination of your late struggle (with Mr. Harrwitz) to
+     explain that, fettered as I am at this moment, it is impossible
+     for me to undertake any enterprise which would have the effect
+     of withdrawing me from duties I am pledged to fulfil.
+
+     The result is not, perhaps, what either you or I desired, as it
+     will occasion disappointment to many; but it is unavoidable,
+     and the less to be regretted, since a contest, wherein one of
+     the combatants must fight under disadvantages so manifest as
+     those I should have to contend against, after many years'
+     retirement from practical chess, with my attention absorbed and
+     my brain overtaxed by more important pursuits, could never be
+     accounted a fair trial of skill.
+
+        I have the honor to be,
+          Yours, &c., H. STAUNTON.
+
+    PAUL MORPHY, ESQ.
+
+     P. S.--I may add that, although denied the satisfaction of a
+     set encounter with you at this period, I shall have much
+     pleasure, if you will again become my guest, in playing you a
+     few games _sans facon_.
+
+Now the sending of this private communication was a strange course for Mr.
+Staunton to adopt. It seemed to be a bait for Morphy, in order that Mr. S.
+might use his reply in the forthcoming article in the Illustrated London
+News. The young American resolved that all the correspondence should be
+public and above-board, and did not even acknowledge the receipt of the
+letter. The Saturday following, Mr. Staunton gave as excuse for not
+publishing Morphy's missive, the length of M.'s games, but promised it
+and his own response "next week."
+
+On Saturday the 24th of October, the two following effusions graced the
+columns of _Bell's Life_. They had also been sent to _The Era_, _The
+Field_, and _The Sunday Times_; but, being anonymous, and inclosing no
+name or address, were refused admittance.
+
+     ANONYMOUS LETTER, APPARENTLY FROM MR. STAUNTON.
+
+                              TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, _Oct. 9_.
+
+     MR. EDITOR: If you enter any chess circle just now, the
+     questions sure to be asked are, "How about the Staunton and
+     Morphy match? Will it come off? Suspect Staunton wants to shirk
+     it?" Now to these questions it is not always easy to give an
+     answer, and yet they ought to be answered, so as to allow of no
+     possible misconstruction amongst either friends or foes. There
+     is one insinuation which may be very briefly disposed of,
+     namely, that Mr. Staunton wishes to avoid playing. Every one
+     who knows him is perfectly aware that he is only too ready to
+     play at all times, and that at every disadvantage, rather than
+     incur even the faintest suspicion of showing the white feather.
+     For the benefit of those who have not the pleasure of knowing
+     him, or whose memories are not over tenacious, I may cite as an
+     example that in 1844, after vanquishing St. Amant, upon a hint
+     in the French papers that his opponent had expressed a wish to
+     have his revenge, Mr. S. at once started for Paris once more,
+     and challenged him to the field; that from 1840 to 1848 Mr. S.
+     played with every antagonist, foreign and English, that could
+     be brought against him; and at the Chess Congress, in 1851, he
+     rose superior to all personal considerations, and did not
+     shrink from risking his hardly-earned reputation, when the
+     state of his health was such that he felt he could not do
+     himself justice; and all this solely that the tournament might
+     not want the _eclat_ which his presence could confer upon it.
+     But, sir, I would submit that this is not simply a question
+     between Mr. Staunton and Mr. Morphy. We are all interested in
+     it. Mr. Staunton is the representative of English chess, and
+     must not be allowed to risk the national honor in an _unequal
+     contest_, to gratify either the promptings of his own
+     chivalrous disposition or the vanity of an antagonist. "Oh!
+     then you admit that Morphy is the better player?" No such
+     thing. The question is, not as to which is the better player,
+     but whether, if they meet now, they can do so on equal terms.
+     Now, I call it an _unequal contest_ when one player, in tiptop
+     practice, with nothing to distract his attention, engages
+     another who is quite out of play, and whose mind is harassed by
+     the unceasing pressure of other and more important avocations.
+     This is precisely Mr. Staunton's case. He is engaged, in
+     addition to his customary occupations, upon a literary work of
+     great responsibility and magnitude, which leaves him scarcely a
+     moment for any other pursuit; certainly not for chess practice.
+     Indeed, were it merely a question of time it would be almost
+     impossible for Mr. Staunton to play a match at the present
+     moment; but this is a matter of small importance compared with
+     the mental strain which accompanies such incessant labor. There
+     is nothing which requires more concentration of thought than
+     chess. One moment of relaxed attention, and the fruits of the
+     most profound combination are scattered to the winds. Real
+     chess between two great players is no mere recreation, but a
+     severe study, and should never be attempted when there is any
+     thing else to claim the least share of that attention which
+     alone can insure success. If Mr. Staunton can steal a few
+     months from business, and devote himself wholly to chess, by
+     all means let him do so, and then meet Mr. Morphy when and
+     where he pleases, and I for one should have no fear for the
+     result. If he cannot do this, I trust he will have moral
+     courage to say "No." If not, his friends should say it for him.
+     He is at least "Pawn and two" below his force of ten years
+     back; and I repeat that he owes it to the English chess world,
+     whose representative he is, not to meet Mr. Morphy at such
+     odds, when he has every thing to lose and nothing to gain. In
+     the present instance, moreover he is under not the slightest
+     obligation to play, as Mr. Morphy gave him no intimation that
+     he was coming over at this particular time, and I believe Mr.
+     Staunton was not aware of his intention of so doing till he was
+     actually _en route_; and it is certainly rather a heavy price
+     to pay for the position which Mr. Staunton justly occupies if
+     he is to be held bound to enter the lists with every young
+     adventurer who has nothing else to do, and who happens to envy
+     him the laurels so fairly won in many hundreds of encounters
+     with nearly all the greatest players of the day. The result of
+     any match which he might now play with Mr. Morphy would prove
+     literally nothing as to their relative chess powers, and I am
+     very unwilling to believe that the American would at all value
+     a victory snatched under such circumstances.
+
+    Yours obediently, M. A.
+
+     P. S. Since writing the above my attention has been drawn to a
+     letter in _Bell's Life_ addressed to Mr. Staunton by Mr.
+     Morphy, in which the latter tries to assume the character of a
+     much-injured and ill-used man. Now, how stands the case. From
+     the time when he made his sudden appearance here to the present
+     moment Mr. Morphy has been fully aware that the delay in the
+     proposed contest did not depend upon Mr. Staunton, who, so far
+     as he is personally concerned, was, and is, prepared to play;
+     though it does not speak much for that man's sense of honor who
+     would ever think of forcing on a contest when the inequality is
+     so immense as it is between Mr. Morphy's position and that of
+     Mr. Staunton--the one with literally nothing to do but to go
+     where he lists to play chess, the other with scarcely time for
+     sleep and meals, with his brain in a constant whirl with the
+     strain upon it; the one in the very zenith of his skill, after
+     ten years of incessant practice, the other utterly out of
+     practice for that very period. Now, let any one read the reply
+     of Mr. Staunton to the preposterous proposal on the part of Mr.
+     Morphy's friends, that he (Mr. S.) should go over to New
+     Orleans, and then say whether Mr. Morphy, after publicly
+     announcing in the American papers his inability, from family
+     engagements, to visit England before 1859, and then choosing
+     to come over without a moment's warning, has anybody but
+     himself to blame if he finds there is considerable difficulty
+     in inducing a man with family cares, and immersed in
+     professional engagements, to sacrifice all for the sake of
+     engaging, upon the most unfair and unequal terms, in a match at
+     chess? If Mr. Morphy does not see the force of what I have
+     advanced, perhaps the following analogous case may bring
+     conviction home to him. Let us suppose some ten or fifteen
+     years have elapsed, and that Mr. Morphy, no longer a chess
+     knight-errant, eager to do battle against all comers, has
+     settled down into a steady-going professional man, (the bar, I
+     believe, is his destination,) and with bewildered brain is
+     endeavoring to unravel the intricacies of some half-dozen
+     lawsuits put into his hands by clients, each of whom, in virtue
+     of his fee, is profoundly impressed with the belief that Mr.
+     Morphy belongs, body and soul, to him. Presently comes a rap at
+     the door, and in walks a young man, fresh from school or
+     college, and at once proceeds to explain the object of his
+     visit, with:--"Mr. Morphy, I come to challenge you to a match
+     at chess. I am aware that you are quite out of practice, while
+     I am in full swing. I freely admit that you may have forgotten
+     more than I am ever likely to know; that you have a reputation
+     to lose, while I have one to gain; that you have not a moment
+     you can call your own, whilst I have just now nothing in the
+     world to occupy my attention but chess. _N'importe._ Every dog
+     has his day. I expect you to play me at all costs. My seconds
+     will wait upon you at once; and if you decline I shall placard
+     you a craven through the length and breadth of the Union." How
+     would Mr. Morphy reply to such a challenge? Very much, I
+     suspect, as Mr. Staunton now replies to his:--"I have no
+     apprehension of your skill; I am quite willing to meet you when
+     I can, but I must choose my own time. I cannot put aside my
+     professional engagements, to say nothing of the loss of
+     emolument entailed by such a course, and risk my reputation as
+     a chess-player at a moment's notice, just to gratify your
+     ambition." In giving such an answer Mr. Morphy would do
+     perfectly right, and this is precisely the answer which Mr.
+     Staunton now gives to him. And why Mr. Morphy should feel
+     himself aggrieved I cannot possibly imagine. There is one other
+     point which I think deserves mention, namely that four years
+     ago, on the occasion of his being challenged in a similar
+     manner, Mr. Staunton put forth a final proposal to play any
+     player in the world, and to pay his expenses for coming to
+     England. This _defi_ remained open for six months, and he
+     announced that if not taken up in that time he should hold
+     himself exonerated in refusing any future challenges. I now
+     leave the question in the hands of the public, who will, I
+     doubt not, arrive at a correct appreciation of its merits.
+
+
+     ANOTHER VERY DISGRACEFUL ANONYMOUS LETTER.
+
+                              _To the Editor of Bell's Life_:
+
+     MR. EDITOR,--It is a pity chess-players will not "wash their
+     dirty linen at home." Among a few frivolous noodles to whom
+     chess forms the staple of life, Mr. Morphy's jeremiads may
+     assume an air of importance, but to sensible men they sound
+     ineffably absurd, while to those who take the trouble of
+     looking a little below the surface they appear something worse.
+     For what are the plain facts of the case? Mr. Morphy started
+     for England, not to play a match with Mr. Staunton, for he was
+     told that that gentleman was too deeply immersed in business to
+     undertake one, but to take part in a general tourney to be held
+     in Birmingham. Upon arriving here he duly inscribed his name on
+     the list of combatants, and paid his entrance fee. On hearing
+     this, Mr. Staunton, in a spirit of what some may call chivalry,
+     but which, looking at his utterly unprepared state for an
+     encounter of this kind, ought more properly to be termed
+     Quixotism, entered his name also. Well, what happened? On the
+     mustering of the belligerents, Mr. Morphy, who had come six
+     thousand miles to run a tilt in this tournament, _was not
+     present_. In his place came a note to say particular business
+     prevented his attendance. A message was despatched, intimating
+     that his absence would be a great disappointment, &c., &c. His
+     reply was, that, understanding neither Mr. S. nor any other of
+     the leading players would take the field, he declined to do so.
+     A second message was forwarded, to the effect that Mr. Staunton
+     was then in Birmingham expressly to meet Mr. Morphy, and that
+     he and several of the best players were awaiting Mr. M.'s
+     arrival to begin the combats. To this came a final answer, to
+     the effect that the length of time that the tourney would last
+     prevented Mr. Morphy from joining in it, but he would run down
+     in two or three days. Passing over the exquisite taste of this
+     proceeding, and the disappointment and murmurs it occasioned, I
+     would simply ask, if Mr. Morphy thought himself justified in
+     withdrawing from a contest which he had come thousands of miles
+     to take part in, and to which he was in a manner pledged, upon
+     pretences so vague and flimsy, what right has he to complain if
+     the English player choose to withdraw from one to which he is
+     in no respect bound, and against which he may be enabled to
+     offer the most solid and unanswerable objections? In asking
+     this, I beg to disclaim all intention of provoking a
+     chess-players' controversy, a thing in which the public take
+     not the slightest interest, and for which I individually
+     entertain supreme contempt. I am moved to it only by the spirit
+     of FAIR PLAY.
+
+    BIRMINGHAM.
+
+To these communications the editor appended the following remarks:--
+
+     [We print the above two letters, being all the communications
+     we have received from Mr. Staunton's party relative to Morphy's
+     letter in our last. We regret these lucubrations are anonymous,
+     as not showing how far they really represent the opinions of
+     Mr. Staunton himself and his friends on the subject. Regarding
+     their style and phraseology Mr. Staunton may perhaps ask to be
+     saved from his friends, but that is matter of taste. We shall
+     feel bound to print brief replies from Paul Morphy's side.
+     Inferiority once admitted, no matter from what cause, if Mr.
+     Staunton takes the ground indicated in the above epistles, Mr.
+     Morphy has but cheerfully and quietly to drop the subject, and
+     will certainly as a gentleman never challenge Mr. Staunton
+     again. Morphy's friends may still reasonably inquire why all
+     this was not said in June last, instead of giving apparent
+     acceptance to the young American's challenge.
+
+     --EDITOR BELL'S LIFE.]
+
+The reader will observe that Mr. Staunton (or his friends) is the first to
+commence a newspaper war, probably under the impression that lengthy
+_protocoling_ would sink the real question at issue, or induce Paul Morphy
+to reply, and commit himself. But the latter saw too clearly what
+eventualities might arise, and resolved that, in spite of all attacks, he
+would never be drawn into discussion. In his letter to Mr. Staunton, no
+point was raised on which to build dispute; Mr. S. was merely required to
+say what date he fixed for the match. The most sensitive mind could not be
+hurt with any thing in the letter, and yet "Fair Play" talks of "Mr.
+Morphy's jeremiads appearing something worse than ineffably absurd." "M.
+A.'s" lucubration did not obtain admittance into any other paper, but
+"Fair Play's" shone resplendently in the columns of the _Illustrated
+London News_. I have not learned who "Fair Play" is; nor do I wish to
+know.
+
+When a man's course is straightforward and courageous, he will always find
+defenders, and sometimes, ardent partisans. Morphy's unassuming modesty
+had made him friends in every chess community, men who were ready to
+battle for him as though it were their own quarrel. Hitherto, not a word
+had been said by, or for, Morphy in the press, and he was determined not
+to seek succor from that source. The ensuing Saturday the following
+letters appeared in Bell's Life, the first being from a friend of our
+hero, well acquainted with the circumstances of the case; and the others
+from prominent members of the metropolitan chess circles.
+
+     LETTER FROM A FRIEND OF PAUL MORPHY.
+
+     _To the Editor of Bell's Life in London_:
+
+     SIR,--Two letters appeared in your paper of last Sunday, one
+     with the signature of "M. A.," the other of "Fair Play." In
+     justice to fact, those communications must not remain
+     unanswered, as the misstatements they contain might perchance
+     mislead some as to the good faith of Mr. Morphy. It is in no
+     improper spirit that I appear before your readers under my own
+     name, but simply because, as I intend replying to your
+     anonymous correspondents with facts, not with hypotheses, I
+     think I am bound in honor to hold myself responsible for what I
+     advance. The chess players of London and Birmingham are not
+     ignorant of the intimacy with which Mr. Morphy has honored me
+     during his visit to Europe, and they will permit me to state,
+     that no one is better conversant with the facts bearing on the
+     case in point than your subscriber. Were it not that Paul
+     Morphy positively refuses to reply to any attack upon himself,
+     preferring that his actions should be the sole witness to his
+     faith, I should not have troubled you or the public with this
+     communication.
+
+     On the 4th of last February, the New Orleans Chess Club
+     challenged Mr. Staunton to visit the Crescent City, "to meet
+     Mr. Paul Morphy in a chess match." On the 3d of April the
+     former gentleman replied to this _defi_ in the _Illustrated
+     London News_, in the following language:--"The terms of this
+     cartel are distinguished by extreme courtesy, and, with one
+     notable exception, by extreme liberality also. The exception in
+     question, however, (we refer to the clause which stipulates
+     that the combat shall take place in New Orleans!) appears to us
+     utterly fatal to the match; and we must confess our
+     astonishment that the intelligent gentlemen who drew up the
+     conditions did not themselves discover this. Could it possibly
+     escape their penetration, that if Mr. Paul Morphy, a young
+     gentleman without family ties or professional claims upon his
+     attention, finds it inconvenient to anticipate by a few months
+     an intended visit to Europe, his proposed antagonist, who is
+     well known for years to have been compelled, by laborious
+     literary occupation, to abandon the practice of chess beyond
+     the indulgence of an occasional game, must find it not merely
+     inconvenient, but positively impracticable, to cast aside all
+     engagements, and undertake a journey of many thousand miles for
+     the sake of a chess encounter. Surely the idea of such a
+     sacrifice is not admissible for a single moment. If Mr.
+     Morphy--for whose skill we entertain the liveliest
+     admiration--be desirous to win his spurs among the chess
+     chivalry of Europe, he must take advantage of his proposed
+     visit next year; he will then meet in this country, in France,
+     in Germany, and in Russia, many champions whose names must be
+     as household words to him, ready to test and do honor to his
+     prowess."
+
+     No one would regard the above observations as tantamount to
+     aught else than "If you will come to Europe I will play you;"
+     but we are relieved from the difficulty of discovering Mr.
+     Staunton's real meaning by his reiterated declarations that he
+     would play Mr. Morphy. Within a few days of the latter's
+     arrival in London, the English player stated his intention of
+     accepting the match, but postponed the commencement of it for a
+     month, on the plea of requiring preparation. In the month of
+     July the acceptance of the challenge was announced in the
+     _Illustrated London News_. Before the expiration of the time
+     demanded in the first instance, Mr. Staunton requested that the
+     contest should not take place until after the Birmingham
+     meeting. At Birmingham he again declared his intention of
+     playing the match, and fixed the date for the first week in
+     November, in the presence of numerous witnesses. Mr. Morphy
+     may have erred in believing that his antagonist intended to act
+     as his words led him to suppose, but it was an error shared in
+     common by every one then present, and particularly by Lord
+     Lyttelton, the President of the British Chess Association, who
+     recognized the true position of the case in his speech to the
+     association, stating that he "wished him (Mr. Morphy) most
+     cordially success in his encounters with the celebrated players
+     of Europe, whom he had gallantly left home to meet; he should
+     be pleased to hear that he vanquished all--except one; but that
+     one--Mr. Staunton--he must forgive him, as an Englishman, for
+     saying he hoped he would conquer him."--(Report of Birmingham
+     meeting, _Illustrated London News_, Sept. 18, 1858.
+
+     So firmly convinced were the members of Mr. S.'s own club, the
+     St. George's, that he had accepted the challenge, that a
+     committee was formed, and funds raised to back him. What those
+     gentlemen must now think of Mr. Staunton's evasion of the match
+     can easily be understood; but so strong was the conviction in
+     other chess circles that he would not play, that large odds
+     were offered to that effect.
+
+     "M. A.'s" reasons for not playing, or "M. A.'s" reasons for Mr.
+     Staunton's not playing--a distinction without a difference, as
+     we shall hereafter show--is that "he is engaged upon a literary
+     work of great responsibility and magnitude." Did not this
+     reason exist prior to Mr. Morphy's arrival in June? and if so,
+     why were Mr. Morphy, the English public, and the chess
+     community generally, led into the belief that the challenge was
+     accepted? And what did Mr. Staunton mean by stating at
+     Birmingham, in the presence of Lord Lyttelton, Mr. Avery, and
+     myself, that if the delay until November were granted him, he
+     could in the mean while supply his publishers with sufficient
+     matter, so as to devote himself subsequently to the match?
+
+     Mr. Staunton's (I mean "M. A.'s") remark in the letter under
+     review, "I (Staunton or 'M. A.' indifferently) have no
+     apprehension of your skill," is hardly consonant with the
+     previous observation, that "he (Staunton) is at least pawn and
+     two below his force," unless the
+     "English-chess-world-representative" wishes it to be understood
+     that he could offer those odds to Paul Morphy. Nor is it
+     consonant with the fact that he has never consented to play Mr.
+     Morphy a single game, though asked to do so, and when
+     frequently meeting him at St. George's. Of course the two
+     consultation games played by him, in alliance with "Alter,"
+     against Messrs. Barnes and Morphy count for nothing, as they
+     were gained by the latter; a result due, doubtless, to "Alter"
+     alone.
+
+     Mr. Morphy, in the eyes of the chess world, can have nothing to
+     gain from a contest with this gentleman. When Mr. Staunton has
+     met even players such as Anderssen, Heyderbrandt, and
+     Loewenthal, he has succumbed; whilst his youthful antagonist can
+     cite a roll of victories unparalleled since Labourdonnais. And
+     herein is the true reason for "M. A.'s" saying, "Staunton must
+     not be allowed to risk the national honor (?) in an unequal
+     contest."
+
+     In wishing "M. A." adieu, I would state that his style of
+     composition is so like Mr. Staunton's that no one could detect
+     the difference. And no one but Mr. Staunton himself would ever
+     set up such a defence as "M. A.'s"--that of inferiority, "Pawn
+     and two below his strength," &c. &c. And no one but Mr.
+     Staunton could have such intimate knowledge of his own thoughts
+     as we find in the following verbatim quotations from "M. A.'s"
+     letter: "The state of his health was such that he felt he could
+     not do himself justice"--"his mind harassed"--"the other
+     (Staunton) with scarcely time for sleep and meals, with his
+     brain in a constant whirl with the strain upon it." In the
+     language of Holy Writ: "No man can know the spirit of man, but
+     the spirit of man which is in him."
+
+     Served up in a mass of foul language, the letter signed "Fair
+     Play," contains an obviously untrue assertion, namely, "Mr.
+     Morphy started for Europe, not to play a match with Mr.
+     Staunton." This is rather outrageous in the face of the
+     challenge from the New Orleans Chess Club, and with Mr. S.'s
+     reply in the _Illustrated London News_ of April 3d. So much was
+     it Mr. Morphy's desire to play him, and so little his
+     intention to engage in the Birmingham Tournament, that he
+     informed the secretary he did not regard such a contest as any
+     true test of skill.
+
+     To sum up the whole matter, I will state the naked facts.
+
+     1. Mr. Morphy came to Europe to play Mr. Staunton.
+
+     2. Mr. Staunton made everybody believe he had accepted the
+     challenge from Mr. Morphy.
+
+     3. Mr. Staunton allowed the St. George's Chess Club to raise
+     the money to back him.
+
+     4. Mr. Staunton asked for a delay of one month, in order to
+     brush up his openings and endings.
+
+     5. Mr. Staunton requested a postponement until after the
+     Birmingham meeting.
+
+     6. Mr. Staunton fixed the beginning of November for the
+     commencement of the match.
+
+     If all this do not mean "I will play," then is there no meaning
+     in language. I beg to subscribe myself, Mr. Editor, most
+     respectfully yours,
+
+    FREDERICK MILNS EDGE.
+    HOTEL BRETEUIL, PARIS, _Oct. 20, 1858_.
+
+The next epistle is from the pen of a former colleague of Mr. Staunton,--a
+gentleman whose literary articles in the _Chess Players' Chronicle_ have
+earned world-wide notoriety. In the case under examination, he dissects
+Mr. Staunton's procedures with the skill of an able anatomist.
+
+     LETTER FROM A COADJUTOR OF MR. STAUNTON.
+
+     _To the Editor of Bell's Life_:--
+
+     SIR,--In the few remarks that you have appended to the letters
+     respecting Mr. Morphy's proposed match with Mr. Staunton you
+     have dealt satisfactorily with the whole matter. The letters
+     may be considered under two heads, one of which does not refer
+     to, the other is written upon, the actual subject. That a few
+     lines should be devoted _not_ to the merits of the case will
+     not surprise your readers, when they remember that, prejudice
+     being created against, or in favor of, a particular
+     chess-player, questions are not viewed in their true light;
+     still less will they be surprised when I take this opportunity
+     of doing justice to Anderssen, who is indirectly alluded to in
+     one of the letters. Your Cambridge correspondent ridicules the
+     notion of any evasion of play on the part of Mr. Staunton. His
+     virtue, even approaching a fault, has been the continual search
+     after a match. He resought St. Amant after defeating him, he
+     exposed himself to every one for eight years, and thus earned
+     two characters, one that of the chivalrous paladin, the other
+     that of the representative of English chess. I wonder that an
+     intelligent writer, such as your correspondent is, should not
+     have traced the distinction between resuming play against
+     antagonists already beaten, or likely to be beaten, and
+     commencing matches with really powerful combatants. I wonder,
+     also, that he did not inform your readers that at the time at
+     which St. Amant played with Mr. Staunton, the former, excellent
+     as he was, received odds from Des Chapelles, who was out of
+     play; I wonder that, as if with perfect knowledge, he could
+     write upon such a chess match without alluding to Des
+     Chapelles' celebrated criticism on the Staunton-St. Amant
+     games, a criticism which, published in the _Berliner
+     Schachzeitung_ of 1848, puts both players in their true places.
+     I wonder, again, that he should not have summed up Mr. S.'s
+     subsequent victories in two contests, one with Hoerwitz, the
+     other with Harrwitz. I wonder that he should not have told us
+     that Hoerwitz publicly announced his inferiority to Der Lasa and
+     Hanstein, and that Harrwitz _at the time mentioned_ received P
+     and two moves, but in the same year defeated Hoerwitz, the very
+     player upon whose defeat, on even terms, Mr. S.'s reputation
+     mainly depended after his match with St. Amant. Another
+     instance of Mr. Staunton's chivalry is, says your
+     correspondent, an offer to "play any player in the world, and
+     to pay his expenses for coming to England." The best answer to
+     this is to quote the actual conditions of the challenge
+     propounded by Sir G. Stephen on Mr. S.'s behalf in 1853: "1. If
+     the acceptor of the challenge be resident abroad, the stake on
+     each side shall not be less than L250. 2. If the challenge is
+     taken up by a player resident in this country, the amount of
+     stake shall be from L100 to L150. 3. That the match be played
+     at a private hotel," etc. After the proposal, Mr. Staunton gave
+     it meaning in a public speech (_Chess Players' Chronicle_,
+     1853)--"The challenge was intended for Anderssen's acceptance.
+     The L250 was to cover travelling expenses in a foreign
+     country." Now I wish to ask your correspondent is there here
+     any offer to pay a competitor's expenses? Or will he read it as
+     others do? "I name L100 for men whom I do not fear, but L250
+     for Anderssen, whom, as he beat me in 1851, I _wish_ to play
+     with. Nominally, the larger sum will cover his expenses, but as
+     I intend to win, he will practically have to find L250, his
+     expenses, and the bill at a private hotel, simply to give me,
+     the chivalrous Bayard, my revenge?" After this I trust that we
+     shall not hear of chivalry in offering to pay the expenses of a
+     competitor. "M. A.," as a Cambridge man, may be asked whether
+     Mr. S.'s engagement "on a work of great magnitude" (I quote his
+     own words) is equal to Anderssen's mathematical and
+     philological labors? But Mr. S. is the representative of
+     English chess. By whose election is he "_divinae particula
+     aurae_?" Des Chapelles was then irreverent, and I am an
+     iconoclast. Is he self-elected? Then away with parliaments and
+     associations of chess, and their self-elected speaker,
+     "Fairplay." I never yet heard of a man calling himself the
+     representative of any thing English, if he will not carry out
+     his representation. I have heard of champions of the river
+     retiring. I have seen them row, and take a beating manfully. I
+     know that Lewis, Fraser, Slous, Walker, etc., gave up difficult
+     chess. I never yet heard of half and half play. Either a man
+     pretends to represent English chess, or he does not. If he
+     makes his claim, whether self-elected or not, he must play (a
+     representative, however ignorant, gives his vote in the House
+     of Commons), if not, he may retire into private life. Morphy
+     may reply to your correspondent and to his coryphaeus at the
+     same time--"I have played for ten years. I am not 21, but am
+     prepared to play the best European masters now. If I am
+     challenged when I have taken up another pursuit I will not do
+     one thing. I will not accept a challenge, and months after not
+     carry out my acceptance. I will not, after long delay, name
+     even the day for commencing the match, and then have no idea of
+     playing. True it is that you may not fairly represent English
+     chess. Two British players separated Anderssen from you in
+     1851, but, Williams being dead, Mr. Wyvill not playing matches,
+     and you still claiming priority in Anglo-Saxon chess, I, an
+     Anglo-Saxon, on behalf of the race that speaks the same
+     language, ask you, will you maintain or resign your claim?"
+     This is true reasoning. The contest, "M. A." assures us, would
+     be unequal. Mr. S. is P and two moves below his strength, yet
+     he represents English play. Where, then, are the even players,
+     where the P and move men? Is the fragrance of the P and two
+     moves so refreshing, that the P and move must not be classed
+     amongst our British roses? Des Chapelles tells us that Philidor
+     classed Legalle as a player on even terms, Verdoni as one to
+     receive pawn for the move, Bernard, Carlier, etc., as P and
+     move players. I think better of English chess players than to
+     claim, with "M. A.," our representative in a P and two moves
+     player. Your Cambridge correspondent will pardon me for
+     attempting to refute his positions. From the style of his
+     letter I am convinced that, had he equal experience, he would
+     write much the same as I have done. "Fairplay's" letter may
+     soon be dismissed; his argument is, that Mr. Morphy came to
+     Europe not to play Mr. Staunton (who had previously refused, F.
+     P. should have added, "to play in America," not in England),
+     but to take part in the tournament held by the Chess
+     Association at Birmingham; that he did not play there, sending
+     different answers for his non-appearance; and, assuming this to
+     be a fault, that therefore any one may commit the same fault,
+     if he can give better reasons for the commission. In answer to
+     this, Mr. Morphy did not come to Europe to play at Birmingham,
+     but to test his strength with the cis-Atlantic players. It
+     reads almost like a joke, when a man writes seriously from
+     Birmingham to inform us that Morphy came 6000 miles to play the
+     first two or first three games, especially when every one in
+     London has known for more than three months that he came to
+     play long set matches. What was Mr. M.'s behavior? He came to
+     England in June, and visited Birmingham directly. He had been
+     offered L70 as a retaining fee on account of the distance
+     travelled by him (similarly Anderssen, Staunton, etc., received
+     retaining fees in 1857), but refused the offer, making, with
+     characteristic generosity, such excuses as "he had not received
+     the Birmingham letters," and that "the meeting was adjourned
+     for two months." In other words, Mr. Morphy, giving up all
+     pecuniary claim, practically paid _nearly seven-eighths of the
+     prizes offered to public competition_. Hence he did not take
+     part in the little contests at Birmingham. He civilly assented
+     to the alteration of time--he civilly left Loewenthal, whom he
+     had beaten in a set match, a chance of gaining the first
+     prize--he civilly gave answers to telegraphic messages,
+     answers--I regret here that they were more polite than
+     exact--that meant the same thing, "I leave the contest to
+     others." If these replies did not--as short telegraphic
+     messages cannot--express Mr. M.'s meaning, it does not become
+     those who profited by his chivalry to write in the style of
+     "Fairplay;" and I am sure that the Birmingham local committee
+     would be the first to gainsay the latter's statement. _He_ must
+     be satisfied, at all events, as Loewenthal, just beaten by
+     Morphy, met Mr. Staunton, whom he was anxious to see pitted
+     against the young American, and won, thereby saving criticism
+     as to "What was, might be, or could be." What "will be," we
+     shall see. Mr. M. went to Birmingham simply to get Mr. S. to
+     name, _in the presence of others_, a day for commencing the
+     proposed match. Then and there Mr. S. named the 1st of
+     November. A representative of Englishmen should give either a
+     _bona fide_ acceptance or a refusal. Morphy's motto is "Play,
+     not talk." He comes and goes to foreign countries to seek play.
+     He is the "_Il Puttino_" of the New World. At the risk, then,
+     sir, of being called a "frivolous noodle" by your very elegant
+     correspondent "Fairplay," I shall take the liberty of believing
+     what an honest man like Morphy says. I shall not hold Staunton
+     to be the representative of English chess, but shall look to
+     younger and more consistent players as far more likely to
+     maintain what your correspondents call the national honor, and
+     am, sir, your obedient servant,
+
+    AN ENGLISH CHESS PLAYER.
+
+    EAST SHEEN, _Oct. 21, 1858_.
+
+The next two letters, also to the editor of _Bell's Life in London_, do
+not profess to argue the question, but are merely _argumenta ad hominum_.
+They serve to show how warm a feeling in his favor Mr. Morphy had evoked
+amongst the fellow-countrymen of Mr. Staunton.
+
+     _To the Editor of Bell's Life_:
+
+     MR. EDITOR: The general opinion of English chess players is
+     simply that Staunton is afraid of Morphy. If, as his friends
+     say, he is out of condition, let him train, or give up the
+     championship like a man. No one would blame him, at his age and
+     with his avocation, for declining severe matches; but in that
+     case he must resign the belt into fresher hands. The champion
+     ceases to be the champion when he is no longer able or willing
+     to take up whatever gauntlet is flung down. Let the chivalrous
+     boy who has crossed the Atlantic to challenge the chess of the
+     Old World have fair play at the hands of Englishmen. If we
+     cannot beat him fairly, let us not seek to put him off with
+     shabby dodges.
+
+    Yours, &c.
+    THE EX-PRESIDENT OF PROVINCIAL CHESS CLUB.
+    _Oct. 20th_.
+
+This is sound, straightforward, English common sense.
+
+     _To the Editor of Bell's Life_:--
+
+     MR. EDITOR: Mr. Staunton either is, or is not, the chess
+     champion of England, ready to defend his "belt" against all
+     comers. If he _be_ the champion, he has _no right_ to plead
+     "want of practice," "literary avocations," or such like
+     excuses, for "_semper paratus_" must be a "champion's" motto.
+     If he be _not_ the champion, why then did he hold himself out
+     as such by inviting or accepting Mr. Morphy's challenge? Why
+     did he not say at the first, "I _was_ the champion of England
+     some years ago, but (_solve senescentem_) I am not so now; I am
+     only a private gentleman, engaged in literary pursuits, and so
+     forth." His true position would then have been clearly
+     understood, and I am sure Mr. Morphy would never have sought to
+     disturb his retirement. But will the English chess-playing
+     public allow Mr. Staunton to put in this plea _after all that
+     has passed_, and after all his declarations of willingness to
+     play? I trust, sir, that, if such an excuse be allowed, at
+     least we shall have the candor to acknowledge ourselves fairly
+     vanquished, and not pretend that we have escaped defeat because
+     we have "prudently" declined the contest. We must be on our
+     guard for the future how we proclaim as our "champion" a
+     gentleman who "retires into private life" the moment a
+     formidable rival appears.
+
+    Yours, &c.,
+      SCHACK.
+
+The week following the publication of the above letters, Mr. Staunton
+published in the _Illustrated London News_ PART of Mr. Morphy's
+communication, with the private answer sent a fortnight before. The
+paragraph in the former, relating to Mr. S.'s iniquitous statement of
+Morphy's arriving in Europe without funds, was entirely ignored, and that,
+too, in the face of its having been given _in extenso_ two weeks
+previously by four weekly London papers, and a copy sent to his
+editor-in-chief. _Quos Deus vult perdere, prius dementat_ was never more
+thoroughly exemplified, and the course pursued proves incontestably that
+Mr. Staunton possesses a certain kind of courage which does not stick at
+trifles. Was it presumable that a man of his experience would dare to
+commit such an unwarrantable act, or did he think that Mr. Morphy would
+pass over, in silence, such a suppression?
+
+The animus was now evident. Mr. Staunton had never awarded that praise to
+the young American's contests which every other chess editor and player in
+England and Europe had invariably bestowed: still, no action could be
+taken on this. Mr. Staunton had continually postponed the commencement of
+the match: no handle to take hold of was offered here, since he had, as
+continually, asserted his desire to play. Mr. Staunton had announced that
+the stakes were reduced from L1,000 a side to L500 at Mr. Morphy's
+request; his antagonist was still silent. Mr. Staunton had published a
+knowingly untrue statement, and, when the sufferer complains in such
+manner as to afford him the utmost latitude for explanation and apology,
+he cancels the paragraph, and does not even deign to refer to it in his
+reply. Mr. Staunton caps the climax by declining finally to play the
+match. Thus Mr. Staunton's response to the New Orleans Chess Club, _so far
+as he was concerned_, meant nothing. His acceptance of Morphy's challenge
+in London, and the statement in his paper that the match would come off,
+meant nothing. His postponements meant nothing. His declarations before
+Lord Lyttelton and other gentlemen, at Birmingham, meant nothing.
+
+Thus there was apparently an end to the whole matter. But an eventuality
+presented itself:--Mr. Staunton had shown himself capable of perverting
+facts to his own benefit, and might he not assert ultimately that Mr.
+Morphy was the cause of the match not taking place? Could he not, too, at
+the moment our hero was quitting Europe, declare his readiness to play,
+knowing that Morphy must be off? He had so acted towards Herr Anderssen
+after the tournament in 1851, declaring that "the German saw fit to
+leave," although he was well aware that the Professor's collegiate duties
+at Breslau rendered it impossible for him to stay in England and play the
+proposed match. Paul Morphy therefore closed up every avenue of eventual
+misrepresentation, by the following address to Lord Lyttelton, in his
+official quality of President of the National Association of English
+Chess-players:
+
+     MORPHY'S APPEAL TO THE BRITISH CHESS ASSOCIATION.
+
+     _To the Right Hon. Lord Lyttelton, President of the British
+     Chess Association:_
+
+     MY LORD,--On the 4th of last February the Chess Club of New
+     Orleans gave a challenge to your countryman, Mr. Howard
+     Staunton, to visit that city and engage in a match at chess
+     with me. On the 3d of April Mr. Staunton replied to this _defi_
+     in the _Illustrated London News_, characterizing the terms of
+     the cartel as "being distinguished by extreme courtesy," but
+     objecting to so long a journey for such a purpose, and
+     engaging me "to anticipate by a few months an intended voyage
+     to Europe." Believing that "a journey of many thousand miles"
+     was the only obstacle in the way of our meeting, I made
+     immediate preparation, and, within two months, I had the
+     pleasure of repeating the challenge personally in the rooms of
+     the St. George's Chess Club. I need scarcely assure you, my
+     lord, that Mr. Staunton enjoys a reputation in the United
+     States unsurpassed by that of any player in Europe since the
+     death of Labourdonnais, and I felt highly honored when he
+     accepted my challenge, merely requesting a lapse of one month
+     for the purpose of preparing himself for the encounter. Within
+     a short period subsequently, Mr. Staunton obtained my consent
+     to a postponement until after the annual meeting of the British
+     Chess Association. A week prior to that event I addressed him
+     in the following terms:--
+
+     "DEAR SIR,--As we are now approaching the Birmingham meeting,
+     at the termination of which you have fixed our match to
+     commence, I think it would be advisable to settle the
+     preliminaries during this week. Would you be good enough to
+     state some early period when your seconds can meet mine, so
+     that a contest which I have so much at heart, and which from
+     your eminent position excites so much interest in the chess
+     world, may be looked upon as a _fait accompli_.--I am, dear
+     sir, yours very respectfully, PAUL MORPHY."
+
+     Not receiving a satisfactory reply to this communication, I
+     again wrote Mr. Staunton as follows:--
+
+     "DEAR SIR,--I must first apologise for not replying to your
+     previous communication. As you observe, my numerous contests
+     must be the excuse for my remissness.
+
+     "It is certainly a high compliment to so young a player as
+     myself that you, whose reputation in the chess arena has been
+     unapproached during so many long years, should require any
+     preparation for our match. Immediately on my arrival in
+     England, some two months since, I spoke to you in reference to
+     our contest, and, in accepting the challenge, you stated that
+     you should require some time to prepare, and you proposed a
+     period for commencing, which I accepted.
+
+     "I am well aware that your many engagements in the literary
+     world must put you to some inconvenience in meeting me, and I
+     am therefore desirous to consult your wishes in every respect.
+     Would you please state the earliest opportunity when those
+     engagements will permit the match coming off, such time being
+     consistent with your previous preparation?
+
+     "The 'few weeks' referred to in your favor seem to be rather
+     vague, and I shall feel highly gratified by your fixing a
+     definite period for the contest. _I leave the terms entirely to
+     yourself._--I remain, dear sir, yours very respectfully,
+
+    "PAUL MORPHY."
+
+     Mr. Staunton left London for Birmingham without deigning to
+     reply.
+
+     I attended the annual meeting of the Association for the
+     express purpose of requesting a definite period for commencing
+     the match. In the presence of your lordship and other
+     gentlemen, Mr. Staunton fixed that commencement for the
+     forepart of November, promising that he would inform me of the
+     precise date within a few days. I heard nothing further from
+     him on the subject. Your lordship will have remarked from the
+     above that Mr. Staunton has thus obtained three separate and
+     distinct postponements.
+
+     The approach of November induced me to again address Mr.
+     Staunton, which I did on the 6th of the present month. As my
+     letter was published in numerous London journals, and was also
+     sent to the editor-in-chief of the _Illustrated London News_, I
+     had a right to expect a public answer, particularly as I had
+     complained of a false and damaging statement in the chess
+     department of that paper. On the 16th Mr. Staunton stated
+     editorially that--
+
+     "Mr. Morphy's games this week exclude both his letter and Mr.
+     Staunton's reply. If we can spare space for them they shall be
+     given in the next number."
+
+     On the 9th inst., within a short time of receiving my letter,
+     Mr. Staunton replied to me _privately_. As my communication was
+     a public one, I was somewhat surprised at the course pursued by
+     a gentleman holding such a position as Mr. Staunton, and did
+     not, therefore, even acknowledge receipt, fearing that I might
+     thereby be induced unintentionally to commit myself. Having
+     promised my letter and his reply, Mr. Staunton published what
+     he represents as such in the _Illustrated London News_ of the
+     23d inst. He has thereby transferred the question from the
+     chess arena to the bar of public opinion, and as a stranger in
+     a foreign land--a land which has ever been the foremost in
+     hospitality--I claim justice from Englishmen.
+
+     The most important portion of my letter Mr. Staunton has dared
+     to suppress. I refer to the following paragraph, published by
+     various journals, but omitted by the _Illustrated London News_,
+     although sent to the editor of that paper as well as to Mr.
+     Staunton himself:--
+
+     "A statement appeared in the chess department of that journal a
+     few weeks since, that 'Mr. Morphy had come to Europe unprovided
+     with backers or seconds,' the inference being obvious--that my
+     want of funds was the reason of our match not taking place. As
+     you are the editor of that department of the _Illustrated
+     London News_, I felt hurt that a gentleman who had always
+     received me at his club and elsewhere with great kindness and
+     courtesy, should allow so prejudicial a statement to be made in
+     reference to me; one, too, which is not strictly in accordance
+     with fact."
+
+     On my first arriving in England, I informed Mr. Staunton that
+     my stakes would be forthcoming the moment he desired, and I was
+     therefore utterly at a loss to account for so unwarrantable a
+     statement being made in reference to me, unless with the
+     intention of compromising my position before the public. And I
+     would ask your lordship's attention to the terms of the
+     suppressed paragraph, couched in such language as to avoid all
+     insinuation of animus, and affording Mr. Staunton the amplest
+     opportunity for explaining away the difficulty. The course
+     pursued by that gentleman cannot do otherwise than justify me
+     in ascribing to him the very worst of motives in publishing
+     what he knew to be incorrect, in denying me common justice, and
+     in giving as the whole of my letter _what he knew to be only a
+     part of it_.
+
+     From Mr. Staunton I now appeal to the great body of English
+     chess players, I appeal to the British Chess Association, I
+     appeal to yourself, my lord, as the _Maecenas_ of English chess;
+     and, as I visited your country for the purpose of challenging
+     Mr. Staunton, which challenge he has repeatedly accepted, I now
+     demand of you that you shall declare to the world it is through
+     no fault of mine that this match has not taken place.--I have
+     the honor to remain, my lord, yours very respectfully,
+
+    PAUL MORPHY.
+    CAFE DE LA REGENCE, PARIS, _October 26, 1858_.
+
+To this appeal, Lord Lyttelton made the following admirable reply, which
+covers the whole ground:--
+
+     LORD LYTTELTON ON HOWARD STAUNTON.
+
+                                   BODMIN, CORNWALL, _3d November_.
+
+     DEAR SIR:--I much regret that I have been unable till to-day to
+     reply to your letter of the 26th October, which only reached me
+     on the 1st inst. With regard to the appeal which you have made
+     to the British Chess Association, I may perhaps be allowed to
+     say, as its President, that I fear nothing can be done about
+     the matter in question by that body. It is one of recent and
+     rather imperfect organization; its influence is not yet fully
+     established. It is practically impossible to procure any
+     effective meeting of its members at present, and it is doubtful
+     whether it could take any step in the matter if it were to
+     meet. I must therefore be understood as writing in my private
+     character alone, but, at the same time, you are welcome, should
+     you think it worth while (which I can hardly think it can be),
+     to make further use of this letter, in any manner you may wish.
+
+     Your letter has but one professed object; that we should
+     declare that it is not your fault that the match between
+     yourself and Mr. Staunton has not taken place. To this the
+     reply might be made in two words. I cannot conceive it possible
+     that any one should impute that failure to you, nor am I aware
+     that any one has done so. But, in the circumstances, I shall
+     not perhaps be blamed, if I go somewhat further into the
+     matter. In the general circumstances of the case, I conceive
+     that Mr. Staunton was quite justified in declining the match.
+     The fact is understood that he has for years been engaged in
+     labors which must, whatever arrangements might be made, greatly
+     interfere with his entering into a serious contest with a
+     player of the highest force and in constant practice, and so
+     far the failure of the match is the less to be regretted. Nor
+     can I doubt the correctness of his recent statement, that the
+     time barely necessary for the match itself could not be spared,
+     without serious loss and inconvenience both to others and to
+     himself.
+
+     But I cannot but think that in all fairness and
+     considerateness, Mr. Staunton might have told you of this long
+     before he did. I know no reason why he might not have
+     ascertained it, and informed you of it in answer to your first
+     letter from America. Instead of this, it seems to me plain,
+     both as to the interview at which I myself was present, and as
+     to all the other communications which have passed, that Mr.
+     Staunton gave you every reason to suppose that he would be
+     ready to play the match within no long time. I am not aware,
+     indeed (nor do I perceive that you have said it), that you left
+     America _solely_ with the view of playing Mr. Staunton. It
+     would, no doubt, make the case stronger, but it seems to me as
+     unlikely as that you should have come, as has been already
+     stated (anonymously, and certainly not with Mr. Staunton's
+     concurrence), in order to attend the Birmingham Tournament.
+
+     With regard to the suppressions of part of your last letter, I
+     must observe, that I am not aware how far Mr. Staunton is
+     responsible for what appears in the _Illustrated London News_.
+     But whoever is responsible for that suppression, I must say,
+     that I cannot see how it is possible to justify or excuse it.
+
+     I greatly regret the failure of a contest which would have been
+     of much interest, and the only one, as I believe, which could
+     have taken place with you, with any chance of its redounding to
+     the credit of this country. I still more regret that any
+     annoyance or disappointment should have been undergone by one,
+     who--as a foreigner--from his age, his ability, and his conduct
+     and character, is eminently entitled to the utmost
+     consideration in the European countries which he may visit.
+
+    I am, dear sir, yours truly,
+      LYTTELTON.
+
+    PAUL MORPHY, ESQ.
+
+Mr. Morphy could not do otherwise than avail himself of the permission
+accorded him by Lord Lyttelton, to publish so full a justification. He
+thus put himself right on the record, and prevented any further
+misrepresentation. Numerous clubs in the United Kingdom took action upon
+the letter, and the following resolution of the Manchester Chess Club--one
+of the most influential in the country--shows what was the general feeling
+upon the subject.
+
+     RESOLUTION OF THE MANCHESTER CHESS CLUB.
+
+     At a special meeting, called in compliance with a requisition
+     numerously signed, it was resolved--
+
+     "That this meeting, while recognizing Mr. Staunton's right to
+     decline any chess challenge which he might find inconvenient
+     and incompatible with his other engagements, deems it proper
+     (inasmuch as Lord Lyttelton has only felt himself at liberty to
+     answer, in his private capacity, Mr. Morphy's appeal to him as
+     President of the British Chess Association) to declare its full
+     concurrence in the opinion expressed by Lord Lyttelton in his
+     letter to Mr. Morphy, of the 3d inst., that in all fairness and
+     considerateness Mr. Staunton should have told Mr. Morphy, long
+     before he did, that he declined the proposed match.
+
+     "That copies of this resolution be sent to Mr. Morphy, Mr.
+     Staunton, and the editor of the _Illustrated London News._"
+
+     _17th November, 1858._
+
+Mr. Staunton was able to cite but one instance of an association
+sufficiently hardy to oppose its opinion to the verdict of Lord Lyttelton.
+A select circle of Mr. S.'s friends, the close-borough Cambridge
+University Chess Club, ventured the following resolutions, which were
+forwarded for publication to several journals, as a would-be antidote to
+that of the Manchester Club.
+
+     RESOLUTIONS OF THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CHESS CLUB.
+
+     At a meeting of the Cambridge University Chess Club, held
+     November 26, 1858, the following resolutions were passed
+     unanimously:
+
+     "That the Cambridge University Chess Club, recognizing the
+     important services rendered by Mr. Staunton to the cause of
+     chess, and seeing with regret the ungenerous attacks which have
+     for some time past been directed against him by a certain
+     section of the press, notorious for its anti-English
+     tendencies, are of opinion
+
+     "1. That under the peculiar circumstances in which Mr. Staunton
+     found himself placed, it was scarcely possible for him to do
+     otherwise than decline the proposed match with Mr. Morphy.
+
+     "2. That his allowing the challenge to remain open so long as
+     there appeared the slightest hope of his being able to play,
+     was, beyond all question, the proper course to be adopted by
+     one really anxious for the encounter."
+
+I cannot do better than give the remarks upon the above resolutions by the
+"Era" newspaper; they make mince-meat of the Cantabs' reasonings. The
+"Era" answers thus:--
+
+     THE "ERA'S" REMARKS.
+
+     "It will be seen that the Cambridge University Chess Club
+     constitutes itself the champion of Mr. Staunton against
+     "ungenerous attacks directed against him by a section of the
+     press, notorious for its anti-English tendencies." We wish the
+     Cambridge gentlemen had pointed out the section they refer to.
+     We were not aware that chess was of any country, or that there
+     were any anti-English tendencies in connection with it. The
+     fact is, that the section of the metropolitan chess press,
+     conducted by foreigners who have made their homes in England,
+     has hitherto refrained from expressing any judgment in the
+     dispute, contenting itself with giving the letters ungarbled
+     and unmutilated; but in chess columns, conducted by Englishmen,
+     have appeared the remarks pointed at by the Cambridge Club; so
+     here we have the anomaly of anti-English Englishmen. With
+     regard to the resolutions which follow the preamble, it is
+     impossible to cavil at. (1.) There is no doubt that under what
+     are delicately called "the peculiar circumstances," Mr.
+     Staunton was right in not playing Mr. Morphy. If a man feels he
+     would have no chance, it would be foolish for him to venture on
+     a contest. Resolution (2) is not so impervious to criticism.
+     Coming from so learned a quarter as Cambridge, we are rather
+     disappointed at the looseness of its wording. The intention, of
+     course, was to justify Mr. Staunton in taking the course he has
+     adopted, but it does not do so. It says he was right in
+     "allowing the challenge to remain open" till the last moment.
+     If, indeed, Mr. Staunton had kept the challenge open as long as
+     possible no one would have blamed him, but that was precisely
+     what he did not do. He accepted the challenge, and thereby
+     closed with it, and his friends subscribed funds for the
+     stakes. What Mr. Staunton did allow to remain open was the day;
+     and, after repeated promises to name it, that has been
+     postponed to--never. This is what is complained of in Mr.
+     Staunton's conduct, and Lord Lyttelton was right, and expressed
+     the judgment of the great majority of English chess players,
+     when he wrote that Mr. Staunton might and ought, at an earlier
+     date, to have informed Mr. Morphy of his inability to play. We
+     say nothing of the paragraphs which have appeared in the
+     journal of which Mr. Staunton is the chess editor, insinuating
+     that Mr. Morphy's money was not ready, because he (Mr.
+     Staunton) may not be answerable for them, but confine
+     ourselves, in conformity with our English tendencies, to an
+     expression of our concurrence in the views of an English
+     nobleman, the whole of the members of the Metropolitan Chess
+     circle, and those of the provincial clubs who have communicated
+     with us on the subject."
+
+Mr. Staunton's short-sighted policy with regard to Paul Morphy, had not
+only caused him to be condemned _vis-a-vis_ of that gentleman, but his
+former career was also dragged into discussion and severely commented
+upon. The following letter appeared in the "Field" a week after the appeal
+to Lord Lyttelton; and, as will be seen, it is from the pen of a once warm
+friend of Mr. Staunton:--
+
+     MR. STAUNTON AND MR. MORPHY.
+
+     SIR,--I am desirous, with your permission, of saying a few
+     words upon the relative position now occupied by Messrs.
+     Staunton and Morphy, whose proposed encounter has been brought
+     to such an unfortunate, though not unforeseen, termination. Now
+     I am well acquainted with Mr. Staunton. I have been concerned
+     on his behalf in the arrangement of one of his (proposed)
+     matches, with a player whom he has never ceased to vituperate
+     since that period when I endeavored so strenuously to bring
+     them together. I have fought Mr. Staunton's battles for him by
+     pen and by word of mouth on sundry occasions. I wish, indeed, I
+     could do so now; for, as a chess player, and as a laborer in
+     the field of chess literature, I place him on the very highest
+     pinnacle. Since the time of M'Donnell, I believe that no
+     player in this country--not to say Europe--has ever reached so
+     high a standard as was attained by our English champion when he
+     did battle with St. Amant. Since that time he has been the
+     rather concerned in editorial duties, and in intimating to real
+     or imaginary correspondents in the _Chess Players' Chronicle_,
+     (now defunct,) and in the _Illustrated London News_, (full of
+     vitality,) what he could do on the chequered field, if those
+     who dreamed of approaching him could but muster sufficient
+     money to meet his terms, or what other and peculiar
+     restrictions (owing to delicate health and "nervous
+     irritability") he should impose upon any adversary with whom he
+     engaged himself.
+
+     From what I have seen of Mr. Staunton, I should think the term
+     "delicate" thoroughly inapplicable to his condition, but that
+     he is highly irritable, and nervously susceptible of all
+     antagonistic impressions, no one who knows him can for a moment
+     doubt.
+
+         How easy 'tis, when destiny proves kind,
+         With full-spread sails to run before the wind.
+
+     So sings the poet. Destiny _did_ prove kind to Mr. Staunton
+     when he played his match in Paris with St. Amant. The
+     Englishman made the most of it, and achieved a splendid
+     triumph. At the great Chess Tournament in 1851 destiny was not
+     quite so obliging. The champion from whom we expected so much
+     had a head-wind against him, and he was beaten. I saw much of
+     Mr. Staunton at that time. I believe--in all justice let it be
+     said--that he was thoroughly unnerved, that he was utterly
+     unequal to an arduous contest, and that his great merits ought
+     not to be gauged by his play upon the occasion alluded to. He
+     deserved (he did not receive, for he had never given the same
+     to others) every sympathy under circumstances which were
+     intensely mortifying to himself personally, and to us
+     nationally.
+
+     Since 1851 it has been pretty generally understood that Mr.
+     Staunton's irritability has not diminished, and that his
+     literary responsibilities have the rather multiplied.
+     Consequently we had no right to expect, nationally, that he
+     would again be our champion, and contend with the young
+     American, whose reputation ran before him to Europe, and has
+     accompanied him ever since his arrival from the United States.
+     We had no right, I say, to expect this, _but for one reason_.
+     That reason is to be found in the chess department of the
+     _Illustrated London News_, of which Mr. S. is the acknowledged
+     editor. It has been there constantly implied--nay, it has been
+     over and over again unequivocally stated--during the last eight
+     years, that the vanquisher of St. Amant is still the English
+     champion; that as such he has a right to dictate his own terms,
+     and that if any one is prepared to accede to those terms, he
+     (Mr. Staunton) is prepared for the encounter. It matters not
+     whether the correspondents to whom these implications are made
+     are real or (as is generally supposed) imaginary. It is
+     sufficient that certain statements are made with the intention
+     of conveying a false impression to the public as regards Mr.
+     Staunton's desire to play and capability of playing. This is
+     where he is so greatly to blame; this is the point on which he
+     has alienated from himself during the last few years so many of
+     his warmest friends. No one blames Mr. Staunton for not playing
+     with Mr. Morphy; but every one has a right to blame Mr.
+     Staunton if, week after week, he implies in his own organ that
+     there is a chance of a match, if all that time he knows that
+     there is no chance of a match whatever. This, I affirm
+     deliberately, and with great pain, is what Mr. Staunton has
+     done. It has been done times out of number, and this in ways
+     which have been hardly noticed. If the editor of the chess
+     department of the _Illustrated London News_ merely states as a
+     piece of news that Mr. Morphy is coming to England from America
+     to arrange a match at chess with Mr. Staunton, and Mr. Staunton
+     (being that editor himself, and being burdened with literary
+     responsibilities which he knows to be so great as to prevent
+     his playing an arduous contest) fails to append to such
+     statement another, to the effect that he has given up public
+     chess, and has no intention of again renewing it, he is not
+     acting in a straightforward and honorable manner. But much more
+     than this has been effected. So solicitous has Mr. Staunton
+     been to trade as long as possible upon his past reputation,
+     that it has been written in the _Illustrated London News_ since
+     Mr. Morphy's arrival in this country, that he (Mr. M.) is not
+     prepared with the necessary stakes for an encounter with Mr.
+     Staunton. What truth there was in such averment may be gathered
+     from the admirable letter in your impression of last Saturday
+     from the young American to Lord Lyttelton. Why is not Mr.
+     Staunton content to say (what those who like him best would be
+     glad to be authorized to say for him): "I have done much for
+     the cause of chess, but I am not equal to what I once was; and
+     I am hampered by engagements which do not admit of my playing
+     matches now. I cannot risk my reputation under such manifest
+     disadvantages as would surround me in a contest with Mr.
+     Morphy." The public at large would then respect Mr. Staunton's
+     candor, and have a larger appreciation than they now have of
+     his great merits. It is true that Mr. Staunton _has_ said this
+     at last; but he has been forced to say with a bad grace what
+     ought long ago to have been said voluntarily with a good one.
+
+     These unpleasant (not to use a harsher term) circumstances are
+     the more to be deplored at present because of the frank,
+     courteous, and unassuming conduct of Mr. Morphy upon every
+     occasion since he set foot in Europe. I have seen him play in
+     London and in Paris; and I have noted those obliging and
+     unobtrusive manners which secure to him the good-will of
+     everybody, and surround him by troops of friends. How is it
+     that Mr. Staunton is not surrounded by troops of friends
+     likewise? Is he not a scholar and a gentleman? Has he not many
+     qualifications for the distinguished literary position he now
+     fills? Undoubtedly he has. But he has never been able to merge
+     the personal in the general--to regard his own individuality as
+     other than the first consideration. Brought into contact many
+     years ago with players who were not refined gentlemen, an
+     antagonism was immediately established between the two parties.
+     Unhappily for the chess world, literary opportunities were
+     afforded in the columns of rival newspapers for the indulgence
+     of malevolent feelings on both sides. To this warfare there has
+     never been a cessation. So notorious is the fact of its
+     existence that it is impossible to rely, in one paper, upon any
+     statement having reference to the London Chess Club; it is
+     equally impossible to rely, in the other, upon any statement
+     affecting the St. George's Club. Ladies who are devoted to
+     "Caissa," and write to the _Illustrated London News_, are not
+     aware of these things. Imaginary correspondents, of course, are
+     utterly ignorant of them. But we who live in and about London,
+     who have been behind the scenes at both theatres, know how much
+     reliance is to be placed upon a certain kind of chess
+     intelligence with which two rival journals regale their
+     correspondents and the general public every week. Look even at
+     the _Illustrated London News_ of last Saturday, and you will
+     see a letter professing to come from Birmingham, (I think it is
+     a misprint for Billingsgate,) which is absolutely disgraceful.
+     Why should Mr. Staunton try to bolster up his reputation (which
+     is European) with sentiments and language of a purely (I mean
+     impurely) local character? Why is one player always to be cried
+     up at the expense of another? Why are ungenerous and
+     ungentlemanly insinuations to be made against a youth whose
+     conduct has been characterized by so much unobtrusiveness and
+     so much good feeling as that of Mr. Morphy? Why is Mr. Harrwitz
+     always to be run down in the _Illustrated London News_? Why are
+     Mr. Loewenthal and Mr. Brien, quondam editorial _proteges_, now
+     never spoken of but in terms of disparagement? Why should Mr.
+     Staunton call upon the _cercle_ at Paris to insist upon Mr.
+     Harrwitz progressing with his match with Mr. Morphy at a more
+     rapid pace, when the German had pleaded ill health as the cause
+     of the delay? Who has drawn so largely upon the patience of the
+     British public, on the score of ill health and "palpitations of
+     the heart," _et hoc genus omne_, as the generous and
+     sympathizing writer who thus stabs a rival player when he is
+     down? It is time, sir, that these things should cease. We are
+     all weary of them. What better opportunity for crying a truce
+     to these mean and petty warfares of the pen than the one which
+     now presents itself? Mr. Staunton is our champion no longer. We
+     must turn to some one else to uphold the national flag upon
+     that field where Labourdonnais and M'Donnell fought and
+     struggled. So anxious am I that good feeling should be
+     restored, and that we should be united as I see chess players
+     united in other countries, that I have put together hurriedly
+     these reflections, which, however imperfect they may be, are
+     true and just. And because I have observed that the chess
+     department of _The Field_, which you so ably edit, is
+     peculiarly free from personalities and remarkably authentic in
+     its information, I ask you to help me in the good cause by
+     giving publicity to this letter. I am not ashamed of what I
+     have written, nor do I desire to shrink from the responsibility
+     of revealing my name, if it is necessary. I enclose my card, as
+     a guarantee, and prefer, if it meets your views, to appear only
+     under the name of--
+
+    PAWN-AND-TWO.
+
+It is difficult in any country, and quite impossible in England, to
+struggle successfully against public opinion. Mr. Staunton had kept
+silence as long as possible, but there was but one course for him to
+pursue, namely, in one way or another to own that he was wrong. The chess
+circles in which he was once the most welcome of all comers, now turned on
+him the cold shoulder; the first clubs in the kingdom, _and amongst them
+the St. George's_, were signifying their desire to offer Paul Morphy
+public dinners; such eminent players as Captain Kennedy volunteered
+subscriptions towards a national testimonial for the young American, not
+more as an evidence of their admiration for him as a master in the game,
+than as marking their esteem for him as a man.[C] Mr. Staunton could no
+longer resist such a pressure, and besides, he owed some apology to his
+paper for the suppression of the famous paragraph; he therefore addressed
+the following communication to his chief, the editor of the _Illustrated
+London News_:
+
+     MR. STAUNTON'S EXPLANATION.
+
+     _To the Editor of the Illustrated London News_:
+
+     SIR,--My attention has this moment been directed to a passage
+     in a letter of Lord Lyttelton to Mr. Morphy, wherein allusion
+     is made to the "suppression" of a portion of Mr. Morphy's
+     letter to me, which you published, together with my answer, in
+     your paper for Oct. 23. I have not seen the epistle to which
+     Lord Lyttelton's is a reply; but I plead guilty at once to
+     having omitted, when sending you Mr. Morphy's jeremiade and my
+     answer, a couple of paragraphs from the former. My reasons for
+     omitting them were, in the first place, because they appeared
+     to me to be irrelevant to the main point between Mr. Morphy and
+     me; secondly, because I know if the letters extended very much
+     beyond the limited space you apportion to chess, they were
+     pretty certain of being omitted, or, as Mr. Morphy phrases it,
+     "_suppressed_" altogether; and, thirdly, because I had already
+     written to a friend in Paris with whom, through my
+     introduction, Mr. M. was living upon intimate terms, an
+     explanation touching the notice Mr. Morphy professes to be so
+     concerned at; and from my friend's reply, which intimated that
+     Mr. M. was about to write to me in an amicable spirit, I of
+     course supposed there was an end of the matter, and that I
+     should be permitted to pursue my work, and this young gentleman
+     his play, without further misunderstanding. That, after this,
+     and in the face of my endeavors through your Journal to set his
+     blindfold and other chess exploits before the public in the
+     most advantageous light--in the face of every civility which to
+     the extent of my opportunities, I have endeavored to show him
+     from the first moment of his arrival in this country--he could
+     reconcile it to his sense of honor and honesty, to impute to me
+     a wilful suppression of any portion of his letter, does,
+     indeed, amaze me, and I can only account for it, by supposing
+     he is under the influence of very ill advisers, or that his
+     idea of what is honorable and honest, is very different from
+     what I had hoped and believed it to be.
+
+    I am, sir, yours, &c.,
+      H. STAUNTON.
+
+    _November 15._
+
+     P. S. That you may judge with what likelihood and with what
+     propriety Mr. Morphy attributes the omission of the _excerpta_
+     to sinister motives, I enclose them, and shall be obliged by
+     your giving them the additional publicity he craves, as soon as
+     your space permits:--
+
+     "A statement appeared in the chess department of that Journal,
+     (_The Illustrated London News_) a few weeks since, that 'Mr.
+     Morphy had come to Europe unprovided with backers or
+     seconds'--the inference being obvious, that my want of funds
+     was the reason of our match not taking place. As you are the
+     editor of that department of the _Illustrated London News_, I
+     felt much hurt that a gentleman who had always received me at
+     his club and elsewhere, with great kindness and courtesy should
+     allow so prejudicial a statement to be made in reference to me;
+     one, too, which is not strictly consonant with fact."
+
+     "In conclusion, I beg leave to state, that I have addressed a
+     copy of this letter to the editors of the _Illustrated London
+     News_, _Bell's Life in London_, _The Era_, _The Field_, and
+     _The Sunday Times_; being most desirous that our true position
+     should no longer be misunderstood by the community at large. I
+     again request you to fix the date for our commencing the
+     match."
+
+Mr. Morphy was not desirous of prolonging the discussion, after so full
+and entire an indorsement from Mr. Staunton's fellow-countrymen, or he
+could easily have driven that gentleman further into the mire. But Mr. S.
+made two statements in the above letter, which Paul Morphy could not allow
+to pass unrebuked, and he accordingly denied, publicly, that he had
+received any introduction whatever from that gentleman, or that he had
+even hinted his intention of writing Mr. Staunton, amicably or otherwise.
+
+The latter part of the letter is in questionable taste. As though Mr. S.
+had acquired any right to misrepresent facts, publish misstatements, and
+deny reparation, on account of "having set his (M.'s) blindfold and other
+chess-exploits before the public in the most advantageous light."
+
+By so doing, Mr. Staunton merely fulfilled his editorial duty; for the
+entire chess world was on the _qui vive_ after Morphy's exploits. _His
+games were being published throughout Europe, to the exclusion of nearly
+all others_, and surely Mr. S. could not allow his paper to be behind
+other journals. _But he knew full well that, after the first fortnight or
+three weeks, Mr. Morphy never gave him a single partie, being hurt at the
+ungenerous treatment evinced towards him in the notes._ Mr. Staunton was
+using the columns of an influential journal to crush a dangerous opponent,
+and, at the time he penned the above letter, he well knew that Paul Morphy
+resented from the first such unfairness, and had positively forbidden any
+of his games to be sent to him.
+
+Mr. Staunton makes reference, in conclusion, to "very ill advisers." I
+suppose I must take this mainly to myself, more particularly as it is not
+the first time of his using the expression during the discussion. Without
+attempting to defend myself, I would say to Mr. Staunton: "I can reconcile
+it with my sense of honor and honesty, to impute to you a wilful
+suppression of the paragraph so frequently referred to. Had you given that
+paragraph, you would, _per force_, have been obliged to give your reasons
+for the assertion therein contained. And I would remind you, sir, that, in
+all this discussion, you have never touched the real point at issue--never
+apologized for the misstatement of which Mr. Morphy complains with so much
+cause. Paul Morphy is acquainted with the reason for that misstatement,
+but he has never evinced a desire to force you to state it publicly. He
+can afford to be generous."
+
+It may be cause of regret to some that the match between these two
+_athletae_ did not take place. Such a contest would not have afforded any
+test of comparison, inasmuch as Mr. Staunton is not now the player he was
+eight or ten years ago. But an infallible test exists by which to judge of
+their respective merits--viz. _their games_. "By their fruits ye shall
+know them."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MORAL.
+
+Mr. Staunton's weakness was want of sufficient courage to say, "He is
+stronger than I." Loewenthal said it _before his match with Morphy was
+finished_; Mr. Boden openly avowed his inferiority, as also Mr. Bird, and
+many other eminent players. And Saint Amant, in Paris, led the young hero
+up the steps of the throne, and seated him beside Labourdonnais,
+proclaiming, "Voici notre maitre a nous tous." Had Mr. Staunton so done,
+he would merely have anticipated the verdict of posterity, and honored
+himself in the eyes of his countrymen and the world.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[C] CAPTAIN KENNEDY'S OPINION OF PAUL MORPHY.
+
+     _To the Editor of the Era_:
+
+     SIR,--As I understand that Mr. Morphy contemplates another
+     visit to England before his return to America, will you permit
+     me, through your columns, respectfully to suggest to the chess
+     community of this country the propriety of offering him a
+     public entertainment, together with some adequate testimonial
+     which may serve to mark our sense of his transcendent ability
+     as a chess player; and also our appreciation of him as a
+     chivalrous, high-spirited, and honorable man--a character which
+     I hope Englishmen know how to value far more than even any
+     amount of skill at chess.
+
+     Should this proposal take any definite shape, I shall be happy
+     to be allowed to contribute L5 towards its accomplishment.
+
+    I am, sir, your obedient servant,
+    A. A. KENNEDY.
+
+    BATH, _Jan. 1, 1859_.
+
+[Captain Kennedy, we feel sure, in this communication, expresses the
+feeling of a large majority of English chess players, and we have little
+doubt but that his suggestion will be entertained and carried out. For
+ourselves we shall be happy to aid to the utmost in any plan that is
+formed for the purpose.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+MORPHY IN FRANCE.
+
+
+On the last day of last August, I awakened Paul Morphy at an early hour.
+The Folkestone train left London Bridge at 9 55 A. M., and there was some
+twenty minutes of hard driving to get to the railway station; but Morphy
+came down to breakfast with admirable _sang froid_, took his own time at
+the meal, laughed at my fears of being too late, and got into a cab at
+least ten minutes later than we ought to have done. We arrived at the
+depot in time to see the doors shut in our faces. Now this was not
+agreeable, inasmuch as there was no other train for Paris, by that line,
+during the day. I therefore proposed to Morphy that we should stroll about
+until half-past one o'clock in the afternoon, and then take the route
+through Dover and Calais, to which he assented.
+
+The trip across the Straits of Dover is neither long nor pleasant, and Mr.
+Morphy was dreadfully sea-sick; but his mind was preoccupied with his
+forthcoming campaigns in _la Belle France_, and he observed to me, "Well,
+now I am going to meet Harrwitz! I shall beat him in the same proportion
+as I beat Loewenthal, although he is a better match-player than Loewenthal.
+But I shall play better with Harrwitz." Some of my readers may object to
+such an observation; but those who know Morphy, know that he speaks from
+thorough acquaintance with his opponents' capabilities, and conviction of
+his own superiority--not from any improper feeling of pride.
+
+People suffering from sea-sickness generally recognize the truth of the
+maxim, "It is better to give than to receive:" you have much difficulty in
+getting them to take any thing, even fat pork; but if you watch your
+opportunity, when the will is stronger than the deed, and induce them to
+worry down a modicum of champagne well up, you infuse new life into them.
+So I requested the steward to make us acquainted with his Sillery
+Mousseux, and Morphy and I toasted each other on the deck of the
+steamboat. On my asking him immediately afterwards how he felt, he allowed
+that he was better; adding, however, that he believed it was nothing but
+imagination which worked the cure.
+
+It was but a short run to the pier of Calais, and the sea-sickness was
+forgotten when our feet again touched _terra firma_. On landing, we got
+into a slight difficulty. Morphy speaks the French language with the
+purest Gallic accent, and the officials would not at first consent to his
+travelling with a United States passport. This our hero soon cleared up by
+reading the _gens d'armes_ a _precis_ of the settlement, manners,
+customs, &c., of the State of Louisiana, and his own antecedents;
+whereupon that official restored him his _papier regle_, but confiscated a
+quantity of underlinen. They told us that was Customary.
+
+Eight o'clock in the evening; and if we took the train forthwith, we
+should arrive in Paris next morning at six. Morphy proposed that we should
+sleep there that night, and take an early train the following day, which
+course would enable us to see the town of Calais. So we repaired to the
+Hotel Dessin, attended to our inner and outer man, and then prepared for a
+stroll. As the result of our observations, we agreed Calais must have been
+a magnificent town before the discovery of the principles of architecture.
+After diligent inquiry, we could not learn that any one knew when the last
+house was built, and Morphy gave it as his opinion that, were William the
+Conqueror to revisit Calais, he would find it unchanged, except in being
+dirtier. When I reminded him that the town possessed peculiar interest for
+me as an Englishman, he coolly set me down, by observing that he had a
+very poor opinion of my ancestors for wishing to keep such a place.
+
+The next morning we got into the train at a quarter to eight o'clock, and
+commenced the long, dreary ride of ten mortal hours to Paris. But there
+was no way out of the difficulty, and, what with yawning and dozing
+between the stations, and grumbling at the tedious regulation speed of the
+French railways, we ultimately arrived at the capital. Now every
+traveller, on getting to this point, thinks he is bound to paint the
+various emotions arising in his breast on entering the city of the Seine.
+My own sensations were of strong Anglican bias. I wanted to dine. Morphy
+is never betrayed into rhapsody, and what he felt he didn't speak.
+
+Having again submitted our baggage to the inspection of numerous
+officials, we thanked our stars for seeing the last of the _Chemin de Fer
+du Nord_,--drove off to _Meurice's_, where they gave us rooms about the
+fifteenth story,--started for the _Restaurant des Trois Freres
+Provencaux_, and got a capital dinner, and then addressed ourselves to the
+duties of _flaneurs_. I knew the French capital like a _gamin de Paris_;
+and, without saying a word to Morphy of my intention, I led him quietly
+down the Palais Royal, past the Theatre Francais, and right into the Cafe
+de la Regence.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+THE CAFE DE LA REGENCE.
+
+
+Were I called upon to name the central spot in this whirling sphere, the
+point round which all other points revolve, I should say--The Cafe de la
+Regence.
+
+Probably many of my readers will not think so, but that does not alter the
+fact. I name that cafe, not as a chess player, but from more general
+reasons. Take a bowl of water or any other liquid--_punch_ will do--and,
+prior to drinking, experiment upon it. Turn it round and round until the
+liquid revolves quickly, and mark: there is one spot in the centre, a
+bubble, or mass of foam, which appears stationary, and all the other
+bubbles are circling and converging spirally towards it. So with my cafe.
+
+In Paris, every other house is a cafe. The inhabitants are divided into
+two classes:--waiters at the cafe, and--frequenters of the cafe. Paris
+never existed until coffee was introduced. Paris is merely a big cafe, and
+is a product of the Mocha berry.
+
+Every cafe has its speciality. At Paul Niquet's, for instance, the
+chiffoniers congregate, and at Tortoni's, speculators and politicians. Not
+one of these establishments, throughout the city, but has its mark, by
+which to distinguish it from its fellows, in the same way as an ugly woman
+consoles herself with the belief that she has one quality at least which
+will captivate admirers. But the Cafe de la Regence stands out peculiar
+from the rest; it is what they are, and more too. It is an epitome of all.
+
+Now the reader must not suppose I am going to enter on a lengthy history
+of this far-famed trysting spot of men of all countries, more particularly
+as Mr. George Walker anticipated me many years ago. Everybody knows that
+the Cafe de la Regence and the Cafe Procope are the two oldest in Paris;
+that the former is so named after the famous Regent Duke of Orleans; that
+Voltaire, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Duke of Richelieu, Marshall Saxe,
+Franklin, Robespierre, Napoleon, etc., etc., etc., made it their place of
+frequent resort for the purpose of playing at chess. I am about to give a
+daguerreotype of the Regence as Morphy and I found it, and as any one will
+find it at the present day.
+
+The first thing we caught sight of, on entering, was a dense cloud of
+tobacco smoke, the product of _tabac de Caporal_ and _cigars de la Regie_.
+The second object was a massive individual, with Titanic shoulders, whom
+we afterwards learned was Monsieur Morel, or, as they call him there, "Le
+pere Morel," and "The Rhinoceros." Having turned the flank of this
+gentleman, and our eyes becoming used to the peculiar atmosphere, we
+observed that tables were placed as close to each other as would admit of
+one's passing between them, and that chess was being played on some,
+draughts, cards, and dominoes on others. In a second room, two
+billiard-tables were in full action, surrounded by still other chess and
+card parties, whilst the unceasing hubbub arising from the throng seemed
+to render mental abstraction an impossibility. At a table in the first
+room, a small crowd was watching the contest between two amateurs of "ye
+noble game of chesse playe," and Morphy's attention was immediately
+arrested. I stepped up to the _dame du comptoir_ and made inquiries as to
+who was then in the room, and learned from her that one of the two players
+Morphy was watching was Monsieur Journoud, "un de nos plus forts," the
+lady added, as though aware I was a stranger. She informed me that Mr.
+Harrwitz was then at Valenciennes, but intended to return to Paris at the
+end of the week, in order to meet Mr. Morphy. On my not expressing any
+surprise at the mention of the latter's name, she volunteered the
+information that Mr. Morphy was a celebrated American player, who had
+beaten everybody he had played with, and that they expected him yesterday.
+The lady was pleasingly voluble, and I encouraged her; this induced her to
+add that Monsieur Arnoux de Riviere had just received a letter from a
+friend in London, apprising him that our hero had left the English
+capital, and was _en route_ for Paris.
+
+Having learned as much as the _dame du comptoir_ was able to communicate,
+I rejoined Morphy, and we took a second look round the room. Sounds of all
+European languages saluted our ears, and types of different races our
+eyes. In one corner, a knot of Italians talked, amicably no doubt, in
+their rapid, quarrelsome manner. At one of the billiard tables, a party of
+Russians were having it their own way, without fear of listeners;
+Americans and English, Germans, Danes, Swedes, Greeks, Spaniards, etc.,
+jabbered together regardless of bystanders, making the cafe a very Babel.
+Scores of journals were lying here and there--the leading newspapers, in
+fact, throughout Europe--so that every visitor, no matter what his
+nationality, could obtain news of home.
+
+The crowd seemed, as it always does, to represent every rank of society.
+There were military men, from colonels to privates; one or two priests,
+who seemed somewhat out of their element; well-dressed,
+aristocratic-looking individuals, who kept together in knots in different
+corners; and the invariable _pillier de cafe_, who passes half his
+existence in such establishments, and the other half in bed. The Cafe de
+la Regence opens at eight o'clock in the morning, but little or nothing is
+done until noon, barring the daily visit of some three or four patrons who
+drink their coffee in silence, and are not seen again until early next
+day. But at noon men begin to drop in quickly, and, by two o'clock, the
+room is as full as it can conveniently hold, and so continues until
+midnight.
+
+The Cafe de la Regence has only existed on its present site for a few
+years; in fact, since Louis Napoleon has made the many magnificent
+alterations in the French capital. Previously, it was next door, in a
+_locale_ not half so convenient as the present one. The cafe is separated
+into two rooms on the Rue St. Honore; in the larger one, which we have
+already described, smoking is permitted to a frightful extent; in the
+other, it is strictly forbidden. The latter chamber is well fitted up, and
+the ceiling, which is massive, contains four shields in the cornices,
+bearing the names of Philidor, Deschappelles, and Labourdonnais. The
+fourth bears the date of the cafe's foundation, and the proprietor has
+stated his intention of placing therein the name MORPHY. Perhaps it is
+already done.
+
+At the time of our arrival in Paris, the _Cercle des Echecs_, or in other
+words, the Chess Club, met in rooms over the cafe. The association had
+three rooms set apart for chess, and one for billiards, and Saint Amant,
+Devinck, Guibert, Preti, Doazan, Delannoy, Seguin and Lecrivain were
+amongst the members. But the great room down stairs prevented their
+receiving any accession of numbers, and the rent being very high, and
+funds very low, they gave up their quarters at the end of last year, and
+are now to be found in the cafe below.
+
+Morphy would not announce his arrival on his first visit, preferring to
+postpone it until the following day. When it was known that the so much
+looked-for player was in Paris, the excitement was great; Frenchmen live
+for excitement. M. de Riviere had not been there lately, but we found
+Messrs. Lecrivain, Journoud, Guibert, and numbers of knight and
+rook-players. The first-named gentleman, by general request, offered
+himself as the initiatory sacrifice, accepting the odds of pawn and two
+moves, and managed to score some two games to Morphy's six or seven. Then
+M. de Riviere arrived, and getting the move, played the Ruy Lopez, which
+eventuated in "a draw;" and he was subsequently followed by M. Journoud,
+who, though one of the best French players, failed to score a victory.
+Morphy had made his mark, and everybody looked forward to the arrival of
+Herr Harrwitz, when they hoped to see fun.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+THE MATCH BETWEEN MORPHY AND HARRWITZ.
+
+
+Saturday came, and so did Harrwitz. We found him a little man, of about
+forty, with finely-developed head, and large, piercing black eyes. In
+conversation, he is exceedingly witty and "cool," and many are the good
+things told of him. Some of my readers will remember the rebuke he gave
+Mr. Staunton, when playing his celebrated match with that gentleman.
+Harrwitz had made a move which caused much reflection to his opponent, who
+rolled about on his chair and stroked his forehead energetically, as only
+Mr. Staunton can do, giving spectators the impression that his brain was
+in an agony of labor. He examined the position, and re-examined it; but,
+the more he looked, the less he liked it. Savage at being balked, he
+exclaimed--"Well, I've lost a move," and thereupon played a piece.
+Harrwitz coolly rises from his seat, rings the bell frantically, and gives
+the following order: "Waiter, look about for a move; Mr. Staunton has lost
+one."
+
+[Illustration: HERR ANDERSSEN. M. SAINT AMANT. HERR HARRWITZ.]
+
+There is probably no man living who plays so much chess as Herr
+Harrwitz. All great chess players I know of, are great _lie-a'beds_, and
+he is no exception to the rule. His night-gear and he part company many
+hours after sunrise, and he starts forthwith for the Cafe de la Regence,
+where he plays, with only a slight intermission for dinner, until he goes
+home to bed again. His opponents are generally visitors to the cafe, not
+the habitues; for these last have taken great dislike to his very
+offensive manner, and will not contend with him. They say, too, that he
+evinces an improper desire to win, and, in consequence, will only give the
+odds of pawn and move, when he could well afford pawn and two, and the
+knight instead of the rook. In my character of historian, I am bound to
+state that the feeling was very intense at the Regence in favor of Morphy,
+and many the prayers (_French_ prayers) that Harrwitz might succumb to
+him.
+
+The two celebrities shook hands together, and Morphy immediately asked if
+he would consent to play a match. The fact is, the young Paul meant
+mischief. Everybody in England was loud in praise of Harrwitz's skill, and
+prophesied a tough encounter. There was reason in this; for the Prussian
+player has given himself up, body and soul, to the game. Staunton's
+literary avocations now permit him but an hour or two weekly for chess,
+although formerly he lived in the London Divan, as Harrwitz in the
+Regence, and was so rabid about Caissa, that he actually wore shirts with
+kings, rooks, pawns, etc., printed over the bosoms and tails. Saint Amant
+was never a professional chess player, merely regarding it as a pastime.
+Loewenthal's duties as chess editor and analyst, prevent his giving much
+time to play, and, although he devotes a certain period weekly to the
+contests at the London, St. George's, and St. James's Clubs, he seldom
+contends for any stake. Anderssen is absorbed in mathematics at the
+Breslau Gymnasium; Heyderbrandt's diplomatic career engages nearly his
+entire attention; Buckle has forgotten his former love; Boden, Bird,
+Medley, Walker, Mongredieu, Slous, Kipping, De Riviere, Laroche, are
+engaged in mercantile pursuits; Lowe is getting rich with his hotel;
+Hoerwitz is painting; Kling is a professor of music; and so on with nearly
+all European players. Harrwitz is the only man I know of who seems to live
+for chess, and we can, therefore, easily understand why Morphy was so
+desirous of playing him.
+
+To our hero's question, Harrwitz gave a reply so non-committal, that
+Morphy said, aside, to me, "He won't play a match." A crowd had collected
+around us, and the Prussian, thinking it an admirable opportunity for
+display, asked Morphy whether he had any objection to an off-hand game. Of
+course he had not. Harrwitz had the move, and played an Allgaier Gambit,
+which, after a hard fight, he won. Morphy was somewhat excited, made a
+mistake in the opening, by which he lost three pawns for nothing at all,
+and yet fought the battle with such determination, that the number of
+moves was not far short of a hundred. His antagonist was delighted with
+his victory, thought he was sure of Morphy, and engaged to settle the
+preliminaries of a match on the following day.
+
+The next morning Harrwitz arrived at his usual hour--noon. He informed
+Morphy that his friends were desirous of backing him, but that the stakes
+were not made up yet. Morphy replied that that would be no objection, as
+he would accept any bets that might be offered during the match, and they
+could therefore begin at once. But another difficulty stood in the way.
+Morphy, in pursuance of a settled plan, had chosen his seconds from the
+enemy's camp, and had requested De Riviere and Journoud to act as his
+friends in this contest. Harrwitz chose to regard these gentlemen with
+feelings of enmity, and stated that, "if there were any seconds, there
+would be no match." Morphy was thus placed in a very equivocal position.
+Without being aware of any dispute existing between his future antagonist
+and the gentlemen in question, he had chosen them as his representatives:
+how could he now ask them to back out, because Mr. Harrwitz demanded it?
+However, on my representing the case to them, Messrs. De Riviere and
+Journoud resigned their office in the most kindly and willing manner, so
+desirous were they of seeing the match come off.
+
+Shortly afterwards Monsieur Lequesne arrived. This gentleman, the pupil
+and worthy successor of Pradier, is now the first of living French
+sculptors, and the peer of Marochetti, Crawford, and Gibson. He is also a
+strong chess player, and the most active man in France for arranging
+matches, tournaments, &c. He immediately adjourned with Harrwitz, Morphy,
+and myself to a private room, to settle preliminaries, and, if I recollect
+rightly, Dr. Grosboulogne was of the party. Harrwitz expressed his dislike
+to any thing like ceremony, and objected to their being seconds or umpires
+in the affair; sorry were Morphy, Lequesne, and H.'s own backers,
+afterwards, that he carried the day on that point. The only arrangements
+made were, that Morphy was to accept all bets offered, that the winner of
+the first seven games should be esteemed the victor, and that the play
+should take place on four days in the week; and, finally, at Harrwitz's
+express stipulation, the match was to be played in the public cafe.
+
+All this being agreed upon, the two champions came forth, and went at it.
+On drawing for the move, Harrwitz was again successful, and played, as he
+always does in matches, _pawn to queen's fourth_. This opening, and
+_Philidor in defence_, as second player, you could no more drive him away
+from, than you could induce Great Britain to give up Gibraltar. _Pawn to
+queen's fourth_ served Harrwitz's turn once, and so did _Philidor in
+defence_, but only once, and I do not think it would then, if Morphy had
+been in good condition.
+
+The night before the commencement of the match, Morphy had been
+sight-seeing until a very late hour; and we only got into bed between two
+and three o'clock in the morning. He laughed at me for reminding him of
+his approaching contest, and the necessity for _mens sana in corpore
+sano_, which I said would be seriously interfered with by his not taking
+sufficient rest. The next day his appearance verified my prognostics, and
+he failed to show that impassibility which ordinarily characterizes him.
+He says, however, that Harrwitz beat him because he (H.) played the best
+moves; and he would not admit to me that want of rest at all interfered
+with his own play.
+
+Throughout the first game, Harrwitz displayed the most rollicking contempt
+for his antagonist, and, at the conclusion, when Morphy resigned, he rose
+from his seat, stretched across the table, and taking the latter by the
+hand, he felt his pulse and declared to the crowd--"Well, it is
+astonishing! His pulse does not beat any faster than if he had won the
+game." Everybody was disgusted at such a contemptuous proceeding, but
+Morphy took it all as quietly as though it were a part of the match.
+
+Our hero passed that evening with some friends. Towards eleven o'clock I
+said to him, "Now, Morphy, you really must not have a second edition of
+last night; let us get home in good time;" but he replied, "Oh, don't be
+frightened, I've got the move to-morrow;" and, in spite of all I could say
+or do, we did not get to bed until nearly four o'clock. Well, what was the
+consequence? After getting a magnificent position in the second game of
+the match, bodily fatigue came upon him, and Harrwitz was again victor.
+The Prussian came out in greater glory than ever, rolling about in his
+seat, talking loudly to persons about the board, and smiling sardonically
+at his opponent, as much as to say, "Oh, it takes very little trouble to
+beat this fellow." Many leading players in the cafe, especially De Riviere
+and Journoud, were very savage at such conduct, but I told them--"Mark my
+words, Mr. Harrwitz will be quiet as a lamb before the end of next week."
+
+The result of the play with Harrwitz had shaken the faith of the French
+players in Morphy. But as we left the cafe, he said laughingly to me, "How
+astonished all these men will be if Harrwitz does not get another game."
+And he did not. At dinner, I reasoned the matter with him, saying that the
+first requisite for any man engaged in a chess match, was rest for the
+brain; and that he ought, by this time, to be convinced of the absolute
+necessity of keeping early hours. And I wound up by exacting a promise
+from him that he would never be out of bed after midnight, during the
+match.
+
+In the evening we went to the Opera Comique, and witnessed a very
+unsatisfactory performance of "La Part du Diable." Morphy has a great love
+for music, and his memory for any air he has once heard is astonishing.
+Mrs. Morphy is renowned in the _salons_ of New Orleans as a brilliant
+pianist and musician, and her son, without ever having studied music, has
+a similar aptitude for it, and it is believed that he would have become as
+famous therein as in chess, had he given his attention to it. "La Part du
+Diable" was a new opera, and Morphy, after leaving the theatre, hummed
+over many of the airs to me, which he had just heard for the first time,
+with astonishing precision.
+
+The next day we took a long drive among the "lions," and, in the evening,
+dined at the residence of that chess veteran and friend of Deschappelles
+and Labourdonnais, Monsieur Doazan. Harrwitz was of the company, and, for
+the nonce, acted Jupiter Triumphans in superb style. I felt indignant at
+such conduct towards a man so inoffensive and modest as Mr. Morphy, and I
+observed: "I am sorry, Mr. Harrwitz, you have not yet found Mr. Morphy in
+good fighting trim. The fact is, he has been preparing to meet you by not
+going to bed until common men are about to rise, but he has promised to
+retire early in future, and you will then find in him a very different
+antagonist." It was merely a hint, but the gentle Harrwitz did not like
+it. The following morning, Morphy said to me at breakfast, "If I beat
+Harrwitz to-day, you will say it is because I went to bed at eleven
+o'clock;" to which I replied, "Perhaps; but I do say that you lost the
+first two games because you went to bed at four."
+
+The third and fourth games Morphy scored in beautiful style. The latter,
+Staunton declared, "would have excited the admiration of Labourdonnais,"
+and the effect upon Harrwitz was interesting. During its progress, his
+conduct was quite gentlemanly, with the exception of a violent shaking
+consequent upon nervous excitement. There was cause for this. On the
+other side of the board sat Morphy, looking, in his peculiar way, like a
+block of impassible, living marble, the very embodiment of penetration and
+decision. No hesitancy or excitement there, but all cool, calm action,
+knowing where it must end; and, as he rose from his seat, everybody
+congratulated him on the score now standing two to two, and assured him
+they were confident what would be the result. We laughed heartily at these
+men who, but a few days previous, had looked woefully chopfallen, fearing
+that Harrwitz was too strong for Morphy.
+
+The fifth game was played on the following Monday, and the Prussian lost
+it, although he had the move. Harrwitz felt uncomfortable, plainly feeling
+that his present antagonist was, as he expressed himself to a friend,
+"very much stronger than any he had ever met." We now had several days'
+intermission from play, the plea being "ill health;" and, finally, Morphy
+received a letter from his opponent, asking for a respite of a week or ten
+days, to which a reply was returned granting the request, on condition
+that, when the match was resumed, a game should be played daily, Sundays
+alone excepted. At the termination of ten days, Harrwitz lost the sixth
+game, so that the score now stood--Morphy, four; Harrwitz, two; drawn,
+none. And the latter, in spite of the agreement, was again absent from the
+battle-field for some days.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+MORPHY'S GREATEST BLINDFOLD FEAT.
+
+
+Awaiting the return of his antagonist, Paul Morphy announced his intention
+of playing eight blindfold games, simultaneously, in the public cafe. It
+is needless to assure my readers that the mere announcement produced the
+greatest excitement; the newspapers heralded the fact throughout the city,
+and crowds of strangers came pouring into the Regence, and asking
+particulars of the _habitues_ in relation to the approaching performance.
+Harrwitz had already asked Morphy to join him in a public display of the
+same description, to which the admission was to be five francs, and Morphy
+felt embarrassed in answering him; but the good offices of Mr. Lequesne
+arranged the difficulty, without hurting any one's _amour propre_, and the
+proposed exhibition was set on one side. Morphy has an intense dislike to
+money-fingering in connection with chess; and he made it a _sine qua non_
+that, if he played blindfold at all, the _Cafe de la Regence_ should be
+open to any one who chose to walk in. The proprietor, Monsieur Delaunay,
+was only too glad to accede to this; not merely foreseeing that the
+exhibition would attract crowds to his establishment, and be an admirable
+advertisement, but also from a friendly feeling for our hero. The
+frequenters of the place used to say that Delaunay would give Morphy half
+his cafe, if he asked him for it.
+
+The blindfold struggle was publicly announced to commence at noon; but, at
+an early hour, the crowd was already considerable. The billiard-tables in
+the further room were sacrificed to the exigencies of the occasion; I
+requested the waiters to put a thick cord round them, so as to rail off a
+space for Morphy, and a large easy-chair, placed in the _enceinte_, made
+the whole arrangements as comfortable for him as could be wished. He,
+however, was not up to the mark, as regards bodily health. Morphy is a
+water-drinker, and Paris water would cure any Maine Liquor Law bigot of
+Teetotalism in a week. Since the outset of the match with Harrwitz, he had
+been ailing, but he preferred playing to making excuses. His own
+expression was, "Je ne suis pas homme aux excuses"--(I am no man to make
+excuses,) and he was always ready for Harrwitz, although obliged to ride
+to the cafe. Nothing proves so satisfactorily to me Morphy's wondrous
+powers in chess, as his contests in France, laboring, as he constantly
+did, under positive bodily suffering. A man's brain will often be more
+than ordinarily active and clear when the body is weak from late illness;
+but it is not so when there is pain existing. At breakfast, on the
+morning fixed for this blindfold exhibition, he said to me, "I don't know
+how I shall get through my work to-day. I am afraid I shall be obliged to
+leave the room, and some evil-minded persons may think I am examining
+positions outside." Yet, in spite of this, he sits down, and, during ten
+long hours, creates combinations which have never been surpassed on the
+chess-board, although his opponents were men of recognized strength, and,
+as a collective body, Pawn and Two Moves stronger than the Birmingham
+eight.
+
+The boards for Morphy's antagonists were arranged in the principal room of
+the cafe, numbered as follows:--
+
+    No. 1. Baucher,
+        2. Bierwirth,
+        3. Bornemann,
+        4. Guibert,
+        5. Lequesne,
+        6. Potier,
+        7. Preti,
+        8. Seguin.
+
+Nearly all these gentlemen are well known in contemporaneous chess, and
+formed such a phalanx that many persons asked whether Morphy knew whom he
+was going to play against. Monsieur Arnoux de Riviere called the moves for
+the first four, and Monsieur Journoud for the others; and, all being
+prepared, Morphy began as usual with "Pawn to King's Fourth on all the
+boards."
+
+Things went on swimmingly and amusingly. It was as good as a volume of
+_Punch_ or the _Charivari_ to hear the remarks made by the excited
+spectators; more especially when the "openings" were past, and the
+science of the combatants came out, in the middle of the game. There was
+the huge "Pere Morel," hands in his pockets, blowing clouds from an
+immense pipe like smoke from Vesuvius, threading his way between the
+boards and actually getting fierce when anybody asked him what he thought
+of it. Seeing him seated at the end of the room towards evening, and
+looking as though dumbfoundered at the performance, I said to him,--"Well,
+Mr. Morel, do you believe now that Morphy can play against eight such
+antagonists?" He looked at me in an imploring manner and replied,--"Oh,
+don't talk to me; Mr. Morphy makes my head ache." It is related of Pitt
+that, making a speech in Parliament on a certain occasion, whilst under
+the influence of sundry bottles of Port, the doorkeeper of the House of
+Commons declared that the son of the great Chatham made his head ache, so
+violent was his language, and so loud his tone. This coming to Pitt's
+ears, he said--"Nothing could be better; I drink the wine, and the
+doorkeeper gets the headache." Monsieur Potier rises from his table to
+show on another board how Morphy had actually seen seven moves in advance;
+and Signor Preti gets quite nervous and agitated as our hero puts shot
+after shot into his bull's-eye; and I had much difficulty in assuring him
+that no absolute necessity existed for his playing on, until Morphy mated
+him; but that when he found his game was irretrievably lost, he would be
+justified in resigning. Monsieur Baucher was the first to give in,
+although one of the very strongest of the contestants; Morphy's
+combinations against this gentleman were so astonishing, and the finale so
+brilliant, that Mr. Walker declared in _Bell's Life_--"This game is worthy
+of being inscribed in letters of gold, on the walls of the London Club."
+Bornemann and Preti soon followed, and then Potier and Bierwirth; Messrs.
+Lequesne and Guibert effecting drawn battles; Monsieur Seguin alone was
+left. It was but natural that he should be the last, as he was the
+strongest of the eight combatants, and, truth to tell, he did not believe
+it possible for any one to beat him without seeing the board; but this
+Morphy finally effected in some beautiful pawn play, which would have
+tickled Philidor himself.
+
+Forthwith commenced such a scene as I scarcely hope again to witness.
+Morphy stepped from the arm-chair in which he had been almost immovable
+for ten consecutive hours, without having tasted a morsel of any thing,
+even water, during the whole of the period; yet as fresh, apparently, as
+when he sat down. The English and Americans, of whom there were scores
+present, set up stentorian Anglo-Saxon cheers, and the French joined in as
+the whole crowd made a simultaneous rush at our hero. The waiters of the
+Cafe had formed a conspiracy to carry Morphy in triumph on their
+shoulders, but the multitude was so compact, they could not get near him,
+and finally, had to abandon the attempt. Great bearded fellows grasped his
+hands, and almost shook his arms out of the sockets, and it was nearly
+half an hour before we could get out of the Cafe. A well-known citizen of
+New York, Thomas Bryan, Esq., got on one side of him and M. de Riviere on
+the other, and "Le Pere Morel,"--body and soul for our hero--fought a
+passage through the crowd by main strength, and we finally got into the
+street. There the scene was repeated; the multitude was greater out of
+doors than in the cafe, and the shouting, if possible, more deafening.
+Morphy, Messrs. Bryan and De Riviere and myself, made for the Palais
+Royal, but the crowd still followed us, and when we got to the guardhouse
+of the Imperial Guard, _sergeants de ville_ and soldiers came running out
+to see whether a new revolution was on the _tapis_. We rushed into the
+Restaurant Foy, up stairs, and into a private room; whilst, as we
+subsequently learned, the landlord made anxious inquiries as to the cause
+of all this excitement. Having done our duty to a capital supper, we got
+off by a back street, and thus avoided the crowd, who, we were informed,
+awaited our reappearance in the quadrangle of the Palais Royal.
+
+Next morning, Morphy actually awakened me at seven o'clock, and told me,
+if I would get up, he would dictate to me the moves of yesterday's games.
+I never saw him in better spirits, or less fatigued, than on that
+occasion, as he showed me, for two long hours, the hundreds of variations
+depending on the play of the previous day, with such rapidity that I found
+it hard work to follow the thread of his combinations.
+
+Harrwitz was in the cafe for about an hour during blindfold play, and he
+actually had the assurance to say to me, "You can tell Mr. Morphy, that I
+will continue the match to-morrow." I replied: "I feel satisfied that Mr.
+Morphy will be willing to do so, but I shall most certainly object, and
+all that lies in my power will be done to prevent his seeing a chess-board
+until he has had at least twenty-four hours' rest." And I added: "You had
+better not let it be known that you have made the proposition, or you will
+be badly received in the cafe, depend upon it."
+
+The evening after his blindfold feat, Morphy very inconsiderately took a
+nap in his sitting-room, with the window open. On my arrival I awoke him,
+and he complained of feeling cold. Next morning he was feverish, and in
+any thing but a fit state to meet Harrwitz. Nevertheless I could not
+induce him to keep his room; he said to me: "I would sooner lose the game,
+than that anybody should think I had exhausted myself by a _tour de
+force_, as some will do if I am absent at the proper hour." And he rode to
+the Regence in a state only fit for a hot bath and sweating powder. Well
+might Saint Amant call him the "chivalrous Bayard of Chess."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+CONTINUATION OF THE MATCH WITH HARRWITZ.
+
+
+Morphy was at the Regence to the minute, but Harrwitz was not forthcoming.
+At last we received a message from him that he objected to play any longer
+in the public cafe, and requested Morphy to come up stairs into the rooms
+of the Chess Club. It would be difficult to describe the excitement caused
+by this announcement. Harrwitz's backers, of whom there were eight or ten,
+were very angry; more especially as it was at his own particular desire
+that the match was played in the cafe. The _pretext_ was, that the warm
+atmosphere and noise of the crowd interfered with his game; the _real
+fact_, because everybody, even the aforementioned backers, were favorable
+to Morphy. What was to be done? Our hero, with his clear reasoning, soon
+found the correct reply, and he sent back word that "The Chess Club being
+a private association, it would be an impertinence on his part to use
+their apartments without their permission." Harrwitz would not show
+himself, and the entire affair was near being put a stop to, when certain
+members of the _Cercle_ kindly opened the doors of their Club, and Morphy
+went up stairs.
+
+The two principals being again face to face, Harrwitz commenced with his
+"same old two-and-sixpence" pawn to queen's fourth, and before he had got
+past the twentieth move, Morphy had the attack, position, and every thing.
+But, in process of administering the _coup de grace_, Morphy's feverish
+state told upon him, and he committed an oversight which lost him a rook,
+when within a move or two of winning. It was so stupid a mistake, that he
+immediately burst out laughing at himself. Harrwitz picked off the
+unfortunate rook with the utmost _nonchalance_, as though it were the
+result of his own combinations, and actually told me afterwards, "Oh, the
+game was a drawn one throughout." Morphy got a perpetual check upon him,
+and it was the only "draw" in the contest.
+
+What does the American Chess Monthly mean by calling this palpable
+oversight "an imperfect combination?"
+
+Again we had to wait some time for Mr. Harrwitz. It must not be supposed
+that this gentleman used his frequent "leaves of absence" for the purpose
+of recruiting that health which he represented as so bad. No, he came
+daily to the _Regence_ at the usual hour, and played with anybody, but
+Morphy, until past midnight. He sat down now, in front of his adversary,
+for the eighth and last time, apparently in his ordinary health, and
+fought as tough a battle as any in the contest. The game lasted to the
+fifty-ninth move, and then Harrwitz resigned.
+
+The score now stood, Morphy 5; Harrwitz 2; drawn 1. Next day Morphy
+received a verbal message that "Mr. Harrwitz resigns the match, on account
+of ill health." There was something like a row at the _Cafe de la Regence_
+when this was known, for the Prussian amateur had not even deigned to
+consult his backers, or even to inform them of his intention. Mr.
+Lequesne, his stake-holder, was requested by him to hand over the
+collected amount, two hundred and ninety francs, to our hero, and that
+gentleman forthwith called on Morphy at his hotel. Of course we got the
+fullest particulars from Mr. Lequesne. He informed us that Harrwitz's
+backers were furious, and that they, like himself, were confident that
+their principal was merely indisposed in the _morale_, not at all
+physically. Morphy replied that it never was his desire to play for stakes
+under any circumstances; and, taking into consideration the peculiar facts
+of the case, he would certainly decline receiving the money.
+
+Some time afterwards, Mr. Lequesne returned, and stated that not merely
+were the different subscribers to the stakes desirous that Paul Morphy
+should receive what had been won by him, but that Mr. Harrwitz would, for
+the sake of appeasing his backers, play out the remainder of the match.
+Morphy immediately returned answer, that "Mr. H. having resigned the
+contest, there was an end of the matter, but that he (Morphy) was ready to
+commence a second match immediately." Harrwitz had had enough of beating,
+and he unhesitatingly declined this proposition.
+
+But a difficulty arose in consequence of Morphy's refusal to receive the
+stakes. Letters poured in from all quarters, complaining that bets on the
+result of the contest were influenced by the decision, and Morphy finally
+took the two hundred and ninety francs from Mr. Lequesne. He then caused
+it to be announced publicly, that the money was deposited with the
+proprietor of the _Cafe de la Regence_, that any of the subscribers to the
+amount were at perfect liberty to withdraw their subscriptions, and that
+the remainder should go towards defraying Herr Anderssen's expenses to
+Paris. And so the money was eventually used.
+
+Will any of my readers think it possible that Mr. Harrwitz could, after
+all this, publish that "he had not lost the match, but that Mr. Morphy had
+consented to its being annulled?"
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+MORPHY IN SOCIETY.
+
+
+All the Paris newspapers soon took to writing about our hero, from the
+_Moniteur_ to the _Charivari_. The latter, the oldest and most famous of
+all comic papers, gave cut after cut and article after article upon him;
+in fact, Morphy was its standing joke for a long period. One day there was
+a picture representing "Britannia, astonished at the _checks_ she was
+receiving in India, requesting the young American to get her out of the
+difficulty." Another represented an individual who declined entering the
+_Cafe de la Regence_ in company with his wife, "because there was inside a
+certain Mr. Morphy who would capture his queen from him." After the
+blindfold exhibition, the famous Taxile Delord wrote as follows:
+
+"Well, let us have a game of chess. Shall I give you the rook? Sit down
+here, and I will place myself in this arm-chair."
+
+"Oh, no! Now-a-days, no man who respects himself, thinks of playing with
+the board in front of him."
+
+Upon this imaginary conversation, Delord lets loose a volley of fun,
+ending in this manner:
+
+"I can understand _Ecarte_, I can appreciate _Picquet_, I can even rise to
+the grandeur of _Tric Trac_, but don't talk to me of _Chess_. That game
+will bring us back to tragedy."
+
+What with the illustrated papers giving Morphy's portraits, no two of
+which were ever alike, and the innumerable articles in the "dailies," he
+began to be notorious. Saint Amant wrote that he supplied a want which
+Paris had felt for a long time--the want of a hero. Monsieur Lequesne
+requested him to sit for his bust, and threw so much labor of love into
+the work, that he produced a _chef d'oeuvre_ which all Paris went to
+criticize and to praise. All these various occurrences could not but cause
+excitement in the _salons_, and invitations began to pour in from the
+Faubourgs St. Honore and St. Germain. The first came from the Duchess de
+T----. My readers must forgive me for not mentioning names where a lady is
+concerned. The Duchess stated that she had played at chess since a child,
+and that she was desirous of becoming acquainted with a gentleman whom
+fame heralded as so superior to all amateurs; but that she had no hope of
+proving an antagonist worthy of him. Well, Morphy waited on his fair
+challenger, and out of five games each won two, and one was drawn! Then
+the Princess M---- expressed a desire to play our hero, and other great
+dames followed; and knowing, as I do, the result, I solemnly declare
+that, in spite of my confidence in Morphy's powers of combination, I never
+would bet a cent upon him when his opponent is a lady.
+
+I am not bound to silence when gentlemen are concerned, and I am glad to
+mention amongst chess amateurs, such names as the Duke of Brunswick and
+Counts Casabianca, Isouard, and Bastorot. These gentlemen are thorough
+veterans in the noble game, and chess works and periodicals are no
+strangers to their contests. Count Casabianca was "at home" every Friday
+night, and, whilst some of the company were at whist, ecarte, or other
+games _de la societe_, he would always be in a corner with the Duke of
+Brunswick, Count Isouard, Signor Preti, and other chess amateurs. Morphy
+played against the Duke and the Counts in consultation, and, although he
+almost invariably won, it was no easy matter.
+
+H. R. H. the Duke of Brunswick is a thorough devotee to Caissa; we never
+saw him but he was playing chess with some one or other. We were frequent
+visitors to his box at the Italian Opera; he had got a chess-board even
+there, and played throughout the performance. On our first visit "Norma"
+was performed. The Duke's box is right on the stage; so close, indeed,
+that you might kiss the _prima donna_ without any trouble. Morphy sat with
+his back to the stage, and the Duke and Count Isouard facing him. Now it
+must not be supposed that he was comfortable. Decidedly otherwise; for I
+have already stated that he is passionately fond of music, and, under the
+circumstances, wished chess at Pluto. The game began and went on: his
+antagonists had heard _Norma_ so often that they could, probably, sing it
+through without prompting; they did not even listen to most of it, but
+went on disputing with each other as to their next move. Then Madame
+Penco, who represented the Druidical priestess, kept looking towards the
+box, wondering what was the cause of the excitement inside; little
+dreaming that Caissa was the only _Casta Diva_ the inmates cared about.
+And those tremendous fellows, the "supes," who "did" the Druids, how they
+marched down the stage, chaunting fire and bloodshed against the Roman
+host, who, they appeared to think, were inside the Duke's box.
+
+Some of the pleasantest hours passed by Paul Morphy in the French capital
+were spent at the Baronne de L.'s. This lady, who has long ranked as one
+of the great beauties of Parisian society, is renowned as a patroness of
+the arts. Her friendship for the lamented Pradier has passed into history,
+and her _salons_ are the weekly resort of the most celebrated sculptors,
+painters, and authors of France. And no wonder, for the Baronne is
+gloriously merry and witty, a true child of the sunny South. A Creole,
+from the French West Indies, she immediately took a liking to Morphy,
+"Because," said she, "he is another lazy Creole like myself;" and she
+invited all her acquaintances to come and see him. She would get Morphy
+opposite her, and St. Amant or Lequesne by her side to stop her when she
+was about making too serious a mistake, and would play game after game,
+making us all laugh the whole time with her charming anecdotes and _jeux
+d'esprit_. How she would amuse us when she declared that parties and late
+hours were killing her, and that _they did kill her last season_, and yet
+she was always as fresh as a newly plucked rose. When she found how fond
+Morphy was of music, the principal singers from the opera would be
+present. I remember one night she asked that finest of living _baritones_,
+"the honey-voiced" Graziani, to play our hero at the odds of the Queen.
+Signor Graziani had caught the general enthusiasm, and was applying his
+leisure moments to chess with the energy of a Standigl, and had lately
+been taking lessons from Preti. He at first objected to play, from
+modesty, but the Baronne had determined he should, and she told him that,
+if he would play a game, Morphy would sing a _duo_ with him afterwards.
+This was a sparkle of her fun, of course; but Graziani played, not one,
+but three games, and he then said: "If anybody asks me if I understand
+chess, I shall say, 'Oh, yes; I play sometimes with Mr. Morphy.'"
+
+The United States minister, the Hon. Mr. Mason, took a warm interest in
+his young countryman, occasionally sitting at the board when Morphy was at
+play. The Judge is acquainted with the "Mystery of Chesse," and asked many
+pointed questions after the conclusion of the game, as to the why and the
+wherefore of different moves. It were scarcely right for the United
+States government to appoint a minister to the Court of the Tuileries who
+is ignorant of chess; it would be an insult to the memory of Franklin.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+MORPHY AND THE FRENCH AMATEURS.
+
+
+Morphy's arrival in Paris, and his doings at the Cafe de la Regence, soon
+began to make him much sought after. The way in which some folks get
+lionized in the French capital is remarkable, and Morphy had to submit to
+it, not merely at the cafe, but even in his hotel. We soon found that
+continued residence at the _Hotel Meurice_ would be inconvenient, for many
+reasons; and within a day or two of our arrival, had located ourselves in
+the _Hotel Breteuil_, at the corner of the _Rues de Rivoli_ and _du
+Dauphine_, where we had a magnificent view of the palace and gardens of
+the Tuileries, and were within a stone's throw of the best quarters of
+Paris and the _Regence_. What was our surprise to learn, subsequently,
+that Harrwitz was residing next door to us; and that Saint Amant had,
+formerly, occupied the very apartments in which we had installed
+ourselves. We had not been long in our new abode before Morphy received a
+visit from the grandson of Philidor. They had a lengthy colloquy together,
+and of course Morphy asked his visitor if he played at chess. He replied,
+that he once gave some attention to the game, but found that he possessed
+little aptitude for it, and therefore relinquished all further study; not
+thinking it right that any one bearing the name of Philidor should be
+looked upon as a _mazette_.
+
+Our hero's installation at the Cafe de la Regence waked up all the
+slumbering embers of French chess, and men who had not been seen for years
+past came back to their early love. The well-known Polish amateur,
+Budzinsky, was amongst these, and Laroche, contemporary of Labourdonnais
+and Deschappelles. Then we found there such players as Mr. Eugene
+Rousseau, of New Orleans, on a visit to his family in Paris, and who had
+been so much "at home" in the cafe in other years. How proud he was of the
+fame and feats of his young fellow-townsman amidst the Gallic paladins!
+and how desirous he was that Morphy should encounter Monsieur Laroche,
+whose game he characterized as sound to a terrible extent, characterizing
+that gentleman as "_un rude gaillard_." It was only after Mr. Rousseau's
+departure that Laroche and Morphy met, when we found that the former was
+"sound," but the latter "sounder." Mr. L. had not been seen at the Regence
+for a long period; some told us that he was settled in Bayonne, others
+that he had given up chess altogether: but the appearance in the chess
+heavens of this Star of the West, brought him back to the old
+battle-field, and no one could make even games with him but De Riviere
+and Harrwitz, the Prussian amateur merely winning a small majority.
+
+Monsieur Journoud, one of the best known and strongest of French players,
+and a member of the Paris Committee of Co-operation on the International
+Tournament of 1851, played upwards of a dozen games at different times
+with Morphy; but though he came very near winning on one or two occasions,
+our hero always wriggled out at last at the right end of the horn.
+Journoud once described his opponent's game as "disgustingly correct;"
+Boden speaks of Morphy's "diabolical steadiness," which means pretty near
+the same thing.
+
+De Riviere certainly made the best show against Morphy of all the players
+in Paris, having scored one game in good style, and having lost at least
+one which he ought to have gained. He had got his opponent into a position
+which might be termed "putting it to him," and Morphy, like the wolf,
+was--
+
+    "Dying in silence, biting hard,"
+
+when he made a move "to please the gallery." Now Morphy never allows
+liberties to be taken with so serious a matter as check mate; he goes
+straight to the finish himself without fuss or nonsense, and expects
+others to do the same; he, therefore, worked clear out of his difficulties
+and forced his opponent ultimately to resign. De Riviere was mortified at
+the result, and states that he went home very angry with himself in
+consequence.
+
+This gentleman is incontestably the most rising of the French players, and
+will make some amateurs tremble for their chess reputation ere long. In
+1851, he did not know a move in the game, so that his progress has been
+rapid; and as he has not yet reached his thirtieth year, it is only
+probable that he will become much stronger; that is, if he will keep up
+his practice, which is not certain, inasmuch as he has lately become
+"mated" in a manner most agreeable to his feelings, and we have heard of
+ladies who object to their lords and masters making love to other
+nymphs--even though that nymph be Caissa. Let us hope that, in this
+instance, pater familias, whose "intentions are strictly honorable," may
+be allowed an occasional respite from the cradle and perambulator, and
+that "curtain lectures" will not deter him from hot pursuit after other
+men's queens.
+
+It was soon found useless for any one to play Morphy even, as he scored
+almost every game. Meeting Monsieur Laroche at the cafe one morning, that
+gentleman asked me why our hero did not offer odds to everybody. I replied
+that no doubt many gentlemen would feel hurt at such a proposition being
+made to them, and I asked him--"Would you play Morphy at pawn and move?"
+to which he unhesitatingly replied "Yes." M. Journoud was sitting beside
+him, and he expressed himself in like manner. On informing Paul Morphy of
+this conversation, he requested me to inform the proprietor of the cafe
+that, in future, he should play no one without giving odds; excepting,
+however, Herr Harrwitz. He was most desirous of again meeting the Prussian
+amateur, the latter having made some rather peculiar observations with
+regard to their match; as, for instance, that he had not lost the affair,
+Morphy having consented to annul it: that he was not a match player, and
+played much stronger off-hand: that Morphy did not beat him by
+combination, _but by sitting him out_, and so forth. But Harrwitz always
+took care to keep out of harm's way, and although Morphy came day after
+day to the cafe, with the avowed intention of meeting him, Herr H. had
+always got one or the other reason for not playing.
+
+Laroche, Budzinsky, Devinck, and other leading amateurs tried their luck
+at pawn and move, with no better result than contending even. Others tried
+at pawn and two, as, for instance, Lequesne, Guibert, Lecrivain, and
+Delaunay. Who of my chess readers does not know this brilliant writer in
+the Palamede, who has kept everybody on the broad grin throughout his
+numerous articles? He is always full of fun and sparkling wit, and merrily
+did he display it with Morphy. The first time they played, Delaunay
+sacrificed piece after piece, in a way to terrify anybody but his young
+antagonist, and certainly seemed to occupy a position dangerous to
+Morphy's peace of mind. The latter made one of his peculiar moves, when
+Delaunay observed, eyeing the board with one eye, and the spectators with
+the other--"_Voila un coup du bon Dieu_," and then making his reply, which
+set our hero reflecting, he added--"_Et, en voila un du diable._" But it
+was all of no use, and Morphy soon turned the tables upon him. M. Delaunay
+styles himself "_un casse echiquier_," for he plays as though driving
+spike nails. At the London Divan some months since he astonished the
+spectators by breaking one of the pawns, when he immediately cried
+out--"Oh, that's nothing; I break the rooks in Paris."
+
+Morphy was easily approached by anybody, no matter what their strength,
+and I doubt much whether there is any frequenter of the Regence who did
+not play one or more games with him. As he invariably refused to play for
+any stake, this pleased them the more, and set them making comparisons
+between him and certain others, not at all complimentary to the latter.
+But what pleased them most of all was the quiet unobtrusiveness of his
+behavior, and the courtesy with which he treated everybody. Where his
+skill gained one admirer, his manner made ten warm friends.
+
+Some of my readers may complain that I am "laying it on rather thick," and
+ask "Why shouldn't he be quiet and unobtrusive?" I reply that I am not to
+be deterred from writing what I know to be the fact (having been a witness
+thereof for several months) by any accusation of toadyism. I write what
+George Walker, Saint Amant, Loewenthal, and all the chess editors Morphy
+has met, have written before me; and they wrote as I now write, because
+the circumstance is rather extraordinary. Chess players, generally, are a
+class vain and imperious; and young players, like the young of all
+classes, are apt to be carried away by success. How few eminent amateurs
+are there who do not give themselves certain airs when winning--aye, and
+losing too--lolling back in their seats, sticking their thumbs in their
+arm-holes, and regarding the spectators with a self-satisfied air, as much
+as to say--"There, my boys, what d'ye think of that?" One gentleman at the
+Regence had long bullied the gallery and his antagonists in this manner;
+no wonder, therefore, that Morphy made warm friends of those who were that
+man's enemies.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+MORPHY GETS BEATEN.
+
+
+A few weeks after the resignation of the match by Herr Harrwitz, the
+amateurs of the Regence invited Herr Anderssen to visit Paris for the
+purpose of playing a match with Paul Morphy. Our hero originally intended
+making a visit to the principal chess clubs of Germany, and especially to
+Berlin, but having been an invalid since his arrival in the French
+capital, he feared to undertake the long journey by rail, and it was in
+consequence of this that the aforesaid invitation was sent. Herr Anderssen
+immediately replied, that his duties as mathematical professor at Breslau
+presented an insurmountable objection to his leaving, but that the
+Christmas vacation would enable him to meet the American player in Paris.
+
+Morphy said, thereupon, that he should be deprived of the pleasure of
+crossing swords with the victor in the International Tournament, inasmuch
+as he must be at home before Christmas. On hearing this, I began to talk
+the matter over quietly with him, asserting that his voyage to Europe was
+useless, if he did not play Anderssen. All was of no effect. Morphy did
+not appear to have the slightest ambition, say what I would to him. He
+must be at home in December; he had promised to be there, and home he
+would go. Very well; Morphy and I were at daggers drawn and we began our
+fight. He said he would go, and I said he shouldn't. He wanted to know how
+I could prevent him; I told him that all the clubs in Europe would stop
+him. "Very well," answered he, "I'll be stronger than all Europe."
+"Bravo," says I, "that's spirited, at all events." Says he--says I--says
+I--says he--and Morphy went to sleep and I to work.
+
+Without saying a word to anybody, I set to writing letters to all the
+leading Chess Clubs on the Continent and in England, informing them of the
+bad move Morphy was about to make, and requesting those in the interests
+of chess to induce him to remain, until at all events he had met Herr
+Anderssen. Now, the mere fact of Morphy staying, as the simple individual,
+was nothing; but it was something to make sure beyond all dispute that he
+was infallibly the best living player; and, in addition, to add many games
+to the finest pages of chess literature. I am happy to state that the
+different clubs thought as I did; so the result will prove.
+
+After a week or two, Morphy began receiving letters from Amsterdam,
+Leipsic, Brussels, Berlin, Breslau, etc.; from the London and St. George's
+Chess Clubs; requisitions signed by the amateurs of the Cafe and Cercle
+de la Regence, expressing the earnest wish of all that he would remain
+throughout the winter. Herr Anderssen wrote him a lengthy epistle, in
+which he assured him he did not think it possible he could leave Europe
+without playing him, and adding his voice to the general cry.
+
+Morphy thought he must go. Then the society in which our hero was so
+frequent a visitor began to declare that he really must remain, and it is
+hard work for any man to refuse when a request is backed by such sweet
+glances as make requests almost commands.
+
+Our hero was now wavering, and the game was in my hands, he not at all
+sorry if I could win it. I had one final resource: a pretty little
+check-mate with a medical man and a certificate. The doctor, calling on
+our patient one day, learned from him that he was about returning home,
+whereupon he informed him that in the then state of his health a winter
+voyage across the Atlantic was not precisely beneficial, and wrote his
+opinion accordingly. This I took, and inclosed with other matter to his
+friends in New Orleans, and Morphy seeing no way out of the difficulty,
+ultimately surrendered, and I had the satisfaction of hearing him declare
+that he should pass the winter in Paris. There was only one person
+dissatisfied with this. Meeting Harrwitz shortly after, I informed him
+with a benignant smile, "You will be happy to hear that Morphy has decided
+to pass a few months longer here." Harrwitz replied, with a smile that was
+not benignant, "Then Mr. Morphy _is not a man of his word_."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+MORPHY AND ANDERSSEN.
+
+
+The first week in December, Monsieur de Riviere received a communication
+from Herr Anderssen, announcing his approaching arrival in Paris. A week
+prior to this Morphy had been laid up in bed with a severe illness. The
+rigors of a first winter in northern climates had told upon him, and I
+feared much for the result. He was leeched, and lost a great quantity of
+blood--I told him three or four pints; to which he replied, "Then there's
+only a quart left." He was kept very low during a fortnight, and having to
+lift him out of bed only four days before the match with the great
+Prussian master, I found him too weak to stand upon his legs, although in
+bed he did not feel so helpless. For two months he had had an antipathy to
+chess, and I had experienced the greatest difficulty in inducing him to go
+to the Regence at all. When I would ask him at breakfast what he was going
+to do with himself during the day, his immediate reply would be, "I am not
+going to the Regence," and he declined invitations if he thought he should
+be obliged to play chess.
+
+When I brought him the news that Anderssen had left Breslau, Herr Mayet
+having written me to that effect, Morphy said to me, "I have a positive
+chess fever coming over me. Give me the board and pieces, and I'll show
+you some of Anderssen's games." And with his astounding memory, he gave me
+battle after battle with different adversaries, variations and all. How he
+dilated on a certain game between him and Dufresne, in which, though under
+the mate, he first of all sacrifices his Queen, and after seven or eight
+moves forces his opponent to resign. "There," said Morphy, "that shows the
+master."
+
+What wonderment he has caused with his omnipotent memory! I have seen him
+sit for hours at the Divan and the Regence, playing over, not merely his
+own battles, but the contests of others, till the spectators could
+scarcely believe their senses. It will be remembered by many of my
+readers, that when Mr. Staunton published the eight blindfold games played
+at Birmingham, he omitted some twenty or thirty of the concluding moves in
+the game with the Rev. Mr. Salmon. When we had been two months in Paris,
+Herr Loewenthal wrote me to request that I would forward him the remaining
+moves, as there was a desire to have the _partie_ complete. It was nearly
+midnight, and Morphy had gone into his bedroom after dictating me some
+games played during the day, and, mindful of Herr L.'s request, I called
+to him, asking whether he was coming back, when he replied that he was
+already in bed. I said I should be obliged if he would let me bring him a
+board and light, in order that he might dictate me the required moves,
+when he answered "There's no necessity for that: read me over what
+Staunton published, and I'll give you the remainder." He called over the
+omitted moves as fast as I could write them down.
+
+Going into Morphy's bedroom one morning at ten o'clock, whom should I find
+sitting there but Herr Anderssen? He had arrived by a late train the night
+previous, and his first visit was to his young challenger, whom he was
+indeed sorry to find ill in bed, especially as his absence from Breslau
+was limited to two weeks. Morphy assured him that he should be well enough
+to play the following week; but Anderssen replied that he should not like
+to commence a match until Morphy was in a fit state to undergo the
+fatigue. They then agreed that the match should consist of thirteen games;
+in other words, he should be victor who first scored seven; and, as
+neither of them desired any stake but honor, the preliminaries were
+quickly arranged. From that we got to talking on various subjects, and
+Anderssen informed us, greatly to our surprise, that the German papers had
+published a statement to this effect: "Mr. Morphy has finally decided on
+remaining in Europe until spring, in consequence of the pressing
+solicitations of his friend, Herr Harrwitz." How we roared!
+
+This was Anderssen's first visit to the French metropolis, and I
+immediately offered to show him some of the lions. So forth we sallied. He
+was desirous of going to the Regence; but two hours would elapse before
+anybody would be there, and in the mean time he could see a few public
+buildings. The first place I took him to was, of course, the Louvre, and,
+as it had rained copiously the night before, I walked him across the
+_Place du Carrousel_, in order to soil his boots with the mud. Most of his
+attention was taken up with keeping that portion of his attire clean; but,
+when that had become no longer possible, his leisure was entirely devoted
+to sight-seeing. Of course, we could not altogether avoid talking about
+the main object of his visit; he told me he had only seen a few of
+Morphy's games, and asked me what was the opinion of the Regence in
+reference to his style of play. I replied that it was the opposite of what
+they thought in England and America, characterizing it as sound rather
+than brilliant; but that there was a reason for this, inasmuch as the
+French players persisted in playing close openings. He replied, "No
+wonder; no man would willingly expose himself to Morphy's thundering
+attacks," [attaques foudroyantes.]
+
+On returning to the Regence, we found Harrwitz, who, by-the-bye, is a
+fellow-townsman of Anderssen, and they were at the same school together.
+The latter knew that Harrwitz stated that he beat him the majority of
+games, and he was most desirous of proving the fallacy of the assertion,
+and immediately proposed an encounter. This was accepted, and out of six
+games, played on five different occasions, Anderssen won three, Harrwitz
+one, and two were drawn. After that, little doubt existed as to which was
+the stronger player, and when, just before leaving Paris, Anderssen was
+complimented on this result, he said, "Oh, there is but one Morphy in the
+world."
+
+On the day of Anderssen's arrival, Morphy told his medical adviser that he
+must get him well enough to commence the match on the following Monday.
+The doctor said it all depended upon his feeling sufficiently strong to
+undergo the fatigue, when his patient replied, that what he feared was a
+hard battle exhausting him too much to continue the struggle next day. On
+the doctor's advice, he consented to play the match in the hotel, so as
+not to undergo the fatigue of moving, and it was arranged that only such
+as were specially invited should be present, but that the moves should be
+forwarded every half-hour to the Regence.
+
+The Saturday before the commencement of the match, Harrwitz performed his
+feat of playing eight blindfold games simultaneously at the rooms of the
+Cercle, only subscribers of five francs or upwards being admitted. Herr
+Harrwitz had fixed upon seven o'clock in the evening as the time for
+commencing; and I, like many others, had advised him to choose an earlier
+hour, or he would not get through till long past midnight. He replied that
+he should finish in from four to five hours; "he knew this positively
+because he had been rehearsing for the occasion;" but the result proved
+how much he was mistaken, as he did not get through till near sunrise. His
+antagonists were mainly rook or rook and knight players, Signor Preti, the
+weakest of Morphy's blindfold opponents, being incomparably the strongest.
+Herr Anderssen, who was present, assured me that many of the players left
+pieces _en prise_, as though designedly, and that, beyond the fact of
+seeing the boards in his mind's eye, Harrwitz proved nothing by his
+exertions. The strangest affair in connection with this display is, that
+although Harrwitz edited a chess column in the _Monde Illustre_ he never
+gave a single one of his blindfold games, nor would he permit any to be
+made public.
+
+Mr. Harrwitz was perfectly in his right mind when endeavoring to emulate
+Paul Morphy. But the folks at the Regence ridiculed what they called aping
+his superior, and many were the squibs got off at his expense. One, the
+most popular of all, was as follows:--
+
+    "Tu veux singer Morphy, joueur phenomenal;
+      Jeune imprudent, tu forces ta nature.
+    En vain tu te poses en original,
+      Tu n'en es que la caricature."
+
+In plain English prose--"You wish to ape Morphy, the phenomenon; imprudent
+young man, you strain yourself. It is useless to put yourself forward as
+an original; you are merely a caricature."--Not complimentary, certainly.
+
+On Monday morning, I got Morphy out of bed for the first time since his
+illness, and, at noon, assisted him into the room where the match was to
+come off. No time was lost in getting to work, and, within five minutes of
+his entering, as many moves had been played. Our hero had first move, and
+ventured the Evans' gambit, which he lost after seven hours' fighting, and
+upwards of seventy moves. I noticed that he was restless throughout the
+contest, which was only to be expected after having been so long in bed,
+and without nourishment.
+
+Morphy was charmed with Anderssen's defence throughout, and has frequently
+cited it as an admirably conducted strategy. It proved to him that the
+Evans' is indubitably a lost game for the first player, if the defence be
+carefully played; inasmuch as the former can never recover the gambit
+pawn, and the position supposed to be acquired at the outset, cannot be
+maintained.
+
+He did not appear much fatigued after his exertions, and next morning he
+had visibly improved in appearance. Anderssen, now having the move, played
+out his king's pawn and knight, and Morphy supposed he too was going to
+have a turn at the Evans'. No such thing; he played that disgusting
+arrangement, the Ruy Lopez; but it only came to a drawn game, our hero
+believing he himself could have won it, had he played properly at the end.
+The third day, Morphy looked himself again, his complexion being clear,
+and his eyes sparkling with all their Creole brilliancy. He thought he
+should like to have a turn at the Ruy Lopez also, and dashed away at such
+a furious rate, that Anderssen resigned in a few minutes over the hour,
+some twenty-one moves having been played. Anderssen immediately asked if
+he would commence another game forthwith, and Morphy consented; this
+fourth contest being also a Ruy Lopez, but ending likewise in the
+discomfiture of the Prussian champion. And this _partie_ was the last we
+saw of R. L. during the struggle.
+
+Morphy now scored the fifth, sixth, and seventh games, thus having won
+five consecutively. The eighth was a draw; the ninth he carried off in
+seventeen moves; the tenth, played immediately after, Anderssen marked in
+seventy-seven. As the Professor was leaving, he said to me in his quiet,
+funny way, "Mr. Morphy wins his games in Seventeen moves, and I in
+Seventy. But that is only natural." The eleventh _partie_ Morphy scored,
+thus winning the match; having only lost two games and drawn two.
+
+Immediately after each day's play, Herr Anderssen would walk straight to
+the Regence for the purpose of expediting reports of the same to his
+friends in Leipsic and Berlin. There were always crowds to meet him, and
+to assure him he could have won, and ought not to have lost; but the
+Professor smiled at them incredulously. I have heard him tell them, "Dites
+cela a M. Morphy," (Tell that to Mr. Morphy,) over and over again. One
+individual, who from the beginning, had questioned Morphy's
+superiority,--though he had been beaten by him in the proportion of 7 to
+1--told the Professor in the presence of a crowd of amateurs: "You are not
+playing any thing like as well as with Dufresne."--"No," replied
+Anderssen, "Morphy won't let me;" and he added, "It is no use struggling
+against him; he is like a piece of machinery which is sure to come to a
+certain conclusion." On another occasion he said: "Mr. Morphy always
+plays, not merely the best, but the very best move, and if we play the
+move only approximatively correct, we are sure to lose. Nobody can hope to
+gain more than a game, now and then, from him." And, in reply to a
+question of Monsieur de Riviere, he said in my hearing: "It is impossible
+to play chess better than Mr. Morphy; if there be any difference in
+strength between him and Labourdonnais, it is in his favor."
+
+I have never seen a nobler-hearted gentleman than Herr Anderssen. He would
+sit at the board, examining the frightful positions into which Morphy had
+forced him, until his whole face was radiant with admiration of his
+antagonist's strategy, and, positively laughing outright, he would
+commence resetting the pieces for another game, without a remark. I never
+heard him make a single observation to Morphy complimentary of his skill;
+but, to others, he was loud in admiration of the young American.
+
+After the match was over, the two antagonists played six off-hand games,
+all gambits, Anderssen winning one, and Morphy five. These also came off
+at the Hotel Breteuil, and were rattled away inside of three hours.
+
+The gallery of spectators who witnessed this great contest between the
+champions of the Old World and the New, was select, if not numerous. There
+were present, almost constantly, Saint Amant, De Riviere, Journoud,
+Carlini, Preti, Grosboulogne, Lequesne, and one or two others, and amongst
+the occasional visitors were Counts Casabianca and Bastorot, M. Devinck,
+the Paris correspondent of the N. Y. Times, and any of our hero's
+countrymen who desired to be present. One night, after the day's battle
+was over, Morphy and I were sitting in our room, chatting together, when
+an immense stranger appeared and announced himself as follows: "I am
+Prince Galitzin; I wish to see Mr. Morphy." Morphy looked up from a
+fauteuil in which he was buried, and replied, "I am he." The Prince
+answered, "It is not possible! you're too young;" and then he seated
+himself by Morphy's side and told him, "I first heard of your wonderful
+deeds on the frontiers of Siberia. One of my suite had a copy of the chess
+paper published in Berlin, the _Schachzeitung_, and ever since that time I
+have been wanting to see you." And he told our hero that he must pay a
+visit to St. Petersburg; for the chess club in the Imperial Palace would
+receive him with enthusiasm. I did not hear Morphy promise to go, however.
+
+But to return to Anderssen. The Professor came and went away in a hurry,
+his vacations only lasting two weeks. As he wished us good-bye, he said
+slyly to Morphy, "They won't be pleased with me at Berlin, but I shall
+tell them, 'Mr. Morphy will come here.'"
+
+After the conclusion of the match, I pointed out to Herr Anderssen certain
+remarks on his play in the _Illustrated London News_, in which the writer
+observed, "This is not the play of the victor of the Tournament of '51."
+He replied--"Oh, we know Mr. Staunton; in 1851 his opinions of my play
+were not very high, and he lost not by my skill, but because he was ill.
+Mr. Staunton always has two meanings, one which he writes, and one which
+he keeps to himself."
+
+[Illustration: MR. LEWIS. MR. GEORGE WALKER. MR. MONGREDIEU.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+MORPHY AND MONGREDIEU.
+
+
+After Anderssen's departure, Paul Morphy declared he would play no more
+even matches, and, certainly, his resolve was justified by the unheard-of
+manner in which he had walked over all opponents. There are but two
+players who do not confess the inutility of contending against him on even
+terms--Messrs. Staunton and Harrwitz--but then the former would not fight,
+and the latter fought and ran away, so that their opinions, with regard to
+themselves and Morphy, are somewhat damaged by circumstances. The opinions
+of these two gentlemen are, in fact, peculiar one towards the other; Mr.
+Harrwitz declaring that he can give Mr. Staunton the odds of pawn and
+move; and Mr. S., that he also can afford the same advantage to the
+Prussian player. But no man in his senses believes either of them.
+
+Morphy now determined to offer the pawn and move to Herr Harrwitz, and
+forthwith challenged him to the contest, but the latter respectfully
+declined, on the grounds that he considered himself quite as good a
+player as his challenger. Modest, was it not? especially just after their
+late match, and the _sauve qui peut_ manner in which the Prussian had
+shown his heels before its conclusion? Morphy felt so much desire to play
+this proposed match, that he even offered to find stakes to back his
+antagonist, but all to no purpose. One or two croakers expressed their
+opinion that Morphy would scarcely get a game if the affair came off, when
+our hero replied--"If I do not beat him, he will at all events have to
+work hard for the odd game."
+
+Harrwitz having declined all further risk, there now remained little to be
+accomplished, and Morphy forsook the Regence and seemed to have taken a
+positive aversion to chess. There was, however, one more adversary to be
+overcome; one, who, like Anderssen, sought out our hero in the French
+capital, and threw down his gauntlet, which was immediately taken up. Mr.
+Mongredieu, the President of the London Chess Club, made the journey to
+Paris expressly to remind Paul Morphy that before his departure from
+England, he had promised to play a match with him, and he now announced
+himself as ready for the encounter. Mr. Mongredieu had no idea of
+vanquishing his youthful foe, but in addition to the pleasure of a tilt
+with him, he was desirous of seeing by how much Morphy could beat him.
+
+The contest came off at Mr. Mongredieu's rooms in the Hotel du Louvre,
+Messrs. St. Amant and De Riviere being the only strangers present. The
+first game admirably played by Mr. M. resulted in a draw, and then Morphy
+scored seven _parties_ one after the other, which constituted him victor.
+The third game, beautifully managed throughout by Mr. Mongredieu, slipped
+from his grasp after nine or ten hours' struggle; because of his not
+playing _the very best move_, Morphy stepped in at the lucky moment and
+the day was his. I can easily understand that Mr. Mongredieu was exhausted
+after so many hours' intense application; Morphy never tires, and no
+amount of continuous sitting will ever influence his play. I have seen him
+sit down, in New York, at 9 A. M., and beat one antagonist after another
+until past midnight, for many successive days, yet without weakening his
+play in the least; and when Paulsen would take half an hour on a move, an
+hour over the succeeding one, and on a certain occasion reached the
+unparalleled limit of two hours, Morphy sat calmly looking on, without the
+slightest evidence of impatience. Before Mr. Staunton declined Morphy's
+challenge, I was frequently amused by gentlemen who knew the former well,
+but knew little of the latter, expressing the opinion that the English
+player would tire out his youthful challenger, and win by playing "a
+waiting game." I laughed heartily at their fears, for I knew Morphy could
+sit out Staunton and the late Mr. Williams one after the other. And I
+think my readers must also be satisfied of this, remembering Morphy's _ten
+hours' blindfold play at Paris, without taking even a glass of water, and
+in bodily pain, too_.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+TROPHIES.
+
+
+And now that the battles are over, and the campaigns of this "Attila the
+destroyer" concluded, let us count the killed and wounded.
+
+
+IN ENGLAND.
+
+MATCH GAMES (EVEN.)
+
+Morphy, 9. Loewenthal, 3. Drawn, 3.
+
+PAWN AND MOVE.
+
+Morphy, 5. Rev. J. Owen (Alter), 0. Drawn, 2.
+
+OFF-HAND GAMES.
+
+    Morphy, 19,    Barnes, 7,       Drawn, 0
+       "    10,    Bird, 1,           "    1
+       "     5,    Boden, 1,          "    3
+       "     2,    Hampton, 0,        "    0
+       "     2,    Kipping, 0,        "    0
+       "     6,    Lowe, 0,           "    0
+       "     3,    Medley, 0,         "    0
+       "     2,    Mongredieu, 0,     "    0
+       "     4,    Owen, 1,           "    0
+
+
+CONSULTATION GAMES.
+
+Staunton and Owen, 0. Morphy and Barnes, 2. Drawn, 0.
+
+Loewenthal and Medley, 0. Morphy and Mongredieu, 0. Drawn, 1.
+
+Loewenthal, Mongredieu, and Medley, 0. Morphy, Walker Greenaway, 0. Drawn,
+1.
+
+
+EIGHT GAMES BLINDFOLD AT BIRMINGHAM.
+
+Morphy beat Lord Lyttelton, Doctors Salmon and Freeman, Messrs. Rhodes,
+Wills and Carr; drew against Mr. Avery, and lost the game with Mr.
+Kipping.
+
+In addition to the above score there were many contests at odds, which it
+is unnecessary to mention; Morphy being almost invariably successful.
+
+
+IN FRANCE.
+
+MATCH GAMES.
+
+    Morphy,  7,    Anderssen, 2,    Drawn, 2
+       "     5,    Harrwitz, 2,       "    1
+       "     7,    Mongredieu, 0,     "    1
+
+OFF-HAND GAMES (EVEN).
+
+    Morphy,  5,    Anderssen, 1,    Drawn, 0
+       "     2,    Bancker, 0,        "    0
+       "     7,    Budzinsky, 0,      "    0
+       "     0,    Harrwitz, 1,       "    0
+       "    12,    Journoud, 0,       "    0
+       "     5,    Laroche, 0,        "    2
+       "     6,    Riviere, 1,        "    1
+
+ODDS OF PAWN AND MOVE.
+
+    Morphy,  5,    Budzinsky, 1,    Drawn, 1
+       "     2,    Devinck, 0,        "    2
+       "     1,    Guibert, 0,        "    0
+       "     3,    Laroche, 0,        "    3
+
+ODDS OF THE PAWN AND TWO MOVES.
+
+    Morphy,  4,    Delaunay, 0,     Drawn, 0
+      "      5,    Lecrivain, 2,      "    0
+      "      3,    Lequesne, 0,       "    1
+
+CONSULTATION GAMES.
+
+    Morphy,  2,    Saint Amant and Lequesne, 0,    Drawn, 2
+      "      0,    De Riviere and Journoud, 1,       "    0
+      "      5,    Duke of Brunswick, Counts
+                     Casabianca and Isouard, 0,      "    1
+      "      5,    Duke of Brunswick and Count
+                     Isouard, 0,                     "    0
+
+BLINDFOLD GAMES.
+
+     Morphy beat Messrs. Bancker, Bierwirth, Bornemann, Potier,
+     Preti, and Seguin, and drew the games with Messrs. Guibert and
+     Lequesne.
+
+     At Versailles, Morphy, playing blindfolded, won against
+     Monsieur Chamouillet and the Versailles Chess Club playing
+     together against him, _in consultation_.
+
+I should like to say something on the above score, but feel quite
+incompetent to the task. I can merely state that no player who ever lived,
+(of whom we know any thing,) can produce such a catalogue of victories.
+Surely, it is not too much to declare, on the authority of so much proof,
+that
+
+     MORPHY CAN GIVE PAWN AND MOVE TO EVERY LIVING PLAYER.
+
+
+VALEDICTORY.
+
+Paul Morphy has vanquished the paladins of the Old and New Worlds, and
+vaulted into the very throne of Labourdonnais and Philidor.
+
+Is not this indeed a victory for him,--a triumph for his countrymen? Shall
+not this youth be esteemed worthy of all honor, who, without experience,
+has, by his own marvellous genius, eclipsed the brightness of those stars
+which have flashed in the chess firmament before him?
+
+Chess may be but a game, a pastime, a relaxation; but Chess has at times
+absorbed the faculties of the intellectual in every clime; it numbers
+amongst its amateurs the greatest names of battle-fields and thrones; it
+tells of warriors, poets, painters, sculptors, statesmen and divines; it
+possesses a literature and language of its own; it makes enemies friends,
+and finds a temple on the ocean, in the fortress, and by the peaceful
+fireside.
+
+And long as Chess shall last, Paul Morphy's name will be as a "Household
+Word," and his deeds be held in lasting memory.
+
+
+THE END.
+
+
+
+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+     "_This volume brims with sense, cleverness, and humor. A lively
+     and entertaining collection of great men's thought and quick
+     woman's observation; a book to be read now for amusement, and
+     to be sought hereafter for reference._"--LONDON ATHENAEUM.
+
+     "_A charming book. It is long since the reading public has been
+     admitted to so great a treat as this fascinating collection of
+     wit, anecdote and gossip. It is a delightful reminiscence of a
+     brilliant past, told by one of the best wits still
+     extant._"--LONDON DAILY NEWS.
+
+
+Onward; or, The Mountain Clamberers. A Tale of Progress. By JANE ANNE
+WINSCOM.                                          1 vol. 12mo. 75 cents.
+
+     CONTENTS.--LOOKING UPWARDS; COLIN AND JEANIE; THE FAMILY AT
+     ALLEYNE; OFF! OFF! AND AWAY; ENDEAVORING; EDWARD ARNOLD; POOR,
+     YET NOBLE; LITTLE HARRY; POOR JAMIE CLARK; FIELDS WHITE UNTO
+     THE HARVEST; THE SAND HUTS; THE DRUNKARD'S COTTAGE; THE
+     INFANT'S MINISTRY; STAND STILL; OLD MOSES AND LITTLE ADAH; THE
+     ROCKY GLEN; SALOME; WIDOW M'LEOD; STAFFA AND IONA; CLOUDS AND
+     SUNSHINE; FAITH'S CONFLICT; FAITH'S VICTORY; REUNION; SUMMER
+     DAYS; THE FADING FLOWER; THE UNEXPECTED ARRIVAL, A WEDDING DAY;
+     THE MOUNTAIN-TOPS APPEARING; HASTENING ON; THE SIRE'S BIRTHDAY;
+     THE SUMMIT GAINED.
+
+
+Shakers: Compendium of the Origin, History, Principles, Rules and
+Regulations, Government and Doctrines of the United Society of Believers
+in Christ's Second Appearing, with Biographies of Ann Lee, William Lee,
+Jas. Whittaker, J. Hocknett, J. Mescham, and Lucy Wright. By F. W.
+EVANS.                                            1 vol. 12mo. 75 cents.
+
+
+Cyclopaedia of Wit and Humor, Comprising a Unique Collection of Complete
+Articles, and specimens of Written Humor from Celebrated Humorists of
+America, England, Ireland and Scotland. Illustrated with upwards of 600
+Characteristic Original Designs, and 24 Portraits, from Steel Plates.
+Edited by WILLIAM E. BURTON, the Celebrated Comedian.
+                                             Two vols., 8vo., cloth, $7.
+                               sheep, $8; half mor., $9; half calf, $10.
+
+     "_As this task is a labor of love to Mr. Burton, we are sure of
+     its being well performed._"--NEW YORK TIMES.
+
+     "_The editor has raked many old pieces out of the dust, while
+     he has drawn freely from the great masters of humor in modern
+     times._"--N. Y. TRIBUNE.
+
+     "_We do not see how any lover of humorous literature can help
+     buying it._"--PHILA. PENNSYLVANIAN.
+
+     "_Mr. Burton is the very man to prepare this Cyclopaedia of
+     Fun._"--LOUIS. JOURNAL.
+
+     "_We do not know how any family fond of the ludicrous can
+     afford to dispense with this feast of fun and humor._"--NEW
+     BEDFORD MERCURY.
+
+
+From New York to Delhi. By the way of RIO DE JANEIRO, AUSTRALIA AND
+CHINA. By ROBERT B. MINTURN, JR.         1 vol. 12mo. With a Map. $1 25.
+
+     "_Mr. Minturn's volume is very different from an ordinary
+     sketch of travel over a well-beaten road. He writes with
+     singular condensation. His power of observation is of that
+     intuitive strength which catches at a glance the salient and
+     distinctive points of every thing he sees. He has shown rare
+     cleverness, too, in mingling throughout the work, agreeably and
+     unobtrusively, so much of the history of India, and yet without
+     ever suffering it to clog the narrative._"--CHURCHMAN.
+
+     "_This book shows how much can be accomplished by a wide-awake,
+     thoughtful man in a six months' tour. The literary execution of
+     Mr. Minturn's book is of a high order, and, altogether, we
+     consider it a timely and important contribution to our stock of
+     meritorious works._"--BOSTON JOURNAL.
+
+
+Le Cabinet des Fees; or, Recreative Readings. Arranged for the Express
+Use of Students in French. By GEORGE S. GERARD, A. M., Prof. of French
+and Literature.                                         1 vol. 12mo. $1.
+
+     "_After an experience of many years in teaching, we are
+     convinced that such works as the Adventures of Telemachus and
+     the History of Charles XII., despite their incontestable beauty
+     of style and richness of material, are too difficult for
+     beginners, even of mature age. Such works, too, consisting of a
+     continuous narrative, present to most students the discouraging
+     prospect of a formidable undertaking, which they fear will
+     never be completed._"--EXTRACT FROM PREFACE.
+
+
+The Banks of New York; Their Dealers; The Clearing-House; and the Panic
+of 1857. With a Financial Chart. By J. S. GIBBONS. With Thirty
+Illustrations, by Herrick.         1 vol. 12mo. 400 pages. Cloth, $1.50.
+
+     _A book for every Man of Business, for the Bank Officer and
+     Clerk; for the Bank Stockholder and Depositor; and especially
+     for the Merchant and his Cash Manager; also for the Lawyer, who
+     will here find the exact Responsibilities that exist between
+     the different officers of Banks and the Clerks, and between
+     them and the Dealers._
+
+     _The operations of the Clearing-House are described in detail,
+     and illustrated by a financial Chart, which exhibits, in an
+     interesting manner, the Fluctuations of the Bank Loans._
+
+     _The immediate and exact cause of the Panic of 1857 is clearly
+     demonstrated by the records of the Clearing-House, and a scale
+     is presented by which the deviation of the volume of Bank Loans
+     from an average standard of safety can be ascertained at a
+     single glance_.
+
+
+History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. By
+SAMUEL GREENE ARNOLD. Vol. I. 1636-1700.   1 vol. 8vo. 574 pages. $2.50.
+
+     "_To trace the rise and progress of a State, the offspring of
+     ideas that were novel and startling, even amid the
+     philosophical speculations of the Seventeenth Century; whose
+     birth was a protest against, whose infancy was a struggle with,
+     and whose maturity was a triumph over, the retrograde tendency
+     of established Puritanism; a State that was the second-born of
+     persecution, whose founders had been doubly tried in the
+     purifying fire; a State which, more than any other, has
+     exerted, by the weight of its example, an influence to shape
+     the political ideas of the present day, whose moral power has
+     been in the inverse ratio with its material importance; of
+     which an eminent Historian of the United States has said that,
+     had its territory "corresponded to the importance and
+     singularity of the principles of its early existence, the world
+     would have been filled with wonder at the phenomena of its
+     history," is a task not to be lightly attempted or hastily
+     performed._"--EXTRACT FROM PREFACE.
+
+
+The Ministry of Life. By MARIA LOUISA CHARLESWORTH, Author of "Ministering
+Children." 1 vol., 12mo, with Two Eng's., $1. Of the "Ministering
+Children," (the author's previous work,) 50,000 copies have been sold.
+
+     "_The higher walks of life, the blessedness of doing good, and
+     the paths of usefulness and enjoyment, are drawn out with
+     beautiful simplicity, and made attractive and easy in the
+     attractive pages of this author. To do good, to teach others
+     how to do good, to render the home circle and the neighborhood
+     glad with the voice and hand of Christian charity, is the aim
+     of the author, who has great power of description, a genuine
+     love for evangelical religion, and blends instruction with the
+     story, so as to give charm to all her books._"--N. Y. OBSERVER.
+
+
+The Coopers; or, Getting Under Way. By ALICE B. HAVEN, Author
+of "No Such Word as Fail," "All's Not Gold that Glitters," etc., etc.
+                                       1 vol. 12mo. 336 pages. 75 cents.
+
+     "_To grace and freshness of style, Mrs. Haven adds a genial,
+     cheerful philosophy of Life, and Naturalness of Character and
+     Incident, in the History of the Cooper Family._"
+
+
+A Text Book of Vegetable and Animal Physiology. Designed for the use of
+Schools, Seminaries and Colleges in the United States. By HENRY GOADBY,
+M. D., Professor of Vegetable and Animal Physiology and Entomology, in
+the State Agricultural College of Michigan, &c. A new edition. One
+handsome vol., 8vo., embellished with upwards of 450 wood engravings
+(many of them colored.)                                       Price, $2.
+
+     "_The attempt to teach only Human physiology, like a similar
+     proceeding in regard to Anatomy, can only end in failure;
+     whereas, if the origin (so to speak) of the organic structures
+     in the animal kingdom, be sought for and steadily pursued
+     through all the classes, showing their gradual complication,
+     and the necessity for the addition of accessory organs, till
+     they reach their utmost development and culminate in man, the
+     study may be rendered an agreeable and interesting one, and be
+     fruitful in profitable results._
+
+     "_Throughout the accompanying pages, this principle has been
+     kept steadily in view, and it has been deemed of more
+     importance to impart solid and thorough instruction on the
+     subjects discussed, rather than embrace the whole field of
+     physiology, and, for want of space, fail to do justice to any
+     part of it._"--EXTRACT FROM PREFACE.
+
+
+The Physiology of Common Life. By GEORGE HENRY LEWES, Author of
+"Seaside Studies," "Life of Goethe," etc. No. 1. Just Ready.
+                                                         Price 10 cents.
+
+     EXTRACT FROM PROSPECTUS.
+
+     _No scientific subject can be so important to Man as that of
+     his own Life. No knowledge can be so incessantly appealed to by
+     the incidents of every day, as the knowledge of the processes
+     by which he lives and acts. At every moment he is in danger of
+     disobeying laws which, when disobeyed, may bring years of
+     suffering, decline of powers, premature decay. Sanitary
+     reformers preach in vain, because they preach to a public which
+     does not understand the laws of life--laws as rigorous as those
+     of Gravitation or Motion. Even the sad experience of others
+     yields us no lessons, unless we understand the principles
+     involved. If one Man is seen to suffer from vitiated air,
+     another is seen to endure it without apparent harm; a third
+     concludes that "it is all chance," and trusts to that chance.
+     Had he understood the principle involved, he would not have
+     been left to chance--his first lesson in swimming would not
+     have been a shipwreck._
+
+     _The work will be illustrated with from 20 to 25 woodcuts, to
+     assist the exposition. It will be published in monthly numbers,
+     uniform with Johnston's "Chemistry of Common Life."_
+
+
+
+
+TRANSCRIBERS' NOTES
+
+
+Page 7. musquito as in original
+
+Pages 16, 20. Variable hyphenation of master-pieces, masterpiece as in
+original
+
+Page 31. palladins as in original
+
+Page 98. depreciatory as in original
+
+Page 115. coryphoeus corrected to coryphaeus
+
+Page 135. In the signature, Keneedy changed to Kennedy
+
+Page 152. Algaier corrected to Allgaier
+
+Illustration caption before page 197. MONGREDIEN standardised to
+MONGREDIEU (this may be incorrect and a reference to Augustus
+Mongredien).
+
+General. The following words have variable accenting but have been left
+as in the original as they are used in quotations: Cafe, Caissa, defi,
+Regence. Other accents have been standardised.
+
+General. Variable spelling of McDonnel/McDonnell as in original
+
+General. Variable spelling of Deschapelles/Deschappelles as in original
+
+General. Variable spelling of Huttman/Huttmann as in original
+
+General. Variable spelling of Zytogorsky/Zytogorosky as in original
+
+General. Variable spelling of tournay/tourney as in original
+
+General. Variable capitalisation of Street/street in street names as in
+original
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Exploits and Triumphs, in Europe,
+of Paul Morphy, the Chess Champion, by Frederick Milnes Edge
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