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diff --git a/34120-h/34120-h.htm b/34120-h/34120-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e64026b --- /dev/null +++ b/34120-h/34120-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,20559 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" +"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> +<!-- This HTML file has been automatically generated from an XML source on 2010-10-23T22:16:58.392+02:00. --> +<html lang="en"> +<head> +<meta name="generator" content= +"HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 25 March 2009), see www.w3.org"> +<title>Farthest North</title> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> +<meta name="generator" content= +"tei2html.xsl, see http://code.google.com/p/tei2html/"> +<meta name="author" content="Fridtjof Nansen"> +<link rel="schema.DC" href= +"http://dublincore.org/documents/1998/09/dces/"> +<meta name="DC.Creator" content="Fridtjof Nansen"> +<meta name="DC.Title" content="Farthest North"> +<meta name="DC.Date" content="#####"> +<meta name="DC.Language" content="en"> +<meta name="DC.Format" content="text/html"> +<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="Project Gutenberg"> +<meta name="DC:Subject" content="Arctic regions"> +<meta name="DC:Subject" content="Fram Expedition"> +<style type="text/css"> +body +{ +font: 100%/1.2em "Times New Roman", Times, serif; +margin: 1.58em 16%; +text-align: left; +} +/* Titlepage */ +.titlePage +{ +border: #DDDDDD 2px solid; +margin: 3em 0% 7em 0%; +padding: 5em 10% 6em 10%; +text-align: center; +} +.titlePage .docTitle +{ +line-height: 3.5em; +margin: 2em 0% 2em 0%; +font-weight: bold; +} +.titlePage .docTitle .mainTitle +{ +font-size: 1.8em; +} +.titlePage .docTitle .subTitle, .titlePage .docTitle .seriesTitle, .titlePage .docTitle .volumeTitle +{ +font-size: 1.44em; +} +.titlePage .byline +{ +margin: 2em 0% 2em 0%; +font-size:1.2em; +line-height:1.72em; +} +.titlePage .byline .docAuthor +{ +font-size: 1.2em; +font-weight: bold; +} +.titlePage .figure +{ +margin: 2em 0% 2em 0%; +margin-left: auto; +margin-right: auto; +} +.titlePage .docImprint +{ +margin: 4em 0% 0em 0%; +font-size: 1.2em; +line-height: 1.72em; +} +.titlePage .docImprint .docDate +{ +font-size: 1.2em; +font-weight: bold; +} +/* End Titlepage */ +.transcribernote +{ +background-color:#DDE; +border:black 1px dotted; +color:#000; +font-family:sans-serif; 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+} +.xd20e7583width +{ +width:720px; +} +.xd20e7947width +{ +width:720px; +} +.xd20e8003width +{ +width:720px; +} +.xd20e8288width +{ +width:720px; +} +.xd20e8388width +{ +width:720px; +} +.xd20e8437width +{ +width:720px; +} +.xd20e8460width +{ +width:562px; +} +.xd20e8645width +{ +width:720px; +} +.xd20e8857width +{ +width:593px; +} +.xd20e8889width +{ +width:720px; +} +.xd20e12137 +{ +text-align:center; +} +</style> +</head> +<body> + +<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Farthest North, by Fridtjof Nansen</p> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and +most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms +of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online +at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you +are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the +country where you are located before using this eBook. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Farthest North<br> +Being the Record of a Voyage of Exploration of the Ship 'Fram' 1893-1896</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Fridtjof Nansen</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Contributor: Otto Sverdrup</div> +<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: October 23, 2010 [eBook #34120]<br> +[Most recently updated: December 23, 2022]</p> +<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> + <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: + Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net/ for Project Gutenberg. +</p> +<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FARTHEST NORTH ***</div> + + +<div class="front"> +<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<p class="firstpar"></p> +<div class="figure xd20e88width"><img src="images/titlepage.png" alt= +"Original Title Page." width="453" height="720"></div> +</div> +<div class="titlePage"> +<div class="docTitle"> +<div class="mainTitle">Farthest North</div> +<div class="subTitle">Being the Record of a Voyage of Exploration of +the Ship “Fram” 1893–96 and of a Fifteen +Months’ Sleigh Journey by Dr. Nansen and Lieut. Johansen</div> +</div> +<div class="byline">By <span class="docAuthor">Dr. Fridtjof +Nansen</span><br> +With an Appendix by Otto Sverdrup Captain of the <i>Fram</i></div> +<div class="docImprint"><i>About 120 Full-page and Numerous Text +Illustrations 16 Colored Plates in Facsimile from Dr. Nansen’s +Own Sketches, Etched Portrait, and Photogravures</i><br> +In two volumes<br> +Vol. II.<br> +New York and London<br> +Harper & Brothers Publishers</div> +</div> +<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<p class="firstpar"></p> +<div class="figure xd20e122width" id="frontispiece"><img src= +"images/frontispiece.jpg" alt="Sailing Kayaks" width="720" height= +"468"> +<p class="figureHead">Sailing Kayaks</p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pbiv" href="#pbiv" name= +"pbiv">iv</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<p class="firstpar xd20e128">Copyright, 1897, by <span class= +"sc">Harper & Brothers</span>.</p> +<p class="xd20e128"><i>All rights reserved.</i> <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pbv" href="#pbv" name="pbv">v</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div id="toc" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="main">Contents of Vol. II.</h2> +<ul> +<li><span class="sc">Chap.</span> <span class= +"tocPagenum"><span class="sc">Page</span></span></li> +<li>I. <a href="#ch1"><span class="sc">We Prepare for the Sledge +Expedition</span></a> <span class= +"tocPagenum">1</span></li> +<li>II. <a href="#ch2"><span class="sc">The New Year, 1895</span></a> + <span class="tocPagenum">41</span></li> +<li>III. <a href="#ch3"><span class="sc">We Make a Start</span></a> + <span class="tocPagenum">90</span></li> +<li>IV. <a href="#ch4"><span class="sc">We Say Good-bye to the +“Fram”</span></a> <span class= +"tocPagenum">132</span></li> +<li>V. <a href="#ch5"><span class="sc">A Hard Struggle</span></a> + <span class="tocPagenum">157</span></li> +<li>VI. <a href="#ch6"><span class="sc">By Sledge and Kayak</span></a> + <span class="tocPagenum">236</span></li> +<li>VII. <a href="#ch7"><span class="sc">Land at Last</span></a> + <span class="tocPagenum">308</span></li> +<li>VIII. <a href="#ch8"><span class="sc">The New Year, 1896</span></a> + <span class="tocPagenum">454</span></li> +<li>IX. <a href="#ch9"><span class="sc">The Journey +Southward</span></a> <span class= +"tocPagenum">487</span></li> +</ul> +<p>Appendix</p> +<ul> +<li><a href="#app"><span class="sc">Report of Captain Otto Sverdrup on +the Drifting of the “Fram” from March 14, +1895.</span></a></li> +<li>I. <a href="#ach1"><span class="sc">March 15 to June 22, +1895</span></a> <span class= +"tocPagenum">601</span></li> +<li>II. <a href="#ach2"><span class="sc">June 22 to August 15, +1895</span></a> <span class= +"tocPagenum">633</span></li> +<li>III. <a href="#ach3"><span class="sc">August 15 to January 1, +1896</span></a> <span class= +"tocPagenum">648</span></li> +<li>IV. <a href="#ach4"><span class="sc">January 1 to May 17, +1896</span></a> <span class= +"tocPagenum">668</span></li> +<li>V. <a href="#ach5"><span class="sc">The Third Summer</span></a> + <span class="tocPagenum">683</span></li> +<li><a href="#conclusion"><span class="sc">Conclusion</span></a> + <span class="tocPagenum">707</span></li> +<li><a href="#index"><span class="sc">Index</span></a> + <span class="tocPagenum">715</span></li> +</ul> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pbvii" href="#pbvii" name= +"pbvii">vii</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="main">Illustrations in Vol. II.</h2> +<ul> +<li> <span class="tocPagenum">Page</span></li> +<li><a href="#frontispiece">Sailing Kayaks (<i>Photogravure</i>)</a> + <span class= +"tocPagenum"><i>Frontispiece</i></span></li> +<li><a href="#p002">Hjalmar Johansen</a> +<span class="tocPagenum"><i>Facing p.</i> 2</span></li> +<li><a href="#p009">At the Supper-table (February 14, 1895)</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">9</span></li> +<li><a href="#p017">Scott-Hansen’s Observatory</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">17</span></li> +<li><a href="#p035">Musical Entertainment in the Saloon</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">35</span></li> +<li><a href="#p049">Captain Sverdrup in His Cabin</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">49</span></li> +<li><a href="#p054">The “Fram” in the Ice +(<i>Photogravure</i>)</a> <span class= +"tocPagenum"><i>Facing p.</i> 54</span></li> +<li><a href="#p056">“All Hands on Deck!”</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">56</span></li> +<li><a href="#p065">“A Most Remarkable Moon”</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">65</span></li> +<li><a href="#p067">The “Fram” After an Ice-pressure +(January 10, 1895)</a> <span class= +"tocPagenum">67</span></li> +<li><a href="#p071">The Winter Night (January 14, 1895)</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">71</span></li> +<li><a href="#p079">A Whist-party in the Saloon (February 15, 1895)</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">79</span></li> +<li><a href="#p083">Upper End of the Supper-table (February 15, +1895)</a> <span class= +"tocPagenum">83</span></li> +<li><a href="#p085">Stopping a Dog-fight</a> +<span class="tocPagenum">85</span></li> +<li><a href="#p087">Lower End of Supper-table</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">87</span></li> +<li><a href="#p093">The Crew of the “Fram” after Their +Second Winter (About February 24, 1895)</a> +<span class="tocPagenum">93</span></li> +<li><a href="#p103">The “Fram” in the Ice (1895)</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">103</span></li> +<li><a href="#p107">Sunday Afternoon on Board</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">107</span></li> +<li><a href="#p122">The Cooking Apparatus</a> +<span class="tocPagenum">122</span></li> +<li><a href="#p133">The Start from the “Fram” (March 14, +1895)</a> <span class= +"tocPagenum">133</span></li> +<li><a href="#p137">Our Last Camp before Parting from Our Comrades</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">137</span></li> +<li><a href="#p154">A Night Camp on the Journey North</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">154</span></li> +<li><a href="#p156">Tailpiece</a> <span class= +"tocPagenum">156</span></li> +<li><a href="#p159">Northward through the Drift-snow (April, 1895)</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">159</span></li> +<li><a href="#p162">Nothing but Ice, Ice to the Horizon (April 7, +1895)</a> <span class="tocPagenum"><i>Facing +p.</i> 162</span><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pbviii" href="#pbviii" +name="pbviii">viii</a>]</span></li> +<li><a href="#p165">Over Difficult Pressure-mounds (April, 1895)</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">165</span></li> +<li><a href="#p169">“I Went on Ahead on Snow-shoes”</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">169</span></li> +<li><a href="#p171">“On Tolerably Good Ground”</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">171</span></li> +<li><a href="#p173">Our Northernmost Camp, 86° 13.6′ N. Lat. +(April 8, 1895)</a> <span class= +"tocPagenum">173</span></li> +<li><a href="#p178">“Baro,” the Runaway</a> + <span class="tocPagenum"><i>Facing p.</i> +178</span></li> +<li><a href="#p181">Rest (April, 1895)</a> +<span class="tocPagenum">181</span></li> +<li><a href="#p185">Johansen Carving our Names in a Stock of +Driftwood</a> <span class= +"tocPagenum">185</span></li> +<li><a href="#p187">Peculiar Ice Stratification (April, 1895)</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">187</span></li> +<li><a href="#p203">“We Made Fairly Good Progress”</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">203</span></li> +<li><a href="#p240">Repairing the Kayaks</a> +<span class="tocPagenum">240</span></li> +<li><a href="#p251">A Coign of Vantage. Packed Ice</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">251</span></li> +<li><a href="#p257">“A Curdled Sea”</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">257</span></li> +<li><a href="#p263">Channels in the Ice in Summer (june, 1895)</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">263</span></li> +<li><a href="#p277">“Suggen.” “Kaifas”</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">277</span></li> +<li><a href="#p287">Crossing a Crack in the Ice</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">287</span></li> +<li><a href="#p293">Johansen Sitting in the Sleeping-bag in the Hut</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">293</span></li> +<li><a href="#p297">Channels in the Ice (June 24, 1895)</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">297</span></li> +<li><a href="#p307">My Last Dog, “Kaifas”</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">307</span></li> +<li><a href="#p323">“Incredibly Slow Progress”</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">323</span></li> +<li><a href="#p327">“This Inconceivable Toil”</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">327</span></li> +<li><a href="#p330">“You Must Look Sharp!”</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">330</span></li> +<li><a href="#p337">We Reach the Open Water (August 6, 1895)</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">337</span></li> +<li><a href="#p351">Iceberg on the North Side of Franz Josef Land</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">351</span></li> +<li><a href="#p359">A Paddle along the Edge of the Ice</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">359</span></li> +<li><a href="#p361">Glazier—Franz Josef Land</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">361</span></li> +<li><a href="#p367">A Camp on the Coast of Franz Josef Land</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">367</span></li> +<li><a href="#p375">Crack in the Ice</a> +<span class="tocPagenum">375</span></li> +<li><a href="#p378">“Sailing along the Coast”</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">378</span></li> +<li><a href="#p381">A Fight against the Storm to Reach Land (August 29, +1895)</a> <span class= +"tocPagenum">381</span></li> +<li><a href="#p381">Walruses</a> <span class= +"tocPagenum">387</span></li> +<li><a href="#p387">We Build Our First Hut</a> +<span class="tocPagenum">390</span><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pbix" +href="#pbix" name="pbix">ix</a>]</span></li> +<li><a href="#p397">Walruses</a> <span class= +"tocPagenum">397</span></li> +<li><a href="#p409">“In the Water Lay Walruses”</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">409</span></li> +<li><a href="#p417">“I Photographed Him and the Walrus”</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">417</span></li> +<li><a href="#p419">“It Gazed Wickedly at Us”</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">419</span></li> +<li><a href="#p431">At Our Winter Quarters</a> +<span class="tocPagenum">431</span></li> +<li><a href="#p437">An Illegible Page from Diary</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">437</span></li> +<li><a href="#p451">Our Winter Hut (December 31, 1895)</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">451</span></li> +<li><a href="#p456">“Life in Our Hut”</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">456</span></li> +<li><a href="#p468">“Johansen Fired through the +Opening”</a> <span class= +"tocPagenum">468</span></li> +<li><a href="#p489">“Our Winter Lair”</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">489</span></li> +<li><a href="#p491">Southward (May, 1896)</a> +<span class="tocPagenum">491</span></li> +<li><a href="#p495">Over the Ice towards the Island (May, 24, 1896)</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">495</span></li> +<li><a href="#p507">A Sail with Sledges. South of Cape Richthofen (June +6, 1896)</a> <span class= +"tocPagenum">507</span></li> +<li><a href="#p515">“I Managed to Swing One Leg Up”</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">515</span></li> +<li><a href="#p520">“It Tried to Upset Me”</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">520</span></li> +<li><a href="#p523">Our Last Camp</a> +<span class="tocPagenum">523</span></li> +<li><a href="#p528">Franz Josef Land</a> +<span class="tocPagenum">528</span></li> +<li><a href="#p531">Meeting of Jackson and Nansen</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">531</span></li> +<li><a href="#p535">Mr. Jackson’s Station at Cape Flora</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">535</span></li> +<li><a href="#p537">Nansen at Cape Flora</a> +<span class="tocPagenum">537</span></li> +<li><a href="#p541">A Chat after Dinner</a> +<span class="tocPagenum">541</span></li> +<li><a href="#p543">The Wounded Bear</a> +<span class="tocPagenum">543</span></li> +<li><a href="#p545">Johansen at Cape Flora</a> +<span class="tocPagenum">545</span></li> +<li><a href="#p547">A Visitor</a> <span class= +"tocPagenum">547</span></li> +<li><a href="#p551">Jackson on Cape Flora</a> +<span class="tocPagenum">551</span></li> +<li><a href="#p554">Basaltic Rock</a> +<span class="tocPagenum">554</span></li> +<li><a href="#p559">A Strange Rock of Basalt</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">559</span></li> +<li><a href="#p561">Plant Fossils</a> +<span class="tocPagenum">561</span></li> +<li><a href="#p565">Kittiwake on Her Nest</a> +<span class="tocPagenum">565</span></li> +<li><a href="#p567">Basaltic Cliffs</a> +<span class="tocPagenum">567</span></li> +<li><a href="#p569">Mr. Jackson at Elmwood</a> +<span class="tocPagenum">569</span></li> +<li><a href="#p571">Johansen in Jackson’s Saloon</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">571</span></li> +<li><a href="#p577">Cape Flora. Farewell to Franz Josef Land</a> + <span class= +"tocPagenum">577</span><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pbx" href="#pbx" +name="pbx">x</a>]</span></li> +<li><a href="#p580">“We Stood Looking over the Sea”</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">580</span></li> +<li><a href="#p587">Arrival at Hammerfest</a> +<span class="tocPagenum">587</span></li> +<li><a href="#p591">The “Windward” Leaving Tromsö</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">591</span></li> +<li><a href="#p597">Tailpiece</a> <span class= +"tocPagenum">597</span></li> +<li><a href="#p599">Original Map of Kaiser Franz Josef Land</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">599</span></li> +</ul> +<p>Appendix</p> +<ul> +<li><a href="#p603">Digging Out the “Fram” (March, +1895)</a> <span class= +"tocPagenum">603</span></li> +<li><a href="#p607">The “Fram” when Dug Out of the +Pressure-mound at the End of March, 1895</a> +<span class="tocPagenum">607</span></li> +<li><a href="#p611">Fitting the Hand-sledges with Runners (July, +1895)</a> <span class= +"tocPagenum">611</span></li> +<li><a href="#p615">View over the Drift-ice. Depot in Foreground</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">615</span></li> +<li><a href="#p621">Pressure-mound near the “Fram” (April, +1895)</a> <span class= +"tocPagenum">621</span></li> +<li><a href="#p625">Ice-smithy (May, 1895)</a> +<span class="tocPagenum">625</span></li> +<li><a href="#p627">The “Fram” Before Her Release</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">627</span></li> +<li><a href="#p629">The Procession (May 17, 1895)</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">629</span></li> +<li><a href="#p632">Tailpiece</a> <span class= +"tocPagenum">632</span></li> +<li><a href="#p635">Channel Astern of the “Fram” (June, +1895)</a> <span class= +"tocPagenum">635</span></li> +<li><a href="#p639">Movable Meteorological Station on the Ice (July, +1895)</a> <span class= +"tocPagenum">639</span></li> +<li><a href="#p645">Observation with Sextant and Artificial Horizon +(July, 1895)</a> <span class= +"tocPagenum">645</span></li> +<li><a href="#p653">Cleaning the Accumulators before Stowing Away +(July, 1895)</a> <span class= +"tocPagenum">653</span></li> +<li><a href="#p659">Workshop on Deck (July, 1895)</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">659</span></li> +<li><a href="#p673">Pettersen and Blessing on a Hummock (April, +1895)</a> <span class= +"tocPagenum">673</span></li> +<li><a href="#p679">Lars Pettersen on Snow-shoes</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">679</span></li> +<li><a href="#p682">Tailpiece</a> <span class= +"tocPagenum">682</span></li> +<li><a href="#p697">Flaying Walruses</a> +<span class="tocPagenum">697</span></li> +<li><a href="#p706">Tailpiece</a> <span class= +"tocPagenum">706</span></li> +<li><a href="#p709">The Members of the Expedition after Their Return to +Christiania</a> <span class= +"tocPagenum">709</span></li> +</ul> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pbxi" href="#pbxi" name= +"pbxi">xi</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="main">Colored Plates in Vol. II.</h2> +<ul> +<li>IX. <a href="#plate9">Light Phenomena in the Polar Night (November +22, 1893)</a> <span class= +"tocPagenum"><i>Facing p.</i> 96</span></li> +<li>X. <a href="#plate10">The Polar Night (November 24, 1893)</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">” +176</span></li> +<li>XI. <a href="#plate11">Moon-ring with Mock Moons, and a Suggestion +of Horizontal Axes (November 24, 1893)</a> +<span class="tocPagenum">” 248</span></li> +<li>XII. <a href="#plate12">Moonlight Phenomena at the Beginning of the +Polar Night (November, 1893)</a> <span class= +"tocPagenum">” 320</span></li> +<li>XIII. <a href="#plate13">Streamers of Aurora Borealis (November 28, +1893)</a> <span class="tocPagenum">” +400</span></li> +<li>XIV. <a href="#plate14">Ice near the “Fram” (July 4, +1894)</a> <span class="tocPagenum">” +472</span></li> +<li>XV. <a href="#plate15">Aurora Borealis (October 18, 1894)</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">” +584</span></li> +<li>XVI. <a href="#plate16">An Auroral Crown (December, 1894)</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">” +664</span></li> +</ul> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb1" href="#pb1" name= +"pb1">1</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="body"> +<div id="ch1" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="super">Farthest North</h2> +<h2 class="label">Chapter I</h2> +<h2 class="main">We Prepare for the Sledge Expedition</h2> +<p class="firstpar">Who are to be the two members of the expedition? +Sverdrup and I have tested each other before at this sort of work, and +we could manage very well; but we cannot both leave the <i>Fram</i>: +that is perfectly clear without further argument. One of us must remain +behind to take on himself the responsibility of bringing the others +home in safety; but it is equally clear that one of us two must conduct +the sledge expedition, as it is we who have the necessary experience. +Sverdrup has a great desire to go; but I cannot think otherwise than +that there is more risk in leaving the <i>Fram</i> than in remaining on +board her. Consequently if I were to let him go, I should be +transferring to him the more dangerous task, while keeping the easier +one to myself. If he perished, should I ever be able to forgive myself +for letting him go, even if it was at his own desire? He is nine years +older than I am; I should certainly feel it <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb2" href="#pb2" name="pb2">2</a>]</span>to be a very +uncomfortable responsibility. And as regards our comrades, which of us +would it be most to their interest to keep on board? I think they have +confidence in both of us, and I think either of us would be able to +take them home in safety, whether with or without the <i>Fram</i>. But +the ship is his especial charge, while on me rests the conduct of the +whole, and especially of the scientific investigations; so that I ought +to undertake the task in which important discoveries are to be made. +Those who remain with the ship will be able, as aforesaid, to carry on +the observations which are to be made on board. It is my duty +therefore, to go, and his to remain behind. He, too, thinks this +reasonable.</p> +<p>I have chosen Johansen to be my companion, and he is in all respects +well qualified for that work. He is an accomplished snow-shoer, and few +can equal his powers of endurance—a fine fellow, physically and +mentally. I have not yet asked him, but think of doing so soon, in +order that he may be prepared betimes. Blessing and Hansen also would +certainly be all eagerness to accompany me; but Hansen must remain +behind to take charge of the observations, and Blessing cannot desert +his post as doctor. Several of the others, too, would do quite well, +and would, I doubt not, be willing enough.</p> +<p>This expedition to the north, then, is provisionally decided on. I +shall see what the winter will bring us. Light permitting, I should +prefer to start in February.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e1100width" id="p002"><img src="images/p002.jpg" +alt="Hjalmar Johansen" width="596" height="629"> +<p class="figureHead">Hjalmar Johansen</p> +<p class="firstpar">(<i>From a photograph taken in December, +1893</i>)</p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb3" href="#pb3" name= +"pb3">3</a>]</span></p> +<p>“Sunday, November 18th. It seems as if I could not properly +realize the idea that I am really to set out, and that in three +months’ time. Sometimes I delude myself with charming dreams of +my return home after toil and victory, and then all is clear and +bright. Then these are succeeded by thoughts of the uncertainty and +deceptiveness of the future and what may be lurking in it, and my +dreams fade away like the northern lights, pale and colorless.</p> +<div lang="de" class="lgouter"> +<p class="line">“‘Ihr naht euch wieder, schwankende +Gestalten.’</p> +</div> +<p class="firstpar">“Ugh! These everlasting cold fits of doubt! +Before every decisive resolution the dice of death must be thrown. Is +there too much to venture, and too little to gain? There is more to be +gained, at all events, than there is here. Then is it not my duty? +Besides, there is only one to whom I am responsible, and she...? I +shall come back, I know it. I have strength enough for the task. +‘Be thou true unto death, and thou shalt inherit the crown of +life.’</p> +<p>“We are oddly constructed machines. At one moment all +resolution, at the next all doubt.... To-day our intellect, our +science, all our ‘Leben und Treiben,’ seem but a pitiful +Philistinism, not worth a pipe of tobacco; to-morrow we throw ourselves +heart and soul into these very researches, consumed with a burning +thirst, to absorb everything into ourselves, longing to spy out fresh +paths, and fretting impatiently at our inability to solve <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb4" href="#pb4" name="pb4">4</a>]</span>the problem +fully and completely. Then down we sink again in disgust at the +worthlessness of it all.</p> +<p>“‘As a grain of dust on the balance is the whole world; +as a drop of morning dew that falls on the ground.’ If man has +two souls, which then is the right one?</p> +<p>“It is nothing new to suffer from the fact that our knowledge +can be but fragmentary, that we can never fathom what lies behind. But +suppose, now, that we could reckon it out, that the inmost secret of it +all lay as clear and plain to us as a rule-of-three sum, should we be +any the happier? Possibly just the reverse. Is it not in the struggle +to attain knowledge that happiness consists? I am very ignorant, +consequently the conditions of happiness are mine.</p> +<p>“Let me fill a soothing pipe and be happy.</p> +<p>“No, the pipe is not a success. Twist tobacco is not delicate +enough for airy dreams. Let me get a cigar. Oh, if one had a real +Havana!</p> +<p>“H’m! as if dissatisfaction, longing, suffering, were +not the very basis of life. Without privation there would be no +struggle, and without struggle no life, that is as certain as that two +and two make four. And now the struggle is to begin; it is looming +yonder in the north. Oh, to drink delight of battle in long, deep +draughts! Battle means life, and behind it victory beckons us on.</p> +<p>“I close my eyes. I hear a voice singing to me: <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb5" href="#pb5" name="pb5">5</a>]</span></p> +<div class="lgouter"> +<p class="line">“‘In amongst the fragrant birch,</p> +<p class="line xd20e1138">In amongst the flowers’ perfume,</p> +<p class="line">Deep into the pine-wood’s church.’</p> +</div> +<p class="firstpar">“Monday, November 19th. Confounded +affectation all this Weltschmerz; you have no right to be anything but +a happy man. And if you feel out of spirits, it ought to cheer you up +simply to go on deck and look at these seven puppies that come frisking +and springing about you, and are ready to tear you to pieces in sheer +enjoyment of life. Life is sunshine to them, though the sun has long +since gone, and they live on deck beneath a tent, so that they cannot +even see the stars. There is ‘Kvik,’ the mother of the +family, among them, looking so plump and contented as she wags her +tail. Have you not as much reason to be happy as they? Yet they too +have their misfortunes. The afternoon of the day before yesterday, as I +was sitting at work, I heard the mill going round and round, and Peter +taking food to the puppies, which, as usual, had a bit of a fight over +the meat-pan; and it struck me that the axle of the mill whirling +unguarded on the deck was an extremely dangerous affair for them. Ten +minutes later I heard a dog howling, a more long-drawn, uncomfortable +kind of howl than was usual when they were fighting, and at the same +moment the mill slowed down. I rushed out. There I saw a puppy right in +the axle, whirling round with it and howling piteously, so that it cut +one to the soul. Bentzen was hanging on to the brake-rope, hauling at +it with all his <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb6" href="#pb6" name= +"pb6">6</a>]</span>might and main; but still the mill went round. My +first idea was to seize an axe that was lying there to put the dog out +of its misery, its cries were so heartrending; but on second thoughts I +hurried on to help Bentzen, and we got the mill stopped. At the same +moment Mogstad also came up, and while we held the mill he managed to +set the puppy free. Apparently there was still some life in it, and he +set to work to rub it gently and coax it. The hair of its coat had +somehow or other got frozen on to the smooth steel axle, and the poor +beast had been swung round and bumped on the deck at every revolution +of the wheel. At last it actually raised its head, and looked round in +a dazed way. It had made a good many revolutions, so that it is no +wonder if it found some difficulty in getting its bearings at first. +Then it raised itself on its fore-paws, and I took it aft to the +half-deck and stroked and patted it. Soon it got on all four legs +again, and began shambling about, without knowing where it was +going.</p> +<p>“‘It is a good thing it was caught by the hair,’ +said Bentzen, ‘I thought it was hanging fast by its tongue, as +the other one did.’ Only think of being fixed by the tongue to a +revolving axle—the mere notion makes one shudder! I took the poor +thing down into the saloon and did all I could for it. It soon got all +right again, and began playing with its companions as before. A strange +life to rummage about on deck in the dark and cold; but whenever one +goes up with a lantern they <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb7" href= +"#pb7" name="pb7">7</a>]</span>come tearing round, stare at the light, +and begin bounding and dancing and gambolling with each other round it, +like children round a Christmas-tree. This goes on day after day, and +they have never seen anything else than this deck with a tarpaulin over +it, not even the clear blue sky; and we men have never seen anything +else than this earth!</p> +<p>“The last step over the bridge of resolution has now been +taken. In the forenoon I explained the whole matter to Johansen in +pretty much the same terms as I have used above; and then I expatiated +on the difficulties that might occur, and laid strong emphasis on the +dangers one must be prepared to encounter. It was a serious +matter—a matter of life or death—this one must not conceal +from one’s self. He must think the thing well over before +determining whether he would accompany me or not. If he was willing to +come I should be glad to have him with me; but I would rather, I said, +he should take a day or two to think it well over before he gave me his +answer. He did not need any time for reflection, he said; he was quite +willing to go. Sverdrup had long ago mentioned the possibility of such +an expedition, and he had thought it well over, and made up his mind +that if my choice should fall on him he would take it as a great favor +to be permitted to accompany me. ‘I don’t know whether +you’ll be satisfied with this answer, or whether you would like +me still to think it over; but I should certainly never change my +mind.’ ‘No, if <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb8" href= +"#pb8" name="pb8">8</a>]</span>you have already thought it seriously +over—thought what risks you expose yourself to—the chance, +for instance, that neither of us may ever see the face of man +again—and if you have reflected that even if we get through safe +and sound you must necessarily face a great deal of hardship on an +expedition like this—if you have made up your mind to all this I +don’t insist on your reflecting any longer about it.’ +‘Yes, that I have.’ ‘Well, then, that is settled. +To-morrow we shall begin our preparations for the trip. Hansen must see +about appointing another meteorological assistant.’</p> +<p>“Tuesday, November 20th. This evening I delivered an address +to the whole ship’s company, in which I announced the +determination that had been arrived at, and explained to them the +projected expedition. First of all, I briefly went through the whole +theory of our undertaking, and its history from the beginning, laying +stress on the idea on which my plans had been built up—namely, +that a vessel which got frozen in north of Siberia must drift across +the Polar Sea and out into the Atlantic, and must pass somewhere or +other north of Franz Josef Land and between it and the Pole. The object +of the expedition was to accomplish this drift across the unknown sea, +and to pursue investigations there. I pointed out to them that these +investigations would be of equal importance whether the expedition +actually passed across the Pole itself or at some distance from it. +Judging from our experiences hitherto, we could not entertain +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb11" href="#pb11" name= +"pb11">11</a>]</span>any doubt that the expedition would solve the +problem it had set before it; everything had up to the present gone +according to our anticipations, and it was to be hoped and expected +that this would continue to be the case for the remainder of the +voyage. We had, therefore, every prospect of accomplishing the +principal part of our task; but then the question arose whether more +could not be accomplished, and thereupon I proceeded to explain, in +much the same terms as I have used above, how this might be effected by +an expedition northward.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e1160width" id="p009"><img src="images/p009.jpg" +alt="At the Supper-table, February 14, 1895." width="720" height="507"> +<p class="figureHead">At the Supper-table, February 14, 1895.</p> +<p class="firstpar">1. Scott-Hansen 2. Johansen 3. Nansen 4. Pettersen +5. Nordahl 6. Amundsen 7. Bentzen 8. Juell 9. Henriksen 10. Mogstad 11. +Jacobsen 12. Blessing 13. Sverdrup</p> +<p>(<i>By Johan Nordhagen, from a photograph</i>)</p> +</div> +<p>“I had the impression that every one was deeply interested in +the projected expedition, and that they all thought it most desirable +that it should be attempted. The greatest objection, I think, they +would have urged against it, had they been asked, would have been that +they themselves could not take part in it. I impressed on them, +however, that while it was unquestionably a fine thing to push on as +far as possible towards the north, it was no whit less honorable an +undertaking to bring the <i>Fram</i> safe and sound right through the +Polar Sea, and out on the other side; or if not the <i>Fram</i>, at all +events themselves without any loss of life. This done, we might say, +without fear of contradiction, that it was well done. I think they all +saw the force of this, and were satisfied. So now the die is cast, and +I must believe that this expedition will really take place.”</p> +<p>So we set about our preparations for it in downright <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb12" href="#pb12" name="pb12">12</a>]</span>earnest. +I have already mentioned that at the end of the summer I had begun to +make a kayak for a single man, the frame of which was of bamboo +carefully lashed together. It was rather slow work, and took several +weeks, but it turned out both light and strong. When completed the +framework weighed 16 pounds. It was afterwards covered with sail-cloth +by Sverdrup and Blessing, when the whole boat weighed 30 pounds. After +finishing this I had intrusted Mogstad with the task of building a +similar one. Johansen and I now set to work to make a cover for it. +These kayaks were 3.70 metres (12 feet) long, about O.7 metre (28 +inches) wide in the middle, and one was 30 centims. (12 inches) and the +other 38 centims. (15 inches) deep. This is considerably shorter and +wider than an ordinary Eskimo kayak, and consequently these boats were +not so light to propel through the water. But as they were chiefly +intended for crossing over channels and open spaces in the ice, and +coasting along possible land, speed was not of much importance. The +great thing was that the boats should be strong and light, and should +be able to carry, in addition to ourselves, provisions and equipments +for a considerable time. If we had made them longer and narrower, +besides being heavier they would have been more exposed to injury in +the course of transport over the uneven ice. As they were built they +proved admirably adapted for our purpose. When we loaded them with care +we could stow away in them provisions and equipment for three months at +least <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb13" href="#pb13" name= +"pb13">13</a>]</span>for ourselves, besides a good deal of food for the +dogs; and we could, moreover, carry a dog or two on the deck. In other +respects they were essentially like the Eskimo kayaks, full decked, +save for an aperture in the middle for a man to sit in. This aperture +was encircled by a wooden ring, after the Eskimo fashion, over which we +could slip the lower part of our sealskin jackets, specially adjusted +for this purpose, so that the junction between boat and jacket was +water-tight. When these jackets were drawn tight round the wrists and +face the sea might sweep right over us without a drop of water coming +into the kayak. We had to provide ourselves with such boats in case of +having to cross open stretches of sea on our way to Spitzbergen, or, if +we chose the other route, between Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya. +Besides this aperture in the middle, there were small trap-doors fore +and aft in the deck, to enable us to put our hands in and stow the +provisions, and also get things out more readily, without having to +take out all the freight through the middle aperture, in case what we +wanted lay at either extremity. These trap-doors, however, could be +closed so as to be quite water-tight. To make the canvas quite +impervious to water, the best plan would have been to have sized it, +and then painted it externally with ordinary oil paint; but, on the one +hand, it was very difficult to do this work in the extreme cold (in the +hold the temperature was -20° C., -4° Fahr.), and, on the other +hand, I was afraid the paint might render the canvas <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb14" href="#pb14" name="pb14">14</a>]</span>too hard +and brittle, and apt to have holes knocked in it during transport over +the ice. Therefore I preferred to steep it in a mixture of paraffin and +tallow, which added somewhat to the weight of the kayaks, so that +altogether they came to weigh about 36 pounds apiece.</p> +<p>I had, moreover, some hand-sledges made especially for this +expedition; they were supple and strong, designed to withstand the +severe tests to which an expedition with dogs and heavy freights over +the uneven drift-ice would necessarily expose them. Two of these +sledges were about the same length as the kayaks—that is, 12 +feet. I also made several experiments with respect to the clothes we +should wear, and was especially anxious to ascertain whether it would +do to go in our thick wolfskin garments, but always came to the +conclusion that they were too warm. Thus, on November 29th I write: +“Took another walk northward in my wolfskin dress; but it is +still too mild (-37.6° C.). I sweated like a horse, though I went +fasting and quite gently. It is rather heavy going now in the dark when +one cannot use snowshoes. I wonder when it will be cold enough to use +this dress.”</p> +<p>On December 9th again we went out on snow-shoes. “It was +-41° C. (-41.8° Fahr.). Went in wolfskin dress, but the +perspiration poured down our backs enough to turn a mill. Too warm yet; +goodness knows if it ever will be cold enough.”</p> +<p>Of course, we made some experiments with the tent <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb15" href="#pb15" name="pb15">15</a>]</span>and with +the cooking apparatus. On December 7th I write: “I pitched the +silk tent we are going to take, and used our cooking apparatus in it. +From repeated trials it appeared that from ice of -35° C. (-31° +Fahr.), we boiled 3 litres of water (5¼ pints), and at the same +time melted 5 litres (8¾ pints) in an hour and a half, with a +consumption of about 120 grammes of snowflake petroleum. Next day we +boiled 2½ litres of water (over 4 pints), and melted 2½ +litres in one hour with 100 grammes of snowflake petroleum. Yesterday +we made about two litres of excellent oatmeal porridge, and at the same +time got some half-melted ice and a little water in little over half an +hour, with 50 grammes of snowflake petroleum. Thus there will be no +very great consumption of fuel in the day.”</p> +<p>Then I made all kinds of calculations and computations in order to +find out what would be the most advantageous kind of provisions for our +expedition, where it was of the greatest moment that the food both for +dogs and men should be nutritious, and yet should not weigh more than +was absolutely necessary. Later on, in the list of our equipments, I +shall give the final result of my deliberations on this matter. Besides +all this, we had, of course, to consider and test the instruments to be +taken with us, and to go into many other matters, which, though perhaps +trifles in themselves, were yet absolutely necessary. It is on the +felicitous combination of all these trifles that ultimate success +depends.</p> +<p>We two passed the greater portion of our time in <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb16" href="#pb16" name="pb16">16</a>]</span>these +preparations, which also kept many of the others pretty busy during the +winter. Mogstad, for instance, found steady employment in making +sledges and fitting them with runners, etc. Sverdrup busied himself in +making sleeping-bags and many other things. Juell was appointed +dog-tailor, and when he was not busy in the galley, his time was +devoted to taking the measurements of the dogs, making harness for them +and testing it. Blessing, too, fitted up for us a small, light +medicine-chest, containing selected drugs, bandages, and such other +things as might be of use. One man was constantly employed in copying +out all our journals and scientific observations, etc., etc., on thin +paper in a contracted form, as I wanted, by way of doubly assuring +their preservation, to take a copy of them along with me. Hansen was +occupied in preparing tabular forms necessary for our observations, +curves of the movement of our chronometers, and other such things. +Besides this, he was to make a complete chart of our voyage and +drifting up to the present time.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e1202width" id="p017"><img src="images/p017.jpg" +alt="Scott-Hansen’s Observatory" width="720" height="497"> +<p class="figureHead">Scott-Hansen’s Observatory</p> +</div> +<p>I could not, however, lay too great a claim on his valuable time, as +it was necessary that he should continue his scientific observations +without interruption. During this autumn he had greatly increased the +comfort of his work by building, along with Johansen, an +observation-hut of snow, not unlike an Eskimo cabin. He found himself +very much at his ease in it, with a petroleum lamp hanging from the +roof, the light of which, being reflected by the white snow walls, made +quite a <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb19" href="#pb19" name= +"pb19">19</a>]</span>brilliant show. Here he could manipulate his +instruments quietly and comfortably, undisturbed by the biting wind +outside. He thought it quite warm there, too, when he could get the +temperature up to something like 20° below freezing-point, so that +he was able without much inconvenience to adjust his instruments with +bare hands. Here he worked away indefatigably at his observations day +after day, watching the often mysterious movements of the magnetic +needle, which would sometimes give him no end of trouble. One +day—it was November 24th—he came into supper a little after +6 o’clock quite alarmed and said, “There has just been a +singular inclination of the needle to 24°, and, remarkably enough, +its northern extremity pointed to the east. I cannot remember ever +having heard of such an inclination.” He also had several others +of about 15°. At the same time, through the opening into his +observatory he noticed that it was unusually light out-of-doors, and +that not only the ship, but the ice in the distance, was as plainly +visible as if it had been full moonlight. No aurora, however, could be +discerned through the thick clouds that covered the sky. It would +appear, then, that this unusual inclination was in some way connected +with the northern lights, though it was to the east and not to the +west, as usual. There could be no question of any disturbance of the +floe on which we were lying; for everything had been perfectly still +and quiet, and it is inconceivable that a disturbance which could cause +such a remarkable oscillation <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb20" href= +"#pb20" name="pb20">20</a>]</span>of two points and back again in so +short a space of time should not have been noticed and heard on board. +This theory, therefore, is entirely excluded, and the whole matter +seems to me, for the present, to be incomprehensible. Blessing and I at +once went on deck to look at the sky. Certainly it was so light that we +could see the lanes in the ice astern quite plainly; but there was +nothing remarkable in that, it happened often enough.</p> +<p>“Friday, November 30th. I found a bear’s track on the +ice in front of our bow. The bear had come from the east, trotting very +gently along the lane, on the newly frozen ice, but he must have been +scared by something or other ahead of the vessel, as he had gone off +again with long strides in the same direction in which he had come. +Strange that living creatures should be roaming about in this desert. +What can they have to do here? If only one had such a stomach one could +at least stand a journey to the Pole and back without a meal. We shall +probably have him back again soon—that is, if I understand his +nature aright—and then perhaps he will come a little closer, so +that we may have a good look at him.<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e1214src" href="#xd20e1214" name="xd20e1214src">1</a></p> +<p>“I paced the lane in front of the port bow. It was 348 paces +across, and maintained the same width for a considerable distance +eastward; nor can it be much <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb21" href= +"#pb21" name="pb21">21</a>]</span>narrower for a great distance to the +west. Now, when one bears in mind that the lane behind us is also of +considerable width, it is rather consoling, after all, to think that +the ice does permit of such large openings. There must be room enough +to drift, if we only get wind—wind which will never come. On the +whole, November has been an uncommonly wretched month. Driven back +instead of forward—and yet this month was so good last year. But +one can never rely on the seasons in this dreadful sea; taking all in +all, perhaps, the winter will not be a bit better than the summer. Yet, +it surely must improve—I cannot believe otherwise.</p> +<p>“The skies are clouded with a thick veil, through which the +stars barely glisten. It is darker than usual, and in this eternal +night we drift about, lonely and forsaken, ‘for the whole world +was filled with a shining light and undisturbed activity. Above those +men alone brooded nought but depressing night—an image of that +gloom which was soon to swallow them up.’</p> +<p>“This dark, deep, silent void is like the mysterious, +unfathomable well into which you look for that something which you +think must be there, only to meet the reflection of your own eyes. Ugh! +the worn-out thoughts you can never get rid of become in the end very +wearisome company. Is there no means of fleeing from one’s self, +to grasp one single thought—only a single one, which lies outside +one’s self—is there no way except death? But death is +certain; one day it will come, silent and <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb22" href="#pb22" name="pb22">22</a>]</span>majestic; it will open +Nirvana’s mighty portal, and we shall be swept away into the sea +of eternity.</p> +<p>“Sunday, December 2d. Sverdrup has now been ill for some days; +during the last day or two he has been laid up in his berth, and is +still there. I trust it is nothing serious; he himself thinks nothing +of it, nevertheless it is very disquieting. Poor fellow, he lives +entirely on oatmeal gruel. It is an intestinal catarrh, which he +probably contracted through catching cold on the ice. I am afraid he +has been rather careless in this respect. However, he is now improving, +so that probably it will soon pass off; but it is a warning not to be +over-confident. I went for a long walk this morning along the lane; it +is quite a large one, extending a good way to the east, and being of +considerable breadth at some points. It is only after walking for a +while on the newly frozen ice, where walking is as easy and comfortable +as on a well-trodden path, and then coming up to the snow-covered +surface of the old ice again, that one thoroughly appreciates for the +first time what it means to go without snow-shoes; the difference is +something marvellous. Even if I have not felt warm before, I break out +into a perspiration after going a short distance over the rough ice. +But what can one do? One cannot use snow-shoes; it is so dark that it +is difficult enough to grope one’s way about with ordinary boots, +and even then one stumbles about or slips down between great blocks of +ice.</p> +<p>“I am now reading the various English stories of <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb23" href="#pb23" name="pb23">23</a>]</span>the +polar expeditions during the Franklin period, and the search for him, +and I must admit I am filled with admiration for these men and the +amount of labor they expended. The English nation, truly, has cause to +be proud of them. I remember reading these stories as a lad, and all my +boyish fancies were strangely thrilled with longing for the scenery and +the scenes which were displayed before me. I am reading them now as a +man, after having had a little experience myself; and now, when my mind +is uninfluenced by romance, I bow in admiration. There was grit in men +like Parry, Franklin, James Ross, Richardson, and last, but not least, +in M’Clintock, and, indeed, in all the rest. How well was their +equipment thought out and arranged, with the means they had at their +disposal! Truly, there is nothing new under the sun. Most of what I +prided myself upon, and what I thought to be new, I find they had +anticipated. M’Clintock used the same thing forty years ago. It +was not their fault that they were born in a country where the use of +snow-shoes is unknown, and where snow is scarcely to be found +throughout the whole winter. Nevertheless, despite the fact that they +had to gain their experience of snow and snow travel during their +sojourn up here; despite the fact that they were without snow-shoes and +had to toil on as best they could with sledges with narrow runners over +uneven snow-covered drift-ice—what distances did they not cover, +what fatigues and trials did they not endure! No <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb24" href="#pb24" name="pb24">24</a>]</span>one has +surpassed and scarcely any one approached them, unless, perhaps, the +Russians on the Siberian coast; but then they have the great advantage +of being natives of a country where snow is not uncommon.</p> +<p>“Friday, December 14th. Yesterday we held a great festivity in +honor of the <i>Fram</i> as being the vessel which has attained the +highest latitude (the day before yesterday we reached 82° 30′ +north latitude).</p> +<p>“The bill of fare at dinner was boiled mackerel, with +parsely-butter sauce; pork cutlets and French pease; Norwegian wild +strawberries, with rice and milk; Crown malt extract; afterwards +coffee. For supper: new bread and currant cake, etc., etc. Later in the +evening, a grand concert. Sweets and preserved pears were handed round. +The culminating point of the entertainment was reached when a steaming +hot and fragrant bowl of cherry-punch was carried in and served round +amidst general hilarity. Our spirits were already very high, but this +gave color to the whole proceedings. The greatest puzzle to most of +them was where the ingredients for the punch, and more particularly the +alcohol, had come from.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e1243src" href= +"#xd20e1243" name="xd20e1243src">2</a></p> +<p>“Then followed the toasts. First, a long and festive one to +‘The <i>Fram</i>,’ which had now shown what she was capable +of. It ran somewhat to this effect: ‘There were many wise men who +shook their heads when we started, and sent us ominous farewell +greetings. But their head-shakings <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb25" +href="#pb25" name="pb25">25</a>]</span>would have been less vigorous +and their evil forebodings milder if they could have seen us at this +moment, drifting quietly and at our ease across the most northerly +latitudes ever attained by any vessel, and still farther northward. And +the <i>Fram</i> is now not only the most northerly vessel on the globe, +but has already passed over a large expanse of hitherto unknown +regions, many degrees farther north than have ever been reached in this +ocean on this side of the Pole. But we hope she will not stop here; +concealed behind the mist of the future there are many triumphs in +store for us—triumphs which will dawn upon us one by one when +their time has come. But we will not speak of this now; we will be +content with what has hitherto been achieved, and I believe that the +promise implied in Björnson’s greeting to us and to the +<i>Fram</i>, when she was launched, has already been fulfilled, and +with him we can exclaim:</p> +<div class="lgouter"> +<p class="line">“‘“Hurrah for the ship and her voyage +dread!</p> +<p class="line">Where never before a keel has sped,</p> +<p class="line">Where never before a name was spoken,</p> +<p class="line">By Norway’s name is the silence +broken.’”</p> +</div> +<p class="firstpar">“‘We could not help a peculiar feeling, +almost akin to shame, when comparing the toil and privation, and +frequently incredible sufferings, undergone by our predecessors in +earlier expeditions with the easy manner in which we are drifting +across unknown expanses of our globe larger than it has been the lot of +most, if not all, of the former polar explorers to travel over at a +stretch. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb26" href="#pb26" name= +"pb26">26</a>]</span>Yes, truly, I think we have every reason to be +satisfied with our voyage so far and with the <i>Fram</i>, and I trust +we shall be able to bring something back to Norway in return for the +trust, the sympathy, and the money which she has expended on us. But +let us not on this account forget our predecessors; let us admire them +for the way in which they struggled and endured; let us remember that +it is only through their labors and achievements that the way has been +prepared for the present voyage. It is owing to their collective +experience that man has now got so far as to be able to cope to some +extent with what has hitherto been his most dangerous and obstinate +enemy in the Arctic regions—viz., the <i>drift-ice</i>—and +to do so by the very simple expedient of going with it and not against +it, and allowing one’s self to be hemmed in by it, not +involuntarily, but intentionally, and preparing for it beforehand. On +board this vessel we try to cull the fruits of all our +predecessors’ experiences. It has taken years to collect them; +but I felt that with these I should be enabled to face any vicissitude +of fate in unknown waters. I think we have been fortunate. I think we +are all of the opinion that there is no imaginable difficulty or +obstacle before us that we ought not to be able to overcome with the +means and resources we possess on board, and be thus enabled to return +at last to Norway safe and sound, with a rich harvest. Therefore let us +drink a bumper to the <i>Fram</i>!’</p> +<p>“Next there followed some musical items and a performance +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb27" href="#pb27" name= +"pb27">27</a>]</span>by Lars, the smith, who danced a <i lang="fr">pas +seul</i>, to the great amusement of the company. Lars assured us that +if he ever reached home again and were present at a gathering similar +to those held at Christiania and Bergen on our departure, his legs +should be taxed to their uttermost. This was followed by a toast to +those at home who were waiting for us year after year, not knowing +where to picture us in thought, who were vainly yearning for tidings of +us, but whose faith in us and our voyage was still firm—to those +who consented to our departure, and who may well be said to have made +the greatest sacrifice.</p> +<p>“The festivity continued with music and merriment throughout +the evening, and our good humor was certainly not spoiled when our +excellent doctor came forward with cigars—a commodity which is +getting highly valued up here, as, unfortunately it is becoming very +scarce. The only cloud in our existence is that Sverdrup has not yet +quite recovered from his catarrh. He must keep strict diet, and this +does not at all suit him, poor fellow! He is only allowed wheaten +bread, milk, raw bear’s flesh, and oatmeal porridge; whereas if +he had his own way he would eat everything, including cake, preserves, +and fruit. But he has returned to duty now, and has already been out +for a turn on the ice.</p> +<p>“It was late at night when I retired to my cabin, but I was +not yet in a fit mood to go to sleep. I felt I must go out and saunter +in the wonderful moonlight. Around the moon there was, as usual, a +large ring, and above it <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb28" href= +"#pb28" name="pb28">28</a>]</span>there was an arc, which just touched +it at the upper edge, but the two ends of which curved downward instead +of upward. It looked as if it were part of a circle whose centre was +situated far below the moon. At the lower edge of the ring there was a +large mock moon, or, rather, a large luminous patch, which was most +pronounced at the upper part, where it touched the ring, and had a +yellow upper edge, from which it spread downward in the form of a +triangle. It looked as if it might be an arc of a circle on the lower +side of, and in contact with, the ring. Right across the moon there +were drifting several luminous <span class="corr" id="xd20e1295" title= +"Source: cirrhus">cirrus</span> streaks. The whole produced a fantastic +effect.</p> +<p>“Saturday, December 22d. The same southeasterly wind has +turned into a regular storm, howling and rattling cheerily through the +rigging, and we are doubtless drifting northward at a good rate. If I +go outside the tent on deck, the wind whistles round my ears, and the +snow beats into my face, and I am soon covered with it. From the +snow-hut observatory, or even at a lesser distance, the <i>Fram</i> is +invisible, and it is almost impossible to keep one’s eyes open, +owing to the blinding snow. I wonder whether we have not passed +83°? But I am afraid this joy will not be a lasting one; the +barometer has fallen alarmingly, and the wind has generally been up to +13 or 14 metres (44 or 50 feet) per second. About half-past twelve last +night the vessel suddenly received a strong pressure, rattling +everything on board. I could <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb29" href= +"#pb29" name="pb29">29</a>]</span>feel the vibration under me for a +long time afterwards while lying in my berth. Finally, I could hear the +roaring and grating caused by the ice-pressure. I told the watch to +listen carefully, and ascertain where the pressure was, and to notice +whether the floe on which we were lying was likely to crack, and +whether any part of our equipment was in danger. He thought he could +hear the noise of ice-pressure both forward and aft, but it was not +easy to distinguish it from the roar of the tempest in the rigging. +To-day about 12.30 <span class="sc">P.M.</span> the <i>Fram</i> +received another violent shock, even stronger than that we had +experienced during the night. There was another shake a little later; I +suppose there has been a pressure aft, but could hear nothing for the +storm. It is odd about this pressure: one would think that the wind was +the primary cause; but it recurs pretty regularly, notwithstanding the +fact that the spring-tide has not yet set in; indeed, when it commenced +a few days ago it was almost a neap-tide. In addition to the pressure +of yesterday and last night, we had pressure on Thursday morning at +half-past nine and again at half-past eleven. It was so strong that +Peter, who was at the sounding-hole, jumped up repeatedly, thinking +that the ice would burst underneath him. It is very singular, we have +been quiet for so long now that we feel almost nervous when the +<i>Fram</i> receives those shocks; everything seems to tremble as if in +a violent earthquake.</p> +<p>“Sunday, December 23d. Wind still unchanged, and <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb30" href="#pb30" name="pb30">30</a>]</span>blowing +equally fresh, up to 13 or 14 metres (44 or 47 feet). The snow is +drifting and sweeping so that nothing can be distinguished; the +darkness is intense. Abaft on the deck there are deep mounds of snow +lying round the wheel and the rails, so that when we go up on deck we +get a genuine sample of an Arctic winter. The outlook is enough to make +you shudder, and feel grateful that instead of having to turn out in +such weather, you may dive back again into the tent, and down the +companionway into your warm bunk; but soon, no doubt, Johansen and I +will have to face it out, day and night, even in such weather as this, +whether we like it or not. This morning Pettersen, who has had charge +of the dogs this week, came down to the saloon and asked whether some +one would come out with him on the ice with a rifle, as he was sure +there was a bear. Peter and I went, but we could not find anything. The +dogs left off barking when we arrived on the scene, and commenced to +play with each other. But Pettersen was right in saying that it was +‘horrid weather,’ it was almost enough to take away +one’s breath to face the wind, and the drifting snow forced its +way into the mouth and nostrils. The vessel could not be distinguished +beyond a few paces, so that it was not advisable to go any distance +away from her, and it was very difficult to walk; for, what with +snow-drifts and ice-mounds, at one moment you stumbled against the +frozen edge of a snow-drift, at another you tumbled into a hole. It was +pitch-dark all round. The barometer <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb31" +href="#pb31" name="pb31">31</a>]</span>had been falling steadily and +rapidly, but at last it has commenced to rise slightly. It now +registers about 726 mm. (28.6 inches). The thermometer, as usual, is +describing the inverse curve. In the afternoon it rose steadily until +it registered -21.3°C. Now it appears to be falling again a little, +but the wind still keeps exactly in the same quarter. It has surely +shifted us by now a good way to the north, well beyond the 83d degree. +It is quite pleasant to hear the wind whistling and rattling in the +rigging overhead. Alas! we know that all terrestrial bliss is +short-lived.</p> +<p>“About midnight the mate, who has the watch, comes down and +reports that the ice has cracked just beyond the thermometer house, +between it and the sounding-hole. This is the same crack that we had in +the summer, and it has now burst open again, and probably the whole +floe in which we are lying is split from the lane ahead to the lane +astern of us. The thermograph and other instruments are being brought +on board, so that we may run no risk of losing them in the event of +pressure of ice. But otherwise there is scarcely anything that could be +endangered. The sounding apparatus is at some distance from the open +channel, on the other side. The only thing left there is the shears +with the iron block standing over the hole.</p> +<p>“Thursday, December 27th. Christmas has come round again, and +we are still so far from home. How dismal it all is! Nevertheless, I am +not melancholy. I <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb32" href="#pb32" +name="pb32">32</a>]</span>might rather say I am glad; I feel as if +awaiting something great which lies hidden in the future; after long +hours of uncertainty I can now discern the end of this dark night; I +have no doubt all will turn out successfully, that the voyage is not in +vain and the time not wasted, and that our hopes will be realized. An +explorer’s lot is, perhaps, hard and his life full of +disappointments, as they all say; but it is also full of beautiful +moments—moments when he beholds the triumphs of human faith and +human will, when he catches sight of the haven of success and +peace.</p> +<p>“I am in a singular frame of mind just now, in a state of +sheer unrest. I have not felt inclined for writing during the last few +days; thoughts come and go, and carry me irresistibly ahead. I can +scarcely make myself out, but who can fathom the depths of the human +mind. The brain is a puzzling piece of mechanism: ‘We are such +stuff as dreams are made of.’ Is it so? I almost believe +it—a microcosm of eternity’s infinite ‘stuff that +dreams are made of.’</p> +<p>“This is the second Christmas spent far away in the solitude +of night, in the realm of death, farther north and deeper into the +midst of it than any one has been before. There is something strange in +the feeling; and then this, too, is our last Christmas on board the +<i>Fram</i>. It makes one almost sad to think of it. The vessel is like +a second home, and has become dear to us. Perhaps our comrades may +spend another Christmas here, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb33" href= +"#pb33" name="pb33">33</a>]</span>possibly several, without us who will +go forth from them into the midst of the solitude. This Christmas +passed off quietly and pleasantly, and every one seems to be well +content. By no means the least circumstance that added to our enjoyment +was that the wind brought us the 83d degree as a Christmas-box. Our +luck was, this time, more lasting than I had anticipated; the wind +continued fresh on Monday and Tuesday, but little by little it lulled +down and veered round to the north and northeast. Yesterday and to-day +it has been in the northwest. Well, we must put up with it; one cannot +help having a little contrary wind at times, and probably it will not +last long.</p> +<p>“Christmas-eve was, of course, celebrated with great feasting. +The table presented a truly imposing array of Christmas confectionery: +‘Poor man’s’ pastry, ‘Staghorn’ pastry, +honey-cakes, macaroons, ‘Sister’ cake, and what not, +besides sweets and the like; many may have fared worse. Moreover, +Blessing and I had worked during the day in the sweat of our brow and +produced a ‘Polar Champagne 83d Degree,’ which made a +sensation, and which we two, at least, believed we had every reason to +be proud of, being a product derived from the noble grape of the polar +regions—viz., the cloudberry (<i>multer</i>). The others seemed +to enjoy it too, and, of course, many toasts were drunk in this noble +beverage. Quantities of illustrated books were then brought forth; +there was music, and stories, and songs, and general merriment. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb34" href="#pb34" name= +"pb34">34</a>]</span></p> +<p>“On Christmas day, of course, we had a special dinner. After +dinner coffee and <span class="corr" id="xd20e1343" title= +"Source: curaçoa">curaçao</span> made here on board, and +Nordahl then came forward with Russian cigarettes. At night a bowl of +cloudberry punch was served out, which did not seem by any means +unwelcome. Mogstad played the violin, and Pettersen was electrified +thereby to such a degree that he sang and danced to us. He really +exhibits considerable talent as a comedian, and has a decided bent +towards the ballet. It is astonishing what versatility he displays: +engineer, blacksmith, tinsmith, cook, master of ceremonies, comedian, +dancer, and, last of all, he has come out in the capacity of a +first-class barber and hair-dresser. There was a grand +‘ball’ at night; Mogstad had to play till the perspiration +poured from him; Hansen and I had to figure as ladies. Pettersen was +indefatigable. He faithfully and solemnly vowed that if he has a pair +of boots to his feet when he gets home he will dance as long as the +soles hold together.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e1347width" id="p035"><img src="images/p035.jpg" +alt="Musical Entertainment in the Saloon" width="720" height="527"> +<p class="figureHead">Musical Entertainment in the Saloon</p> +<p class="firstpar">(<i>From a photograph</i>)</p> +</div> +<p>“Day after day, as we progressed with a rattling wind, first +from S.E. and later on E.S.E. and E., we felt more anxious to know how +far we had got; but there had always been a snow-storm or a cloudy sky, +so that we could not make any observations. We were all confident that +we must have got a long way up north, but how far beyond the 83d degree +no one could tell. Suddenly Hansen was called on deck this afternoon by +the news that the stars were visible overhead. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb37" href="#pb37" name="pb37">37</a>]</span>All were +on the tiptoe of expectation. But when he came down he had only +observed one star, which, however, was so near the meridian that he +could calculate that, at any rate, we were north of 83° 20′ +north latitude, and this communication was received with shouts of joy. +If we were not yet in the most northerly latitude ever reached by man, +we were, at all events, not far from it. This was more than we had +expected, and we were in high spirits. Yesterday, being ‘the +Second Christmas-day,’ of course, both on this account and +because it was Juell’s birthday, we had a special dinner, with +oxtail soup, pork cutlets, red whortleberry preserve, cauliflowers, +fricandeau, potatoes, preserved currants, also pastry, and a wonderful +iced-almond cake with the words ‘Glædelig Jul’ (A +Merry Christmas) on it, from Hansen, baker, Christiania, and then malt +extract. We cannot complain that we are faring badly here. About 4 +o’clock this morning the vessel received a violent shock which +made everything tremble, but no noise of ice-packing was to be heard. +At about half-past five I heard at intervals the crackling and +crunching of the pack-ice which was surging in the lane ahead. At night +similar noises were also heard; otherwise the ice was quiet, and the +crack on the port-side has closed up tight again.</p> +<p>“Friday, December 28th. I went out in the morning to have a +look at the crack on the port side which has now widened out so as to +form an open lane. Of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb38" href="#pb38" +name="pb38">38</a>]</span>course, all the dogs followed me, and I had +not got far when I saw a dark form disappear. This was +‘Pan,’ who rolled down the high steep edge of the ice and +fell into the water. In vain he struggled to get out again; all around +him there was nothing but snow slush, which afforded no foothold. I +could scarcely hear a sound of him, only just a faint whining noise now +and then. I leaned down over the edge in order to get near him, but it +was too high, and I very nearly went after him head-first; all that I +could get hold of was loose fragments of ice and lumps of snow. I +called for a seal-hook, but before it was brought to me +‘Pan’ had scrambled out himself, and was leaping to and fro +on the floe with all his might to keep himself warm, followed by the +other dogs, who loudly barked and gambolled about with him, as though +they wished to demonstrate their joy at his rescue. When he fell in +they all rushed forward, looking at me and whining; they evidently felt +sorry for him and wished me to help him. They said nothing, but just +ran up and down along the edge until he got out. At another moment, +perhaps, they may all unite in tearing him to pieces; such is canine +and human nature. ‘Pan’ was allowed to dry himself in the +saloon all the afternoon.</p> +<p>“A little before half-past nine to-night the vessel received a +tremendous shock. I went out, but no noise of ice-packing could be +heard. However, the wind howled so in the rigging that it was not easy +to distinguish <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb39" href="#pb39" name= +"pb39">39</a>]</span>any other sound. At half-past ten another shock +followed; later on, from time to time, vibrations were felt in the +vessel, and towards half-past eleven the shocks became stronger. It was +clear that the ice was packing at some place or other about us, and I +was just on the point of going out when Mogstad came to announce that +there was a very ugly pressure-ridge ahead. We went out with lanterns. +Fifty-six paces from the bow there extended a perpendicular ridge +stretching along the course of the lane, and there was a terrible +pressure going on at the moment. It roared and crunched and crackled +all along; then it abated a little and recurred at intervals, as though +in a regular rhythm; finally it passed over into a continuous roar. It +seemed to be mostly newly frozen ice from the channels which had formed +this ridge; but there were also some ponderous blocks of ice to be seen +among it. It pressed slowly but surely forward towards the vessel; the +ice had given way before it to a considerable distance and was still +being borne down little by little. The floe around us has cracked, so +that the block of ice in which the vessel is embedded is smaller than +it was. I should not like to have that pressure-ridge come in right +under the nose of the <i>Fram</i>, as it might soon do some damage. +Although there is hardly any prospect of its getting so far, +nevertheless I have given orders to the watch to keep a sharp lookout; +and if it comes very near, or if the ice should crack under us, he is +to call me. Probably <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb40" href="#pb40" +name="pb40">40</a>]</span>the pressure will soon abate, as it has now +kept up for several hours. At this moment (12.45 <span class= +"sc">A.M.</span>) there have just been some violent shocks, and above +the howling of the wind in the rigging I can hear the roar of the +ice-pressure as I lie in my berth.” <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb41" href="#pb41" name="pb41">41</a>]</span></p> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e1214" href="#xd20e1214src" name="xd20e1214">1</a></span> He did +not return, after all.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e1243" href="#xd20e1243src" name="xd20e1243">2</a></span> We had +used for this purpose our pure grape-spirit.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch2" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="label">Chapter II</h2> +<h2 class="main">The New Year, 1895</h2> +<p class="firstpar">“Wednesday, January 2, 1895. Never before +have I had such strange feelings at the commencement of the new year. +It cannot fail to bring some momentous events, and will possibly become +one of the most remarkable years in my life, whether it leads me to +success or to destruction. Years come and go unnoticed in this world of +ice, and we have no more knowledge here of what these years have +brought to humanity than we know of what the future ones have in store. +In this silent nature no events ever happen; all is shrouded in +darkness; there is nothing in view save the twinkling stars, +immeasurably far away in the freezing night, and the flickering sheen +of the aurora borealis. I can just discern close by the vague outline +of the <i>Fram</i>, dimly standing out in the desolate gloom, with her +rigging showing dark against the host of stars. Like an infinitesimal +speck, the vessel seems lost amidst the boundless expanse of this realm +of death. Nevertheless, under her deck there is a snug and cherished +home for thirteen men undaunted by the majesty of this realm. In there, +life is freely pulsating, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb42" href= +"#pb42" name="pb42">42</a>]</span>while far away outside in the night +there is nothing save death and silence, only broken now and then, at +long intervals, by the violent pressure of the ice as it surges along +in gigantic masses. It sounds most ominous in the great stillness, and +one cannot help an uncanny feeling as if supernatural powers were at +hand, the Jötuns and Rimturser (frost-giants) of the Arctic +regions, with whom we may have to engage in deadly combat at any +moment; but we are not afraid of them.</p> +<p>“I often think of Shakespeare’s Viola, who sat +‘like Patience on a monument.’ Could we not pass as +representatives of this marble Patience, imprisoned here on the ice +while the years roll by, awaiting our time? I should like to design +such a monument. It should be a lonely man in shaggy wolfskin clothing, +all covered with hoar-frost, sitting on a mound of ice, and gazing out +into the darkness across these boundless, ponderous masses of ice, +awaiting the return of daylight and spring.</p> +<p>“The ice-pressure was not noticeable after 1 o’clock on +Friday night until it suddenly recommenced last night. First I heard a +rumbling outside, and some snow fell down from the rigging upon the +tent roof as I sat reading; I thought it sounded like packing in the +ice, and just then the <i>Fram</i> received a violent shock, such as +she had not received since last winter. I was rocked backward and +forward on the chest on which I was sitting. Finding that the trembling +and rumbling continued, I went out. There was a loud roar of +ice-packing <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb43" href="#pb43" name= +"pb43">43</a>]</span>to the west and northwest, which continued +uniformly for a couple of hours or so. Is this the New-year’s +greeting from the ice?</p> +<p>“We spent New-year’s-eve cozily, with a cloudberry +punch-bowl, pipes, and cigarettes. Needless to say, there was an +abundance of cakes and the like, and we spoke of the old and the new +year and days to come. Some selections were played on the organ and +violin. Thus midnight arrived. Blessing produced from his apparently +inexhaustible store a bottle of genuine ‘<span lang="no">linje +akkevit</span>’ (line <span lang="fr">eau-de-vie</span>), and in +this Norwegian liquor we drank the old year out and the new year in. Of +course there was many a thought that would obtrude itself at the change +of the year, being the second which we had seen on board the +<i>Fram</i>, and also, in all probability, the last that we should all +spend together. Naturally enough, one thanked one’s comrades, +individually and collectively, for all kindness and good-fellowship. +Hardly one of us had thought, perhaps, that the time would pass so well +up here. Sverdrup expressed the wish that the journey which Johansen +and I were about to make in the coming year might be fortunate and +bring success in all respects. And then we drank to the health and +well-being in the coming year of those who were to remain behind on +board the <i>Fram</i>. It so happened that just now at the turn of the +year we stood on the verge of an entirely new world. The wind which +whistled up in the rigging overhead was not only wafting us on to +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb44" href="#pb44" name= +"pb44">44</a>]</span>unknown regions, but also up into higher latitudes +than any human foot had ever trod. We felt that this year, which was +just commencing, would bring the culminating-point of the expedition, +when it would bear its richest fruits. Would that this year might prove +a good year for those on board the <i>Fram</i>; that the <i>Fram</i> +might go ahead, fulfilling her task as she has hitherto done; and in +that case none of us could doubt that those on board would also prove +equal to the task intrusted to them.</p> +<p>“New-year’s-day was ushered in with the same wind, the +same stars, and the same darkness as before. Even at noon one cannot +see the slightest glimmer of twilight in the south. Yesterday I thought +I could trace something of the kind; it extended like a faint gleam of +light over the sky, but it was yellowish-white, and stretched too high +up; hence I am rather inclined to think that it was an aurora borealis. +Again to-day the sky looks lighter near the edge, but this can scarcely +be anything except the gleam of the aurora borealis, which extends all +round the sky, a little above the fog-banks on the horizon, and which +is strongest at the edge. Exactly similar lights may be observed at +other times in other parts of the horizon. The air was particularly +clear yesterday, but the horizon is always somewhat foggy or hazy. +During the night we had an uncommonly strong aurora borealis; wavy +streamers were darting in rapid twists over the southern sky, their +rays reaching to the zenith, and beyond <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb45" href="#pb45" name="pb45">45</a>]</span>it there was to be seen +for a time a band in the form of a gorgeous corona, casting a +reflection like moonshine across the ice. The sky had lit up its torch +in honor of the new year—a fairy dance of darting streamers in +the depth of night. I cannot help often thinking that this contrast +might be taken as typical of the Northman’s character and +destiny. In the midst of this gloomy, silent nature, with all its +numbing cold, we have all these shooting, glittering, quivering rays of +light. Do they not typify our impetuous ‘spring-dances,’ +our wild mountain melodies, the auroral gleams in our souls, the +rushing, surging, spiritual forces behind the mantle of ice? There is a +dawning life in the slumbering night, if it could only reach beyond the +icy desert, out over the world.</p> +<p>“Thus 1895 comes in:</p> +<div class="lgouter"> +<div class="lg"> +<p class="line">“‘Turn, Fortune, turn thy wheel and lower +the proud;</p> +<p class="line">Turn thy wild wheel thro’ sunshine, storm, and +cloud;</p> +<p class="line">Thy wheel and thee we neither love nor hate.</p> +</div> +<div class="lg"> +<p class="line">“‘Smile and we smile, the lords of many +lands;</p> +<p class="line">Frown and we frown, the lords of our own hands;</p> +<p class="line">For man is man and master of his fate.’</p> +</div> +</div> +<p class="firstpar">“Thursday, January 3d. A day of unrest, a +changeful life, notwithstanding all its monotony. But yesterday we were +full of plans for the future, and to-day how easily might we have been +left on the ice without a roof over our heads! At half-past four, in +the morning a fresh rush of ice set in in the lane aft, and at five it +commenced <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb46" href="#pb46" name= +"pb46">46</a>]</span>in the lane on our port side. About 8 +o’clock I awoke, and heard the crunching and crackling of the +ice, as if ice-pressure were setting in. A slight trembling was felt +throughout the <i>Fram</i>, and I heard the roar outside. When I came +out I was not a little surprised to find a large pressure-ridge all +along the channel on the port side scarcely thirty paces from the +<i>Fram</i>; the cracks on this side extended to quite eighteen paces +from us. All loose articles that were lying on the ice on this side +were stowed away on board; the boards and planks which, during the +summer, had supported the meteorological hut and the screen for the +same were chopped up, as we could not afford to lose any materials; but +the line, which had been left out in the sounding-hole with the bag-net +attached to it, was caught in the pressure. Just after I had come on +board again shortly before noon the ice suddenly began to press on +again. I went out to have a look; it was again in the lane on the port +side; there was a strong pressure, and the ridge was gradually +approaching. A little later on Sverdrup went up on deck, but soon after +came below and told us that the ridge was quickly bearing down on us, +and a few hands were required to come up and help to load the sledge +with the sounding apparatus, and bring it round to the starboard side +of the <i>Fram</i>, as the ice had cracked close by it. The ridge began +to come alarmingly near, and, should it be upon us before the +<i>Fram</i> had broken loose from the ice, matters might become very +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb47" href="#pb47" name= +"pb47">47</a>]</span>unpleasant. The vessel had now a greater list to +the port side than ever.</p> +<p>“During the afternoon various preparations were made to leave +the ship if the worst should happen. All the sledges were placed ready +on deck, and the kayaks were also made clear; 25 cases of dog-biscuits +were deposited on the ice on the starboard side, and 19 cases of bread +were brought up and placed forward; also 4 drums, holding altogether 22 +gallons of petroleum, were put on deck. Ten smaller-sized tins had +previously been filled with 100 litres of snowflake oil, and various +vessels containing gasoline were also standing on deck. As we were +sitting at supper we again heard the same crunching and crackling noise +in the ice as usual, coming nearer and nearer, and finally we heard a +crash proceeding from right underneath where we sat. I rushed up. There +was a pressure of ice in the lane a little way off, almost on our +starboard beam. I went down again, and continued my meal. Peter, who +had gone out on the ice, soon after came down and said, laughing as +usual, that it was no wonder we heard some crackling, for the ice had +cracked not a sledge-length away from the dog-biscuit cases, and the +crack was extending abaft of the <i>Fram</i>. I went out, and found the +crack was a very considerable one. The dog-biscuit cases were now +shifted a little more forward for greater safety. We also found several +minor cracks in the ice around the vessel. I then went down and had a +pipe and a pleasant chat with Sverdrup <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb48" href="#pb48" name="pb48">48</a>]</span>in his cabin. After we +had been sitting a good while the ice again began to crack and jam. I +did not think that the noise was greater than usual; nevertheless, I +asked those in the saloon, who sat playing halma, whether there was any +one on deck; if not, would one of them be kind enough to go and see +where the ice was packing. I heard hurried steps above; Nordahl came +down and reported that it was on the port side, and that it would be +best for us to be on deck. Peter and I jumped up and several followed. +As I went down the ladder Peter called out to me from above: ‘We +must get the dogs out; see, there is water on the ice!’ It was +high time that we came; the water was rushing in and already stood high +in the kennel. Peter waded into the water up to his knees and pushed +the door open. Most of the dogs rushed out and jumped about, splashing +in the water; but some, being frightened, had crept back into the +innermost corner and had to be dragged out, although they stood in +water reaching high up their legs. Poor brutes, it must have been +miserable enough, in all conscience, to be shut up in such a place +while the water was steadily rising about them, yet they are not more +noisy than usual.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e1471width" id="p049"><img src="images/p049.jpg" +alt="Captain Sverdrup in His Cabin" width="720" height="487"> +<p class="figureHead">Captain Sverdrup in His Cabin</p> +<p class="firstpar">(<i>From a photograph</i>)</p> +</div> +<p>“The dogs having been put in safety, I walked round the +<i>Fram</i> to see what else had happened. The ice had cracked along +her to the fore, near the starboard bow; from this crack the water had +poured aft along the port side, which was weighed down by the weight of +the ridge steadily pressing on towards us. The crack has just +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb51" href="#pb51" name= +"pb51">51</a>]</span>passed under the middle of the portable forge, +which was thus endangered, and it was therefore put on a sledge and +removed to the great hummock on the starboard quarter. The +pemmican—altogether 11 cases—the cases of dog-biscuits, and +19 cases of bread were conveyed to the same place. Thus we have now a +complete depot lying over there, and, I trust, in entire safety, the +ice being so thick that it is not likely to give way. This has brought +life into the lads; they have all turned out. We took out 4 more tin +cans of petroleum to the hummock, then proceeded to bring up from the +hold and place on deck ready for removal 21 cases of bread, and a +supply of pemmican, chocolate, butter, ‘vril-food,’ soup, +etc., calculated to last us 200 days. Also tents, cooking apparatus, +and the like, were got ready, so that now all is clear up there, and we +may sleep securely; but it was past midnight before we had done. I +still trust that it is all a false alarm, and that we shall have no +occasion for these supplies now, at any rate; nevertheless, it is our +duty to keep everything ready in case the unthinkable should happen. +Moreover, the watch has been enjoined to mind the dogs on the ice and +to keep a sharp lookout in case the ice should crack underneath our +cases or the ice-pressure should recommence; if anything should happen +we are to be called out at once, too early rather than too late. While +I sit here and write I hear the crunching and crackling beginning again +outside, so that there must still be a steady pressure on the ice. All +are in the best <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb52" href="#pb52" name= +"pb52">52</a>]</span>spirits; it almost appears as if they looked upon +this as a pleasant break in the monotony of our existence. Well, it is +half-past one, I had better turn into my bunk; I am tired, and goodness +knows how soon I may be called up.</p> +<p>“Friday, January 4th. The ice kept quiet during the night, but +all day, with some intervals, it has been crackling and settling, and +this evening there have been several fits of pressure from 9 +o’clock onward. For a time it came on, sometimes rather lightly, +at regular intervals; sometimes with a rush and a regular roar; then it +subsided somewhat, and then it roared anew. Meanwhile the +pressure-ridge towers higher and higher and bears right down upon us +slowly, while the pressure comes on at intervals only, and more quickly +when the onset continues for a time. One can actually see it creeping +nearer and nearer; and now, at 1 o’clock at night, it is not many +feet—scarcely five—away from the edge of the snow-drift on +the port side near the gangway, and thence to the vessel is scarcely +more than ten feet, so that it will not be long now before it is upon +us. Meanwhile the ice continues to split, and the solid mass in which +we are embedded grows less and less, both to port and starboard. +Several fissures extend right up to the <i>Fram.</i> As the ice sinks +down under the weight of the ridge on the port side and the <i>Fram</i> +lists more that way, more water rushes up over the new ice which has +frozen on the water that rose yesterday. This is like dying by inches. +Slowly but surely the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb53" href="#pb53" +name="pb53">53</a>]</span>baleful ridge advances, and it looks as if it +meant going right over the rail; but if the <i>Fram</i> will only +oblige by getting free of the ice she will, I feel confident, extricate +herself yet, even though matters look rather awkward at present. We +shall probably have a hard time of it, however, before she can break +loose if she does not do so at once. I have been out and had a look at +the ridge, and seen how surely it is advancing! I have looked at the +fissures in the ice and noted how they are forming and expanding round +the vessel; I have listened to the ice crackling and crunching +underfoot, and I do not feel much disposed to turn into my berth before +I see the <i>Fram</i> quite released. As I sit here now I hear the ice +making a fresh assault, and roaring and packing outside, and I can tell +that the ridge is coming nearer. This is an ice-pressure with a +vengeance, and it seems as if it would never cease. I do not think +there is anything more that we can do now. All is in readiness for +leaving the vessel, if need be. To-day the clothing, etc., was taken +out and placed ready for removal in separate bags for each man.</p> +<p>“It is very strange; there is certainly a possibility that all +our plans may be crossed by unforeseen events, although it is not very +probable that this will happen. As yet I feel no anxiety in that +direction, only I should like to know whether we are really to take +everything on to the ice or not. However, it is past 1 o’clock, +and I think the most sensible thing to do would be to turn in and +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb54" href="#pb54" name= +"pb54">54</a>]</span>sleep. The watch has orders to call me when the +hummock reaches the <i>Fram</i>. It is lucky it is moonlight now, so +that we are able to see something of all this abomination.</p> +<p>“The day before yesterday we saw the moon for the first time +just above the horizon. Yesterday it was shining a little, and now we +have it both day and night. A most favorable state of things. But it is +nearly 2 o’clock, and I must go to sleep now. The pressure of the +ice, I can hear, is stronger again.</p> +<p>“Saturday, January 5th. To-night everybody sleeps fully +dressed, and with the most indispensable necessaries either by his side +or secured to his body, ready to jump on the ice at the first warning. +All other requisites, such as provisions, clothing, sleeping-bags, +etc., etc., have been brought out on the ice. We have been at work at +this all day, and have got everything into perfect order, and are now +quite ready to leave if necessary, which, however, I do not believe +will be the case, though the ice-pressure has been as bad as it could +be.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e1517width" id="p054"><img src="images/p054.jpg" +alt="The “Fram” in the Ice." width="720" height="485"> +<p class="figureHead"><i>The “Fram” in the Ice.</i></p> +</div> +<p>“I slept soundly, woke up only once, and listened to the +crunching and jamming and grinding till I fell asleep again. I was +called at 5.30 in the morning by Sverdrup, who told me that the hummock +had now reached the <i>Fram</i>, and was bearing down on us violently, +reaching as high as the rail. I was not left in doubt very long, as +hardly had I opened my eyes when I heard a thundering and crashing +outside in the ice, as if doomsday had <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb55" href="#pb55" name="pb55">55</a>]</span>come. I jumped up. There +was nothing left for it but to call all hands, to put all the remaining +provisions on the ice, and then put all our furs and other equipment on +deck, so that they could be thrown overboard at a moment’s notice +if necessary. Thus the day passed, but the ice kept quiet. Last of all, +the petroleum launch, which was hanging in the davits on the port side, +was lowered, and was dragged towards the great hummock. At about 8 +o’clock in the evening, when we thought the ice-pressure had +subsided, it started thundering and crashing again worse than ever. I +hurried up. Masses of snow and ice rushed on us, high above the rail +amidships and over the tent. Peter, who also came up, seized a spade +and rushed forward outside the awning as far as the forepart of the +half-deck, and stood in the midst of the ice, digging away, and I +followed to see how matters stood. I saw more than I cared to see; it +was hopeless to fight that enemy with a spade. I called out to Peter to +come back, and said, ‘We had better see to getting everything out +on to the ice.’ Hardly had I spoken, when it pressed on again +with renewed strength, and thundered and crashed, and, as Peter said, +and laughed till he shook again, ‘nearly sent both me and the +spade to the deuce.’ I rushed back to the main-deck; on the way I +met Mogstad, who hurried up, spade in hand, and sent him back. Running +forward under the tent towards the ladder, I saw that the tent-roof was +bent down under the weight of the masses of <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb56" href="#pb56" name="pb56">56</a>]</span>ice, +which were rushing over it and crashing in over the rail and bulwarks +to such an extent that I expected every moment to see the ice force its +way through and block up the passage. When I got below, I called all +hands on deck; but told them when going up not to go out through the +door on the port side, but through the chart-room and out on the +starboard side. In the first place, all the bags were to be brought up +from the saloon, and then we were to take those lying on deck. I was +afraid that if the door on the port side was not kept closed the ice +might, if it suddenly burst through the bulwarks and tent, rush over +the deck and in through the door, fill the passage and rush down the +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb57" href="#pb57" name= +"pb57">57</a>]</span>ladder, and thus imprison us like mice in a trap. +True, the passage up from the engine-room had been cleared for this +emergency, but this was a very narrow hole to get through with heavy +bags, and no one could tell how long this hole would keep open when the +ice once attacked us in earnest. I ran up again to set free the dogs, +which were shut up in ‘Castle-garden’—an enclosure on +the deck along the port bulwark. They whined and howled most dolefully +under the tent as the snow masses threatened at any moment to crush it +and bury them alive. I cut away the fastening with a knife, pulled the +door open, and out rushed most of them by the starboard gangway at full +speed.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e1533src" href="#xd20e1533" name= +"xd20e1533src">1</a></p> +<div class="figure xd20e1543width" id="p056"><img src="images/p056.jpg" +alt="“All Hands on Deck!”" width="592" height="389"> +<p class="figureHead">“All Hands on Deck!”</p> +</div> +<p>Meantime the hands started bringing up the bags. It was quite +unnecessary to ask them to hurry up—the ice did that, thundering +against the ship’s sides in a way that seemed irresistible. It +was a fearful hurly-burly in the darkness; for, to cap all, the mate +had, in the hurry, let the lanterns go out. I had to go down again to +get something on my feet; my Finland shoes were hanging up to dry in +the galley. When I got there the ice was at its worst, and the +half-deck beams were creaking overhead, so that I really thought they +were all coming down. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb58" href="#pb58" +name="pb58">58</a>]</span></p> +<p>“The saloon and the berths were soon cleared of bags, and the +deck as well, and we started taking them along the ice. The ice roared +and crashed against the ship’s side, so that we could hardly hear +ourselves speak; but all went quickly and well, and before long +everything was in safety.</p> +<p>“While we were dragging the bags along, the pressure and +jamming of the ice had at last stopped, and all was quiet again as +before.</p> +<p>“But what a sight! The <i>Fram’s</i> port side was quite +buried under the snow; all that could be seen was the top of the tent +projecting. Had the petroleum launch been hanging in the davits, as it +was a few hours previously, it would hardly have escaped destruction. +The davits were quite buried in ice and snow. It is curious that both +fire and water have been powerless against that boat; and it has now +come out unscathed from the ice, and lies there bottom upward on the +floe. She has had a stormy existence and continual mishaps; I wonder +what is next in store for her?</p> +<p>“It was, I must admit, a most exciting scene when it was at +its worst, and we thought it was imperative to get the bags up from the +saloon with all possible speed. Sverdrup now tells me that he was just +about to have a bath, and was as naked as when he was born, when he +heard me call all hands on deck. As this had not happened before, he +understood there was something serious the matter, and he jumped into +his clothes anyhow. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb59" href="#pb59" +name="pb59">59</a>]</span>Amundsen, apparently, also realized that +something was amiss. He says he was the first who came up with his bag. +He had not understood, or had forgotten, in the confusion, the order +about going out through the starboard door; he groped his way out on +the port side and fell in the dark over the edge of the half-deck. +‘Well, that did not matter,’ he said; ‘he was quite +used to that kind of thing;’ but having pulled himself together +after the fall, and as he was lying there on his back, he dared not +move, for it seemed to him as if tent and all were coming down on him, +and it thundered and crashed against the gunwale and the hull as if the +last hour had come. It finally dawned on him why he ought to have gone +out on the starboard and not on the port side.</p> +<p>“All that could possibly be thought to be of any use was taken +out. The mate was seen dragging along a big bag of clothes with a heavy +bundle of cups fastened outside it. Later he was stalking about with +all sorts of things, such as mittens, knives, cups, etc., fastened to +his clothes and dangling about him, so that the rattling noise could be +heard afar off. He is himself to the last.</p> +<p>“In the evening the men all started eating their stock of +cakes, sweetmeats, and such-like, smoked tobacco, and enjoyed +themselves in the most animated fashion. They evidently thought it was +uncertain when they should next have such a time on board the +<i>Fram</i>, and therefore they thought it was best to avail themselves +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb60" href="#pb60" name= +"pb60">60</a>]</span>of the opportunity. We are now living in marching +order on an empty ship.</p> +<p>“By way of precaution we have now burst open again the passage +on the starboard side which was used as a library and had therefore +been closed, and all doors are now kept always open, so that we can be +sure of getting out, even if anything should give way. We do not want +the ice-pressure to close the doors against us by jamming the doorposts +together. But she certainly is a strong ship. It is a mighty ridge that +we have in our port side, and the masses of ice are tremendous. The +ship is listing more than ever, nearly 7°; but since the last +pressure she has righted herself a little again, so that she must +surely have broken away from the ice and begun to rise, and all danger +is doubtless over. So, after all, it has been a case of ‘Much ado +about nothing.’</p> +<p>“Sunday, January 6th. A quiet day; no jamming since last +night. Most of the fellows slept well on into the morning. This +afternoon all have been very busy digging the <i>Fram</i> out of the +ice again, and we have now got the rail clear right aft to the +half-deck; but a tremendous mass had fallen over the tent. It was above +the second ratline in the fore-shrouds, and fully six feet over the +rail. It is a marvel that the tent stood it; but it was a very good +thing that it did do so, for otherwise it is hard to say what might +have become of many of the dogs. This afternoon Hansen took a meridian +observation, which gave 83° 34′ north latitude. Hurrah! +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb61" href="#pb61" name= +"pb61">61</a>]</span>We are getting on well northward—thirteen +minutes since Monday—and the most northern latitude is now +reached. It goes without saying that the occasion was duly celebrated +with a bowl of punch, preserved fruits, cakes, and the doctor’s +cigars.</p> +<p>“Last night we were running with the bags for our lives; +to-night we are drinking punch and feasting: such are, indeed, the +vicissitudes of fate. All this roaring and crashing for the last few +days has been, perhaps, a cannonade to celebrate our reaching such a +high latitude. If that be so, it must be admitted that the ice has done +full honor to the occasion. Well, never mind, let it crash on so long +as we only get northward. The <i>Fram</i> will, no doubt, stand it now; +she has lifted fully one foot forward and fully six inches aft, and she +has slipped a little astern. Moreover, we cannot find so much as a +single stanchion in the bulwarks that has started, yet to-night every +man will sleep fully prepared to make for the ice.</p> +<p>“Monday, January 7th. There was a little jamming of the ice +occasionally during the day, but only of slight duration, then all was +quiet again. Evidently the ice has not yet settled, and we have perhaps +more to expect from our friend to port, whom I would willingly exchange +for a better neighbor.</p> +<p>“It seems, however, as if the ice-pressure had altered its +direction since the wind has changed to S.E. It is now confined to the +ridges fore and aft athwart the wind; <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb62" href="#pb62" name="pb62">62</a>]</span>while our friend to port, +lying almost in the line of the wind, has kept somewhat quieter.</p> +<p>“Everything has an end, as the boy said when he was in for a +birching. Perhaps the growth of this ridge has come to an end now, +perhaps not; the one thing is just as likely as the other.</p> +<p>“To-day the work of extricating the <i>Fram</i> is proceeding; +we will at all events get the rails clear of the ice. It presents a +most imposing sight by the light of the moon, and, however conscious of +one’s own strength, one cannot help respecting an antagonist who +commands such powers, and who, in a few moments, is capable of putting +mighty machinery into action. It is rather an awkward battering-ram to +face. The <i>Fram</i> is equal to it, but no other ship could have +resisted such an onslaught. In less than an hour this ice will build up +a wall alongside us and over us which it might take us a month to get +out of, and possibly longer than that. There is something gigantic +about it; it is like a struggle between dwarfs and an ogre, in which +the pygmies have to resort to cunning and trickery to get out of the +clutches of one who seldom relaxes his grip. The <i>Fram</i> is the +ship which the pygmies have built with all their cunning in order to +fight the ogre; and on board this ship they work as busily as ants, +while the ogre only thinks it worth while to roll over and twist his +body about now and then, but every time he turns over it seems as +though the nutshell would be <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb63" href= +"#pb63" name="pb63">63</a>]</span>smashed and buried, and would +disappear; but the pygmies have built their nutshell so cleverly that +it always keeps afloat, and wriggles itself free from the deadly +embrace. The old traditions and legends about giants, about +Thor’s battles in the Jötunheim, when rocks were split and +crags were hurled about, and the valleys were filled with falling +boulders, all come back to me when I look at these mighty ridges of ice +winding their way far off in the moonlight; and when I see the men +standing on the ice-heap cutting and digging to remove a fraction of +it, then they seem to me smaller than pygmies, smaller than ants; but +although each ant carries only a single fir-needle, yet in course of +time they build an ant-hill, where they can live comfortably, sheltered +from storm and winter.</p> +<p>“Had this attack on the <i>Fram</i> been planned by the aid of +all the wickedness in the world, it could not have been a worse one. +The floe, seven feet thick, has borne down on us on the port side, +forcing itself up on the ice, in which we are lying, and crushing it +down. Thus the <i>Fram</i> was forced down with the ice, while the +other floe, packed up on the ice beneath, bore down on her, and took +her amidships while she was still frozen fast. As far as I can judge, +she could hardly have had a tighter squeeze; it was no wonder that she +groaned under it; but she withstood it, broke loose, and eased. Who +shall say after this that a vessel’s shape is of little +consequence? Had the <i>Fram</i> not been designed as she was, +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb64" href="#pb64" name= +"pb64">64</a>]</span>we should not have been sitting here now. Not a +drop of water is to be found in her anywhere. Strangely enough, the ice +has not given us another such squeeze since then; perhaps it was its +expiring grip we felt on Saturday.</p> +<p>“It is hard to tell, but it was terrific enough. This morning +Sverdrup and I went for a walk on the ice, but when we got a little way +from the ship we found no sign of any new packing; the ice was smooth +and unbroken as before. The packing has been limited to a certain +stretch from east to west, and the <i>Fram</i> has been lying at the +very worst point of it.</p> +<p>“This afternoon Hansen has worked out yesterday’s +observations, the result being 83° 34.2′ north latitude and +102° 51′ east longitude. We have therefore drifted north and +westward; 15 miles west, indeed, and only 13.5 north since +New-year’s-eve, while the wind has been mostly from the +southwest. It seems as if the ice has taken a more decided course +towards the northwest than ever, and therefore it is not to be wondered +at that there is some pressure when the wind blows athwart the course +of the ice. However, I hardly think we need any particular explanation +of the pressure, as we have evidently again got into a packing-centre +with cracks, lanes, and ridges, where the pressure is maintained for +some time, such as we were in during the first winter. We have +constantly met with several similar stretches on the surrounding ice, +even when it has been most quiet. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb65" +href="#pb65" name="pb65">65</a>]</span></p> +<p>“This evening there was a most remarkable brightness right +under the moon. It was like an immense luminous haycock, which rose +from the horizon and touched the great ring round the moon. At the +upper side of this ring there was a segment of the usual inverted arc +of light.”</p> +<div class="figure xd20e1633width" id="p065"><img src="images/p065.jpg" +alt="“A Most Remarkable Moon”" width="593" height="442"> +<p class="figureHead">“A Most Remarkable Moon”</p> +</div> +<p>The next day, January 8th, the ice began grinding occasionally, and +while Mogstad and I stood in the hold working on hand sledges we heard +creakings in the ship both above and below us. This was repeated +several times; but in the intervals it was quiet. I was often on the +ice listening to the grinding and watching how it <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb66" href="#pb66" name="pb66">66</a>]</span>went on, +but it did not go beyond crackling and creaking beneath our feet and in +the ridge at our side. Perhaps it is to warn us not to be too +confident! I am not so sure that it is not necessary. It is in reality +like living on a smoking volcano. The eruption that will seal our fate +may occur at any moment. It will either force the ship up or swallow +her down. And what are the stakes? Either the <i>Fram</i> will get home +and the expedition be fully successful, or we shall lose her and have +to be content with what we have done, and possibly on our way home we +may explore parts of Franz Josef Land. That is all; but most of us feel +that it would be hard to lose the ship, and it would be a very sad +sight to see her disappear.</p> +<p>“Some of the hands, under Sverdrup, are working, trying to cut +away the hummock ice on the port side, and they have already made good +headway. Mogstad and I are busy getting the sledges in order, and +preparing them for use as I want them, whether we go north or +south.</p> +<p>“Liv is two years old to-day.</p> +<p>“She is a big girl now. I wonder if I should be able to +recognize her? I suppose I should hardly find a single familiar +feature. They are sure to celebrate the day, and she will get all kinds +of presents. Many a thought will be sent northward, but they know not +where to look for us; are not aware that we are drifting here embedded +in the ice in the highest northern latitudes ever reached, in the +deepest polar night ever penetrated.” <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb67" href="#pb67" name="pb67">67</a>]</span></p> +<div class="figure xd20e1652width" id="p067"><img src="images/p067.jpg" +alt="The “Fram” after an Ice-pressure. January 10, 1895" +width="720" height="457"> +<p class="figureHead">The “Fram” after an Ice-pressure. +January 10, 1895</p> +<p class="firstpar">(<i>From a photograph</i>)</p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb69" href="#pb69" name= +"pb69">69</a>]</span></p> +<p>During the following days the ice became steadily quieter. In the +course of the night of the 9th of January the ice was still slightly +cracking and grinding; then it quite subsided, and on the 10th of +January the report is “ice perfectly quiet, and if it were not +for the ridge on the port side one would never have thought there had +ever been any breach in the eternal stillness, so calm and peaceful is +it.” Some men went on cutting away the ice, and little by little +we could see it was getting less. Mogstad and I were busily engaged in +the hold with the new sledges, and during this time I also made an +attempt to photograph the <i>Fram</i> by moonlight from different +points. The results surpassed my expectations; but as the top of the +pressure-ridge had now been cut away, these photos do not give an exact +impression of the pack-ice, and of how it came hurtling down upon the +<i>Fram</i>. We then put in order our depot on the great hummock on the +starboard quarter, and all sleeping-bags, Lapland boots, Finn shoes, +wolfskin clothing, etc., were wrapped in the foresail and placed to the +extreme west, the provisions were collected into six different heaps, +and the rifles and guns were distributed among three of the heaps and +wrapped up in boat-sails. Next, Hansen’s instrument-case and my +own, together with a bucketful of rifle-cartridges, were placed under a +boat-sail. Then the forge and the smith’s tools were arranged +separately, and up on the top of the great hummock we laid a heap of +sledges and snow-shoes. All the kayaks were laid side by side bottom +upward, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb70" href="#pb70" name= +"pb70">70</a>]</span>the cooking apparatus and lamps, etc., being +placed under them. They were spread out in this way, so that in the +improbable event of the thick floe splitting suddenly our loss would +not be so great. We knew where to find everything, and it might blow +and drift to its heart’s content without our losing anything.</p> +<p>On the evening of January 14th I wrote in my diary: “Two sharp +reports were heard in the ship, like shots from a cannon, and then +followed a noise as of something splitting—presumably this must +be the cracking of the ice, on account of the frost. It appeared to me +that the list on the ship increased at that moment, but perhaps it was +only imagination.”</p> +<p>As time passed on we all gradually got busy again preparing for the +sledge expedition. On Tuesday, January 15th, I say: “This evening +the doctor gave a lesson to Johansen and myself in bandaging and +repairing broken limbs. I lay on the table and had a plaster-of-Paris +bandage put round the calf of my leg, while all the crew were looking +on. The very sight of this operation cannot fail to suggest unpleasant +thoughts. An accident of this nature out in the polar night, with +40° to 50° of cold, would be anything but pleasant, to say +nothing of how easily it might mean death to both of us. But who knows? +We might manage somehow. However, such things must not be allowed to +happen, and, what is more, they <i>shall not</i>.”</p> +<div class="figure xd20e1681width" id="p071"><img src="images/p071.jpg" +alt="The Winter Night. January 14, 1895" width="720" height="470"> +<p class="figureHead">The Winter Night. January 14, 1895</p> +<p class="firstpar">(<i>From a photograph</i>)</p> +</div> +<p>As January went on we could by noon just see the <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb73" href="#pb73" name="pb73">73</a>]</span>faint +dawn of day—that day at whose sunrise we were to start. On +January 18th I say: “By 9 o’clock in the morning I could +already distinguish the first indications of dawn, and by noon it +seemed to be getting bright; but it seems hardly credible that in a +month’s time there will be light enough to travel by, yet it must +be so. True, February is a month which all ‘experienced’ +people consider far too early and much too cold for travelling; hardly +any one would do so in the month of March. But it cannot be helped; we +have no time to waste in waiting for additional comfort if we are to +make any progress before the summer, when travelling will be +impossible. I am not afraid of the cold; we can always protect +ourselves against that.</p> +<p>“Meantime all preparations are proceeding, and I am now +getting everything in order connected with copying of diaries, +observation-books, photographs, etc., that we are to take with us. +Mogstad is working in the hold making maple guard-runners to put under +the sledges. Jacobsen has commenced to put a new sledge together. +Pettersen is in the engine-room, making nails for the sledge-fittings, +which Mogstad is to put on. In the meantime some of the others have +built a large forge out on the ice with blocks of ice and snow, and +to-morrow Sverdrup and I will heat and bend the runners in tar and +stearine at such a heat as we can produce in the forge. We trust we +shall be able to get a sufficient temperature to do this important work +thoroughly, in spite <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb74" href="#pb74" +name="pb74">74</a>]</span>of the 40° of frost. Amundsen is now +repairing the mill, as there is something wrong with it again, the +cog-wheels being worn. He thinks he will be able to get it all right +again. Rather chilly work to be lying up there in the wind on the top +of the mill, boring in the hard steel and cast-iron by lantern-light, +and at such a temperature as we are having now. I stood and watched the +lantern-light up there to-day, and I soon heard the drill working; one +could tell the steel was hard; then I could hear clapping of hands. +‘Ah,’ thought I, ‘you may well clap your hands +together; it is not a particularly warm job to be lying up there in the +wind.’ The worst of it is one cannot wear mittens for such work, +but has to use the bare hands if one is to make any progress, and it +would not take long to freeze them off; but it has to be done, he says, +and he will not give in. He is a splendid fellow in all he undertakes, +and I console him by saying that there are not many before him who have +worked on the top of a mill in such frost north of 83°. On many +expeditions they have avoided out-of-door work when the temperature got +so low. ‘Indeed,’ he says, ‘I thought that other +expeditions were in advance of us in that respect. I imagined we had +kept indoors too much.’ I had no hesitation in enlightening him +on this point; I know he will do his best in any case.</p> +<p>“This is, indeed, a strange time for me; I feel as if I were +preparing for a summer trip and the spring were already here, yet it is +still midwinter, and the conditions of <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb75" href="#pb75" name="pb75">75</a>]</span>the summer trip may be +somewhat ambiguous. The ice keeps quiet; the cracking in it and in the +<i>Fram</i> is due only to the cold. I have during the last few days +again read Payer’s account of his sledge expedition northward +through Austria Sound. It is not very encouraging. The very land he +describes as the realm of Death, where he thinks he and his companions +would inevitably have perished had they not recovered the vessel, is +the place to which we look for salvation; that is the region we hope to +reach when our provisions have come to an end. It may seem reckless, +but nevertheless I cannot imagine that it is so. I cannot help +believing that a land which even in April teems with bears, auks, and +black guillemots, and where seals are basking on the ice, must be a +Canaan, ‘flowing with milk and honey,’ for two men who have +good rifles and good eyes; it must surely yield food enough not only +for the needs of the moment, but also provisions for the journey onward +to Spitzbergen. Sometimes, however, the thought will present itself +that it may be very difficult to get the food when it is most sorely +needed; but these are only passing moments. We must remember +Carlyle’s words: ‘A man shall and must be valiant; he must +march forward, and quit himself like a man—trusting imperturbably +in the appointment and choice of the Upper Powers.’ I have not, +it is true, any ‘Upper Powers’; it would probably be well +to have them in such a case, but we nevertheless are starting, and the +time approaches rapidly; four weeks or a little more <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb76" href="#pb76" name="pb76">76</a>]</span>soon +pass by, and then farewell to this snug nest, which has been our home +for eighteen months, and we go out into the darkness and cold, out into +the still more unknown:</p> +<div class="lgouter"> +<p class="line">“‘Out yonder ’tis dark,</p> +<p class="line">But onward we must,</p> +<p class="line">Over the dewy wet mountains,</p> +<p class="line">Ride through the land of the ice-troll;</p> +<p class="line">We shall both be saved,</p> +<p class="line">Or the ice-troll’s hand</p> +<p class="line">Shall clutch us both.’”</p> +</div> +<p class="firstpar">On January 23d I write: “The dawn has grown +so much that there was a visible light from it on the ice, and for the +first time this year I saw the crimson glow of the sun low down in the +dawn.” We now took soundings with the lead before I was to leave +the vessel; we found 1876 fathoms (3450 metres). I then made some +snow-shoes down in the hold; it was important to have them smooth, +tough, and light, on which one could make good headway; “they +shall be well rubbed with tar, stearine, and tallow, and there shall be +speed in them; then it is only a question of using one’s legs, +and I have no doubt that can be managed.</p> +<p>“Tuesday, January 29th. Latitude yesterday, 83° 30′. +(Some days ago we had been so far north as 83° 40′, but had +again drifted southward.) The light keeps on steadily increasing, and +by noon it almost seems to be broad daylight. I believe I could read +the title of a book out in the open if the print were large and clear. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb77" href="#pb77" name= +"pb77">77</a>]</span>I take a stroll every morning, greeting the +dawning day, before I go down into the hold to my work at the snowshoes +and equipment. My mind is filled with a peculiar sensation, which I +cannot clearly define; there is certainly an exulting feeling of +triumph, deep in the soul, a feeling that all one’s dreams are +about to be realized with the rising sun, which steers northward across +the ice-bound waters. But while I am busy in these familiar +surroundings a wave of sadness sometimes comes over me; it is like +bidding farewell to a dear friend and to a home which has long afforded +me a sheltering roof. At one blow all this and my dear comrades are to +be left behind forever; never again shall I tread this snow-clad deck, +never again creep under this tent, never hear the laughter ring in this +familiar saloon, never again sit in this friendly circle.</p> +<p>“And then I remember that when the <i>Fram</i> at last bursts +from her bonds of ice, and turns her prow towards Norway, I shall not +be with her. A farewell imparts to everything in life its own tinge of +sadness, like the crimson rays of the sun, when the day, good or bad, +sinks in tears below the horizon.</p> +<p>“Hundreds of times my eye wanders to the map hanging there on +the wall, and each time a chill creeps over me. The distance before us +seems so long, and the obstacles in our path may be many; but then +again the feeling comes that we are bound to pull through: it cannot be +otherwise; everything is too carefully prepared <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb78" href="#pb78" name="pb78">78</a>]</span>to fail +now, and meanwhile the southeast wind is whistling above us, and we are +continually drifting northward nearer our goal. When I go up on deck +and step out into the night with its glittering starry vault and the +flaring aurora borealis, then all these thoughts recede, and I must, as +ever, pause on the threshold of this sanctuary—this dark, deep, +silent space, this infinite temple of nature, in which the soul seeks +to find its origin. Toiling ant, what matters it whether you reach your +goal with your fir-needle or not? Everything disappears none the less +in the ocean of eternity, in the great Nirvana; and as time rolls on +our names are forgotten, our deeds pass into oblivion, and our lives +flit by like the traces of a cloud, and vanish like the mist dispelled +by the warm rays of the sun. Our time is but a fleeting shadow, +hurrying us on to the end—so it is ordained; and having reached +that end, none ever retraces his steps.</p> +<p>“Two of us will soon be journeying farther through this +immense waste, into greater solitudes and deeper stillness.</p> +<p>“Wednesday, January 30th. To-day the great event has happened, +that the windmill is again at work for the first time after its long +rest. In spite of the cold and the darkness, Amundsen had got the +cog-wheels into order, and now it is running as smoothly and steadily +as gutta-percha.”</p> +<div class="figure xd20e1743width" id="p079"><img src="images/p079.jpg" +alt="A Whist Party in the Saloon. February 15, 1895" width="720" +height="495"> +<p class="figureHead">A Whist Party in the Saloon. February 15, +1895</p> +<p class="firstpar">Blessing Scott Hansen Sverdrup</p> +<p>(<i>From a photograph</i>)</p> +</div> +<p>We have now constant northeast winds, and we again <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb81" href="#pb81" name="pb81">81</a>]</span>bore +northward. On Sunday, February 3d, we were at 83° 43′. The +time for our departure approached, and the preparations were carried on +with great activity. The sledges were completed, and I tried them under +various conditions. I have alluded to the fact that we made maple +guards to put under the fixed nickel-plated runners. The idea of this +was to strengthen both the sledges and the runners, so that they would +at the beginning of the journey, when the loads were heavy, be less +liable to breakage from the jolting to which they would probably be +exposed. Later on, when the load got lighter, we might, if we thought +fit, easily remove them. These guards were also to serve another +purpose. I had an idea that, in view of the low temperature we had +during the winter, and on the dry drift-snow which then covered the +ice-floes, metal would glide less easily than smooth wood, especially +if the latter were well rubbed with rich tar and stearine. By February +8th one of the sledges with wooden guard-runners was finished, so that +we could make experiments in this direction, and we then found that it +was considerably easier to haul than a similar sledge running on the +nickel-plate, though the load on each was exactly the same. The +difference was so great that we found that it was at least half as hard +again to draw a sledge on the nickel runners as on the tarred maple +runners.</p> +<p>Our new ash sledges were now nearly finished and weighed 30 pounds +without the guard-runners. “Everybody <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb82" href="#pb82" name="pb82">82</a>]</span>is hard +at work. Sverdrup is sewing bags or bolsters to put on the sledges as +beds for the kayaks to rest on. To this end the bags are to be made up +to fit the bottoms of the boats. Johansen with one or two other men are +stuffing the bags with pemmican, which has to be warmed, beaten, and +kneaded in order to give it the right form for making a good bed for +our precious boats. When these square, flat bags are carried out into +the cold they freeze as hard as stone, and keep their form well. +Blessing is sitting up in the work-room, copying the photographs of +which I have no prints. Hansen is working out a map of our route so +far, and copying out his observations for us, etc., etc. In short, +there is hardly a man on board who does not feel that the moment for +departure approaches; perhaps the galley is the only place where +everything goes on in the usual way under the management of Lars. Our +position yesterday was 83° 32.1′ north latitude and 102° +28′ east longitude, so we are southward again; but never mind, +what do a couple of miles more or less matter to us?</p> +<div class="figure xd20e1763width" id="p083"><img src="images/p083.jpg" +alt="The Upper End of the Supper-table. February 15, 1895." width="720" +height="515"> +<p class="figureHead">The Upper End of the Supper-table. February 15, +1895.</p> +<p class="firstpar">Jacobsen Johansen Blessing Sverdrup Nansen +Scott-Hansen</p> +<p>(<i>By Johan Nordhagen, from a photograph</i>)</p> +</div> +<p>“Sunday, February 10th. To-day there was so much daylight that +at 1 o’clock I could fairly well read the <i>Verdens Gang</i>, +when I held the paper up towards the light; but when I held it towards +the moon, which was low in the north, it was no go. Before dinner I +went for a short drive with ‘Gulen’ and +‘Susine’ (two of the young dogs) and ‘Kaifas.’ +‘Gulen’ had never been in harness before, but yet she went +quite well; she was <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb85" href="#pb85" +name="pb85">85</a>]</span>certainly a little awkward at first, but that +soon disappeared, and I think she will make a good dog when she is well +trained. ‘Susine,’ who was driven a little last autumn, +conducted herself quite like an old sledge-dog. The surface is hard, +and easy for the dogs to haul on. They get a good foothold, and the +snow is not particularly sharp for their feet; however, it is not +over-smooth; this drift-snow makes heavy going. The ice is smooth, and +easy to run on, and I trust we shall be able to make good day-journeys; +after all, we shall reach our destination sooner than we had expected. +I cannot deny that it is a long journey, and scarcely any one has ever +more effectually burned his boats behind him. If we <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb86" href="#pb86" name="pb86">86</a>]</span>wished +to turn back we have absolutely nothing to return to, not even a bare +coast. It will be impossible to find the ship, and before us lies the +great unknown. But there is only one road, and that lies straight +ahead, right through, be it land or sea, be it smooth or rough, be it +mere ice or ice and water. And I cannot but believe that we <i>must</i> +get through, even if we should meet with the worst—viz., land and +pack-ice.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e1787width" id="p085"><img src="images/p085.jpg" +alt="Stopping a Dog-fight" width="593" height="417"> +<p class="figureHead">Stopping a Dog-fight</p> +</div> +<p>“Wednesday, February 13th. The pemmican bolsters and +dried-liver pie are now ready; the kayaks will get an excellent +bedding, and I venture to say that such meat-bolsters are an absolute +novelty. Under each kayak there are three of them, they are made to fit +the sledge, and, as already stated, are moulded to the shape of the +kayak. They weigh 100 to 120 pounds each. The empty sacks weigh 2 or 3 +pounds each, so that altogether the meat (pemmican and liver pie) in +these three bags will weigh about 320 pounds. We each had our light +sleeping-bags of reindeer-skin, and we tried to sleep out in them last +night, but both Johansen and I found it rather cold, although it was +only 37° Fahr. of frost. We were, perhaps, too lightly clad under +the wolfskin clothing; we are making another experiment with a little +more on to-night.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e1794width" id="p087"><img src="images/p087.jpg" +alt="Lower End of Supper-table" width="720" height="472"> +<p class="figureHead">Lower End of Supper-table</p> +</div> +<p>“Saturday, February 16th. The outfitting is still progressing; +but there are various small things yet to do which take time, and I do +not know whether we shall be ready to start on Wednesday, February +20th, as I <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb89" href="#pb89" name= +"pb89">89</a>]</span>originally intended. The day is now so light that, +so far as that is concerned, we might quite well start then; but +perhaps we had better wait a day or two longer. Three sledge-sails (for +single sledges) are now finished; they are made of very light calico, +and are about 7 feet 2 inches broad by 4 feet 4 inches long; they are +made so that two of them may be laced together and used as one sail for +a double sledge, and I believe they will act well; they weigh a little +over one pound each. Moreover, we have now most of the provisions ready +stowed away in bags.” <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb90" href= +"#pb90" name="pb90">90</a>]</span></p> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e1533" href="#xd20e1533src" name="xd20e1533">1</a></span> The word +<i lang="no">svalkelem</i>, which has throughout been translated +“gangway,” means rather a sort of port-hole. As the +<i lang="no">svalkelem</i>, however, was the means of exit from and +entrance to the ship, “gangway” seemed the most convenient +expression for it.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch3" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="label">Chapter III</h2> +<h2 class="main">We Make a Start</h2> +<p class="firstpar">“Tuesday, February 26th. At last the day has +arrived, the great day, when the journey is to commence. The week has +passed in untiring work to get everything ready. We should have started +on the 20th, but it has been postponed from day to day; there was +always something still to do. My head has been full night and day, with +all that was to be done and that must not be forgotten. Oh, this +unceasing mental strain, which does not allow a minute’s respite +in which to throw off the responsibility, to give loose rein to the +thoughts, and let the dreams have full sway! The nerves are in a state +of tension from the moment of awaking in the morning till the eyes +close late at night. Ah! how well I know this state, which I have +experienced each time I have been about to set out and retreat was to +be cut off—never, I believe, more effectually than now! The last +few nights I did not get to bed before half-past three or half-past +four o’clock in the morning. It is not only what we ought to take +with us that has to be taken care of, but we have to leave the vessel; +its command and responsibility <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb91" +href="#pb91" name="pb91">91</a>]</span>have to be placed in other +hands, and care must be taken that nothing is forgotten in the way of +instructions to the men who remain, as the scientific observations will +have to be continued on the same lines as they have been carried on +hitherto, and other observations of all kinds will have to be made, +etc., etc.”</p> +<p>The last night we were to spend on board the <i>Fram</i> eventually +arrived, and we had a farewell party. In a strange, sad way, +reminiscences were revived of all that had befallen us here on board, +mingled with hope and trust in what the future would bring. I remained +up till far into the night; letters and remembrances had to be sent to +those at home, in case the unforeseen should happen. Among the last +things I wrote were the following instructions to Sverdrup, in which I +handed over to him the command of the expedition:</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="firstpar salute">“<span class="sc">Captain Otto +Sverdrup</span>, Commander of the <i>Fram</i>:</p> +<p>“As I am now leaving the <i>Fram</i>, accompanied by Johansen, +to undertake a journey northward—if possible, to the +Pole—and from there to Spitzbergen, most likely <i>via</i> Franz +Josef Land, I make over to you the command of the remaining part of the +expedition. From the day I leave the <i>Fram</i>, all the authority +which hitherto was vested in me shall devolve upon you to an equal +extent, and the others will have to render absolute obedience to you, +or to whomsoever you may depute as their leader. I consider it +superfluous to give any orders about what is <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb92" href="#pb92" name="pb92">92</a>]</span>to be +done under various contingencies, even if it were possible to give any. +I am certain you will know best yourself what ought to be done in any +emergency, and I therefore consider that I may with confidence leave +the <i>Fram</i>.</p> +<p>“The chief aim of the expedition is to push through the +unknown Polar Sea from the region around the New Siberian Islands, +north of Franz Josef Land, and onward to the Atlantic Ocean, near +Spitzbergen or Greenland. The most essential part of this task, I +consider, we have already accomplished; the remainder will be achieved +as the expedition gets farther west. In order to make the expedition +still more fruitful of results, I am making an attempt to push farther +up north with the dogs. Your task will then be to convey home, in the +safest manner possible, the human lives now confided to your care, and +not to expose them to any unnecessary danger, either out of regard for +the ship or cargo, or for the scientific outcome of the expedition. No +one can tell how long it may take before the <i>Fram</i> drifts out +into open water. You have provisions for several years to come; if for +any unknown reason it should take too long, or if the crew should begin +to suffer in health, or if from other reasons you should think it best +to abandon the vessel, it should unquestionably be done. As to the time +of the year when this should be done, and the route to be chosen, you +yourself will be best able to judge. If it should be necessary, I +consider Franz Josef Land and Spitzbergen <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb95" href="#pb95" name="pb95">95</a>]</span>favorable lands to make +for. If search is made for the expedition after the arrival home of +Johansen and myself, it will be made there first. Wherever you come to +land, you should, as often as you can, erect conspicuous beacons on +promontories and projecting headlands, and place within the beacons a +short report of what has occurred, and whither you are going. In order +to distinguish these beacons from others, a small beacon should be +erected 4 metres from the larger one in the direction of the magnetic +North Pole. The question as to what outfit would be most advantageous +in case the <i>Fram</i> should have to be abandoned is one which we +have so frequently discussed that I consider it superfluous to dwell on +it here. I know that you will take care that the requisite number of +kayaks for all the men, sledges, snow-shoes, ‘truger,’ and +other articles of outfit are put in complete order as soon as possible, +and kept in readiness, so that such a journey home over the ice could +be undertaken with the greatest possible ease. Elsewhere I give you +directions as to the provisions which I consider most suitable for such +a journey, and the quantity necessary for each man.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e1854width" id="p093"><img src="images/p093.jpg" +alt= +"The Crew of the “Fram” after their Second Winter. About February 24, 1895" +width="720" height="536"> +<p class="figureHead">The Crew of the “Fram” after their +Second Winter. About February 24, 1895</p> +<p class="firstpar">1. Mogstad 2. Blessing 3. Johansen 4. Scott-Hansen +5. Amundsen 6. Bentzen 7. Sverdrup 8. Jacobsen 9. Juell 10. Nordahl 11. +Pettersen 12. Henriksen</p> +<p>(<i>From a photograph</i>)</p> +</div> +<p>“I also know that you will hold everything in readiness to +abandon the <i>Fram</i> in the shortest possible time in the event of +her suffering sudden damage, whether through fire or ice-pressure. If +the ice permits it, I consider it advisable that a depot, with +sufficient provisions, etc., should be established at a safe place on +the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb96" href="#pb96" name= +"pb96">96</a>]</span>ice, such as we have lately had. All necessaries +which cannot be kept on the ice ought to be so placed on board that +they are easy to get at under any circumstances. As you are aware, all +the provisions now in the depot are concentrated foods for sledging +journeys only; but as it may happen that you will have to remain +inactive for a time before going farther, it would be highly desirable +to save as much tinned meat, fish, and vegetables as possible; should +troublous times come then, I should consider it advisable to have a +supply of these articles ready on the ice.</p> +<p>“Should the <i>Fram</i> while drifting be carried far to the +north of Spitzbergen, and get over into the current under the east +coast of Greenland, many possibilities may be imagined which it is not +easy to form an opinion on now; but should you be obliged to abandon +the <i>Fram</i> and make for the land, it would be best for you to +erect beacons there, as stated above (with particulars as to whither +you are going, etc.), as search might possibly be made there for the +expedition. Whether in that case you ought to make for Iceland (which +is the nearest land, and where you should be able to get in the early +part of summer, if following the edge of the ice), or for the Danish +colonies west of Cape Farewell, you will be best able to judge on +considering all the circumstances.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e1881width" id="plate9"><img src= +"images/plate9.jpg" alt="Plate IX." width="720" height="484"> +<p class="figureHead">Plate IX.</p> +<p class="firstpar"><span class="sc">Light Phenomena in the Polar +Night, 22nd November 1893. Pastel Sketch.</span></p> +<p>Moon-ring with vertical axis through the moon.</p> +</div> +<p>“As regards what you ought to take with you in the event of +abandoning the <i>Fram</i>, besides the necessary <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb97" href="#pb97" name= +"pb97">97</a>]</span>provisions, I may mention weapons, ammunition, and +equipment, <i>all scientific and other journals and observations, all +scientific collections that are not too heavy</i>, or, if too heavy, +small samples thereof; photographs, preferably the original plates (or +films); or should these prove too heavy, then prints taken from them; +also the ‘Aderman’ aerometer, with which most of the +observations on the specific gravity of sea-water are taken; as well +as, of course, all journals and memoranda which are of any interest. I +leave behind some diaries and letters, which I would request you to +take special care of and deliver to Eva if I should not return home, or +if, contrary to all expectation, you should return home before us.</p> +<p>“Hansen and Blessing will, as you know, attend to the various +scientific expeditions and to the collecting of specimens. You yourself +will attend to the soundings, and see that they are taken as frequently +as possible and as the condition of the line permits. I should consider +at least once in every 60 miles covered to be <i>extremely +desirable</i>; if it can be done oftener so much the better. Should the +depth become less than now and more variable, it goes without saying +that soundings should be taken more frequently.</p> +<p>“As the crew was small before, and will now be still further +reduced by two men, more work will probably fall to each man’s +lot; but I know that, whenever you can, you will spare men to assist in +the scientific observations, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb98" href= +"#pb98" name="pb98">98</a>]</span>and make them as complete as +possible. Please also see that every tenth day (the first, tenth, and +twentieth of every month) the ice is bored through, and the thickness +measured, in the same way as has been done hitherto. Henriksen has for +the most part made these borings, and is a trustworthy man for this +work.</p> +<p>“In conclusion, I wish all possible success to you, and to +those for whom you are now responsible, and may we meet again in +Norway, whether it be on board of this vessel or without her.</p> +<p class="signed">“Yours affectionately,</p> +<p class="signed">“<span class="sc">Fridtjof Nansen</span>.</p> +<p class="signed">“On board the <i>Fram</i>,</p> +<p class="signed">“February 25, 1895.”</p> +</div> +<p>“Now at last the brain was to get some rest, and the work for +the legs and arms to commence. Everything was got ready for the start +this morning. Five of our comrades, Sverdrup, Hansen, Blessing, +Henriksen, and Mogstad, were to see us off on our way, bringing a +sledge and a tent with them. The four sledges were got ready, the dogs +harnessed to them, lunch, with a bottle of malt extract per man, was +taken just before starting, and then we bade the last hearty farewell +to those left behind. We were off into the drifting snow. I myself took +the lead with ‘Kvik’ as leading dog, in the first sledge, +and then sledge after sledge followed amid <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb99" href="#pb99" name="pb99">99</a>]</span>cheers, +accompanied by the cracking of whips and the barking of dogs. At the +same time a salute was fired from the quarter-deck, shot after shot, +into the whirling drift. The sledges moved heavily forward; it was slow +travelling uphill, and they came to a dead stop where the ascent was +too steep, and we all had to help them along—one man alone could +not do it; but over level ground we flew along like a whirlwind, and +those on snow-shoes found it difficult enough to keep pace with the +sledges. I had to strike out as best I could when they came up to me to +avoid getting my legs entangled in the line. A man is beckoning with +his staff far in the rear. It is Mogstad, who comes tearing along and +shouting that three ‘<span lang= +"no">flöitstokker</span>’<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e1935src" href="#xd20e1935" name="xd20e1935src">1</a> (crossbars) +had been torn off a sledge in driving. The sledge, with its heavy load, +had lurched forward over an upright piece of ice, which struck the +crossbars, breaking all three of them, one after the other; one or two +of the perpendicular supports of the runners were also smashed. There +was nothing for it but to return to the ship to get it repaired and +have the sledges made stronger. Such a thing ought not to happen again. +During the return one of the sledges lurched up against another, and a +cane in the bow snapped. The bows would, therefore, also have to be +made stronger.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e1938src" href="#xd20e1938" +name="xd20e1938src">2</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb100" href= +"#pb100" name="pb100">100</a>]</span></p> +<p>“The sledges have again been unloaded and brought on board in +order that this may be done, and here we are again to-night. I am glad, +however, that this happened when it did; it would have been worse to +have had such an experience a few days later. I will now take six +sledges instead of four, so that the load on each may be less, and so +that it will be easier to lift them over the irregularities of the +ground. I shall also have a broad board fitted lengthwise to the +sledge, underneath the crossbars, so as to protect them against +projecting pieces of ice. As a great deal of time is saved in the end +by doing such things thoroughly before starting, we shall not be ready +to start before the day after to-morrow. It seemed strange to be on +board again after having said good-bye, as I thought, forever, to these +surroundings. When I came up on the after-deck, I found the guns lying +there in the snow, one of them turned over on its back, the other had +recoiled a long way aft, when saluting us; from the mizzen-top the red +and black flag was still waving.</p> +<p>“I am in wonderfully high spirits, and feel confident of +success; the sledges seemed to glide so easily, although carrying 200 +pounds more than was originally intended (about 2200 pounds +altogether), and everything looks very promising. We shall have to wait +a couple of days, but as we are having a southeasterly wind all day +long <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb101" href="#pb101" name= +"pb101">101</a>]</span>we are no doubt getting on towards the north, +all the same. Yesterday we were 83° 47′; to-day I suppose we +are at least 83° 50′.”</p> +<p>At last, on Thursday, February 28th, we started again with our six +sledges. Sverdrup, Hansen, Blessing, Henriksen, and Mogstad saw us off. +When we started, most of the others also accompanied us some distance. +We soon found that the dogs did not draw as well as I had expected, and +I came to the conclusion that with this load we should get on too +slowly. We had not proceeded far from the ship before I decided to +leave behind some of the sacks with provisions for the dogs, and these +were later on taken back on board by the others.</p> +<p>At 4 o’clock in the afternoon, when we stopped, our +odometer<a class="noteref" id="xd20e1954src" href="#xd20e1954" name= +"xd20e1954src">3</a> showed that we had gone about 4 miles from the +<i>Fram</i>. We had a pleasant evening in the tent, together with our +friends who were going back the next day. To my surprise a punch-bowl +was prepared, and toasts were proposed for those who were starting and +those who remained behind. It was not until 11 o’clock that we +crept into our sleeping-bags.</p> +<p>There were illuminations in our honor that night on board the +<i>Fram</i>. The electric arc lamp was hoisted on the maintop, and the +electric light for the first <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb102" href= +"#pb102" name="pb102">102</a>]</span>time shone forth over the ice +masses of the Polar Sea. Torches had also been lit, and bonfires of +oakum-ends and other combustibles were burning on several floes around +the <i>Fram</i> and making a brilliant show. Sverdrup had, by-the-way, +given orders that the electric light or a lantern should be hoisted on +the maintop every night until he and the others had returned, for fear +they might lose their way if the tracks should be obliterated by bad +weather. It would then be very difficult to find the ship; but such a +light can be seen a long distance over these plains, where by merely +standing on a hummock one can easily get a view for many miles +round.</p> +<p>I was afraid that the dogs, if they got loose, would go back to the +<i>Fram</i>, and I therefore got two steel lines made, to which short +leashes were fastened a little distance apart, so that the dogs could +be secured to these lines between two sticks or sledges. In spite of +this, several of the dogs got loose; but, strange to say, they did not +leave us, but remained with their comrades and us. There was, of +course, a doleful howling round the tents the first night, and they +disturbed our sleep to some extent.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e1977width" id="p103"><img src="images/p103.jpg" +alt="The “Fram” in the Ice. 1895" width="720" height="447"> +<p class="figureHead">The “Fram” in the Ice. 1895</p> +</div> +<p>The next morning (Friday, March 1st) it took one of our comrades +three hours to make the coffee, being unaccustomed to the apparatus. We +then had a very nice breakfast together. Not before 11.30 <span class= +"sc">A.M.</span> did we get under way. Our five comrades accompanied us +for an hour or two and then turned to get back to the <i>Fram</i> +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb105" href="#pb105" name= +"pb105">105</a>]</span>the same evening. “It was certainly a most +cheerful good-bye,” says the diary, “but it is always hard +to part, even at 84°, and maybe there was a tearful eye or +two.” The last thing Sverdrup asked me when sitting on his +sledge, just as we were about to part, was, if I thought I should go to +the South Pole when I got home; for if so, he hoped I would wait till +he arrived; and then he asked me to give his love to his wife and +child.</p> +<p>And so we proceeded, Johansen and I, but it was slow work for us +alone with six sledges, which were impeded on their way by all sorts of +obstacles and inequalities. Besides this, the ice became rougher, so +that it was difficult to get on during the afternoon on account of the +darkness, the days being still very short and the sun was not yet above +the horizon. We therefore camped rather early.</p> +<p>“Wednesday, March 6th. We are again on board the <i>Fram</i> +to make a fresh start, for the third time, and then, I suppose, it will +be in earnest. On Saturday, March 2d, we proceeded with the six sledges +after I had been a trip to the northward and found it passable. +Progress was slow, and we had to do nearly six turns each, as the +sledges stopped everywhere and had to be helped along. I saw now too +clearly that we should never get on in this manner; a change would have +to be made, and I decided to camp in order to have a look at the ice +northward and consider the matter. Having tied up the dogs, I set out, +while Johansen was to feed the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb106" +href="#pb106" name="pb106">106</a>]</span>dogs and put up the tent. +They were fed once in every 24 hours, at night, when the day’s +march was done.</p> +<p>“I had not gone far when I came upon excellent spacious +plains; good progress could be made, and so far everything was all +right; but the load had to be diminished and the number of sledges +reduced. Undoubtedly, therefore, it would be best to return to the +<i>Fram</i> to make the necessary alterations on board, and get the +sledges we were to take with us further strengthened, so as to have +perfect confidence in their durability.</p> +<p>“We might, of course, have dragged along somehow towards the +north for a while, and the load would gradually have decreased; but it +would have been slow work, and before the load would be sufficiently +lightened the dogs would perhaps be worn out. It was cold for them at +night; we heard many of them howling most of the night. If, however, we +diminished the load, and consequently allowed a shorter time for the +journey, it would be preferable to wait, and not start till a little +later in the month, when we could make more out of the time, as the +days would be lighter and not so cold and the snow-surface better. +Having spent another night in the tent—into which it was a hard +job to get, dressed in a fur that was stiff with frost, and then into a +bag that was also hard frozen—I decided next morning (Sunday, +March 3d) to return to the <i>Fram</i>. I harnessed a double team of +dogs to one of the sledges, and off they went over pressure-ridges and +all other obstacles so <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb107" href= +"#pb107" name="pb107">107</a>]</span>rapidly that I could hardly keep +up with them. In a few hours I covered the same distance which had +taken us three days when we started out. The advantage of a lighter +load was only too apparent.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e2013width" id="p107"><img src="images/p107.jpg" +alt="Sunday Afternoon on Board" width="594" height="467"> +<p class="figureHead">Sunday Afternoon on Board</p> +</div> +<p>“As I approached the <i>Fram</i> I saw, to my surprise, the +upper edge of the sun above the ice in the south. It was the first time +this year, but I had not expected it as yet. It was the refraction +caused by the low temperature which made it visible so soon. The first +news I heard from those who came to meet me was that Hansen had +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb108" href="#pb108" name= +"pb108">108</a>]</span>the previous afternoon taken an observation, +which gave 84° 4′ north latitude.</p> +<p>“It was undoubtedly very pleasant once more to stretch my +limbs on the sofa in the <i>Fram’s</i> saloon, to quench my +thirst in delicious lime-juice with sugar, and again to dine in a +civilized manner. In the afternoon Hansen and Nordahl went back to +Johansen with my team of dogs, to keep him company overnight. When I +left him it was understood that he was to start on the return journey +as best he could, until I came with others to help him. The dogs lost +no time, and the two men reached Johansen’s tent in an hour and +twenty minutes. At night both they and we had rejoicings in honor of +the sun, and the 84th degree.</p> +<p>“The next morning three of us went off and fetched the sledges +back. Now, when we made for the ship, the dogs dragged much better, and +in a short time we should have been on board had it not been for a long +lane in the ice which we could see no end to, and which stopped us. +Finally we left the sledges and, together with the dogs, managed to +cross over on some loose pieces of ice and got on board. Yesterday we +twice tried to fetch the sledges, but there had evidently been some +movement in the lane, and the new ice was still so thin that we dared +not trust it. We have, however, to-day got them on board, and we will +now for the last time, it is to be hoped, prepare ourselves for the +journey. I will now plan out the journey so as to take the shortest +possible time, using <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb109" href="#pb109" +name="pb109">109</a>]</span>light sledges and tearing along as fast as +legs and snowshoes will carry us. We shall be none the worse for this +delay, provided we do not meet too much pack-ice or too many openings +in the ice.</p> +<p>“I have weighed all the dogs and have come to the conclusion +that we can feed them on each other and keep going for about fifty +days; having, in addition to this, dog provisions for about thirty +days, we ought to be able to travel with dogs for eighty days, and in +that time it seems to me we should have arrived somewhere. And, +besides, we have provisions for ourselves for one hundred days. This +will be about 440 pounds on each sledge if we take three, and with nine +dogs per sledge we ought to manage it.”</p> +<p>So here we were again, busy with preparations and improvements. In +the meantime the ice moved a little, broke up, and lanes were formed in +various directions. On March 8th I say: “The crack in the large +floe to starboard, formed while we were away, opened yesterday into a +broad lane, which we can see stretching with newly frozen ice towards +the horizon, both north and south. It is odd how that petroleum launch +is always in ‘hot water’ wherever it is. This crack formed +underneath it, so it was hanging with the stern over the water when +they found it in the morning. We have now decided to cut it up and use +the elm-boards for the sledge-runners. That will be the end of it.</p> +<p>“Wednesday, March 13th. 84° north latitude, 101° +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb110" href="#pb110" name= +"pb110">110</a>]</span>55′ east longitude. The days have passed, +working again at the equipment. Everything is now in order. Three +sledges are standing ready out on the ice, properly strengthened in +every way, with iron fastenings between uprights and crossbars. These +last-mentioned are securely strengthened with extra top-pieces of ash, +and protected underneath by boards. This afternoon we tried the dogs +with sledges loaded, and they went as easily as could be, and to-morrow +we start again for the last time, full of courage and confidence and +with the sun up, in the assurance that we are going towards ever +brighter days.</p> +<p>“To-night there has been a great farewell feast, with many +hearty speeches, and to-morrow we depart as early as possible, provided +our dissipation has not delayed us. I have to-night added the following +postscript to Sverdrup’s instructions:</p> +<div class="q"> +<p class="firstpar">“‘P.S.—In the foregoing +instructions, which I wrote rather hurriedly on the night of February +25th, I omitted to mention things that should have been alluded to. I +will restrict myself here to stating, further, that should you sight +unknown land, everything ought, of course, to be done in order to +ascertain and examine it, as far as circumstances will permit. Should +the <i>Fram</i> drift so near that you think it can be reached without +great risk, everything that can be done to explore the land would be of +the greatest interest. Every stone, every blade of <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb111" href="#pb111" name= +"pb111">111</a>]</span>grass, lichen, or moss, every animal, from the +largest to the smallest, would be of great importance; photographs, and +an exact description should not be neglected; at the same time, it +should be traversed to the greatest possible extent, in order to +ascertain its coast-line, size, etc. All such things should, however, +only be done, provided they can be accomplished without danger. If the +<i>Fram</i> is adrift in the ice, it is clear that only short +excursions should be made from her, as the members of such expeditions +might encounter great difficulties in reaching the vessel again. Should +the <i>Fram</i> remain stationary for any time, such expeditions should +still be undertaken only with great discretion, and not be extended +over any great length of time, as no one can foresee when she may +commence to drift again, and it would be very undesirable for all +concerned if the crew of the <i>Fram</i> were to be still further +reduced.</p> +<p>“‘We have so often spoken together about the scientific +researches, that I do not consider it necessary to give any further +suggestions here. I am certain that you will do everything in your +power to make them as perfect as possible, so that the expedition may +return with as good results as the circumstances will permit. And now +once again, my wishes for all possible success, and may we meet again +before long.</p> +<p class="signed">“‘Your affectionate,</p> +<p class="signed">“‘<span class="sc">Fridtjof +Nansen</span>.</p> +<p class="signed">“‘The <i>Fram</i>, March 13, +1895.’”</p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb112" href="#pb112" name= +"pb112">112</a>]</span></p> +<p>Before leaving the <i>Fram</i> for good I ought, perhaps, to give a +short account of the equipment we finally decided on as the most likely +to suit our purposes.</p> +<p>I have already mentioned the two kayaks that had been made during +the course of the winter, and that we required to have with us in order +to cross possible channels and pools, and also for use when we should +come to open sea. Instead of these kayaks, I had at first thought of +taking ready-made canvas boat-covers, and of using the sledges as +frames to stretch them over. By this means a craft perfectly capable of +carrying us over lanes and short bits of open sea could have been +rigged up in a very short space of time. I subsequently gave up this +idea, however, and decided on the kayak, a craft with which I was +familiar, and which I knew would render valuable assistance in several +respects. Even if we had been able to contrive a cover for the sledges +in such a manner that a boat could have been got ready in a short space +of time, it would not have been such quick work as simply launching a +ready-made kayak. Added to this, the craft would, necessarily, have +been heavy to row; and when it was a question of long distances in open +water, such as along the coasts of Franz Josef Land, or across thence +to Spitzbergen, much time would have been lost. One consideration +indeed, and that of some moment, was the saving in weight if the +sledges were made use of; but even this was not of so much importance +as it seemed, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb113" href="#pb113" name= +"pb113">113</a>]</span>as the covers of both kinds of craft would have +weighed about the same, and what would have been saved in the weight of +the frames was not much, if one remembers that a whole kayak-frame only +weighs about 16 pounds. Then, too, if kayaks were used, some weight +would be saved by being able to carry our provisions and other +<i>impedimenta</i> in bags of thin material, which could be stowed away +in the kayaks, and the latter lashed to the sledges. Our provisions +would thus be protected against all risk of attack by dogs, or of being +cut by sharp pieces of ice. The other alternative—the canvas +cover—which would have required fitting on and folding up again +after being in the water, would, necessarily, in the low temperatures +we had to expect, have become spoiled and leaky. Last, but not least, +the kayak, with its tightly covered deck, is a most efficient sea-boat, +in which one can get along in any kind of weather, and is also an +admirable craft for shooting and fishing purposes. The boat which one +could have contrived by the other expedient could with difficulty have +been made any way satisfactory in this respect.</p> +<p>I have also mentioned the <i>sledges</i> which I had made for this +expedition. They were of the same pattern as those built for the +Greenland one; somewhat resembling in shape the Norwegian +“skikjelke,”<a class="noteref" id="xd20e2094src" href= +"#xd20e2094" name="xd20e2094src">4</a> which is a low hand-sledge on +broad runners, similar to our ordinary <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb114" href="#pb114" name="pb114">114</a>]</span>“ski.” +But instead of the broad, flat runners we used in Greenland, I had the +runners made in this case about the same in width (3⅙ inches), +but somewhat convex underneath, like those to be found on the +“skikjelke” of Österdalen and elsewhere. These convex +runners proved to move very easily on the kind of country which we had +to travel over, and they enabled the long sledges to be turned with +ease, which was particularly convenient in the drift-ice, where the +many irregularities often necessitated a very <i>zigzag</i> route. The +runners were covered with a thin plate of German silver, which, as it +always keeps bright and smooth and does not rust, answered its purpose +well. As I mentioned before, there were thin, loose, well-tarred +guard-runners of a kind of maple (<i>Acer platonides</i>) underneath +the German-silver ones. The sledges were also prepared in various other +ways, which have been treated of before, for the heavy loads they were +to carry at the beginning. The result of this was that they were +somewhat heavier than I had intended at first; but in return I had the +satisfaction of their being fit for use during the whole journey, and +not once were we stopped or delayed by their breaking down. This has +hardly been the case with former sledge journeys.</p> +<p>I have referred several times to our <i>clothes</i>, and our +trial-trips in them. Although we had come to the conclusion that our +wolfskin garments were too warm for travelling in, we took them with us +all the same on our <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb115" href="#pb115" +name="pb115">115</a>]</span>first trip, and wore them too, to a certain +extent; but we soon discovered that they were always too warm, and +caused undue perspiration. By absorbing all the moisture of the body +they became so heavy that they made an appreciable difference in the +weight of our loads, and on our return from our three days’ +absence from the vessel were so wet that they had to be hung for a long +time over the saloon stove to dry. To this was added the experience +that when we took them off in the cold, after having worn them for a +time, they froze so stiff that it was difficult to get them on again. +The result of all this was that I was not very favorably disposed +towards them, and eventually made up my mind to keep to my woollen +clothes, which I thought would give free outlet to the perspiration. +Johansen followed my example. Our clothes then came to consist of about +the following: On the upper part of the body two woollen shirts +(Jaeger’s); outside these I had a camel’s-hair coat, and +last of all a thick, rough jersey. Instead of the jersey, Johansen wore +what is called on board ship an “anorak,” of thick +homespun, provided with a hood, which he could pull forward in front of +his face, and made after an Eskimo pattern. On our legs we had, next +our skin, woollen drawers, and over these knickerbockers and loose +gaiters of close Norwegian homespun. To protect us from wind and +fine-driven snow, which, being of the nature of dust, forces itself +into every pore of a woollen fabric, we wore a suit which has been +mentioned before, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb116" href="#pb116" +name="pb116">116</a>]</span>made of a thin, close kind of cotton +canvas, and consisting of an upper garment to pull over the head, +provided with a hood in Eskimo fashion, and a lower one in the shape of +a pair of wide overalls.</p> +<p>An important item in an outfit is the <i>foot-gear</i>. Instead of +wearing long stockings, I preferred to use loose stocking-legs and +socks, as these are easy to dry on one’s chest when asleep at +night. On a journey of this kind, where one is continually travelling +over snow and in a low temperature, whether it be on “ski” +or not, my experience is that Finn shoes are, without doubt, the most +satisfactory covering for the feet in every way, but they must be made +of the skin of the hind-legs of the reindeer buck. They are warm and +strong, they are always flexible, and are easy to put on and take off. +They require careful management, however, if they are not to be spoiled +at the outset, and one must try as well as one can to dry them when +asleep at night. If it be sunny and good drying weather outside, the +best plan is to hang them on a couple of “ski” staffs, or +something of the kind, in the wind outside the tent, preferably turned +inside out, so that the skin itself can dry quickly. If one does not +take this precaution the hair will soon begin to fall out. In severe +cold, such as we had on the first part of our journey, it was +impossible to dry them in this way, and our only resource was then to +dry them on the feet at night, after having carefully brushed and +scraped them free from snow and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb117" +href="#pb117" name="pb117">117</a>]</span>moisture. Then the next +process is to turn them inside out, fill them with +“sennegraes,” or sedge, if one have it, thrust one’s +feet in, and creep into the sleeping-bag with them on.<a class= +"noteref" id="xd20e2121src" href="#xd20e2121" name="xd20e2121src">5</a> +For milder weather later on we had provided ourselves with leather +boots of the “komager” type, such as the Lapps use in +summer. In this case they were made of under-tanned ox-hide, with soles +of the skin of the blue seal (<i>Phoca barbara</i>); well rubbed in +with a composition of tar and tallow, they make a wonderfully strong +and water-tight boot, especially for use in wet weather. Inside the +“finsko” we used, at the beginning of our journey, this +“sennegraes” (<i>Carex æsicaria</i>), of which we had +taken a supply. This is most effective in keeping the feet dry and +warm, and if used Lapp-wise, <i>i.e.</i>, with bare feet, it draws all +moisture to itself. At night the wet “sennegraes” must be +removed from the boots, well pulled out with the fingers, so that it +does not cling together, and then dried during the night by being worn +inside the coat or trousers-leg. In the morning it will be about dry, +and can be pressed into the boots again. Little by little, however, it +becomes used up, and if it is to last out a long journey a good supply +must be taken.</p> +<p>We also had with us socks made of sheep’s wool and human hair, +which were both warm and durable. Then, too, we took squares of +“vadmel,” or Norwegian homespun, <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb118" href="#pb118" name="pb118">118</a>]</span>such +as are used in our army, which we wore inside our “komager” +(particularly myself) on the latter part of the journey, when the snow +was wet. They are comfortable to wear and easy to dry, as one can +spread them out under one’s coat or trousers at night.</p> +<p>On our <i>hands</i> we wore large gloves of wolfskin, in addition to +ordinary woollen mittens underneath, neither of them having separate +divisions for the fingers. Exactly the same drying process had to be +gone through with the gloves as with the foot-gear. Altogether the +warmth of one’s unfortunate body, which is the only source of +heat one has for this sort of work, is chiefly expended in the effort +to dry one’s various garments; and we spent our nights in wet +compresses, in order that the morrow might pass in a little more +comfort.</p> +<p>On our <i>heads</i> we wore felt hats, which shaded the eyes from +the dazzling light, and were less pervious to the wind than an ordinary +woollen cap. Outside the hat we generally had one or two hoods of +cloth. By this means we could regulate the warmth of our heads to a +certain extent, and this is no unimportant thing.</p> +<p>It had been my original intention to use light one-man +<i>sleeping-bags</i>, made of the skin of the reindeer calf. As these, +however, proved to be insufficiently warm, I had to resort to the same +principle we went on in Greenland, <i>i.e.</i>, a double bag of adult +reindeer-skin; a considerable increase of warmth is thus attained by +the fact that the occupants warm each other. Furthermore, a bag for two +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb119" href="#pb119" name= +"pb119">119</a>]</span>men is not a little lighter than two single +bags. An objection has been raised to joint bags on the score that +one’s night’s rest is apt to be disturbed, but this I have +not found to be the case.</p> +<p>Something which, in my opinion, ought not to be omitted from a +sledge journey is a <i>tent</i>. Even if thin and frail, it affords the +members of an expedition so much protection and comfort that the +inconsiderable increase in weight to the equipment is more than +compensated for. The tents that I had had made for the expedition were +of strong undressed silk and very light. They were square at the base +and pointed at the top, and were pitched by means only of a tent-pole +in the middle, on the same principle as the four-man tents used in our +army. Most of them had canvas floors attached. On our first start we +took with us a tent of this kind, intended to hold four men and +weighing a little over 7 pounds. The floor is a certain advantage, as +it makes the whole tent compact and is quick to put up, besides being +more impervious to wind. The whole tent is sewed in one piece, walls +and floor together, and the only opening a little split through which +to crawl. One drawback, however, to it is, that it is almost impossible +not to carry in with one a certain amount of snow on the feet. This +melts during the night from the heat of one’s body lying on it, +and the floor absorbs the moisture, thereby causing the tent to be +always a good deal heavier than the figures given here. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb120" href="#pb120" name="pb120">120</a>]</span></p> +<p>I accordingly relinquished all idea of a tent of this kind, and took +with me one of about the same dimensions, but without a floor, and of +the same silk material as the other. It took a little longer to put up, +but the difference was not great. The walls were kept down by pegs, and +when all was finished we would bank it carefully round with snow to +exclude wind and draughts. Then came the actual pitching of the tent, +which was accomplished by crawling in through the entrance and poking +it up with a “ski” staff, which also served as tent-pole. +It weighed a fraction over 3 pounds, including 16 pegs, lasted the +whole journey through—that is to say, until the autumn—and +was always a cherished place of refuge.</p> +<p>The <i>cooking apparatus</i> we took with us had the advantage of +utilizing to the utmost the fuel consumed. With it we were able, in a +very short space of time, to cook food and simultaneously melt an +abundance of drinking-water, so that both in the morning and in the +evening we were able to drink as much as we wished, and even a surplus +remained. The apparatus consisted of two boilers and a vessel for +melting snow or ice in, and was constructed in the following manner: +Inside a ring-shaped vessel was placed the boiler, while underneath +this again was the lamp. The entire combustion output was thus forced +to mount into the space between the boiler and the ring-shaped vessel. +Over this was a tight-fitting lid with a hole in the middle, through +which the hot air was <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb121" href= +"#pb121" name="pb121">121</a>]</span>obliged to pass before it could +penetrate farther and reach the bottom of a flat snow-melter, which was +placed above it. Then, after having delivered some part of its heat, +the air was forced down again on the outside of the ring-shaped vessel +by the help of a mantle, or cap, which surrounded the whole. Here it +parted with its last remaining warmth to the outer side of the +ring-vessel, and finally escaped, almost entirely cooled, from the +lower edge of the mantle.</p> +<p>For the heating was used a Swedish gas-petroleum lamp, known as the +“Primus,” in which the heat turns the petroleum into gas +before it is consumed. By this means it renders the combustion +unusually complete. Numerous experiments made by Professor Torup at his +laboratory proved that the cooker in ordinary circumstances yielded 90 +to 93 per cent. of the heat which the petroleum consumed should, by +combustion, theoretically evolve. A more satisfactory result, I think, +it would be difficult to obtain. The vessels in this cooker were made +of German silver, while the lid, outside cap, etc., were of aluminium. +Together with two tin mugs, two tin spoons, and a tin ladle, it weighed +exactly 8 pounds 13 ounces, while the lamp, the “Primus,” +weighed 4½ ounces.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e2180width" id="p122"><img src="images/p122.png" +alt="The Cooking Apparatus" width="544" height="602"> +<p class="figureHead">The Cooking Apparatus</p> +</div> +<p>As fuel, my choice this time fell on petroleum +(“snowflake”). Alcohol, which has generally been used +before on Arctic expeditions, has several advantages, and, in +particular, is easy to burn. One decided drawback to it, however, is +the fact that it does not by any means generate <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb122" href="#pb122" name="pb122">122</a>]</span>so +much heat in comparison with its weight as petroleum when the latter is +entirely consumed, as was the case with the lamp used by us. As I was +afraid that petroleum might freeze, I had a notion of employing +gas-oil, but gave up the idea, as it escapes so easily that it is +difficult to preserve, and is, moreover, very explosive. We had no +difficulties with our “snowflake” petroleum on account of +the cold. We took with us rather more <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb123" href="#pb123" name="pb123">123</a>]</span>than 4 gallons, and +this quantity lasted us 120 days, enabling us to cook two hot meals a +day and melt an abundance of water.</p> +<p>Of snow-shoes we took several pairs, as we had to be prepared for +breakages in the uneven drift-ice; besides this, they would probably +get considerably worn in the summer-time when the snow became wet and +granular. Those we took with us were particularly tough, and slid +readily. They were, for the most part, of the same kind of maple as the +sledges, and of birch and hickory. They had all been well rubbed in +with a concoction of tar, stearine, and tallow.</p> +<p>As we calculated to subsist, in a measure, on what we could shoot +ourselves, it was necessary for us to have firearms. The most important +<i>gun</i> for this kind of work is, naturally, the rifle; but as, in +all likelihood, we should have to go across large expanses of snow, +where probably there would be little big game, and whereas, on the +other hand, birds might very likely come flying over our heads, I +thought shot-guns would be the most serviceable to us. Therefore we +decided on the same equipment in this respect as we had in Greenland. +We took with us two double-barrelled guns (büchsflints); each of +them having a shot-barrel of 20-bore and a barrel for ball (Express) of +about .360 calibre. Our supply of ammunition consisted of about 180 +rifle cartridges and 150 shot cartridges.</p> +<p>Our <i>instruments</i> for determining our position and for +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb124" href="#pb124" name= +"pb124">124</a>]</span>working sights were: a small, light theodolite, +specially constructed for the purpose, which, with its case (this I had +also had made to act as a stand) only weighed a little over two pounds. +We had, furthermore, a pocket sextant and an artificial glass horizon, +a light azimuth compass of aluminium, and a couple of other compasses. +For the meteorological observations we had a couple of aneroid +barometers, two minimum spirit-thermometers and three quicksilver +sling-thermometers. In addition to these, we had a good aluminium +telescope, and also a photographic camera.</p> +<p>The most difficult, but also, perhaps, the most important, point in +the equipment of a sledge expedition is thoroughly good and adequate +<i>victualling</i>. I have already mentioned, in the Introduction to +this book, that the first and foremost object is to protect one’s +self against scurvy and other maladies by the choice of foods, which, +through careful preparation and sterilization, are assured against +decomposition. On a sledge expedition of this kind, where so much +attention must be paid to the weight of the equipment, it is hardly +possible to take any kinds of provisions, except those of which the +weight has been reduced as much as possible by careful and complete +drying. As, however, meat and fish are not so easily digested when +dried, it is no unimportant thing to have them in a pulverized form. +The dried food is, in this manner, so finely distributed that it can +with equal facility be digested and received into the organism. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb125" href="#pb125" name= +"pb125">125</a>]</span>This preparation of meat and fish was, +therefore, the only kind we took with us. The meat was muscular beef, +taken from the ox, and freed from all fat, gristle, etc.; it was then +dried as quickly as possible, in a completely fresh condition, and +thereupon ground and mixed with the same proportion of beef suet as is +used in the ordinary preparation of pemmican. This form of food, which +has been used for a considerable time on sledge expeditions, has gained +for itself much esteem, and rightly; if well prepared, as ours was, it +is undeniably a nourishing and easily digested food.<a class="noteref" +id="xd20e2211src" href="#xd20e2211" name="xd20e2211src">6</a> One ought +not, however, to trust to its always being harmless, as, if carelessly +prepared—<i>i.e.</i>, slowly or imperfectly dried—it may +also be very injurious to the health.</p> +<p>Another item of our provisions, by which we set great store, was +Våge’s fish flour. It is well prepared and has admirable +keeping qualities; if boiled in water and mixed with flour and butter +or dried potatoes, it furnishes a very appetizing dish. Another point +which should be attended to is that the food be of such a kind that it +can be eaten without cooking. Fuel is part of an equipment, no doubt; +but if for some reason or other this be lost or <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb126" href="#pb126" name="pb126">126</a>]</span>used +up, one would be in a bad case indeed, had one not provided against +such a contingency by taking food which could be eaten in spite of +that. In order to save fuel, too, it is important that the food should +not require <i>cooking</i>, but merely warming. The flour that we took +with us had therefore been steamed, and could, if necessary, have been +eaten as it was, without further preparation. Merely brought to a boil, +it made a good hot dish. We also took dried boiled potatoes, pea-soup, +chocolate, vril-food, etc. Our bread was partly carefully dried wheaten +biscuits, and partly aleuronate bread, which I had caused to be made of +wheat flour mixed with about 30 per cent. of aleuronate flour +(vegetable albumen).</p> +<p>We also took with us a considerable quantity of butter (86 pounds) +which had been well worked on board in order to get out all superfluous +water. By this means not only was considerable weight saved, but the +butter did not become so hard in the cold. On the whole, it must be +said that our menus included considerable variety, and we were never +subjected to that sameness of food which former sledge expeditions have +complained so much of. Finally, we always had ravenous appetites, and +always thought our meals as delicious as they could be.</p> +<p>Our <i>medicine-chest</i> consisted, on this occasion, of a little +bag, containing, naturally, only the most absolutely necessary drugs, +etc. Some splints and some ligatures, <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb127" href="#pb127" name="pb127">127</a>]</span>and plaster-of-Paris +bandages, for possible broken legs and arms; aperient pills and +laudanum for derangements of the stomach, which were never required; +chloroform in case of an amputation, for example, from frost-bite; a +couple of small glasses of cocaine in solution for snow-blindness (also +unused); drops for toothache, carbolic acid, iodoform gauze, a couple +of curved needles, and some silk for sewing up wounds; a scalpel, two +artery tweezers (also for amputations), and a few other sundries. +Happily our medicines were hardly ever required, except that the +ligatures and bandages came in very handily the following winter as +wicks for our train-oil lamps. Still better for this purpose, however, +is Nicolaysen’s plaster, of which we had taken a supply for +possible broken collar-bones. The layer of wax we scraped carefully off +and found it most satisfactory for calking our leaky kayaks.</p> +<p><span class="sc">List of the Equipment</span></p> +<p><span class="sc">Sledge No. 1</span> (with Nansen’s Kayak)</p> +<div class="table xd20e2242"> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top"></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244"><b>Lbs.</b></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244"><b>Oz.</b></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244"><b>Kilos.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Kayak</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">41</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">2</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">18.7</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Pump (for pumping kayaks in case of leakage)</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">2</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.5</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Sail</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">9</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.7</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Axe and geological hammer</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">5</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.6</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Gun and case</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">7</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">4</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">3.3</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Two small wooden rods belonging to cooker</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">14</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.4</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Theodolite and case</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">4</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">13</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">2.2</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Three reserve cross-pieces for sledges</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244"></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.9</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Some pieces of wood</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">11</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.3</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Harpoon line</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">8.4</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.24</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Fur gaiters</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">3</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.55</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Five balls of cord</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">2</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">9</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1.17<span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb128" href="#pb128" name="pb128">128</a>]</span></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Cooker, with two mugs, ladle, and two spoons</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">8</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">13</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">4.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Petroleum lamp (Primus)</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">4½</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.1</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Pocket-flask</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">6</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.17</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Bag, with sundry articles of clothing</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">8</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">13</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">4.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Blanket</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">4</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">6</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">2.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Jersey</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">2</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">8</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1.15</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Finn shoes filled with grass</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">3</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1.4</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Cap for fitting over opening in kayak</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">7</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.2</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">One pair “komager”</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">2</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.95</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Two pair kayak gloves and one harpoon and line</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">5</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.6</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">One waterproof sealskin kayak overcoat</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">3</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1.4</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Tool-bag</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">2</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">10</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1.2</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Bag of sewing materials, including sailmaker’s +palm, sail needles, and other sundries</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">2</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">10</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1.2</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Three Norwegian flags</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">4</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.1</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Medicines, etc.</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">4</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">15</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">2.25</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Photographic camera</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">4</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">10</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">2.1</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">One cassette and one tin box of films</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">3</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">14</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1.75</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">One wooden cup</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">3</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.08</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">One rope (for lashing kayak to sledge)</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">2</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.9</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Pieces of reindeer-skin to prevent kayaks from +chafing</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">3</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">15</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1.8</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Wooden shovel</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">2</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">3</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Ski-staff with disk at bottom</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">9</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.7</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">One bamboo staff</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.45</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Two oak staffs</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">2</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">10</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1.2</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Seven reserve dog harnesses and two reserve hauling +ropes</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">2</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">10</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1.2</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">One coil of rope</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">6</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.18</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Four bamboo poles for masts and for steering +sledges</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">8</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">13</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">4.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">One bag of bread</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">5</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">15</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">2.7</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">One bag of whey-powder</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">3</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">5</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1.5</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">One bag of sugar</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">2</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">3</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">One bag of albuminous flour</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">12</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.8</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">One bag of lime-juice tablets</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">10</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.73</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">One bag of Frame-food stamina tablets</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">2</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">7</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1.1</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" colspan="4">As boat’s grips, under the sledges, +were:</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Three sacks of pemmican (together)</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">238</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">108.2</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">One sack “leverpostei,” or +pâté made of calf’s liver</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">93</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">15</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">42.7</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb129" href="#pb129" name= +"pb129">129</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class="sc">Sledge No. 2.</span> On this were carried, in +strong sacks:</p> +<div class="table xd20e2242"> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top"></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244"><b>Lbs.</b></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244"><b>Oz.</b></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244"><b>Kilos.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Albuminous flour</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">14</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">15</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">6.8</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Wheat flour</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">15</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">6</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">7.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Whey-powder</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">16</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">15</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">7.7</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Corn flour</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">8</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">13</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">4.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Sugar</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">7</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">3.2</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Vril-food</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">31</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">4</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">14.2</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Australian pemmican</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">13</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">5.9</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Chocolate</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">12</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">12</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">5.8</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Oatmeal</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">11</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">5.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Dried red whortleberries</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">14</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.4</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Two sacks of white bread (together)</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">69</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">5</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">31.5</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">One sack of aleuronate bread</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">46</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">10</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">21.2</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">“Special food” (a mixture of pea flour, +meat-powder, fat, etc.)</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">63</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">13</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">29.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Butter</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">85</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">13</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">39.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Fish flour (Våge’s)</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">34</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">2</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">15.5</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Dried potatoes</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">15</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">3</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">6.9</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">One reindeer-skin sleeping-bag</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">19</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">13</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">9.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Two steel-wire ropes, with couples for twenty-eight +dogs</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">11</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">5.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">One pair hickory snow-shoes</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">11 0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">5.0</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Weight of sledge</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">43 5</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">19.7</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p><span class="sc">Sledge No. 3</span> (with Johansen’s +Kayak)</p> +<div class="table xd20e2242"> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top"></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244"><b>Lbs.</b></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244"><b>Oz.</b></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244"><b>Kilos.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Kayak</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">41</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">6</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">18.8</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Two pieces of reindeer-skin, to prevent chafing</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">12</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.8</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">A supply of dog-shoes</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">3</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.55</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">One Eskimo shooting-sledge with sail (intended for +possible seal-shooting on the ice)</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">10</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.73</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Two sledge sails</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">2</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">10</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1.2</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Pump</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">14</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.4</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Oar-blades (made of canvas stretched on frames, and +intended to be lashed to the ski-staffs)</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">2</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.5</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Gun</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">7</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">2.7</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">3.26</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Flask</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">5.9</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.17</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Net (for catching crustacea in the sea)</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">5.2</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.15</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">One pair “komager”</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">15.7</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.9</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb130" href="#pb130" name= +"pb130">130</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class="sc">Sledge No. 3</span>—<i>continued</i></p> +<div class="table xd20e2242"> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top"></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244"><b>Lbs.</b></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244"><b>Oz.</b></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244"><b>Kilos.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Waterproof kayak overcoat of sealskin</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">2</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">3</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Fur gaiters</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">7.3</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.21</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Two reserve pieces of wood</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">9.8</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.28</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Two tins of petroleum (about 5 gallons)</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">40</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.6</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">18.2</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Several reserve snow-shoe fastenings</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">15.1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.43</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Lantern for changing plates, etc.</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1.2</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.49</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Artificial glass horizon</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">10.2</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.29</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Bag with cords and nautical almanac</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">4.6</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.13</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Pocket sextant</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">13.7</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.39</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Two packets of matches</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">13.7</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.39</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">One reserve sheet of German silver (for repaving +plates under sledge-runners)</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">7.4</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.21</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Pitch</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">3.5</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.1</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Two minimum thermometers in cases</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">7.4</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.21</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Three quicksilver thermometers in cases</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">4.9</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.14</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">One compass</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">8.8</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.25</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">One aluminium compass</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">8.4</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.24</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">One aluminium telescope</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244"><span class="corr" id="xd20e3190" +title="Source: 11">1</span></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">8.6</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.7</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">“Sennegraes” or sedge for Finn shoes</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">7</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.2</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Bag with cartridges</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">26</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">11.85</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Leather pouch with reserve shooting requisites, parts +for gun-locks, reserve cocks, balls, powder, etc.</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">3</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1.4</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Leather pouch with glass bottle, one spoon, and five +pencils</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">10.6</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.3</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Bag with navigation tables, nautical almanac, cards, +etc.</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">2</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">7</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1.1</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Tin box with diaries, letters, photographs, +observation-journals, etc.</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">3</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">10</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1.65</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">One cap for covering hole in deck of kayak</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">8</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.23</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">One sack of meat-chocolate</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">17</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">10</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">8.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">One bag of soups</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">6</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">10</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">3.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">One bag of cocoa</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">7</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">6</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">3.35</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">One bag of fish flour</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">3</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">12</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1.70</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">One bag of wheat flour</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">2</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">0.90</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">One bag of chocolate</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">4</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">6</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">2.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">One bag of oatmeal</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">4</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">6</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">2.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">One bag of vril-food</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">4</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">6</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">2.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" colspan="4">As grips under the sledge were:</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">One sack of oatmeal</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">29</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">13.2</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">One sack of pemmican</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">115</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">52.3</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">One sack of liver pâté</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">111</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">12</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">50.8</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb131" href="#pb131" name= +"pb131">131</a>]</span></p> +<p>A list of our dogs and their weights on starting may be of +interest:</p> +<div class="table xd20e2242"> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top"></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244"><b>Lbs.</b></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244"><b>Kilos.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Kvik</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">78</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">35.7</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Freia</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">50</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">22.7</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Barbara</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">49½</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">22.5</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Suggen</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">61½</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">28.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Flint</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">59½</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">27.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Barrabas</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">61½</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">28.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Gulen</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">60½</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">27.5</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Haren</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">61½</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">28.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Barnet</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">39</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">17.7</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Sultan</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">68</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">31.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Klapperslangen</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">59½</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">27.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Blok</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">59</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">26.8</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Bjelki</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">38</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">17.3</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Sjöliget</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">40</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">18.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Katta</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">45½</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">20.7</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Narrifas</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">46</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">21.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Livjægeren</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">38½</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">17.5</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Potifar</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">57</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">26.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Storræven</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">70</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">31.8</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Isbjön</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">61½</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">28.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Lilleræven</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">59</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">26.7</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Kvindfolket</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">37</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">26.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Perpetuum</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">63</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">28.6</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Baro</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">60½</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">27.5</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Russen</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">58</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">26.5</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Kaifas</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">69</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">31.5</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Ulenka</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">57</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">26.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Pan</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">65</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">29.5</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb132" href="#pb132" name= +"pb132">132</a>]</span></p> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e1935" href="#xd20e1935src" name="xd20e1935">1</a></span> The +crossbars on the sledge that connect the perpendicular supports of the +runners with each other.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e1938" href="#xd20e1938src" name="xd20e1938">2</a></span> The +sledge runners were connected in front by a bow, consisting of three or +four pieces of rattan cane lashed together; it is to this bow the +hauling-lines are fastened.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e1954" href="#xd20e1954src" name="xd20e1954">3</a></span> This +odometer had been made on board, shortly before starting, out of the +works of an old anemometer. The odometer was fastened behind the last +sledge, and indicated fairly correctly the distance covered by us.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e2094" href="#xd20e2094src" name="xd20e2094">4</a></span> They +were 12 feet long, 1 foot 9½ inches broad, and rode about 5 +inches above the snow.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e2121" href="#xd20e2121src" name="xd20e2121">5</a></span> Compare +my description of “finsko,” in <i>The First Crossing of +Greenland</i>, pp. 47 and 48.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e2211" href="#xd20e2211src" name="xd20e2211">6</a></span> I had +also had prepared a large quantity of pemmican, consisting of equal +parts of meat-powder and vegetable fat (from the cocoanut). This +pemmican, however, proved to be rather an unfortunate invention; even +the dogs would not eat it after they had tasted it once or twice. +Perhaps this is accounted for by the fact that vegetable fat is heavily +digested, and contains acids which irritate the mucous membranes of the +stomach and throat.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch4" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="label">Chapter IV</h2> +<h2 class="main">We Say Good-bye to the “Fram”</h2> +<p class="firstpar">At last by midday on March 14th we finally left the +<i>Fram</i> to the noise of a thundering salute. For the third time +farewells and mutual good wishes were exchanged. Some of our comrades +came a little way with us, but Sverdrup soon turned back in order to be +on board for dinner at 1 o’clock. It was on the top of a hummock +that we two said good-bye to each other; the <i>Fram</i> was lying +behind us, and I can remember how I stood watching him as he strode +easily homeward on his snow-shoes. I half wished I could turn back with +him and find myself again in the warm saloon; I knew only too well that +a life of toil lay before us, and that it would be many a long day +before we should again sleep and eat under a comfortable roof; but that +that time was going to be so long as it really proved to be, none of us +then had any idea. We all thought that either the expedition would +succeed, and that we should return home that same year, or—that +it would not succeed.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e3610width" id="p133"><img src="images/p133.jpg" +alt="The Start from the “Fram.” March 14, 1895" width="720" +height="439"> +<p class="figureHead">The Start from the “Fram.” March 14, +1895</p> +<p class="firstpar">Sverdrup Nansen Henriksen Mogstad Johansen Jacobsen +Scott-Hansen Juell Pettersen Amundsen</p> +<p>(<i>From a photograph</i>)</p> +</div> +<p>A little while after Sverdrup had left us, Mogstad also found it +necessary to turn back. He had thought <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb135" href="#pb135" name="pb135">135</a>]</span>of going with us till +the next day, but his heavy wolfskin trousers were, as he +un-euphemistically expressed it, “almost full of sweat, and he +must go back to the fire on board to get dry.” Hansen, Henriksen, +and Pettersen were then the only ones left, and they labored along, +each with his load on his back. It was difficult for them to keep up +with us on the flat ice, so quickly did <i>we</i> go; but when we came +to pressure-ridges we were brought to a standstill and the sledges had +to be helped over. At one place the ridge was so bad that we had to +carry the sledges a long way. When, after considerable trouble, we had +managed to get over it, Peter shook his head reflectively, and said to +Johansen that we should meet plenty more of the same kind, and have +enough hard work before we had eaten sufficient of the loads to make +the sledges run lightly. Just here we came upon a long stretch of bad +ice, and Peter became more and more concerned for our future; but +towards evening matters improved, and we advanced more rapidly. When we +stopped at 6 o’clock the odometer registered a good 7 miles, +which was not so bad for a first day’s work. We had a cheerful +evening in our tent, which was just about big enough to hold all five. +Pettersen, who had exerted himself and become over-heated on the way, +shivered and groaned while the dogs were being tied up and fed, and the +tent pitched. He, however, found existence considerably brighter when +he sat inside it, in his warm wolfskin clothes, with a pot <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb136" href="#pb136" name="pb136">136</a>]</span>of +smoking chocolate before him, a big lump of butter in one hand and a +biscuit in the other, and exclaimed, “Now I am living like a +prince!” He thereafter discoursed at length on the exalting +thought that he was sitting in a tent in the middle of the Polar Sea. +Poor fellow, he had begged and prayed to be allowed to come with us on +this expedition; he would cook for us and make himself generally +useful, both as a tinsmith and blacksmith; and then, he said, three +would be company. I regretted that I could not take more than one +companion, and he had been in the depths of woe for several days, but +now found comfort in the fact that he had, at any rate, come part of +the way with us, and was out on this great desert sea, for, as he said, +“not many people have done that.”</p> +<p>The others had no sleeping-bag with them, so they made themselves a +cozy little hut of snow, into which they crawled in their wolfskin +garments, and had a tolerably good night. I was awake early the next +morning; but when I crept out of the tent I found that somebody else +was on his legs before me, and this was Pettersen, who, awakened by the +cold, was now walking up and down to warm his stiffened limbs. He had +tried it now, he said; he never should have thought it possible to +sleep in the snow, but it had not been half bad. He would not quite +admit that he had been cold, and that that was the reason why he had +turned out so early. Then we had our last pleasant breakfast together, +got the sledges ready, harnessed the dogs, shook hands with +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb139" href="#pb139" name= +"pb139">139</a>]</span>our companions, and, without many words being +uttered on either side, started out into solitude. Peter shook his head +sorrowfully as we went off. I turned round when we had gone some little +way, and saw his figure on the top of the hummock; he was still looking +after us. His thoughts were probably sad; perhaps he believed that he +had spoken to us for the last time.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e3635width" id="p137"><img src="images/p137.jpg" +alt="Our Last Camp before Parting from Our Comrades" width="720" +height="400"> +<p class="figureHead">Our Last Camp before Parting from Our +Comrades</p> +<p class="firstpar">(<i>From a photograph</i>)</p> +</div> +<p>We found large expanses of flat ice, and covered the ground quickly, +farther and farther away from our comrades, into the unknown, where we +two alone and the dogs were to wander for months. The +<i>Fram’s</i> rigging had disappeared long ago behind the margin +of the ice. We often came on piled-up ridges and uneven ice, where the +sledges had to be helped and sometimes carried over. It often happened, +too, that they capsized altogether, and it was only by dint of +strenuous hauling that we righted them again. Somewhat exhausted by all +this hard work, we stopped finally at 6 o’clock in the evening, +and had then gone about 9 miles during the day. They were not quite the +marches I had reckoned on, but we hoped that by degrees the sledges +would become lighter and the ice better to travel over. The latter, +too, seems to have been the case at first. On Sunday, March 17th, I say +in my diary: “The ice appears to be more even the farther north +we get; came across a lane, however, yesterday which necessitated a +long detour.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e3649src" href="#xd20e3649" +name="xd20e3649src">1</a> At half-past six we <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb140" href="#pb140" name="pb140">140</a>]</span>had +done about 9 miles. As we had just reached a good camping-ground, and +the dogs were tired, we stopped. Lowest temperature last night, +-45° Fahr. (-42.8° C.).”</p> +<p>The ice continued to become more even during the following days, and +our marches often amounted to 14 miles or more in the day. Now and then +a misfortune might happen which detained us, as, for instance, one day +a sharp spike of ice which was standing up cut a hole in a sack of fish +flour, and all the delicious food ran out. It took us more than an hour +to collect it all again and repair the damages. Then the odometer got +broken through being jammed in some uneven ice, and it took some hours +to mend it by a process of lashing. But on we went northward, often +over great, wide ice-plains which seemed as if they must stretch right +to the Pole. Sometimes it happened that we passed through places where +the ice was “unusually massive, with high hummocks, so that it +looked like undulating country covered with snow.” This was +undoubtedly very old ice, which had drifted in the Polar Sea for a long +time on its way from the Siberian Sea to the east coast of Greenland, +and which had been subjected year after year to severe pressure. High +hummocks and mounds are thus formed, which summer after summer are +partially melted <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb141" href="#pb141" +name="pb141">141</a>]</span>by the rays of the sun, and again in the +winters covered with great drifts of snow, so that they assume forms +which resemble ice-hills rather than piles of sea-ice resulting from +upheaval.</p> +<p>Wednesday, March 20th, my diary says: “Beautiful weather for +travelling in, with fine sunsets; but somewhat cold, particularly in +the bag, at nights (it was -41.8° and -43.6° Fahr., or -41° +and -42° C.). The ice appears to be getting more even the farther +we advance, and in some places it is like travelling over ‘inland +ice.’ If this goes on the whole thing will be done in no +time.” That day we lost our odometer, and as we did not find it +out till some time afterwards, and I did not know how far we might have +to go back, I thought it was not worth while to return and look for. It +was the cause, however, of our only being able subsequently to guess +approximately at the distance we had gone during the day. We had +another mishap, too, that day. This was that one of the dogs (it was +“Livjægeren”) had become so ill that he could not be +driven any longer, and we had to let him go loose. It was late in the +day before we discovered that he was not with us; he had stopped behind +at our camping-ground when we broke up in the morning, and I had to go +back after him on snow-shoes, which caused a long delay.</p> +<p>“Thursday, March 21st. Nine in the morning, -43.6° Fahr., +or -42° C. (Minimum in the night, -47.2° Fahr., or -44° C.) +Clear, as it has been every day. Beautiful, <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb142" href="#pb142" name= +"pb142">142</a>]</span>bright weather; glorious for travelling in, but +somewhat cold at nights, with the quicksilver continually frozen. +Patching Finn shoes in this temperature inside the tent, with +one’s nose slowly freezing away, is not all pure enjoyment.</p> +<p>“Friday, March 22d. Splendid ice for getting over; things go +better and better. Wide expanses, with a few pressure-ridges now and +then, but passable everywhere. Kept at it yesterday from about +half-past eleven in the morning to half-past eight at night; did a good +21 miles, I hope. We should be in latitude 85°. The only +disagreeable thing about it now is the cold. Our clothes are +transformed more and more into a cuirass of ice during the day, and wet +bandages at night. The blankets likewise. The sleeping-bag gets heavier +and heavier from the moisture which freezes on the hair inside. The +same clear, settled weather every day. We are both longing now for a +change; a few clouds and a little more mildness would be +welcome.” The temperature in the night, -44.8° Fahr. +(-42.7° C.). By an observation which I took later in the forenoon, +our latitude that day proved to be 85° 9′ N.</p> +<p>“Saturday, March 23d. On account of observation, lashing the +loads on the sledges, patching bags, and other occupations of a like +kind, which are no joke in this low temperature, we did not manage to +get off yesterday before 3 o’clock in the afternoon. We stuck to +it till nine in the evening, when we stopped in some of the +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb143" href="#pb143" name= +"pb143">143</a>]</span>worst ice we have seen lately. Our day’s +march, however, had lain across several large tracts of level ice, so I +think that we made 14 miles or so all the same. We have the same +brilliant sunshine; but yesterday afternoon the wind from the +northeast, which we have had for the last few days, increased, and made +it rather raw.</p> +<p>“We passed over a large frozen pool yesterday evening; it +looked almost like a large lake.” It could not have been long +since this was formed, as the ice on it was still quite thin. It is +wonderful that these pools can form up there at that time of the +year.</p> +<p>From this time forward there was an end of the flat ice, which it +had been simple enjoyment to travel over; and now we had often great +difficulties to cope with. On Sunday, March 24th, I write: “Ice +not so good; yesterday was a hard day, but we made a few +miles—not more, though, than seven, I am afraid. This continual +lifting of the heavily loaded sledges is calculated to break +one’s back; but better times are coming, perhaps. The cold is +also appreciable, always the same; but yesterday it was increased by +the admixture of considerable wind from the northeast. We halted about +half-past nine in the evening. It is perceptible how the days lengthen, +and how much later the sun sets; in a few days’ time we shall +have the midnight sun.</p> +<p>“We killed ‘Livjægeren’ yesterday evening, +and hard work it was skinning him.” This was the first dog which +had to be killed; but many came afterwards, and <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb144" href="#pb144" name="pb144">144</a>]</span>it +was some of the most disagreeable work we had on the journey, +particularly now at the beginning, when it was so cold. When this first +dog was dismembered and given to the others, many of them went +supperless the whole night in preference to touching the meat. But as +the days went by and they became more worn out, they learned to +appreciate dog’s flesh, and later we were not even so considerate +as to skin the butchered animal, but served it hair and all.</p> +<p>The following day the ice was occasionally somewhat better; but as a +rule it was bad, and we became more and more worn out with the +never-ending work of helping the dogs, righting the sledges every time +they capsized, and hauling them, or carrying them bodily, over hummocks +and inequalities of the ground. Sometimes we were so sleepy in the +evenings that our eyes shut and we fell asleep as we went along. My +head would drop, and I would be awakened by suddenly falling forward on +my snow-shoes. Then we would stop, after having found a camping-ground +behind a hummock or ridge of ice, where there was some shelter from the +wind. While Johansen looked after the dogs, it generally fell to my lot +to pitch the tent, fill the cooker with ice, light the burner, and +start the supper as quickly as possible. This generally consisted of +“lobscouse” one day, made of pemmican and dried potatoes; +another day of a sort of fish rissole substance known as +“fiskegratin” in Norway, and in this case composed of +fish-meal, flour, and butter. A <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb145" +href="#pb145" name="pb145">145</a>]</span>third day it would be pea, +bean, or lentil soup, with bread and pemmican. Johansen preferred the +“lobscouse,” while I had a weakness for the +“fiskegratin.” As time went by, however, he came over to my +way of thinking, and the “fiskegratin” took precedence of +everything else.</p> +<p>As soon as Johansen had finished with the dogs, and the different +receptacles containing the ingredients and eatables for breakfast and +supper had been brought in, as well as our bags with private +necessities, the sleeping-bags were spread out, the tent door carefully +shut, and we crept into the bag to thaw our clothes. This was not very +agreeable work. During the course of the day the damp exhalations of +the body had little by little become condensed in our outer garments, +which were now a mass of ice and transformed into complete suits of +ice-armor. They were so hard and stiff that if we had only been able to +get them off they could have stood by themselves, and they crackled +audibly every time we moved. These clothes were so stiff that the arm +of my coat actually rubbed deep sores in my wrists during our marches; +one of these sores—the one on the right hand—got +frost-bitten, the wound grew deeper and deeper, and nearly reached the +bone. I tried to protect it with bandages, but not until late in the +summer did it heal, and I shall probably have the scar for life. When +we got into our sleeping-bags in the evening our clothes began to thaw +slowly, and on this process a considerable amount of <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb146" href="#pb146" name= +"pb146">146</a>]</span>physical <i>heat</i> was expended. We packed +ourselves tight into the bag, and lay with our teeth chattering for an +hour, or an hour and a half, before we became aware of a little of the +warmth in our bodies which we so sorely needed. At last our clothes +became wet and pliant, only to freeze again a few minutes after we had +turned out of the bag in the morning. There was no question of getting +these clothes dried on the journey so long as the cold lasted, as more +and more moisture from the body collected in them.</p> +<p>How cold we were as we lay there shivering in the bag, waiting for +the supper to be ready! I, who was cook, was obliged to keep myself +more or less awake to see to the culinary operations, and sometimes I +succeeded. At last the supper was ready, was portioned out, and, as +always, tasted delicious. These occasions were the supreme moments of +our existence—moments to which we looked forward the whole day +long. But sometimes we were so weary that our eyes closed, and we fell +asleep with the food on its way to our mouths. Our hands would fall +back inanimate with the spoons in them and the food fly out on the bag. +After supper we generally permitted ourselves the luxury of a little +extra drink, consisting of water, as hot as we could swallow it, in +which whey-powder had been dissolved. It tasted something like boiled +milk, and we thought it wonderfully comforting; it seemed to warm us to +the very ends of our toes. Then we would creep down into the bag +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb147" href="#pb147" name= +"pb147">147</a>]</span>again, buckle the flap carefully over our heads, +lie close together, and soon sleep the sleep of the just. But even in +our dreams we went on ceaselessly, grinding at the sledges and driving +the dogs, always northward, and I was often awakened by hearing +Johansen calling in his sleep to “Pan,” or +“Barrabas,” or “Klapperslangen”: “Get on, +you devil, you! Go on, you brutes! Sass, sass!<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e3696src" href="#xd20e3696" name="xd20e3696src">2</a> Now the +whole thing is going over!” and execrations less fit for +reproduction, until I went to sleep again.</p> +<p>In the morning I, as cook, was obliged to turn out to prepare the +breakfast, which took an hour’s time. As a rule, it consisted one +morning of chocolate, bread, butter, and pemmican; another of oatmeal +porridge, or a compound of flour, water, and butter, in imitation of +our “butter-porridge” at home. This was washed down with +milk, made of whey-powder and water. The breakfast ready, Johansen was +roused; we sat up in the sleeping-bag, one of the blankets was spread +out as a table-cloth, and we fell to work. We had a comfortable +breakfast, wrote up our diaries, and then had to think about starting. +But how tired we sometimes were, and how often would I not have given +anything to be able to creep to the bottom of the bag again and sleep +the clock round. It seemed to me as if this must be the greatest +pleasure in life, but our business <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb148" +href="#pb148" name="pb148">148</a>]</span>was to fight our way +northward—always northward. We performed our toilets, and then +came the going out into the cold to get the sledges ready, disentangle +the dogs’ traces, harness the animals, and get off as quickly as +possible. I went first to find the way through the uneven ice, then +came the sledge with my kayak. The dogs soon learned to follow, but at +every unevenness of the ground they stopped, and if one could not get +them all to start again at the same time by a shout, and so pull the +sledge over the difficulty, one had to go back to beat or help them, +according as circumstances necessitated. Then came Johansen with the +two other sledges, always shouting to the dogs to pull harder, always +beating them, and himself hauling to get the sledges over the terrible +ridges of ice. It was undeniable cruelty to the poor animals from first +to last, and one must often look back on it with horror. It makes me +shudder even now when I think of how we beat them mercilessly with +thick ash sticks when, hardly able to move, they stopped from sheer +exhaustion. It made one’s heart bleed to see them, but we turned +our eyes away and hardened ourselves. It was necessary; forward we must +go, and to this end everything else must give place. It is the sad part +of expeditions of this kind that one systematically kills all better +feelings, until only hard-hearted egoism remains. When I think of all +those splendid animals, toiling for us without a murmur, as long as +they could strain a muscle, never getting any <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb149" href="#pb149" name= +"pb149">149</a>]</span>thanks or even so much as a kind word, daily +writhing under the lash until the time came when they could do no more +and death freed them from their pangs—when I think of how they +were left behind, one by one, up there on those desolate ice-fields, +which had been witness to their faithfulness and devotion, I have +moments of bitter self-reproach. It took us two alone such a long time +to pitch the tent, feed the dogs, cook, etc., in the evening, and then +break up again and get ready in the morning, that the days never seemed +long enough if we were to do proper day’s marches, and, besides, +get the sleep we required at night. But when the nights became so +light, it was not so necessary to keep regular hours any longer, and we +started when we pleased, whether it was night or day. We stopped, too, +when it suited us, and took the sleep which might be necessary for +ourselves and the dogs. I tried to make it a rule that our marches were +to be of nine or ten hours’ duration. In the middle of the day we +generally had a rest and something to eat—as a rule, +bread-and-butter, with a little pemmican or liver pâté. +These dinners were a bitter trial. We <span class="corr" id="xd20e3707" +title="Source: use">used</span> to try and find a good sheltered place, +and sometimes even rolled ourselves up in our blankets, but all the +same the wind cut right through us as we sat on the sledges eating our +meal. Sometimes, again, we spread the sleeping-bag out on the ice, took +our food with us, and crept well in, but even then did not succeed in +thawing either it or our clothes. When <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb150" href="#pb150" name="pb150">150</a>]</span>this was too much for +us we walked up and down to keep ourselves warm, and ate our food as we +walked. Then came the no less bitter task of disentangling the +dogs’ traces, and we were glad when we could get off again. In +the afternoon, as a rule, we each had a piece of meat-chocolate.</p> +<p>Most Arctic travellers who have gone sledge journeys have complained +of the so-called Arctic thirst, and it has been considered an almost +unavoidable evil in connection with a long journey across wastes of +snow. It is often increased, too, by the eating of snow. I had prepared +myself for this thirst, from which we had also suffered severely when +crossing Greenland, and had taken with me a couple of india-rubber +flasks, which we filled with water every morning from the cooker, and +which by carrying in the breast could be protected from the cold. To my +great astonishment, however, I soon discovered that the whole day would +often pass by without my as much as tasting the water in my flask. As +time went by, the less need did I feel to drink during the day, and at +last I gave up taking water with me altogether. If a passing feeling of +thirst made itself felt, a piece of fresh ice, of which, as a rule, +there was always some to be found, was sufficient to dispel +it.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e3714src" href="#xd20e3714" name= +"xd20e3714src">3</a> The reason why we were spared <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb151" href="#pb151" name="pb151">151</a>]</span>this +suffering, which has been one of the greatest hardships of many sledge +expeditions, must be attributed in a great measure to our admirable +cooking apparatus. By the help of this we were able, with the +consumption of a minimum of fuel, to melt and boil so much water every +morning that we could drink all we wished. There was even some left +over, as a rule, which had to be thrown away. The same thing was +generally the case in the evening.</p> +<p>“Friday, March 29th. We are grinding on, but very slowly. The +ice is only tolerable, and not what I expected from the beginning. +There are often great ridges of piled-up ice of dismal aspect, which +take up a great deal of time, as one must go on ahead to find a way, +and, as a rule, make a greater or less detour to get over them. In +addition, the dogs are growing rather slow and slack, and it is almost +impossible to get them on. And then this endless disentangling of the +hauling-ropes, with their infernal twists and knots, which get worse +and worse to undo! The dogs jump over and in between one another +incessantly, and no sooner has one carefully cleared the hauling-ropes +than they are twisted into a veritable skein again. Then one of the +sledges is stopped by a block of ice. The dogs howl impatiently to +follow their companions in front; then one bites through a trace and +starts off on his own account, perhaps followed by one or two others, +and these must be caught and the traces knotted; there is no time to +splice <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb152" href="#pb152" name= +"pb152">152</a>]</span>them properly, nor would it be a very congenial +task in this cold. So we go on when the ice is uneven, and every hour +and a half, at least, have to stop and disentangle the traces.</p> +<p>“We started yesterday about half-past eight in the morning, +and stopped about five in the afternoon. After dinner the northeasterly +wind, which we have had the whole time, suddenly became stronger, and +the sky overcast. We welcomed it with joy, for we saw in it the sign of +a probable change of weather and an end to this perpetual cold and +brightness. I do not think we deceived ourselves either. Yesterday +evening the temperature had risen to -29.2° Fahr. (-34° C.), +and we had the best night in the bag we have had for a long time. Just +now, as I am getting the breakfast ready, I see that it is clear again, +and the sun is shining through the tent wall.</p> +<p>“The ice we are now travelling over seems, on the whole, to be +old; but sometimes we come across tracts, of considerable width, of +uneven new ice, which must have been pressed up a considerable time. I +cannot account for it in any other way than by supposing it to be ice +from great open pools which must have formed here at one time. We have +traversed pools of this description, with level ice on them, several +times.” That day I took a meridian observation, which, however, +did not make us farther north than 85° 30′. I could not +understand this; thought that we must be in latitude <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb153" href="#pb153" name= +"pb153">153</a>]</span>86°, and, therefore, supposed there must be +something wrong with the observation.</p> +<p>“Saturday, March 30th. Yesterday was Tycho Brahe’s day. +At first we found much uneven ice, and had to strike a devious route to +get through it, so that our day’s march did not amount to much, +although we kept at it a long time. At the end of it, however, and +after considerable toil, we found ourselves on splendid flat ice, more +level than it had been for a long time. At last, then, we had come on +some more of the good old kind, and could not complain of some rubble +and snow-drifts here and there; but then we were stopped by some ugly +pressure-ridges of the worst kind, formed by the packing of enormous +blocks. The last ridge was the worst of all, and before it yawned a +crack in the thick ice about 12 feet deep. When the first sledge was +going over all the dogs fell in and had to be hauled up again. One of +them—‘Klapperslangen’—slipped his harness and +ran away. As the next sledge was going over it fell in bodily, but +happily was not smashed to atoms, as it might have been. We had to +unload it entirely in order to get it up again, and then reload, all of +which took up a great deal of time. Then, too, the dogs had to be +thrown down and dragged up on the other side. With the third sledge we +managed better, and after we had gone a little way farther the runaway +dog came back. At last we reached a camping-ground, pitched our tent, +and found that the thermometer showed <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb154" href="#pb154" name="pb154">154</a>]</span>-45.4° Fahr. +(-43° C.). Disentangling dog-traces in this temperature with +one’s bare, frost-bitten, almost skinless hands is desperate +work. But finally we were in our dear bag, with the +‘Primus’ singing cozily, when, to crown our misfortunes, I +discovered that it would not burn. I examined it everywhere, but could +find nothing wrong. Johansen had to turn out and go and fetch the tools +and a reserve burner while I studied the <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb155" href="#pb155" name="pb155">155</a>]</span>cooker. At last I +discovered that some ice had got in under the lid, and this had caused +a leakage. Finally we got it to light, and at 5 o’clock in the +morning the pea-soup was ready, and very good it was. At three in the +afternoon I was up again cooking. Thank Heaven, it is warm and +comfortable in the bag, or this sort of life would be intolerable!</p> +<div class="figure xd20e3737width" id="p154"><img src="images/p154.jpg" +alt="A Night Camp on the Journey North" width="602" height="557"> +<p class="figureHead">A Night Camp on the Journey North</p> +</div> +<p>“Sunday, March 31st. Yesterday, at last, came the +long-wished-for change of weather, with southerly wind and rising +temperature. Early this morning the thermometer showed -22° Fahr. +(-30° C.), regular summer weather, in fact. It was, therefore, with +lightened hearts that we set off over good ice and with the wind at our +backs. On we went at a very fair pace, and everything was going well, +when a lane suddenly opened just in front of the first sledge. We +managed to get this over by the skin of our teeth; but just as we were +going to cross the lane again after the other sledges, a large piece of +ice broke under Johansen, and he fell in, wetting both legs—a +deplorable incident. While the lane was gradually opening more and +more, I went up and down it to find a way over, but without success. +Here we were, with one man and a sledge on one side, two sledges and a +wet man on the other, with an ever-widening lane between. The kayaks +could not be launched, as, through the frequent capsizing of the +sledges, they had got holes in them, and for the time being were +useless. This was a cheerful prospect for the night, I on <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb156" href="#pb156" name="pb156">156</a>]</span>one +side with the tent, Johansen, probably frozen stiff, on the other. At +last, after a long detour, I found a way over; and the sledges were +conveyed across. It was out of the question, however, to attempt to go +on, as Johansen’s nether extremities were a mass of ice and his +overalls so torn that extensive repairs were necessary.”</p> +<div class="figure xd20e3746width" id="p156"><img src="images/p156.jpg" +alt="Tailpiece" width="586" height="412"></div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb157" href="#pb157" name= +"pb157">157</a>]</span></p> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e3649" href="#xd20e3649src" name="xd20e3649">1</a></span> It was +not advisable, for many reasons, to cross the lanes in the kayaks, now +that the temperature was so low. Even if the water in them had not +nearly always been covered with a more or less thick layer of ice, the +kayaks would have become much heavier from the immediate freezing of +the water which would have entered, as they proved to be not absolutely +impervious; and this ice we had then no means of dislodging.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e3696" href="#xd20e3696src" name="xd20e3696">2</a></span> Used by +the Lapps to their dog.—<i>Trans.</i></p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e3714" href="#xd20e3714src" name="xd20e3714">3</a></span> Whereas +eating snow may increase the above-mentioned feeling of thirst, and +have disagreeable consequences in other ways, sucking a piece of ice, +which will soon quench it, may safely be resorted to, particularly if +it be held in the hand a little while before putting it in the mouth. +Many travellers have, no doubt, had the same experience.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch5" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="label">Chapter V</h2> +<h2 class="main">A Hard Struggle</h2> +<p class="firstpar">“Tuesday, April 3d. There are many different +kinds of difficulty to overcome on this journey, but the worst of all, +perhaps, is getting all the trifles done and starting off. In spite of +my being up by 7 o’clock on Monday evening to do the cooking, it +was nearly two this morning before we got clear of our camping-ground. +The load on Johansen’s sledge had to be relashed, as the contents +of one grip had been eaten up, and we had to put a sack of bread in its +place. Another grip had to be sewed together, as it was dripping +pemmican. Then the sledge from which the bread-sack had been taken had +to be lashed secure again, and while we had the ropes undone it was +just as well to get out a supply of potatoes.<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e3758src" href="#xd20e3758" name="xd20e3758src">1</a> During this +operation we discovered that there was a hole in the fish-flour sack, +which we tied up, but no sooner had we done so than we found +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb158" href="#pb158" name= +"pb158">158</a>]</span>another large one which required sewing. When we +came to pack the potato-sack, this too had a hole in it, which we tied +up, and so on. Then the dogs’ traces had to be disentangled; the +whole thing was in an inextricable muddle, and the knots and twists in +the icy, frozen rope got worse and worse to deal with. Johansen made +haste and patched his trousers before breakfast. The south wind had +become what on board the <i>Fram</i> we should have called a +‘mill breeze’ (<i>i.e.</i>, 19 to 23 feet in the second); +and, with this at our back, we started off in driving snow. Everything +went splendidly at first, but then came one pressure-ridge after +another, and each one was worse than the last. We had a long halt for +dinner at eight or nine in the morning, after having chosen ourselves a +sheltered place in the lee of a ridge. We spread out the sleeping-bag, +crept down into it with our food, and so tired was I that I went to +sleep with it in my hand. I dreamed I was in Norway, and on a visit to +some people I had only seen once in my life before. It was +Christmas-day, and I was shown into a great empty room, where we were +intended to dine. It was very cold in it, and I shivered, but there +were already some hot dishes steaming on the table, and a beautiful fat +goose. How unspeakably did I look forward to that goose! Then some +other visitors began to arrive; I could see them through the window, +and was just going out to meet them when I stumbled into deep snow. How +it all happened, in the middle of the dining-room <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb161" href="#pb161" name= +"pb161">161</a>]</span>floor, I know not. The host laughed in an amused +way, and—I woke up and found myself shivering in a sleeping-bag +on the drift-ice in the far north. Oh, how miserable I felt! We got up, +packed our things silently together, and started off. Not until 4 +o’clock that afternoon did we stop, but everything was dull and +cheerless, and it was long before I got over my disappointment. What +would I not have given for that dinner, or for one hour in the room, +cold as it was!</p> +<div class="figure xd20e3772width" id="p159"><img src="images/p159.jpg" +alt="Northwards through the Drift-snow. April, 1895" width="720" +height="460"> +<p class="figureHead">Northwards through the Drift-snow. April, +1895</p> +<p class="firstpar">(<i>By H. Egidius, from a photograph</i>)</p> +</div> +<p>“The ridges and the lanes which had frozen together again, +with rubble on either side, became worse and worse. Making one’s +way through these new ridges is desperate work. One cannot use +snow-shoes, as there is too little snow between the piled-up blocks of +ice, and one must wade along without them. It is also impossible to see +anything in this thick weather—everything is +white—irregularities and holes; and the spaces between the blocks +are covered with a thin, deceptive layer of snow, which lets one +crashing through into cracks and pitfalls, so that one is lucky to get +off without a broken leg. It is necessary to go long distances on ahead +in order to find a way; sometimes one must search in one direction, +sometimes in another, and then back again to fetch the sledges, with +the result that the same ground is gone over many times. Yesterday, +when we stopped, I really was done. The worst of it all, though, was +that when we finally came to a standstill we had been on the move so +long that it was too late to wind up our <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb162" href="#pb162" name="pb162">162</a>]</span>watches. +Johansen’s had stopped altogether; mine was ticking, and happily +still going when I wound it up, so I hope that it is all right. Twelve +midday, -24.6° Fahr. (-31.5° C). Clear weather, southeasterly +wind (13 feet in the second).</p> +<p>“The ice seems to be getting worse and worse, and I am +beginning to have doubts as to the wisdom of keeping northward too +long.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e3788width" id="p162"><img src="images/p162.jpg" +alt="Nothing But Ice, Ice to the Horizon. April 7, 1895" width="440" +height="720"> +<p class="figureHead">Nothing But Ice, Ice to the Horizon. April 7, +1895</p> +</div> +<p>“Wednesday, April 3d. Got under way yesterday about three in +the afternoon. The snow was in first-rate condition after the southeast +wind, which continued blowing till late in the day. The ice was +tolerably passable, and everything looked more promising; the weather +was fine, and we made good progress. But after several level tracts +with old humpy ice came some very uneven ones, intersected by lanes and +pressure-ridges as usual. Matters did not grow any better as time went +on, and at midnight or soon after we were stopped by some bad ice and a +newly frozen lane which would not bear. As we should have had to make a +long detour, we encamped, and ‘Russen’ was killed (this was +the second dog to go). The meat was divided into 26 portions, but 8 +dogs refused it, and had to be given pemmican. The ice ahead does not +look inviting. These ridges are enough to make one despair, and there +seems to be no prospect of things bettering. I turned out at midday and +took a meridian observation, which makes us in 85° 59′ N. It +is astonishing <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb163" href="#pb163" name= +"pb163">163</a>]</span>that we have not got farther; we seem to toil +all we can, but without much progress. Beginning to doubt seriously of +the advisability of continuing northward much longer. It is three times +as far to Franz Josef Land as the distance we have now come. How may +the ice be in that direction? We can hardly count on its being better +than here, or our progress quicker. Then, too, the shape and extent of +Franz Josef Land are unknown, and may cause us considerable delay, and +perhaps we shall not be able to find any game just at once. I have long +seen that it is impossible to reach the Pole itself or its immediate +vicinity over such ice as this and with these dogs. If only we had more +of them! What would I not give now to have the Olenek dogs? We must +turn, sooner or later. But as it is only a question of time, could we +not turn it to better account in Franz Josef Land than by travelling +over this drift-ice, which we have now had a good opportunity of +learning to know? In all probability it will be exactly the same right +to the Pole. We cannot hope to reach any considerable distance higher +before time compels us to turn. We certainly ought not to wait much +longer. Twelve midday, -20.8° Fahr. (-29.4° C), clear weather, +3 feet wind from east; twelve midnight, -29.2° Fahr. (-34° C), +clear and still.”</p> +<p>It became more and more of a riddle to me that we did not make +greater progress northward. I kept on calculating and adding up our +marches as we went along, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb164" href= +"#pb164" name="pb164">164</a>]</span>but always with the same result; +that is to say, provided only the ice were still, we must be far above +the eighty-sixth parallel. It was becoming only too clear to me, +however, that the ice was moving southward, and that in its capricious +drift, at the mercy of wind and current, we had our worst enemy to +combat.</p> +<p>“Friday, April 5th. Began our march at three yesterday +morning. The ice, however, was bad, with lanes and ridges, so that our +progress was but little. These lanes, with rubble thrown up on each +side, are our despair. It is like driving over a tract of rocks, and +delays us terribly. First I must go on ahead to find a way, and then +get my sledge through; then, perhaps, by way of a change, one falls +into the water; yesterday, I fell through twice. If I work hard in +finding a way and guiding my sledge over rough places, Johansen is no +better off, with his two sledges to look after. It is a tough job to +get even one of them over the rubble, to say nothing of the ridges; but +he is a plucky fellow, and no mistake, and never gives in. Yesterday he +fell into the water again in crossing a lane, and got wet up to his +knees. I had gone over on my snow-shoes shortly before and did not +notice that the ice was weak. He came afterwards without snow-shoes, +walking beside one of the sledges, when suddenly the ice gave, and he +fell through. Happily he managed to catch hold of the sledge, and the +dogs, which did not stop, pulled him up again. These baths are not an +unmixed pleasure, now that there is no <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb167" href="#pb167" name="pb167">167</a>]</span>possibility of drying +or changing one’s clothes, and one must wear a chain mail of ice +until they thaw and dry on the body, which takes some time in this +temperature. I took an observation for longitude and a magnetic +observation yesterday morning, and have spent the whole forenoon to-day +in calculations (inside the bag) to find out our exact position. I find +our latitude yesterday was 86° 2.8′ N. This is very little, +but what can we do when the ice is what it is? And these dogs cannot +work harder than they do, poor things. I sigh for the sledge-dogs from +the Olenek daily now. The longitude for yesterday was 98° +47.15″, variation 44.4°.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e3805width" id="p165"><img src="images/p165.jpg" +alt="Over Difficult Pressure-mounds. April, 1895" width="720" height= +"511"> +<p class="figureHead">Over Difficult Pressure-mounds. April, 1895</p> +<p class="firstpar">(<i>By A. Eiebakke, from a photograph</i>)</p> +</div> +<p>“I begin to think more and more that we ought to turn back +before the time we originally fixed.<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e3817src" href="#xd20e3817" name="xd20e3817src">2</a> It is +probably 350 miles or so to Petermann’s Land (in point of fact it +was about 450 miles to Cape Fligely); but it will probably take us all +we know to get over them. The question resolves itself into this: Ought +we not, at any rate, to reach 87° N.? But I doubt whether we can +manage it if the ice does not improve.</p> +<p>“Saturday, April 6th. Two <span class="sc">A.M.</span>, +-11.4° Fahr. (-24.2° C). The ice grew worse and worse. +Yesterday it brought me to the verge of despair, and when we stopped +this morning I had almost decided to turn back. I will go on one day +longer, however, to see if the ice is really as bad farther northward +as it appears to be from <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb168" href= +"#pb168" name="pb168">168</a>]</span>the ridge, 30 feet in height, +where we are encamped. We hardly made 4 miles yesterday. Lanes, ridges, +and endless rough ice, it looks like an endless moraine of ice-blocks; +and this continual lifting of the sledges over every irregularity is +enough to tire out giants. Curious this rubble-ice. For the most part +it is not so very massive, and seems as if it had been forced up +somewhat recently, for it is incompletely covered with thin, loose +snow, through which one falls suddenly up to one’s middle. And +thus it extends mile after mile northward, while every now and then +there are old floes, with mounds that have been rounded off by the +action of the sun in the summer—often very massive ice.</p> +<p>“I am rapidly coming to the conclusion that we are not doing +any good here. We shall not be able to get much farther north, and it +will be slow work indeed if there be much more of this sort of ice +towards Franz Josef Land. On the other hand, we should be able to make +much better use of our time there, if we should have any over. 8.30 +<span class="sc">P.M.</span>, -29.2° Fahr. (-34° C.).</p> +<p>“Monday, April 8th. No; the ice grew worse and worse, and we +got no way. Ridge after ridge, and nothing but rubble to travel over. +We made a start at 2 o’clock or so this morning, and kept at it +as long as we could, lifting the sledges all the time; but it grew too +bad at last. I went on a good way ahead on snowshoes, but saw no +reasonable prospect of advance, and from the highest hummocks only the +same kind of ice <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb169" href="#pb169" +name="pb169">169</a>]</span>was to be seen. It was a veritable chaos of +ice-blocks, stretching as far as the horizon. There is not much sense +in keeping on longer; we are sacrificing valuable time and doing +little. If there be much more such ice between here and Franz Josef +Land, we shall, indeed, want all the time we have.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e3837width" id="p169"><img src="images/p169.jpg" +alt="“I Went on Ahead on Snow-shoes”" width="593" height= +"639"> +<p class="figureHead">“I Went on Ahead on Snow-shoes”</p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb170" href="#pb170" name= +"pb170">170</a>]</span></p> +<p>“I therefore determined to stop, and shape our course for Cape +Fligely.</p> +<p>“On this northernmost camping-ground we indulged in a banquet, +consisting of lobscouse, bread-and-butter, dry chocolate, stewed +‘tytlebær,’ or red whortleberries, and our hot whey +drink, and then, with a delightful and unfamiliar feeling of repletion, +crept into the dear bag, our best friend. I took a meridian observation +yesterday, by which I see that we should be in latitude 86° +10′ N., or thereabouts.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e3846src" href= +"#xd20e3846" name="xd20e3846src">3</a> This morning I took an +observation for longitude. At 8.30 <span class="sc">A.M.</span>, +-25.6° Fahr. (-32° C.).</p> +<p>“Tuesday, April 9th. Yesterday’s was our first march +homeward. We expected the same impracticable ice, but, to our +amazement, had not gone far before we came on tolerably good ground, +which improved steadily, and, with only a few stoppages, we kept at it +till this morning. We came upon ridges, to be sure, but they always +allowed themselves to be negotiated pretty easily, and we did well. +Started yesterday about two in the afternoon, and kept going until one +this morning.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e3855width" id="p171"><img src="images/p171.jpg" +alt="“On Tolerably Good Ground”" width="592" height="387"> +<p class="figureHead">“On Tolerably Good Ground”</p> +</div> +<p>“Thursday, April 11th. Better and better. Found nothing but +beautiful level tracks of ice yesterday, with a few ridges, which were +easy to get over, and some lanes, with young ice on, which gave us +rather more trouble. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb171" href="#pb171" +name="pb171">171</a>]</span>They ran, however, about in our direction +(our course is now the magnetic S. 22° W., or about the true +W.S.W.), and we could go alongside them. At last, however, we had to +make a crossing, and accomplished it successfully, although the ice +bent under us and our sledges more than was desirable. Late in the +afternoon we came across a channel, which we proposed to cross in the +same way. We reached the other side with the first sledge safely +enough, but not so with the other. Hardly had the leaders of the team +got out to the dangerous place where the ice was thinnest, and where +some water had come up on to it, when they stopped and warily dipped +their paws in the water. Then through went one of them, splashing and +struggling to get out. The ice began to sink under <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb172" href="#pb172" name="pb172">172</a>]</span>the +weight of the other dogs and the sledge, and the water came flowing up. +I dragged dogs and sledge back as quickly as possible, and succeeded in +driving them all on to the firm ice again in safety. We tried once +again at another place, I running over first on snow-shoes and calling +to the dogs, and Johansen pushing behind, but the result was no better +than the first time, as ‘Suggen’ fell in, and we had to go +back. Only after a long detour, and very much fagged, did we finally +succeed in getting the last two sledges over. We were lucky in finding +a good camping-place, and had the warmest night and the most +comfortable (I might almost say cozy) morning—spent, be it said, +in repairs—that we have had on the trip. I think we did the +longest day’s march yesterday that we have yet +achieved—about 15 miles. Two in the afternoon, -17.6° Fahr. +(-27.6° C.).</p> +<p>“Saturday, April 13th. We have traversed nothing but good ice +for three days. If this goes on, the return journey will be quicker +than I thought. I do not understand this sudden change in the nature of +the ice. Can it be that we are travelling in the same direction with +the trend of the ridges and irregularities, so that now we go along +between them instead of having to make our way over them? The lanes we +have come across seem all to point to this; they follow our course +pretty closely. We had the misfortune yesterday to let our watches run +down; the time between our getting into the bag on the previous night +and encamping <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb175" href="#pb175" name= +"pb175">175</a>]</span>yesterday was too long. Of course we wound them +up again, but the only thing I can now do to find Greenwich mean time +is take a time-observation and an observation for latitude, and then +estimate the approximate distance from our turning-point on April 8th, +when I took the last observation for longitude. By this means the error +will hardly be great.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e3871width" id="p173"><img src="images/p173.jpg" +alt="Our Northernmost Camp, 86° 13.6′ N. Lat. April 8, 1895" +width="720" height="404"> +<p class="figureHead">Our Northernmost Camp, 86° 13.6′ N. +Lat. April 8, 1895</p> +<p class="firstpar">(<i>By Lars Jorde, from a photograph</i>)</p> +</div> +<p>“I conclude that we have not gone less than 14 miles a day on +an average the last three days, and have consequently advanced 40 or +more miles in a direction S. 22° W. (magnetic). When we stopped +here yesterday ‘Barbara’ was killed. These slaughterings +are not very pleasant episodes. Clear weather; at 6.30 this morning +-22° Fahr. (-30° C.); wind south (6 to 9 feet).</p> +<p>“April 14th. Easter-day. We were unfortunate with lanes +yesterday, and they forced us considerably out of our course. We were +stopped at last by a particularly awkward one, and after I had gone +alongside it to find a crossing for some distance without success, I +thought we had better, in the circumstances, pitch our tent and have a +festive Easter-eve. In addition, I wished to reckon out our latitude, +longitude, our observation for time, and our variation; it was a +question of getting the right time again as quickly as possible. The +tent up, and Johansen attending to the dogs, I crept into the bag; but +lying thawing in this frozen receptacle, with frozen clothes and shoes, +and simultaneously working out an observation and looking up +logarithms, with tender, frost-bitten <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb176" href="#pb176" name="pb176">176</a>]</span>fingers, is not +pleasurable, even if the temperature be only -22° Fahr. It is slow +work, and Easter-day has had to be devoted to the rest of the +calculation, so that we shall not get off before this evening. +Meanwhile we had a festive Easter-eve and regaled ourselves with the +following delicacies: hot whey and water, fish <i lang="fr">au +gratin</i>, stewed red whortleberries, and lime-juice grog +(<i>i.e.</i>, lime-juice tablets and a little sugar dissolved in hot +water). Simply a splendid dinner; and, having feasted our fill, we at +last, at 2 o’clock, crept in under the cover.</p> +<p>“I have calculated our previous latitudes and longitudes over +again to see if I can discover any mistake in them. I find that we +should yesterday have come farther south than 86° 5.3′ N.; +but, according to our reckoning, assuming that we covered 50 miles +during the three days, we should have come down to 85 degrees and 50 +odd minutes. I cannot explain it in any other manner than by the +surmise that we have been drifting rapidly northward, which is very +good for the <i>Fram</i>, but less so for us. The wind has been +southerly the last few days. I assume that we are now in longitude +86° E., and have reckoned the present reading of our watches +accordingly.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e3897src" href="#xd20e3897" +name="xd20e3897src">4</a> The variation here I find <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb177" href="#pb177" name="pb177">177</a>]</span>to +be 42.5°. Yesterday we steered S. 10° W. (magnetic); to-day I +will keep S. 5° W., and to-morrow due south. By way of a change +to-day the sky has been overcast; but this evening, when we partook of +our second breakfast, the sun was shining cheerily in through the +tent-wall. Johansen has patched clothes to-day, while I have made +calculations and pricked out the courses. So mild and balmy it has not +been before. 10 <span class="sc">P. M.</span> -14° Fahr. +(-25.6° C.).</p> +<div class="figure xd20e3908width" id="plate10"><img src= +"images/plate10.jpg" alt="Plate X." width="720" height="514"> +<p class="figureHead">Plate X.</p> +<p class="firstpar"><span class="sc">The Polar Night</span>, 24th +November 1893. Water-Colour Sketch.</p> +<p>An inverted arch above forms a tangent to the uppermost point of the +moon-ring. Luminous patches are visible where the moon-ring and the +vertical axis passing through the moon intersect the horizon.</p> +</div> +<p>“Tuesday, April 16th. As we were about to start off at 1 +o’clock yesterday morning, ‘Baro’ sneaked away before +we could harness him; he had seen a couple of the other dogs being put +to, and knew what was coming. As I did not wish to lose the +dog—he was the best I had in my team—this caused some +delay. I called and called, and went peering round the hummocks in +search of him, but saw nothing, only the ice-pack, ridge upon ridge +disappearing towards the horizon, and farthest north the midnight sun +shining over all. The world of ice was dreaming in the bright, cool +morning light. We had to leave without the dog, but, to my great +delight, I soon caught sight of him far behind us in our wake; I +thought I had seen his good face for the last time. He was evidently +ashamed of himself, and came and stood quite still, looking up at me +imploringly when I took him and harnessed <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb178" href="#pb178" name="pb178">178</a>]</span>him. I had meant to +whip the dog, but his eyes disarmed me.</p> +<p>“We found good passable ice, if not always quite flat, and +made satisfactory progress. Some ridges, however, forced us west of our +course. Later on in the morning I discovered that I had left my compass +behind at some place or other where I had had it out to take our +bearings. It could not be dispensed with, so I had to return and look +for it. I found it, too, but it was a hard pull-back, and on the way I +was inconvenienced for the first time by the heat; the sun scorched +quite unpleasantly. When I at last got back to the sledges I felt +rather slack; Johansen was sitting on the kayak fast asleep, basking in +the sun. Then on again, but the light and warmth made us drowsy and +slack, and, try as we would, we seemed to lag; so at ten in the +forenoon we decided to camp, and I was not a little surprised, when I +took the meteorological observation, to find that the swing-thermometer +showed -15.2° Fahr. (-26.2° C.). The tent was accordingly +pitched in the broiling sun, and nice and warm it soon was inside. We +had a comfortable Easter dinner, which did service for both Easter-day +and Easter-Monday. I reckon the distances we covered on Easter-eve and +yesterday at about 15 miles, and we should thus be altogether 60 miles +on our way home.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e3925width" id="p178"><img src="images/p178.jpg" +alt="Baro the Runaway" width="720" height="418"> +<p class="figureHead">Baro the Runaway</p> +</div> +<p>“Wednesday, April 17th. -18.4° Fahr. (-28° C.). +Yesterday, without doubt, we did our longest day’s march. We +began at half-past seven in the morning, <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb179" href="#pb179" name="pb179">179</a>]</span>and ended at about +nine at night, with a couple of hours’ rest in the bag at +dinner-time. The ice was what I should previously have called anything +but good; it was throughout extremely uneven, with pressed-up, rather +new ice, and older, rounded-off ridges. There were ridges here and +there, but progress was possible everywhere, and by lanes, happily, we +were not hindered. The snow was rather loose between all the +irregularities of the ice; but the dogs hauled alone everywhere, and +there is no cause to complain of them. The ice we are now stopping in +seems to me to be something like that we had around the <i>Fram</i>. We +have about got down to the region where she is drifting. I am certain +we did 20 miles yesterday, and the distance homeward should now be +altogether 368 miles.</p> +<p>“The weather is glorious nowadays, not so cold as to +inconvenience one, and continual clear sunshine, without any wind to +signify. There is remarkable equableness and stagnancy in the +atmosphere up here, I think. We have travelled over this ice for upward +of a month now, and not once have we been stopped on account of bad +weather—the same bright sunshine the whole time, with the +exception of a couple of days, and even then the sun came out. +Existence becomes more and more enjoyable; the cold is gone, and we are +pressing forward towards land and summer. It is no trial now to turn +out in the mornings, with a good day’s march before one, and +cook, and lie snug and warm in the bag and <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb180" href="#pb180" name= +"pb180">180</a>]</span>dream of the happy future when we get home. +Home...?</p> +<p>“Have been engaged on an extensive sartorial undertaking +to-day; my trousers were getting the worse for wear. It seems quite +mild now to sit and sew in -18° Fahr. in comparison with -40° +Fahr. Then certainly it was not enjoyable to ply one’s +needle.</p> +<p>“Friday, April 19th. We now have provender for the dogs for +two or three days more, but I think of saving it a little longer and +having the worst dogs eaten first. Yesterday ‘Perpetuum’ +was killed. This killing of the animals, especially the actual +slaughtering, is a horrible affair. We have hitherto stuck them with a +knife, but it was not very satisfactory. Yesterday, however, we +determined to try a new method—strangulation. According to our +usual custom, we led the dog away behind a hummock, so that the others +should not know what was going on. Then we put a rope round the +animal’s neck, and each pulled with all his might, but without +effect, and at last we could do no more. Our hands were losing all +sense of feeling in the cold, and there was nothing for it but to use +the knife. Oh, it was horrible! Naturally, to shoot them would be the +most convenient and merciful way, but we are loath to expend our +precious ammunition on them; the time may come when we shall need it +sorely.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e3946width" id="p181"><img src="images/p181.jpg" +alt="Rest. April, 1895" width="720" height="437"> +<p class="figureHead">Rest. April, 1895</p> +<p class="firstpar">(<i>By H. Egidius, from a photograph</i>)</p> +</div> +<p>“The observations yesterday show that we have got down to +85° 37.8′ N., and the longitude should be 79° 26′ +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb183" href="#pb183" name= +"pb183">183</a>]</span>E. This tallies well with our reckoning. We have +gone 50 miles or so since the last observation (April 13th), just what +I had assumed beforehand.</p> +<p>“Still the same brilliant sunshine day and night. Yesterday +the wind from the north freshened, and is still blowing to-day, but +does not trouble us much, as it is behind us. The temperature, which +now keeps from about 4° to 22° below zero (Fahr.), can only be +described as agreeable. This is undoubtedly fortunate for us; if it +were warmer the lanes would keep open a longer time. My greatest desire +now is to get under land before the lanes become too bad. What we shall +do then must be decided by circumstances.</p> +<p>“Sunday, April 21st. At 4 o’clock yesterday we got under +way. During the night we stopped to have something to eat. These halts +for dinner, when we take our food and crawl well down to the bottom of +the bag, where it is warm and comfortable, are unusually cozy. After a +good nap we set off again, but were soon stopped by the ugliest lane we +have yet come across. I set off along it to find a passage, but only +found myself going through bad rubble. The lane was everywhere equally +broad and uncompromising, equally full of aggregated blocks and brash, +testifying clearly to the manner in which, during a long period, the +ice here has been in motion and been crushed and disintegrated by +continual pressure. This was apparent, too, in numerous new ridges of +rubble and hummocky <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb184" href="#pb184" +name="pb184">184</a>]</span>ice, and the cracks running in all +directions. I finally found a crossing, but when, after a long circuit, +I had conveyed the caravan there, it had changed in the interval, and I +did not think it advisable to make the attempt. But though I went +‘farther than far,’ as we say, I only found the same +abominable lane, full of lumps of ice, grinning at one, and high +pressure-ridges on each side. Things were becoming worse and worse. In +several cases these lumps of ice were, I noticed, intermixed with +earthy matter. In one place the whole floe, from which blocks had been +pressed up into a ridge, was entirely dark-brown in color, but whether +this was from mud or from organic matter I did not get near enough to +determine. The ridges were fairly high in some places, and reached a +height of 25 feet or so. I had a good opportunity here of observing how +they assume forms like ice-mountains with high, straight sides, caused +by the splitting of old ridges transversely in several directions. I +have often on this journey seen massive high hummocks with similar +square sides, and of great circumference, sometimes quite resembling +snow-covered islands. They are of ‘palæocrystic ice,’ +as good as any one can wish.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e3965src" href= +"#xd20e3965" name="xd20e3965src">5</a></p> +<div class="figure xd20e3972width" id="p185"><img src="images/p185.jpg" +alt="Johansen Carving Our Names in a Stock of Drift-wood." width="596" +height="406"> +<p class="figureHead">Johansen Carving Our Names in a Stock of +Drift-wood.</p> +</div> +<p>“I was constrained at last to return with my mission +unaccomplished. Nearly the most annoying thing about <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb185" href="#pb185" name="pb185">185</a>]</span>it +was that on the other side of the lane I could see fine flat ice +stretching southward—and now to be obliged to camp here and wait! +I had, however, already possessed my soul in patience, when, on coming +back to our original stopping-place, I found a tolerably good crossing +close by it. We eventually got to the other side, with the ice grinding +under our feet the while, and by that time it was 6 o’clock in +the morning. We kept at it a little while longer over beautiful flat +ice, but the dogs were tired, and it was nearly 48 hours since they had +been fed. As we were hastening along we suddenly came across an immense +piece of timber sticking up <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb186" href= +"#pb186" name="pb186">186</a>]</span>obliquely from the surface of the +ice. It was Siberian larch, as far as I could make out, and probably +raised in this manner through pressure long ago. Many a good meal could +we have cooked with it had we been able to drag it with us, but it was +too heavy. We marked it ‘F. N., H. J., 85° 30′ +N.,’ and went on our way.</p> +<p>“Plains of ice still before us. I am looking forward to +getting under way. Gliding over this flat surface on one’s +snow-shoes almost reaches the ideal; land and home are nigher, and as +one goes along one’s thoughts fly southward to everything that is +beautiful. Six in the morning, -22° Fahr. (-30° C.).</p> +<p>“Monday, April 22d. If we have made good progress the previous +days, yesterday simply outdid itself. I think I may reckon our +day’s march at 25 miles, but, for the sake of certainty, lump the +two last days together and put them down at 40 miles. The dogs, though, +are beginning to get tired; it is approaching the time for us to camp. +They are impatient for food, and, grown more and more greedy for fresh +dog’s flesh, throw themselves on it like wolves as soon as a +smoking piece, with hair and all on, is thrown to them. +‘Kvik’ and ‘Barnet’ only still keep back as +long as the flesh is warm, but let it become frozen, and they eat it +voraciously. Twelve midnight, -27.8° Fahr. (-33.3° C.).</p> +<div class="figure xd20e3987width" id="p187"><img src="images/p187.jpg" +alt="Peculiar Ice Stratification. April, 1895" width="720" height= +"474"> +<p class="figureHead">Peculiar Ice Stratification. April, 1895</p> +</div> +<p>“Friday, April 26th. -24.7° Fahr. (-31.5° C.). Minimum +temperature, -32° Fahr. (-35.7° C.). I was not a little +surprised yesterday morning when I suddenly <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb189" href="#pb189" name="pb189">189</a>]</span>saw +the track of an animal in the snow. It was that of a fox, came about W. +S. W. true, and went in an easterly direction. The trail was quite +fresh. What in the world was that fox doing up here? There were also +unequivocal signs that it had not been entirely without food. Were we +in the vicinity of land? Involuntarily I looked round for it, but the +weather was thick all day yesterday, and we might have been near it +without seeing it. It is just as probable, however, that this fox was +following up some bear. In any case, a warm-blooded mammal in the +eighty-fifth parallel! We had not gone far when we came across another +fox-track; it went in about the same direction as the other, and +followed the trend of the lane which had stopped us, and by which we +had been obliged to camp. It is incomprehensible what these animals +live on up here, but presumably they are able to snap up some +crustacean in the open waterways. But why do they leave the coasts? +That is what puzzles me most. Can they have gone astray? There seems +little probability of that. I am eager to see if we may not come across +the trail of a bear to-day. It would be quite a pleasure, and it would +seem as if we were getting nearer inhabited regions again. I have just +pricked out our course on the chart according to our bearings, +calculating that we have gone 69 miles in the four days since our last +observation, and I do not think this can be excessive. According to +this, it should not be much more than 138 miles to <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb190" href="#pb190" name= +"pb190">190</a>]</span>Petermann’s Land, provided it lie about +where Payer determined it. I should have taken an observation +yesterday, but it was misty.</p> +<p>“At the end of our day, yesterday, we went across many lanes +and piled-up ridges; in one of the latter, which appeared to be quite +new, immense pieces of fresh-water ice had been pressed up. They were +closely intermixed with clay and gravel, the result of infiltration, so +that at a distance the blocks looked dark-brown, and might easily be +taken for stone; in fact, I really thought they were stone. I can only +imagine that this ice is river ice, probably from Siberia. I often saw +huge pieces of fresh-water ice of this kind farther north, and even in +latitude 86° there was clay on the ice.</p> +<p>“Sunday, April 28th. We made good way yesterday, presumably 20 +miles. We began our march about half-past three in the afternoon the +day before yesterday, and kept at it till yesterday morning. Land is +drawing nigh, and the exciting time beginning, when we may expect to +see something on the horizon. Oh, how I am longing for land, for +something under one’s feet that is not ice and snow; not to speak +of something to rest one’s eyes on. Another fox-track yesterday; +it went in about the same direction as the previous ones. Later in the +day ‘Gulen’ gave in; it seemed to be a case of complete +exhaustion, he could hardly stand on his legs, reeled over, and when we +placed him on one of the loads he lay quite still without moving. We +had already decided to kill <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb191" href= +"#pb191" name="pb191">191</a>]</span>him that day. Poor beast; +faithfully he worked for us, good-tempered and willing to the end, and +then, for thanks, when he could do no more, to be killed for provender! +He was born on the <i>Fram</i> on December 13, 1893, and, true child of +the polar night, never saw aught but ice and snow.</p> +<p>“Monday, April 29th, -4°Fahr. (-20° C.). We had not +gone far yesterday when we were stopped by open water—a broad +pool or lane which lay almost straight across our course. We worked +westward alongside it for some distance, until it suddenly began to +close violently together at a place where it was comparatively narrow. +In a few minutes the ice was towering above us, and we got over by +means of the noisy pressure-ridge, which was thundering and crashing +under our feet. It was a case of bestirring ourselves and driving dogs +and sledges quickly over if we did not wish to get jammed between the +rolling blocks of ice. This ridge nearly swallowed up Johansen’s +snow-shoes, which had been left behind for a minute while we got the +last sledge over. When at last we got to the other side of the lane the +day was far spent, and such work naturally deserved reward in the shape +of an extra ration of meat-chocolate.</p> +<p>“Annoying as it is to be stopped in the midst of beautiful +flat ice by a lane, when one is longing to get on, still, undeniably, +it is a wonderful feeling to see open water spread out in front of one, +and the sun playing on the light ripples caused by the wind. Fancy open +water <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb192" href="#pb192" name= +"pb192">192</a>]</span>again, and glittering waves, after such a long +time. One’s thoughts fly back to home and summer. I scanned in +vain to see if a seal’s head were not visible above the surface, +or a bear along the side. The dogs are beginning now to be very much +reduced in strength and are difficult to urge on. ‘Barnet’ +was quite done (he was killed this evening), and several of the others +are very jaded. Even ‘Baro,’ my best dog, is beginning to +cool in his zeal, to say nothing of ‘Kvik’; perhaps I ought +to cater a little more generously for them. The wind which was about +southeast in the morning subsequently went over to an easterly +direction, and I expect, to use Pettersen’s customary expression +on board for a good southeaster which drove us northward to some +purpose, ‘a regular devil of a hiding.’ I am only surprised +the temperature still seems low. I had noticed a thick bank of clouds +for a long time along the horizon in the south and southwest, and +thought that this must mean land. It now began to grow higher and come +nearer us in a suspicious manner. When, after having had dinner, we +crept out of the bag, we saw that the sky was entirely clouded over; +and that the ‘devil of a hiding’ had come we felt when we +went on.</p> +<p>“I saw another fox-track yesterday; it was almost effaced by +the snow, but went in about the same direction as the others. This is +the fourth we have come across, and seeing so many of them make me +begin to believe seriously in the proximity of land. Yes, I expect +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb193" href="#pb193" name= +"pb193">193</a>]</span>to see it every minute; perhaps, though, it will +be some days yet.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e4017src" href="#xd20e4017" +name="xd20e4017src">6</a></p> +<p>“Tuesday, April 30th. -6.7° Fahr. (-21.4° C.). +Yesterday, in spite of everything, was a bad day. It began well, with +brilliant sunshine; was warm (4° below zero Fahr.), and there, +bathed in the slumbering sunlight and alluring us on, were stretches of +beautiful flat ice. Everything tended to predict a good day’s +work; but, alas, who could see the ugly dark cracks which ran right +across our course, and which were destined to make life a burden to us. +The wind had packed the snow well together, and made the surface firm +and good, so that we made rapid progress; but we had not gone far +before we were stopped by a lane of entirely open water which stretched +right across our course. After following it some little distance we +eventually found a way across.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e4022src" +href="#xd20e4022" name="xd20e4022src">7</a> Not long afterwards we came +across another lane running in about the same direction. After a fairly +long detour we got safely over this too, with the minor misfortune that +three dogs fell into the water. A third lane we also got over, but the +fourth was too much for us altogether. It was broad, and we followed +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb194" href="#pb194" name= +"pb194">194</a>]</span>it a long way in a westerly direction, but +without finding a suitable crossing. Then I continued some three or +four miles alone to scan the country, but as I could see no chance of +getting over, I returned to Johansen and the sledges. It is a fruitless +task, this following a lane running at right angles to one’s +course. Better to camp and make one’s self some good pemmican +soup, <i>à la</i> Julienne (it was highly delectable), and then +give one’s self up to sleep, in the hope of better things in the +future. Either the lanes will close together again or they will freeze, +now that it is tolerably cold. The weather is quiet, so it is to be +hoped new ones will not form.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e4030src" href= +"#xd20e4030" name="xd20e4030src">8</a> If it keep like this during the +days we require to reach land, it will be a good thing; when once we +are on land as many lanes may form as they like. Should matters become +too bad before that time, there is nothing for us to do but to mend and +patch our kayaks. As they are now they will not float. The continual +capsizing of the sledges has cut holes in many places, and they would +fill the instant they were put on the water.”</p> +<p>I ought perhaps to explain here that I had deferred mending the +kayaks as long as possible. This was partly because the work would take +a long time, and the days were precious, now that it was a question of +gaining land before the ice became impracticable; partly, too, because, +in the temperature we now had, it would have <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb195" href="#pb195" name="pb195">195</a>]</span>been +difficult to do the work properly; and also because the chances were +that they would soon get holes in them again from being upset. In +addition to this I was undesirous of crossing lanes at present; they +were still covered with young ice, which it would have been difficult +to break through, even had it been possible to protect the bows of the +kayaks from being cut, by means of a plate of German silver and some +extra canvas. As I have mentioned before, not the least drawback was +the fact that any water entering the kayaks would immediately have +frozen and have been impossible to remove, thus increasing the weight +of our loads at each crossing. It was undoubtedly a better plan to go +round, even if the way was long, than to incur the hinderances and +casualties that the other alternative would, most probably, have +occasioned.</p> +<p>To continue quoting from my diary for the same day, I write: +“The dogs were at one of our precious pemmican grips last night; +they have torn off a corner of the bag and eaten some of its contents, +but happily not much. We have been fortunate, inasmuch as they have let +the provisions alone hitherto; but now hunger is becoming too much for +them, and nature is stronger than discipline.</p> +<p>“Wednesday, May 1st. -12.6° Fahr. (-24.8° C.). I +‘half-soled’ my Finn shoes to-day with sail-cloth, so I +hope they will last a while; I feel as if I could hold my own again +now. I have two pairs of Finn shoes, so that for <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb196" href="#pb196" name="pb196">196</a>]</span>once +one pair can be dried in the sun. They have been wet the whole way, and +it has made them the worse for wear.”</p> +<p>The ice was now growing very bad again and our marches shorter. On +Friday, May 3d, I write in my diary: “We did not do so good a +day’s work yesterday as we expected, although we made some +progress. The ice was flat and the going good at one time, and we kept +steadily at it for four hours or so; but then came several reaches with +lanes and rubble-ice, which, however, we managed to pull through, +though the ice was often packing under our feet. By degrees the wind +from the southeast increased, and while we were having dinner it veered +round to an easterly direction and became rather strong. The ice, too, +grew worse, with channels and rubble, and when the wind reached a +velocity of 29 to 33 feet in the second, and a driving snow-storm set +in, completely obliterating everything around us, stumbling along +through it all became anything but attractive. After being delayed +several times by newly formed rubble, I saw that the only sensible +thing to be done was to camp, if we could find a sheltered spot. This +was easier said than done, as the weather was so thick we could hardly +see anything; but at last we found a suitable place, and, well content +to be under shelter, ate our ‘fiskegratin,’ and crept into +the bag, while the wind rattled the tent walls and made drifts round us +outside. We had been constrained to pitch our tent close beside a new +ridge, which <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb197" href="#pb197" name= +"pb197">197</a>]</span>was hardly desirable, as packing might take +place, but we had no choice; it was the only lee to be found. Before I +went to sleep the ice under us began to creak, and soon the +pressure-ridge behind us was packing with the well-known jerks. I lay +listening and wondering whether it would be better for us to turn out +before the ice-blocks came tumbling on to us, but as I lay listening +went fast asleep and dreamed about an earthquake. When I woke up again, +some hours afterwards, everything was quiet except the wind, which +howled and rattled at the tent walls, lashing the snow up against +them.</p> +<p>“Yesterday evening ‘Potifar’ was killed. We have +now sixteen dogs left; the numbers are diminishing horribly, and it is +still so far to land. If only we were there!</p> +<p>“Saturday, May 4th. Did fourteen miles yesterday; but the +lanes become worse and worse. When we got under way in the +afternoon—after having reloaded my sledge and kayak, and +readjusted the dunnage under Johansen’s kayak—the wind had +fallen, and it was snowing quietly and silently, with big flakes, just +as it does on a winter day at home. It was bad in one way, however, as +in such a light it is difficult to see if the lay of the ground is +against or with us; but the going was fairly good, and we made +progress. It was heavenly to work in this mild weather, + 11.8° +Fahr. (-11.3° C.), and be able to use one’s frost-bitten +hands bare, without suffering torture untold every time they came in +contact with anything. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb198" href= +"#pb198" name="pb198">198</a>]</span></p> +<p>“Our life, however, was soon embittered by open water-ways. By +means of a circuitous route, and the expenditure of much valuable time, +we at last succeeded in getting over them. Then came long stretches of +good ice, and we went cheerfully on our way; by-and-bye, too, the sun +peeped out. It is wonderful what such encouragement does for one. A +little while ago, when I was ploughing alongside a horrible lane, +through rubble and over ridges, without a sign of any means of getting +on, I was ready to sink from exhaustion at every step; no pleasure then +could compare with that of being able to crawl into the bag; and now, +when luck again sheds her smiles on one and progress is before one, all +weariness is suddenly dissipated.</p> +<p>“During the night the ice began to be bad in earnest, lane +after lane, the one worse than the other, and they were only overcome +by deviations and intricate by-ways. It was terrible work, and when the +wind increased to a good ‘mill-breeze’ matters became +desperate. This is indeed toil without ceasing; what would I not give +to have land, to have a certain way before me, to be able to reckon on +a certain day’s march, and be free from this never-ending anxiety +and uncertainty about the lanes. Nobody can tell how much trouble they +may yet cause us, and what adversities we may have to go through before +we reach land; and meanwhile the dogs are diminishing steadily. They +haul all they can, poor things, but what good does it do? I am so tired +that I stagger on my <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb199" href="#pb199" +name="pb199">199</a>]</span>snow-shoes, and when I fall down only wish +to lie there to save myself the trouble of getting up again. But +everything changes, and we shall get to land in time.</p> +<p>“At five this morning we came to a broad lane, and as it was +almost impossible to get the dogs on any farther, we camped. Once well +down in the bag with a pot of savory-smelling lobscouse in front of +one, a feeling of well-being is the result, which neither lanes nor +anything else can disturb.</p> +<p>“The ice we have gone through has, on the whole, been flat, +with the exception of the newly formed lanes and rubble. These appear, +however, for the most part in limited stretches, with extensive flat +ice between, as yesterday. All the channels seem in the main to go in +the same direction—about straight across our course, with a +little deflection towards the southwest. They run about northeast to +west-southwest (by compass). This morning the temperature had again +sunk to +0.1° Fahr. (-17.8° C.), after having been up at ++12.2° Fahr. (-11° C.), and therefore I am still in hopes that +the water may freeze within a reasonable time. Perhaps it is wrong of +us to curse this wind, for on board the <i>Fram</i> they are rejoicing +that a southeaster has at last sprung up. However, in spite of our +maledictions, I am really glad for their sake, although I could wish it +deferred till we reach land.</p> +<p>“Wednesday, May 8th. The lanes still appear regularly in +certain places—as a rule, where the ice is very uneven, and where +there are old and new ridges <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb200" href= +"#pb200" name="pb200">200</a>]</span>alternately; between these places +there are long, flat stretches of ice without lanes. These are often +perfectly even, almost like ‘inland ice.’ The direction of +the lanes is, as before, very often athwart our course, or a little +more southwesterly. Others, again, seem to go in about the same +direction as we do. This ice is extraordinary; it seems to become more +and more even as we approach land, instead of the contrary, as we +expected. If it would only keep so! It is considerably flatter than it +was about the <i>Fram</i>, it seems to me. There are no really +impracticable places, and the irregularities there are seen to be of +small dimensions—rubble-ice, and so forth; no huge mounds and +ridges, as we had farther north. Some of the lanes here are narrow, and +so far new that the water was only covered with brash. This can be +deceptive enough; it appears to be even ice, but thrust one’s +staff in, and it goes right through and into the water.</p> +<p>“This morning I made out our latitude and longitude. The +former was (Sunday, May 5th) 84° 31′ N., and the latter +66° 15′ E. We were not so far south as I expected, but +considerably farther west. It is the drift which has put us back and +westward. I shall, therefore, for the future, steer a more southerly +course than before, about due south (true), as we are still drifting +westward, and, above everything, I am afraid of getting too far in that +direction. It is to be hoped that we shall soon have land in sight, and +we shall then know where to steer. We undoubtedly ought to be there +now. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb201" href="#pb201" name= +"pb201">201</a>]</span></p> +<p>“No dog was killed yesterday, as there were two-thirds left of +‘Ulenka’ from the previous day, which provided an abundant +repast. I now only intend to slaughter one every other day, and perhaps +we shall soon come across a bear.</p> +<p>“Thursday, May 9th. +9° Fahr. (-13.3° C.). Yesterday +was a fairly good day. The ice was certainly not first-rate, rather +rubbly, and the going heavy, but all the same we are making steady way +forward. There were long, flat stretches every now and then. The +weather had become quite fine when we got under way, about 3 +o’clock this morning. The sun was shining through light cumulus +clouds. It was hard work, however, making head against the ice, and +soon the fog came down with the wind, which still blew from the same +direction (N.N.E.).</p> +<p>“The work of hauling becomes heavier and heavier for the dogs, +in proportion as their numbers diminished. The wooden runners, too (the +under-runners), do not seem to ride well. I have long thought of taking +them off, and to-day really decided to try the sledges without them. In +spite of everything the dogs keep a very even pace, with only a halt +now and then. Yesterday there were only four dogs for my sledge. One of +them, ‘Flint,’ slipped his harness and ran away, and we did +not get hold of him again before the evening, when he was killed by way +of punishment. The ice was all along more uneven than it has been the +last few days. In the afternoon the <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb202" href="#pb202" name="pb202">202</a>]</span>weather thickened, +and the wind increased till, at about 3 o’clock, a regular +snow-storm was raging. No way was to be seen, only whiteness +everywhere, except in places where the pointed blue ice from the ridges +stuck up through the snow-drifts. After a while the ice grew worse, and +I went headlong on to ridges and irregularities without even seeing +them. I hoped this was only rough ice which we should pass through, but +matters did not improve, and we thought there was no sense in going on. +Luckily we had just then dropped on a good sheltered camping-ground; +otherwise it would have been difficult enough to find one in such +weather, where nothing could be discerned. Meanwhile we are getting +southward, and are more and more surprised at not seeing signs of land. +We reckon now to have left the eighty-fourth parallel behind us.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e4085width" id="p203"><img src="images/p203.jpg" +alt="“We Made Fairly Good Progress”" width="594" height= +"492"> +<p class="figureHead">“We Made Fairly Good Progress”</p> +</div> +<p>“Friday, May 10th. +16.2° Fahr. (-8.8° C.). Our life +has many difficulties to combat. Yesterday promised to be a good day, +but thick weather hindered our advance. When we crept out of the tent +yesterday forenoon it was fine, the sun was shining, the going was +unusually good, and the ice appeared to be unusually even. We had +managed in the snow-storm of the previous evening to get into a belt of +foul ice, which was merely local. Before we started we thought of +taking the removable wooden runners off the sledges, but on trying mine +beforehand found that it ran well as it was. I decided, therefore, to +wait a little longer, as I was afraid <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb203" href="#pb203" name="pb203">203</a>]</span>that removing the +wooden runners might weaken the sledge. Johansen, meanwhile, had taken +them off the middle sledge; but as we then discovered that one of the +birch runners had split right across under one of the uprights, there +was nothing for it but to put it on again. It was a pity, though, as +the sledge would have run much better on the newly tarred runners than +on the scratched under-runners. We made fairly good progress, in spite +of there being only 13 dogs left—4 to my sledge, 4 to the birch +sledge, and 5 to Johansen’s. But later in the afternoon the +weather thickened rapidly <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb204" href= +"#pb204" name="pb204">204</a>]</span>and snow began to fall, which +prevented our seeing anything before us. The ice, however, was fairly +even, and we kept going. We came across a lane, but this we crossed by +means of a detour. Not long afterwards again we got among a number of +abominable pressure-ridges, and ran right into high mounds and over +steep brinks without seeing them. Wherever one turned there were sudden +drops and pitfalls, although everything looked so fair and even under +its covering of still-falling snow. As there seemed to be little good +in continuing, we decided to camp, have our dinner of savory hot +lobscouse, make out our longitude, and then pass the time until it +should clear again; and if this did not take place soon, then have a +good sleep and be ready to get under way as soon as the weather should +permit. After having slept for a couple of hours (it was 1 +o’clock in the morning), I turned out of the tent and was +confronted with the same thick, overcast weather, with only a strip of +clear blue sky down by the horizon in the southwest, so I let Johansen +sleep on and reckoned out our longitude, which proved to be 64° +20′ E. We have drifted considerably westward since I last made it +out, if my calculations be right. While I was thus occupied I heard a +suspicious gnawing noise outside in the direction of the kayaks. I +listened, and—quite right—it was the dogs up in +Johansen’s kayak. I ran out, caught ‘Haren,’ who was +just lying gnawing at the portions of fresh dogs’ flesh destined +for to-morrow’s consumption, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb205" +href="#pb205" name="pb205">205</a>]</span>and gave him a good thrashing +for his pains. The casing over the opening in the kayak was then +properly secured, and snow-shoes and sticks piled on.</p> +<p>“The weather is still the same, overcast and thick; but the +wind has veered round to a more southerly direction, and the clear +strip of blue sky in the southwest has risen a little higher from the +ice-margin—can there be a west wind in prospect? Welcome, indeed, +would it be, and longing were the glances I directed towards that blue +strip—there lay sunshine and progress; perhaps even land was +beneath it. I could see the cumulus clouds sailing through the blue +atmosphere, and thought if only we were there, only had land under us, +then all our troubles would sink into oblivion. But material needs must +not be forgotten, and, perhaps, it would be better to get into the bag +and have a good sleep while waiting. Many times in the morning did I +peep out of the tent, but always saw the same cloudy sky and the same +white prospect wherever the eye turned. Down in the west and southwest +was always the same strip of clear blue sky, only that now it was lower +again. When we at last turned out in the forenoon the weather was just +the same, and the azure strip on the horizon in the southwest was still +there. I think it must have something to do with land, and it gives me +hope that this may not be so far off. It is a tougher job than we +thought, this gaining land, but we have had many enemies to make +headway against—not only foul ice and bad going, but <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb206" href="#pb206" name="pb206">206</a>]</span>also +wind, water, and thick weather—all of them equally obdurate +adversaries to overcome.</p> +<p>“Sunday, May 12th. +0.6° Fahr. (-17.5° C.). Yesterday +we had a better time than we expected. Overcast and thick it was the +whole time, and we felt our way rather than saw it. The ice was not +particularly good either, but we pressed onward, and had the +satisfaction now and then of travelling over several long stretches of +flat ice. A couple of channels which had partly opened hindered us +somewhat. Curiously enough the strip of clear sky was still there in +the S.S.W. (true), and as we went along rose higher in the heavens. We +kept expecting it to spread, and that the weather would clear; we +needed it sorely to find our way; but the strip never rose any higher, +and yet remained there equally clear. Then it sank again, and only a +small rim was left visible on the margin of the sky. Then this also +disappeared. I cannot help thinking that this strip must have had +something to do with land. At 7 o’clock this morning we came to a +belt of ice as bad, almost, as I have ever seen it, and as I thought it +unadvisable to make an onslaught in such thick weather, we encamped. I +hope we did our 14 miles, and can reckon on only 90 more to land, if it +lie in 83° latitude. The ice is undoubtedly of a different +character from what it was previously: it is less even, and old lanes +and new ones, with ridges and rubble, are more frequent—all +seeming to point to the vicinity of land. <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb207" href="#pb207" name="pb207">207</a>]</span></p> +<p>“Meanwhile time is going, and the number of dogs diminishing. +We have now 12 left; yesterday ‘Katta’ was killed. And our +provisions are also gradually on the decrease, though, thank Heaven, we +have a good deal remaining. The first tin of petroleum (2½ +gallons) came to an end three days ago, and we shall soon have finished +our second sack of bread. We do nothing but scan the horizon longingly +for land, but see nothing, even when I climb up on to the highest +hummocks with the telescope.</p> +<p>“Monday, May 13th. +8.6° Fahr. (-13° C.); minimum ++6.6° Fahr. (-14.2° C.). This is, indeed, a toilsome existence. +The number of the dogs, and likewise their hauling powers, diminish by +degrees, and they are inert and difficult to urge on. The ice grows +worse and worse as we approach land, and is, besides, covered with much +deeper and looser snow than before. It is particularly difficult to get +on in the broken-up ice, where the snow, although it covers up many +irregularities, at the same time lets one sink through almost up to +one’s thighs between the pieces of ice as soon as one takes +one’s snow-shoes off to help the sledge. It is extremely tiring +and shaky on this sort of surface to use one’s snow-shoes not +firmly secured to the feet, but one cannot have them properly fastened +on when one has to help the dogs at any moment or pull and tug at these +eternal sledges. I think in snow such as this Indian snow-shoes would +be preferable, and I only wish I had some. Meanwhile, <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb208" href="#pb208" name= +"pb208">208</a>]</span>however, we covered some ground yesterday, and +if I reckon 20 miles for yesterday and to-day together I do not think I +shall be very far out. We should thus have only about 50 miles to the +83d parallel and the land which Payer determined. We are keeping a +somewhat southerly course, about due south (true), as this continual +east wind is certainly driving us westward, and I do not like the idea +of drifting west past land. It is beginning to be tolerably warm inside +the bag at night now, and last night I could hardly sleep for heat.</p> +<p>“Tuesday, May 14th. +6.8° Fahr. (-14° C.). Yesterday +was a cozy day of rest. Just as we were about to get under way after +breakfast it clouded over, and a dense snow-storm set in, so that to +start out in such weather, in the uneven ice we have now before us, +would not have been worth while. I therefore made up my mind to halt +for the time being and get some trifles done, and in particular the +shifting of the load from the birch sledge on to the two others, and so +at last get rid of this third sledge, for which we can no longer spare +any dogs. This took some time; and as it was absolutely necessary to do +it, we lost nothing by stopping for a day.</p> +<p>“We had now so much wood from the sledge, together with broken +snow-shoe staves and the results of other casualties, that I thought we +should be able to use it as fuel for some time to come, and so save the +petroleum. We accordingly made a fire of it to cook the <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb209" href="#pb209" name= +"pb209">209</a>]</span>supper with, contrived a cooking-pot out of the +empty petroleum tin, and hung it over in the approved fashion. At the +first start-off we lighted the fire just outside the tent door, but +soon gave that up, as, for the first thing, we nearly burned up the +tent, and, secondly, the smoke came in till we could hardly see out of +our eyes. But it warmed well and looked wonderfully cheerful. Then we +moved it farther off, where it could neither burn up the tent nor smoke +us out; but therewith all the joy of it was departed. When we had about +burned up the whole sledge and succeeded in getting a pot of boiling +water, with the further result of having nearly melted the floe through +on which we were living, I gave up the idea of cooking with sledges and +went back to our trusty friend, the ‘Primus’—and a +sociable and entertaining friend, too, which one can have by +one’s side as one lies in the bag. We have as much petroleum, I +should imagine, as we shall require for the journey before us, and why +bother about anything else? If the petroleum should come to an end too +soon, why, then we can get as much train-oil from bear and seal and +walrus as we shall require. I am very anxious to see the result of our +reloading. Our two kayak sledges have undoubtedly become somewhat +heavier, but then we shall have six dogs to each as long as they last. +Our patience has been rewarded at last with the most brilliant sunshine +and sparkling sky. It is so warm in the tent that I am lying basking in +the heat. One might almost think one’s self under an awning on a +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb210" href="#pb210" name= +"pb210">210</a>]</span>summer’s day at home. Last night it was +almost too warm to sleep.”</p> +<p>The ice kept practicable to a certain extent during these days, +though the lanes provided us with many an obstacle to overcome. Then, +in addition to this, the dogs’ strength was failing, they were +ready to stop at the slightest unevenness, and we did not make much +way. On Thursday, May 16th, I write in my diary: “Several of the +dogs seem to be much exhausted. ‘Baro’ (the leader of my +team) gave in yesterday. He could hardly move at last, and was +slaughtered for supper. Poor animal. He hauled faithfully to the +end.</p> +<p>“It was Johansen’s birthday yesterday; he completed his +twenty-eighth year, and of course a feast was held in honor of the +occasion. It consisted of lobscouse, his favorite dish, followed by +some good hot lime-juice grog. The midday sun made it warm and +comfortable in the tent. 6 A.M., +3.6° Fahr. (-15.8° C.).</p> +<p>“Have to-day calculated our latitude and longitude for +yesterday, and find it was 83° 36′ N. and 59° 55′ +E. Our latitude agrees exactly with what I supposed, according to the +dead reckoning, but our longitude is almost alarmingly westerly, in +spite of the fact that our course has been the whole time somewhat +southerly. There appears to be a strong drift in the ice here, and it +will be better for us to keep east of the south, in order not to drift +past land. To be quite certain, I have again reckoned out our +observations of April 7th and 8th, but <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb211" href="#pb211" name="pb211">211</a>]</span>find no error, and +cannot think otherwise than that we are about right. Still it seems +remarkable that we have not yet seen any signs of land. 10 <span class= +"sc">P.M.</span>, +1.4° Fahr. (-17° C.).</p> +<p>“Friday, May 17th. +12.4° Fahr. (-10.9° C.); minimum, +-19° C. To-day is the ‘Seventeenth of +May’—Constitution-day. I felt quite certain that by to-day, +at any rate, we should have been on land somewhere or other, but fate +wills otherwise; we have not even seen a sign of it yet. Alas! here I +lie in the bag, dreaming day-dreams and thinking of all the rejoicings +at home, of the children’s processions and the undulating mass of +people at this moment in the streets. How welcome a sight to see the +flags, with their red bunting, waving in the blue spring atmosphere, +and the sun shining through the delicate young green of the leaves. And +here we are in drifting ice, not knowing exactly where we are, +uncertain as to our distance from an unknown land, where we hope to +find means of sustaining life and thence carve our way on towards home, +with two teams of dogs whose numbers and strength diminish day by day, +with ice and water between us and our goal which may cause us untold +trouble, with sledges which now, at any rate, are too heavy for our own +powers. We press laboriously onward mile by mile; and meanwhile, +perhaps, the drift of the ice is carrying us westward out to sea, +beyond the land we are striving for. A toilsome life, undeniably, but +there will be an end to it some time; some time we shall reach it, +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb212" href="#pb212" name= +"pb212">212</a>]</span>and meanwhile our flag for the +‘Seventeenth of May’ shall wave above the eighty-third +parallel, and if fate send us the first sight of land to-day our joy +will be two-fold.</p> +<p>“Yesterday was a hard day. The weather was fine, even +brilliant, the going splendid, and the ice good, so that one had a +right to expect progress were it not for the dogs. They pull up at +everything, and for the man ahead it is a continual going over the same +ground three times: first to find a way and make a track, and then back +again to drive on the dogs; it is slow work indeed. Across quite flat +ice the dogs keep up to the mark pretty well, but at the first +difficulty they stop. I tried harnessing myself in front of them +yesterday, and it answered pretty well; but when it came to finding the +way in foul ice it had to be abandoned.</p> +<p>“In spite of everything, we are pushing forward, and +eventually shall have our reward; but for the time being this would be +ample could we only reach land and land-ice without these execrable +lanes. Yesterday we had four of them. The first that stopped us did not +cause immoderate trouble; then we went over a short bit of middling +ice, though, with lane after lane and ridges. Then came another bad +lane, necessitating a circuit. After this we traversed some fairly good +ice, this time considerably more of it than previously, but soon came +to a lane, or rather a pool, of greater size than we had ever seen +before—exactly <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb213" href="#pb213" +name="pb213">213</a>]</span>what the Russians would call a +‘polynja.’ It was covered with young ice, too weak to bear. +We started confidently alongside it in a southwesterly direction +(true), in the belief that we should soon find a way across; but +‘soon’ did not come. Just where we expected to find a +crossing, an overwhelming sight presented itself to our gaze; the pool +stretched away in a southwesterly direction to the very horizon, and we +could see no end to it! In the mirage on the horizon, a couple of +detached blocks of ice rose above the level of the pool; they appeared +to be floating in open water, changed constantly in shape, and +disappeared and reappeared. Everything seemed to indicate that the pool +debouched right into the sea in the west. From the top of a high +hummock I could, however, with the glass, see ice on the other side, +heightened by the looming. But it was anything but certain that it +really was situated at the western end of the pool; more probably, it +indicated a curve in the direction of the latter. What was to be done +here? To get over seemed for the moment an impossibility. The ice was +too thin to bear and too thick to set the kayaks through, even if we +should mend them. How long it might take at this time of year for the +ice to become strong enough to bear, I did not know, but one day would +scarcely do it. To settle down and wait, therefore, seemed too much. +How far the pool extended and how long we might have to travel +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb214" href="#pb214" name= +"pb214">214</a>]</span>along it before we found a crossing and could +again keep to our course no one could tell; but the probability was a +long time—perhaps days. On the other hand, to retreat in the +direction whence we came seemed an unattractive alternative; it would +lead us away from our goal, and also perhaps necessitate a long journey +in an opposite direction before we could find a crossing. The pool +extended true S. 50° W. To follow it would undoubtedly take us out +of our course, which ought now properly to be east of south; but on the +whole this direction was nearest the line of our advance, and +consequently we decided to try it. After a short time we came to a new +lane running in a transverse direction to the pool. Here the ice was +strong enough to bear, and on examining the ice on the pool itself +beyond the confluence of this lane I found a belt where the young ice +had, through pressure, been jammed up in several layers. This happily +was strong enough to bear, and we got safely over the pool, the trend +of which we had been prepared to follow for days. Then on we went +again, though in toil and tribulation, until at half-past eight in the +evening we again found ourselves confronted by a pool or lane of +exactly the same description as the former one, with the exception only +that this time the view to the ‘sea’ opened towards the +northeast, while in the southwest the sky-line was closed in by ice. +The lane also was covered with young ice, which in the middle was +obviously of the same age as that on the last <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb215" href="#pb215" name= +"pb215">215</a>]</span>pool. Near the edge there was some thicker and +older ice, which would bear, and over which I went on snowshoes to look +for a crossing, but found none as far as I went. The strip of ice along +the middle, sometimes broad and sometimes narrow, was everywhere too +thin to risk taking the sledges over. We consequently decided to camp +and wait till to-day, when it is to be hoped the ice will be strong +enough to bear. And here we are still with the same lane in front of +us. Heaven only knows what surprises the day will bring.</p> +<p>“Sunday, May 19th. The surprise which the Seventeenth brought +us was nothing less than that we found the lanes about here full of +narwhals. When we had just got under way, and were about to cross over +the lane we had been stopped by the previous day, I became aware of a +breathing noise, just like the blowing of whales. I thought at first it +must be from the dogs, but then I heard for certain that the sound came +from the lane. I listened. Johansen had heard the noise the whole +morning, he said, but thought it was only ice jamming in the distance. +No, that sound I knew well enough, I thought, and looked over towards +an opening in the ice whence I thought it proceeded. Suddenly I saw a +movement which could hardly be falling ice, and—quite +right—up came the head of a whale; then came the body; it +executed the well-known curve, and disappeared. Then up came another, +accompanied by the same sound. There was a whole school of them. I +shouted that <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb216" href="#pb216" name= +"pb216">216</a>]</span>they were whales, and, running to the sledge, +had my gun out in a second. Then came the adjusting of a harpoon, and +after a little work this was accomplished, and I was ready to start in +pursuit. Meanwhile the animals had disappeared from the opening in the +ice where I had first seen them, though I heard their breathing from +some openings farther east. I followed the lane in that direction, but +did not come within range, although I got rather near them once or +twice. They came up in comparatively small openings in the ice, which +were to be found along the whole length of the lane. There was every +prospect of being able to get a shot at them if we stopped for a day to +watch the holes; but we had no time to spare, and could not have taken +much with us had we got one, as the sledges were heavy enough already. +We soon found a passage over, and continued our journey with the flags +hoisted on the sledges in honor of the day. As we were going so slowly +now that it was hardly possible for things to be worse, I determined at +our dinner-hour that I really would take off the under-runners from my +sledge. The change was unmistakable; it was not like the same sledge. +Henceforth we got on well, and after a while the under-runners from +Johansen’s sledge were also removed. As we furthermore came on +some good ice later in the day, our progress was quite unexpectedly +good, and when we stopped at half-past eleven yesterday morning, I +should think we had gone 10 miles during <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb217" href="#pb217" name="pb217">217</a>]</span>our day’s +march. This brings us down to latitude 83° 20′ or so.</p> +<p>“At last, then, we have come down to latitudes which have been +reached by human beings before us, and it cannot possibly be far to +land. A little while before we halted yesterday we crossed a lane or +pool exactly like the two previous ones, only broader still. Here, too, +I heard the blowing of whales, but although I was not far from the hole +whence the noise presumably came, and although the opening there was +quite small, I could perceive nothing. Johansen, who came afterwards +with the dogs, said that as soon as they reached the frozen lane they +got scent of something and wanted to go against the wind. Curious that +there should be so many narwhals in the lanes here.</p> +<p>“The ice we are now travelling over is surprisingly bad. There +are few or no new ridges, only small older irregularities, with now and +then deep snow in between, and then these curious broad, endless lanes, +which resemble each other, and run exactly parallel, and are all unlike +those we have met before. They are remarkable from the fact that, while +formerly I always observed the ice on the north side of the lane to +drift westward, in comparison with that which lay on the south side, +the reverse was here the case. It was the ice on the south side which +drifted westward.</p> +<p>“As I am afraid that we are continually drifting rapidly +westward, I have kept a somewhat easterly course—<span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb218" href="#pb218" name= +"pb218">218</a>]</span>S.S.E. or east of that, according as the drift +necessitates. We kept the Seventeenth of May—on the 18th, it is +true—by a feast of unsurpassed magnificence, consisting of +lobscouse, stewed red whortleberries mixed with vril-food, and stamina +lime-juice mead (<i>i.e.</i>, a concoction of lime-juice tablets and +Frame Food stamina tablets dissolved in water), and then, having eaten +our fill, crawled into our bag.”</p> +<p>As we gradually made our way southward the ice became more +impracticable and difficult to travel over. We still came across +occasional good flat plains, but they were often broken up by broad +belts of jammed-up ice, and in a measure by channels, which hindered +our advance. On May 19th I write: “I climbed to the top of the +highest hummock I have yet been up. I measured it roughly, and made it +out to be about 24 feet above the ice whence I had climbed up; but, as +this latter was considerably above the surface of the water, the height +was probably 30 feet or so. It formed the crest of quite a short and +crooked pressure-ridge, consisting of only small pieces of +ice.”</p> +<p>That day we came across the first tracks of bears which we had seen +on our journey over the ice. The certainty that we had got down to +regions where these animals are to be found, and the prospect of a ham, +made us very joyous. On May 20th there was a tremendous snow-storm, +through which it was impossible to see our way on the uneven ice. +“Consequently there is nothing <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb219" href="#pb219" name="pb219">219</a>]</span>for it but to creep +under the cover again and sleep as long as one can. Hunger at last, +though, is too much for us, and I turn out to make a stew of delicious +liver ‘pâté.’ Then a cup of whey drink, and +into the bag again, to write or slumber as we list. Here we are, with +nothing to do but to wait till the weather changes and we can go +on.</p> +<p>“We can hardly be far from 83° 10′ N., and should +have gained Petermann’s Land if it be where Payer supposed. +Either we must be unconscionably out of our bearings, or the country +very small. Meanwhile, I suppose, this east wind is driving us +westward, out to sea, in the direction of Spitzbergen. Heaven alone +knows what the velocity of the drift may be here. Oh, well, I am not in +the least downhearted. We still have 10 dogs, and should we drift past +Cape Fligely, there is land enough west of us, and that we can hardly +mistake. Starve we scarcely can; and if the worst should come to the +worst, and we have to make up our minds to winter up here, we can face +that too—if only there was nobody waiting at home. But we shall +get back before the winter. The barometer is falling steadily, so that +it will be a case of patience long drawn out, but we shall manage all +right.”</p> +<p>On the afternoon of the following day (May 21st) we were at last +able to get off, though the weather was still thick and snowy, and we +often staggered along like blind men. “As the wind was strong and +right at our <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb220" href="#pb220" name= +"pb220">220</a>]</span>back, and as the ice was fairly even, I at last +put a sail to my sledge. It almost went by itself, but did not in the +least change the dogs’ pace; they kept the same slow time as +before. Poor beasts, they become more and more tired, and the going is +heavy and loose. We passed over many newly frozen pools that day, and +some time previously there must have been a remarkable quantity of open +water.</p> +<p>“I do not think I exceed when I put down our day’s march +at 14 miles, and we ought to have latitude 83° behind us, but as +yet no sign of land. This is becoming rather exciting.</p> +<p>“Friday, May 24th. +18.8° Fahr. (-7.4° C.). Minimum +-11.4° C. Yesterday was the worst day we have yet had. The lane we +had before us when we stopped the previous day proved to be worse than +any of the others had been. After breakfast at 1 <span class= +"sc">A.M.</span>, and while Johansen was engaged in patching the tent, +I trudged off to look for a passage across, but was away for three +hours without finding any. There was nothing for it but to follow the +bend of the lane eastward and trust to getting over eventually, but it +turned out to be a longer job than we had anticipated. When we came to +the place where it appeared to end, the surrounding ice-mass was broken +up in all directions, and the floes were grinding against each other as +they tore along. There was no safe passage across to be found anywhere. +Where at one moment, perhaps, I might have crossed over, at the +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb221" href="#pb221" name= +"pb221">221</a>]</span>next, when I had brought the sledges up, there +was only open water. Meanwhile we executed some intricate +manœuvring from floe to floe, always farther east, in order to +get round. The ice jammed under and around us, and it was often a +difficult matter to get through. Often did we think we were well +across, when still worse lanes and cracks in front of us met our +disappointed gaze. It was enough sometimes to make one despair.</p> +<p>“There seemed to be no end to it; wherever one turned were +yawning channels. On the overcast sky the dark, threatening reflection +of water was to be seen in all directions. It really seemed as if the +ice was entirely broken up. Hungry and almost tired to death we were, +but determined, if possible, to have our troubles behind us before we +stopped for dinner. But at last matters came to a hopeless pitch, and +at 1 o’clock, after nine hours’ work, we decided to have a +meal. It is a remarkable fact that, let things be as bad as they may, +once in the bag, and with food in prospect, all one’s troubles +sink into oblivion. The human being becomes a happy animal, which eats +as long as it can keep its eyes open, and goes to sleep with the food +in its mouth. Oh, blissful state of heedlessness! But at 4 +o’clock we had to turn to again at the apparently hopeless task +of threading the maze of lanes. As a last drop in our cup of misery the +weather became so thick and shadowless that one literally could not see +if one were walking up against a wall of ice or plunging into a pit. +Alas, we have only <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb222" href="#pb222" +name="pb222">222</a>]</span>too much of this mist! How many lanes and +cracks we went across, how many huge ridges we clambered over, dragging +the heavy sledges after us, I cannot say, but very many. They twisted +and turned in all directions, and water and slush met us +everywhere.</p> +<p>“But everything comes to an end, and so did this. After +another two-and-a-half hours’ severe exertion we had put the last +lane behind us, and before us lay a lovely plain. Altogether we had now +been at this sort of work for nearly twelve hours, and I had, in +addition, followed the lane for three hours in the morning, which made +fifteen altogether. We were thoroughly done, and wet too. How many +times we had gone through the deceptive crust of snow which hides the +water between the pieces of ice it is impossible to say. Once during +the morning I had had a narrow escape. I was going confidently along on +snow-shoes over what I supposed to be solid ice when suddenly the +ground began to sink beneath me. Happily there were some pieces of ice +not far off on which I succeeded in throwing myself, while the water +washed over the snow I had just been standing on. I might have had a +long swim for it through the slush, which would have been anything but +pleasant, particularly seeing that I was alone.</p> +<p>“At last we had level ice before us; but, alas! our happiness +was destined to be short-lived. From the dark belt of clouds on the sky +we saw that a new channel was in prospect, and at eight in the evening +we <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb223" href="#pb223" name= +"pb223">223</a>]</span>had reached it. I was too tired to follow the +trend of the lane (it was not short) in order to find a crossing, +particularly as another channel was visible behind it. It was also +impossible to see the ice around one in the heavily falling snow. It +was only a question, therefore, of finding a camping-place, but this +was easier said than done. A strong north wind was blowing, and no +shelter was to be found from it on the level ice we had just got on to. +Every mound and irregularity was examined as we passed by it in the +snow-storm, but all were too small. We had to content ourselves at last +with a little pressed-up hummock, which we could just get under the lee +of. Then, again, there was too little snow, and only after considerable +work did we succeed in pitching the tent. At last, however, the +‘Primus’ was singing cheerily inside it, the +‘fiskegratin’ diffusing its savory odor, and two happy +beings were ensconced comfortably inside the bag, enjoying existence +and satisfied, if not, indeed, at having done a good day’s march, +yet in the knowledge of having overcome a difficulty.</p> +<p>“While we were having breakfast to-day I went out and took a +meridian altitude, which, to our delight, made us 82° 52′ +N.</p> +<p>“Sunday, May 26th. When the ice is as uneven as it is now, the +difficulty of making headway is incredible. The snow is loose, and if +one takes one’s snow-shoes off for a moment one sinks in above +one’s knees. It is impossible to fasten them on securely, as +every minute one must <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb224" href= +"#pb224" name="pb224">224</a>]</span>help the dogs with the sledges. +Added to this, if the weather be thick, as yesterday, one is apt to run +into the largest ridges or snow-drifts without seeing them; everything +is equally white under its covering of new snow, and the light comes +from all directions, so that it throws no shadows. Then one plunges in +headlong, and with difficulty can get up and on to one’s +snow-shoes again. This takes place continually, and the longer it lasts +the worse it gets. At last one literally staggers on one’s +snow-shoes from fatigue, just as if one were drunk. But we are gaining +ground, and that is the chief thing, be one’s shins ever so +bruised and tender. This manner of progress is particularly injurious +to the ankles, on account of the constant unsteadiness and swerving of +the snow-shoes, and many a day have mine been much swollen. The dogs, +too, are becoming exhausted, which is worse.</p> +<p>“I have to-day reckoned out the observations made yesterday, +and find, to our joy, that the longitude is 61° 27′ E., so +that we have not drifted westward, but have come about south, according +to our course. My constant fear of drifting past land is thus +unfounded, and we should be able to reckon on reaching it before very +long. We may possibly be farther east than we suppose, but hardly +farther west, so that if we now go due south for a while, and then +southwest, we must meet with land, and this within not many days. I +reckon that we did 20 miles southward yesterday, and should thus be now +in <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb225" href="#pb225" name= +"pb225">225</a>]</span>latitude 82° 40′ N. A couple more +days, and our latitude will be very satisfactory.</p> +<p>“The ice we have before us looks practicable, but, to judge by +the sky, we have a number of water-ways a little farther on; we must +manage somehow to fight our way across them. I should be very reluctant +to mend the kayaks just now, before we have reached land and firm land +ice. They require a thorough overhauling, both as to frames and covers. +My one thought now is to get on while we still have some dogs, and thus +use them up.</p> +<p>“A comfortable Sunday morning in the tent to-day. These +observations put me in good spirits; life seems to look bright before +us. Soon we must be able to start homeward at good speed and across +open water. Oh, what a pleasure it will be to handle paddle and gun +again, instead of this continual toil with the sledges! Then, too, the +shouting to the dogs to go on—it seems to wear and tear +one’s ears and every nerve in one’s body.</p> +<p>“Monday, May 27th. Ever since yesterday morning we have seen +the looming of water on the sky; it is the same looming that we saw on +the previous day, and I set our course direct for the place where, to +judge by it, there should be the greatest accumulation of ice, and +where, consequently, a crossing should be easiest. During the course of +the afternoon we came on one lane after the other, just as the +water-sky had denoted, and towards <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb226" +href="#pb226" name="pb226">226</a>]</span>evening the dark heavens +before us augured open water of a worse kind. The reflection was +particularly dark and threatening, both in the west and in the east. By +7 o’clock I could see a broad lane before us, stretching away +west and east as far as the eye could reach from the highest hummock. +It was broad, and appeared to be more impracticable than any of the +previous ones. As the dogs were tired, our day’s march had been a +good one, and we had a splendid camping-place ready to hand, we decided +to pitch the tent. Well satisfied and certain that we were now in +latitude 82½°, and that land must inevitably be near, we +disappeared into the bag.</p> +<p>“During breakfast this morning I went out and took a meridian +altitude. It proves that we have not deceived ourselves. We are in +latitude 82° 30′ N., perhaps even a minute or two farther +south. But it is growing more and more remarkable that we see no sign +of land. I cannot explain it in any other way than that we are some +degrees farther east than we suppose.<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4214src" href="#xd20e4214" name="xd20e4214src">9</a> That we +should be so much farther west as to enable us to pass entirely clear +of Petermann’s Land and Oscar’s Land, and not so much as +get a glimpse of them, I consider an impossibility. I have again looked +at our former observations; have again gone through our dead reckoning, +the velocity <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb227" href="#pb227" name= +"pb227">227</a>]</span>and directions of the wind, and all the +possibilities of drift during the days which passed between our last +certain observation for longitude (April 8th) and the day when, +according to the dead reckoning, we assumed ourselves to be in +longitude 86° E. (April 13th). That there should be any great +mistake is inconceivable. The ice can hardly have had such a +considerable drift during those particular days, seeing that our dead +reckoning in other respects tallied so well with the observations.</p> +<p>“Yesterday evening ‘Kvik’ was slaughtered. Poor +thing, she was quite worn out, and did little or nothing in the hauling +line. I was sorry to part with her, but what was to be done? Even if we +should get fresh meat, it would have taken some time to feed her up +again, and then, perhaps, we should have had no use for her, and should +only have had to kill her, after all. But a fine big animal she was, +and provided food for three days for our remaining eight dogs.</p> +<p>“I am in a continual state of wonderment at the ice we are now +travelling over. It is flat and good, with only smallish pieces of +broken-up ice lying about, and a large mound or small ridge here and +there, but all of it is ice which can hardly be winter-old, or at any +rate has been formed since last summer. It is quite a rarity to come +across a small tract of older ice, or even a single old floe which has +lain the summer through—so rare, in fact, that at our last +camping-place it was impossible to find any ice which had been exposed +to the summer sun, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb228" href="#pb228" +name="pb228">228</a>]</span>and consequently freed from salt. We were +obliged to be content with snow for our drinking-water.<a class= +"noteref" id="xd20e4226src" href="#xd20e4226" name= +"xd20e4226src">10</a> Certain it is that where these great expanses of +flat ice come from there was open water last summer or autumn, and that +of no little extent, as we have passed over many miles of this compact +ice the whole day yesterday and a good part of the previous day, +besides which there were formerly a considerable number of such tracts +in between older, summer-old ice. There is little probability that this +should have been formed in the vicinity hereabouts. More probably it +has come from farther east or southeast, and was formed in open water +on the east side of Wilczek’s Land. I believe, consequently, that +this must indicate that there can be <i>not a little open water along +the east or northeast coast of Wilczek’s Land in the summer or +autumn months</i>.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e4235src" href= +"#xd20e4235" name="xd20e4235src">11</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb229" href="#pb229" name="pb229">229</a>]</span></p> +<p>“Now followed a time when the lanes grew worse than ever, and +we began to toil in grim earnest. Lanes and cracks went crosswise in +every direction. The ice was sometimes uneven, and the surface loose +and heavy between the irregularities.</p> +<p>“If one could get a bird’s-eye view of this ice, the +lanes would form a veritable net-work of irregular meshes. Woe to him +who lets himself get entangled in it!</p> +<p>“Wednesday, May 29th. Yesterday I inaugurated a great change, +and began with ‘komager.’ It was an agreeable transition. +One’s feet keep nice and dry now, and one is furthermore saved +the trouble of attending to the Finn shoes<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4247src" href="#xd20e4247" name="xd20e4247src">12</a> night and +morning. They were beginning in this mild temperature to assume a +texture like our native ‘lefser,’ a kind of tough rye-cake. +Then, too, one need no longer sleep with wet rags on one’s chest +and legs to dry them.”</p> +<p>That day we saw our first bird; a fulmar (<i>Procellaria +glacialis</i>).</p> +<p>“Thursday, May 30th. At 5 o’clock yesterday morning we +set forth with the buoyancy born of the belief that now at last the +whole network of lanes was behind us; but we had not gone far before +the reflection of new <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb230" href= +"#pb230" name="pb230">230</a>]</span>channels appeared in front. I +climbed up on to a hummock as quickly as possible, but the sight which +met my eyes was anything but enlivening—lane after lane, crossing +and recrossing, in front of us and on each side, as far as the eye +could reach. It looked as if it mattered little what direction we +chose: it would be of no avail in getting out of the maze. I made a +long excursion on ahead to see if there might not be a way of slipping +through and over on the consecutive flat sheets as we had done before; +but the ice appeared to be broken up, and so it probably is all the way +to land. It was no longer with the compact, massive polar ice that we +had to deal, but with thin, broken-up pack-ice, at the mercy of every +wind of heaven, and we had to reconcile ourselves to the idea of +scrambling from floe to floe as best we might. What would I not have +given at this moment for it to be March, with all its cold and +sufferings, instead of the end of May, and the thermometer almost above +32° Fahr.? It was just this end of May I had feared all along, the +time at which I considered it of the greatest importance to have gained +land. Unhappily my fears proved to be well founded. I almost began to +wish that it was a month or more later; the ice would then perhaps be +slacker here, with more open pools and lanes, so that in a measure one +could make one’s way in a kayak. Well, who could tell? This +miserable thin young ice appeared to be utterly treacherous, and there +was a water-sky in every direction, but mostly far, far ahead. If only +we were there! if only <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb231" href= +"#pb231" name="pb231">231</a>]</span>we were under land! Perhaps, if +the worst should come to the worst, we may be reduced to waiting till +over the time when the mild weather and break-up of the ice come in +earnest. But have we provisions enough to wait till that time? This +was, indeed, more than doubtful.... As I stood sunk in these gloomy +reflections on the high hummock, and looking southward over the ice, +seeing ridge after ridge and lane after lane before me, I suddenly +heard the well-known sound of a whale blowing from a lead close behind. +It was the solution of my troubles. Starve we should not; there are +animals here, and we have guns, thank Heaven, and harpoons as well, and +we know how to use them. There was a whole school of narwhals in the +lane breathing and blowing ceaselessly. As some high ice hid them from +view for a great part, I could only see their gray backs, now and then, +as they arched themselves over the black surface of the water. I stood +a long while looking at them, and had I had my gun and harpoon, it +would have been an easy matter to get one. After all, the prospect was +not so bad at present; and meanwhile what we had to do was not to mind +lanes, but to keep on our course S.W. or S.W. to S. over them, and push +on the best we could. And with that resolution I returned to the +sledges. Neither of us, however, had a very firm belief that we should +get much farther, and therefore all the more elated did we become as +our advance proved by degrees to be tolerably easy, in spite of our +exhausted dogs. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb232" href="#pb232" +name="pb232">232</a>]</span></p> +<p>“While we were making our way during the morning between some +lanes I suddenly saw a black object come rushing through the air; it +was a black guillemot (<i>Uria grylle</i>), and it circled round us +several times. Not long afterwards I heard a curious noise in a +southwesterly direction—something like the sound made by a +goat’s horn when blown on; I heard it many times, and Johansen +also remarked it, but I could not make out what it was. An animal, at +all events, it must be, as human beings are hardly likely to be near us +here.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e4270src" href="#xd20e4270" name= +"xd20e4270src">13</a> A little while later a fulmar came sailing +towards us, and flew round and round just over our heads. I got out my +gun, but before I had a cartridge in the bird had gone again. It is +beginning to grow lively here; it is cheering to see so much life, and +gives one the feeling that one is approaching land and kindlier +regions. Later on I saw a seal on the ice; it was a little ringed seal, +which it would have been a satisfaction to capture; but before I had +quite made out which it was it had disappeared into the water.</p> +<p>“At 10 o’clock we had dinner, which we shall no longer +eat in the bag, in order to save time. We have also decided to shorten +our marches to eight hours or so in the day on account of the dogs. At +11 o’clock, after dinner, we started off again, and at three +stopped and camped. I should imagine we went 7 miles yesterday, or let +me say between 12 and 15 during the last two <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb233" href="#pb233" name= +"pb233">233</a>]</span>days, the direction being about +southwest—every little counts.</p> +<p>“In front of us on the horizon we have a water-sky, or at any +rate a reflection which is so sharply defined and remains so immovable +that it must either be over open water or dark land; our course just +bears on it. It is a good way off, and the water it is over can hardly +be of small extent; I cannot help thinking that it must be under land. +May it be so! But between us, to judge by the sky, there seem to be +plenty of lanes.</p> +<p>“The ice is still the same nowadays, barely of the previous +winter’s formation, where it is impossible to find any suitable +for cooking. It seems to me that it is here, if possible, thinner than +ever, with a thickness of from 2 to 3 feet. The reason of this I am +still at a loss to explain.</p> +<p>“Friday, May 31st. It is wonderful; the last day of +May—this month gone too without our reaching land, without even +seeing it. June cannot surely pass in the same manner—it is +impossible that we can have far to go now. I think everything seems to +indicate this. The ice becomes thinner and thinner, we see more and +more life around us, and in front is the same reflection of water or +land, whichever it may be. Yesterday I saw two ringed seals (<i>Phoca +fœtida</i>) in two small lanes; a bird, probably a fulmar, flew +over a lane here yesterday evening, and at midday yesterday we came on +the fresh tracks of a bear and two small cubs, which had followed +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb234" href="#pb234" name= +"pb234">234</a>]</span>the side of a lane. There seemed to be prospects +of fresh food in such surroundings, though, curiously enough, neither +of us has any particular craving for it; we are quite satisfied with +the food we have; but for the dogs it would be of great importance. We +had to kill again last night; this time it was ‘Pan,’ our +best dog. It could not be helped; he was quite worn out, and could not +do much more. The seven dogs we have left can now live three days on +the food he provided.</p> +<p>“This is quite unexpected: the ice is very much broken up +here—mere pack-ice, were it not for some large floes or flat +spaces in between. If this ice had time to slacken it would be easy +enough to row between the floes. Sometimes when we were stopped by +lanes yesterday, and I went up on to some high hummock to look ahead, +my heart sank within me, and I thought we should be constrained to give +up the hope of getting farther; it was looking out over a very chaos of +lumps of ice and brash mixed together in open water. To jump from piece +to piece in such waters, with dogs and two heavy sledges following one, +is not exactly easy; but by means of investigation and experiment we +managed eventually to get over this lane too, and after going through +rubble for a while came on to flat ice again; and thus it kept on with +new lanes repeatedly.</p> +<p>“The ice we are now travelling over is almost entirely new ice +with occasional older floes in between. It continues to grow thinner, +here it is for the greater part <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb235" +href="#pb235" name="pb235">235</a>]</span>not more than 3 feet in +thickness, and the floes are as flat as when they were frozen. +Yesterday evening, however, we got on to a stretch of old ice, on which +we are stationed now, but how far it extends it is difficult to say. We +camped yesterday at half-past six in the evening and found fresh ice +again for the cooker, which was distinctly a pleasant change for the +cook. We have not had it since May 25th.<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4295src" href="#xd20e4295" name="xd20e4295src">14</a> A +disagreeable wind from the south, it is true, has sprung up this +evening, and it will be hard work going against it. We have a great +deal of bad weather here; it is overcast nearly every day, with +wind—south wind, which, above everything, is least desirable just +now. But what are we to do? To settle down we have hardly provender +enough; there is nothing for it, I suppose, but to grind on.</p> +<p>“Took a meridian altitude to-day, and we should be in 82° +21′ N., and still no glimpse of land; this is becoming more and +more of an enigma. What would I not give to set my foot on dry land +now? But patience—always patience.” <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb236" href="#pb236" name="pb236">236</a>]</span></p> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e3758" href="#xd20e3758src" name="xd20e3758">1</a></span> We +always kept a supply of our various provisions in small bags inside the +kayaks, so that we could get out whatever we wanted for our daily +consumption without undoing the big sacks, which were sewed up or +securely fastened in other ways.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e3817" href="#xd20e3817src" name="xd20e3817">2</a></span> When I +left the ship I had purposed to travel northward for 50 days, for which +time we had taken provender for the dogs.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e3846" href="#xd20e3846src" name="xd20e3846">3</a></span> This was +the latitude I got by a rough estimation, but on further calculation it +proved to be 86° 13.6′ N.; the longitude was about 95° +E.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e3897" href="#xd20e3897src" name="xd20e3897">4</a></span> I felt +convinced we could not have reached such a westerly longitude, but +assumed this for the sake of certainty, as I would rather come down on +the east side of Franz Josef Land than on the west side. Should we +reach the latitude of Petermann’s Land or Prince Rudolf Land +without seeing them, I should in the former case be certain that we had +them on our west, and could then look for them in that direction, +whereas, in the event of our not finding land and being uncertain +whether we were too far east or too far west, we should not then know +in what direction we ought to look for it.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e3965" href="#xd20e3965src" name="xd20e3965">5</a></span> We saw +no real ice-mountains at any period of our journey before we got under +land; everything was sea-ice. The same was the case during the drift of +the <i>Fram</i>.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4017" href="#xd20e4017src" name="xd20e4017">6</a></span> In point +of fact it was nearly three months (till July 24) before this marvel +happened.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4022" href="#xd20e4022src" name="xd20e4022">7</a></span> As on +the previous day, the ice on the north side of the lane was moving +westward, in comparison with that on the south side. The same thing was +the case, or could be seen to have been so, with the lanes we met with +later in the day. We naturally conceived this to mean that there was a +strong westerly drift in the ice northward, while that southward was +retained by land.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4030" href="#xd20e4030src" name="xd20e4030">8</a></span> The +lanes form most frequently in windy weather, as the ice is then set in +motion.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4214" href="#xd20e4214src" name="xd20e4214">9</a></span> In point +of fact, we were then about 6° farther east than we thought. I had +on April 14th, it will be remembered (compare my notes for that day), +surmised that the longitude I then set down (86° E.) was more +westerly than that we were actually in.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4226" href="#xd20e4226src" name="xd20e4226">10</a></span> For +melting water in the cooker it is better to use ice than snow, +particularly if the latter be not old and granular. Newly fallen snow +gives little water, and requires considerably more heat to warm it. +That part of salt-water ice which is above the surface of the sea, and, +in particular, prominent pieces which have been exposed to the rays of +the sun during a summer and are thus freed from the greater part of +their salt, furnish excellent drinking-water. Some expeditions have +harbored the superstition that drinking-water from ice in which there +was the least salt was injurious. This is a mistake which cost, for +instance, the members of the <i>Jeannette</i> expedition much +unnecessary trouble, as they thought it imperative to distil the water +before they could drink it without incurring the risk of scurvy.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4235" href="#xd20e4235src" name="xd20e4235">11</a></span> As will +be understood by our later discoveries, my surmises were not quite +correct. We really were at that time north or northeast of +Wilczek’s Land, which seems to be only a little island. Meanwhile +there must have been extensive open water the previous autumn where +this ice was formed. But when it is shown later how much open water we +saw on the northwest coast of Franz Josef Land even in winter, this can +easily be imagined.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4247" href="#xd20e4247src" name="xd20e4247">12</a></span> Whereas +Finn shoes are made of reindeer-skin with the hair on, +“komager” are made of under-tanned hide without hair, +generally from the ox or bearded seal (<i>Phoca barbata</i>), with tops +of reindeer-skin. They are strong and water-proof. (See description of +equipment.)</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4270" href="#xd20e4270src" name="xd20e4270">13</a></span> It was +undoubtedly from seals, which often utter a sound like a protracted +“ho!”</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4295" href="#xd20e4295src" name="xd20e4295">14</a></span> It was +from about 82° 52′ N. south to 82° 19′ N. that we +travelled over young ice of this description; that is to say, there +must have been open water over a distance of fully 32 English +geographical miles (33′ of latitude). We also found ice of this +kind farther south for a long distance, and the open sea must have been +considerably greater.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch6" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="label">Chapter VI</h2> +<h2 class="main">By Sledge and Kayak</h2> +<p class="firstpar">“Saturday, June 1st. So this is June. What +has it in store for us? Will not this month, either, bring us the land +we are longing for? Must hope and believe so, though the time is +drawing out. Luck, for the matter of that, is a wonderful thing. I +expected this morning as little of the day as was well possible; the +weather was thick and snowy, and we had a strong contrary wind. It was +no better when we came on a lane directly after we started, which +appeared to be nearly impassable; everything was dark and dull. +However, the day turned out to be better than we expected. By means of +a detour to the northeast I found a passage across the lane, and we got +on to long, flat plains which we went over until quite midday. And from +five this afternoon we had another hour and a half of good ice, but +that was the end of it; a lane which ran in several directions cut off +every means of advance, and although I spent more than an hour and a +half in looking for a crossing, none was to be found. There was nothing +for it but to camp, and hope that the morrow would bring an +improvement. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb237" href="#pb237" name= +"pb237">237</a>]</span></p> +<p>Now the morrow has come, but whether the improvement has come +likewise, and the lane has closed more together, I do not yet know. We +camped about nine yesterday evening. As usual latterly, after nearly a +whole day of dismal snow, it suddenly cleared up as soon as we began to +pitch the tent. The wind also went down, and the weather became +beautiful, with blue sky and light white clouds, so that one might +almost dream one’s self far away to summer at home. The horizon +in the west and southwest was clear enough, but nothing to be seen +except the same water-sky, which we have been steering for, and, +happily, it is obviously higher, so we are getting under it. If only we +had reached it! Yonder there must be a change; that I have no doubt of. +How I long for that change!</p> +<p>“Curious how different things are. If we only reach land +before our provisions give out we shall think ourselves well out of +danger, while to Payer it stood for certain starvation if he should +have to remain there and not find <i>Tegethoff</i> again. But then he +had not been roaming about in the drift-ice between 83° and 86° +for two months and a half without seeing a living creature. Just as +were going to break up camp yesterday morning we suddenly heard the +angry cry of an ivory gull; there, above us, beautiful and white, were +two of them sailing right over our heads. I thought of shooting them, +but it seemed, on the whole, hardly worth while to expend a cartridge +apiece on such birds; they disappeared again, <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb238" href="#pb238" name="pb238">238</a>]</span>too, +directly. A little while afterwards we heard them again. As we were +lying in the bag to-day and waiting for breakfast we suddenly heard a +hoarse scream over the tent—something like the croaking of a +crow. I should imagine it must have been a gull (<i>Larus +argentatus?</i>).</p> +<p>“Is it not curious? The whole night long, whenever I was +awake, did the sun smile in to us through our silken walls, and it was +so warm and light that I lay and dreamed dreams of summer, far from +lanes and drudgery and endless toil. How fair life seems at such +moments, and how bright the future! But no sooner do I turn out to cook +at half-past nine than the sun veils his countenance and snow begins to +fall. This happens nearly every day now. Is it because he will have us +settle down here and wait, for the summer and the slackening of the ice +and open water will spare us the toil of finding a way over this +hopeless maze of lanes? I am loath, indeed, that this should come to +pass. Even if we could manage, as far as provisions are concerned, by +killing and eating the dogs, and with a chance of game in prospect, our +arrival in Spitzbergen would be late, and we might not improbably have +to pass the winter there, and then those at home would have another +year to wait.</p> +<p>“Sunday, June 2d. So it is on Whitsunday that this +book<a class="noteref" id="xd20e4325src" href="#xd20e4325" name= +"xd20e4325src">1</a> finishes. I could hardly have imagined that we +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb239" href="#pb239" name= +"pb239">239</a>]</span>should still be in the drift-ice without seeing +land; but Fate wills otherwise, and she knows no mercy.</p> +<p>“The lane which stopped us yesterday did not close, but opened +wider until there was a big sea to the west of us, and we were living +on a floe in the midst of it without a passage across anywhere. So, at +last, what we have so often been threatened with has come to pass: we +must set to work and make our kayaks seaworthy. But first of all we +moved the tent into a sheltered nook of the hummock, where we are lying +to, so that the wind does not reach us, and we can imagine it is quite +still outside, instead of a regular ‘mill-breeze’ blowing +from the southwest. To rip off the cover of my kayak and get it into +the tent to patch it was the work of a very short time, and then we +spent a comfortable, quiet Whitsunday evening in the tent. The cooker +was soon going, and we had some smoking-hot lobscouse for dinner, and I +hardly think either of us regretted he was not on the move; it is +undeniably good to make a halt sometimes. The cover was soon patched +and ready; then I had to go out and brace up the frame of my kayak +where most of the lashings are slack and must be lashed over again; +this will be no inconsiderable piece of work; there are at least forty +of them. However, only a couple of the ribs are split, so the framework +can easily be made just as good as before. Johansen also took the cover +off his kayak, and to-day it is going to be patched.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e4333width" id="p240"><img src="images/p240.jpg" +alt="Repairing the Kayaks" width="595" height="456"> +<p class="figureHead">Repairing the Kayaks</p> +</div> +<p>“When both the frames are put in order and the <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb240" href="#pb240" name= +"pb240">240</a>]</span>covers on we shall be ready to start afresh and +to meet every difficulty, be it lanes, pools, or open sea. It will, +indeed, be with a feeling of security that we shall set forth, and +there will be an end to this continual anxiety lest we should meet with +impassable lanes. I cannot conceive that anything now can prevent us +from soon reaching land. It can hardly be long now before we meet with +lanes and open water in which we can row. There will be a difficulty +with the remaining dogs, however, and it will be a case of parting with +them. The dogs’ rations were portioned out yesterday evening, and +we still have <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb241" href="#pb241" name= +"pb241">241</a>]</span>part of ‘Pan’ for supper; but +‘Klapperslangen’ must go, too. We shall then have six dogs, +which, I suppose, we can keep four days, and still get on a good way +with them.</p> +<p>“Whitsuntide!—there is something so lovely and +summer-like in the word. It is hard to think how beautiful everything +is now at home, and then to lie here still, in mist and wind and ice. +How homesick one grows; but what good does it do? Little Liv will go to +dinner with her grandmother to-day—perhaps they are dressing her +in a new frock at this very moment! Well, well, the time will come when +I can go with her; but when? I must set to work on the lashings, and it +will be all right.”</p> +<p>We worked with ardor during the following days to get our kayaks +ready, and even grudged the time for eating. Twelve hours sometimes +went by between each meal, and our working day often lasted for +twenty-four hours. But all the same it took time to make these kayaks +fully seaworthy again. The worst of it was that we had to be so careful +with our materials, as the opportunities of acquiring more were not +immoderately abundant. When, for instance, a rib had to be relashed we +could not rip up the old lashing, but had to unwind it carefully in +order not to destroy the line; and when there are many scores of such +places to be relashed, this takes time. Then, too, several of the +bamboo ribs which run along the side of the framework (particularly in +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb242" href="#pb242" name= +"pb242">242</a>]</span>Johansen’s kayak) were split, and these +had wholly or partly to be taken out and new ones substituted, or to be +strengthened by lashings and side splints. When the covers were +properly patched, and the frames, after several days’ work, again +in order, the covers were put on and carefully stretched. All this, of +course, had to be done with care, and was not quick work; but then we +had the satisfaction of knowing that the kayaks were fully seaworthy, +and capable, if need be, of weathering a storm on the way over to +Spitzbergen.</p> +<p>Meanwhile the time flew by—our precious time; but then we +hoped that our kayaks would render us important assistance, and that we +should get on all the quicker in them. Thus, on Tuesday, June 4th, I +wrote in my diary: “It seems to me that it cannot be long before +we come to open water or slack ice. The latter is, hereabouts, so thin +and broken up, and the weather so summer-like. Yesterday the +thermometer was a little below freezing-point, and the snow which fell +was more like sleet than anything else; it melted on the tent, and it +was difficult to keep things from getting wet inside; the walls dripped +if we even went near them. We had abominable weather the whole day +yesterday, with falling snow, but for the matter of that we are used to +it; we have had nothing else lately. To-day, however, it is brilliant, +clear blue sky, and the sun has just come over the top of our hummock +and down into the tent. It will be a glorious day to sit out +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb243" href="#pb243" name= +"pb243">243</a>]</span>and work in; not like yesterday, when all +one’s tackle got wet; it is worst of all when one is lashing, for +then one cannot keep the line taut. This sun is a welcome friend; I +thought I was almost tired of it before when it was always there; but +how glad we are to see it now, and how it cheers one. I can hardly get +it out of my head that it is a glorious, fresh June morning home by the +bay. Only let us soon have water, so that we can use our kayaks, and it +will not be long before we are home.</p> +<p>“To-day,<a class="noteref" id="xd20e4356src" href="#xd20e4356" +name="xd20e4356src">2</a> for the first time on the whole of this +journey, we have dealt out rations for breakfast, both of butter, +1⅔ ounces, and aleuronate bread, 6⅔ ounces. We must keep to +weights in order to be certain the provisions will last out, and I +shall take stock properly of what we have left before we go +farther.</p> +<p>“Happiness is, indeed, short-lived. The sun has gone again, +the sky is overcast, and snowflakes are beginning to fall.</p> +<p>“Wednesday, June 5th. Still at the same spot, but it is to be +hoped it will not be long before we are able to get off. The weather +was fine yesterday, after all, and so summer-like to sit out and work +and bask in the sun; and then to look out over the water and the ice, +with the glittering waves and snow! <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb244" href="#pb244" name="pb244">244</a>]</span></p> +<p>“Yesterday we shot our first game. It was an ivory gull +(<i>Larus eberneus</i>), which went flying over the tent. There were +other gulls here, yesterday, too, and we saw as many as four at once; +but they kept at a distance. I went after them once and missed my mark. +One cartridge wasted; this must not be repeated. If we had taken the +trouble we could easily have got more gulls; but they are too small +game, and it is also too early to use up our ammunition. In the pool +here I saw a seal, and Johansen saw one too. We have both seen and +heard narwhals. There is life enough here, and if the kayaks were in +order, and we could row out on the water, I have no doubt we could get +something. However, it is not necessary yet. We have provisions enough +at present, and it is better to employ the time in getting on, on +account of the dogs, though it would be well if we could get some big +game, and not kill any more of them until our ice journey is over and +we take to the kayaks for good. Yesterday we had to kill +‘Klapperslangen.’ He gave twenty-five rations, which will +last the six remaining dogs four days. The slaughtering was now +entirely Johansen’s business; he had achieved such celerity that +with a single thrust of my long Lapp knife he made an end of the +animal, so that it had no time to utter a sound, and after a few +minutes, with the help of the knife and our little axe, he had divided +the animal into suitable doles. As I mentioned before, we left the skin +and hair on; the former <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb245" href= +"#pb245" name="pb245">245</a>]</span>was carefully eaten up, and the +only thing left after the dogs’ meal was, as a rule, a tuft of +hair here and there on the ice, some claws, and, perhaps, a well-gnawed +cranium, the hard skull being too much for them.</p> +<p>“They are beginning to be pretty well starved now. Yesterday +‘Lilleræven’ ate up the toe-strap (the reindeer-skin +which is placed under the foot to prevent the snow from balling), and a +little of the wood of Johansen’s snowshoes, which the dog had +pulled down on to the ice. The late ‘Kvik’ ate up her +sail-cloth harness, and I am not so sure these others do not indulge in +a fragment of canvas now and then.</p> +<p>“I have just reckoned out our longitude according to an +observation taken with the theodolite yesterday, and make it to be +61° 16.5′ E.; our latitude was 82° 17.8′ N. I +cannot understand why we do not see land. The only possible explanation +must be that we are farther east than we think, and that the land +stretches southward in that direction; but we cannot have much farther +to go now. Just at this moment a bird flew over us, which Johansen, who +is standing just outside the tent, took to be a kind of sandpiper.</p> +<p>“Thursday, June 6th. Still on the same spot. I am longing to +get off, see what things look like, and have a final solution of this +riddle, which is constantly before me. It will be a real pleasure to be +under way again with whole tackle, and I cannot help thinking that we +shall soon be able to use our kayaks in open water. Life would be +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb246" href="#pb246" name= +"pb246">246</a>]</span>another thing then! Fancy, to get clear for good +of this ice and these lanes, this toil with the sledges and endless +trouble with the dogs, only one’s self in a light craft dancing +over the waves at play! It is almost too much to think of. Perhaps we +have still many a hard turn before we reach it, many a dark hour; but +some time it must come, and then—then life will be life +again!</p> +<p>“Yesterday, at last, we finished mending the framework of both +kayaks. We rigged up some plaited bamboo at the bottom of each to place +the provisions on, in order to prevent them from getting wet in case +the kayaks should leak. To-day we have only to go over them again, test +the lashings, and brace (support) those that may require it, and +finally put the covers on. To-morrow evening I hope we shall get off. +This repairing has taken it out of the cord; of our three balls we have +rather less than one left. This I am very anxious to keep, as we may +require it for fishing, and so forth.</p> +<p>“Our various provisions are beginning to dwindle. Weighed the +butter yesterday, and found that we only had 5 pounds 1 ounce. If we +reckon our daily ration at 1⅓ ounces per man it will last another +23 days, and by that time we shall have gone a little farther. To-day, +for the first time, I could note down a temperature above +freezing-point—<i>i.e.</i>, +35.6° Fahr. this morning. The +snow outside was soft all through, and the hummocks are dripping. It +will not be long now before we find water on the floes. Last night, +too, it absolutely rained. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb247" href= +"#pb247" name="pb247">247</a>]</span>It was only a short shower; first +of all it drizzled, then came large, heavy drops, and we took shelter +inside the tent in order not to get wet—but it was rain, rain! It +was quite a summer feeling to sit in here and listen to the drops +splashing on the tent wall. As regards the going, this thaw will +probably be a good thing if we should have frost again; but if the snow +is to continue as it is now, it will be a fine mess to get through +among all these ridges and hummocks. Instead of such a contingency, it +would be better to have as much rain as possible, to melt and wash the +ice clear of snow. Well, well, it must do as it likes! It cannot be +long now before it takes a turn for the better—land or open +water, whichever it may be.</p> +<p>“Saturday, June 8th. Finished and tried the kayaks yesterday +at last, but only by dint of sticking to our work from the evening of +the day before yesterday to the evening of yesterday. It is remarkable +that we are able to continue working so long at a stretch. If we were +at home we should be very tired and hungry, with so many working hours +between meals; but here it does not seem more than it should be, +although our appetites certainly are first-rate and our sleeping powers +good. It does not seem as if we were growing weak or sickening for +scurvy just yet. As a matter of fact, so far as I know, we are +unusually strong and healthy just now and in full elasticity.</p> +<p>“When we tried the kayaks in a little lane just here +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb248" href="#pb248" name= +"pb248">248</a>]</span>we found them considerably leaky in the seams +and also in the canvas, from their rough usage on the way, but it is to +be hoped no more so than will be remedied when a little soaking makes +the canvas swell out. It will not be agreeable to ferry over lanes and +have to put our kayaks dry and leaky on the water. Our provisions may +not improbably be reduced to a pulp; but we shall have to put up with +that, too, like everything else.</p> +<p>“And so we really mean to get off to-day, after a week’s +stay on the same spot. Yesterday the southeast wind set in; it has +increased to-day and become rather strong, to judge by the whistling +round the hummocks outside. I lay here this morning fancying I heard +the sound of breakers a little way off. All the lanes about here closed +yesterday, and there was little open water to be seen. It is owing to +this wind, I suppose, and if it is going to close lanes for us, then +let it blow on. The snow is covered with a crust of ice, the going is +as good as possible, and the ice, it is to be hoped, is more or less +flat, so we shall be all right.</p> +<p>“Johansen shot another ivory gull yesterday, and we had it and +another one for dinner. It was our first taste of fresh food, and was, +it cannot be denied, very good; but all the same not so delightful as +one would expect, seeing that we have not had fresh meat for so many +months. It is a proof, no doubt, that the food we have is also +good.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e4403width" id="plate11"><img src= +"images/plate11.jpg" alt="Plate XI." width="720" height="479"> +<p class="figureHead">Plate XI.</p> +<p class="firstpar"><span class="sc">Moon-Ring with Mock Moons, and a +Suggestion of Horizontal Axes</span>, 24th November 1893. Pastel +Sketch</p> +<p>An inverted arch above forms a tangent to the uppermost point of the +moon-ring. Luminous patches are visible where the moon-rings and the +vertical axis passing through the moon intersect the horizon.</p> +</div> +<p>“Weighed the bread yesterday; found we had 26 <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb249" href="#pb249" name= +"pb249">249</a>]</span>pounds 4 ounces of wheaten bread and 17 pounds 1 +ounce of aleuronate bread; so, for that matter, we can manage for +another thirty-five or forty days, and how far we shall then have got +the gods alone know, but some part of the way it must be.</p> +<p>“Sunday, June 9th. We got away from our camping-ground at last +yesterday, and we were more than pleased. In spite of the weather, +which was as bad as it could be, with a raging snow-storm from the +east, we were both glad to begin our wanderings again. It took some +time to fix grips under the kayaks, consisting of sack, sleeping-bag, +and blankets, and so load the sledges; but eventually we made a start. +We got well off the floe we had lived on so long, and did not even have +to use the kayaks which we had spent a week in patching for that +purpose. The wind had carefully closed the lanes. We found flat +ice-country, and made good way in spite of the most villanous going, +with newly fallen snow, which stuck to one’s snow-shoes +mercilessly, and in which the sledges stood as if fixed to the spot as +soon as they stopped. The weather was such that one could not see many +hundred feet in front of one, and the snow which accumulated on +one’s clothes on the weather-side wetted one to the skin; but +still it was glorious to see ourselves making progress—progress +towards our stubborn goal. We came across a number of lanes, and they +were difficult to cross, with their complicated net-work of cracks and +ridges in all directions. Some of them were broad <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb250" href="#pb250" name="pb250">250</a>]</span>and +full of brash, which rendered it impossible to use the kayaks. In some +places, however, the brash was pressed so tightly together that we +could walk on it. But many journeys to and fro are nearly always +necessary before any reasonable opportunity of advance is to be found. +This time is often long to the one who remains behind with the dogs, +being blown through or wetted through meanwhile, as the case may be. +Often, when it seemed as if I were never coming back, did Johansen +think I had fallen through some lane and was gone for good. As one sits +there on the kayak, waiting and waiting, and gazing in front of one +into solitude, many strange thoughts pass through one’s brain. +Several times he climbed the highest hummock near at hand to scan the +ice anxiously; and then, when at last he discovered a little black +speck moving about on the white flat surface far, far away, his mind +would be relieved. As Johansen was waiting in this way yesterday, he +remarked that the sides of the floe in front of him were slowly moving +up and down,<a class="noteref" id="xd20e4421src" href="#xd20e4421" +name="xd20e4421src">3</a> as they might if rocked by a slight swell. +Can open water be near? Can it be that the great breakers from the sea +have penetrated in here? How willingly would we believe it! But perhaps +it was only the wind which set the thin ice we are now travelling over +in wave-like motion. Or have we really open water to the southeast? It +is remarkable that <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb253" href="#pb253" +name="pb253">253</a>]</span>this wind welds the ice together, while the +southwest wind here a little while ago slackened it. When all is said, +is it possible that we are not far from the sea? I cannot help thinking +of the water-reflections we have seen on the sky before us. Johansen +has just left the tent, and says that he can see the same reflection in +the south; it is higher now, and the weather tolerably clear. What can +it be? Only let us go on and get there.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e4427width" id="p251"><img src="images/p251.jpg" +alt="A Coign of Vantage. Packed Ice" width="720" height="490"> +<p class="figureHead">A Coign of Vantage. Packed Ice</p> +</div> +<p>“We came across the track of a bear again yesterday. How old +it was could not easily be determined in this snow, which obliterates +everything in a few minutes; but it was probably from yesterday, for +‘Haren’ directly afterwards got scent of something and +started off against the wind, so that Johansen thought the bear must be +somewhere near. Well, well, old or new, a bear was there while we were +a little farther north, stitching at the kayaks, and one day it will +come our way, too, no doubt! The gull which Johansen shot brought up a +large piece of blubber when it fell, and this tends to confirm us in +the belief that bears are at hand, as it hardly could have done so had +it not been in such company.</p> +<p>“The weather was wet and wretched, and, to make things worse, +there was a thick mist, and the going was as heavy as could be. To go +on did not seem very attractive; but, on the other hand, a halt for +dinner in this slush was still less so. We therefore continued a little +while longer and stopped at 10 o’clock for good. What a welcome +change it was to be under the tent <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb254" +href="#pb254" name="pb254">254</a>]</span>again! And the +‘fiskegratin’ was delicious. It gives one such a sense of +satisfaction to feel that, in spite of everything, one is making a +little way. The temperature is beginning to be bad now; the snow is +quite wet, and some water has entered my kayak, which I suppose melted +on the deck and ran down through the open side where the lacing is, +which we have not yet sewn fast. We are waiting for good weather in +order to get the covers thoroughly dry first, and then stretch them +well.</p> +<p>“Monday, June 10th. In spite of the most impenetrable mist and +the most detestable going on soppy snow, which has not yet been +sufficiently exposed to frost to become granular, and where the sledges +rode their very heaviest, we still managed to make good, even progress +the whole day yesterday. There were innumerable lanes, of course, to +deal with, and many crossings on loose pieces of ice, which we +accomplished at a pinch. But the ice is flat here everywhere, and every +little counts. It is the same thin winter-ice of about three feet in +thickness. I only saw a couple of old floes yesterday—they were +in the neighborhood of our camping-ground, which was also on an old +floe; otherwise the ice is new, and in places very new. We went over +some large expanses yesterday of ice one foot or less in thickness. The +last of these tracts in particular was very remarkable, and must at one +time have been an immense pool; the ice on it was so thin that it +cannot be long before it melts altogether. There was water on all this +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb255" href="#pb255" name= +"pb255">255</a>]</span>ice, and it was like walking through gruel. As a +matter of fact, the ice about here is nothing else but pure broken-up +sea-ice, consisting of large and small floes, not infrequently very +small floes closely aggregated; but when they have the chance of +slackening they will spread over the whole sea hereabouts, and we shall +have water enough to row in any direction we please.</p> +<p>“The weather seems to-day to be of the same kind as yesterday, +with a southwest wind, which is tearing and rattling at the tent walls. +A thaw and wet snow. I do not know if we shall get any more frost, but +it would make the snow in splendid condition for our snow-shoes. I am +afraid, however, that the contrary will rather be the case, and that we +shall soon be in for the worst break-up of the winter. The lanes +otherwise are beginning to improve; they are no longer so full of brash +and slush; it is melting away, and bridges and such-like have a better +chance of forming in the clearer water.</p> +<p>“We scan the horizon unremittingly for land every time there +is a clear interval; but nothing, never anything, to be seen. Meanwhile +we constantly see signs of the proximity of land or open water. The +gulls increase conspicuously in number, and yesterday we saw a +<i>little auk</i> (<i>Mergulus alle</i>) in a lane. The atmosphere in +the south and southwest is always apt to be dark, but the weather has +been such that we can really see nothing. Yet I feel that the solution +is approaching. But, then, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb256" href= +"#pb256" name="pb256">256</a>]</span>how long have I not thought so? +There is nothing for it but the noble virtue of patience.</p> +<p>“What beautiful ice this would have been to travel over in +April before all these lanes were formed—endless flat plains! For +the lanes, as far as we know, are all newly formed ones, with some +ridges here and there, which are also new.</p> +<p>“Tuesday, June 11th. A monotonous life this on the whole, as +monotonous as one can well imagine it—to turn out day after day, +week after week, month after month, to the same toil, over ice which is +sometimes a little better, sometimes a little worse (it now seems to be +steadily getting worse), always hoping to see an end to it, but always +hoping in vain—ever the same monotonous range of vision over ice, +and again ice. No sign of land in any direction and no open water, and +now we should be in the same latitude as Cape Fligely, or at most a +couple of minutes farther north. We do not know where we are, and we do +not know when this will end. Meanwhile our provisions are dwindling day +by day, and the number of our dogs is growing seriously less. Shall we +reach land while we yet have food, or shall we, when all is said, ever +reach it? It will soon be impossible to make any way against this ice +and snow. The latter is only slush; the dogs sink through at every +step, and we ourselves splash through it up above our knees when we +have to help the dogs or take a turn at the heavy sledges, which +happens frequently. It is hard to <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb257" +href="#pb257" name="pb257">257</a>]</span>go on hoping in such +circumstances, but still we do so; though sometimes, perhaps, our +hearts fail us when we see the ice lying before us like an impenetrable +maze of ridges, lanes, brash, and huge blocks thrown together +pell-mell, and one might imagine one’s self looking at suddenly +congealed breakers. There are moments when it seems impossible that any +creature not possessed of wings can get farther, and one longingly +follows the flight of a passing gull, and thinks how far away one would +soon be could one borrow its wings. But then, in spite of everything, +one finds a way, and hope springs eternal. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb258" href="#pb258" name="pb258">258</a>]</span>Let +the sun peep out a moment from the bank of clouds, and the ice-plains +glitter in all their whiteness; let the sunbeams play on the water, and +life seems beautiful in spite of all, and worthy a struggle.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e4463width" id="p257"><img src="images/p257.jpg" +alt="“A Curdled Sea”" width="596" height="483"> +<p class="figureHead">“A Curdled Sea”</p> +</div> +<p>“It is wonderful how little it takes to give one fresh +courage. Yesterday I found dead in a lane a little polar cod (<i>Gadus +polaris</i>), and my eyes, I am sure, must have shone with pleasure +when I saw it. It was real treasure-trove. Where there is fish in the +water one can hardly starve, and before I crept into the tent this +morning I set a line in the lane beside us. But what a number of these +little fish it would require to feed one; many more in one day than one +could catch in a week, or perhaps in a month! Yet one is hopeful, and +lies counting the chances of there being larger fish in the water here, +and of being able to fish to one’s heart’s content.</p> +<p>“Advance yesterday was more difficult than on the previous +days, the ice more uneven and massive, and in some places with +occasional old floes in between. We were stopped by many bad lanes, +too, so did not make much way—I am afraid not more than three or +four miles. I think we may now reckon on being in latitude 82° +8′ or 9′ N. if this continual southeast wind has not sent +us northward again. The going is getting worse and worse. The snow is +water-soaked to the bottom, and will not bear the dogs any longer, +though it has become a little more granular lately, and the sledges run +well on it when they do not cut through, which happens continually, +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb259" href="#pb259" name= +"pb259">259</a>]</span>and then they are almost immovable. It is heavy +for the dogs, and would be so even if they were not so wretchedly worn +out as they are; they stop at the slightest thing, and have to be +helped or driven forward with the whip. Poor animals, they have a bad +time of it! ‘Lilleræven,’ the last of my original +team, will soon be unable to go farther—and such a good animal to +haul! We have 5 dogs left (‘Lilleræven,’ +‘Storræven,’ and ‘Kaifas’ to my sledge, +‘Suggen’ and ‘Haren’ to Johansen’s). We +still have enough food for them for three days, from +‘Isbjön,’ who was killed yesterday morning; and before +that time Johansen thinks the riddle will be solved. Vain hope, I am +afraid, although the water-sky in the southeast or south-southeast +(magnetic) seems always to keep in the same position and has risen much +higher.</p> +<p>“We began our march at half-past six yesterday afternoon, and +stopped before a lane at a quarter-past three this morning. I saw +fresh-water pools on the ice under some hummocks yesterday for the +first time. Where we stopped, however, there were none to be found, so +we had to melt water again this morning; but it will not often be +necessary hereafter, I hope, and we can save our oil, which, +by-the-way, is becoming alarmingly reduced. Outside, the weather and +snow are the same; no pleasure in turning out to the toils of the day. +I lie here thinking of our June at home—how the sun is shining +over forest and fjord and wooded hills, and there <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb260" href="#pb260" name= +"pb260">260</a>]</span>is—But some time we shall get back to +life, and then it will be fairer than it has ever been before.</p> +<p>“Wednesday, June 12th. This is getting worse and worse. +Yesterday we did nothing, hardly advanced more than a mile. Wretched +snow, uneven ice, lanes, and villanous weather stopped us. There was +certainly a crust on the snow, on which the sledges ran well when they +were on it; but when they broke through—and they did it +constantly—they stood immovable. This crust, too, was bad for the +dogs, poor things! They sank through it into the deep snow between the +irregularities, and it was like swimming through slush for them. But +all the same we made way. Lanes stopped us, it is true, but we cleared +them somehow. Over one of them, the last, which looked nasty, we got by +making a bridge of small floes, which we guided to the narrowest place. +But then a shameless storm of wet snow, or, more correctly, sleet, with +immense flakes, set in, and the wind increased. We could not see our +way in this labyrinth of lanes and hummocks, and were as soaked as +ducked crows, as we say. The going was impossible, and the sledges as +good as immovable in the wet snow, which was soon deep enough to cling +to our ‘ski’ underneath in great lumps, and prevent them +from running. There was hardly any choice but to find a camping-ground +as soon as possible, for to force one’s way along in such weather +and on such snow, and make no progress, was of little use. We found a +good camping-ground and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb261" href= +"#pb261" name="pb261">261</a>]</span>pitched our tent after only four +hours’ march, and went without our dinner to make up.</p> +<p>“Here we are, then, hardly knowing what to do next. What the +going is like outside I do not know yet, but probably not much better +than yesterday, and whether we ought to push on the little we can, or +go out and try to capture a seal, I cannot decide. The worst of it is +that there do not seem to be many seals in the ice where we now are. We +have seen none the last few days. Perhaps it is too thick and compact +for them (?). The ice here is strikingly different in character from +that we have been travelling over of late. It is considerably more +uneven, for one thing, with mounds and somewhat old ridges—among +them some very large ones. Nor does it look so very old—in +general, I should say, of last winter’s formation, though there +are occasional old floes in between. They appear to have been near +land, as clay and earthy matter are frequently to be seen, particularly +in the newly formed ridges.</p> +<p>“Johansen, who has gone out, says the same water-sky is to be +seen in the south. Why is it we cannot reach it? But there it is, all +the same, an alluring goal for us to make for, even if we do not reach +it very soon. We see it again and again, looking so blue and beautiful; +for us it is the color of hope.</p> +<p>“Friday, June 14th. It is three months to-day since we left +the <i>Fram</i>. A quarter of a year have we been wandering in this +desert of ice, and here we are still. <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb262" href="#pb262" name="pb262">262</a>]</span>When we shall see the +end of it I can no longer form any idea; I only hope whatever may be in +store for us is not very far off, open water or land—Wilczek +Land, Zichy Land, Spitzbergen, or some other country.</p> +<p>“Yesterday was not quite so bad a day as I expected. We really +did advance, though not very far—hardly more than a couple of +miles—but we must be content with that at this time of year. The +dogs could not manage to draw the sledges alone; if there was nobody +beside them they stopped at every other step. The only thing to be done +was to make a journey to and fro, and thus go over the ground three +times. While I went on ahead to explore, Johansen drove the sledges as +far as he could; first mine, and then back again after his own. By that +time I had returned and drove my own sledge as far as I had found a +way; and then this performance was repeated all over again. It was not +rapid progress, but progress it was of a kind, and that was something. +The ice we are going over is anything but even; it is still rather +massive and old, with hummocks and irregularities in every direction, +and no real flat tracts. When, added to this, after going a short +distance, we came to a place where the ice was broken up into small +floes, with high ridges and broad lanes filled with slush and brash, so +that the whole thing looked like a single mass of débris, where +there was hardly standing-room, to say nothing of any prospect of +advance, it was only human to lose courage and give up, for the time +being, trying to get on. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb265" href= +"#pb265" name="pb265">265</a>]</span>Wherever I turned the way was +closed, and it looked as if advance was denied us for good. To launch +the kayaks would be of no avail, for we could hardly expect to propel +them through this accumulation of fragments, and I was on the point of +making up my mind to wait and try our luck with the net and line, and +see if we could not manage to find a seal somewhere in these lanes.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e4501width" id="p263"><img src="images/p263.jpg" +alt="Channels in the Ice in Summer. June, 1895" width="720" height= +"419"> +<p class="figureHead">Channels in the Ice in Summer. June, 1895</p> +</div> +<p>“These are moments full of anxiety, when from some hummock one +looks doubtingly over the ice, one’s thoughts continually +reverting to the same question: have we provisions enough to wait for +the time when the snow will have melted and the ice have become slacker +and more intersected with lanes, so that one can row between the floes? +Or is there any probability of our being able to obtain sufficient +food, if that which we have should fall short? These are great and +important questions which I cannot yet answer for certain. That it will +take a long time before all this snow melts away and advance becomes +fairly practicable is certain; at what time the ice may become slacker, +and progress by means of the lanes possible, we cannot say; and up to +this we have taken nothing, with the exception of two ivory gulls and a +small fish. We did, indeed, see another fish swimming near the surface +of the water, but it was no larger than the other. Where we are just +now there seems to be little prospect of capturing anything. I have not +seen a single seal the last few days; though yesterday I saw the +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb266" href="#pb266" name= +"pb266">266</a>]</span>snowed-down track of a bear. Meanwhile we see +ivory gulls continually; but they are still too small to be worth a +cartridge; yesterday, however, I saw a large gull, probably <i>Larus +argentatus</i>.</p> +<p>“I determined to make one more attempt to get on by striking +farther east and this time I was successful in finding a passage across +by way of a number of small floes. On the other side there was rather +old compact ice, partially of formation a summer old, which seemed to +have been near land, as it was irregular, and much intermixed with +earthy matter. We have travelled over this ice-field ever since without +coming on lanes; but it was uneven, and we came to grief several times. +In other places again it was pretty good.</p> +<p>“We began our march at 8 o’clock on Wednesday afternoon, +and halted here at 5 o’clock this morning.<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4516src" href="#xd20e4516" name="xd20e4516src">4</a> Later on in +the forenoon the wind went over to the northeast and the temperature +fell. The snow froze hard, and eventually the going became pretty good. +The crust on the snow bore the dogs up, and also the sledges to a +certain extent, and we looked forward to good going on the following +day; but in this we were doomed to disappointment. No sooner had we got +inside the tent than it began to snow, and kept briskly at it the whole +day while we slept; and yesterday evening, when we <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb267" href="#pb267" name= +"pb267">267</a>]</span>turned out to get breakfast ready and start off, +it was still snowing, and deep, loose snow covered everything—a +state of things bad beyond description. There was no sense in going on, +and we decided to wait and see how matters would turn out. Meanwhile we +were hungry, but a full breakfast we could not afford, so I prepared a +small portion of fish soup, and we returned to the bag +again—Johansen to sleep on, I to rereckon all my observations +from the time we left the <i>Fram</i>, and see if some error might not +explain the mystery why no land was yet to be found. The sun had +partially appeared, and I tried, though in vain, to take an +observation. I stood waiting for more than an hour with the theodolite +up, but the sun went in again and remained out of sight. I have +calculated and calculated and thought and thought, but can find no +mistake of any importance, and the whole thing is a riddle to me. I am +beginning seriously to doubt that we may be too far west, after all. I +simply cannot conceive that we are too far east; for in such a case we +cannot, at any rate, be more than 5° farther east than our +observations<a class="noteref" id="xd20e4524src" href="#xd20e4524" +name="xd20e4524src">5</a> make us. Supposing, for instance, that our +watches have gone too fast, ‘Johannsen’<a class="noteref" +id="xd20e4527src" href="#xd20e4527" name="xd20e4527src">6</a> cannot, +at all events, have gained more than <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb268" href="#pb268" name="pb268">268</a>]</span>double its previous +escapement. I have assumed an escapement of five seconds; but supposing +that the escapement has been ten seconds, this does not make more +difference than 6′ 40″ in eighty days (the time from our +departure from the <i>Fram</i> till the last observation)—that +is, 1° 40′ farther east than we ought to be. Assuming, too, +that I have calculated our days’ marches at too great length, in +the days between April 8th and 13th, and that instead of 36 English +geographical miles, or, rather, more than 40 statute miles, we have +only gone 24 English geographical miles, or 28 statute miles (less we +cannot possibly have gone), we should then have been in 89° E. +instead of 86° E, on the 13th, as we supposed. That is 3° +farther east, or with the figures above, let us say together 5° +farther east—<i>i.e.</i>, we now instead of being in longitude +61° E. should be in 66° E.,<a class="noteref" id="xd20e4539src" +href="#xd20e4539" name="xd20e4539src">7</a> or about 70 miles from Cape +Fligely. But it seems to me we ought to see land south of us just the +same. Wilczek Land cannot be so low and trend suddenly so far to the +south, when Cape Budapest is said to lie in about 61° E. and +82° N., and should thus be not so much as 50 miles from us. No, +this is inconceivable. On the other hand, it is not any easier to +suppose ourselves west of it; we must have drifted very materially +between April 8th and 13th, or <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb269" +href="#pb269" name="pb269">269</a>]</span>my watch must have stopped +for a time before April 2d. The observations from April 2d, 4th, and +8th seem, indeed, to indicate that we drifted considerably westward. On +the 2d we appeared to be in 103° 6′ E., on the 4th in 99° +59′ E., and April 8th in 95° 7′ E. Between these dates +there were no marches of importance; between the observations on the 2d +and the 4th there was only a short half-day’s march; and between +the 4th and the 7th a couple, which amounted to nothing, and could only +have carried us a little westward. This is as much as to say that we +must have drifted 8°, or let us reckon at any rate 7°, westward +in the six days and nights. Assuming that the drift was the same during +the five days and nights between the 8th and 13th, we then get 7° +farther west than we suppose. We should consequently now be in 54° +E., instead of in 61° E., and not more than 36 to 40 miles from +Cape Fligely, and close by Oscar’s Land. We ought to see +something of them, I think. Let us assume meanwhile that the drift +westward was strong in the period before April 2d also, and grant the +possibility that my watch did stop at that time (which, I fear, is not +excluded), and we may then be any distance west for all we can tell. It +is this possibility which I begin to think of more and more. Meanwhile, +apparently there is nothing for it but to continue as we have done +already—perhaps a little more south—and a solution must +come.</p> +<p>“When, after having concluded my calculations, I had +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb270" href="#pb270" name= +"pb270">270</a>]</span>taken a nap and again turned out at midday +to-day, the condition of the snow proved to be no better; in fact, +rather worse. The new snow was wet and sticky and the going as heavy as +it well could be. However, it was necessary to make an attempt to get +on; there was nothing gained by waiting there, and progress is progress +be it ever so little.</p> +<p>“I took a single altitude about midday, but it was not +sharp.</p> +<p>“Saturday, June 15th. The middle of June, and still no +prospect of an end to this; things only became worse instead. So bad as +yesterday, though, it had never been, and worse, happily, it can hardly +be. The sledges ran terribly heavy in the loose, wet, newly fallen +snow, which was deep to boot; and sometimes when they stopped—and +that was continually—they stuck as if glued to the spot. It was +all we could do to move them when we pushed with all our might. Then to +this was added the fact that one’s snow-shoes ran equally badly, +and masses of snow collected underneath them the minute one stopped; +one’s feet kept twisting continually from this, and ice formed +under them, so that one suddenly slid off the snow-shoes and into the +snow, till far above one’s knees, when one tried to pull or help +the sledges; but there was nothing for it but to scramble up and on to +them again. To wade along in such snow without them is an +impossibility, and, as I have said before, though fastening them on +securely would have <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb271" href="#pb271" +name="pb271">271</a>]</span>been a better plan, yet it would have been +too troublesome, seeing that we had to take them off continually to get +the sledges over ridges and lanes. In addition to all this, wherever +one turns, the ice is uneven and full of mounds and old ridges, and it +is only by wriggling along like an eel, so to speak, that one can get +on at all. There are lanes, too, and they compel one to make long +detours or go long distances over thin, small floes, ridges, and other +abominations. We struggled along, however, a little way, working on our +old plan of two turns, but a quick method it could not be called. The +dogs are becoming more and more worn out. +‘Lilleræven,’ the last survivor of my team, can now +hardly walk—hauling there is no question of: he staggers like a +drunken man, and when he falls can hardly rise to his feet again. +To-day he is going to be killed, I am thankful to say, and one will be +spared seeing him. ‘Storræven,’ too, is getting very +slack in the traces; the only one of mine which pulls at all is +‘Kaifas,’ and that is only as long as one of us is helping +behind. To keep on longer in such circumstances is only wearing out men +and dogs to no purpose, and is also using up more provender than is +necessary. We therefore renounced dinner, and halted at about ten +yesterday evening, after having begun the march at half-past four in +the afternoon. I had, however, stopped to take an observation on the +way. It is not easy to get hold of the sun nowadays, and one must make +the most of him <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb272" href="#pb272" +name="pb272">272</a>]</span>when he is to be seen through the driving +clouds; clear he will never be. Yesterday afternoon, after an +unconscionable wait, and after having put up the instrument in vain a +couple of times, I finally got a wretched single altitude.</p> +<p>“Yesterday evening I reckoned out these observations and find +that, contrary to our expectations, we have drifted strongly westward, +having come from 61° 16′ E., which was our longitude on June +4th, right to about 57° 40′ E. But then we have also drifted +a good way north again, up to 82° 26′ N., after being down in +82° 17.8′ on the same date, and we have been pushing +southward as hard as we could the whole time. However, we are glad to +see that there is so much movement in the ice, for then there is hope +of our drifting out eventually towards open water; for that we can get +there by our own efforts alone over this shocking ice I am beginning to +doubt. This country and this going are too bad, and my hope now is in +lanes and slack ice. Happily, a northeast wind has sprung up. Yesterday +there was a fresh breeze from the north-northwest (magnetic), and the +same again to-day. Only let it blow on; if it has set us northwest it +can also set us southwest, and eventually out towards our +goal—towards Franz Josef Land or Spitzbergen. I doubt more than +ever our being east of Cape Fligely after this observation, and I begin +to believe more and more in the possibility that the first land we +shall see—if we see any, and I <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb273" href="#pb273" name="pb273">273</a>]</span>hope we +may—will be Spitzbergen. In that case we should not even get a +glimpse of Franz Josef Land, the land of which I have dreamed golden +dreams day and night. But still, if it is not to be, then well and +good. Spitzbergen is good enough, and if we are as far west as we seem +to be, I have greater hope than before of finding slacker ice and open +water; and then for Spitzbergen! But there is still a serious question +to be faced, and that is to procure ourselves enough food for the +journey.</p> +<p>“I have slept here some time on purpose, after having spent a +good while on my calculations and speculations as to our drift and our +future. We have nothing to hurry for in this state of the snow; it is +hardly better to-day than it was yesterday, and then, on account of the +mild temperature, it is better to travel by night than by day. The best +thing to do is to spin out the time as long as possible without +consuming more than absolutely necessary of the provisions; the summer +cannot but improve matters, and we have still three months of it before +us. The question is, can we procure ourselves food during that time? It +would be strange, I think, if we could not. There are birds about +continually; I saw another large gull yesterday, probably the herring +or silver gull (<i>Larus argentatus</i>); but to support life for any +length of time on such small fry we have not cartridges enough. On seal +or bear all my hopes are fixed; just one before our provisions give +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb274" href="#pb274" name= +"pb274">274</a>]</span>out, and the evil hour is warded off for a long +time to come.</p> +<p>“Sunday, June 16th. Yesterday was as bad as it well could +be—the surface enough to make one desperate and the ice rough. I +very much doubted whether the wisest thing would not be to kill the +dogs and keep them as food for ourselves, and try to make our way on as +best we could without them. In that manner we should have provender for +fifteen or perhaps twenty days longer, and should be able to make some +progress at the same time. There does not seem much to be done in that +line, however, and perhaps the right thing to do is to wait. But, on +the other hand, perhaps, it is not far to land or open water, or, at +any rate, to slack ice, and then every mile we can make southward is of +importance. I have therefore come to the conclusion that we must use +the dogs to get on with as best we can—perhaps there will be a +change before we expect it; if nothing else, then, perhaps, some better +ice, like that we had before. Meanwhile we were obliged to kill two +dogs yesterday. ‘Lilleræven’ could hardly go when we +started; his legs seemed to be quite paralyzed, and he fell down and +could not get up again. After I had dragged him and the sledge for a +time and had tried in vain to make him go, I had to put him on the +load, and when we came to some hummocks where there was shelter from +the north wind, Johansen killed him, while I went forward to find a +way. Meanwhile my other dog, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb275" href= +"#pb275" name="pb275">275</a>]</span>‘Storræven,’ was +in almost as bad a plight. Haul he could not, and the difficulty was to +make him go on so that he was not dragged with the sledge. He went a +little way, stumbling and falling, and being helped up repeatedly; but +soon he was just as bad as ‘Lilleræven’ had been, +lagged behind, got the traces under the sledge runners, and was dragged +with it. As I thought I had enough to do in hauling the sledge, I let +him go, in the hope that he would, at any rate, follow us. He did so +for a little while, but then stopped behind, and Johansen was compelled +to fetch him and put him on his load, and when we camped he was killed +too.</p> +<p>“‘Kaifas’ is the only dog I have left to help me +haul my sledge, and Johansen has ‘Haren’ and +‘Suggen.’ We have rations for them for ten days from the +two slaughtered dogs, but how far we shall be able to get with them the +gods alone know. Not very far, I am afraid. Meanwhile our hitherto +somewhat primitive method of hauling had to be improved on. With two +dog-harnesses we accordingly made ourselves proper +hauling-gear,<a class="noteref" id="xd20e4574src" href="#xd20e4574" +name="xd20e4574src">8</a> and therewith <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb276" href="#pb276" name="pb276">276</a>]</span>all idea of using +snow-shoes not securely fastened on had to be abandoned. One’s +feet twisted and slipped and slid off the snow-shoes and deep down into +the bottomless snow, which, in addition, turned to ice under our feet, +and with our smooth komager soles was as slippery as eelskin to stand +on. Then we fastened them on, and where the ice was even it really was +possible to drag the sledge, even with only one dog beside one. I saw +that, given passable snow and passable country to work on, we could +make some progress during the day, though as soon as there was the +slightest irregularity in the ice the sledges stood perfectly still. It +was necessary to strain at the harness all one knew, and then perhaps +fail to make the sledge budge an inch. Then back one had to go to it, +and after exerting one’s strength to the utmost it would finally +glide over the obstacle and on towards a new one, where exactly the +same process had to be gone through. If it was wished to turn the +sledge in the deep snow where it stood embedded, matters were no +better; it was only by lifting it bodily that one could get it on at +all. So we went on step by step until perhaps we came on a small extent +of level ice where we could increase the pace. If, however, we came on +lanes and ridges, things were worse than ever; one man cannot manage a +sledge alone, but two must be put to each sledge. Then when we have +followed up the track I have marked out beforehand I have to start off +again and find a way between the hummocks. To go direct, hauling the +sledge, is not <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb279" href="#pb279" name= +"pb279">279</a>]</span>advisable where the ice is uneven, as it only +means getting into difficulties and being constrained eventually to +turn back. In this way we are grinding along, but it goes without +saying that speed and long marches are not the order of the day. But +still, as it is we make a little way, and that is better than nothing; +it is, besides, the only thing we can do, seeing that it is impossible +to crawl into a lair and hibernate for a month or so till progress is +possible again.</p> +<p id="p277"></p> +<div class="figure xd20e4585width"><img src="images/p277-1.jpg" alt= +"Suggen" width="595" height="395"> +<p class="figureHead">Suggen</p> +</div> +<div class="figure xd20e4590width"><img src="images/p277-2.jpg" alt= +"Kaifas" width="594" height="500"> +<p class="figureHead">Kaifas</p> +</div> +<p>“To judge by the sky, there must be a number of lanes in the +south and southwest. Perhaps our trying mode of advance is leading us +to something better. We began at about ten yesterday evening, and +stopped at six this morning. We have not had dinner the last few days, +in order to save a meal, as we do not think this ice and our progress +generally are worth much food. With the same object, we this morning +collected the blood of ‘Storræven’ and converted it +into a sort of porridge instead of the ‘fiskegratin.’ It +was good, even if it was only dog’s blood, and at any rate we +have a portion of fish flour to the good. Before we turned into the bag +last night we inspected our cartridges, and found, to our joy, that we +had 148 shot-gun cartridges, 181 rifle cartridges, and in addition 14 +spherical-shot cartridges. With so much ammunition, we should be able +to increase our provisions for some time to come, if necessary; for if +nothing else should fall to our guns there would always be birds, and +148 birds will go a long way. If we use half-charges <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb280" href="#pb280" name="pb280">280</a>]</span>we +can eke out our ammunition still further. We have, moreover, half a +pound of gunpowder and some spherical shot for the rifles, also caps +for reloading the cartridges. This discovery has put me in good +spirits, for, truth to tell, I did not think our prospects were +inordinately bright. We shall now, perhaps, be able to manage for three +months, and within that time something must happen. In addition to what +we can shoot, we can also catch gulls with a hook, and if the worst +should come to the worst, and we set seriously to work, we can probably +take some animalcula and the like with the net. It may happen that we +shall not get to Spitzbergen in time to find a vessel, and must winter +there, but it will be a life of luxury compared with this in the +drift-ice, not knowing where we are nor whither drifting, and not +seeing our goal, be it never so far away. I should not like to have +this time over again. We have paid dearly for letting our watches run +down that time. If there was no one waiting at home, a winter in +Spitzbergen would be quite enticing. I lie here and dream of how +comfortably and well we could manage there. Everything outside of this +ice seems rosy, and out of it we shall be some time or other. We must +comfort ourselves with the adage that night is darkest before the dawn. +Of course it somewhat depends on <i>how</i> dark the night is to be, +and considerably darker than it is now it might very well be. But our +hopes are fixed on the summer. Yes, it <i>must</i> be better as summer +gradually comes on.” <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb281" href= +"#pb281" name="pb281">281</a>]</span></p> +<p>So on we went forward; and day after day we were going through +exactly the same toil, in the same heavy snow, in which the sledges +stuck fast ceaselessly. Dogs and men did their best, but with little +effect, and in addition we began to be uneasy as to our means of +subsistence. The dogs’ rations were reduced to a minimum, to +enable us to keep life going as long as possible. We were hungry and +toil-worn from morning to night and from night to morning, all five of +us. We determined to shoot whatever came in our way, even gulls and +fulmars; but now, of course, none of this game ever came within +range.</p> +<p>The lanes grew worse and worse, filled generally with slush and +brash. We were often compelled to go long distances over nothing but +small pieces, where one went through continually. On June 18th “a +strong wind from the west (magnetic) sprang up, which tears and rattles +at the tent. We are going back, I suppose, whence we came, only farther +north perhaps. So we are buffeted by wind and current, and so it will +go on, perhaps, the whole summer through, without our being able to +master it.” A meridian altitude that day made us in 82° +19′ N., so we had come down again a little. I saw and shot a +couple of fulmars and a Brünnich’s guillemot (<i>Uria +brünnichii</i>), and these eked out our rations; but, to our +distress, I fired at a couple of seals in the lanes and missed my mark. +How we wished we could get hold of such a prize! “Meanwhile there +is a good deal of life here now,” I write on June 20th. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb282" href="#pb282" name= +"pb282">282</a>]</span>“Little auks fly backward and forward in +numbers, and they sit and chatter and show themselves just outside the +tent door; it is quite a pleasure to see them, but a pity they are so +small that they are not worth a shot. We have not seen them in flocks +yet, but in couples, as a rule. It is remarkable how bird-life has +increased since the west wind set in the day before yesterday. It is +particularly striking how the little auks have suddenly appeared in +myriads; they whiz past the tent here with their cheery twitter, and it +gives one the feeling of having come down to more hospitable regions. +This sudden finding of Brünnich’s guillemots seems also +curious, but it does no good. Land is not to be descried, and the snow +is in as wretched a condition as it can be. A proper thaw, so that the +snow can disappear more quickly, does not come. Yesterday morning +before breakfast I went for a walk southward to see what were our +chances of advance. The ice was flat and good for a little way, but +lanes soon began which were worse than ever. Our only expedient now is +to resort to strong measures and launch the kayaks, in spite of the +fact that they leak; we must then travel as much as possible by way of +the lanes, and with this resolution I turn back. The snow is still the +same, very wet, so that one sank deep in between the hummocks, and +there are plenty of them. We could not afford a proper breakfast, so we +took 1⅔ ounces bread and 1⅔ ounces pemmican per man, and +then set to work to mend the pumps and put the <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb283" href="#pb283" name= +"pb283">283</a>]</span>kayaks in order for ferrying, so that their +contents should not be spoiled by water leaking in. Among other things, +a hole had to be patched in mine, which I had not seen before.</p> +<p>“We had a frugal supper—2 ounces aleuronate bread and 1 +ounce butter per man—and crept into the bag to sleep as long as +possible and kill the time without eating. The only thing to be done is +to try and hold out till the snow has melted and advance is more +practicable. At one in the afternoon we turned out to a rather more +abundant breakfast of ‘fiskegratin,’ but we do not dare to +eat as much as we require any longer. We are looking forward to trying +our new tactics, and instead of attempting to conquer nature, obeying +her and taking advantage of the lanes. We must get some way, at any +rate, by this means; and the farther south the more prospect of lanes +and the greater chance of something falling to our guns.</p> +<p>“Otherwise it is a dull existence enough, no prospect for the +moment of being able to get on, impassable packed ice in every +direction, rapidly diminishing provisions, and now, too, nothing to be +caught or shot. An attempt I made at fishing with the net failed +entirely—a pteropod (<i>Clio borealis</i>) and a few crustacea +were the whole result. I lie awake at night by the hour racking my +brain to find a way out of our difficulties. Well, well, there will be +one eventually!</p> +<p>“Saturday, June 22d. Half-past 9 <span class="sc">A.M.</span>; +after a good <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb284" href="#pb284" name= +"pb284">284</a>]</span>breakfast of seal’s-flesh, seal-liver, +blubber, and soup, here I lie dreaming dreams of brightness; life is +all sunshine again. What a little incident is necessary to change the +whole aspect of affairs! Yesterday and the last few days were dull and +gloomy; everything seemed hopeless, the ice impassable, no game to be +found; and then comes the incident of a seal rising near our kayaks and +rolling about round us. Johansen has time to give it a ball just as it +is disappearing, and it floats while I harpoon it—the first and +only bearded seal (<i>Phoca barbata</i>) we have seen yet—and we +have abundance of food and fuel for upward of a month. We need hurry no +longer; we can settle down, adapt the kayaks and sledges better for +ferrying over the lanes, capture seals if possible, and await a change +in the state of the ice. We have eaten our fill both at supper and +breakfast, after being ravenous for many days. The future seems bright +and certain now; no clouds of darkness to be seen any longer.</p> +<p>“It was hardly with great expectations that we started off on +Tuesday evening. A hard crust which had formed on the top of the soft +snow did not improve matters; the sledges often cut through this, and +were not to be moved before one lifted them forward again, and when it +was a case of turning amid the uneven ice they stuck fast in the crust. +The ice was uneven and bad, and the snow loose and water-soaked, so +that, even with snow-shoes on, we sank deep into it ourselves. There +were lanes besides, and though tolerably easy to <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb285" href="#pb285" name= +"pb285">285</a>]</span>cross, as they were often packed together, they +necessitated a winding route. We saw clearly that to continue in this +way was impossible. The only resource was to disburden ourselves of +everything which could in any way be dispensed with, and start afresh +as quickly as we could, with only provisions, kayaks, guns, and the +most necessary clothing, in order, at any rate, to reach land before +our last crumb of food was eaten up. We went over the things to see +what we could part with; the medicine-bag, the spare horizontal bars +belonging to the sledges, reserve snow-shoes and thick, rough +socks<span class="corr" id="xd20e4637" title="Not in source">,</span> +soiled shirts, and the tent. When it came to the sleeping-bag we drew a +long sigh, but, wet and heavy as it always is now, that had to go too. +We had, moreover, to contrive wooden grips under the kayaks, so that we +can without further trouble set the whole thing afloat when we have to +cross a lane and be able to drag the sledges up on the other side and +go on at once. If it should then, as now, be impossible for us to +launch the sledges, because sleeping-bag, clothes, and sacks of +provender, etc., are lying on them as a soft dunnage for the kayaks, it +will take too much time. At every lane we should be obliged to unlash +the loads, lift the kayaks off the sledges and into the water, lash +them together there, then place the sledges across them, and finally go +through the same manœuvres in inverse order on the other side. We +should not get very far in the day in that manner. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb286" href="#pb286" name="pb286">286</a>]</span></p> +<p>“Firmly determined to make these alterations, the very next +day we started off. We soon came to a long pool, which it was necessary +to ferry over. The kayaks were soon launched and lying side by side on +the water, well stiffened, with the snow-shoes under the +straps,<a class="noteref" id="xd20e4644src" href="#xd20e4644" name= +"xd20e4644src">9</a> a thoroughly steady fleet. Then the sledges, with +their loads, were run out to them, one forward, one astern. We had been +concerned about the dogs and how we should get them to go with us, but +they followed the sledges out on to the kayaks and lay down as if they +had done nothing else all their lives. ‘Kaifas’ seated +himself in the bow of my kayak, and the two others astern.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e4648width" id="p287"><img src="images/p287.jpg" +alt="Crossing a Crack in the Ice" width="720" height="420"> +<p class="figureHead">Crossing a Crack in the Ice</p> +</div> +<p>“A seal had come up near us while we were occupied with all +this, but I thought to wait before shooting it till the kayaks were +ready, and thus be certain of getting it before it sank. Of course it +did not show itself again. These seals seem to be enchanted, and as if +they were only sent to delay us. Twice that day before I had seen them +and watched for them to appear again in vain. I had even achieved +missing one—the third time I have missed my mark. It looks bad +for the ammunition if I am going on like this, but I have discovered +that I aimed too high for these short ranges, and had shot over them. +So then we set off across the blue waves on our first long <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb289" href="#pb289" name= +"pb289">289</a>]</span>voyage. A highly remarkable convoy we must have +been, laden as we were with sledges, sacks, guns, and dogs; a tribe of +gypsies, Johansen said it was. If any one had suddenly come upon us +then, he would hardly have known what to make of the troupe, and +certainly would not have taken us for polar explorers. Paddling between +the sledges and the snow-shoes, which projected far out on either side, +was not easy work; but we managed to get along, and were soon of the +opinion that we should think ourselves lucky could we go on like this +the whole day, instead of hauling and wading through the snow. Our +kayaks could hardly have been called water-tight, and we had recourse +to the pumps several times; but we could easily have reconciled +ourselves to that, and only wished we had more open water to travel +over. At last we reached the end of the pool; I jumped ashore on the +edge of the ice, to pull up the kayaks, and suddenly heard a great +splash beside us. It was a seal which had been lying there. Soon +afterwards I heard a similar splash on the other side, and then for the +third time a huge head appeared, blowing and swimming backward and +forward, but, alas! only to dive deep under the edge of the ice before +we had time to get the guns out. It was a fine, large blue or bearded +seal (<i>Phoca barbata</i>).</p> +<p>“We were quite sure that it had disappeared for good, but no +sooner had I got one of the sledges half-way up the side than the +immense head came up again close beside the kayaks, blowing and +repeating the same manœuvres <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb290" +href="#pb290" name="pb290">290</a>]</span>as before. I looked round for +my gun, but could not reach it where it was lying on the kayak. +‘Take the gun, Johansen, quick, and blaze away; but quick! look +sharp, quick!’ In a moment he had thrown the gun to his cheek, +and just as the seal was on the point of disappearing under the edge I +heard the report. The animal made a little turn, and then lay floating, +the blood flowing from its head. I dropped the sledge, seized the +harpoon, and, quick as lightning, threw it deep into the fat back of +the seal, which lay quivering on the surface of the water. Then it +began to move; there was still life in it; and, anxious lest the +harpoon with its thin line should not hold if the huge animal began to +quicken in earnest, I pulled my knife out of its sheath and stuck it +into the seal’s throat, whence a stream of blood came flowing +out. The water was red with it for a long distance, and it made one +quite sorry to see the wherewithal for a good meal being wasted like +this. But there was nothing to be done; not on any account would I lose +that animal, and for the sake of safety gave it another harpoon. +Meanwhile the sledge, which had been half dragged up on to the ice, +slid down again, and the kayaks, with Johansen and the dogs, came +adrift. He tried to pull the sledge up on to the kayak, but without +success, and so it remained with one end in the water and one on the +canoe. It heeled the whole fleet over, and Johansen’s kayak +canted till one side was in the water; it leaked, moreover, like a +sieve, and the water <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb291" href="#pb291" +name="pb291">291</a>]</span>rose in it with alarming rapidity. The +cooker, which was on the deck, fell off, and drifted gayly away before +the wind with all its valuable contents, borne high up in the water by +the aluminium cap, which happily was watertight. The ‘ski’ +fell off and floated about, and the fleet sank deeper and deeper in. +Meanwhile I stood holding our precious prize, not daring to let go. The +whole thing was a scene of the most complete dissolution. +Johansen’s kayak had by this time heeled over to such an extent +that the water reached the open seam on the deck, and the craft filled +immediately. I had no choice left but to let go the seal and drag up +the kayak before it sank. This done, heavy as it was and full of water, +the seal’s turn came next, and this was much worse. We had our +work cut out to haul the immense animal hand over hand up on to the +ice; but our rejoicings were loud when we at last succeeded, and we +almost fell to dancing round it in the excess of our delight. A +water-logged kayak and soaked effects we thought nothing of at such a +supreme moment. Here were food and fuel for a long time.</p> +<p>“Then came the rescuing and drying of our things. First and +foremost, of course, the ammunition; it was all our stock. But happily +the cartridges were fairly water-tight, and had not suffered much +damage. Even the shot cartridges, the cases of which were of paper, had +not lain long enough to become wholly permeated. Such, however, was not +the case with a supply of powder; <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb292" +href="#pb292" name="pb292">292</a>]</span>the small tin box in which we +kept it was entirely full of water. The other things were not so +important, though it was hardly a comforting discovery to find that the +bread was soaked through with salt-water.</p> +<p>“We found a camping-ground not far off. The tent was soon +pitched, our catch cut up and placed in safety, and, I may say, seldom +has the drift-ice housed beings so well satisfied as the two who sat +that morning in the bag and feasted on seal’s flesh, blubber, and +soup as long as they had any room to stow it in. We concurred in the +opinion that a better-meal we could not have had. Then down we crawled +into the dear bag, which for the present there was no need to part +with, and slept the sleep of the just in the knowledge that for the +immediate future, at any rate, we need have no anxiety.</p> +<p>“It is my opinion that for the time being we can do nothing +better than remain where we are, live on our catch, without encroaching +on the sledge provisions, and thus await the time when the ice shall +slacken more or the condition of the snow improve. Meanwhile we will +rig up wooden grips on our sledges, and try to make the kayaks +water-tight. Furthermore, we will lighten our equipment as much as we +possibly can. If we were to go on we should only be obliged to leave a +great deal of our meat and blubber behind us, and this, in these +circumstances, I think would be madness.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e4674width" id="p293"><img src="images/p293.jpg" +alt="Johansen Sitting in the Sleeping Bag in the Hut" width="508" +height="720"> +<p class="figureHead">Johansen Sitting in the Sleeping Bag in the +Hut</p> +</div> +<p>“Sunday, June 23d. So this is St.-John’s-eve, and +Sunday, too. How merry and happy all the schoolboys <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb295" href="#pb295" name="pb295">295</a>]</span>are +to-day! how the folk at home are starting forth in crowds to the +beautiful Norwegian woods and valleys!... And here are we still in the +drift-ice; cooking and frying with blubber, eating it and seal’s +flesh until the train-oil drips off us, and, above all, not knowing +when there will be an end to it all. Perhaps we still have a winter +before us. I could hardly have conceived that we should be here +now!</p> +<p>“It is a pleasing change, however, after having reduced our +rations and fuel to a minimum to be able to launch out into excesses, +and eat as much and as often as we like. It is a state of things hardly +to be realized at present. The food is agreeable to the taste, and we +like it better and better. My own opinion is that blubber is excellent +both raw and fried, and it can well take the place of butter. The meat, +in our eyes, is as good as meat can be. We had it yesterday for +breakfast, in the shape of meat and soup served with raw blubber. For +dinner I fried a highly successful steak, not to be surpassed by the +‘Grand’ [Hotel], though a good ‘seidel’ of +bock-beer would have been a welcome addition. For supper I made +blood-pancakes fried in blubber instead of butter, and they were a +success, inasmuch as Johansen pronounced them +‘first-class,’ to say nothing of my own sentiments. This +frying, however, inside the tent over a train-oil lamp, is a doubtful +pleasure. If the lamp itself does not smoke the blubber does, causing +the unfortunate cook the most excruciating pain in the eyes; he can +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb296" href="#pb296" name= +"pb296">296</a>]</span>hardly keep them open, and they water copiously. +But the consequences could be even worse. The train-oil lamp which I +had contrived out of a sheet of German silver became over-heated one +day under the hot frying-pan, and at last the whole thing caught fire, +both the lumps of blubber and the train-oil. The flame shot up into the +air, while I tried by every means in my power to put it out, but it +only grew worse. The best thing would have been to convey the whole +lamp outside, but there was no time for it. The tent began to fill with +suffocating smoke, and as a last resort I unfortunately seized a +handful of snow and threw it on to the burning train-oil. It sputtered +and crackled, boiling oil flew in all directions, and from the lamp +itself rose a sea of flames which filled the whole tent and burned +everything they came near. Half-suffocated, we both threw ourselves +against the closed door, bursting off the buttons, and dashed headlong +into the open air—glad, indeed, to have escaped with our lives. +With this explosion the lamp went out; but when we came to examine the +tent we found an enormous hole burned in the silk wall above the place +where the frying-pan had stood. One of our sledge-sails had to pay the +penalty for that hole. We crept back into the tent again, +congratulating ourselves, however, on having got off so easily, and, +after a great deal of trouble, rekindled a fire so that I could fry the +last pancake. We then ate it with sugar, in the best of spirits, and +pronounced it the most delicious fare we had ever tasted. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb299" href="#pb299" name="pb299">299</a>]</span>We +had good reason, too, to be in spirits, for our observation for the day +made us in 82° 4.3′ north latitude and 57° 48′ east +longitude. In spite of westerly and, in a measure, southwesterly winds, +we had come nearly 14′ south in three days and next to nothing +east. A highly surprising and satisfactory discovery. Outside, the +north wind was still blowing, and consequently we were drifting south +towards more clement regions.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e4689width" id="p297"><img src="images/p297.jpg" +alt="Channels in the Ice. June 24, 1895" width="720" height="429"> +<p class="figureHead">Channels in the Ice. June 24, 1895</p> +<p class="firstpar">(<i>By Lars Jorde, from a photograph</i>)</p> +</div> +<p>“Wednesday, June 26th. June 24th was naturally celebrated with +great festivities. In the first place, it was that day two years since +we started from home; secondly it was a hundred days since we left the +<i>Fram</i> (not really, it was two days more); and, thirdly, it was +Midsummer-day. It was, of course, a holiday, and we passed it in +dreaming of good times to come, in studying our charts, our future +prospects, and in reading anything readable that was to be +found—<i>i.e.</i>, the almanac and navigation-tables. Johansen +took a walk along the lanes, and also managed to miss a ringed seal, or +‘snad,’ as we call it in Norwegian, in a pool here east of +us. Then came supper—rather late in the night—consisting of +blood-pancakes with sugar, and unsurpassed in flavor. The frying over +the oil-lamp took a long time, and in order to have them hot we had to +eat each one as it was fried, a mode of procedure which promoted a +healthy appetite between each pancake. Thereafter we stewed some of our +red whortleberries, and they tasted no less good, although they had +been soaked in salt-water in <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb300" href= +"#pb300" name="pb300">300</a>]</span>Johansen’s kayak during the +catastrophe of a couple of days ago; and after a glorious meal we +turned into the bag at 8 o’clock yesterday morning.</p> +<p>“At midday, again, I got up and went out to take a meridian +altitude. The weather was brilliant, and it was so long since we had +had anything of the kind that I could hardly remember it. I sat up on +the hummock, waiting for the sun to come to the meridian, basking in +its rays, and looking out over the stretches of ice, where the snow +glittered and sparkled on all sides, and at the pool in front of me +lying shining and still as a mountain lake, and reflecting its icy +banks in the clear water. Not a breath of wind stirred—so still, +so still; and the sun baked, and I dreamed myself at home....</p> +<p>“Before going into the tent I went to fetch some salt-water +for the soup we were to have for breakfast; but just at that moment a +seal came up by the side of the ice, and I ran back for my gun and +kayak. Out on the water I discovered that it was leaking like a sieve +from lying in the sun, and I had to paddle back faster than I had come +out, to avoid sinking. As I was emptying the kayak, up came the seal +again in front of me, and this time my shot took effect; the animal lay +floating on the water like a cork. It was not many minutes before I had +the leaking craft on the water again, and my harpoon in the +animal’s neck. I towed it in while the kayak gradually filled, +and my legs, or, rather, that part which follows closely above the legs +when one is sitting <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb301" href="#pb301" +name="pb301">301</a>]</span>in a canoe, became soaked with water, and +my ‘komager’ gradually filled. After having dragged the +seal up to the tent, ‘flensed’ it, collected all the blood +which was to be had, and cut it up, I crept into the tent, put on some +dry underclothes, and into the bag again, while the wet ones were +drying outside in the sun. It is easy enough to keep one’s self +warm in the tent now. The heat was so great inside it last night that +we could hardly sleep, although we lay on the bag instead of in it. +When I came back with the seal I discovered that Johansen’s bare +foot was sticking out of the tent at a place where the peg had given +way; he was sleeping soundly and had no idea of it. After having a +small piece of chocolate to commemorate the happy capture, and, looking +over my observations, we again settled down to rest.</p> +<p>“It appears, remarkably enough, from our latitude that we are +still on the same spot, without any farther drifts southward, in spite +of the northerly winds. Can the ice be landlocked? It is not +impossible; far off land, at any rate, we cannot be.</p> +<p>“Thursday, June 27th. The same monotonous life, the same wind, +the same misty weather, and the same cogitations as to what the future +will bring. There was a gale from the north last night, with a fall of +hard granular snow, which lashed against the tent walls so that one +might think it to be good honest rain. It melted on the walls directly, +and the water ran down them. It is cozy <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb302" href="#pb302" name="pb302">302</a>]</span>in here, however, and +the wind does not reach us; we can lie in our warm bag, and listen to +the flapping of the tent, and imagine that we are drifting rapidly +westward, although perhaps we are not moving from the spot. But if this +wind does not move us, the only explanation is that the ice is +landlocked, and that we cannot be far off shore. We must wait for an +east wind, I suppose, to drive us farther west, and then afterwards +south. My hope is that we shall drift into the channel between Franz +Josef Land and Spitzbergen while we are lying here. The weather was raw +and windy with snowfall, so that it was hardly suitable for outdoor +work, particularly as, unfortunately, there was no need to hurry.</p> +<p>“The lanes have changed very much of late; there is hardly +anything left of the pool in front of us, over which we paddled, and +there has been pressure around us in all directions. I hope the ice +will be well ground into pieces, as this enables it to slacken more +quickly when the time comes; but that will not be before far on in +July, and we ought to have the patience to wait for it perhaps.</p> +<p>“Yesterday we cut some of the seal’s flesh into thin +slices and hung them up to dry. We must increase our travelling store +and prepare pemmican or dried meat; it will be the easiest way of +carrying it with us. Johansen yesterday found a pond of fresh water +close by, which is very convenient, and we need no longer melt ice; it +is the first good water we have found for cooking purposes. If +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb303" href="#pb303" name= +"pb303">303</a>]</span>the seals are few and far between, there are +birds still, I am thankful to say. Last night a couple of ivory-gulls +(<i>Larus eburneus</i>), were bold enough to settle down on our +sealskin, close beside the tent wall, and pecked at the blubber. They +were sent off once or twice, but returned. If the meat falls short we +must resort to catching birds.”</p> +<p>Thus the days passed by, one exactly like the other; we waited and +waited for the snow to melt, and worked desultorily meanwhile at +getting ourselves ready to proceed. This life reminded me of some +Eskimos who journeyed up a fjord to collect grass for hay; but when +they arrived at their destination found it quite short, and so settled +down and waited till it was long enough to cut. A suitable condition of +the snow was long in coming. On June 29th I write: “Will not the +temperature rise sufficiently to make something like an effectual +clearance of the snow? We try to pass the time as best we can in +talking of how delightful it will be when we get home, and how we shall +enjoy life and all its charms, and go through a calculation of chances +as to how soon that may be; but sometimes, too, we talk of how well we +will arrange for the winter in Spitzbergen, if we should not reach home +this year. If it should come to that, we may not even get so far, but +have to winter on some place ashore here—no, it can never come to +that!</p> +<p>“Sunday, June 30th. So this is the end of June, and we are +about the same place as when we began the month. And the state of the +snow? Well, better it <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb304" href= +"#pb304" name="pb304">304</a>]</span>certainly is not; but the day is +fine. It is so warm that we are quite hot lying here inside the tent. +Through the open door we can see out over the ice where the sun is +glittering through white sailing cirrus clouds on the dazzling +whiteness. And then there is a Sunday calm, with a faint breeze mostly +from the southeast, I think. Ah me! it is lovely at home to-day, I am +sure, with everything in bloom and the fjord quivering in the sunlight; +and you are sitting out on the point with Liv, perhaps, or are on the +water in your boat. And then one’s eye wanders out through the +door again, and I am reminded there is many an ice-floe between now and +then, before the time when I shall see it all again.</p> +<p>“Here we lie far up in the north; two grim, black, +soot-stained barbarians, stirring a mess of soup in a kettle and +surrounded on all sides by ice; by ice and nothing else—shining +and white, possessed of all the purity we ourselves lack. Alas, it is +all too pure! One’s eye searched to the very horizon for a dark +spot to rest on, but in vain. When will it really come to pass? Now we +have waited for it two months. All the birds seemed to have disappeared +to-day; not even a cheery little auk to be seen. They were here until +yesterday, and we have heard them flying north and south, probably to +and from land, where they have gone, I suppose, now that there is so +little water about in these parts. If only we could move as easily as +they!</p> +<p>“Wednesday, July 3d. Why write again? What <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb305" href="#pb305" name="pb305">305</a>]</span>have +I to commit to these pages? Nothing but the same overpowering longing +to be home and away from this monotony. One day just like the other, +with the exception, perhaps, that before it was warm and quiet, while +the last two days there has been a south wind blowing, and we are +drifting northward. Found from a meridian altitude yesterday that we +have drifted back to 82° 8.4′ N., while the longitude is +about the same. Both yesterday and the day before we had to a certain +extent really brilliant sunshine, and this for us is a great rarity. +The horizon in the south was fairly clear yesterday, which it had not +been for a long time; but we searched it in vain for land. I do not +understand it....</p> +<p>“We had a fall of snow last night, and it dripped in here so +that the bag became wet. This constant snowfall, which will not turn to +rain, is enough to make one despair. It generally takes the form of a +thick layer of new snow on the top of the old, and this delays the +thaw.</p> +<p>“This wind seems to have formed some lanes in the ice again, +and there is a little more bird-life. We saw some little auks again +yesterday; they came from the south, probably from land.</p> +<p>“Saturday, July 6th. <span class="corr" id="xd20e4749" title= +"Source: +3.38">33.8</span>° Fahr. (+1° C.). Rain. At last, +after a fortnight, we seem to have got the weather we have been waiting +for. It has rained the whole night and forenoon, and is still at +it—real, good rain: so now, perhaps, this everlasting snow will +take itself off; it is as soft and loose as scum. If only this rain +would go on for <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb306" href="#pb306" +name="pb306">306</a>]</span>many days! But before we have time to look +round there will be a cold wind with snow, a crust will form, and again +we must wait. I am too used to disappointment to believe in anything. +This is a school of patience; but nevertheless the rain has put us in +good spirits.</p> +<p>“The days drag wearily by. We work in an intermittent way at +the kayak grips of wood for our sledges, and at calking and painting +our kayaks to make them water-tight. The painting, however, causes me a +good deal of trouble. I burned bones here for many days till the whole +place smelled like the bone-dust works at Lysaker; then came the +toilsome process of pounding and grating them to make them perfectly +fine and even. The bone-dust was thereupon mixed with train-oil, and at +last I got as far as a trial, but the paint proved uncompromisingly to +be perfectly useless. So now I must mix it with soot, as I had first +intended, and add more oil. I am now occupied in smoking the place out +in my attempts to make soot; but all my exertions, when it comes to +collecting it, only result in a little pinch, although the smoke +towered in the air, and they might have seen it in Spitzbergen. There +is a great deal to do battle with when one has not a shop next door. +What would I not give for a little bucket of oil-paint, only common +lampblack! Well, well; we shall find a way out of the difficulty +eventually, but meanwhile we are growing like sweeps.</p> +<p>“On Wednesday evening ‘Haren’ was killed; poor +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb307" href="#pb307" name= +"pb307">307</a>]</span>beast, he was not good for much latterly, but he +had been a first-rate dog, and it was hard, I fancy, for Johansen to +part with him; he looked sorrowfully at the animal before it went to +the happy hunting-grounds, or wherever it may be draught-dogs go to. +Perhaps to places where there are plains of level ice and no ridges and +lanes. There are only two dogs left now—‘Suggen’ and +‘Kaifas’—and we must keep them alive as long as we +can, and have use for them.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e4761width" id="p307"><img src="images/p307.jpg" +alt="My Last Dog, “Kaifas”" width="565" height="392"> +<p class="figureHead">My Last Dog, “Kaifas”</p> +</div> +<p>“The day before yesterday, in the evening, we suddenly +discovered a black hillock to the east. We examined it through the +glass and it looked absolutely like a black rock emerging from the +snows. It also somewhat <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb308" href= +"#pb308" name="pb308">308</a>]</span>exceeded the neighboring hummocks +in height. I scrutinized it carefully from the highest ridge +hereabouts, but could not make it out. I thought it too big to be only +a piled-up hummock mixed with black ice or earthy matter, and I had +never seen anything of the kind before. That it is an island seems +highly improbable; for although we are certainly drifting, it remains +in the same position in relation to us. We saw it yesterday, and see it +still to-day in the same quarter. I think the most reasonable +supposition is that it is an iceberg.</p> +<p>“No sooner does the horizon clear in the south than one of us +may be seen taking his customary walk to the ‘watch-tower’ +(a hummock beside the tent) to scan for land, sometimes with a glass, +sometimes without it; but there is nothing to be seen but the same bare +horizon.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e4771src" href="#xd20e4771" name= +"xd20e4771src">10</a></p> +<p>“Every day I take a turn round the ice in our neighborhood to +see if the snow has decreased, but it always seems to be about the +same, and sometimes I have moments of doubt as to whether it will clear +away at all this summer. If not, our prospects will be more than dark. +The best we can hope for will then be a winter somewhere or other on +Franz Josef Land. But now the rain has come. It is pouring down the +tent walls and dripping on the ice. Everything looks hopeful again, and +we are picturing the delights of the autumn and winter at home. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb309" href="#pb309" name= +"pb309">309</a>]</span></p> +<p>“Wednesday, July 10th. It is a curious thing that now, when I +really have something of a little more interest than usual to relate, I +have less inclination to write than ever. Everything seems to become +more and more indifferent. One longs only for one single thing, and +still the ice is lying out there covered with impassable snow.</p> +<p>“But what was it I had to say? Oh yes, that we made ourselves +such a good bed yesterday with bearskins under the bag; that we slept +the clock round without knowing it, and I thought it was six in the +morning when I turned out. When I came out of the tent I thought there +was something remarkable about the position of the sun, and pondered +over it for a little while, until I came to the conclusion that it was +six in the evening, and that we had slumbered for twenty-two hours. We +have not slept much of late, as we have been broken on the wheel, so to +speak, by the snow-shoes we had to place under the bag, in order to +keep it clear of the pools of water under us. The apologies for hair +still existing here and there on the skin at the bottom of the bag do +not afford much protection against the sharp edges of the +snow-shoes.</p> +<p>“This beneficent rain continued the whole day on Saturday, +doing away with a fair amount of snow, and we rejoice to hear it. To +celebrate the good weather we determined to have chocolate for supper; +otherwise we live entirely on our catch. We had the chocolate +accordingly, and served with raw blubber it tasted quite <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb310" href="#pb310" name= +"pb310">310</a>]</span>excellent. It was the cause of a great +disappointment, however, for after having looked forward immoderately +to this, now so rare, treat, I managed clumsily to upset my whole cup, +so that all the precious contents ran out over the ice. While I was +lying waiting for a second cup—it was boiling over the train-oil +lamp—‘Kaifas’ began to bark outside. Not doubting but +that he had seen an animal, I jumped up to hurry off to the lookout +hummock to scan the ice. Not a little surprised was I when I poked my +head out of the tent door to see a bear come jogging up to the dogs and +begin sniffing at ‘Kaifas.’ I sprang to the gun, which +stood ready in the snow beside the tent, and pulled off the case, the +bear meanwhile standing astonished and glaring at me. I sent it a ball +through the shoulder and chest, certain that it would drop on the spot. +It half staggered over, and then turned round and made off, and before +I could extract a new cartridge from my pocket, which was full of +everything else, was away among the hummocks. I could not get a shot at +it where it was, and set off in pursuit. I had not gone many steps +before we saw (Johansen had followed me) two more heads appearing a +little way farther on. They belonged to two cubs, which were standing +on their hind-legs and looking at their mother, who came reeling +towards them, with a trail of blood behind her. Then off they went, all +three, over a lane, and a wild chase began over plains and ridges and +lanes and every kind of obstacle, but it made no difference to +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb311" href="#pb311" name= +"pb311">311</a>]</span>their pace. A wonderful thing this love of +sport; it is like setting fire to a fuse. Where at other times it would +be laborious work to get on at all, where one sinks to the knees in the +snow, and where one would hesitate before choosing a way over the lane, +let only the spark be kindled, and one clears every obstacle without +thinking about it. The bear was severely wounded, and dragged her left +fore-leg; she did not go fast, but always so fast that I had my work +cut out to keep near her. The cubs ran round her in their solicitude, +and generally a little way in front, as if to get her to come with +them; they little knew what was the matter with her. Suddenly they all +three looked back at me, as I was crashing after them as fast as I +could. I had been within range many times, but the bear had had her +hind quarters towards me, and when I fired I meant to be sure of making +an end of her, as I only had three cartridges with me, one for each of +them. At last, on the top of a huge hummock, I got a sight of her +broadside on, and there, too, she dropped. The cubs hurried anxiously +up to her when she fell—it made one sorry to see them—they +sniffed at and pushed her, and ran round and round, at a loss what to +do in their despair. Meanwhile I had put another cartridge in the +rifle, and picked off the other cub as it was standing on a projection. +It fell over the declivity with a growl, and down on to its mother. +Still more frightened than before, the other cub hastened to its +succor; but, poor thing, what could it do? While its brother rolled +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb312" href="#pb312" name= +"pb312">312</a>]</span>over, growling, it stood there looking +sorrowfully sometimes at it, sometimes at the mother, who lay dying in +a pool of blood. When I approached, it turned its head away +indifferently; what did it care about me now? All its kindred, +everything it held dear, lay there mutilated and destroyed. It no +longer knew whither to go, and did not move from the spot. I went right +up to it, and, with a spherical ball through the breast, it fell dead +beside its mother.</p> +<p>“Johansen soon came up. A lane had detained him, so that he +had lost ground. We opened the animals, took out the entrails, and then +went back to the tent to fetch the sledges and dogs and proper +flaying-knives. Our second cup of chocolate in the tent tasted very +good after this interruption. When we had skinned and cut up the two +bears we left them in a heap, covered over with the skins to protect +the meat from the gulls; the third one we took back with us. The next +day we fetched the others, and now have more meat food than we shall be +able to consume, I hope. It is a good thing, though, that we can give +the dogs as much raw meat as they will eat; they certainly require it. +‘Suggen,’ poor thing, is in a very bad way, and it is a +question whether we can get any more work out of him. When we took him +with us after the bears the first day, he could not walk, and we had to +place him on the sledge; but then he howled so terrifically, as much as +to say it was beneath his dignity to be transported in this way, that +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb313" href="#pb313" name= +"pb313">313</a>]</span>Johansen had to take him home again. The dogs +seem to be attacked with a paralysis of the legs; they fall down, and +have the greatest difficulty in rising. It has been the same with all +of them, from ‘Gulen’ downward. ‘Kaifas,’ +however, is as fresh and well as ever.</p> +<p>“It is remarkable how large these cubs were. I could hardly +imagine that they were born this year, and should without hesitation +have put them down as a year old if the she-bear had not been in milk, +and it is hardly to be supposed that the cubs would suck for a year and +a half. Those we shot by the <i>Fram</i> on November 4th last year were +hardly half the size of these. It would seem as if the polar bear +produces its young at different times of the year. In the paunches of +the cubs were pieces of skin from a seal.</p> +<p>“Monday, July 15th. As we were working at the kayaks yesterday +a Ross’s gull (<i>Rhodostethia rosea</i>) came flying by. It was +a full-grown bird, and made a turn when just over us, showing its +pretty rose-colored breast, and then disappeared again in the mist +southward. On Thursday I saw another adult Ross’s gull, with a +black ring round its neck; it came from the northeast, and flew in a +southwesterly direction. Otherwise it is remarkable how all the birds +have disappeared from here. The little auk is no longer to be seen or +heard; the only birds are an ivory-gull now and then, and occasionally +a fulmar.</p> +<p>“Wednesday, July 17th. At last the time is drawing +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb314" href="#pb314" name= +"pb314">314</a>]</span>near when we can be off again and start homeward +in earnest. The snow has decreased sufficiently to make advance fairly +easy. We are doing our utmost to get ready. The grips on the sledges +are nicely arranged, and provided with cushions of bearskin on +Johansen’s and of cloth on mine. This is in order to give the +kayaks a firm and soft bed and prevent chafing. The kayaks are painted +with soot and train-oil, and have been calked with pastels (for +drawing), crushed and also mixed with train-oil; that is to say, as far +as these various ingredients would go. We are now using a mixture of +stearine, pitch, and resin,<a class="noteref" id="xd20e4811src" href= +"#xd20e4811" name="xd20e4811src">11</a> to finish up with. A thorough +revision of our equipment will take place, and everything not +absolutely invaluable will be left behind. We must say good-bye here to +the sleeping-bag and tent.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e4814src" href= +"#xd20e4814" name="xd20e4814src">12</a> Our days of comfort are past, +and henceforth until we are on board the sloop<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4817src" href="#xd20e4817" name="xd20e4817src">13</a> we will +live under the open sky.</p> +<p>“Meanwhile we have lain here—‘Longing Camp,’ +as we call it—and let the time slip by. We have eaten bear-meat +morning, noon, and night, and, so far from being tired of it, have made +the discovery that the breast of the cubs is quite a delicacy. It is +remarkable that this exclusive meat and fat diet has not caused us the +slightest discomfort in any way, and we have no craving <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb315" href="#pb315" name="pb315">315</a>]</span>for +farinaceous food, although we might, perhaps, regard a large cake as +the acme of happiness. Every now and then we cheer ourselves up with +lime-juice grog, a blood-pancake, or some stewed whortleberries, and +let our imaginations run riot over all the amenities of civilization, +which we mean to enjoy to the full when we get home! Perhaps it will be +many a long day before we get there; perhaps there will be many a hard +trial to overcome. But, no; I will believe the best. There are still +two months of summer left, and in them something can be done.</p> +<p>“Friday, July 19th. Two full-grown Ross’s gulls flew +over here from the northeast and went west this morning. When far off +they uttered cries which reminded me of that of the wryneck, and which +I at first thought came from a little auk. They flew quite low, just +over my head, and the rose-color of their under-parts could be seen +plainly. Another Ross’s gull flew by here yesterday. It is +strange that there should be so many of them. Where are we?</p> +<p>“Tuesday, July 23d. Yesterday forenoon we at last got clear of +‘Longing Camp,’ and now, I am thankful to say, we are again +on the move. We have worked day and night to get off. First we thought +it would be on the 19th, then the 20th, and then the 21st, but +something always cropped up that had to be done before we could leave. +The bread, which had been soaked in sea-water, had to be carefully +dried in the frying-pan over the lamp, and this took several days; then +the socks had to be <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb316" href="#pb316" +name="pb316">316</a>]</span>patched, and the kayaks carefully looked +over, etc. We were determined to start on our last journey home in good +repair, and so we did. Everything goes like wildfire. The chances of +progress are better than we expected, although the ice is anything but +even; the sledges are lighter to draw, now that everything that can be +dispensed with is left behind, and the snow, too, has decreased +considerably. On the last part of the journey yesterday we could even +go without snow-shoes, and, as a matter of course, progress among the +ridges and irregularities, where they are difficult to manage, is +quicker without them. Johansen performed a feat by crossing a lane +alone in his kayak, with ‘Suggen’ lying on the fore-deck, +while he himself knelt on the after-deck and balanced the craft as he +paddled. I began to try the same with mine, but found it too cranky to +risk the attempt, and preferred to tow it over, with +‘Kaifas’ on the deck, while I went carefully alongside and +jumped over on some pieces of ice.</p> +<p>“We have now the advantage of finding drinking-water +everywhere. We are also eating our old provender again; but, curiously +enough, neither Johansen nor I think the farinaceous food as good as +one might suppose after a month of meat diet. It is good to be under +way again, and not the least pleasant part about it is our lighter +sledges; but then we certainly left a good deal behind at +‘Longing Camp.’ In addition to a respectable mound of meat +and blubber, we left three fine bearskins. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb317" href="#pb317" name="pb317">317</a>]</span>Our +friend, the bag, too, is lying on the top of the bears; a quantity of +wood, consisting of the boards from under the sledges, the snow-shoes +and other things, more than half of Blessing’s fine +medicaments—plaster-of-Paris bandages, soft steam-sterilized +gauze bandages, hygroscopic cotton wadding—to say nothing of a +good aluminium horizon-glass, rope, our combined frying-pan and melter, +half an aluminium cap belonging to the cooker, sheets of German silver, +a train-oil lamp of the same, bags, tools, sail-cloth, Finn shoes, our +wolfskin fingerless gloves, also woollen ones, a geological hammer, +half a shirt, socks, and other sundries, all strewn about in chaotic +confusion. Instead of all these we have an augmentation in the form of +a sack of dried seal’s and bear’s flesh and the other half +of the aluminium cap full of blubber. We are now thoroughly divested of +all superfluous articles, and there is hardly so much as a bit of wood +to be had if one should want a stick to slip through the end of the +hauling-rope.” <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb318" href="#pb318" +name="pb318">318</a>]</span></p> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4325" href="#xd20e4325src" name="xd20e4325">1</a></span> It was +the first diary I used on the sledge journey.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4356" href="#xd20e4356src" name="xd20e4356">2</a></span> Until +this day we had eaten what we required without weighing out rations. It +proved that, after all, we did not eat more than what I had originally +allowed per day—<i>i.e.</i>, 1 kilo. of dried food. We now +reduced these day’s rations considerably.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4421" href="#xd20e4421src" name="xd20e4421">3</a></span> It was +probably pressure of the floes against each other which caused this +movement. We noticed the same motion several times later.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4516" href="#xd20e4516src" name="xd20e4516">4</a></span> We found +water on the ice here suitable for cooking for the first time. It was, +however, somewhat salt, so that the “fiskegratin” was too +well seasoned.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4524" href="#xd20e4524src" name="xd20e4524">5</a></span> As it +proved later, we were, in reality, about 6° farther east than we +thought.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4527" href="#xd20e4527src" name="xd20e4527">6</a></span> I called +my watch thus after Johannsen, the watchmaker in London who supplied +it.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4539" href="#xd20e4539src" name="xd20e4539">7</a></span> In +reality we were somewhat near the point I here assume (we were in +67° E., approximately). The reason why we did not see the land here +mentioned was because it does not exist, as was proved later.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4574" href="#xd20e4574src" name="xd20e4574">8</a></span> A proper +hauling harness is an important item, and in the long run is much less +trying than the ordinary hauling strap or rope crosswise over the chest +and one shoulder. The form of harness I use consists of two straps, +which are passed over both shoulders, like the straps of a knap-sack, +and are fastened crosswise over the back to a leather belt, where the +hauling-rope from the sledge is also attached. It is thus in +one’s power during the work of hauling to distribute the strain +equally between both shoulders and the belt (<i>i.e</i>., the thighs +and abdomen). The hauling “centre of gravity” is in this +manner lower in the body, just above the legs, which do the work, and +the hauling-rope does not, as is usually the case, press only on the +upper part of the body.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4644" href="#xd20e4644src" name="xd20e4644">9</a></span> Certain +straps which are fixed on the kayak, just in front of the occupant, and +through which the paddle is passed when shooting, etc. The blade thus +lying laterally on the water very much increases the steadiness of the +occupants.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4771" href="#xd20e4771src" name="xd20e4771">10</a></span> +Compare, however, what I say on this subject later—<i>i.e.</i>, +July 24th.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4811" href="#xd20e4811src" name="xd20e4811">11</a></span> This +was taken in case it might be wanted for soldering the cooking +apparatus or the German-silver plates under the sledge-runners.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4814" href="#xd20e4814src" name="xd20e4814">12</a></span> We +eventually decided to retain this, however.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4817" href="#xd20e4817src" name="xd20e4817">13</a></span> The +vessel we expected to catch in Spitzbergen.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch7" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="label">Chapter VII</h2> +<h2 class="main">Land at Last</h2> +<p class="firstpar">“Wednesday, July 24th. At last the marvel has +come to pass—land, land! and after we had almost given up our +belief in it! After nearly two years, we again see something rising +above that never-ending white line on the horizon yonder—a white +line which for millennium after millennium has stretched over this sea, +and which for millenniums to come shall stretch in the same way. We are +leaving it, and leaving no trace behind us, for the track of our little +caravan across the endless plains has long ago disappeared. A new life +is beginning for us; for the ice it is ever the same.</p> +<p>“It has long haunted our dreams, this land, and now it comes +like a vision, like fairly-land. Drift-white, it arches above the +horizon like distant clouds, which one is afraid will disappear every +minute. The most wonderful thing is that we have seen this land all the +time without knowing it. I examined it several times with the telescope +from ‘Longing Camp’ in the belief that it might be +snow-fields, but always came to the conclusion that it was only clouds, +as I could never discover any <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb319" +href="#pb319" name="pb319">319</a>]</span>dark point. Then, too, it +seemed to change form, which, I suppose, must be attributed to the mist +which always lay over it; but it always came back again at the same +place with its remarkable regular curves. I now remember that dark crag +we saw east of us at the camp, and which I took to be an iceberg. It +must certainly have been a little islet<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4846src" href="#xd20e4846" name="xd20e4846src">1</a> of some +kind.</p> +<p>“The ice was worse and more broken than ever yesterday; it +was, indeed, a labor to force one’s way over pressure-ridges like +veritable mountains, with valleys and clefts in between; but on we went +in good spirits, and made some progress. At lanes where a crossing was +difficult to find we did not hesitate to launch kayaks and sledges, and +were soon over in this manner. Sometimes after a very bad bit we would +come across some flat ice for a short distance, and over this we would +go like wildfire, splashing through ponds and puddles. While I was on +ahead at one time yesterday morning, Johansen went up on to a hummock +to look at the ice, and remarked a curious black stripe over the +horizon; but he supposed it to be only a cloud, he said, and I thought +no more about the matter. When, some while later, I also ascended a +hummock to look at the ice, I became aware of the same black stripe; it +ran obliquely from the horizon up into what I supposed to be a white +bank of clouds. The longer I looked at this bank and stripe the more +unusual <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb320" href="#pb320" name= +"pb320">320</a>]</span>I thought them, until I was constrained to fetch +the glass. No sooner had I fixed it on the black part than it struck me +at once that this must be land, and that not far off. There was a large +snow-field out of which black rocks projected. It was not long before +Johansen had the glass to his eye, and convinced himself that we really +had land before us. We both of us naturally became in the highest +spirits. I then saw a similar white arching outline a little farther +east; but it was for the most part covered with white mist, from which +it could hardly be distinguished, and, moreover, was continually +changing form. It soon, however, came out entirely, and was +considerably larger and higher than the former, but there was not a +black speck to be seen on it. So this was what land looked like, now +that we had come to it! I had imagined it in many forms, with high +peaks and glittering glaciers, but never like this. There was nothing +kindly about this, but it was indeed no less welcome; and on the whole +we could not expect it to be otherwise than snow-covered, with all the +snow which falls here.</p> +<p>“So then we pitched the tent and had a feast suited to the +occasion: lobscouse made of potatoes (for the last time but one; we had +saved them long for this occasion), pemmican, dried bear’s and +seal’s flesh, and bear tongues, chopped up together. After this +was a second course, consisting of bread-crumbs fried in bear’s +grease, also vril-food and butter, and a piece of chocolate to wind +up.”</p> +<div class="figure xd20e4856width" id="plate12"><img src= +"images/plate12.jpg" alt="Plate XII" width="720" height="513"> +<p class="figureHead">Plate XII</p> +<p class="firstpar"><span class="sc">Moonlight Phenomena at the +Beginning of the Polar Night, November 1893.</span></p> +<p>A vertical axis passes through the moon, with a strongly-marked +luminous patch where it intersects the horizon. A suggestion of a +horizontal axis on each side of the moon: portions of the moon-ring +with mock moons visible on either hand.</p> +</div> +<p>We thought this land so near that it could not possibly <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb321" href="#pb321" name="pb321">321</a>]</span>take +long to reach it, certainly not longer than till next evening. Johansen +was even certain that we should do it the same day, but nevertheless +thirteen days were to elapse, occupied in the same monotonous drudgery +over the drift-ice.</p> +<p>On July 25th I write: “When we stopped in the fog yesterday +evening we had a feeling that we must have come well under land. This +morning, when we turned out, the first thing Johansen did when he went +to fetch some water for me to cook with was, of course, to climb up on +the nearest hummock and look at the land. There it lay, considerably +nearer than before, and he is quite certain that we shall reach it +before night.” I also discovered a new land to our west (S. +60° W. magnetic) that day; a regular, shield-like, arched outline, +similar to the other land; and it was low above the horizon, and +appeared to be a long way off.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e4872src" +href="#xd20e4872" name="xd20e4872src">2</a></p> +<p>We went on our way as fast as we could across lanes and rough ice, +but did not get far in the day, and the land did not seem to be much +nearer. In reality there was no difference to be seen, although we +tried to imagine that it was steadily growing higher. On Saturday, July +27th, I seem to have a suspicion that in point of fact we were drifting +away from land, I write: “The wind began to blow from the S.S.W. +(magnetic) just as we were getting off yesterday, and <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb322" href="#pb322" name= +"pb322">322</a>]</span>increased as the day went on. It was easy to +perceive by the atmosphere that the wind was driving the ice off the +land, and land-lanes formed particularly on the east side of it. When I +was up on a hummock yesterday evening I observed a black stripe on the +horizon under land; I examined it with the glass, and, as I had +surmised, there was an ice-edge or glacier stretching far in a westerly +direction; and there was plainly a broad lane in front of it, to judge +by the dark bank of mist which lay there. It seems to me that land +cannot be far off, and if the ice is tolerably passable we may reach it +to-day. The wind continued last night, but it has quieted down now, and +there is sunshine outside. We try by every means in our power to get a +comfortable night’s rest in our new bag of blankets. We have +tried lying on the bare ice, on the ‘ski,’ and to-night on +the bare ice again; but it must be confessed that it is hard and never +will be very comfortable; a little chilly, too, when one is wet; but we +shall appreciate a good warm bed all the more when we get it.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e4880width" id="p323"><img src="images/p323.jpg" +alt="“Incredibly Slow Progress”" width="588" height="383"> +<p class="figureHead">“Incredibly Slow Progress”</p> +</div> +<p>“Tuesday, July 30th. We make incredibly slow progress; but we +are pushing our way nearer land all the same.<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4887src" href="#xd20e4887" name="xd20e4887src">3</a> Every kind +of hinderance seems to beset us: now I am suffering so much from my +back (lumbago?) that yesterday it was only by exerting all my strength +of will that I could drag myself along. In difficult places +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb323" href="#pb323" name= +"pb323">323</a>]</span>Johansen had to help me with my sledge. It began +yesterday, and at the end of our march he had to go first and find the +way. Yesterday I was much worse, and how I am to-day I do not know +before I begin to walk; but I ought to be thankful that I can drag +myself along at all, though it is with endless pain. We had to halt and +camp on account of rain yesterday morning at three, after only having +gone nine hours. The rain succeeded in making us wet before we had +found a suitable place for the tent. Here we have been a whole day +while it has been pouring down, and we have hardly become drier. There +are puddles under us and the bag is soaked on the under-side. The wind +has gone round to the west just <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb324" +href="#pb324" name="pb324">324</a>]</span>now, and it has stopped +raining, so we made some porridge for breakfast and think of going on +again; but if it should begin to rain again we must stop, as it will +not do to get wet through when we have no change of clothes. It is +anything but pleasant as it is to lie with wet legs and feet that are +like icicles, and not have a dry thread to put on. Full-grown +Ross’s gulls were seen singly four times to-day, and when +Johansen was out to fetch water this morning he saw two.<a class= +"noteref" id="xd20e4894src" href="#xd20e4894" name= +"xd20e4894src">4</a></p> +<p>“Wednesday, July 31st. The ice is as disintegrated and +impracticable as can well be conceived. The continual friction and +packing of the floes against each other grind up the ice so that the +water is full of brash and small pieces; to ferry over this in the +kayaks is impossible, and the search is long before we eventually find +a hazardous crossing. Sometimes we have to form one by pushing small +floes together, or must ferry the sledges over on a little floe. We +spend much time and labor on each single lane, and progress becomes +slow in this way. My back still painful, Johansen had to go ahead +yesterday also; and evening and morning he is obliged to take off my +boots and socks, for I am unable to do it myself. He is touchingly +unselfish, and takes care of me as if I were a child; everything he +thinks can ease me he does quietly, without my knowing it. Poor fellow, +he has to work doubly hard now, and does not know how this will +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb325" href="#pb325" name= +"pb325">325</a>]</span>end. I feel very much better to-day, however, +and it is to be hoped shall soon be all right.</p> +<p>“Thursday, August 1st. Ice with more obstacles than +here—is it to be found, I wonder? But we are working slowly on, +and, that being the case, we ought, perhaps, to be satisfied. We have +also had a change—a brilliantly fine day; but it seems to me the +south wind we have had, which opened the lanes, has put us a good way +farther off land again. We have also drifted a long distance to the +east, and no longer see the most westerly land with the black rocks, +which we remarked at first. It would seem as if the Ross’s gulls +keep to land here; we see them daily.</p> +<p>“One thing, however, I am rejoicing over; my back is almost +well, so that I shall not delay our progress any more. I have some idea +now what it would be like if one of us became seriously ill. Our fate +would then be sealed, I think.</p> +<p>“Friday, August 2d. It seems as if everything conspired to +delay us, and that we shall never get away from this drift-ice. My back +is well again now; the ice was more passable yesterday than before, so +that we nearly made a good day’s march; but in return wind and +current set us from shore, and we are farther away again. Against these +two enemies all fighting is in vain, I am afraid. We have drifted far +off to the southeast, have got the north point of the land about due +west of us, and we are now in about 81° 36′ N. My only hope +now is <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb326" href="#pb326" name= +"pb326">326</a>]</span>that this drift eastward, away from land, may +stop or alter its course, and thus bring us nearer land. It is +unfortunate that the lanes are covered with young ice, which it would +be disastrous to put the kayaks through. If this gets worse, things +will look very bad. Meanwhile we have nothing to do but go on as fast +as we can. If we are going to drift back into the ice again, +then—then—</p> +<p>“Saturday, August 3d. Inconceivable toil. We never could go on +with it were it not for the fact that we <i>must</i>. We have made +wretchedly little progress, even if we have made any at all. We have +had no food for the dogs the last few days except the ivory-gulls and +fulmars we have been able to shoot, and that has been a couple a day. +Yesterday the dogs only had a little bit of blubber each.</p> +<p>“Sunday, August 4th. These lanes are desperate work and tax +one’s strength. We often have to go several hundred yards on mere +brash, or from block to block, dragging the sledges after us, and in +constant fear of their capsizing into the water. Johansen was very +nearly in yesterday, but, as always hitherto, he managed to save +himself. The dogs fall in and get a bath continually.</p> +<p>“Monday, August 5th. We have never had worse ice than +yesterday, but we managed to force our way on a little, nevertheless, +and two happy incidents marked the day: the first was that Johansen was +not eaten up by <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb329" href="#pb329" +name="pb329">329</a>]</span>a bear, and the second, that we saw open +water under the glacier edge ashore.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e4921width" id="p327"><img src="images/p327.jpg" +alt="“This Inconceivable Toil”" width="512" height="720"> +<p class="figureHead">“This Inconceivable Toil”</p> +</div> +<p>“We set off about 7 o’clock yesterday morning and got on +to ice as bad it as could be. It was as if some giant had hurled down +enormous blocks pell-mell, and had strewn wet snow in between them with +water underneath; and into this we sank above our knees. There were +also numbers of deep pools in between the blocks. It was like toiling +over hill and dale, up and down over block after block and ridge after +ridge, with deep clefts in between; not a clear space big enough to +pitch a tent on even, and thus it went on the whole time. To put a +coping-stone to our misery, there was such a mist that we could not see +a hundred yards in front of us. After an exhausting march we at last +reached a lane where we had to ferry over in the kayaks. After having +cleared the side of the lane from young ice and brash, I drew my sledge +to the end of the ice, and was holding it to prevent it slipping in, +when I heard a scuffle behind me, and Johansen, who had just turned +round to pull his sledge flush with mine,<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4927src" href="#xd20e4927" name="xd20e4927src">5</a> cried, +‘Take the gun!’ I turned round and saw an enormous bear +throwing itself <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb330" href="#pb330" +name="pb330">330</a>]</span>on him, and Johansen on his back. I tried +to seize my gun, which was in its case on the fore-deck, but at the +same moment the kayak slipped into the water. My first thought was to +throw myself into the water over the kayak and fire from there, but I +recognized how risky it would be. I began to pull the kayak, with its +heavy cargo, on to the high edge of the ice again as quickly as I +could, and was on my knees pulling and tugging to get at my gun. I had +no time to look round and see what was going on behind me, when I heard +Johansen quietly say, ‘You must look sharp if you want to be in +time!’</p> +<div class="figure xd20e4933width" id="p330"><img src="images/p330.jpg" +alt="“You Must Look Sharp!”" width="588" height="406"> +<p class="figureHead">“You Must Look Sharp!”</p> +</div> +<p>“Look sharp? I should think so! At last I got hold of the +butt-end, dragged the gun out, turned round in a <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb331" href="#pb331" name= +"pb331">331</a>]</span>sitting posture, and cocked the shot-barrel. The +bear was standing not two yards off, ready to make an end to my dog, +‘Kaifas.’ There was no time to lose in cocking the other +barrel, so I gave it a charge of shot behind the ear, and it fell down +dead between us.</p> +<p>“The bear must have followed our track like a cat, and, +covered by the ice-blocks, have slunk up while we were clearing the ice +from the lane and had our backs to him. We could see by the trail how +it had crept over a small ridge just behind us under cover of a mound +by Johansen’s kayak. While the latter, without suspecting +anything or looking round, went back and stooped down to pick up the +hauling-rope, he suddenly caught sight of an animal crouched up at the +end of the kayak, but thought it was ‘Suggen’; and before +he had time to realize that it was so big he received a cuff on the ear +which made him see fireworks, and then, as I mentioned before, over he +went on his back. He tried to defend himself as best he could with his +fists. With one hand he seized the throat of the animal, and held fast, +clinching it with all his might. It was just as the bear was about to +bite Johansen in the head that he uttered the memorable words, +“Look sharp!” The bear kept glancing at me continually, +speculating, no doubt, as to what I was going to do; but then caught +sight of the dog and turned towards it. Johansen let go as quick as +thought, and wriggled himself away, while the bear gave +‘Suggen’ a cuff which made him howl lustily, just as he +does when we thrash <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb332" href="#pb332" +name="pb332">332</a>]</span>him. Then ‘Kaifas’ got a slap +on the nose. Meanwhile Johansen had struggled to his legs, and when I +fired had got his gun, which was sticking out of the kayak hole. The +only harm done was that the bear had scraped some grime off +Johansen’s right cheek, so that he has a white stripe on it, and +had given him a slight wound in one hand; ‘Kaifas’ had also +got a scratch on his nose.</p> +<p>“Hardly had the bear fallen before we saw two more, peeping +over a hummock a little way off—cubs, who naturally wanted to see +the result of the maternal chase. They were two large cubs. I thought +it was not worth while to sacrifice a cartridge on them, but Johansen +expressed his opinion that young bear’s flesh was much more +delicate in flavor than old. He would only shoot one, he said, and +started off. However, the cubs took to their heels, although they came +back a little while later, and we could hear them at a long distance +growling after their mother.</p> +<p>“Johansen sent one of them a ball, but the range was too long, +and he only wounded it. With some terrific growls it started off again, +and Johansen after it; but he gave up the chase soon, as he saw it +promised to be a long one. While we were cutting up the she-bear the +cubs came back on the other side of the lane, and the whole time we +were there we had them walking round us. When we had fed the dogs well, +and had eaten some of the raw meat ourselves, and had furthermore +stowed away in the kayaks the meat we had cut off <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb333" href="#pb333" name="pb333">333</a>]</span>the +legs, we at last ferried over the lane and went on our way.</p> +<p>“The ice was not good; and, to make bad worse, we immediately +came on some terrible lanes, full of nothing but tightly packed lumps +of ice. In some places there were whole seas of it, and it was enough +to make one despair. Among all this loose ice we came on an unusually +thick old floe, with high mounds on it and pools in between. It was +from one of these mounds that I observed through the glass the open +water at the foot of the glacier, and now we cannot have far to go. But +the ice looks very bad on ahead, and each piece when it is like this +may take a long time to travel over.</p> +<p>“As we went along we heard the wounded bear lowing ceaselessly +behind us; it filled the whole of this silent world of ice with its +bitter plaint over the cruelty of man. It was miserable to hear it; and +if we had had time we should undoubtedly have gone back and sacrificed +a cartridge on it. We saw the cubs go off to the place where the mother +was lying, and thought to ourselves that we had got rid of them, but +heard them soon afterwards, and even when we had camped they were not +far off.</p> +<p>“Wednesday, August 7th. At last we are under land; at last the +drift-ice lies behind us, and before us is open water—open, it is +to be hoped, to the end. Yesterday was the day. When we came out of the +tent the evening of the day before yesterday we both thought +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb334" href="#pb334" name= +"pb334">334</a>]</span>we must be nearer the edge of the glacier than +ever, and with fresh courage, and in the faint hope of reaching land +that day, we started on our journey. Yet we dared not think our life on +the drift-ice was so nearly at an end. After wandering about on it for +five months and suffering so many disappointments, we were only too +well prepared for a new defeat. We thought, however, that the ice +looked more promising farther on, though before we had gone far we came +to broad lanes full of slush and foul, uneven ice, with hills and +dales, and deep snow and water, into which we sank up to our thighs. +After a couple of lanes of this kind, matters improved a little, and we +got on to some flat ice. After having gone over this for a while, it +became apparent how much nearer we were to the edge of the glacier. It +could not possibly be far off now. We eagerly harnessed ourselves to +the sledges again, put on a spurt, and away we went through snow and +water, over mounds and ridges. We went as hard as we could, and what +did we care if we sank into water till far above our fur leggings, so +that both they and our ‘komager’ filled and gurgled like a +pump? What did it matter to us now, so long as we got on?</p> +<p>“We soon reached plains, and over them we went quicker and +quicker. We waded through ponds where the spray flew up on all sides. +Nearer and nearer we came, and by the dark water-sky before us, which +continually rose higher, we could see how we were drawing <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb335" href="#pb335" name="pb335">335</a>]</span>near +to open water. We did not even notice bears now. There seemed to be +plenty about, tracks, both old and new, crossing and recrossing; one +had even inspected the tent while we were asleep, and by the fresh +trail we could see how it had come down wind in lee of us. We had no +use for a bear now; we had food enough. We were soon able to see the +open water under the wall of the glacier, and our steps lengthened even +more. As I was striding along I thought of the march of the Ten +Thousand through Asia, when Xenophon’s soldiers, after a +year’s war against superior forces, at last saw the sea from a +mountain and cried, ‘Thalatta! thalatta!’ Maybe this sea +was just as welcome to us after our months in the endless white +drift-ice.</p> +<p>“At last, at last, I stood by the edge of the ice. Before me +lay the dark surface of the sea, with floating white floes; far away +the glacier wall rose abruptly from the water; over the whole lay a +sombre, foggy light. Joy welled up in our hearts at this sight, and we +could not give it expression in words. Behind us lay all our troubles, +before us the waterway home. I waved my hat to Johansen, who was a +little way behind, and he waved his in answer and shouted +‘Hurrah!’ Such an event had to be celebrated in some way, +and we did it by having a piece of chocolate each.</p> +<p>“While we were standing there looking at the water the large +head of a seal came up, and then disappeared silently; but soon more +appeared. It is very reassuring <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb336" +href="#pb336" name="pb336">336</a>]</span>to know that we can procure +food at any minute we like.</p> +<p>“Now came the rigging of the kayaks for the voyage. Of course, +the better way would have been to paddle singly, but, with the long, +big sledges on the deck, this was not easy, and leave them behind I +dared not; we might have good use for them yet. For the time being, +therefore, there was nothing else to be done but to lash the two kayaks +together side by side in our usual manner, stiffen them out with +snow-shoes under the straps, and place the sledges athwart them, one +before and one behind.</p> +<p>“It was sad to think we could not take our two last dogs with +us, but we should probably have no further use for them, and it would +not have done to take them with us on the decks of our kayaks. We were +sorry to part with them; we had become very fond of these two +survivors. Faithful and enduring, they had followed us the whole +journey through; and, now that better times had come, they must say +farewell to life. Destroy them in the same way as the others we could +not; we sacrificed a cartridge on each of them. I shot +Johansen’s, and he shot mine.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e4976width" id="p337"><img src="images/p337.jpg" +alt="We Reach the Open Water. August 6, 1895" width="720" height="418"> +<p class="figureHead">We Reach the Open Water. August 6, 1895</p> +<p class="firstpar">(<i>By Lars Jorde, from a photograph</i>)</p> +</div> +<p>“So then we were ready to set off. It was a real pleasure to +let the kayaks dance over the water and hear the little waves plashing +against the sides. For two years we had not seen such a surface of +water before us. We had not gone far before we found that the +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb339" href="#pb339" name= +"pb339">339</a>]</span>wind was so good that we ought to make use of +it, and so we rigged up a sail on our fleet. We glided easily before +the wind in towards the land we had so longed for all these many +months. What a change, after having forced one’s way inch by inch +and foot by foot on ice! The mist had hidden the land from us for a +while, but now it parted, and we saw the glacier rising straight in +front of us. At the same moment the sun burst forth, and a more +beautiful morning I can hardly remember. We were soon underneath the +glacier, and had to lower our sail and paddle westward along the wall +of ice, which was from 50 to 60 feet in height, and on which a landing +was impossible. It seemed as if there must be little movement in this +glacier; the water had eaten its way deep underneath it at the foot, +and there was no noise of falling fragments or the cracking of +crevasses to be heard, as there generally is with large glaciers. It +was also quite even on the top, and no crevasses were to be seen. Up +the entire height of the wall there was stratification, which was +unusually marked. We soon discovered that a tidal current was running +westward along the wall of the glacier with great rapidity, and took +advantage of it to make good progress. To find a camping-ground, +however, was not easy, and at last we were reduced to taking up our +abode on a drifting floe. It was glorious, though, to go to rest in the +certainty that we should not wake to drudgery in the drift-ice.</p> +<p>“When we turned out to-day we found that the ice <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb340" href="#pb340" name="pb340">340</a>]</span>had +packed around us, and I do not know yet how we shall get out of it, +though there is open water not far off to our west.</p> +<p>“Thursday, August 8th. After hauling our <i>impedimenta</i> +over some floes we got into open water yesterday without much +difficulty. When we had reached the edge of the water we made a paddle +each from our snow-shoe-staffs, to which we bound blades made of +broken-off snow-shoes. They were a great improvement on the somewhat +clumsy paddles, with canvas blades lashed to bamboo sticks. I was very +much inclined to chop off our sledges, so that they would only be half +as long as before; by so doing we could carry them on the after-deck of +the kayaks, and could thus each paddle alone, and our advance would be +much quicker than by paddling the twin kayaks. However, I thought, +perhaps, it was unadvisable. The water looked promising enough on +ahead, but there was mist, and we could not see far; we knew nothing of +the country or the coast we had come to, and might yet have good use +for the sledges. We therefore set off in our double kayak, as before, +with the sledges athwart the deck fore and aft.</p> +<p>“The mist soon rose a little. It was then a dead calm; the +surface of the water lay like a great mirror before us, with bits of +ice and an occasional floe drifting on it. It was a marvellously +beautiful sight, and it was indeed glorious to sit there in our light +vessels and glide over the surface without any exertion. Suddenly a +seal rose <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb341" href="#pb341" name= +"pb341">341</a>]</span>in front of us, and over us flew continually +ivory-gulls and fulmars and kittiwakes. Little auks we also saw, and +some Ross’s gulls, and a couple of terns. There was no want of +animal life here, nor of food when we should require it.</p> +<p>“We found open water, broader and broader, as we paddled on +our way beside the wall of ice; but it would not clear so that we could +see something of our surroundings. The mist still hung obstinately over +it.</p> +<p>“Our course at first lay west to north (magnetic); but the +land always trended more and more to the west and southwest; the +expanse of water grew greater, and soon it widened out to a large sea, +stretching in a southwesterly direction. A breeze sprang up from the +north-northeast, and there was considerable motion, which was not +pleasant, as in our double craft the seas continually washed up between +the two and wetted us. We put in towards evening and pitched the tent +on the shore-ice, and just as we did so it began to rain, so that it +was high time to be under a roof.</p> +<p>“Friday, August 9th. Yesterday morning we had again to drag +the sledges with the kayaks over some ice which had drifted in front of +our camping-ground, and during this operation I managed to fall into +the water and get wet. It was with difficulty we finally got through +and out into open water. After a while we again found our way closed, +and were obliged to take to hauling over some floes, but after this we +had good open water the whole day. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb342" +href="#pb342" name="pb342">342</a>]</span>It was a northeasterly wind +which had set the ice towards the land, and it was lucky we had got so +far, as behind us, to judge by the atmosphere, the sea was much +blocked. The mist hung over the land so that we saw little of it. +According as we advanced we were able to hold a more southerly course, +and, the wind being nearly on the quarter, we set sail about 1 +o’clock, and continued sailing all day till we stopped yesterday +evening. Our sail, however, was interrupted once when it was necessary +to paddle round an ice-point north of where we are now; the contrary +current was so strong that it was as much as we could do to make way +against it, and it was only after considerable exertion that we +succeeded in doubling the point. We have seen little of the land we are +skirting up to this, on account of the mist; but as far as I can make +out it consists of islands. First there was a large island covered with +an ice-sheet; then west of it a smaller one, on which are the two crags +of rock which first made us aware of the vicinity of land; next came a +long fjord or sound, with massive shore-ice in it; and then a small, +low headland, or rather an island, south of which we are now encamped. +This shore-ice lying along the land is very remarkable. It is unusually +massive and uneven; it seems to be composed of huge blocks welded +together, which in a great measure, at any rate, must proceed from the +ice-sheet. There has also, perhaps, been violent pressure against the +land, which has heaved the sea-ice up together with pieces of ice from +the calving of the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb343" href="#pb343" +name="pb343">343</a>]</span>glacier, and the whole has frozen together +into a conglomerate mass. A medium-sized iceberg lay off the headland +north of us, where the current was so strong. Where we are now lying, +however, there is flat fjord-ice between the low island here and a +larger one farther south.</p> +<p>“This land grows more of a problem, and I am more than ever at +a loss to know where we are. It is very remarkable to me that the coast +continually trends to the south instead of to the west. I could explain +it all best by supposing ourselves to be on the west coast of the +archipelago of Franz Josef Land, were it not that the variation, I +think, is too great, and also for the number of Ross’s gulls +there still are. Not one has with certainty been seen in Spitzbergen, +and if my supposition is right, this should not be far off. Yesterday +we saw a number of them again; they are quite as common here as the +other species of gull.</p> +<p>“Saturday, August 10th. We went up on to the little islet we +had camped by. It was covered by a glacier, which curved over it in the +shape of a shield; there were slopes to all sides; but so slight was +the gradient that our snow-shoes would not even run of themselves on +the crust of snow. From the ridge we had a fair view, and, as the mist +lifted just then, we saw the land about us tolerably well. We now +perceived plainly that what we had been skirting along was only +islands. The first one was the biggest. The other land, <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb344" href="#pb344" name="pb344">344</a>]</span>with +the two rocky crags, had, as we could see, a strip of bare land along +the shore on the northwest side. Was it there, perhaps, the +Ross’s gulls congregated and had their breeding-grounds? The +island to our south also looked large; it appeared to be entirely +covered by a glacier.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5018src" href= +"#xd20e5018" name="xd20e5018src">6</a> Between the islands, and as far +as we could perceive southeast and east, the sea was covered by +perfectly flat fjord-ice, but no land was to be discerned in that +direction. There were no icebergs here, though we saw some later in the +day on the south side of the island lying to the south of us.</p> +<p>“The glacier covering the little island on which we stood +joined the fjord-ice almost imperceptibly; only a few small fissures +along the shore indicated where it probably began. There could not be +any great rise and fall in the ice here, consequent on the tide, as the +fissures would then, as a matter of course, have been considerably +larger. This seemed remarkable, as the tidal current ran swift as a +river here. On the west side of the island there lay in front of the +glacier a rampart of ice and snow, which was probably formed of pieces +of glacier-ice and sea-ice welded together. It had the same character +as the massive shore-ice which we had seen previously running along the +land. This rampart went <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb345" href= +"#pb345" name="pb345">345</a>]</span>over imperceptibly with an even +slope into the glacier within it.</p> +<p>“About three in the afternoon we finally set off in open water +and sailed till eight or so in the evening; the water was then closed, +and we were compelled to haul the fleet over flat ice to open water on +the other side. But here, too, our progress seemed blocked, and as the +current was against us we pitched the tent.”</p> +<p>On August 10th we were “compelled partly to haul our sledges +over the ice, partly to row in open water in a southwesterly direction. +When we reached navigable waters again, we passed a flock of walruses +lying on a floe. It was a pleasure to see so much food collected at one +spot, but we did not take any notice of them, as, for the time being, +we have meat and blubber enough. After dinner we managed, in the mist, +to wander down a long bay into the shore-ice, where there was no +outlet; we had to turn back, and this delayed us considerably. We now +kept a more westerly course, following the often massive and uneven +edge of the ice; but the current was dead against us, and, in addition, +young ice had been forming all day as we rowed along; the weather had +been cold and still, with falling snow, and this began to be so thick +that we could not make way against it any longer. We therefore went +ashore on the ice, and hauled until ten in the evening.</p> +<p>“Bear-tracks, old and new, in all directions—both the +single ones of old bachelors and those of she-bears with <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb346" href="#pb346" name= +"pb346">346</a>]</span>cubs. It looks as if they had had a general +rendezvous, or as if a flock of them had roamed backward and forward. I +have never seen so many bear-tracks in one place in my life.</p> +<p>“We have certainly done 14 or 25 miles to-day; but still I +think our progress is too slow if we are to reach Spitzbergen this +year, and I am always wondering if we ought not to cut the ends off our +sledges, so that each can paddle his own kayak. This young ice, +however, which grows steadily worse, and the eleven degrees below +freezing we now have, make me hold my hand. Perhaps winter is upon us, +and then the sledges may be very necessary.</p> +<p>“It is a curious sensation to paddle in the mist, as we are +doing, without being able to see a mile in front of us. The land we +found we have left behind us. We are always in hopes of clear weather, +in order to see where the land lies in front of us—for land there +must be. This flat, unbroken ice must be attached to land of some kind; +but clear weather we are not to have, it appears. Mist without ceasing; +we must push on as it is.”</p> +<p>After having hauled some distance farther over the ice we came to +open water again the following day (August 11th) and paddled for four +or five hours. While I was on a hummock inspecting the waters ahead, a +huge monster of a walrus came up quite near us. It lay puffing and +glaring at us on the surface of the water, but we took no notice of it, +got into our kayaks, and went <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb347" +href="#pb347" name="pb347">347</a>]</span>on. Suddenly it came up again +by the side of us, raised itself high out of the water, snorted so that +the air shook, and threatened to thrust its tusks into our frail craft. +We seized our guns, but at the same moment it disappeared, and came up +immediately afterwards on the other side, by Johansen’s kayak, +where it repeated the same manœuvre. I said to him that if the +animal showed signs of attacking us we must spend a cartridge on it. It +came up several times and disappeared again; we could see it down in +the water, passing rapidly on its side under our vessels, and, afraid +lest it should make a hole in the bottom with its tusks, we thrust our +paddles down into the water and frightened it away; but suddenly it +came up again right by Johansen’s kayak, and more savage than +ever. He sent it a charge straight in the eyes, it uttered a terrific +bellow, rolled over, and disappeared, leaving a trail of blood on the +water behind it. We paddled on as hard as we could, knowing that the +shot might have dangerous consequences, but we were relieved when we +heard the walrus come up far behind us at the place where it had +disappeared.</p> +<p>We had paddled quietly on, and had long forgotten all about the +walrus, when I suddenly saw Johansen jump into the air and felt his +kayak receive a violent shock. I had no idea what it was, and looked +round to see if some block of floating ice had capsized and struck the +bottom of his kayak; but suddenly I saw another walrus rise up in the +water beside us. I seized my gun, and as the <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb348" href="#pb348" name= +"pb348">348</a>]</span>animal would not turn its head so that I could +aim at a spot behind the ear, where it is more easily wounded, I was +constrained to put a ball in the middle of its forehead; there was no +time to be lost. Happily this was enough, and it lay there dead and +floating on the water. With great difficulty we managed to make a hole +in the thick skin, and after cutting ourselves some strips of blubber +and meat from the back we went on our way again.</p> +<p>At seven in the evening the tidal current turned and the channel +closed. There was no more water to be found. Instead of taking to +hauling over the ice, we determined to wait for the opening of the +channel when the tide should turn next day, and meanwhile to cut off +the ends of our sledges, as I had so long been thinking of doing, and +make ourselves some good double paddles, so that we could put on +greater pace, and, in our single kayaks, make the most of the channel +during the time it was open. While we were occupied in doing this the +mist cleared off at last, and there lay land stretched out in front of +us, extending a long way south and west from S.E. right up to N.N.W. It +appeared to be a chain of islands with sounds between them. They were +chiefly covered with glaciers, only here and there were perpendicular +black mountain-walls to be seen. It was a sight to make one rejoice to +see so much land at one time. But where were we? This seemed a more +difficult question to answer than ever. Could we, after all, have +arrived <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb349" href="#pb349" name= +"pb349">349</a>]</span>at the east side of Franz Josef Land? It seemed +very reasonable to suppose this to be the case. But then we must be +very far east, and must expect a long voyage before we could reach Cape +Fligely, on Crown Prince Rudolf Land. Meanwhile we worked hard to get +the sledges ready; but as the mist gradually lifted and it became +clearer and clearer, we could not help continually leaving them, to +climb up on to the hummock beside us to look at the country, and +speculate on this insoluble problem. We did not get to bed till seven +in the morning of August 12th.</p> +<p>“Tuesday, August 13th. After having slept a few hours, we +turned out of the bag again, for the current had turned, and there was +a wide channel. In our single kayaks, we made good headway, but after +going about five miles the channel closed, and we had to clamber on to +the ice. We thought it advisable to wait until the tidal current +turned, and see if there were not a channel running farther. If not, we +must lash proper grips of wood to our curtailed sledges, and commence +hauling towards a sound running through the land, which I see about +W.N.W. (true), and which, according to Payer’s chart, I take to +be Rawlinson’s Sound.”</p> +<p>But the crack did not open, and when it came to the point we had to +continue on our way hauling.</p> +<p>“Wednesday, August 14th. We dragged our sledges and loads over +a number of floes and ferried across lanes, <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb350" href="#pb350" name= +"pb350">350</a>]</span>arriving finally at a lane which ran westward, +in which we could paddle; but it soon packed together again, and we +were stopped. The ivory-gulls are very bold, and last night stole a +piece of blubber lying close by the tent wall.”</p> +<p>The following day we had to make our way as well as we could by +paddling short distances in the lanes or hauling our loads over floes +smaller or larger, as the case might be. The current, which was running +like a mill-race, ground them together in its career. Our progress with +our short, stumpy sledges was nothing very great, and of water suitable +for paddling in we found less and less. We stopped several times and +waited for the ice to open at the turn of the tide, but it did not do +so, and on the morning of August 15th we gave it up, turned inward, and +took to the shore-ice for good. We set our course westward towards the +sound we had seen for several days now, and had struggled so to reach. +The surface of the ice was tolerably even and we got over the ground +well. On the way we passed a frozen-in iceberg, which was the highest +we saw in these parts—some 50 to 60 feet, I should say.<a class= +"noteref" id="xd20e5061src" href="#xd20e5061" name="xd20e5061src">7</a> +I wished to go up it to get a better view <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb353" href="#pb353" name="pb353">353</a>]</span>of our environment, +but it was too steep, and we did not get higher than a third part up +the side.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e5067width" id="p351"><img src="images/p351.jpg" +alt="Iceberg on the North Side of Franz Josef Land" width="720" height= +"494"> +<p class="figureHead">Iceberg on the North Side of Franz Josef Land</p> +</div> +<p>“In the evening we at last reached the islands we had been +steering for for the last few days, and for the first time for two +years had bare land under foot. The delight of the feeling of being +able to jump from block to block of granite<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5073src" href="#xd20e5073" name="xd20e5073src">8</a> is +indescribable, and the delight was not lessened when in a little +sheltered corner among the stones we found moss and flowers, beautiful +poppies (<i>Papaver nudicaule</i>) <i>Saxifraga nivalis</i>, and a +<i>Stellaria</i> (<i>sp.?</i>). It goes without saying that the +Norwegian flag had to wave over this our first bare land, and a banquet +was prepared. Our petroleum, meanwhile, had given out several days +previously, and we had to contrive another lamp in which train-oil +could be used. The smoking hot lobscouse, made of pemmican and the last +of our potatoes, was delicious, and we sat inside the tent and kicked +the bare grit under us to our heart’s content.</p> +<p>“Where we are is becoming more and more incomprehensible. +There appears to be a broad sound west of us, but what is it? The +island<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5090src" href="#xd20e5090" name= +"xd20e5090src">9</a> we are now on, and where we have slept splendidly +(this is written on the morning of August 16th) on dry land, with no +melting of the ice in puddles underneath us, is a long moraine-like +ridge running about north and south (magnetic), <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb354" href="#pb354" name="pb354">354</a>]</span>and +consists almost exclusively of small and large—generally very +large—blocks of stone, with, I should say, occasional stationary +crags. The blocks are in a measure rounded off, but I have found no +striation on them. The whole island barely rises above the snow-field +in which it lies, and which slopes in a gradual decline down to the +surrounding ice. On our west there is a bare island, somewhat higher, +which we have seen for several days. Along the shore there is a decided +strand-line (terrace). North of us are two small islets and a small +rock or skerry.</p> +<p>“As I mentioned before (August 13th) I had at first supposed +the sound on our west to be Rawlinson’s Sound, but this now +appeared impossible, as there was nothing to be seen of Dove Glacier, +by which it is bounded on one side. If this was now our position, we +must have traversed the glacier and Wilczek Land without noticing any +trace of either; for we had travelled westward a good half degree south +of Cape Buda-Pesth. The possibility that we could be in this region we +consequently now held to be finally excluded. We must have come to a +new land in the western part of Franz Josef Land or Archipelago, and so +far west that we had seen nothing of the countries discovered by Payer. +But so far west that we had not even seen anything of Oscar’s +Land, which ought to be situated in 82° N. and 52° E.? This was +indeed incomprehensible; but was there any other explanation? +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb355" href="#pb355" name= +"pb355">355</a>]</span></p> +<p>“Saturday, August 17th. Yesterday was a good day. We are in +open water on the west coast of Franz Josef Land, as far as I can make +out, and may again hope to get home this year. About noon yesterday we +walked across the ice from our moraine-islet to the higher island west +of us. As I was ready before Johansen, I went on first to examine the +island a little. As he was following me he caught sight of a bear on +the level ice to leeward. It came jogging up against the wind straight +towards him. He had his gun ready, but when a little nearer the bear +stopped, reconsidered the situation, suddenly turned tail, and was soon +out of sight.</p> +<p>“This island<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5102src" href= +"#xd20e5102" name="xd20e5102src">10</a> we came to seemed to me to be +one of the most lovely spots on the face of the earth. A beautiful flat +beach, an old strand-line with shells strewn about, a narrow belt of +clear water along the shore, where snails and sea-urchins +(<i>Echinus</i>) were visible at the bottom and amphipoda were swimming +about. In the cliffs overhead were hundreds of screaming little auks, +and beside us the snow-buntings fluttered from stone to stone with +their cheerful twitter. Suddenly the sun burst forth through the light +fleecy clouds, and the day seemed to be all sunshine. Here were life +and bare land; we were no longer on the eternal drift-ice! At the +bottom of the sea just beyond the beach I could see whole forests of +seaweed (<i>Laminaria</i> and <i>Fucus</i>). Under the cliffs +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb356" href="#pb356" name= +"pb356">356</a>]</span>here and there were drifts of beautiful +rose-colored snow.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5117src" href= +"#xd20e5117" name="xd20e5117src">11</a></p> +<p>“On the north side of the island we found the breeding-place +of numbers of black-backed gulls; they were sitting with their young in +ledges of the cliffs. Of course we had to climb up and secure a +photograph of this unusual scene of family life, and as we stood there +high up on the cliff’s side we could see the drift-ice whence we +had come. It lay beneath us like a white plain, and disappeared far +away on the horizon. Beyond this it was we had journeyed, and farther +away still the <i>Fram</i> and our comrades were drifting yet.</p> +<p>“I had thought of going to the top of this island to get a +better view, and perhaps come nearer solving the problem of our +whereabouts. But when we were on the west side of it the mist came back +and settled on the top; we had to content ourselves with only going a +little way up the slope to look at our future course westward. Some way +out we saw open water; it looked like the sea itself, but before one +could get to it there was a good deal of ice. We came down again and +started off. Along the land there was a channel running some distance +farther, and we tried it, but it was covered everywhere with a thin +layer of new ice, which we did not dare <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb357" href="#pb357" name="pb357">357</a>]</span>to break through in +our kayaks, and risk cutting a hole in them; so, finally, a little way +farther south we put in to drag up the kayaks and take to the ice +again. While we were doing this one huge bearded seal after another +stuck its head up by the side of the ice and gazed wonderingly at us +with its great eyes; then, with a violent header, and splashing the +water in all directions, it would disappear, to come up again soon +afterwards on the other side. They kept playing around us, blowing, +diving, reappearing, and throwing themselves over so that the water +foamed round them. It would have been easy enough to capture one had we +required it.</p> +<p>“At last, after a good deal of exertion, we stood at the +margin of the ice; the blue expanse of water lay before us as far as +the eye could reach, and we thought that for the future we had to do +with it alone. To the north<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5134src" href= +"#xd20e5134" name="xd20e5134src">12</a> there was land, the steep, +black, basalt cliffs of which fell perpendicularly into the sea. We saw +headland after headland standing out northward, and farthest off of all +we could descry a bluish glacier. The interior was everywhere covered +with an ice-sheet. Below the clouds, and over the land, was a strip of +ruddy night sky, which was reflected in the melancholy, rocking +sea.</p> +<p>“So we paddled on along the side of the glacier which covered +the whole country south of us. We became more and more excited as we +approached the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb358" href="#pb358" name= +"pb358">358</a>]</span>headland to the west. Would the coast trend +south here, and was there no more land westward? It was this we +expected to decide our fate—decide whether we should reach home +that year or be compelled to winter somewhere on land. Nearer and +nearer we came to it along the edge of the perpendicular wall of ice. +At last we reached the headland, and our hearts bounded with joy to see +so much water—only water—westward, and the coast trending +southwest. We also saw a bare mountain projecting from the ice-sheet a +little way farther on; it was a curious high ridge, as sharp as a +knife-blade. It was as steep and sharp as anything I have seen; it was +all of dark, columnar basalt, and so jagged and peaked that it looked +like a comb. In the middle of the mountain there was a gap or couloir, +and there we crept up to inspect the sea-way southward. The wall of +rock was anything but broad there, and fell away on the south side in a +perpendicular drop of several hundred feet. A cutting wind was blowing +in the couloir. While we were lying there, I suddenly heard a noise +behind me, and on looking around I saw two foxes fighting over a little +auk which they had just caught. They clawed and tugged and bit as hard +as they could on the very edge of the chasm; then they suddenly caught +sight of us, not twenty feet away from them. They stopped fighting, +looked up wonderingly, and began to run around and peep at us, first +from one side, then from the other. Over us myriads of little auks flew +backward and forward, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb359" href= +"#pb359" name="pb359">359</a>]</span>screaming shrilly from the ledges +in the mountain-side. So far as we could make out, there appeared to be +open sea along the land to the westward. The wind was favorable, and +although we were tired we decided to take advantage of the opportunity, +have something to eat, rig <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb360" href= +"#pb360" name="pb360">360</a>]</span>up mast and sail on our canoes, +and get afloat. We sailed till the morning, when the wind went down, +and then we landed on the shore-ice again and camped.<a class="noteref" +id="xd20e5146src" href="#xd20e5146" name="xd20e5146src">13</a></p> +<div class="figure xd20e5150width" id="p359"><img src="images/p359.jpg" +alt="A Paddle along the Edge of the Ice" width="601" height="688"> +<p class="figureHead">A Paddle along the Edge of the Ice</p> +</div> +<p>“I am as happy as a child in the thought that we are now at +last really on the west coast of Franz Josef Land, with open water +before us, and independent of ice and currents.</p> +<p>“Wednesday, August 24th. The vicissitudes of this life will +never come to an end. When I wrote last I was full of hope and courage; +and here we are stopped by stress of weather for four days and three +nights, with the ice packed as tight as it can be against the coast. We +see nothing but piled-up ridges, hummocks, and broken ice in all +directions. Courage is still here, but hope—the hope of soon +being home—that was relinquished a long time ago, and before us +lies the certainty of a long, dark winter in these surroundings.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e5159width" id="p361"><img src="images/p361.jpg" +alt="Glacier—Franz Josef Land" width="720" height="465"> +<p class="figureHead">Glacier—Franz Josef Land</p> +</div> +<p>“It was at midnight between the 17th and 18th that we set off +from our last camping-ground in splendid weather. Though it was cloudy +and the sun invisible, there was along the horizon in the north the +most glorious ruddy glow with golden sun-tipped clouds, and the sea lay +shining and dreamy in the distance: a marvellous night.... On the +surface of the sea, smooth as a mirror, without a block of ice as far +as the eye could reach, glided the kayaks, the water purling off the +paddles at every <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb363" href="#pb363" +name="pb363">363</a>]</span>silent stroke. It was like being in a +gondola on the <span lang="it">Canale Grande</span>. But there was +something almost uncanny about all this stillness, and the barometer +had gone down rapidly. Meanwhile, we sped towards the headland in the +south-southwest, which I thought was about 12 miles off.<a class= +"noteref" id="xd20e5170src" href="#xd20e5170" name= +"xd20e5170src">14</a> After some hours we espied ice ahead, but both of +us thought that it was only a loose chain of pieces drifting with the +current, and we paddled confidently on. But as we gradually drew nearer +we saw that the ice was fairly compact, and extended a greater and +greater distance; though from the low kayaks it was not easy to see the +exact extent of the pack. We accordingly disembarked and climbed up on +a hummock to find out our best route. The sight which met us was +anything but encouraging. Off the headland we were steering for were a +number of islets and rocks, extending some distance out to sea; it was +they that were locking the ice, which lay in every direction, between +them and outside them. Near us it was slack, but farther off it looked +much worse, so that further advance by sea was altogether out of the +question. Our only expedient was to take to the edge of the shore-ice, +and hope for the chance that a lane might run along it some way farther +on. On the way in we passed a seal lying on a floe, and as our larder +was beginning to grow empty, I tried to get a shot at it, but it dived +into the water before we came within range. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb364" href="#pb364" name="pb364">364</a>]</span></p> +<p>“As we were paddling along through some small bits of ice my +kayak suddenly received a violent shock from underneath. I looked round +in amazement, as I had not noticed any large piece of ice hereabouts. +There was nothing of the kind to be seen either, but worse enemies were +about. No sooner had I glanced down than I saw a huge walrus cleaving +through the water astern, and it suddenly came up, raised itself and +stood on end just before Johansen, who was following in my wake. Afraid +lest the animal should have its tusks through the deck of his craft the +next minute, he backed as hard as he could and felt for his gun, which +he had down in the kayak. I was not long either in pulling my gun out +of its cover. The animal crashed snorting into the water again, +however, dived under Johansen’s kayak, and came up just behind +him. Johansen, thinking he had had enough of such a neighbor, scrambled +incontinently on to the floe nearest him. After having waited awhile, +with my gun ready for the walrus to come up close by me, I followed his +example. I very nearly came in for the cold bath which the walrus had +omitted to give me, for the edge of the ice gave way just as I set my +foot on it, and the kayak drifted off with me standing upright in it, +and trying to balance it as best I could, in order not to capsize. If +the walrus had reappeared at that moment I should certainly have +received it in its own element. Finally, I succeeded in getting up on +to the ice, and for a long time afterwards the walrus swam round and +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb365" href="#pb365" name= +"pb365">365</a>]</span>round our floe, where we made the best of the +situation by having dinner. Sometimes it was near Johansen’s +kayak, sometimes near mine. We could see how it darted about in the +water under the kayaks, and it had evidently the greatest desire to +attack us again. We thought of giving it a ball to get rid of it, but +had no great wish to part with a cartridge, and, besides, it only +showed us its nose and forehead, which are not exactly the most vital +spots to aim at, when one’s object is to kill with one shot. It +was a great ox-walrus. There is something remarkably fantastic and +prehistoric about these monsters. I could not help thinking of a +merman, or something of the kind, as it lay there just under the +surface of the water, blowing and snorting for quite a long while at a +time, and glaring at us with its round glassy eyes. After having +continued in this way for some time, it disappeared just as tracklessly +as it had come; and as we had finished our dinner we were able to go on +our way again, glad, a second time, not to have been upset or destroyed +by its tusks. The most curious thing about it was that it came so +entirely without warning—suddenly rising up from the deep. +Johansen had certainly heard a great splash behind him some time +before, which he took to be a seal, but perhaps it may have been the +walrus.</p> +<p>“The lane along the shore-ice gave us little satisfaction, as +it was completely covered with young ice and we could make no way. In +addition to this, a wind from the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb366" +href="#pb366" name="pb366">366</a>]</span>S.S.W. sprang up, which drove +the ice on to us, so there was nothing for it but to put in to the edge +of the ice and wait until it should slacken again. We spread out the +bag, folded the tent over us, and prepared for rest in the hope of soon +being able to go on. But this was not to be; the wind freshened, the +ice packed tighter and tighter, there was soon no open water to be seen +in any direction, and even the open sea, whence we had come, +disappeared; all our hopes of getting home that year sank at one blow. +After a while we realized that there was nothing to be done but to drag +our loads farther in on to the shore-ice and camp. To try and haul the +canoes farther over this pack, which was worse than any ice we had come +across since we began our voyage, we thought was useless. We should get +very little distance in the day, and it might cost us dear with the +kayaks on the short sledges, among all these ridges and hummocks; and +so we lay there day and night waiting for the wind to go down or to +change. But it blew from the same quarter the whole time, and matters +were not improved by a heavy fall of snow which made the ice absolutely +impracticable.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e5183width" id="p367"><img src="images/p367.jpg" +alt="A Camp on the Coast of Franz Josef Land" width="720" height="517"> +<p class="figureHead">A Camp on the Coast of Franz Josef Land</p> +</div> +<p>“Our situation was not an attractive one; in front of us +massive broken sea-ice close by land, and the gods alone know if it +will open again this year; a good way behind us land<a class="noteref" +id="xd20e5189src" href="#xd20e5189" name="xd20e5189src">15</a> which +looked anything but inviting to spend <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb369" href="#pb369" name="pb369">369</a>]</span>the winter on; around +us impassable ice, and our provender very much on the decline. The +south coast of the country and Eira Harbor now appeared to our +imagination a veritable land of Canaan, and we thought that if only we +were there all our troubles would be over. We hoped to be able to find +Leigh Smith’s hut there, or, at any rate, some remains of it, so +that we should have something to live in; and we also hoped that where +there no doubt was much open water it would be easy to find game. We +regretted not having shot some seals while they were numerous; on the +night when we left our last camping-place there were plenty of them +about. As Johansen was standing on the edge of the ice doing something +to his kayak, a seal came up just in front of him. He thought it was of +a kind he had not seen before, and shouted to me. But at the same +moment up came one black poll after another quiet and silent, from ten +to twenty in number, all gazing at him with their great eyes. He was +quite nonplussed, thought there was something uncanny about it, and +then they disappeared just as noiselessly as they had come.</p> +<p>“I consoled him by telling him they really were of a kind we +had not seen before on our journey; they were young harp, or saddleback +seal (<i>Phoca <span class="corr" id="xd20e5198" title= +"Source: groenlandica">grœnlandica</span></i>). We saw several +schools of them again later in the day.</p> +<p>“Meanwhile we killed time as best we could—chiefly by +sleeping. On the early morning of the 21st, just as I <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb370" href="#pb370" name="pb370">370</a>]</span>lay +thinking what would become of us if the ice should not slacken and we +had no opportunity of adding to our larder—the chances, I +thought, did not seem very promising—I heard something pawing and +moving outside. It might, as usual, be the packing of the ice, but +still I thought it was more like something on four legs. I jumped up, +saying to Johansen that it must be a bear, and then I suddenly heard it +sniffing by the tent wall. I peeped out through some holes in one side +of it and saw nothing; then I went across to a big hole on the other +side of the tent, and there I saw an enormous bear just outside. It +caught sight of me, too, at the same moment and slunk away, but then +stopped again and looked at the tent. I snatched my gun down from the +tent-pole, stuck it through the hole, and sent the bear a ball in the +middle of the chest. It fell forward; but raised itself again and +struggled off, so I had to give it the contents of the other barrel in +the side. It still staggered on, but fell down between some hummocks a +little way off. An unusually large he-bear, and for the time all our +troubles for food were ended. The wind, however, continued steadily +from the same quarter. As there was not much shelter where we were +encamped, and, furthermore, as we were uncomfortably near the ridge +where the ice was continually packing, we removed and took up our abode +farther in on the shore-ice, where we are still lying. Last night there +was a bear about again, but not quite so near the tent. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb371" href="#pb371" name="pb371">371</a>]</span></p> +<p>“We went on an excursion inland<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5209src" href="#xd20e5209" name="xd20e5209src">16</a> yesterday +to see what our prospects might be if we should be forced to spend a +winter here. I had hoped to find flatter ice farther in, but instead it +grew worse and worse the nearer we went to land, and right in by the +headland it was towering up, and almost impassable. The ice was piled +against the very wall of the glacier. We went up on the glacier and +looked at the sound to the north of the headland. A little way in the +ice appeared to be flatter, more like fjord-ice, but nowhere could we +see lanes where there might be a chance of capturing seal. There was no +place for a hut either about here; while, on the other hand, we found +on the south side of the headland quite a smiling spot where the ground +was fairly level, and where there was some herbage, and an abundance of +moss and stones for building purposes. But outside it, again, the ice +towered up on the shore in chaotic confusion on all sides. It was a +little more level in the direction of the fjord or sound which ran far +inland to the south, and there it soon turned to flat fjord-ice; but +there were no lanes there either where we could hope to capture seal. +There did not seem much prospect of game, but we comforted ourselves +with the reflection that there were tracks of bears in every direction, +and bears would, in case of necessity, be our one resource for both +food and clothes. In the cliffs above us crowds of little <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb372" href="#pb372" name="pb372">372</a>]</span>auks +had their nests, as on all such places that we have passed by. We also +saw a fox. The rock formation was a coarse-grained basalt; but by the +side of the glacier we discovered a mound of loose, half-crumbled +argillaceous schist, in which, however, we did not find any fossils. +Some blocks which we thought very much like granite were also strewn +about.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5214src" href="#xd20e5214" name= +"xd20e5214src">17</a> Everywhere along the beach the glaciers were +covered with red snow, which had a very beautiful effect in the +sunshine.</p> +<p>“We were both agreed that it might be possible to winter here, +but hoped it was the first and last time we should set foot on the +spot. The way to it, too, was so bad that we hardly knew how we should +get the sledges and kayaks there.</p> +<p>“To-day, at last, the change we have longed and waited for so +long has come. Last night the southwest wind quieted down; the +barometer, which I have been tapping daily in vain, has at last begun +to rise a little, and the wind has gone round to the opposite quarter. +The question now is whether, if it keep there, it will be able to drive +the ice out again.”</p> +<p>Here comes a great gap in my diary, and not till far on in the +winter (Friday, December 6th) do I write: “I must at last try and +patch the hole in my diary. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb373" href= +"#pb373" name="pb373">373</a>]</span>There has been so much to see +about that I have got no writing done; that excuse, however, is no +longer available, as we sleep nearly the whole twenty-four +hours.”</p> +<p>After having written my journal for August 24th I went out to look +for a better and more sheltered place, as the wind had changed, and now +blew straight into the tent. I hoped, too, that this land-wind might +open up the ice, and I therefore first set off to see whether any sign +of slackening was to be discovered at the edge of the shore-ice; but +the floes lay packed together as solidly as ever. I found, however, a +capital place for pitching the tent, and we were busy moving thither +when we suddenly discovered that the ice had split off to the landward, +and already there was a broad channel. We certainly wanted the ice to +open up, but not on our landward side; and now it was a question of +getting across on to the shore-ice again at any price, so as not to +drift out to sea with the pack. But the wind had risen to a stiff +breeze, and it seemed more than doubtful whether we could manage to +pull up against it, even for so short a distance as across the channel. +This was rapidly growing broader and broader. We had, however, to make +an attempt, and, therefore, set off along the edge towards a spot +farther east, which we thought would give us a little more shelter for +launching our kayaks. On arriving, however, we found that it would be +no easy matter to launch them here either without getting them filled +with water. It blew so that <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb374" href= +"#pb374" name="pb374">374</a>]</span>the spoondrift was driven over the +sea, and the spray was dashed far in over the ice. There was little +else to be done but to pitch our tent and wait for better times. We +were now more than ever in need of shelter to keep the tent from being +torn by the wind, but, search and tramp up and down as we might, we +could find no permanent resting-place, and at last had to content +ourselves with the scant shelter of a little elevation which we thought +would do. We had not lain long before the gusts of wind made such +onslaughts on the tent that we found it advisable to take it down, to +avoid having it torn to pieces. We could now sleep securely in our bags +beneath the prostrate tent, and let the wind rage above us. After a +time I awoke, and noticed that the wind had subsided so much that we +could once more raise our tent, and I crept out to look at the weather. +I was less pleasantly surprised on discovering that we were already far +out to sea; we must have drifted eight or ten miles from land, and +between it and us lay open sea. The land now lay quite low, far off on +the horizon. In the meantime, however, the weather had considerably +improved, and we once more set out along the edge of the ice to try to +get our kayaks launched. But it was no easy matter. It was still +blowing hard, and the sea ran high. In addition to this, there were a +number of loose floes beyond, and these were in constant motion, so +that we had to be on the alert to prevent the kayaks from being crushed +between them. After <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb377" href="#pb377" +name="pb377">377</a>]</span>some futile attempts we at length got +afloat, but only to discover that the wind and the waves were too +strong; we should scarcely be able to make any progress against them. +Our only resource, therefore, was to sail, if this were practicable. We +went alongside an ice promontory, lashed the kayaks together, raised +the mast, and again put to sea. We soon had our single sail hoisted, +and to our unspeakable satisfaction we now found that we got along +capitally. At last we should be able to bid farewell to the ice, where +we had been compelled to abandon our hope of reaching home that year. +We now continued sailing hour after hour, and made good progress; but +then the wind dropped too much for our single sail, and I ventured to +set the whole double sail. Hardly had we done so, when the wind again +sprang up, and we dashed foaming through the water. This soon, however, +became a little too much; the sea washed over the lee kayak, the mast +bent dangerously, and the situation did not look very pleasant; there +was nothing for it but to lower the sail again as quickly as possible. +The single sail was again hoisted, and we were cured for some time of +wishing to try anything more.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e5232width" id="p375"><img src="images/p375.jpg" +alt="Crack in the Ice" width="720" height="431"> +<p class="figureHead">Crack in the Ice</p> +</div> +<p>We sailed steadily and well the whole day, and now at last had to +pass the difficult cape; but it was evening before we left it behind, +and now the wind dropped so much that the whole double sail had to be +hoisted again, and even then progress was slow. We kept on, however, +during the night, along the shore, determined to <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb378" href="#pb378" name="pb378">378</a>]</span>make +as much use of the wind as possible. We passed a low promontory covered +by a gently sloping glacier;<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5240src" href= +"#xd20e5240" name="xd20e5240src">18</a> around it lay a number of +islands, which must, we thought, have held the ice fast. A little +farther on we came under some high basaltic cliffs, and here the wind +dropped completely. As it was also hazy, and we <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb379" href="#pb379" name= +"pb379">379</a>]</span>could discern land and islands both to right and +left of us, so that we did not know in what direction to steer, we put +in here, drew the kayaks up on shore, pitched the tent, and cooked +ourselves a good meal of warm food, which we relished greatly, from the +consciousness of having done a good day’s work. Above our heads, +all up the face of the cliff, the little auks kept up a continual +hubbub, faithfully supported by the ivory-gulls, kittiwakes, +burgomasters, and skuas. We slept none the worse for that, however. +This was a beautiful mountain. It consisted of the finest columnar +basalt one could wish to see, with its buttresses and niches up the +face of the cliff, and its countless points and spires along every +crest, reminding one of Milan Cathedral. From top to bottom it was only +column upon column; at the base they were all lost in the talus.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e5246width" id="p378"><img src="images/p378.jpg" +alt="“Sailing along the Coast”" width="592" height="508"> +<p class="figureHead">“Sailing along the Coast”</p> +</div> +<p>When we turned out the following morning, the weather had so far +cleared that we could better see the way we ought to take. It appeared +as if a deep fjord or sound ran in eastward in front of us; and our way +distinctly lay round a promontory which we had to the S.S.W. on the +other side of the fjord. In that direction the water appeared to be +open, while within the fjord lay solid ice, and out to sea drift-ice +lay everywhere. Through the misty atmosphere we could also distinguish +several islands.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5252src" href="#xd20e5252" +name="xd20e5252src">19</a> Here, too, as <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb380" href="#pb380" name="pb380">380</a>]</span>we usually found in +the morning, a great quantity of ice had drifted in in the course of +the night—great, flat, and thin floes, which had settled +themselves in front of us—and it looked as if we should have hard +work to get out into open water. Things went a little better than we +expected, however, and we got through before it closed in entirely. In +front of us now lay open water right past the promontory far ahead; the +weather was good, and everything seemed to promise a successful day. As +it began to blow a little from the fjord, and we hoped it might become +a sailing-wind, we put in beside a little rocky island, which looked +just like a great stone<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5262src" href= +"#xd20e5262" name="xd20e5262src">20</a> sticking up out of the sea, and +there rigged up mast and sail. But the sailing-wind came to nothing, +and we were soon obliged to unrig and take to paddling. We had not +paddled far when the wind went round to the opposite quarter, the +southwest. It increased rapidly, and soon the sea ran high, the sky +became overcast in the south, and it looked as if the weather might +become stormy. We were still several miles from the land on the other +side of the fjord, and we might have many hours of hard paddling before +we gained it. This land, too, looked far from inviting, as it lay +there, entirely <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb383" href="#pb383" +name="pb383">383</a>]</span>covered with glacier from the summit right +to the shore; only in one place did a little rock emerge. To leeward we +had the margin of the shore-ice, low, and affording no protection. The +waves broke right upon it, and it would not be a good place to seek +refuge in, should such a proceeding become necessary; it would be best +to get in under land and see how the weather would turn out. We did not +like the prospect of once more being enclosed in the drift-ice; we had +had enough of that by this time, so we made for some land which lay a +little way behind us, and looked very inviting. Should matters turn out +badly, a good place for wintering in might be found there.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e5268width" id="p381"><img src="images/p381.jpg" +alt="A Fight against the Storm to Reach Land. August 29, 1895" width= +"720" height="410"> +<p class="figureHead">A Fight against the Storm to Reach Land. August +29, 1895</p> +<p class="firstpar">(<i>By Otto Sinding</i>)</p> +</div> +<p>Scarcely had I set foot on land when I saw a bear a little way up +the shore and drew up our kayaks to go and shoot it. In the meantime it +came shambling along the shore towards us, so we lay down quietly +behind the kayaks and waited. When close up to us it caught sight of +our footprints in the snow, and while it was sniffing at them Johansen +sent a bullet behind its shoulder. The bear roared and tried to run, +but the bullet had gone through the spine, and the hind part of its +body was paralyzed and refused to perform its functions. In perplexity +the bear sat down, and bit and tore its hind-paws until the blood +flowed; it was as if it were chastising them to make them do their +duty. Then it tried again to move away, but with the same result; the +hind part of its body was no longer amenable to discipline, +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb384" href="#pb384" name= +"pb384">384</a>]</span>and dragged behind, so that it could only +shuffle along on its fore-legs, going round in a ring. A ball through +the skull put an end to its sufferings.</p> +<p>When we had skinned it we made an excursion inland to inspect our +new domain, and were now not a little surprised to see two walruses +lying quietly on the ice close to the spot where I had first caught +sight of the bear. This seemed to me to show how little heed walruses +pay to bears, who will never attack them if they can help it. I had +more decisive proofs of this subsequently. In the sea beyond we also +saw a walrus, which kept putting up its head and breathing so hard that +it could be heard a long way off. A little later I saw him approach the +edge of the ice and disappear, only to appear again in the tidal +channel close to the shore, a good way from the edge of the ice. He +struck his great tusks into the edge of the ice, while he lay breathing +hard, just like an exhausted swimmer. Then he raised himself high up on +his tusks, and looked across the ice towards the others lying there, +and then dived down again. He soon reappeared, with a great deal of +noise, farther in, and the same performance was gone through again. A +walrus’s head is not a beautiful object as it appears above the +ice. With its huge tusks, its coarse whisker bristles, and clumsy +shape, there is something wild and goblin-like about it which, I can +easily understand, might inspire fear in more superstitious times, and +give rise to the idea of fabulous monsters, <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb385" href="#pb385" name="pb385">385</a>]</span>with +which in ancient days these seas were thought to swarm. At last the +walrus came up in the hole beside which the others were lying, and +raised himself a little way up on to the edge of the ice by his tusks; +but upon this the bigger of the two, a huge old bull, suddenly awoke to +life. He grunted menacingly, and moved about restlessly. The new-comer +bowed his head respectfully down to the ice, but soon pulled himself +cautiously up on to the floe, so as to get a hold with his fore-paddle, +and then drew himself a little way in. Now the old bull was thoroughly +roused. He turned round, bellowed, and floundered up to the new-comer +in order to dig his enormous tusks into his back. The latter, who +appeared to be the old bull’s equal both as regards tusks and +size, bowed humbly, and laid his head down upon the ice just like a +slave before his sultan. The old bull returned to his companion, and +lay quietly down as before, but no sooner did the new-comer stir, after +having lain for some time in this servile posture, than the old bull +grunted and thrust at him, and he once more respectfully drew back. +This was repeated several times. At length, after much manœuvring +backward and forward, the new-comer succeeded in drawing himself on to +the floe, and finally up beside the others. I thought the tender +passion must have something to do with these proceedings; but I +discovered afterwards that all three were males. And it is in this +friendly manner that walruses receive their guests. It appears +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb386" href="#pb386" name= +"pb386">386</a>]</span>to be a specially chosen member of the flock +that has these hospitable duties to perform. I am inclined to think it +is the leader, who is asserting his dignity, and wishes to impress upon +every new-comer that he is to be obeyed. These animals must be +exceedingly sociable, when, in spite of such treatment, they thus +constantly seek one another’s society, and always lie close +together. When we returned a little later to look at them another had +arrived, and by the following morning six lay there side by side. It is +not easy to believe that these lumps lying on the ice are living +animals. With head drawn in and hind-legs flat beneath the body, they +will lie motionless hour after hour, looking like enormous sausages. It +is easy to see that these fellows lie there in security, and fearful of +nothing in the world.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e5289width" id="p387"><img src="images/p387.jpg" +alt="Walruses" width="720" height="408"> +<p class="figureHead">Walruses</p> +</div> +<p>After having seen as much as we wanted of the walruses at close +quarters, we went back, prepared a good meal from the newly slaughtered +bear, and lay down to sleep. On the shore below the tent, the +ivory-gulls were making a fearful hubbub. They had gathered in scores +from all quarters, and could not agree as to the fair division of the +bear’s entrails; they fought incessantly, filling the air with +their angry cries. It is one of nature’s unaccountable freaks to +have made this bird so pretty, while giving it such an ugly voice. At a +little distance the burgomasters sat solemnly looking on and uttering +their somewhat more melodious notes. Out in the sea <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb389" href="#pb389" name="pb389">389</a>]</span>the +walruses were blowing and bellowing incessantly, but everything passed +unheeded by the two weary warriors in the tent; they slept soundly, +with the bare ground for their couch. In the middle of the night we +were awakened, however, by a peculiar sound; it was just like some one +whimpering and crying, and making great ado. I started up, and looked +out of the peep-hole. Two bears were standing down beside our +bear’s flesh, a she-bear and her young one, and both sniffing at +the bloody marks in the snow, while the she-bear wailed as if mourning +for a dear departed one. I lost no time in seizing my gun, and was just +putting it cautiously out, when the she-bear caught sight of me at the +peep-hole, and off they both set, the mother in front, and the young +one trotting after as fast as it could. I just let them run—we +had really no use for them—and then we turned over and went to +sleep again.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e5298width"><img src="images/p390.jpg" alt= +"We Build Our First Hut" width="599" height="389"> +<p class="figureHead">We Build Our First Hut</p> +</div> +<p>Nothing came of the storm we had feared. The wind blew hard enough, +however, to rend and tear our now well-worn tent, and there was no +shelter where we lay. We hoped to go on on the following day, but +found, to our disappointment, that the way was blocked; the wind had +again driven the ice in. We must remain for the present where we were; +but in that case we would make ourselves as comfortable as possible. +The first thing to be done was to seek for a warm, well-sheltered place +for the tent, but this was not to be <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb390" href="#pb390" name="pb390">390</a>]</span>found. There was +nothing for it but to get something built up of stone. We quarried +stone in the débris at the bottom of the cliff, and got together +as much as we could. The only quarrying implement we had was a runner +that had been cut off a hand-sledge; but our two hands were what we had +to use most. We worked away during the night. What we had at first only +intended to be a shelter from the wind grew, little by little, into +four walls; and we now kept at it until we had finished a small hut. It +was nothing very wonderful, Heaven knows, not long enough for a man of +my height to lie straight inside—I had to stick my feet out at +the door—and just broad enough to admit of our lying side by side +and leave room for the cooking apparatus. It <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb391" href="#pb391" name="pb391">391</a>]</span>was +worse, however, with regard to the height. There was room to lie down, +but to sit up decently straight was an impossibility for me. The roof +was made of our thin and fragile silk tent, spread over snow-shoes and +bamboo rods. We closed the doorway with our coats, and the walls were +so loosely put together that we could see daylight between the stones +on all sides. We afterwards called it the den, and a dreadful den it +was, too; but we were none the less proud of our handiwork. It would +not blow down at any rate, even though the wind did blow right through +it. When we had got our bearskin in as a couch and lay warm and +comfortable in our bag, while a good potful of meat bubbled over the +train-oil lamp, we thought existence a pleasure; and the fact of there +being so much smoke that our eyes became red and the tears streamed +down our cheeks could not destroy our feeling of content.</p> +<p>As progress southward was blocked also on the following day (August +28th), and as autumn was now drawing on, I at last resolved on +remaining here for the winter. I thought that we still had more than +138 miles to travel in order to reach Eira Harbor or Leigh +Smith’s wintering-place.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5310src" +href="#xd20e5310" name="xd20e5310src">21</a> It might take us a long +time to get there, and then we were not sure of finding any hut; and +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb392" href="#pb392" name= +"pb392">392</a>]</span>when we did get there, it would be more than +doubtful if, before the winter set in, there would be time to build a +house and also gather stores for the winter. It was undoubtedly the +safest plan to begin at once to prepare for wintering while there was +still plenty of game to be had; and this was a good spot to winter in. +The first thing I should like to have done was to have shot the +walruses that had been lying on the ice during the first day or two; +but now, of course, they were gone. The sea, however, was swarming with +them; they bellowed and blew night and day, and, in order to be ready +for an encounter with them, we emptied our kayaks to make them more +easy of manipulation in this somewhat dangerous chase. While thus +engaged, Johansen caught sight of two bears—a she-bear and her +cub—coming along the edge of the ice from the south. We lost no +time in getting our guns and setting off towards them. By the time they +reached the shore they were within range, and Johansen sent a bullet +through the mother’s chest. She roared, bit at the wound, +staggered a few steps, and fell. The young one could not make out what +was the matter with its mother, and ran round, sniffing at her. When we +approached, it went off a little way up the slope, but soon came back +again and took up a position over its mother, as if to defend her +against us. A charge of small shot put an end to its life.</p> +<p>This was a good beginning to our winter store. As <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb393" href="#pb393" name="pb393">393</a>]</span>I +was returning to the hut to fetch the seal-knives, I heard cries in the +air above me. There were actually two geese flying south! With what +longing I looked after them as they disappeared, only wishing that I +could have followed them to the land towards which they were now +wending their flight!</p> +<p>Next to food and fuel the most important thing was to get a hut +built. To build the walls of this was not difficult; there was plenty +of stone and moss. The roof presented greater difficulty, and we had as +yet no idea what to make it of. Fortunately, I found a sound driftwood +pine-log thrown up on to the shore not far from our den; this would +make a capital ridge-piece for the roof of our future house. And if +there was one, there might be others. One of our first acts, therefore, +was to make an excursion up along the shore and search; but all we +found was one short, rotten piece of wood, which was good for nothing, +and some chips of another piece. I then began to think of using +walrus-hides for the roof instead.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e5322width" id="p397"><img src="images/p397.jpg" +alt="Walruses" width="720" height="454"> +<p class="figureHead">Walruses</p> +</div> +<p>The following day (August 29th) we prepared to try our luck at +walrus-hunting. We had no great desire to attack the animals in single +kayaks; we had had enough of that, I thought, and the prospect of being +upset or of having a tusk driven through the bottom of the kayak or +into one’s thigh was not altogether alluring. The kayaks were +therefore lashed together, and, seated upon the ring, we put out +towards the big bull which <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb394" href= +"#pb394" name="pb394">394</a>]</span>lay and dived just outside. We +were well equipped with guns and harpoons, and thought that it was all +quite simple. Nor was it difficult to get within range, and we emptied +our barrels into the animal’s head. It lay stunned for a moment, +and we rowed towards it, but suddenly it began to splash and whirl +round in the water, completely beside itself. I shouted out that we +must back, but it was too late: the walrus got under the kayaks, and we +received several blows underneath, in the violence of its contortions, +before it finally dived. It soon came up again, and now the sound of +its breathing resounded on all sides, while blood streamed from its +mouth and nostrils, and dyed the surrounding water. We lost no time in +rowing up to it and pouring a fresh volley into its head. Again it +dived, and we cautiously drew back, to avoid receiving an attack from +below. It soon appeared again, and we once more rowed up to it. These +manœuvres were repeated, and each time it came to the surface it +received at least one bullet in the head, and grew more and more +exhausted; but, as it always faced us, it was difficult to give it a +mortal wound behind the ear. The blood, however, now flowed in streams. +During one of these manœuvres I was in the act of placing my gun +hurriedly in its case on the deck, in order to row nearer, forgetting +that it was cocked, when all at once it went off. I was rather alarmed, +thinking the ball had gone through the bottom of the kayak, and I began +feeling my legs. They were uninjured, however, <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb395" href="#pb395" name="pb395">395</a>]</span>and +as I did not hear the water rushing in either I was reassured. The ball +had passed through the deck and out through the side a little above the +water-line. We had now had enough of this sport, however; the walrus +only lay gasping for breath, and just as we rowed towards it it turned +its head a little, and received two bullets just behind the ear. It lay +still, and we rowed up to throw our harpoon; but before we got near +enough it sank and disappeared. It was a melancholy ending to the +affair. In all, nine cartridges had been expended to no purpose, and we +silently rowed to shore, not a little crestfallen. We tried no more +walrus-hunting from kayaks that day; but we now saw that a walrus had +come up on to the shore-ice a little way off. Perhaps we were to +receive compensation there for the one we had just lost. It was not +long before another came up beside the first. After having taken an +observation and given them time to compose themselves, we set off. +Having bellowed and made a horrible noise out there for some time, they +now lay asleep and unsuspecting, and we stole cautiously up to them, I +in front and Johansen close at my heels. I first went up to the head of +the nearer one, which was lying with its back to us. As it had drawn +its head well down, and it was difficult to get a shot at a vulnerable +point, I passed behind it, and up to the head of the other one. The +animals still lay motionless, asleep in the sun. The second was in a +better position <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb396" href="#pb396" +name="pb396">396</a>]</span>for a shot, and, when I saw Johansen +standing ready at the head of the first, I fired at the back of the +neck. The animal turned over a little, and lay there dead. At the +report the first started up, but at the same moment received +Johansen’s bullet. Half stunned, it turned its gigantic body +round towards us; in a moment I had discharged the ball from my +smooth-bore at it, but, like Johansen, I hit too far forward in the +head. The blood streamed from its nostrils and mouth, and it breathed +and coughed till the air vibrated. Supporting itself upon its enormous +tusks, it now lay still, coughing blood like a consumptive person, and +quite indifferent to us. In spite of its huge body and shapeless +appearance, which called up to the imagination bogy, giant, and kraken, +and other evil things, there was something so gently supplicating and +helpless in its round eyes as it lay there that its goblin exterior and +one’s own need were forgotten in pity for it. It almost seemed +like murder. I put an end to its sufferings by a bullet behind the ear, +but those eyes haunt me yet; it seemed as if in them lay the prayer for +existence of the whole helpless walrus race. But it is lost; it has man +as its pursuer. It cannot, however, be denied that we rejoiced at the +thought of all the meat and blubber we had now brought down in one +encounter; it made up for the cartridges expended upon the one that had +sunk. But we had not got them on land yet, and it would be a long piece +of work to get them skinned and cut up and brought home. The first +thing we did was <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb399" href="#pb399" +name="pb399">399</a>]</span>to go after sledges and knives. As there +was a possibility, too, of the ice breaking off and being set adrift, I +also thought it wise to take the kayaks on the sledges at the same +time, for it had begun to blow a little from the fjord. But for this +fortunate precaution it is not easy to say what would have become of +us. While we were engaged in skinning, the wind rose rapidly, and soon +became a storm. To landward of us was the narrow channel or lane beside +which the walruses had been lying. I feared that the ice might open +here, and we drift away. While we worked I therefore kept an eye on it +to see if it grew broader. It remained unchanged, and we went on +skinning as fast as we could. When the first walrus was half skinned, I +happened to look landward across the ice, and discovered that it had +broken off a good way from us, and that the part on which we stood had +already been drifting for some time; there was black water between us +and the shore-ice, and the wind was blowing so that the spray flew from +the foaming waves. There was no time to be lost; it was more than +doubtful whether we should be able to paddle any great distance against +that wind and sea, but as yet the ice did not appear to have drifted a +greater distance from the land than we could cross, if we made haste. +We could not bring ourselves to give up entirely the huge animals we +had brought down, and we hurriedly cut off as much flesh as we could +get at and flung it into the kayaks. We then cut off about a +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb400" href="#pb400" name= +"pb400">400</a>]</span>quarter of the skin, with the blubber on it, and +threw it on the top, and then set off for the shore. We had scarcely +abandoned our booty before the gulls bore down in scores upon the +half-skinned carcass. Happy creatures! Wind and waves and drifting were +nothing to them; they screamed and made a hubbub and thought what a +feast they were having. As long as we could see the carcasses as they +drifted out to sea, we saw the birds continually gathering in larger +and larger flocks about them like clouds of snow. In the meantime we +were doing our utmost to gain the ice, but it had developed cracks and +channels in every direction. We managed to get some distance in the +kayaks; but while I was crossing a wide channel on some loose floes I +alighted on such poor ice that it sank under my weight, and I had to +jump back quickly to escape a bath. We tried in several places, but +everywhere it sank beneath us and our sledges, and there was nothing +for it but to take to the water, keeping along the lee-side of the ice. +But we had not rowed far before we perceived that it was of no use to +have our kayaks lashed together in such a wind; we had to row singly, +and sacrifice the walrus hide and blubber, which it then became +impossible to take with us. At present it was lying across the stern of +both kayaks. While we were busy effecting these changes we were +surrounded, before we were aware of it, by ice, and had to pull the +kayaks up hastily to save them from being crushed. We now tried to get +out at several places, but <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb401" href= +"#pb401" name="pb401">401</a>]</span>the ice was in constant motion; it +ground round as in a whirlpool. If a channel opened, we had no sooner +launched our kayaks than it once more closed violently, and we had to +snatch them up in the greatest haste. Several times they were within a +hair’s-breadth of being smashed. Meanwhile the storm was steadily +increasing, the spray dashed over us, and we drifted farther and +farther out to sea. The situation was not pleasant.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e5343width" id="plate13"><img src= +"images/plate13.jpg" alt="Plate XIII." width="472" height="720"> +<p class="figureHead">Plate XIII.</p> +<p class="firstpar"><span class="sc">Streamers of Aurora +Borealis</span>, 28th November 1893. Pastel Sketch.</p> +</div> +<p>At length, however, we got clear, and now discovered, to our joy, +that by exerting our utmost strength we could just force the kayaks on +against the wind. It was a hard pull, and our arms ached; but still we +crept slowly on towards land. The sea was choppy and bad, but our +kayaks were good sea-boats; and even mine, with the bullet-hole in it, +did so well that I kept to some extent dry. The wind came now and then +in such gusts that we felt as if it might lift us out of the water and +upset us; but gradually, as we drew nearer in under the high cliffs, it +became quieter, and at last, after a long time, we reached the shore, +and could take breath. We then rowed in smoother water along the shore +up to our camping-place. It was with genuine satisfaction that we +clambered on shore that night, and how unspeakably comfortable it was +to be lying again snugly within four walls in our little den, wet +though we were! A good potful of meat was prepared, and our appetite +was ravenous. It was, indeed, with sorrow that we thought of the lost +walruses now drifting <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb402" href= +"#pb402" name="pb402">402</a>]</span>out there in the storm; but we +were glad that we were not still in their company.</p> +<p>I had not slept long, when I was awakened by Johansen, who said +there was a bear outside. Even when only half awake, I heard a strange, +low grunting just outside the doorway. I started up, seized my gun, and +crept out. A she-bear with two large cubs was going up the shore; they +had just passed close by our door. I aimed at the she-bear, but, in my +haste, I missed her. She started and looked round; and as she turned +her broadside to me I sent a bullet through her chest. She gave a +fearful roar, and all three started off down the shore. There the +mother dropped in a pool on the ice, but the young ones ran on and +rushed into the sea, dashing up the foam as they went, and began to +swim out. I hastened down to the mother, who was striving and striving +to get out of the pool, but in vain. To save ourselves the labor of +dragging the heavy animal out, I waited until she had drawn herself up +on to the edge, and then put an end to her existence. Meanwhile the +young ones had reached a piece of ice. It was very close quarters for +two, and only just large enough to hold them; but there they sat, +balancing and dipping up and down in the waves. Every now and then one +of them fell off, but patiently clambered up again. They cried +plaintively and incessantly, and kept looking towards land, unable to +understand why their mother was so long in coming. The wind was still +high, and they drifted quickly out to sea before <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb403" href="#pb403" name="pb403">403</a>]</span>it +with the current. We thought they would at last swim to land to look +for their mother, and that we must wait; we therefore hid ourselves +among the stones, so that they should not be afraid of coming on our +account. We could still hear them complaining, but the sound became +more and more distant, and they grew smaller and smaller out there on +the blue waves, till at last it was all we could do to distinguish them +as two white dots far out upon the dark plain. We had long been tired +of this, and went to our kayaks. But here a sad sight met our eyes. All +the walrus flesh which we had brought home with so much trouble lay +scattered about on the shore, torn and mangled; and every bit of fat or +blubber to be found on it had been devoured. The bears must have been +rummaging finely here while we slept. One of the kayaks in which the +meat had been lying was thrown half into the water, the other high up +among the stones. The bears had been right into them and dragged out +the meat; but, fortunately, they were none the worse, so it was easy to +forgive the bears, and we benefited by the exchange of bear’s +flesh for walrus flesh.</p> +<p>We then launched the kayaks, and put off to chase the young ones to +land. As soon as ever they saw us on the water they became uneasy, and +while we were still some way off one of them took to the water. The +other hesitated for a while, as if afraid of the water, while the first +waited impatiently; but at last they both went in. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb404" href="#pb404" name="pb404">404</a>]</span>We +made a wide circuit round them, and began to drive them towards the +land, one of us on each side of them<span class="corr" id="xd20e5363" +title="Source: ,">.</span> It was easy to make them go in whatever +direction we wanted, and Johansen could not say enough in praise of +this simple method of getting bears from one place to another. We did +not need to row hard to keep up with them; we went slowly and easily, +but surely, towards land. We saw several walruses in the vicinity, but +fortunately escaped being attacked by any of them. From the very first +it was evident how much better the bear that first went into the water +swam, although it was the smaller and thinner. It waited, however, +patiently for the other, and kept it company; but at last the pace of +the latter became too slow for its companion, who struck out for the +shore, the distance between the two growing greater and greater. They +had kept incessantly turning their heads to look anxiously at us, and +now the one that was left behind looked round even more helplessly than +before. While I set off after the first bear, Johansen watched the +second, and we drove them ashore by our den, and shot them there.</p> +<p>We had thus taken three bears on that day, and this was a good +set-off against our walruses, which had drifted out to sea, and, what +was no less fortunate, we found the sunken walrus from the day before +floating just at the edge of the shore. We lost no time in towing it +into a place of safety in a creek and making it fast. It made a +difference to our winter store. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb405" +href="#pb405" name="pb405">405</a>]</span></p> +<p>It was late before we turned in that night after having skinned the +bears, laid them in a heap, and covered them with the skins to prevent +the gulls from getting at them. We slept well, for we had to make up +for two nights.</p> +<p>It was not until September 2d that we could set to work on the +skinning of our walrus, which still lay in the water. Close to our den +there was an opening in the strand-ice,<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5373src" href="#xd20e5373" name="xd20e5373src">22</a> connecting +the inner channel between the strand-ice and the land with the outer +sea. It was in this opening that we had made it fast, and we hoped to +be able to draw it on land here; the glacier-ice went with a gentle +incline right out into the water, so that it seemed to promise well. We +rounded off the edge of the ice, made a tackle by drawing the rope +through a loop we cut in the skin of the head, used our broken-off +runner of a sledge as a handspike at the end of the rope, and cut +notches in the ice up the beach as a fulcrum for the handspike. But +work and toil as we might, it was all we could do to get the huge head +up over the edge of the ice. In the midst of this Johansen cried, +“I say, look there!” I turned. A large walrus was swimming +straight up the channel towards us. It did not seem to be in any hurry, +but only opened wide its round eyes, and gazed in astonishment +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb406" href="#pb406" name= +"pb406">406</a>]</span>at us and at what we were doing. I suppose that, +seeing a comrade, it had come in to see what we were doing with him. +Quietly, slowly, and with dignity it came right up to the edge where we +stood. Fortunately we had our guns with us, and when I approached with +mine it only rose up in the water and gazed long and searchingly at me. +I waited patiently until it turned a little, and then sent a bullet +into the back of its head. It was stunned for a time, but soon began to +move, so that more shots were required. While Johansen ran for +cartridges and a harpoon I had to fight with it as I best could, and +try to prevent it, with a stick, from splashing out of the channel +again. At last Johansen returned, and I did for this walrus. We were +delighted over our good fortune; but what the walrus wanted in that +narrow channel we have always wondered. These animals must be +uncommonly curious. While we were skinning the bears two days before, a +walrus with its young one came close in to the edge of the ice and +gazed at us; it dived several times, but always returned, and at last +drew the whole of the forepart of its body up on to the ice in order to +see better. This it did several times, and my approaching to within a +few yards of it did not drive it away; it was only when I went up close +to it with my gun that it suddenly came to its senses and threw itself +backward into the water again, and we could see it far below moving off +with its young one by its side.</p> +<p>We now had two great walruses with enormous tusks <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb407" href="#pb407" name= +"pb407">407</a>]</span>floating in our channel. We tried once more to +drag one of them up, but the attempt was as unsuccessful as before. At +last we saw that our only course was to skin them in the water; but +this was neither an easy nor an agreeable task. When at last, late in +the evening, we had got one side of one animal skinned, it was +low-water; the walrus lay on the bottom, and there was no possibility +of turning it over, no matter how we toiled and pulled. We had to wait +for high tide the following day, in order to get at the other side.</p> +<p>While we were busy with the walruses that day we suddenly saw the +whole fjord white with white whales gambolling all round as far as the +eye could see. There was an incredible number of them. In the course of +an hour they had entirely disappeared. Where they came from and whither +they went I was not able to discover.</p> +<p>During the succeeding days we toiled at our task of skinning and +cutting up the walruses, and bringing all up into a safe place on the +beach. It was disgusting work, lying on the animals out in the water +and having to cut down as far as one could reach below the surface of +the water. We could put up with getting wet, for one gets dry in time; +but what was worse was that we could not avoid being saturated with +blubber and oil and blood from head to foot; and our poor clothes, that +we should have to live in for another year before we could change, +fared badly during those days. They so absorbed oil that it went right +through to the skin. This walrus business <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb408" href="#pb408" name="pb408">408</a>]</span>was unquestionably +the worst work of the whole expedition, and had it not been a sheer +necessity we should have let the animals lie where they were; but we +needed fuel for the winter, even if we could have done without the +meat. When at last the task was completed, and we had two great heaps +of blubber and meat on shore, well covered by the thick walrus hides, +we were not a little pleased.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e5389width" id="p409"><img src="images/p409.jpg" +alt="“In the Water Lay Walruses”" width="588" height="449"> +<p class="figureHead">“In the Water Lay Walruses”</p> +</div> +<p>During this time the gulls were living in luxury. There was +abundance of refuse, blubber, entrails, and other internal organs. They +gathered in large flocks from all quarters, both ivory and glaucus +gulls, and kept up a perpetual screaming and noise both night and day. +When they had eaten as much as they could manage they generally sat out +on the ice-hummocks and chattered together. When we came down to skin +they withdrew only a very little way from the carcasses, and sat +waiting patiently in long rows on the ice beside us, or, led on by a +few bold officers, drew continually nearer. No sooner did a little +scrap of blubber fall than two or three ivory-gulls would pounce upon +it, often at our very feet, and fight over it until the feathers flew. +Outside the fulmars were sailing in their silent, ghost-like flight to +and fro over the surface of the water. Up and down the edge of the +shore flocks of kittiwakes moved incessantly, darting like an arrow, +with a dull splash, towards the surface of the water, whenever a little +crustacean appeared there. We were particularly fond of these birds, +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb409" href="#pb409" name= +"pb409">409</a>]</span>for they kept exclusively to the marine animals +and left our blubber alone; and then they were so light and pretty. But +up and down along the shore the skua (<i>Stercorarius crepidatus</i>) +chased incessantly, and every now and again we were startled by a +pitiful cry of distress above our heads; it was a kittiwake pursued by +a skua. How often we followed with our eyes that wild chase up in the +air, until at last the kittiwake had to drop its booty, and down shot +the skua, catching it even before it touched the water! Happy creatures +that can move with such freedom up there! Out in the water lay +walruses, diving <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb410" href="#pb410" +name="pb410">410</a>]</span>and bellowing, often whole herds of them; +and high up in the air, to and fro, flew the little auks in swarms; you +could hear the whir of their wings far off. There were cries and life +on all sides. But soon the sun will sink, the sea will close in, the +birds will disappear one after another towards the south, the polar +night will begin, and there will be profound, unbroken silence.</p> +<p>It was with pleasure that we at last, on September 7th, set to work +to build our hut. We had selected a good site in the neighborhood, and +from this time forward we might have been seen daily going out in the +morning like other laborers, with a can of drinking-water in one hand +and a gun in the other. We quarried stones up among the débris +from the cliff, dragged them together, dug out the site, and built +walls as well as we could. We had no tools worth mentioning; those we +used most were our two hands. The cut-off sledge-runner again did duty +as a pick with which to loosen the fast-frozen stones, and when we +could not manage to dig up the earth on our site with our hands we used +a snow-shoe staff with an iron ferrule. We made a spade out of the +shoulder-blade of a walrus tied to a piece of a broken snow-shoe staff, +and a mattock out of a walrus tusk tied to the crosstree of a sledge. +They were poor things to work with, but we managed it with patience, +and little by little there arose solid walls of stone with moss and +earth between. The weather was growing gradually colder, and hindered +us not a little in our work. The soil we had to dig in hardened, and +the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb411" href="#pb411" name= +"pb411">411</a>]</span>stones that had to be quarried froze fast; and +there came snow too. But great was our surprise when we crept out of +our den on the morning of the 12th of September to find the most +delightful thaw, with 4° (C.) of heat (39.2° Fahr.). This was +almost the highest temperature we had experienced throughout the +expedition. On every side streams were tumbling in foaming falls down +from mountain and glacier, humming along merrily among the stones down +to the sea. Water trickled and tinkled everywhere; as if by a stroke of +magic, life had returned to frozen nature, and the hill looked green +all over. One could fancy one’s self far south, and forget that a +long, long winter was drawing near. The day after, everything was +changed again. The gentle gods of the south, who yesterday had put +forth their last energies, had once more fled; the cold had returned, +snow had fallen and covered every trace: it would not yield again. This +little strip of bare ground, too, was in the power of the genii of the +cold and darkness; they held sway now, right down to the sea. I stood +looking out over it. How desolate and forsaken this spell-bound nature +looked! My eye fell upon the ground at my feet. Down there among the +stones, the poppy still reared its beautiful blossoms above the snow; +the last rays of the departing sun would once more kiss its yellow +petals, and then it would creep beneath its covering to sleep through +the long winter, and awake again to new life in the spring. Ah to be +able to do the same! <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb412" href="#pb412" +name="pb412">412</a>]</span></p> +<p>After a week’s work the walls of our hut were finished. They +were not high, scarcely 3 feet above the ground; but we had dug down +the same distance into the ground, so we reckoned that it would be high +enough to stand up in. Now the thing was to get it roofed, but this was +not so easy. The only materials we had towards it were, as before +mentioned, the log we had found and the walrus hides. The log, which +was quite 12 inches across, Johansen at last, after a day’s work, +succeeded in cutting in two with our little axe, and with no less labor +we rolled it up over the talus and on to the level, and it was laid on +the roof as the ridgepiece. Then there were the hides; but they were +stiff and frozen fast to the meat and blubber heaps which they covered. +With much difficulty we at length loosened them by using wedges of +walrus tusks, stone, and wood. To transport these great skins over the +long distance to our hut was a no less difficult matter. However, by +rolling them, carrying them, and dragging them we accomplished this +too; but to get the frozen skins stretched over the hut was the worst +of all. We got on pretty well with three half-skins, just managing to +bend them a little; but the fourth half was frozen quite stiff, and we +had to find a hole in the ice, and sink it in the sea, to thaw it.</p> +<p>It was almost a cause for anxiety, I thought, that all this time we +saw nothing of any bears. They were what we had to live upon all +through the winter, and the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb413" href= +"#pb413" name="pb413">413</a>]</span>six we had would not go far. I +thought, however, that it might easily be accounted for, as the +fjord-ice, to which the bear prefers to keep, had taken its departure +on the day when we had nearly drifted out to sea with the walruses, and +I thought that, when the ice now formed again, bears would appear once +more. It was therefore a relief when one morning (September 23d) I +caught sight of a bear in front of me, just as I came round the +promontory to look at the skin that we had in soak in the sea. It was +standing on the shore close by the skin. It had not seen me, and I +quickly drew back to let Johansen, who was following with his gun, pass +me, while I ran back to fetch mine. When I returned, Johansen lay on +the same spot behind a stone, and had not fired. There were two bears, +one by the hut and one by the shore; and Johansen could not get up to +the one without being seen by the other. When I had gone after my gun +the bear had turned its steps towards the hut; but just as it reached +it Johansen suddenly saw two bear’s paws come quickly over the +edge of the wall and hit out at the first bear, and a head followed +immediately after. This fellow was busily gnawing at our roof hides, +which he had torn down and bent, so that we had to put them into the +sea too, to get them thawed. The first bear had to retreat to the shore +once more, where we afterwards discovered it had drawn up our hide and +had been scraping the fat off it. Under cover of some hummocks we now +ran towards it. It noticed us, and set off <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb414" href="#pb414" name= +"pb414">414</a>]</span>running, and I was only able to send a bullet +through its body from behind. Shouting out to Johansen that he must +look after the other bear, I set off running, and after a couple of +hours’ pursuit up the fjord I at last chased it up under the wall +of a glacier, where it prepared to defend itself. I went right up to +it, but it growled and hissed, and made one or two attacks on me from +the elevation on which it stood before I finally put an end to its +existence. When I got back Johansen was busy skinning the other bear. +It had been alarmed by us when we attacked the first, and had gone a +long way out over the ice; it had then returned to look for its +companion, and Johansen had shot it. Our winter store was +increasing.</p> +<p>The next day (September 24th), as we were setting out to work at our +hut, we saw a large herd of walruses lying out on the ice. We had both +had more than enough of these animals, and had very little inclination +for them. Johansen was of candid opinion that we had no need for them, +and could let them lie in peace; but I thought it was rather +improvident to have food and fuel lying at one’s very door and +make no use of them so we set off with our guns. To steal up to the +animals, under cover of some elevations on the ice, was a matter of +small difficulty, and we had soon come within 40 feet of them, and +could lie there quietly and watch them. The point was to choose +one’s victim, and make good use of one’s shot, so as not to +waste cartridges. There <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb415" href= +"#pb415" name="pb415">415</a>]</span>were both old and young animals, +and, having had more than enough of big ones, we decided to try for the +two smallest that we could see; we thought we had no need of more than +two. As we lay waiting for them to turn their heads and give us the +chance of a good shot, we had plenty of opportunity to watch them. They +are strange animals. They lay incessantly poking one another in the +back with their huge tusks, both the big old ones and the little young +ones. If one of them turned over a little, so as to come near and +disturb his neighbor, the latter immediately raised itself, grunting, +and dug its tusks into the back of the first. It was by no means a +gentle caress, and it is well for them that they have such a thick +hide; but, as it was, the blood ran down the backs of several of them. +The other would, perhaps, start up too, and return the little attention +in the same manner. But it was when another guest came up from the sea +that there was a stir in the camp; they all grunted in chorus, and one +of the old bulls that lay nearest to the new arrival gave him some +well-meant blows. The new-comer, however, drew himself cautiously up, +bowed respectfully, and little by little drew himself in among the +others, who also then gave him as many blows as time and circumstances +would permit, until they finally composed themselves again, and lay +quiet until another interruption came. We waited in vain for the +animals we had picked out to turn their heads enough to let us get a +good <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb416" href="#pb416" name= +"pb416">416</a>]</span>shot; but as they were comparatively small we +thought that a bullet in the middle of the forehead might be enough for +them, and at last we fired. They started up, however, and turned over, +half stunned, into the water. Then there was a commotion! The whole +herd quickly raised their ugly heads, glared at us, and one by one +plunged out over the edge of the ice. We had hastily loaded again, and +as it was not difficult now to get a good shot we fired, and there lay +two animals, one young and one old. Most of the others dived, only one +remaining quietly lying, and looking wonderingly, now at its two dead +companions, and now at us as we came up to it. We did not quite know +what to do; we thought that the two that were now lying there would +give us more than enough to do, but nevertheless it was tempting to +take this great monster as well, while we were about it. While Johansen +was standing with his gun, considering whether he should fire or not, I +took the opportunity of photographing both him and the walrus. It +ended, however, in our letting it go unharmed; we did not think we +could afford to sacrifice more cartridges upon it. Meantime the water +beyond was seething with furious animals, as they broke up the ice +round about and filled the air with their roaring. The big bull himself +seemed especially anxious to get at us; he kept returning to the edge +of the ice, getting half up on to it to grunt and bellow at us and look +long at his dead comrades, whom he <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb417" +href="#pb417" name="pb417">417</a>]</span>evidently wished to take with +him. But we would not waste more cartridges upon them, and he threw +himself back, only to return again immediately. Gradually the whole +herd departed, and we could hear the big bull’s grunting becoming +more and more distant; but suddenly his huge head appeared again at the +edge of the ice, close to us, as he challenged us with a roar, and then +disappeared again as quickly as he had come. This was repeated three or +four times after our having in the intervals heard him far out; but at +last he disappeared entirely, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb418" +href="#pb418" name="pb418">418</a>]</span>and we continued our work of +skinning in peace. We very quickly skinned the smaller of the walruses; +it was easy to manipulate compared to those we were accustomed to. The +other, however, was a great fellow that could not be easily turned over +in the hollow in the snow where he lay; so we contented ourselves with +skinning one side from head to tail, and then went home again with our +blubber and skins. We now thought we should have blubber enough for +winter fuel, and had also abundance of skins for covering the roof of +our hut.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e5427width" id="p417"><img src="images/p417.jpg" +alt="“I Photographed Him and the Walrus”" width="589" +height="487"> +<p class="figureHead">“I Photographed Him and the +Walrus”</p> +</div> +<p>The walruses still kept near us for some time. Every now and then we +would hear some violent blows on the ice from beneath, two or three in +succession, and then a great head would burst up with a crash through +the ice. It would remain there for a time panting and puffing so that +it would be heard a long way off, and then vanish again. On September +25th, while we were pulling our roof hides out of the water at a hole +near the shore, we heard the same crashing in the ice a little farther +out, and a walrus came up and then dived again. “Look there! It +won’t be long before we have him in this hole.” The words +were scarcely spoken, when our hide in the water was pushed aside and a +huge head, with bristles and two long tusks, popped up in front of us. +It gazed fixedly and wickedly at us standing there, then there was a +tremendous splash and it was gone.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e5434width" id="p419"><img src="images/p419.jpg" +alt="“It Gazed Wickedly at Us”" width="521" height="508"> +<p class="figureHead">“It Gazed Wickedly at Us”</p> +</div> +<p>Our hides were now so far softened in the sea that we could stretch +them over the roof. They were so long <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb419" href="#pb419" name="pb419">419</a>]</span>that they reached +from one side of the hut right over the ridge-piece down to the other +side, and we stretched them by hanging large stones at both ends, +attached by strips of hide, thus weighing them down over the edges of +the wall, and we then piled stones upon them. By the aid of stones, +moss, strips of hide, and snow to cover everything, we made the edges +of the walls to some extent close-fitting. To make the hut habitable we +still had to construct benches of stone to lie upon inside it, and also +a door. This consisted of an opening in one <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb420" href="#pb420" name= +"pb420">420</a>]</span>corner of the wall, which led into a short +passage dug out in the ground and subsequently roofed over with blocks +of ice, on very much the same principle as the passage to an +Eskimo’s house. We had not dug this passage so long as we wished +before the ground was frozen too hard for our implements. It was so low +that we had to creep through it in a squatting posture to get into the +hut. The inner opening was covered with a bearskin curtain, sewed +firmly to the walrus hide of the roof; the outer end was covered with a +loose bearskin laid over the opening. It began to grow cold now, as low +as -20° C. (4° below zero, Fahr.); and living in our low den, +where we had not room to move, became more and more intolerable. The +smoke, too, from the oil-lamp, when we did any cooking, always affected +our eyes. We grew daily more impatient to move into our new house, +which now appeared to us the acme of comfort. Our ever-recurring remark +while we were building was, how nice and snug it would be when we got +in, and we depicted to each other the many pleasant hours we should +spend there. We were, of course, anxious to discover all the bright +points that we could in our existence. The hut was certainly not large; +it was 10 feet long and 6 feet wide, and when you lay across it you +kicked the wall on one side and butted it on the other. You could move +in it a little, however, and even I could almost stand upright under +the roof. This was a thought which especially appealed to us. Fancy +having a place sheltered <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb421" href= +"#pb421" name="pb421">421</a>]</span>from the wind where you could +stretch your limbs a little! We had not had that since last March, on +board the <i>Fram</i>. It was long, however, before everything was in +order, and we would not move in until it was quite finished.</p> +<p>The day we had skinned our last walruses I had taken several tendons +from their backs, thinking they might be very useful when we made +ourselves clothes for the winter, for we were entirely without thread +for that purpose. Not until a few days afterwards (September 26th) did +I recollect that these tendons had been left on the ice beside the +carcasses. I went out there to look for them, but found, to my sorrow, +that gulls and foxes had long since made away with them. It was some +comfort, however, to find traces of a bear, which must have been at the +carcasses during the night, and as I looked about I caught sight of +Johansen running after me, making signs and pointing out towards the +sea. I turned that way, and there was a large bear, walking to and fro +and looking at us. We had soon fetched our guns, and while Johansen +remained near the land to receive the bear if it came that way, I made +a wide circuit round it on the ice to drive it landward, if it should +prove to be frightened. In the meantime, it had lain down out there +beside some holes, I suppose to watch for seals. I stole up to it; it +saw me and at first came nearer, but then thought better of it, and +moved away again, slowly and majestically, out over the new ice. I had +no great desire <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb422" href="#pb422" +name="pb422">422</a>]</span>to follow it in that direction, and though +the range was long I thought I must try it. First one shot; it passed +over. Then one more; that hit. The bear started, made several leaps, +and then in anger struck the ice until it broke, and the bear fell +through. There it lay, splashing and splashing and breaking the thin +ice with its weight as it tried to get out again. I was soon beside it, +but did not want to sacrifice another cartridge; I had faint hopes, +too, that it would manage to get out of the water by itself, and thus +save us the trouble of dragging such a heavy animal out. I called to +Johansen to come with a rope, sledges, and knives, and in the meantime +I walked up and down waiting and watching. The bear labored hard, and +made the opening in the ice larger and larger. It was wounded in one of +its fore-legs, so that it could use only the other, and the two +hind-legs. It kept on taking hold and pulling itself up. But no sooner +had it got half up than the ice gave way, and it sank down again. By +degrees its movements became more and more feeble, till at last it only +lay still and panted. Then came a few spasms, its legs stiffened, its +head sank down into the water, and all was still. While I was walking +up and down I several times heard walruses round about, as they butted +holes in the ice and put their heads through; and I was thinking to +myself that I should soon have them here too. At that moment the bear +received a violent blow from beneath, pushing it to <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb423" href="#pb423" name="pb423">423</a>]</span>one +side, and up came a huge head with great tusks; it snorted, looked +contemptuously at the bear, then gazed for a while wonderingly at me as +I stood on the ice, and finally disappeared again. This had the effect +of making me think the old solid ice a little farther in a pleasanter +place of sojourn than the new ice. My suspicion that the walrus +entertains no fear for the bear was more than ever strengthened. At +last Johansen came with a rope. We slipped a running noose round the +bear’s neck and tried to haul it out, but soon discovered that +this was beyond our power; all we did was to break the ice under the +animal, wherever we tried. It seemed hard to have to give it up; it was +a big bear and seemed to be unusually fat; but to continue in this way +until we had towed up to the edge of the thick ice would be a lengthy +proceeding. By cutting quite a narrow crack in the new ice, only wide +enough to draw the rope through, up to the edge of a large piece of ice +which was quite near, we got pretty well out of the difficulty. It was +now an easy matter to draw the bear thither under the ice, and after +breaking a sufficiently large hole we drew it out there. At last we had +got it skinned and cut up, and, heavily laden with our booty, we turned +our steps homeward late in the evening to our den. As we approached the +beach where our kayaks were lying upon one of our heaps of walrus +blubber and meat, Johansen suddenly whispered to me, “I say, look +there!” I <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb424" href="#pb424" +name="pb424">424</a>]</span>looked up, and there stood three bears on +the heaps, tearing at the blubber. They were a she-bear and two young +ones. “Oh dear!” said I; “shall we have to set to at +bears again?” I was tired, and, to tell the truth, had far more +desire for our sleeping-bag and a good potful of meat. In a trice we +had got our guns out, and were approaching cautiously; but they had +caught sight of us, and set off over the ice. It was with an undeniable +feeling of gratitude that we watched their retreating forms. A little +later, while I was standing cutting up the meat and Johansen had gone +to fetch water, I heard him whistle. I looked up, and he pointed out +over the ice. There in the dusk were the three bears coming +back—our blubber-heap had been too tempting for them. I crept +with my gun behind some stones close to the heap. The bears came +straight on, looking neither to right nor left, and as they passed me I +took as good an aim at the she-bear as the darkness would allow, and +fired. She roared, bit her side, and all three set off out over the +ice. There the mother fell, and the young ones stood astonished and +troubled beside her until we approached, when they fled, and it was +impossible to get within range of them. They kept at a respectful +distance, and watched us while we dragged the dead bear to land and +skinned it. When we went out next morning, they were standing sniffing +at the skin and meat; but before we could get within range they saw us, +and were off again. We now saw that they had been there all +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb425" href="#pb425" name= +"pb425">425</a>]</span>night, and had eaten up their own mother’s +stomach, which had contained some pieces of blubber. In the afternoon +they returned once more; and again we attempted, but in vain, to get a +shot at them. Next morning (Saturday, September 28th), when we crawled +out, we caught sight of a large bear lying asleep on our blubber-heap. +Johansen crept up close to it under cover of some stones. The bear +heard something moving, raised its head, and looked round. At the same +instant Johansen fired, and the bullet went right through the +bear’s throat, just below the cranium. It got slowly up, looked +contemptuously at Johansen, considered a little, and then walked +quietly away with long, measured steps, as if nothing had happened. It +soon had a couple of bullets from each of us in its body, and fell out +on the thin ice. It was so full of food that, as it lay there, blubber +and oil and water ran out of its mouth on to the ice, which began +gradually to sink under its weight, until it lay in a large pool, and +we hastily dragged it in to the shore, before the ice gave way beneath +it. It was one of the largest bears I have ever seen, but also one of +the leanest; for there was not a trace of fat upon it, neither +underneath the skin nor among the entrails. It must have been fasting +for a long time and been uncommonly hungry; for it had consumed an +incredible quantity of our blubber. And how it had pulled it about! +First it had thrown one kayak off, then it had scattered the blubber +about in all directions, scraping off <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb426" href="#pb426" name="pb426">426</a>]</span>the best of the fat +upon almost every single piece; then it had gathered the blubber +together again in another place, and then, happy with the happiness of +satiety, had lain down to sleep upon it, perhaps so as to have it handy +when it woke up again. Previous to attacking the blubber-heap it had +accomplished another piece of work, which we only discovered later on. +It had killed both the young bears that had been visiting us; we found +them not far off, with broken skulls and frozen stiff. We could see by +the footprints how it had run after them out over the new ice, first +one and then the other, and had dragged them on land, and laid them +down without touching them again. What pleasure it can have in doing +this I do not understand, but it must have regarded them as competitors +in the struggle for food. Or was it, perhaps, a cross old gentleman who +did not like young people? “It is so nice and quiet here +now,” said the ogre, when he had cleared the country.</p> +<p>Our winter store now began quite to inspire confidence.</p> +<p>At length, on the evening of that day, we moved into our new hut; +but our first night there was a cold one. Hitherto we had slept in one +bag all the time, and even the one we had made by sewing together our +two blankets had been fairly adequate. But now we thought it would not +be necessary to sleep in one bag any longer, as we should make the hut +so warm by burning train-oil <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb427" href= +"#pb427" name="pb427">427</a>]</span>lamps in it that we could very +well lie each in our own berth with a blanket over us, and so we had +unpicked the bag. Lamps were made by turning up the corners of some +sheets of German silver, filling them with crushed blubber, and laying +in this, by way of a wick, some pieces of stuff from the bandages in +the medicine-bag. They burned capitally, and gave such a good light, +too, that we thought it looked very snug; but it neither was nor ever +would be sufficient to warm our still rather permeable hut, and we lay +and shivered with cold all night. We almost thought it was the coldest +night we had had. Breakfast next morning tasted excellent, and the +quantity of bear-broth we consumed in order to put a little warmth into +our bodies is incredible. We at once decided to alter this by making +along the back wall of the hut a sleeping-shelf broad enough for us to +lie beside one another. The blankets were sewed together again, we +spread bearskins under us, and were as comfortable as we could be under +the circumstances; and we made no further attempt to part company at +night. It was impossible to make the substratum at all even, with the +rough, angular stones which, now that everything was frozen, were all +we had at our disposal, and therefore we lay tossing and twisting the +whole winter to find something like a comfortable place among all the +knobs. But it was hard, and remained so; and we always had some tender +spots on our body, and even sores on our hips, with lying. But, for all +that, we slept. In <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb428" href="#pb428" +name="pb428">428</a>]</span>one corner of the hut we made a little +hearth to boil and roast upon. In the roof above we cut a round hole in +the walrus hide, and made a smoke-board up to it of bearskin. We had +not used this hearth long before we saw the necessity of building a +chimney to prevent the wind from beating down, and so filling the hut +with smoke as to make it sometimes intolerable. The only materials we +had for building this were ice and snow; but with these we erected a +grand chimney on the roof, which served its purpose, and made a good +draught. It was not quite permanent, however; the hole in it constantly +widened with use, and it was not altogether guiltless of sometimes +dripping down on to the hearth; but there was abundance of this +building material, and it was not difficult to renew the chimney when +it was in need of repair. This had to be done two or three times during +the course of the winter. On more exposed spots we employed walrus +flesh, bone, and such-like materials to strengthen it.</p> +<p>Our cookery was as simple as possible. It consisted in boiling +bear’s flesh and soup (bouillon) in the morning and frying steak +in the evening. We consumed large quantities at every meal, and, +strange to say, we never grew tired of this food, but always ate it +with a ravenous appetite. We sometimes either ate blubber with it or +dipped the pieces of meat in a little oil. A long time might often pass +when we ate almost nothing but meat, and scarcely tasted fat; but when +one of us <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb429" href="#pb429" name= +"pb429">429</a>]</span>felt inclined for it again he would, perhaps, +fish up some pieces of burnt blubber out of the lamps, or eat what was +left of the blubber from which we had melted the lamp-oil. We called +these cakes, and thought them uncommonly nice, and we were always +talking of how delicious they would have been if we could have had a +little sugar on them.</p> +<p>We still had some of the provisions we had brought from the +<i>Fram</i>, but these we decided not to use during the winter. They +were placed in a depot to be kept until the spring, when we should move +on. The depot was well loaded with stones to prevent the foxes from +running away with the bags. They were impudent enough already, and took +all the movable property they could lay hold of. I discovered, for +instance, on October 10th, that they had gone off with a quantity of +odds and ends I had left in another depot during the erection of the +hut; they had taken everything that they could possibly carry with +them, such as pieces of bamboo, steel wire, harpoons and harpoon-lines, +my collection of stones, mosses, etc., which were stored in small +sail-cloth bags. Perhaps the worst of all was that they had gone off +with a large ball of twine, which had been our hope and comfort when +thinking of the time when we should want to make clothes, shoes, and +sleeping-bags of bearskin for the winter; for we had reckoned on making +thread out of the twine. It was fortunate that they had not gone off +with the theodolite and our other instruments which <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb430" href="#pb430" name= +"pb430">430</a>]</span>stood there; but these must have been too heavy +for them. I was angry when I made this discovery, and, what made it +more aggravating, it happened on my birthday. And matters did not +improve when, while hunting about in the twilight on the beach above +the place where the things had been lying, to see if I could at any +rate discover tracks to show which way those demons had taken them, I +met a fox that stopped at a distance of 20 feet from me, sat down, and +uttered some exasperating howls, so piercing and weird that I had to +stop my ears. It was evidently on its way to my things again, and was +now provoked at being disturbed. I got hold of some large stones and +flung them at it. It ran off a little way, but then seated itself upon +the edge of the glacier and howled on, while I went home to the hut in +a rage, lay down, and speculated as to what we should do to be revenged +on the obnoxious animals. We could not spare cartridges to shoot them +with, but we might make a trap of stones. This we determined to do, but +nothing ever came of it; there were always so many other things to +occupy us at first, while we still had the opportunity, before the snow +covered the talus, and while it was light enough to find suitable +stones. Meanwhile the foxes continued to annoy us. One day they had +taken our thermometer,<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5481src" href= +"#xd20e5481" name="xd20e5481src">23</a> which we always kept outside +the hut, and gone off with it. We searched for it <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb433" href="#pb433" name="pb433">433</a>]</span>in +vain for a long time, until at last we found it buried in a heap of +snow a little way off. From that time we were very careful to place a +stone over it at night, but one morning found that the foxes had turned +over the stone, and had gone off with the thermometer again. The only +thing we found this time was the case, which they had thrown away a +little way off. The thermometer itself we were never to see again; the +snow had unfortunately drifted in the night, so that the tracks had +disappeared. Goodness only knows what fox-hole it now adorns; but from +that day we learned a lesson, and henceforward fastened our last +thermometer securely.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e5487width" id="p431"><img src="images/p431.jpg" +alt="At Our Winter Quarters" width="720" height="545"> +<p class="figureHead">At Our Winter Quarters</p> +</div> +<p>Meanwhile time passed. The sun sank lower and lower, until on +October 15th we saw it for the last time above the ridge to the south; +the days grew rapidly darker, and then began our third polar night.</p> +<p>We shot two more bears in the autumn, one on the 8th and one on the +21st of October; but from that time we saw no more until the following +spring. When I awoke on the morning of October 8th I heard the +crunching of heavy steps in the snow outside, and then began a +rummaging about among our meat and blubber up on the roof. I could hear +it was a bear, and crept out with my gun; but when I came out of the +passage I could see nothing in the moonlight. The animal had noticed +me, and had already disappeared. We did not altogether regret this, as +we had no great desire to set to at the <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb434" href="#pb434" name="pb434">434</a>]</span>cold task of skinning +now, in a wind, and with 39° (70.2° Fahr.) of frost.</p> +<p>There was not much variety in our life. It consisted in cooking and +eating breakfast in the morning. Then, perhaps, came another nap, after +which we would go out to get a little exercise. Of this, however, we +took no more than was necessary, as our clothes, saturated as they were +with fat, and worn and torn in many places, were not exactly adapted +for remaining in the open air in winter. Our wind clothes, which we +should have had outside as a protection against the wind, were so worn +and torn that we could not use them; and we had so little thread to +patch them with that I did not think we ought to use any of it until +the spring, when we had to prepare for our start. I had counted on +being able to make ourselves clothes of bearskins, but it took time to +cleanse them from all blubber and fat, and it was even a slower +business getting them dried. The only way to do this was to spread them +out under the roof of the hut; but there was room for only one at a +time. When at last one was ready we had, first of all, to use it on our +bed, for we were lying on raw, greasy skins, which were gradually +rotting. When our bed had been put in order with dried skins we had to +think about making a sleeping-bag, as, after a time, the blanket-bag +that we had got rather cold to sleep in. About Christmas-time, +accordingly, we at last managed to make ourselves a bearskin bag. In +this way all the skins we could prepare were <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb435" href="#pb435" name="pb435">435</a>]</span>used +up, and we continued to wear the clothes we had throughout the +winter.</p> +<p>These walks, too, were a doubtful pleasure, because there is always +a wind there, and it blew hard under the steep cliff. We felt it a +wonderful relief when it occasionally happened to be almost calm. As a +rule, the wind howled above us and lashed the snow along, so that +everything was wrapped in mist. Many days would sometimes pass almost +without our putting our heads out of the passage, and it was only bare +necessity that drove us out to fetch ice for drinking-water, or a leg +or carcass of a bear for food, or some blubber for fuel. As a rule, we +also brought in some sea-water ice, or, if there were an opening or a +crack to be found, a little sea-water for our soup.</p> +<p>When we came in, and had mustered up appetite for another meal, we +had to prepare supper, eat till we were satisfied, and then get into +our bag and sleep as long as possible to pass the time. On the whole, +we had quite a comfortable time in our hut. By means of our train-oil +lamps we could keep the temperature in the middle of the room at about +freezing-point. Near the wall, however, it was considerably colder, and +there the damp deposited itself in the shape of beautiful hoar-frost +crystals, so that the stones were quite white; and in happy moments we +could dream that we dwelt in marble halls. This splendor, however, had +its disadvantages, for when the outside temperature rose, or when we +heated <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb436" href="#pb436" name= +"pb436">436</a>]</span>up the hut a little, rivulets ran down the wall +into our sleeping-bag. We took turns at being cook, and Tuesday, when +one ended his cooking-week and the other began, afforded on that +account the one variation in our lives, and formed a boundary-mark by +which we divided out our time. We always reckoned up how many +cooking-weeks we had before we should break up our camp in the spring. +I had hoped to get so much done this winter—work up my +observations and notes, and write some of the account of our journey; +but very little was done. It was not only the poor, flickering light of +the oil-lamp which hindered me, nor yet the uncomfortable +position—either lying on one’s back, or sitting up and +fidgeting about on the hard stones, while the part of the body thus +exposed to pressure ached; but altogether these surroundings did not +predispose one to work. The brain worked dully, and I never felt +inclined to write anything. Perhaps, too, this was owing to the +impossibility of keeping what you wrote upon clean; if you only took +hold of a piece of paper your fingers left a dark-brown, greasy mark, +and if a corner of your clothes brushed across it, a dark streak +appeared. Our journals of this period look dreadful. They are +“black books” in the literal sense of the term. Ah! how we +longed for the time when we should once more be able to write on clean +white paper and with black ink! I often had difficulty in reading the +pencil notes I had written the day before, and now, in <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb439" href="#pb439" name= +"pb439">439</a>]</span>writing this book, it is all I can do to find +out what was once written on these dirty, dark-brown pages. I expose +them to all possible lights, I examine them with a magnifying-glass; +but, notwithstanding, I often have to give it up.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e5510width" id="p437"><img src="images/p437.jpg" +alt="An Illegible Page from Diary" width="542" height="720"> +<p class="figureHead">An Illegible Page from Diary</p> +</div> +<p>The entries in my journal for this time are exceedingly meagre; +there are sometimes weeks when there is nothing but the most necessary +meteorological observations with remarks. The chief reason for this is +that our life was so monotonous that there was nothing to write about. +The same thoughts came and went day after day; there was no more +variety in them than in our conversation. The very emptiness of the +journal really gives the best representation of our life during the +nine months we lived there.</p> +<p>“Wednesday, November 27th. -23° C. (9.4° below zero, +Fahr.). It is windy weather, the snow whirling about your ears, +directly you put your head out of the passage. Everything is gray; the +black stones can be made out in the snow a little way up the beach, and +above you can just divine the presence of the dark cliff; but wherever +else the gaze is turned, out to sea or up the fjord, there is the same +leaden darkness; one is shut out from the wide world, shut into +one’s self. The wind comes in sharp gusts, driving the snow +before it; but up under the crest of the mountain it whistles and roars +in the crevices and holes of the basaltic walls—the same +never-ending song that it has sung through <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb440" href="#pb440" name="pb440">440</a>]</span>the +thousands of years that are past, and will go on singing through +thousands of years to come. And the snow whirls along in its age-old +dance; it spreads itself in all the crevices and hollows, but it does +not succeed in covering up the stones on the beach; black as ever, they +project into the night. On the open space in front of the hut two +figures are running up and down like shadows in the winter darkness to +keep themselves warm, and so they will run up and down on the path they +have trampled out, day after day, till the spring comes.</p> +<p>“Sunday, December 1st. Wonderfully beautiful weather for the +last few days; one can never weary of going up and down outside, while +the moon transforms the whole of this ice-world into a fairy-land. The +hut is still in shadow under the mountain which hangs above it, dark +and lowering; but the moonlight floats over ice and fjord, and is cast +back glittering from every snowy ridge and hill. A weird beauty, +without feeling, as though of a dead planet, built of shining white +marble. Just so must the mountains stand there, frozen and icy cold; +just so must the lakes lie congealed beneath their snowy covering; and +now as ever the moon sails silently and slowly on her endless course +through the lifeless space. And everything so still, so awfully still, +with the silence that shall one day reign when the earth again becomes +desolate and empty, when the fox will no more haunt these moraines, +when <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb441" href="#pb441" name= +"pb441">441</a>]</span>the bear will no longer wander about on the ice +out there, when even the wind will not rage—infinite silence! In +the flaming aurora borealis the spirit of space hovers over the frozen +waters. The soul bows down before the majesty of night and death.</p> +<p>“Monday, December 2d. Morning. To-day I can hear it blowing +again outside, and we shall have an unpleasant walk. It is bitterly +cold now in our worn, greasy clothes. It is not so bad when there is no +wind; but even if there is only a little it goes right through one. But +what does it matter? Will not the spring one day come here too? Yes; +and over us arches the same heaven now as always, high and calm as +ever; and as we walk up and down here shivering we gaze into the +boundless starry space, and all our privations and sorrows shrink into +nothingness. Starlit night, thou art sublimely beautiful! But dost thou +not lend our spirit too mighty wings, greater than we can control? +Couldst thou but solve the riddle of existence! We feel ourselves the +centre of the universe, and struggle for life, for +immortality—one seeking it here, another hereafter—while +thy silent splendor proclaims: At the command of the Eternal, you came +into existence on a paltry planet, as diminutive links in the endless +chain of transformations; at another command, you will be wiped out +again. Who then, through an eternity of eternities, will remember that +there once was an ephemeral being who could bind sound and light in +chains, and who was purblind enough <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb442" href="#pb442" name="pb442">442</a>]</span>to spend years of his +brief existence in drifting through frozen seas? Is, then, the whole +thing but the meteor of a moment? Will the whole history of the world +evaporate like a dark, gold-edged cloud in the glow of +evening—achieving nothing, leaving no trace, passing like a +caprice?</p> +<p>“Evening. That fox is playing us a great many tricks; whatever +he can move he goes off with. He has once gnawed off the band with +which the door-skin is fastened, and every now and then we hear him at +it again, and have to go out and knock on the roof of the passage. +To-day he went off with one of our sails, in which our salt-water ice +was lying. We were not a little alarmed when we went to fetch ice and +found sail and all gone. We had no doubt as to who had been there, but +we could not under any circumstances afford to lose our precious sail, +on which we depended for our voyage to Spitzbergen in the spring, and +we tramped about in the dark, up the beach, over the level, and down +towards the sea. We looked everywhere, but nothing was to be seen of +it. At last we had almost given it up when Johansen, in going on to the +ice to get more salt-water ice, found it at the edge of the shore. Our +joy was great; but it was wonderful that the fox had been able to drag +that great sail, full of ice too, so far. Down there, however, it had +come unfolded, and then he could do nothing with it. But what does he +want with things like this? Is it to lie upon in his winter den? One +would almost <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb443" href="#pb443" name= +"pb443">443</a>]</span>think so. I only wish I could come upon that +den, and find the thermometer again, and the ball of twine, and the +harpoon-line, and all the other precious things he has taken, the +brute!</p> +<p>“Thursday, December 5th. It seems as if it would never end. +But patience a little longer, and spring will come, the fairest spring +that earth can give us. There is furious weather outside, and snow, and +it is pleasant to lie here in our warm hut, eating steak, and listening +to the wind raging over us.</p> +<p>“Tuesday, December 10th. It has been a bad wind. Johansen +discovered to-day that his kayak had disappeared. After some search he +found it again several hundred feet off, up the beach; it was a good +deal knocked about, too. The wind must first have lifted it right over +my kayak, and then over one big stone after another. It begins to be +too much of a good thing when even the kayaks take to flying about in +the air. The atmosphere is dark out over the sea, so the wind has +probably broken up the ice, and driven it out, and there is open water +once more.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5537src" href="#xd20e5537" name= +"xd20e5537src">24</a></p> +<p>“Last night it all at once grew wonderfully calm, and the air +was surprisingly mild. It was delightful to be out, and it is long +since we have had such a long walk on our beat. It does one good to +stretch one’s legs now <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb444" href= +"#pb444" name="pb444">444</a>]</span>and then, otherwise I suppose we +should become quite stiff here in our winter lair. Fancy, only 12° +(21½° Fahr.) of frost in the middle of December! We might +almost imagine ourselves at home—forget that we were in a land of +snow to the north of the eighty-first parallel.</p> +<p>“Thursday, December 12th. Between six and nine this morning +there were a number of shooting-stars, most of them in Serpentarius. +Some came right from the Great Bear; afterwards they chiefly came from +the Bull, or Aldebaran, or the Pleiades. Several of them were very +bright, and some drew a streak of shining dust after them. Lovely +weather. But night and day are now equally dark. We walk up and down, +up and down, on the level, in the darkness. Heaven only knows how many +steps we shall take on that level before the winter ends. Through the +gloom we could see faintly only the black cliffs, and the rocky ridges, +and the great stones on the beach, which the wind always sweeps clean. +Above us the sky, clear and brilliant with stars, sheds its peace over +the earth; far in the west falls shower after shower of stars, some +faint, scarcely visible, others bright like Roman candles, all with a +message from distant worlds. Low in the south lies a bank of clouds, +now and again outlined by the gleam of the northern lights; but out +over the sea the sky is dark; there is open water there. It is quite +pleasant to look at it; one does not feel so shut in; it is like a +connecting link with life, that dark sea, the mighty artery of the +world, which carries tidings <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb445" href= +"#pb445" name="pb445">445</a>]</span>from land to land, from people to +people, on which civilization is borne victorious through the earth; +next summer it will carry us home.</p> +<p>“Thursday, December 19th. -28.5°(19.3° below zero, +Fahr.). It has turned cold again, and is bitter weather to be out in. +But what does it signify? We are comfortable and warm in here, and do +not need to go out more than we like. All the out-of-door work we have +is to bring in fresh and salt water ice two or three times a week, meat +and blubber now and again, and very occasionally a skin to dry under +the roof. And Christmas, the season of rejoicing, is drawing near. At +home, every one is busy now, scarcely knowing how to get time for +everything; but here there is no bustle; all we want is to make the +time pass. Ah, to sleep, sleep! The pot is simmering pleasantly over +the hearth; I am sitting waiting for breakfast, and gazing into the +flickering flames, while my thoughts travel far away. What is the +strange power in fire and light that all created beings seek them, from +the primary lump of protoplasm in the sea to the roving child of man, +who stops in his wanderings, makes up a fire in the wood, and sits down +to dismiss all care and revel in the crackling warmth. Involuntarily do +these snake-like, fiery tongues arrest the eye; you gaze down into them +as if you could read your fate there, and memories glide past in motley +train. What, then, is privation? What the present? Forget it, forget +yourself; you have the power to recall all that is <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb446" href="#pb446" name= +"pb446">446</a>]</span>beautiful, and then wait for the summer.... By +the light of the lamp she sits sewing in the winter evening. Beside her +stands a little maiden with blue eyes and golden hair, playing with a +doll. She looks tenderly at the child and strokes her hair; but her +eyes fill, and the big tears fall upon her work.</p> +<p>“Johansen is lying beside me asleep; he smiles in his sleep. +Poor fellow! he must be dreaming he is at home at Christmas-time with +those he loves. But sleep on—sleep and dream, while the winter +passes; for then comes spring—the spring of life!</p> +<p>“Sunday, December 22d. Walked about outside for a long time +yesterday evening, while Johansen was having a thorough clearing in the +hut in preparation for Christmas. This consisted chiefly in scraping +the ashes out of the hearth, gathering up the refuse of bone and meat, +and throwing it away, and then breaking up the ice which has frozen +together with all kinds of rubbish and refuse into a thick layer upon +the floor, making the hut rather low in the roof.</p> +<p>“The northern lights were wonderful. However often we see this +weird play of light, we never tire of gazing at it; it seems to cast a +spell over both sight and sense till it is impossible to tear +one’s self away. It begins to dawn with a pale, yellow, spectral +light behind the mountain in the east, like the reflection of a fire +far away. It broadens, and soon the whole of the eastern sky is one +glowing mass of fire. Now it fades again, <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb447" href="#pb447" name="pb447">447</a>]</span>and gathers in a +brightly luminous belt of mist stretching towards the southwest, with +only a few patches of luminous haze visible here and there. After a +while scattered rays suddenly shoot up from the fiery mist, almost +reaching to the zenith; then more; they play over the belt in a wild +chase from east to west. They seem to be always darting nearer from a +long, long way off. But suddenly a perfect veil of rays showers from +the zenith out over the northern sky; they are so fine and bright, like +the finest of glittering silver threads. Is it the fire-giant Surt +himself, striking his mighty silver harp, so that the strings tremble +and sparkle in the glow of the flames of Muspellsheim? Yes, it is harp +music, wildly storming in the darkness; it is the riotous war-dance of +Surt’s sons. And again at times it is like softly playing, gently +rocking, silvery waves, on which dreams travel into unknown worlds.</p> +<p>“The winter solstice has come, and the sun is at its lowest; +but still at midday we can just see a faint glimmer of it over the +ridges in the south. Now it is again beginning to mount northward; day +by day it will grow lighter and lighter, and the time will pass +rapidly. Oh, how well I can now understand our forefathers’ old +custom of holding an uproarious sacrificial banquet in the middle of +winter, when the power of the winter darkness was broken. We would hold +an uproarious feast here if we had anything to feast with; but we have +nothing. What need is there, either? We shall hold <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb448" href="#pb448" name="pb448">448</a>]</span>our +silent festival in the spirit, and think of the spring.</p> +<p>“In my walk I look at Jupiter over there above the crest of +the mountain—Jupiter, the planet of the home; it seems to smile +at us, and I recognize my good attendant spirit. Am I superstitious? +This life and this scenery might well make one so; and, in fact, is not +every one superstitious, each in his own way? Have not I a firm belief +in my star, and that we shall meet again? It has scarcely forsaken me +for a day. Death, I believe, can never approach before one’s +mission is accomplished—never comes without one feeling its +proximity; and yet a cold fate may one day cut the thread without +warning.</p> +<p>“Tuesday, December 24th. At 2 <span class="sc">P.M.</span> +to-day -24° C. (11.2° below zero, Fahr.). And this is +Christmas-eve—cold and windy out-of-doors, and cold and draughty +indoors. How desolate it is! Never before have we had such a +Christmas-eve.</p> +<p>“At home the bells are now ringing Christmas in. I can hear +their sound as it swings through the air from the church tower. How +beautiful it is!</p> +<p>“Now the candles are being lighted on the Christmas-trees, the +children are let in and dance round in joyous delight. I must have a +Christmas party for children when I get home. This is the time of +rejoicing, and there is feasting in every cottage at home. And we are +keeping the festival in our little way. Johansen has <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb449" href="#pb449" name= +"pb449">449</a>]</span>turned his shirt and put the outside shirt next +him; I have done the same, and then I have changed my drawers, and put +on the others that I had wrung out in warm water. And I have washed +myself, too, in a quarter of a cup of warm water, with the discarded +drawers as sponge and towel. Now I feel quite another being; my clothes +do not stick to my body as much as they did. Then for supper we had +‘fiskegratin,’ made of powdered fish and maize-meal, with +train-oil to it instead of butter, both fried and boiled (one as dry as +the other), and for dessert we had bread fried in train-oil. To-morrow +morning we are going to have chocolate and bread.”<a class= +"noteref" id="xd20e5578src" href="#xd20e5578" name= +"xd20e5578src">25</a></p> +<p>“Wednesday, December 25th. We have got lovely Christmas +weather, hardly any wind, and such bright, beautiful moonlight. It +gives one quite a solemn feeling. It is the peace of thousands of +years. In the afternoon the northern lights were exceptionally +beautiful. When I came out at 6 o’clock there was a bright, +pale-yellow bow in the southern sky. It remained for a long time almost +unchanged, and then began to grow much brighter at the upper margin of +the bow behind the mountain crests in the east. It smouldered for some +time, and then all at once light darted out westward along the bow; +streamers shot up all along it towards the zenith, and in an instant +the whole of the southern <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb450" href= +"#pb450" name="pb450">450</a>]</span>sky from the arc to the zenith was +aflame. It flickered and blazed, it whirled round like a whirlwind +(moving with the sun), rays darted backward and forward, now red and +reddish-violet, now yellow, green, and dazzling white; now the rays +were red at the bottom and yellow and green farther up, and then again +this order was inverted. Higher and higher it rose; now it came on the +north side of the zenith too; for a moment there was a splendid corona, +and then it all became one whirling mass of fire up there; it was like +a whirlpool of fire in red, yellow, and green, and the eye was dazzled +with looking at it. It then drew across to the northern sky, where it +remained a long time, but not in such brilliancy. The arc from which it +had sprung in the south was still visible, but soon disappeared. The +movement of the rays was chiefly from west to east, but sometimes the +reverse. It afterwards flared up brightly several times in the northern +sky; I counted as many as six parallel bands at one time, but they did +not attain to the brightness of the former ones.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e5586width" id="p451"><img src="images/p451.jpg" +alt="Our Winter Hut. December 31, 1895" width="720" height="430"> +<p class="figureHead">Our Winter Hut. December 31, 1895</p> +<p class="firstpar">(<i>By Lars Jorde, from a photograph</i>)</p> +</div> +<p>“And this is Christmas-day! There are family dinners going on +at home. I can see the dignified old father standing smiling and happy +in the doorway to welcome children and grandchildren. Out-of-doors the +snow is falling softly and silently in big flakes; the young folk come +rushing in fresh and rosy, stamp the snow off their feet in the +passage, shake their things and hang them up, and then enter the +drawing-room, where the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb453" href= +"#pb453" name="pb453">453</a>]</span>fire is crackling comfortably and +cozily in the stove, and they can see the snowflakes falling outside +and covering the Christmas corn-sheaf. A delicious smell of roasting +comes from the kitchen, and in the dining-room the long table is laid +for a good, old-fashioned dinner with good old wine. How nice and +comfortable everything is! One might fall ill with longing to be home. +But wait, wait; when summer comes....</p> +<p>“Oh, the road to the stars is both long and difficult!</p> +<p>“Tuesday, December 31st. And this year too is vanishing. It +has been strange, but, after all, it has perhaps not been so bad.</p> +<p>“They are ringing out the old year now at home. <i>Our</i> +church-bell is the icy wind howling over glacier and snow-field, +howling fiercely as it whirls the drifting snow on high in cloud after +cloud, and sweeps it down upon us from the crest of the mountain up +yonder. Far in up the fjord you can see the clouds of snow chasing one +another over the ice in front of the gusts of wind, and the snow-dust +glittering in the moonlight. And the full moon sails silent and still +out of one year into another. She shines alike upon the good and the +evil, nor does she notice the wants and yearnings of the new year. +Solitary, forsaken, hundreds of miles from all that one holds dear; but +the thoughts flit restlessly to and fro on their silent paths. Once +more a leaf is turned in the book of eternity, a new blank page is +opened, and no one knows what will be written on it.” +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb454" href="#pb454" name= +"pb454">454</a>]</span></p> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4846" href="#xd20e4846src" name="xd20e4846">1</a></span> This +supposition is extremely doubtful.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4872" href="#xd20e4872src" name="xd20e4872">2</a></span> It +proved later that this must be Crown Prince Rudolf Land.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4887" href="#xd20e4887src" name="xd20e4887">3</a></span> In +reality we were probably farther from it than before.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4894" href="#xd20e4894src" name="xd20e4894">4</a></span> We saw +more and more of these remarkable birds the farther we went.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4927" href="#xd20e4927src" name="xd20e4927">5</a></span> As a +rule, we crossed the lanes in this manner; we placed the sledges, with +the kayaks on, side by side, lashed them together, stiffened them by +running the snow-shoes across under the straps, which also steadied +them, and then launched them as they were, with the sledges lashed +underneath. When across, we had only to haul them up on the other +side.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5018" href="#xd20e5018src" name="xd20e5018">6</a></span> The +first island I called “Eva’s Island,” the second +“Liv’s Island,” and the little one we were then on +“Adelaide’s Island.” The fourth island south of us +had, perhaps, already been seen by Payer, and named by him +“Freeden Island.” The whole group of islands I named +“Hvidtenland” (White Land).</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5061" href="#xd20e5061src" name="xd20e5061">7</a></span> Icebergs +of considerable size have been described as having been seen off Franz +Josef Land, but I can only say with reference to this that during the +whole of our voyage through this archipelago we saw nothing of the +kind. The one mentioned here was the biggest of all those we came +across, and they were, compared with the Greenland icebergs, quite +insignificant masses of glacier-ice.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5073" href="#xd20e5073src" name="xd20e5073">8</a></span> I have +called it granite in my diary, but it was in reality a very +coarse-grained basalt. The specimens I took have unfortunately been +lost.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5090" href="#xd20e5090src" name="xd20e5090">9</a></span> +“Houen’s Island.”</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5102" href="#xd20e5102src" name="xd20e5102">10</a></span> +“Torup’s Island.”</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5117" href="#xd20e5117src" name="xd20e5117">11</a></span> This +color is owing to a beautiful minute red alga, which grows on the snow +(generally <i>Spaerella nivalis</i>). There were also some +yellowish-green patches in this snow, which must certainly be +attributed to another species of alga.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5134" href="#xd20e5134src" name="xd20e5134">12</a></span> It +proved later to be Crown Prince Rudolf’s Land.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5146" href="#xd20e5146src" name="xd20e5146">13</a></span> Off +Brögger’s Foreland.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5170" href="#xd20e5170src" name="xd20e5170">14</a></span> +Clements Markham’s Foreland.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5189" href="#xd20e5189src" name="xd20e5189">15</a></span> +Helland’s Foreland.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5209" href="#xd20e5209src" name="xd20e5209">16</a></span> On +Helland’s Foreland.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5214" href="#xd20e5214src" name="xd20e5214">17</a></span> I took +specimens of the different rock formations, lichens, etc., that we came +across; but in the course of the winter the collection was stolen by +the foxes, and I thus brought little home from the tracts north of our +winter hut.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5240" href="#xd20e5240src" name="xd20e5240">18</a></span> As this +promontory is probably the land Jackson saw farthest north in the +spring of 1895, it has no name upon my map. It is otherwise with the +islands outside, which he did not notice. They are only indicated +approximately (as Geelmuyden Island and Alexander’s Island), as I +am not certain of either their number or their exact situation.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5252" href="#xd20e5252src" name="xd20e5252">19</a></span> These +three islands, whose bearings we were subsequently enabled to take, and +which we could see from our winter hut, are probably the land which +Jackson saw and took to be “King Oscar Land.” In +consequence of his having seen them from only one point (his Cape +Fisher), due south, in 81°, he has placed them 40′ too far +north, in 82°), having overestimated their distance. (See his map +in the <i>Geographical Journal</i>, Vol. VII., No. 6, December, 1896, +London.)</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5262" href="#xd20e5262src" name="xd20e5262">20</a></span> Called +Steinen on the map.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5310" href="#xd20e5310src" name="xd20e5310">21</a></span> I now +thought I could safely conclude that we were on the west coast of Franz +Josef Land, and were at this moment a little north of Leigh +Smith’s most northwesterly point, Cape Lofley, which should lie a +little south of 81° north latitude, while our observation that day +made us about 81° 19′ north latitude.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5373" href="#xd20e5373src" name="xd20e5373">22</a></span> Ice +which is frozen fast to the bottom, and is therefore often left lying +like an icy base along the shore even after the sea is free from ice. +On account of the warm water which comes from the land, an open channel +is often formed between this ice-base and the shore.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5481" href="#xd20e5481src" name="xd20e5481">23</a></span> It was +a registering thermometer, which was also used as a +sling-thermometer.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5537" href="#xd20e5537src" name="xd20e5537">24</a></span> It +often blew very fresh there under the mountain. Another time, one of my +snow-shoes, which was stuck into the snowdrift beside the hut, was +broken short off by the wind. It was a strong piece of maple.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5578" href="#xd20e5578src" name="xd20e5578">25</a></span> +Christmas-eve and New-year’s-eve were the only occasions on which +we allowed ourselves to take any of the provisions which we were +keeping for our journey southward.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch8" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="label">Chapter VIII</h2> +<h2 class="main">The New Year, 1896</h2> +<p class="firstpar">“Wednesday, January 1, 1896. -41.5° C. +(42.2° below zero, Fahr.). So a new year has come, the year of joy +and home-coming. In bright moonlight 1895 departed, and in bright +moonlight 1896 begins; but it is bitterly cold, the coldest days we +have yet known here. I felt it, too, yesterday, when all my finger-tips +were frost-bitten. I thought I had done with all that last spring.</p> +<p>“Friday, January 3d. Morning. It is still clear and cold +out-of-doors; I can hear reports from the glacier. It lies up there on +the crest of the mountain like a mighty ice-giant peering down at us +through the clefts. It spreads its giant body all over the land, and +stretches out its limbs on all sides into the sea. But whenever it +turns cold—colder than it has hitherto been—it writhes +horribly, and crevice after crevice appears in the huge body; there is +a noise like the discharge of guns, and the sky and the earth tremble +so that I can feel the ground that I am lying on quake. One is almost +afraid that it will some day come rolling over upon one.<a class= +"noteref" id="xd20e5619src" href="#xd20e5619" name="xd20e5619src">1</a> +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb455" href="#pb455" name= +"pb455">455</a>]</span></p> +<p>“Johansen is asleep, and making the hut resound. I am glad his +mother cannot see him now. She would certainly pity her boy, so black +and grimy and ragged as he is, with sooty streaks all over his face. +But wait, only wait! She shall have him again, safe and sound and fresh +and rosy.</p> +<p>“Wednesday, January 8th. Last night the wind blew the sledge +to which our thermometer was hanging out over the slope. Stormy weather +outside—furious weather, almost taking away your breath if you +put your head out. We lie here trying to sleep—sleep the time +away. But we cannot always do it. Oh, those long sleepless nights when +you turn from side to side, kick your feet to put a little warmth into +them, and wish for only one thing in the world—sleep! The +thoughts are constantly busy with everything at home, but the long, +heavy body lies here trying in vain to find an endurable position among +the rough stones. However, time crawls on, and now little Liv’s +birthday has come. She is three years old to-day, and must be a big +girl now. Poor little thing! You don’t miss your father now, and +next birthday I shall be with you, I hope. What good friends we shall +be! You shall ride a-cockhorse, and I will tell you stories from the +north about bears, foxes, walruses, and all the strange animals +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb456" href="#pb456" name= +"pb456">456</a>]</span>up there in the ice. No, I can’t bear to +think of it.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e5632width" id="p456"><img src="images/p456.jpg" +alt="“Life in Our Hut”" width="600" height="358"> +<p class="figureHead">“Life in Our Hut”</p> +</div> +<p>“Saturday, February 1st. Here I am down with the rheumatism. +Outside it is growing gradually lighter day by day; the sky above the +glaciers in the south grows redder, until at last one day the sun will +rise above the crest, and our last winter night be past. Spring is +coming! I have often thought spring sad. Was it because it vanished so +quickly, because it carried promises that summer never fulfilled? But +there is no sadness in this spring; its promises will be kept; it would +be too cruel if they were not.”</p> +<p>It was a strange existence, lying thus in a hut underground the +whole winter through, without a thing to <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb457" href="#pb457" name="pb457">457</a>]</span>turn one’s hand +to. How we longed for a book! How delightful our life on board the +<i>Fram</i> appeared, when we had the whole library to fall back upon! +We would often tell each other how beautiful this sort of life would +have been, after all, if we had only had anything to read. Johansen +always spoke with a sigh of Heyse’s novels; he had specially +liked those on board, and he had not been able to finish the last one +he was reading. The little readable matter which was to be found in our +navigation-table and almanac I had read so many times already that I +knew it almost by heart—all about the Norwegian royal family, all +about persons apparently drowned, and all about self-help for +fishermen. Yet it was always a comfort to see these books; the sight of +the printed letters gave one a feeling that there was, after all, a +little bit of the civilized man left. All that we really had to talk +about had long ago been thoroughly thrashed out, and, indeed, there +were not many thoughts of common interest that we had not exchanged. +The chief pleasure left to us was to picture to each other how we +should make up next winter at home for everything we had missed during +our sojourn here. We felt that we should have learned for good and all +to set store by all the good things of life, such as food, drink, +clothes, shoes, house, home, good neighbors, and all the rest of it. +Frequently we occupied ourselves, too, in calculating how far the +<i>Fram</i> could have drifted, and whether there was any possibility +of her getting home to Norway before us. <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb458" href="#pb458" name="pb458">458</a>]</span>It seemed a safe +assumption that she might drift out into the sea between Spitzbergen +and Greenland next summer or autumn, and probability seemed to point to +her being in Norway in August or September. But there was just the +possibility that she might arrive earlier in the summer; or, on the +other hand, <i>we</i> might not reach home until later in the autumn. +This was the great question to which we could give no certain answer, +and we reflected with sorrow that she might perhaps get home first. +What would our friends then think about us? Scarcely any one would have +the least hope of seeing us again, not even our comrades on board the +<i>Fram</i>. It seemed to us, however, that this could scarcely happen; +we could not but reach home in July, and it was hardly to be expected +that the <i>Fram</i> could be free from the ice so early in the +summer.</p> +<p>But where were we? And how great was the distance we had to travel? +Over and over again I reckoned out our observations of the autumn and +summer and spring, but the whole matter was a perpetual puzzle. It +seemed clear, indeed, that we must be lying somewhere far to the west, +perhaps off the west coast of Franz Josef Land, a little north of Cape +Lofley, as I had conjectured in the autumn. But, if that were so, what +could the lands be which we had seen to the northward? And what was the +land to which we had first come? From the first group of islands, which +I had called White Land (Hvidtenland), to where we now <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb459" href="#pb459" name="pb459">459</a>]</span>lie, +we had passed about 7° of longitude—that our observations +proved conclusively. But if we were now in the longitude of Cape +Fligely these islands must lie on a meridian so far east that it would +fall between King Oscar’s Land and Crown Prince Rudolf Land; and +yet we had been much farther east and had seen nothing of these lands. +How was this to be explained? And, furthermore, the land we saw had +disappeared to the southward; and we saw no indication of islands +farther east. No, we could not have been near any known land; we must +be upon some island lying farther west, in the strait between Franz +Josef Land and Spitzbergen; and we could not but think of the hitherto +so enigmatic Gillies Land. But this, too, seemed difficult to explain; +for it was hard to understand how, in this comparatively narrow strait, +such an extensive mass of land as this could find room without coming +so near the Northeast Land of Spitzbergen that it could easily be seen +from it. No other conclusion, however seemed at all plausible. We had +long ago given up the idea that our watches could be even approximately +right; for in that case, as already mentioned, we must have come right +across Payer’s Wilczek Land and Dove Glacier without having +noticed them. This theory was consequently excluded. There were other +things, too, that greatly puzzled me. If we were on a new land, near +Spitzbergen, why were the rosy gulls never seen there, while we had +found them in flocks here to the north? And then there was the great +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb460" href="#pb460" name= +"pb460">460</a>]</span>variation of the compass. Unfortunately, I had +no chart of the variations with me, and I could not remember where the +zero meridian of variation lay—the boundary-line between easterly +and westerly variation. I thought, however, that it lay somewhere near +the Northeast Land; and here we had still a variation of about 20°. +The whole thing was, and remained, an insoluble riddle.</p> +<p>As the daylight began to lengthen later in the spring, I made a +discovery which had the effect of still more hopelessly bewildering us. +At two points on the horizon, about W.S.W., I fancied that I could see +land looming in the air. The appearance recurred again and again, and +at last I was quite certain that it really was land; but it must be +very far away—at least 69 miles, I thought.<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5668src" href="#xd20e5668" name="xd20e5668src">2</a> If it had +been difficult to find room between Franz Josef Land and Northeast Land +for the islands we had hitherto seen, it was more difficult still to +find room for these new ones. Could it be the Northeast Land itself? +This seemed scarcely credible. This land must lie in about 81° or +so northward, while the Northeast Land does not reach much north of +80°. But at least these islands must be pretty near Northeast Land, +and if we once reached them, we could not have much farther to go, and +would perhaps find open water all the way to the Tromsö sloop, on +which our fancy had now dwelt for over a year, and which was to take us +home. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb461" href="#pb461" name= +"pb461">461</a>]</span></p> +<p>The thought of all the good things we should find on board that +sloop was what comforted us whenever the time hung unendurably heavy on +our hands. Our life was not, indeed, altogether luxurious. How we +longed for a change in the uniformity of our diet! If only we could +have had a little sugar and farinaceous food, in addition to all the +excellent meat we had, we could have lived like princes. Our thoughts +dwelt longingly on great platters full of cakes, not to mention bread +and potatoes. How we would make up for lost time when we got back! And +we would begin as soon as we got on board that Tromsö sloop. Would +they have potatoes on board? Would they have fresh bread? At worst, +even hard ship’s bread would not be so bad, especially if we +could get it fried in sugar and butter. But better even than food would +be the clean clothes we could put on. And then books—only to +think of books! Ugh, the clothes we lived in were horrible! and when we +wanted to enjoy a really delightful hour we would set to work imagining +a great, bright, clean shop, where the walls were hung with nothing but +new, clean, soft woollen clothes, from which we could pick out +everything we wanted. Only to think of shirts, vests, drawers, soft and +warm woollen trousers, deliciously comfortable jerseys, and then clean +woollen stockings and warm felt slippers—could anything more +delightful be imagined? And then a Turkish bath! We would sit up side +by side in our sleeping-bag for hours at a <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb462" href="#pb462" name="pb462">462</a>]</span>time +and talk of all these things. They seemed almost unimaginable. Fancy +being able to throw away all the heavy, oily rags we had to live in, +glued as they were to our bodies! Our legs suffered most; for there our +trousers stuck fast to our knees, so that when we moved they abraded +and tore the skin inside our thighs till it was all raw and bleeding. I +had the greatest difficulty in keeping these sores from becoming +altogether too ingrained with fat and dirt, and had to be perpetually +washing them with moss, or a rag from one of the bandages in our +medicine-bag, and a little water, which I warmed in a cup over the +lamp. I have never before understood what a magnificent invention soap +really is. We made all sorts of attempts to wash the worst of the dirt +away; but they were all equally unsuccessful. Water had no effect upon +all this grease; it was better to scour one’s self with moss and +sand. We could find plenty of sand in the walls of the hut, when we +hacked the ice off them. The best method, however, was to get our hands +thoroughly lubricated with warm bear’s blood and train-oil, and +then scrub it off again with moss. They thus became as white and soft +as the hands of the most delicate lady, and we could scarcely believe +that they belonged to our own bodies. When there was none of this +toilet preparation to be had, we found the next best plan was to scrape +our skin with a knife.</p> +<p>If it was difficult to get our own bodies clean, it was <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb463" href="#pb463" name="pb463">463</a>]</span>a +sheer impossibility as regards our clothes. We tried all possible ways; +we washed them both in Eskimo fashion and in our own; but neither was +of much avail. We boiled our shirts in the pot hour after hour, but +took them out only to find them just as full of grease as when we put +them in. Then we took to wringing the train-oil out of them. This was a +little better; but the only thing that produced any real effect was to +boil them, and then scrape them with a knife while they were still +warm. By holding them in our teeth and our left hand and stretching +them out, while we scraped them all over with the right hand, we +managed to get amazing quantities of fat out of them; and we could +almost have believed that they were quite clean when we put them on +again after they were dry. The fat which we scraped off was, of course, +a welcome addition to our fuel.</p> +<p>In the meanwhile our hair and beard grew entirely wild. It is true +we had scissors and could have cut them; but as our supply of clothes +was by no means too lavish, we thought it kept us a little warmer to +have all this hair, which began to flow down over our shoulders. But it +was coal-black like our faces, and we thought our teeth and the whites +of our eyes shone with an uncanny whiteness, now that we could see each +other again in the daylight of the spring. On the whole, however, we +were so accustomed to each other’s appearance that we really +found nothing remarkable about it; and not until we fell in with other +people and found that they were precisely <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb464" href="#pb464" name="pb464">464</a>]</span>of that opinion did +we begin to recognize that our outer man was, perhaps, open to +criticism.</p> +<p>It was a strange life, and in many ways it put our patience to a +severe test; but it was not so unendurable as one might suppose. We at +any rate thought that, all things considered, we were fairly well off. +Our spirits were good the whole time; we looked serenely towards the +future, and rejoiced in the thought of all the delights it had in store +for us. We did not even have recourse to quarrelling to while away the +time. After our return, Johansen was once asked how we two had got on +during the winter, and whether we had managed not to fall out with each +other; for it is said to be a severe test for two men to live so long +together in perfect isolation. “Oh no,” he answered, +“we didn’t quarrel; the only thing was that I had the bad +habit of snoring in my sleep, and then Nansen used to kick me in the +back.” I cannot deny that this is the case; I gave him many a +well-meant kick, but fortunately he only shook himself a little and +slept calmly on.</p> +<p>Thus did our time pass. We did our best to sleep away as much as +possible of it. We carried this art to a high pitch of perfection, and +could sometimes put in as much as 20 hours’ sleep in the 24. If +any one still holds to the old superstition that scurvy is due to lack +of exercise, he may look upon us as living evidences to the contrary; +for all the time our health was excellent. As the light now began to +return with the spring, however, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb465" +href="#pb465" name="pb465">465</a>]</span>we were more inclined to go +out. Besides, it was not always so cold now, and we had to restrict our +sleep a little. Then, too, the time for our departure was approaching, +and we had plenty to occupy us in the way of preparation and so +forth.</p> +<p>“Tuesday, February 25th. Lovely weather to be out in to-day; +it is as though spring were beginning. We have seen the first +birds—first a flock of half a score of little auks (<i>Mergulus +alle</i>), then a flock of four; they came from the south along the +land, evidently through the sound in the southeast, and disappeared +behind the mountain crest to the northwest of us. Once more we heard +their cheerful twittering, and it roused a responsive echo in the soul. +A little later we heard it again, and then it seemed as if they were +perched on the mountain above us. It was the first greeting from life. +Blessed birds, how welcome you are!</p> +<p>“It was quite like a spring evening at home; the sun’s +red glow faded little by little into golden clouds, and the moon rose. +I went up and down outside, and dreamt I was in Norway on a spring +evening.</p> +<p>“Wednesday, February 26th. To-day we ought to have had the sun +again, but the sky was cloudy.</p> +<p>“Friday, February 28th. I have discovered that it is possible +to get 12 threads out of a bit of twine, and am as happy as a king. We +have thread enough now, and our wind clothes shall be whole once more. +It is possible, too, to ravel out the canvas in the bags, and use it +for thread. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb466" href="#pb466" name= +"pb466">466</a>]</span></p> +<p>“Saturday, February 29th. The sun high above the glacier +to-day. We must begin to economize in train-oil in earnest now if we +are to get away from here, or there will be too little blubber for the +journey.</p> +<p>“Wednesday, March 4th. When Johansen went out this morning the +mountain above us was covered with little auks, which flew twittering +from crest to crest, and sat all over the glacier. When we went out +again later on they were gone.</p> +<p>“Friday, March 6th. We are faring badly now. We have to sleep +in the dark to save oil, and can only cook once a day.</p> +<p>“Sunday, March 8th. Shot a bear. Johansen saw ten flocks of +little auks flying up the sound this morning.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e5713width" id="p468"><img src="images/p468.jpg" +alt="“Johansen Fired through the Opening”" width="577" +height="424"> +<p class="figureHead">“Johansen Fired through the +Opening”</p> +</div> +<p>“Tuesday, March 10th. That bear the day before yesterday came +in the nick of time, and an amusing fellow he was, too. We were very +badly off both for blubber and meat, but most for blubber, and we were +longing for a bear; we thought it must be about time for them to come +again now. I had just spent Sunday morning in mending my wind trousers +and patching my ‘komager,’ so as to be all ready if a bear +should come. Johansen, whose cooking week it was, had been sewing a +little too, and was just cleaning up the hut for Sunday and taking out +some bone and meat—he had taken it as far as the passage. But no +sooner had he raised the skin over the opening out there than I heard +him come <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb467" href="#pb467" name= +"pb467">467</a>]</span>tumbling head foremost in again over the bone +heap and say, ‘There’s a bear standing just outside the +door.’ He snatched his gun down from where it hung under the roof +and again put his head into the passage, but drew it quickly back, +saying, ‘He is standing close by, and must be thinking about +coming in.’ He managed to draw aside a corner of the door-skin, +just enough to give him elbow-room to shoot; but it was not altogether +easy. The passage was narrow enough before, and now, in addition, it +was full of all the backbones and scraps of meat. I saw him once lift +the gun to his shoulder as he lay crouched together, but take it down +again; he had forgotten to cock it, and the bear had moved a little +away, so that he only saw its muzzle and paws. But now it began +scraping down in the passage with one paw, as if it wanted to come in, +and Johansen thought he must fire, even if he could not see. He put out +his gun, pointing the barrel at the upper edge of the opening; he +thought the shot must go right into the bear’s breast, and so he +fired. I heard a dull growl and the crunching of the snow under heavy +footsteps, which went up towards the talus. Johansen loaded again, and +put his head out at the opening. He said he saw it going up there, and +that it didn’t seem up to much, and forthwith he rushed after it. +I, meanwhile, was lying head foremost in the bag, hunting for a sock +which I <i>could</i> not find. At last, after a long search, I found +it—on the floor, of course. Then I, too, was ready; <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb468" href="#pb468" name="pb468">468</a>]</span>and +well equipped with gun, cartridges, knife, and file (to sharpen the +seal-knife), I followed. I had my wind trousers on, too; they had been +hanging unused all through the winter’s cold, for want of thread +to mend them with, but now, when the temperature was only -2°C. +(28.4° Fahr.), they of course had to come out. I followed the +tracks; they went westward and northward along the shore. After a +little while I at last met Johansen, who said that the bear lay farther +on; he had at last got up to it, and finished it with a shot in the +back. While he returned to fetch the sledges I went on to begin +skinning. It was not to be done quite so quickly, however. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb469" href="#pb469" name="pb469">469</a>]</span>As I +approached the place where I thought it must be lying, I caught sight +of the ‘dead bear’ far ahead, trotting pretty briskly along +the shore. Now and then it stopped to look round at me. I ran out on to +the ice, to get outside it, if possible, and drive it back, so that we +should not have so far to drag it. When I had kept on at this for some +time, and was about on a level with it, it began clambering up the +glacier and under some ragged rock. I had not reckoned on a ‘dead +bear’ being able to do this, and the only thing was to stop it as +soon as possible; but just as I got within range it disappeared over +the crest. Soon I saw it again, a good deal higher up, and far out of +range. It was craning its neck to see if I were following. I went up +some way after it, but as it went on along the mountain more quickly +than I could follow it in the deep snow, under which, moreover, there +were crevices into which I kept falling up to my waist, I preferred to +clamber down on to the fjord-ice again. In a little while the bear +emerged from beneath a perpendicular cliff with a precipitous bit of +talus beneath it. Here it began to crawl carefully along at the very +top of the talus. I was now afraid of its lying down in a place like +this, where we could not get at it, and even though the range was long +I felt I must fire and see if I could not make it fall over. It did not +look as if it had too firm a footing up there. It was blowing like +anything here under the cliff, and I saw that the bear had to lie flat +down and hold on with <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb470" href= +"#pb470" name="pb470">470</a>]</span>its claws when the worst gusts +came, and then, too, it had only three paws to hold on with; the right +fore-leg had been broken. I went up to a big stone at the lower edge of +the talus, took good aim, and fired. I saw the bullet strike the snow +just beneath it, but, whether it was hit or not, it started up and +tried to jump over a drift, but slipped, and rolled over. It tried +several times to stop itself, but went on, until at last it found its +feet and began to crawl slowly up again. Meanwhile I had loaded again, +and the range was now shorter. I fired once more. It stood still a +moment, then slipped farther and farther down the drift, at first +slowly, then quicker and quicker rolling over and over. I thought it +was coming straight towards me, but comforted myself with the thought +that the stone I was standing behind was a good solid one. I squatted +down and quickly put a fresh cartridge into my gun. The bear had now +arrived at the talus below the drift; it came tearing down, together +with stones and lumps of snow, in a series of leaps, each longer than +the last. It was a strange sight, this great white body flying through +the air, and turning somersault after somersault, as if it had been a +piece of wood. At last it took one tremendous leap, and landed against +an enormous stone. There was a regular crash, and there it lay close +beside me; a few spasms passed through it, and all was over. It was an +uncommonly large he-bear, with a beautiful thick fur, which one might +well wish to have at home; but the best thing of all was that it was +very <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb471" href="#pb471" name= +"pb471">471</a>]</span>fat. It was so windy that the gusts were apt to +blow you over if you were not prepared for them; but with the air so +mild as it was, wind did not matter much; it would not have been such +bad work to skin it had it not been that it was lying in a hollow and +was so big that one man could not stir it. After a time, however, +Johansen came, and at last we had got it dismembered, and had dragged +it down to the ice and piled it on the sledge. We had not gone far, +however, before we found that it would be too heavy for us to draw all +at once against this wind and for such a distance. We laid half of it +in a heap on the ice and spread the skin over it, intending to fetch it +in a day or two; and even then we had difficulty enough in fighting on +against the wind in the dark, so that it was late at night before we +got home. But it was long since we had so much enjoyed our home-coming +and being able to lie down in our bag and sup off fresh meat and hot +soup.”</p> +<p>We lived on that bear for six weeks.</p> +<p>“When Johansen was out this morning at six, he thought he saw +little auks in millions flying up the sound. When we went out at two in +the afternoon there was an unceasing passage of flock after flock out +to sea, and this continued until late in the afternoon. I saw two +guillemots (<i>Uria grylle</i>), too, fly over our heads. They are the +first we have seen.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5740src" href= +"#xd20e5740" name="xd20e5740src">3</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb472" href="#pb472" name="pb472">472</a>]</span></p> +<p>“Wednesday, March 25th. There is the same dark water-sky +behind the promontory in the southwest, stretching thence westward +almost to the extreme west. It has been there all through this mild +weather, with southwesterly wind, from the very beginning of the month. +There seems to be always open water there, for no sooner is the sky +overcast than the reflection of water appears in that quarter.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e5749width" id="plate14"><img src= +"images/plate14.jpg" alt="Plate XIV" width="720" height="477"> +<p class="figureHead">Plate XIV</p> +<p class="firstpar"><span class="sc">Ice near the Fram</span>, 4th July +1894. Pastel Sketch.</p> +</div> +<p>“Thursday, April 2d. As I awoke at about eight this evening +(our morning happened to fall in the evening to-day), we heard an +animal rustling about outside and gnawing at something. We did not take +much notice of it, thinking it was a fox, busy as usual with some meat +up on the roof; and if it did seem to be making rather more noise than +we had of late been accustomed to hear from foxes, yet it was scarcely +noise enough to come from a bear. We did not take into consideration +that the snow was not so cold and crackling now as it had been earlier +in the winter. When Johansen went out to read the thermometer, he saw +that it was a bear that had been there. It had gone round the hut, but +had evidently not liked all the bears’ carcasses, and had not +ventured past them up to the walrus blubber on the roof. At the opening +of the passage and the chimney it had sniffed hard, doubtless enjoying +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb473" href="#pb473" name= +"pb473">473</a>]</span>the delicious scent of burnt blubber and live +human flesh. Then it had dragged a walrus hide that was lying outside a +little way off and scraped the blubber off it. It had come from the ice +obliquely up the hill following the scent, had then followed our +footsteps from the hut to the place where we get salt-water, and had +thence gone farther out over the ice until it had got scent of the +walrus carcasses out there, and was going towards them when Johansen +caught sight of it. There it set to work to gnaw. As my gun was not fit +to use at the moment, I took Johansen’s and went alone. The bear +was so busy gnawing and tearing pieces off the carcass that I could get +close up to it from behind without troubling about cover. Wishing to +try how near I could get, I went on, and it was not until I was so near +that I could almost touch it with the muzzle of my gun that it heard my +steps, so busy had it been. It started round, gazed defiantly and +astonished at me, and I saluted it with a charge right in its face. It +threw up its head, sneezed, and blew blood out over the snow as it +turned round again and galloped away. I was going to load again, but +the cartridge jammed, and it was only by using my knife that I got it +out. While I was doing this the bear had bethought himself, stopped, +turned towards me, and snorted angrily, as he made up his mind to set +upon me. He then went up on to a piece of ice close by, placed himself +in an attitude of defence, and stretched out his neck towards +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb474" href="#pb474" name= +"pb474">474</a>]</span>me, while the blood poured from his mouth and +nostrils. The ball had gone right through his head, but without +touching the brain. At last I had put another cartridge in, but had to +give him five shots before I finally killed him. At each shot he fell, +but got up again. I was not accustomed to the sights on +Johansen’s gun, and shot rather too high with it. At last I grew +angry, rushed up to him, and finished him off.”</p> +<p>We were beginning to be well supplied with blubber and meat for the +journey south, and were now busy fitting ourselves out. And there was a +great deal to be done. We had to begin to make ourselves new clothes +out of our blankets; our wind clothes had to be patched and mended; our +“komager” had to be soled, and we had to make socks and +gloves out of bearskin. Then we had to make a light, good sleeping-bag +of bearskin. All this would take time; and from this time we worked +industriously at our needle from early morning till late at night. Our +hut was suddenly transformed into a busy tailor’s and +shoemaker’s workroom, where we sat side by side in the +sleeping-bag upon the stone bed, and sewed and sewed and thought about +the home-coming. We got thread by unravelling the cotton canvas of some +provision bags. It need hardly be said that we were always talking +about the prospects for our journey, and we found great comfort in the +persistence of the dark sky in the southwest, which <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb475" href="#pb475" name= +"pb475">475</a>]</span>indicated much open water in that direction. I +consequently thought we should have good use for our kayaks on the +journey to Spitzbergen. I mention this open water several times in my +journal. For instance, on April 12th: “Open water from the +promontory in the southwest, northward as far as we can see.” By +this I mean, of course, that there was dark air over the whole horizon +in this direction, showing clearly that there was open water there. +This could not really surprise us; indeed, we ought to have been +prepared for it, since Payer had found open water in the middle of +April at a more northerly point on the west coast of Crown Prince +Rudolf Land; and this had been continually in my thoughts all through +the winter.</p> +<p>Another thing which made us believe in the close vicinity of the sea +was that we were daily visited by ivory-gulls and fulmars +(<i>Procellaria glacialis</i>), sometimes skuas also. We saw the first +ivory-gulls on March 12th; throughout April they became more and more +numerous, and soon we had plenty, both of them and of the burgomasters +(<i>Larus glaucus</i>), sitting on our roof and round the hut, and +drumming and pecking at the bones and remains of bears they found +there. During the winter the continual gnawing of the foxes at the meat +up there had entertained us, and reminded us that we were not quite +forsaken by living things; when half asleep we could often imagine that +we were in our beds at home and heard the rats and mice holding their +revels <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb476" href="#pb476" name= +"pb476">476</a>]</span>in the attic above us. With the coming of +daylight the foxes vanished. They now found plenty of little auks up in +the clefts of the mountains, and had no longer to depend on our +stone-hard frozen bear-meat. But now we had the drumming of the gulls +instead; but they did not call up the same illusions, and, when we had +them on the roof just over our heads, were often very tiresome, and +even disturbed our sleep, so that we had to knock on the roof or go out +and frighten them away, which, however, had the desired effect only for +a few minutes.</p> +<p>On the 18th of April, while I was at work on some solar-time +observations, I happened to look up, and was surprised to see a bear +standing just opposite to me down on the ice by the shore. It must have +been standing there a long time, wondering what I was about. I ran to +the hut for a gun, but when I returned it took to its heels, and I was +not eager to follow it.</p> +<p>“Sunday, April 19th. I was awakened at 7 o’clock this +morning by the heavy steps of a bear outside. I wakened Johansen, who +struck a light, and I got on my trousers and ‘komager’ and +crept out with loaded gun. During the night a great deal of snow had, +as usual, drifted over the skin that covered the opening, and was +difficult to break through. At last, by kicking with all my might from +below, I managed to knock the snow off, and put my head out into the +daylight, which was quite dazzling after the darkness down in the hut. +I saw nothing, but knew that the bear must be standing just +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb477" href="#pb477" name= +"pb477">477</a>]</span>behind the hut. Then I heard a snorting and +blowing, and off went the brute in a clumsy bear’s gallop up the +slope. I did not know whether to shoot or not, and, to tell the truth, +I had little inclination for bear-skinning in this bitter weather; but +half at random I sent a shot after it, which of course missed, and I +was not sorry. I did not shoot again; the one shot was enough to +frighten it, and keep it from coming again for the present; we did not +want it, if only it would leave our things in peace. At the cleft to +the north it looked back, and then went on. As usual it had come +against the wind, and must have scented us far west upon the ice. It +had made several tacks to leeward to us, had been at the entrance of +the hut, where it had left a visiting-card, and had then gone straight +to a mound at the back of us, where there is some walrus blubber, +surrounded on all sides by bears’ carcasses. These had no terrors +for it. The bearskin which covered it, it had dragged a long way, but +fortunately it had not succeeded in getting anything eaten before I +came.</p> +<p>“Sunday, May 3d. When Johansen came in this morning he said he +had seen a bear out on the ice; it was coming in. He went out a little +later to look for it, but did not see it; it had probably gone into the +bay to the north. We expected a visit from it, however, as the wind was +that way; and as we sat later in the day, sewing as hard as we could +sew, we heard heavy footsteps on the snow outside. They stopped, went +backward and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb478" href="#pb478" name= +"pb478">478</a>]</span>forward a little, and then something was drawn +along, and all was quiet. Johansen crept cautiously out with his gun. +When he put his head out of the hole, and his eyes had recovered from +the first dazzling effects of the daylight, he saw the bear standing +gnawing at a bearskin. A bullet through the head killed it on the spot +It was a lean little animal, but worth taking, inasmuch as it saved us +the trouble of thawing up carcasses in order to cut provisions for our +journey off them. Frozen stiff as they now are, we cannot cut them up +outside in the cold, but have to bring them into the hut and soften +them in the warmth before we can cut anything off them and this takes +time. Two bears were here on a visit last night, but they turned back +again at the sledge, which is stuck up on end in the moraine to the +west of us, to serve as a stand for our thermometer.”</p> +<p>As we were breakfasting on May 9th we again heard a bear’s +footstep outside, and being afraid that it was going to eat up our +blubber, we had no other resource than to shoot it. We now had far more +meat than we required, and did not care to use more cartridges on these +animals for the present; but what grieved us most was the thought of +all the beautiful bearskins which we should leave behind us. The time +was now drawing near when we should break up our camp, and we worked +eagerly at our preparations. Our clothes were now ready. The entry for +Tuesday, May 12th, runs thus: “Took leave to-day of my old +trousers. I was quite sad <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb479" href= +"#pb479" name="pb479">479</a>]</span>at the thought of the good service +they had done; but they are now so heavy with oil and dirt that they +must be several times their original weight, and, if they were +squeezed, oil would ooze out of them.” It was undeniably pleasant +to put on the new, light, soft trousers of blanket, which were, to some +extent, free from grease. As, however, this material was loose in +texture, I was afraid it might wear out before we reached Spitzbergen, +and we had therefore strengthened it both inside and outside with +pieces of an old pair of drawers and of a shirt to protect it from +wear.</p> +<p>While I was taking some observations outside the hut on Saturday, +May 16th, I saw a bear with quite a small young one out on the ice. I +had just taken a turn out there, and they were examining my tracks. The +mother went first, going up on to all the hummocks I had been upon, +turning round and sniffing and looking at the tracks, and then +descending again and going on. The tiny young one trotted along behind, +exactly repeating the movements of its mother. At last they grew tired +of this, and turned their steps towards the shore, disappearing behind +the promontory to the north of us. Shortly after Johansen came out, and +I told him about it, and said: “I expect we shall soon see them +in the cleft up there, as the wind is that way.” I had scarcely +said it, when, looking across, we saw them both standing, stretching +their necks, sniffing, and looking at us and the hut. We did not want +to shoot them, as we <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb480" href="#pb480" +name="pb480">480</a>]</span>had abundance of food; but we thought it +would be amusing to go nearer and watch them, and then, if possible, +frighten them sufficiently to keep them from visiting us in the night, +so that we could sleep in peace. When we approached, the mother snorted +angrily, turned several times as if to go, pushing the young one on +first, but turned back again to observe us more closely. At last they +jogged slowly off, continually hesitating and looking back. When they +got down to the shore, they again went quite slowly among the hummocks, +and I ran after them. The mother went first, the young one trotting +after exactly in her footsteps. I was soon close to them, the mother +saw me, started, and tried to get the young one to go with her; but I +now discovered that it could run no faster than I could follow it. As +soon as the mother saw this, she turned round, snorted, and came +storming right at me. I halted, and prepared to shoot in case she +should come too near, and in the meantime the little one tramped on as +fast as it could. The mother halted at the distance of a few paces from +me, snorted and hissed again, looked round at the young one, and when +the latter had got a good way on trotted after it. I ran on again and +overtook the young one, and again the mother went through the same +manœuvres; she seemed to have the greatest possible desire to +strike me to the earth, but then the young one had again got ahead a +little, and she did not wait to do it, but trotted after. This was +repeated several times, and then they <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb481" href="#pb481" name="pb481">481</a>]</span>began to clamber up +the glacier, the mother in front, the young one after. But the latter +did not get on very fast; it trudged along as well as it could in its +mother’s footprints in the deep snow. It reminded me exactly of a +child in trousers, as it clambered up and kept looking round, half +frightened, half curious. It was touching to see how incessantly the +mother turned round to hasten it on, now and then jogging it with her +head, hissing and snorting all the while at me standing quietly below +and looking on. When they reached the crest the mother stopped and +hissed worse than ever, and when she had let the young one pass her, +they both disappeared over the glacier, and I went back to continue my +work.</p> +<p>For the last few weeks a feverish activity had reigned in our hut. +We had become more and more impatient to make a start; but there was +still a great deal to be done. We realized in bitter earnest that we +had no longer the <i>Fram’s</i> stores to fall back upon. On +board the <i>Fram</i> there might be one or two things lacking; but +here we lacked practically everything. What would we not have given +even for a single box of dog-biscuits—for ourselves—out of +the <i>Fram’s</i> abundance? Where were we to find all that we +needed? “For a sledge expedition one must lay in light and +nourishing provisions, which at the same time afford as much variety as +possible; one must have light and warm clothing, strong and practical +sledges,” etc., etc.—we knew by heart all these maxims of +the Arctic text-book. The journey that lay <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb482" href="#pb482" name= +"pb482">482</a>]</span>before us, indeed, was not a very great one; the +thing was simply to reach Spitzbergen and get on board the sloop; but +it was long enough, after all, to make it necessary for us to take +certain measures of precaution.</p> +<p>When we dug up the stores which we had buried at the beginning of +the winter, and opened the bags, we found that there were some +miserable remains of a commissariat which had once, indeed, been good, +but was now for the most part mouldy and spoiled by the damp of the +previous autumn. Our flour—our precious flour—had got +mildewed, and had to be thrown away. The chocolate had been dissolved +by the damp, and no longer existed; and the pemmican—well, it had +a strange appearance, and when we tasted it—ugh! It too had to be +thrown away. There remained a certain quantity of fish flour, some +aleuronate flour, and some damp half-moulded bread, which we carefully +boiled in train-oil, partly to dry it, as all damp was expelled by the +boiling oil, partly to render it more nutritious by impregnating it +with fat. We thought it tasted delightful, and preserved it carefully +for festal occasions and times when all other food failed us. Had we +been able to dry bear’s flesh we should have managed very well; +but the weather was too raw and cold, and the strips of flesh we hung +up became only half dry. There was nothing for it but to lay in a store +of as much cut-up raw flesh and blubber as we could carry with us. Then +we filled the three tin boxes that had held our petroleum with +train-oil, which <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb483" href="#pb483" +name="pb483">483</a>]</span>we used as fuel. For cooking on the journey +we would use the pot belonging to our cooking apparatus; and our lamp +we used as a brazier in which to burn blubber and train-oil together. +These provisions and this fuel did not constitute a particularly light +equipment; but it had this advantage, that we should probably be able +to replace what we consumed of it by the way. It was to be hoped that +we should find plenty of game.</p> +<p>Our short sledges were a greater trouble to us, for of course we +could not get them lengthened now. If we failed to find open water all +the way over to Spitzbergen, and were compelled to drag them over the +uneven drift-ice, we could scarcely imagine how we should get on with +the kayaks lying on these short sledges, without getting them knocked +to pieces on hummocks and pressure-ridges; for the kayaks were +supported only at the middle, while both ends projected far beyond the +sledge, and at the slightest inequality these ends hacked against the +ice, and scraped holes in the sail-cloth. We had to protect them well +by lashing bearskins under them; and then we had to make the best grips +we could contrive out of the scanty wood we had to fix on the sledges. +This was no easy matter, for the great point was to make the grips high +in order to raise the kayaks as much as possible and keep them clear of +the ice; and then they had to be well lashed in order to keep their +places. But we had no cord to lash them with, and had to make it for +ourselves of raw bearskin or walrus hide, which is not the <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb484" href="#pb484" name="pb484">484</a>]</span>best +possible material for lashings. This difficulty, too, we overcame, and +got our kayaks to lie steadily and well. We of course laid the heaviest +part of their cargo as much as possible in the middle, so that the ends +should not be broken down by the weight. Our own personal equipment was +quite as difficult to get in order. I have mentioned that we made +ourselves new clothes, and this took a long time, with two such +inexpert tailors; but practice made us gradually more skilful, and I +think we had good reason to be proud of the results we finally +achieved. When we at last put them on, the clothes had quite an +imposing appearance—so we thought, at any rate. We saved them up, +and kept them hanging as long as possible, in order that they might +still be new when we started; Johansen, I believe, did not wear his new +coat before we fell in with other people. He declared he must keep it +fresh till we arrived in Norway; he could not go about like a pirate +when he got among his countrymen again. The poor remains of +underclothes that we possessed had, of course, to be thoroughly washed +before we started, so that it should be possible to move in them +without their rasping too many holes in our skin. The washing we +accomplished as above described. Our foot-gear was in anything but a +satisfactory condition. Socks, indeed, we could make of bearskin; but +the worst of it was that the soles of our “komager” were +almost worn out. We managed, however, to make soles of a sort out of +walrus hide, by scraping about half its thickness away and then drying +it over <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb485" href="#pb485" name= +"pb485">485</a>]</span>the lamp. With these soles we mended our +“komager,” after the fashion of the Finns; we had plenty of +“senne” thread (sedge thread), and we managed to get our +“komagers” pretty well water-tight again. Thus, in spite of +everything, we were tolerably well off for clothes, though it cannot be +said that those we had were remarkable for their cleanliness. To +protect us against wind and rain we had still our wind clothes, which +we had patched and stitched together as well as we could; but it took a +terrible time, for the whole garments now consisted of scarcely +anything else but patches and seams, and when you had sewed up a hole +at one place they split at another the next time you put them on. The +sleeves were particularly bad, and at last I tore both sleeves off my +jacket, so that I should not have the annoyance of seeing them +perpetually stripped away.</p> +<p>It was very desirable, too, that we should have a tolerably light +sleeping-bag. The one we had brought with us no longer existed, as we +had made clothes out of the blankets; so the only thing was to try and +make as light a bag as possible out of bearskin. By picking out the +thinnest skins we possessed, we managed to make one not so much heavier +than the reindeer-skin bag which we had taken with us on leaving the +<i>Fram</i>. A greater difficulty was to procure a practicable tent. +The one we had had was out of the question. It had been worn and torn +to pieces on our five months’ journey of the year before, and +what was left of it the foxes had <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb486" +href="#pb486" name="pb486">486</a>]</span>made an end of, as we had had +it lying spread over our meat and blubber heap in the autumn to protect +it against the gulls. The foxes had gnawed and torn it in all +directions, and had carried off great strips of it, which we found +scattered around. We speculated a great deal as to how we could make +ourselves a new tent. The only thing we could think of was to put our +sledges, with the kayaks upon them, parallel to each other at the +distance of about a man’s height, then pile snow around them at +the sides until they were closed in, lay our snowshoes and bamboo +staffs across, and then spread our two sails, laced together, over the +whole, so that they should reach the ground on both sides. In this way +we managed to make ourselves a quite effective shelter, the kayaks +forming the roof ridges, and the sails the side walls of the tent. It +was not quite impervious to drifting snow, and we had usually a good +deal of trouble in stopping up cracks and openings with our wind +clothes and things of that sort.</p> +<p>But the most important part of our equipment was, after all, our +firearms, and these, fortunately, we had kept in tolerably good order. +We cleaned the rifles thoroughly and rubbed them with train-oil. We had +also a little vaseline and gun-oil left for the locks. On taking stock +of our ammunition, we found, to our joy, that we still had about 100 +rifle cartridges and 110 small-shot cartridges. We had thus enough, if +necessary, for several more winters. <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb487" href="#pb487" name="pb487">487</a>]</span></p> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5619" href="#xd20e5619src" name="xd20e5619">1</a></span> These +rumblings in the glacier are due to rifts which are formed in the mass +of ice when the cold causes it to contract. New rifts seemed to be +formed only when the temperature sank lower than it had previously been +in the course of that winter; at least, it was only then that we heard +the rumblings.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5668" href="#xd20e5668src" name="xd20e5668">2</a></span> It +proved afterwards that the distance was about 56 miles.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5740" href="#xd20e5740src" name="xd20e5740">3</a></span> We had +now, as the spring advanced, a good opportunity of seeing how the +little auk in great flocks and the black guillemots in smaller numbers, +invariably set forth from land at certain times of the day towards the +open sea, and then at other times returned in unbroken lines up the +ice-bound fjords to their nest-rocks again.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch9" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="label">Chapter IX</h2> +<h2 class="main">The Journey Southward</h2> +<p class="firstpar">At last, on Tuesday, May 19th, we were ready for +the start. Our sledges stood loaded and lashed. The last thing we did +was to photograph our hut, both outside and inside, and to leave in it +a short report of our journey. It ran thus:</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="firstpar">“Tuesday, May 19, 1896. We were frozen in +north of Kotelnoi at about 78° 43′ north latitude, September +22, 1893. Drifted northwestward during the following year, as we had +expected to do. Johansen and I left the <i>Fram</i>, March 14, 1895, at +about 84° 4′ north latitude and 103° east +longitude,<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5844src" href="#xd20e5844" name= +"xd20e5844src">1</a> to push on northward. The command of the remainder +of the expedition was transferred to Sverdrup. Found no land northward. +On April 6, 1895, we had to turn back at 86° 14′ north +latitude and about 95° east longitude, the ice having become +impassable. Shaped our course for Cape Fligely; but our watches having +stopped, we did not know our longitude with certainty, and arrived on +August 6, 1895, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb488" href="#pb488" +name="pb488">488</a>]</span>at four glacier-covered islands to the +north of this line of islands, at about 81° 30′ north +latitude, and about 7° E. of this place. Reached this place August +26, 1895, and thought it safest to winter here. Lived on bear’s +flesh. Are starting to-day southwestward along the land, intending to +cross over to Spitzbergen at the nearest point. We conjecture that we +are on Gillies Land.</p> +<p class="signed">“<span class="sc">Fridtjof +Nansen</span>.”</p> +</div> +<p>This earliest report of our journey was deposited in a brass tube +which had formed the cylinder of the airpump of our +“Primus.” The tube was closed with a plug of wood and hung +by a wire to the roof-tree of the hut.</p> +<p>At length, on Tuesday, the 19th of May, we were ready, and at 7 +<span class="sc">P.M.</span> left our winter lair and began our journey +south. After having had so little exercise all the winter, we were not +much disposed for walking, and thought our sledges with the loaded +kayaks heavy to pull along. In order not to do too much at first, but +make our joints supple before we began to exert ourselves seriously, we +walked for only a few hours the first day, and then, well satisfied, +pitched our camp. There was such a wonderfully happy feeling in knowing +that we were, at last, on the move, and that we were actually going +homeward.</p> +<p>The following day (Wednesday, May 20th) we also did only a short +day’s march. We were making for the promontory to the southwest +of us that we had been <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb489" href= +"#pb489" name="pb489">489</a>]</span>looking at all the winter. Judging +from the sky, it was on the farther side of this headland that we +should find open water. We were very eager to see how the land lay +ahead of this point. If we were north of Cape Lofley, the land must +begin to trend to the southeast. If, on the other hand, the trend of +the coast was to the southwest, then this must be a new land farther +west, and near Gillies Land.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e5867width" id="p489"><img src="images/p489.jpg" +alt="“Our Winter Lair”" width="595" height="500"> +<p class="figureHead">“Our Winter Lair”</p> +</div> +<p>The next day (Thursday, May 21st) we reached this promontory, and +pitched our camp there. All through <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb490" href="#pb490" name="pb490">490</a>]</span>the winter we had +called it the Cape of Good Hope, as we expected to find different +conditions there which would facilitate our advance; and our hopes were +not to be disappointed. From the crest of the mountain I saw open water +not far off to the south, and also two new snow-lands, one large one in +front (in the south, 40° W.), and one not much smaller in the west +(S. 85° W.). It was completely covered with glacier, and looked +like an evenly vaulted shield. I could not see clearly how the coast +ran on account of a headland to the southward. But it did not seem to +trend to the southeast, so that we could not be near Cape Lofley. We +now hoped that we might be able to launch our kayaks the very next day, +and that we should then make rapid progress in a southwesterly +direction; but in this we were disappointed. The next day there was a +snow-storm, and we had to stay where we were. As I lay in the bag in +the morning, preparing breakfast, I all at once caught sight of a bear +walking quietly past us at a distance of about twenty paces. It looked +at us and our kayaks once or twice, but could not quite make out what +we were, as the wind was in another direction and it could not get +scent of us, so it continued its way. I let it go unharmed; we still +had food enough.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e5876width" id="p491"><img src="images/p491.jpg" +alt="Southward. May, 1896" width="720" height="454"> +<p class="figureHead">Southward. May, 1896</p> +<p class="firstpar">(<i>From a photograph</i>)</p> +</div> +<p>On Saturday, May 23d, the weather was still bad, but we went ahead a +little way to examine our road onward. The point to be found out was +whether we ought at once to make for the open water, that lay on the +other <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb493" href="#pb493" name= +"pb493">493</a>]</span>side of an island to the west, or whether we +ought to travel southward upon the shore-ice along the land. We came to +a headland consisting of uncommonly marked columnar basalt, which on +account of its peculiar form we called the +“Castle.”<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5889src" href= +"#xd20e5889" name="xd20e5889src">2</a> We here saw that the land +stretched farther in a southerly direction, and that the open water +went the same way, only separated from the land by a belt of shore-ice. +As the latter appeared to be full of cracks, we decided to go over to +the island in the west, and put to sea as quickly as possible. We +therefore returned and made all ready. Our preparations consisted, +first and foremost, in carefully calking the seams of our kayaks by +melting stearine over them, and then restowing the cargo so as to leave +room for us to sit in them. The following day (Sunday, May 24th) we +moved on westward towards the island, and as the wind was easterly and +we were able to employ sails on the sledges we got on pretty quickly +across the flat ice. As we approached the island, however, a storm blew +up from the southwest, and after the sledges had upset several times we +were obliged to take down our sails. The sky became overcast, the air +grew misty, and we worked our way against the strong wind in towards +the land. The thing was to get to land as quickly as possible, as we +might evidently expect bad weather. But now the ice became <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb494" href="#pb494" name= +"pb494">494</a>]</span>treacherous. As we approached the land there +were a number of cracks in every direction, and these were covered with +a layer of snow, so that it was difficult to see them. While Johansen +was busy lashing the sail and mast securely to the deck of his kayak, +so that the wind should not carry them away, I went on ahead as fast as +I could to look for a camping-ground; but all of a sudden the ice sank +beneath me, and I lay in the water in a broad crack which had been +concealed by the snow. I tried to get out again, but with my snow-shoes +firmly fastened it was not possible to get them through all the rubble +of snow and lumps of ice that had fallen into the water on the top of +them. In addition to this, I was fastened to the sledge by the harness, +so that I could not turn round. Fortunately, in the act of falling, I +had dug my pikestaff into the ice on the opposite side of the crack, +and, holding myself up by its aid and the one arm that I had got above +the edge of the ice, I lay waiting patiently for Johansen to come and +pull me out. I was sure he must have seen me fall in, but could not +turn enough to look back. When I thought a long time had passed, and I +felt the staff giving way and the water creeping farther and farther up +my body, I began to call out, but received no answer. I shouted louder +for help, and at last heard a “Hullo!” far behind. After +some little time, when the water was up to my chest, and it would not +have been long before I was right under, Johansen came up and I was +pulled out. He had been <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb497" href= +"#pb497" name="pb497">497</a>]</span>so occupied with his sledge that +he had not noticed that I was in the water until the last time I +called. This experience had the effect of making me careful in the +future not to go on such deceitful ice with my snow-shoes firmly +attached. By observing a little more caution, we at length reached the +land, and found a camping-place where there was a certain amount of +shelter. To our surprise, we discovered a number of walruses lying +along the shore here, herd upon herd, beside the cracks; but we took no +notice of them either, for the present; we thought we still had a +sufficient supply of food and blubber to draw upon.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e5897width" id="p495"><img src="images/p495.jpg" +alt="Over the Ice towards the Island. May 24, 1896" width="720" height= +"389"> +<p class="figureHead">Over the Ice towards the Island. May 24, 1896</p> +<p class="firstpar">(Cape M’Clintock to the left, Cape Fisher to +the right)</p> +<p>(<i>By A. Eiebakke, from a photograph</i>)</p> +</div> +<p>During the succeeding days the storm raged, and we could not move. +The entry for Tuesday, May 26th, is as follows: “We have lain +weather-bound yesterday and to-day beneath the glacier cliff on the +north side of this island. The snow is so wet that it will be difficult +to get anywhere; but it is to be hoped that the open channel outside is +not far off, and we shall get on quickly there when once the storm +abates. We shall then make up for this long delay.” But our stay +was to be longer than we thought. On Thursday, May 28th, the journal +says: “We were up on the island yesterday, and saw open sea to +the south, but are still lying weather-bound as before. I only moved +our tent-place a little on account of the cracks; the ice threatened to +open just beneath us. There are a great many walruses here. When we go +out over the ice the fellows follow us and come up in <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb498" href="#pb498" name="pb498">498</a>]</span>the +cracks beside us. We can often hear them grunting as they go, and +butting at the ice under our feet.”</p> +<p>That day, however, the storm so far abated that we were able to move +southward along the east side of the island. On the way we passed a +large open pool in the shore-ice between this island and the land. It +must have been shallow here, for there was a strong current, which was +probably the cause of this pool being kept open. We passed two or three +herds of walruses lying on the ice near it. Concerning these I wrote +that evening: “I went up to one herd of about nine to take +photographs of the animals. I went close up to them, behind a little +mound, and they did not see me; but directly I rose up, not more than +20 feet away from them, a female with her young one plunged into the +water through a hole close by. I could not get the others to stir, +however much I shouted. Johansen now joined me, and, although he threw +lumps of snow and ice at them, they would not move; they only struck +their tusks into the lumps and sniffed at them, while I kept on +photographing them. When I went right up to them, most of them at last +got up and floundered away towards the hole, and one plunged in; but +the others stopped and composed themselves to sleep again. Soon, too, +the one that had first disappeared came back and crept on to the ice. +The two that lay nearest to me never stirred at all; they raised their +heads a little once or twice, looked contemptuously at me as I stood +three <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb499" href="#pb499" name= +"pb499">499</a>]</span>paces from them, laid their heads down and went +to sleep again. They barely moved when I pricked them in the snout with +my pikestaff, but I was able to get a pretty good photograph of them. I +thought I now had enough, but before I went I gave the nearest one a +parting poke in the snout with my pikestaff; it got right up, grunted +discontentedly, looked in astonishment at me with its great round eyes, +and then quietly began to scratch the back of its head, and I got +another photograph, whereupon it again lay quietly down. When we went +on, they all immediately settled themselves again, and were lying like +immovable masses of flesh when we finally rounded the promontory and +lost sight of them.”</p> +<p>Once more we had snow-storms, and now lay weather-bound on the south +side of the island.</p> +<p>“Friday, May 29th. Lying weather-bound.</p> +<p>“Saturday, May 30th. Lying weather-bound, stopping up the tent +against the driving snow while the wind flits round us, attacking first +one side and then another.” It was all we could do to keep +ourselves tolerably dry during this time, with the snow drifting in +through the cracks on all sides, on us and our bag, melting and +saturating everything.</p> +<p>“Monday, June 1st. Yesterday it at last grew a little calmer, +and cleared up so that we had bright sunshine in the evening. We +rejoiced in the thought of moving on, got our kayaks and everything +ready to launch, and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb500" href="#pb500" +name="pb500">500</a>]</span>crept into our bag, to turn out early this +morning for a fine day, as we thought. The only thing that made it a +little doubtful was that the barometer had ceased rising—had +fallen again 1 millim., in fact. In the night the storm came on +again—the same driving snow, only with this difference, that now +the wind is going round the compass <i>with</i> the sun, so there must +soon be an end of it. This is beginning to be too much of a good thing; +I am now seriously afraid that the <i>Fram</i> will get home before us. +I went for a walk inland yesterday. There were flat clay and gravel +stretches everywhere. I saw numerous traces of geese, and in one place +some white egg-shell, undoubtedly belonging to a goose’s +egg.” We therefore called the island Goose Island.<a class= +"noteref" id="xd20e5933src" href="#xd20e5933" name= +"xd20e5933src">3</a></p> +<p>“Tuesday, June 2d. Still lay weather-bound last night, and +to-day it has been windier than ever. But now, towards evening, it has +begun to abate a little, with a brightening sky and sunshine now and +again; so we hope that there will really be a change for the better. +Here we lie in a hollow in the snow, getting wetter and wetter, and +thinking that it is June already and everything looks beautiful at +home, while we have got no farther than this. But it cannot be much +longer before we are there. Oh, it is too much to think of! If only I +could be sure about the <i>Fram</i>! If she arrives before us, ah! what +will those poor waiting ones do?” <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb501" href="#pb501" name="pb501">501</a>]</span></p> +<p>At length, on Wednesday, June 3d, we went on; but now the west wind +had driven the ice landward, so that there was no longer open sea to +travel south upon, and there was nothing for it but to go over the ice +along the land. However, the wind was from the north, and we could put +up a sail on our sledges, and thus get along pretty fast. We still saw +several walruses on the ice, and there were also some in the water that +were continually putting their heads up in the cracks and grunting +after us. The ice we were crossing here was remarkably thin and bad, +and as we got farther south it became even worse. It was so weighed +down with the masses of snow that lay upon it that there was water +beneath the snow wherever we turned. We had to make towards land as +quickly as possible, as it looked still worse farther south. By going +on snow-shoes, however, we kept fairly well on the top of the snow, +though often both sledge and snow-shoes sank down into the water below +and stuck fast, and no little trouble would be caused in getting +everything safely on to firmer ice again. At last, however, we got in +under a high, perpendicular basaltic cliff,<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5944src" href="#xd20e5944" name="xd20e5944src">4</a> which +swarmed with auks. This was the first time we had seen these birds in +any great quantity; hitherto we had only seen one or two singly. We +took it as a sign that we were approaching better-known regions. +Alongside of it, to <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb502" href="#pb502" +name="pb502">502</a>]</span>the southeast, there was a small rocky +knoll, where numbers of fulmar (<i>Procellaria glacialis</i>) seemed to +be breeding. Our supply of food was now getting very low, and we had +been hoping for a visit from some bear or other; but now that we needed +them they of course kept away. We then determined to shoot birds, but +the auks flew too high, and all we got was a couple of fulmars. As we +just then passed a herd of walruses we determined to take some of this +despised food, and we shot one of them, killing it on the spot. At the +report the others raised their heads a little, but only to let them +fall again, and went on sleeping. To get our prize skinned with these +brutes lying around us was not to be thought of, and we must drive them +into the water in some way or other. This was no easy matter, however. +We went up to them, shouted and halloed, but they only looked at us +lazily, and did not move. Then we hit them with snow-shoe staves; they +became angry, and struck their tusks into the ice until the chips flew, +but still would not move. At last, however, by continuing to poke and +beat, we drove the whole herd into the water, but it was not quick +work. In stately, dignified procession they drew back and shambled +slowly off, one after the other, to the water’s edge. Here they +again looked round at us, grunting discontentedly, and then plunged +into the water one by one. But while we were cutting up their comrade +they kept coming up again in the crack beside us, grunting and creeping +half up on the ice, as if to demand an explanation of our conduct. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb503" href="#pb503" name= +"pb503">503</a>]</span></p> +<p>After having supplied ourselves with as much meat and blubber as we +thought we needed for the moment, as well as a quantity of blood, we +pitched our tent close by and boiled a good mess of blood porridge, +which consisted of a wonderful mixture of blood, powdered fish, Indian +meal, and blubber. We still had a good wind, and sailed away merrily +with our sledges all night. When we got to the promontory to the south +of us we came to open water, which here ran right up to the edge of the +glacier-covered land; and all we had to do was to launch our kayaks and +set off along by the glacier cliff, in open sea for the first time this +year. It was strange to be using paddles again and to see the water +swarming with birds—auks and little auks and kittiwakes all +round. The land was covered with glaciers, the basaltic rock only +projecting in one or two places. There were moraines, too, in several +places on the glaciers. We were not a little surprised, after going +some way, when we discovered a flock of eider-ducks on the water. A +little later we saw two geese sitting on the shore, and felt as if we +had come into quite civilized regions again. After a couple of +hours’ paddling our progress south was stopped by shore-ice, +while the open water extended due west towards some land we had +previously seen in that direction, but which was now covered by mist. +We were very much in doubt as to which way to choose, whether to go on +in the open water westward—which must take us towards +Spitzbergen—or to leave it and again take to our sledges over the +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb504" href="#pb504" name= +"pb504">504</a>]</span>smooth shore-ice to the south. Although the air +was thick and we could not see far, we felt convinced that by going +over the ice we should at last reach open water on the south side of +these islands among which we were. Perhaps we might there find a +shorter route to Spitzbergen. In the meantime morning was far advanced +(June 5th), and we pitched our camp, well pleased at having got so far +south.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5957src" href="#xd20e5957" name= +"xd20e5957src">5</a></p> +<p>As it was still so hazy the following day (Saturday, June 6th) that +we could not see any more of our surroundings than before, and as there +was a strong north wind, which would be inconvenient in crossing the +open sea westward, we determined on going southward over the shore-ice. +We were once more able to use a sail on our sledges, and we got on +better than ever. We often went along without any exertion; we could +stand on our snow-shoes, each in front of our sledge, holding the +steering-pole (a bamboo cane bound firmly to the stem of the kayaks) +and letting the wind carry us along. In the gusts we often went along +like feathers, at other times we had to pull a little ourselves. We +made good progress, and kept on until far into the night, as we wanted +to make as much use of the wind as possible. We crossed right over the +broad sound we had had in front of us, and did not stop until we were +able to pitch our camp by an island on its southern side. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb505" href="#pb505" name="pb505">505</a>]</span></p> +<p>Next evening (Sunday, June 7th) we went on again, still southward, +before the same northerly wind, and we could sail well. We had hoped to +be able to reach the land before we again pitched our camp, but it was +farther than we had thought, and at last, when morning (Monday, June +8th) was far advanced, we had to stop in the middle of the ice in a +furious storm. The numerous islands among which we now were seemed more +and more mysterious to us. I find in my journal for that day: +“Are continually discovering new islands or lands to the south. +There is one great land of snow beyond us in the west, and it seems to +extend southward a long way.” This snow land seemed to us +extremely mysterious; we had not yet discovered a single dark patch +upon it, only snow and ice everywhere. We had no clear idea of its +extent, as we had only caught glimpses of it now and then when the mist +lifted a little. It seemed to be quite low, but we thought that it must +be of a wider extent than any of the lands we had hitherto travelled +along. To the east we found island upon island, and sounds and fjords +the whole way along. We mapped it all as well as we could, but this did +not help us to find out where we were; they seemed to be only a crowd +of small islands, and every now and then a view of what we took to be +the ocean to the east opened up between them.</p> +<p>The ice over which we were now travelling was remarkably different +from that which we had had farther north, near our winter-hut; it was +considerably thinner, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb506" href= +"#pb506" name="pb506">506</a>]</span>and covered, too, with very thick +snow, so that it was not in a good condition for travelling over. When, +therefore, the following day (Tuesday, June 9th), it also began to +stick in lumps to our snow-shoes and the sledge-runners, they both +worked rather heavily; but the wind was still favorable, and we sailed +along well notwithstanding. As we were sailing full speed, flying +before the wind, and had almost reached the land, Johansen and his +sledge suddenly sank down, and it was with difficulty that he managed +to back himself and his things against the wind and on to the firmer +ice. As I was rushing along, I saw that the snow in front of me had a +suspiciously wet color, and my snow-shoes began to cut through; but +fortunately I still had time to luff before any further misfortune +occurred. We had to take down our sails and make a long detour +westward, before we could continue our sail. Next day, also, the snow +clogged, but the wind had freshened, and we sailed better than ever. As +the land to the east<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5970src" href= +"#xd20e5970" name="xd20e5970src">6</a> now appeared to trend to the +southeast, we steered for the southernmost point of a land to the +southwest.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5973src" href="#xd20e5973" name= +"xd20e5973src">7</a> It began to be more and more exciting. We thought +we must have covered about 14 miles that day, and reckoned that we must +be in 80° 8′ north latitude, and we still had land in the +south. If it continued far in that direction it was certain that we +could <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb509" href="#pb509" name= +"pb509">509</a>]</span>not be on Franz Josef Land (as I still thought +might be the case); but we could not see far in this hazy atmosphere, +and then it was remarkable that the coast on the east began to run in +an easterly direction. I thought it might agree with +Leigh-Smith’s map of Markham Sound. In that case we must have +come south through a sound which neither he nor Payer could have seen, +and we were therefore not so far out of our longitude, after all. But +no! in our journey southward we could not possibly have passed right +across Payer’s Dove Glacier and his various islands and lands +without having seen them. There must still be a land farther west of +this, between Franz Josef Land and Spitzbergen; Payer’s map could +not be altogether wrong. I wanted to reach the land in the southwest, +but had to stop on the ice; it was too far.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e5979width" id="p507"><img src="images/p507.jpg" +alt="A Sail with Sledges. South of Cape Richthofen. June 6, 1896" +width="720" height="376"> +<p class="figureHead">A Sail with Sledges. South of Cape Richthofen. +June 6, 1896</p> +<p class="firstpar">(<i>By A. Eiebakke, from a photograph</i>)</p> +</div> +<p>“Our provisions are getting low; we have a little meat for one +more day, but there is no living thing to be seen, not a seal on the +ice, and no open water anywhere. How long is this going on? If we do +not soon reach open sea again, where there may be game to be had, +things will not look very pleasant.</p> +<p>“Tuesday, June 16th. The last few days have been so eventful +that there has been no time to write. I must try to make up for lost +time this beautiful morning, while the sun is peeping in under the +tent. The sea lies blue and shining outside, and one can lie and fancy +one’s self at home on a June morning.” <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb510" href="#pb510" name="pb510">510</a>]</span></p> +<p>On Friday, June 12th, we started again at 4 <span class= +"sc">A.M.</span> with sails on our sledges. There had been frost, so +the snow was in much better condition again. It had been very windy in +the night, too, so we hoped for a good day. On the preceding day it had +cleared up so that we could at last see distinctly the lands around. We +now discovered that we must steer in a more westerly direction than we +had done during the preceding days, in order to reach the south point +of the land to the west. The lands to the east disappeared eastward, so +we had said good-bye to them the day before. We now saw, too, that +there was a broad sound in the land to the west,<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5998src" href="#xd20e5998" name="xd20e5998src">8</a> and that it +was not one entire land, as we had taken it to be. The land north of +this sound was now so far away that I could only just see it. In the +meantime the wind had dropped a good deal; the ice, too, became more +and more uneven—it was evident that we had come to the drift-ice, +and it was much harder work than we had expected. We could see by the +air that there must be open water to the south, and as we went on we +heard, to our joy, the sound of breakers. At 6 A.M. we stopped to rest +a little, and on going up on to a hummock to take a longitude +observation I saw the water not far off. From a higher piece of +glacier-ice we could see it better. It extended towards the promontory +to the southwest. Even though the wind had become a little westerly +now, we still hoped to be able <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb511" +href="#pb511" name="pb511">511</a>]</span>to sail along the edge of the +ice, and determined to go to the water by the shortest way. We were +quickly at the edge of the ice, and once more saw the blue water spread +out before us. We soon had our kayaks lashed together and the sail up, +and put to sea. Nor were our hopes disappointed; we sailed well all day +long. At times the wind was so strong that we cut through the water, +and the waves washed unpleasantly over our kayaks; but we got on, and +we had to put up with being a little wet. We soon passed the point we +had been making for,<a class="noteref" id="xd20e6003src" href= +"#xd20e6003" name="xd20e6003src">9</a> and here we saw that the land +ran westward, that the edge of the unbroken shore-ice extended in the +same direction, and that we had water in front of us. In good spirits, +we sailed westward along the margin of the ice. So we were at last at +the south of the land in which we had been wandering for so long, and +where we had spent a long winter. It struck me more than ever that, in +spite of everything, this south coast would agree well with Leigh +Smith’s map of Franz Josef Land and the country surrounding their +winter quarters; but then I remembered Payer’s map and dismissed +the thought.</p> +<p>In the evening we put in to the edge of the ice, so as to stretch +our legs a little; they were stiff with sitting in the kayak all day, +and we wanted to get a little view over the water to the west by +ascending a hummock. As we went ashore the question arose as to how we +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb512" href="#pb512" name= +"pb512">512</a>]</span>should moor our precious vessel. “Take one +of the braces,” said Johansen; he was standing on the ice. +“But is it strong enough?” “Yes,” he answered; +“I have used it as a halyard on my sledge-sail all the +time.” “Oh, well, it doesn’t require much to hold +these light kayaks,” said I, a little ashamed of having been so +timid, and I moored them with the halyard, which was a strap cut from a +raw walrus hide. We had been on the ice a little while, moving up and +down close to the kayaks. The wind had dropped considerably, and seemed +to be more westerly, making it doubtful whether we could make use of it +any longer, and we went up on to a hummock close by to ascertain this +better. As we stood there, Johansen suddenly cried, “I say! the +kayaks are adrift!” We ran down as hard as we could. They were +already a little way out, and were drifting quickly off; the painter +had given way. “Here, take my watch!” I said to Johansen, +giving it to him; and as quickly as possible I threw off some clothing, +so as to be able to swim more easily. I did not dare to take everything +off, as I might so easily get cramp. I sprang into the water, but the +wind was off the ice, and the light kayaks, with their high rigging, +gave it a good hold. They were already well out, and were drifting +rapidly. The water was icy cold; it was hard work swimming with clothes +on; and the kayaks drifted farther and farther, often quicker than I +could swim. It seemed more than doubtful whether I could manage it. But +all <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb513" href="#pb513" name= +"pb513">513</a>]</span>our hope was drifting there; all we possessed +was on board—we had not even a knife with us; and whether I got +cramp and sank here, or turned back without the kayaks, it would come +to pretty much the same thing; so I exerted myself to the utmost. When +I got tired I turned over, and swam on my back, and then I could see +Johansen walking restlessly up and down on the ice. Poor lad! He could +not stand still, and thought it dreadful not to be able to do anything. +He had not much hope that I could do it, but it would not improve +matters in the least if he threw himself into the water too. He said +afterwards that these were the worst moments he had ever lived through. +But when I turned over again and saw that I was nearer the kayaks, my +courage rose, and I redoubled my exertions. I felt, however, that my +limbs were gradually stiffening and losing all feeling, and I knew that +in a short time I should not be able to move them. But there was not +far to go now; if I could only hold out a little longer we should be +saved—and I went on. The strokes became more and more feeble, but +the distance became shorter and shorter, and I began to think I should +reach the kayaks. At last I was able to stretch out my hand to the +snow-shoe which lay across the sterns. I grasped it, pulled myself in +to the edge of the kayak—and we were saved! I tried to pull +myself up, but the whole of my body was so stiff with cold that this +was an impossibility. For a moment I thought that, after all, it was +too late; I <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb514" href="#pb514" name= +"pb514">514</a>]</span>was to get so far, but not be able to get in. +After a little, however, I managed to swing one leg up on to the edge +of the sledge which lay on the deck, and in this way managed to tumble +up. There I sat, but so stiff with cold that I had difficulty in +paddling. Nor was it easy to paddle in the double vessel, where I first +had to take one or two strokes on one side, and then step into the +other kayak to take a few strokes on the other side. If I had been able +to separate them, and row in one while I towed the other, it would have +been easy enough; but I could not undertake that piece of work, for I +should have been stiff before it was done; the thing to be done was to +keep warm by rowing as hard as I could. The cold had robbed my whole +body of feeling, but when the gusts of wind came they seemed to go +right through me as I stood there in my thin, wet woollen shirt. I +shivered, my teeth chattered, and I was numb almost all over; but I +could still use the paddle, and I should get warm when I got back on to +the ice again. Two auks were lying close to the bow, and the thought of +having auk for supper was too tempting; we were in want of food now. I +got hold of my gun and shot them with one discharge. Johansen said +afterwards that be started at the report, thinking some accident had +happened, and could not understand what I was about out there, but when +he saw me paddle and pick up two birds he thought I had gone out of my +mind. At last I managed to reach the edge of the ice, but the current +had driven me a long way <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb515" href= +"#pb515" name="pb515">515</a>]</span>from our landing-place. Johansen +came along the edge of the ice, jumped into the kayak beside me, and we +soon got back to our place, I was undeniably a good deal exhausted, and +could barely manage to crawl on land. I could scarcely stand; and while +I shook and trembled all over Johansen had to pull off the wet things I +had on, put on the few dry ones I still had in reserve, and spread the +sleeping-bag out upon the ice. I packed <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb516" href="#pb516" name="pb516">516</a>]</span>myself well into it, +and he covered me with the sail and everything he could find to keep +out the cold air. There I lay shivering for a long time, but gradually +the warmth began to return to my body. For some time longer, however, +my feet had no more feeling in them than icicles, for they had been +partly naked in the water. While Johansen put up the tent and prepared +supper, consisting of my two auks, I fell asleep. He let me sleep +quietly, and when I awoke supper had been ready for some time, and +stood simmering over the fire. Auk and hot soup soon effaced the last +traces of my swim. During the night my clothes were hung out to dry, +and the next day were all nearly dry again.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e6019width" id="p515"><img src="images/p515.jpg" +alt="“I Managed to Swing One Leg Up”" width="603" height= +"554"> +<p class="figureHead">“I Managed to Swing One Leg Up”</p> +</div> +<p>As the tidal current was strong here, and there was no wind for +sailing, we had to wait for the turn of the tide, so as not to have the +current against us; and it was not until late the following evening +that we went on again. We paddled and got on well until towards morning +(June 14th), when we came to some great herds of walrus on the ice. Our +supply of meat was exhausted but for some auks we had shot, and we had +not many pieces of blubber left. We would rather have had a bear, but +as we had seen none lately it was perhaps best to supply ourselves +here. We put in, and went up to one herd behind a hummock. We preferred +young ones, as they were much easier to manipulate; and there were +several here. I first shot one quite small, and then another. The +full-grown animals started up <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb517" +href="#pb517" name="pb517">517</a>]</span>at the first report and +looked round, and at the second shot the whole herd began to go into +the water. The mothers, however, would not leave their dead young ones. +One sniffed at its young one, and pushed it, evidently unable to make +out what was the matter; it only saw the blood spurting from its head. +It cried and wailed like a human being. At last, when the herd began to +plunge in, the mother pushed her young one before her towards the +water. I now feared that I should lose my booty, and ran forward to +save it; but she was too quick for me. She took the young one by one +fore-leg, and disappeared with it like lightning into the depths. The +other mother did the same. I hardly knew how it had all happened, and +remained standing at the edge looking down after them. I thought the +young ones must rise to the surface again, but there was nothing to be +seen; they had disappeared for good. The mothers must have taken them a +long way. I then went towards another herd, where there were also young +ones, and shot one of them; but, made wiser by experience, I shot the +mother too. It was a touching sight to see her bend over her dead young +one before she was shot, and even in death she lay holding it with one +fore-leg. So now we had meat and blubber enough to last a long time, +and meat, too, that was delicious, for the side of young walrus tastes +like loin of mutton. To this we added a dozen auks, so our larder was +now well furnished with good <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb518" href= +"#pb518" name="pb518">518</a>]</span>food; and if we needed more the +water was full of auks and other food, so there was no dearth.</p> +<p>The walruses here were innumerable. The herds that had been lying on +the ice and had now disappeared were large; but there had been many +more in the water outside. It seemed to seethe with them on every side, +great and small; and when I estimate their number to have been at least +300, it is certainly not over the mark.</p> +<p>At 1.30 the next morning (Monday, June 15th) we proceeded on our way +in beautifully calm weather. As walruses swarmed on all sides, we did +not much like paddling singly, and for some distance lashed the kayaks +together; for we knew how obtrusive these gentlemen could be. The day +before they had come pretty near, popped up close beside my kayak, and +several times followed us closely a long distance, but without doing us +any harm. I was inclined to think it was curiosity, and that they were +not really dangerous; but Johansen was not so sure of this. He thought +we had had experience to the contrary, and urged that at any rate +caution could do no harm. All day long we saw herds, that often +followed us a long way, pressing in round the kayaks. We kept close to +the edge of the ice; and if any came too near, we put in, if possible, +on an ice-foot.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e6033src" href="#xd20e6033" +name="xd20e6033src">10</a> We also kept close together or beside one +another. We paddled <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb519" href="#pb519" +name="pb519">519</a>]</span>past one large herd on the ice, and could +hear them a long way off lowing like cows.</p> +<p>We glided quickly on along the coast, but unfortunately a mist hung +over it, so that it was often impossible to determine whether they were +channels or glaciers between the dark patches which we could just +distinguish upon it. I wanted very much to have seen a little more of +this land. My suspicion that we were in the neighborhood of the Leigh +Smith winter quarters had become stronger than ever. Our latitude, as +also the direction of the coast-line and the situation of the islands +and sounds, seemed to agree far too well to admit of the possibility of +imagining that another such group of islands could lie in the short +distance between Franz Josef Land and Spitzbergen. Such a coincidence +would be altogether too remarkable. Moreover, we caught glimpses of +land in the far west which in that case could not lie far from +Northeast Land. But Payer’s map of the land north of this? +Johansen maintained, with reason, that Payer could not possibly have +made such mistakes as we should in that case be obliged to assume.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e6042width" id="p520"><img src="images/p520.jpg" +alt="“It Tried to Upset Me”" width="581" height="379"> +<p class="figureHead">“It Tried to Upset Me”</p> +</div> +<p>Towards morning we rowed for some time without seeing any walrus, +and now felt more secure. Just then we saw a solitary rover pop up a +little in front of us. Johansen, who was in front at the time, put in +to a sunken ledge of ice; and although I really thought that this was +caution carried to excess, I was on the point of following his example. +I had not got so far, however, when <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb520" href="#pb520" name="pb520">520</a>]</span>suddenly the walrus +shot up beside me, threw itself on to the edge of the kayak, took hold +farther over the deck with one fore-flipper, and, as it tried to upset +me, aimed a blow at the kayak with its tusks. I held on as tightly as +possible, so as not to be upset into the water, and struck at the +animal’s head with the paddle as hard as I could. It took hold of +the kayak once more and tilted me up, so that the deck was almost under +water, then let go, and raised itself right up. I seized my gun, but at +the same moment it turned round and disappeared as quickly as it had +come. The whole thing had happened in a moment, and I was just going to +remark to Johansen that we were fortunate in escaping so easily from +that adventure, when I noticed that my legs were wet. I <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb521" href="#pb521" name= +"pb521">521</a>]</span>listened, and now heard the water trickling into +the kayak under me. To turn and run her in on to the sunken ledge of +ice was the work of a moment, but I sank there. The thing was to get +out and on to the ice, the kayak all the time getting fuller. The edge +of the ice was high and loose, but I managed to get up; and Johansen, +by tilting the sinking kayak over to starboard, so that the leak came +above the water, managed to bring her to a place where the ice was low +enough to admit of our drawing her up. All I possessed was floating +about inside, soaked through. “What I most regret is that the +water has got into the photographic apparatus, and perhaps my precious +photographs are ruined.</p> +<p>“So here we lie, with all our worldly goods spread out to dry +and a kayak that must be mended before we can face the walrus again. It +is a good big rent that he has made, at least six inches long; but it +is fortunate that it was no worse. How easily he might have wounded me +in the thigh with that tusk of his! And it would have fared ill with me +if we had been farther out, and not just at such a convenient place by +the edge of the ice, where there was a sunken ledge. The sleeping-bag +was soaking wet; we wrung it out as well as we could, turned the hair +outside, and have spent a capital night in it.”</p> +<p>On the evening of the same day I wrote: “To-day I have patched +my kayak, and we have gone over all <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb522" href="#pb522" name="pb522">522</a>]</span>the seams in both +kayaks with stearine; so now we hope we shall be able to go on in quite +sound boats. In the meantime the walruses are lying outside, staring at +us with their great, round eyes, grunting and blowing, and now and then +clambering up on the edge of the ice, as though they wanted to drive us +away.</p> +<p>“Tuesday, June 23d.</p> +<div class="lgouter"> +<p class="line">“‘Do I sleep? Do I dream?</p> +<p class="line xd20e1138">Do I wonder and doubt?</p> +<p class="line">Are things what they seem?</p> +<p class="line xd20e1138">Or are visions about?’</p> +</div> +<p class="firstpar">What has happened? I can still scarcely grasp it. +How incessant are the vicissitudes in this wandering life! A few days +ago swimming in the water for dear life, attacked by walrus, living the +savage life which I have lived for more than a year now, and sure of a +long journey before us over ice and sea through unknown regions before +we should meet with other human beings—a journey full of the same +ups and downs, the same disappointments, that we have become so +accustomed to—and now living the life of a civilized European, +surrounded by everything that civilization can afford of luxury and +good living, with abundance of water, soap, towels, clean, soft woollen +clothes, books, and everything that we have been sighing for all these +weary months.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e6072width" id="p523"><img src="images/p523.jpg" +alt="Our Last Camp" width="720" height="412"> +<p class="figureHead">Our Last Camp</p> +</div> +<p>“It was past midday on June 17th when I turned out to prepare +breakfast. I had been down to the edge of <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb525" href="#pb525" name="pb525">525</a>]</span>the ice to fetch +salt-water, had made up the fire, cut up the meat and put it in the +pot, and had already taken off one boot, preparatory to creeping into +the bag again, when I saw that the mist over the land had risen a +little since the preceding day. I thought it would be as well to take +the opportunity of having a look round, so I put on my boot again and +went up on to a hummock near to look at the land beyond. A gentle +breeze came from the land, bearing with it a confused noise of +thousands of bird-voices from the mountain there. As I listened to +these sounds of life and movement, watched flocks of auks flying to and +fro above my head, and as my eye followed the line of coast, stopping +at the dark, naked cliffs, glancing at the cold, icy plains and +glaciers in a land which I believed to be unseen by any human eye and +untrodden by any human foot, reposing in Arctic majesty behind its +mantle of mist—a sound suddenly reached my ear so like the +barking of a dog that I started. It was only a couple of barks, but it +could not be anything else. I strained my ears, but heard no more, only +the same bubbling noise of thousands of birds. I must have been +mistaken, after all; it was only birds I had heard; and again my eye +passed from sound to island in the west. Then the barking came +again—first single barks, then full cry; there was one deep bark, +and one sharper; there was no longer any room for doubt. At that moment +I remembered having heard two reports the day before <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb526" href="#pb526" name= +"pb526">526</a>]</span>which I thought sounded like shots, but I had +explained them away as noises in the ice. I now shouted to Johansen +that I heard dogs farther inland. Johansen started up from the bag +where he lay sleeping and tumbled out of the tent. ‘Dogs?’ +He could not quite take it in, but had to get up and listen with his +own ears while I got breakfast ready. He very much doubted the +possibility of such a thing, yet fancied once or twice that he heard +something which might be taken for the barking of dogs; but then it was +drowned again in the bird-noises, and, everything considered, he +thought that what I had heard was nothing more than that. I said he +might believe what he liked, but I meant to set off as quickly as +possible, and was impatient to get breakfast swallowed. I had emptied +the last of the Indian meal into the soup, feeling sure that we should +have farinaceous food enough by the evening. As we were eating we +discussed who it could be, whether our countrymen or Englishmen. If it +was the English expedition to Franz Josef Land which had been in +contemplation when we started, what should we do? ‘Oh, +we’ll just have to remain with them a day or two,’ said +Johansen, ‘and then we’ll have to go on to Spitzbergen, +else it will be too long before we get home.’ We were quite +agreed on this point; but we would take care to get some good +provisions for the voyage out of them. While I went on, Johansen was to +stay behind and mind the kayaks, so that we should run no <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb527" href="#pb527" name="pb527">527</a>]</span>risk +of their drifting away with the ice. I got out my snow-shoes, glass, +and gun, and was ready. Before starting I went up once more to listen +and look out a road across the uneven ice to the land. But there was +not a sound like the barking of dogs, only noisy auks, harsh-toned +little auks, and screaming kittiwakes. Was it these, after all, that I +had heard? I set off in doubt. Then in front of me I saw the fresh +tracks of an animal. They could hardly have been made by a fox, for if +they were, the foxes here must be bigger than any I had ever seen. But +dogs? Could a dog have been no more than a few hundred paces from us in +the night without barking, or without our having heard it? It seemed +scarcely probable; but, whatever it was, it could never have been a +fox. A wolf, then? I went on, my mind full of strange thoughts, +hovering between certainty and doubt. Was all our toil, were all our +troubles, privations, and sufferings to end here? It seemed incredible, +and yet—Out of the shadow-land of doubt, certainty was at last +beginning to dawn. Again the sound of a dog yelping reached my ear, +more distinctly than ever; I saw more and more tracks which could be +nothing but those of a dog. Among them were foxes’ tracks, and +how small they looked! A long time passed, and nothing was to be heard +but the noise of the birds. Again arose doubt as to whether it was all +an illusion. Perhaps it was only a dream. But then I remembered the +dogs’ tracks; they, at any rate, were no delusion. But +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb528" href="#pb528" name= +"pb528">528</a>]</span>if there were people here we could scarcely be +on Gillies Land or a new land, as we had believed all the winter. We +must, after all, be on the south side of Franz Josef Land, and the +suspicion I had had a few days ago was correct, namely, that we had +come south through an unknown sound and out between Hooker Island and +Northbrook Island, and were now off the latter, in spite of the +impossibility of reconciling our position with Payer’s map.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e6087width" id="p528"><img src="images/p528.jpg" +alt="Franz Josef Land" width="593" height="487"> +<p class="figureHead">Franz Josef Land</p> +</div> +<p>“It was with a strange mixture of feelings that I <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb529" href="#pb529" name="pb529">529</a>]</span>made +my way in towards land among the numerous hummocks and inequalities. +Suddenly I thought I heard a shout from a human voice, a strange voice, +the first for three years. How my heart beat and the blood rushed to my +brain as I ran up on to a hummock and hallooed with all the strength of +my lungs! Behind that one human voice in the midst of the icy +desert—this one message from life—stood home and she who +was waiting there; and I saw nothing else as I made my way between +bergs and ice-ridges. Soon I heard another shout, and saw, too, from an +ice-ridge, a dark form moving among the hummocks farther in. It was a +dog; but farther off came another figure, and that was a man. Who was +it? Was it Jackson, or one of his companions, or was it perhaps a +fellow-countryman? We approached one another quickly. I waved my hat; +he did the same. I heard him speak to the dog, and I listened. It was +English, and as I drew nearer I thought I recognized Mr. Jackson, whom +I remembered once to have seen.</p> +<p>“I raised my hat; we extended a hand to one another, with a +hearty ‘How do you do?’ Above us a roof of mist shutting +out the world around, beneath our feet the rugged, packed drift-ice, +and in the background a glimpse of the land, all ice, glacier, and +mist. On one side the civilized European in an English check suit and +high rubber water-boots, well shaved, well groomed, bringing with him a +perfume of scented soap, perceptible to the wild man’s sharpened +senses; on the other side the wild <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb530" +href="#pb530" name="pb530">530</a>]</span>man clad in dirty rags, black +with oil and soot, with long uncombed hair and shaggy beard, black with +smoke, with a face in which the natural fair complexion could not +possibly be discerned through the thick layer of fat and soot which a +winter’s endeavors with warm water, moss, rags, and at last a +knife, had sought in vain to remove. No one suspected who he was or +whence he came.</p> +<p>“Jackson: ‘I’m immensely glad to see +you.’</p> +<p>“‘Thank you; I also.’</p> +<p>“‘Have you a ship here?’</p> +<p>“‘No; my ship is not here.’</p> +<p>“‘How many are there of you?’</p> +<p>“‘I have one companion at the ice-edge.’</p> +<p>“As we talked, we had begun to go in towards land. I took it +for granted that he had recognized me, or at any rate understood who it +was that was hidden behind this savage exterior, not thinking that a +total stranger would be received so heartily. Suddenly he stopped, +looked me full in the face, and said, quickly:</p> +<p>“‘Aren’t you Nansen?’</p> +<p>“‘Yes, I am.’</p> +<p>“‘By Jove! I am glad to see you!’</p> +<p>“And he seized my hand and shook it again, while his whole +face became one smile of welcome, and delight at the unexpected meeting +beamed from his dark eyes.</p> +<p>“‘Where have you come from now?’ he asked.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e6126width" id="p531"><img src="images/p531.jpg" +alt="Meeting of Jackson and Nansen" width="720" height="496"> +<p class="figureHead">Meeting of Jackson and Nansen</p> +</div> +<p>“‘I left the <i>Fram</i> in 84° north latitude, +after having drifted for two years, and I reached the 86° 15′ +parallel, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb533" href="#pb533" name= +"pb533">533</a>]</span>where we had to turn and make for Franz Josef +Land. We were, however, obliged to stop for the winter somewhere north +here, and are now on our route to Spitzbergen.<span class="corr" id= +"xd20e6137" title="Not in source">’</span></p> +<p>“‘I congratulate you most heartily. You have made a good +trip of it, and I am awfully glad to be the first person to +congratulate you on your return.’</p> +<p>“Once more he seized my hand and shook it heartily. I could +not have been welcomed more warmly; that hand-shake was more than a +mere form. In his hospitable English manner, he said at once that he +had ‘plenty of room’ for us, and that he was expecting his +ship every day. By ‘plenty of room’ I discovered afterwards +that he meant that there were still a few square feet on the floor of +their hut that were not occupied at night by himself and his sleeping +companions. But ‘heart-room makes house-room,’ and of the +former there was no lack. As soon as I could get a word in, I asked how +things were getting on at home, and he was able to give me the welcome +intelligence that my wife and child had both been in the best of health +when he left two years ago. Then came Norway’s turn, and +Norwegian politics; but he knew nothing about that, and I took it as a +sign that they must be all right too. He now asked if we could not go +out at once and fetch Johansen and our belongings; but I thought that +our kayaks would be too heavy for us to drag over this packed-up ice +alone, and that if he had men enough it would certainly be better to +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb534" href="#pb534" name= +"pb534">534</a>]</span>send them out. If we only gave Johansen notice +by a salute from our guns he would wait patiently; so we each fired two +shots. We soon met several men—Mr. Armitage, the second in +command; Mr. Child, the photographer; and the doctor, Mr. Koetlitz. As +they approached, Jackson gave them a sign, and let them understand who +I was; and I was again welcomed heartily. We met yet others—the +botanist, Mr. Fisher; Mr. Burgess, and the Finn Blomqvist (his real +name was Melenius). Fisher has since told me that he at once thought it +must be me when he saw a man out on the ice; but he quite gave up that +idea when he met me, for he had seen me described as a fair man, and +here was a dark man, with black hair and beard. When they were all +there, Jackson said that I had reached 86° 15′ north +latitude, and from seven powerful lungs I was given a triple British +cheer that echoed among the hummocks. Jackson immediately sent his men +off to fetch sledges and go out to Johansen, while we went on towards +the house, which I now thought I could see on the shore. Jackson now +told me that he had letters for me from home, and that both last spring +and this he had had them with him when he went north, on the chance of +our meeting. We now found that in March he must have been at no great +distance south of our winter-hut,<a class="noteref" id="xd20e6146src" +href="#xd20e6146" name="xd20e6146src">11</a> but had to turn there, as +he was stopped by open water—<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb535" +href="#pb535" name="pb535">535</a>]</span>the same open water over +which we had seen the dark atmosphere all the winter. Only when we came +up nearly to the houses did he inquire more particularly about the +<i>Fram</i> and our drifting, and I briefly told him our story. He told +me afterwards that from the time we met he had believed that the ship +had been destroyed, and that we two were the only survivors of the +expedition. He thought he had seen a sad expression in my face when he +first asked about the ship, and was afraid of touching on the subject +again. Indeed, he had even quietly warned his men not to ask. It was +only through a chance remark of mine that he found out his mistake, +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb536" href="#pb536" name= +"pb536">536</a>]</span>and began to inquire more particularly about the +<i>Fram</i> and the others.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e6161width" id="p535"><img src="images/p535.jpg" +alt="Mr. Jackson’s Station at Cape Flora" width="589" height= +"440"> +<p class="figureHead">Mr. Jackson’s Station at Cape Flora</p> +</div> +<p>“Then we arrived at the house, a low Russian timber hut lying +on a flat terrace, an old shore-line beneath the mountain, and 50 feet +above the sea. It was surrounded by a stable and four circular +tent-houses, in which stores were kept. We entered a comfortable, warm +nest in the midst of these desolate, wintry surroundings, the roof and +walls covered with green cloth. On the walls hung photographs, +etchings, photo-lithographs, and shelves everywhere, containing books +and instruments; under the roof clothes and shoes hung drying, and from +the little stove in the middle of the floor of this cozy room the warm +coal fire shone out a hospitable welcome. A strange feeling came over +me as I seated myself in a comfortable chair in these unwonted +surroundings. At one stroke of changing fate all responsibility, all +troubles were swept away from a mind that had been oppressed by them +during three long years; I was in a safe haven, in the midst of the +ice, and the longings of three years were lulled in the golden sunshine +of the dawning day. My duty was done; my task was ended; now I could +rest, only rest and wait.</p> +<p>“A carefully soldered tin packet was handed to me; it +contained letters from Norway. It was almost with a trembling hand and +a beating heart that I opened it; and there were tidings, only good +tidings, from home. A delightful feeling of peace settled upon the +soul. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb537" href="#pb537" name= +"pb537">537</a>]</span></p> +<div class="figure xd20e6171width" id="p537"><img src="images/p537.jpg" +alt="Nansen at Cape Flora" width="555" height="720"> +<p class="figureHead">Nansen at Cape Flora</p> +<p class="firstpar">(<i>From photograph by Mr. Jackson</i>)</p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb539" href="#pb539" name= +"pb539">539</a>]</span></p> +<p>“Then dinner was served, and how nice it was to have bread, +butter, milk, sugar, coffee, and everything that a year had taught us +to do without and yet to long for! But the height of comfort was +reached when we were able to throw off our dirty rags, have a warm +bath, and get rid of as much dirt as was possible in one bout; but we +only succeeded in becoming anything like clean after several days and +many attempts. Then clean, soft clothes from head to foot, hair cut, +and the shaggy beard shaved off, and the transformation from savage to +European was complete, and even more sudden than in the reverse +direction. How delightfully comfortable it was to be able to put on +one’s clothes without being made greasy, but, most of all, to be +able to move without feeling them stick to the body with every +movement!</p> +<p>“It was not very long before Johansen and the others followed, +with the kayaks and our things. Johansen related how these warm-hearted +Englishmen had given him and the Norwegian flag a hearty cheer when +they came up and saw it waving beside a dirty woollen shirt on a bamboo +rod, which he had put up by my orders, so that I could find my way back +to him. On the way hither they had not allowed him to touch the +sledges, he had only to walk beside them like a passenger, and he said +that, of all the ways in which we had travelled over drift-ice, this +was without comparison the most comfortable. His reception in the hut +was scarcely less hospitable than mine, and he soon went through the +same <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb540" href="#pb540" name= +"pb540">540</a>]</span>transformation that I had undergone. I no longer +recognize my comrade of the long winter night, and search in vain for +any trace of the tramp who wandered up and down that desolate shore, +beneath the steep talus and the dark basalt cliff, outside the low +underground hut. The black, sooty troglodyte has vanished, and in his +place sits a well-favored, healthy-looking European citizen in a +comfortable chair, puffing away at a short pipe or a cigar, and with a +book before him, doing his best to learn English. It seems to me that +he gets fatter and fatter every day, with an almost alarming rapidity. +It is indeed surprising that we have both gained considerably in weight +since we left the <i>Fram</i>. When I came here I myself weighed about +14½ stone, or nearly 22 pounds more than I did when I left the +<i>Fram</i>; while Johansen weighs over 11 stone 11 pounds, having +gained a little more than 13 pounds. This is the result of a +winter’s feeding on nothing but bear’s meat and fat in an +Arctic climate. It is not quite like the experiences of others in +parallel circumstances; it must be our laziness that has done it. And +here we are, living in peace and quietness, waiting for the ship from +home and for what the future will bring us, while everything is being +done for us to make us forget a winter’s privations. We could not +have fallen into better hands, and it is impossible to describe the +unequalled hospitality and kindness we meet with on all hands, and the +comfort we feel. Is it the year’s privations and want of human +society, is <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb541" href="#pb541" name= +"pb541">541</a>]</span>it common interests, that so draw us to these +men in these desolate regions? I do not know; but we are never tired of +talking, and it seems as if we had known one another for years, instead +of having met for the first time a few days ago.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e6197width" id="p541"><img src="images/p541.jpg" +alt="A Chat after Dinner" width="589" height="458"> +<p class="figureHead">A Chat after Dinner</p> +</div> +<p>“Wednesday, June 23d. It is now three years since we left +home. As we sat at the dinner-table this evening, Hayward, the cook, +came rushing in and said there was a bear outside. We went out, Jackson +with his camera and I with my rifle. We saw the head of the bear above +the edge of the shore; it was sniffing the air <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb542" href="#pb542" name="pb542">542</a>]</span>in +the direction of the hut, while a couple of dogs stood at a respectful +distance and barked. As we approached, it came right up over the edge +to us, stopped, showed its teeth, and hissed, then turned round and +went slowly back down towards the shore. To hinder it enough for +Jackson to get near and photograph it, I sent a bullet into its +hind-quarters as it disappeared over the edge. This helped, and a ball +in the left shoulder still more. Surrounded by a few dogs, it now made +a stand. The dogs grew bolder, and a couple of shots in the muzzle from +Jackson’s revolver made the bear quite furious. It sprang first +at one dog, ‘Misère,’ caught hold of it by the back, +and flung it a good way out over the ice, then sprang at the other, +seizing it by one paw and tearing one toe badly. It then found an old +tin box, bit it flat, and flung it far away. It was wild with fury, but +a ball behind the ear ended its sufferings. It was a she-bear with milk +in the breast; but there was no sign of any embryo, and no young one +was discovered in the neighborhood.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e6206width" id="p543"><img src="images/p543.jpg" +alt="The Wounded Bear" width="595" height="517"> +<p class="figureHead">The Wounded Bear</p> +</div> +<p>“Sunday, July 15th. This evening, when Jackson and the doctor +were up on the mountain shooting auks, the dogs began to make a +tremendous row (especially the bear-dog ‘Nimrod,’ which is +chained outside the door), and howled and whined in a suspicious +manner. Armitage went out, coming back a little while after and asking +if I cared to shoot a bear. I accompanied him with my rifle and camera. +The bear had taken flight to a <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb543" +href="#pb543" name="pb543">543</a>]</span>little hummock out on the ice +south of the house, and was lying at full length on the top of it, with +‘Misère’ and a couple of puppies round it, standing +at a little distance and barking persistently. As we approached it fled +over the ice. The range was long, but, nevertheless, we sent a few +shots after it, thinking we might perhaps retard its progress. With one +of these I was fortunate enough to hit it in the hind-quarters, and it +now fled to a new ice-hill. Here I was able to get nearer to it. It was +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb544" href="#pb544" name= +"pb544">544</a>]</span>evidently very much enraged; and when I came +under the hummock where it stood it showed its teeth and hissed at me, +and repeatedly gave signs of wanting to jump down on to the top of me. +On these occasions I rapidly got ready my rifle instead of the camera. +It scraped away the loose snow from under its feet to get a better +footing for the leap which, however, it never took; and I re-exchanged +my rifle for my camera. In the meantime, Jackson had arrived with his +camera on the other side; and when we had taken all the photographs we +wanted we shot the bear. It was an unusually large she-bear.”</p> +<div class="figure xd20e6217width" id="p545"><img src="images/p545.jpg" +alt="Johansen at Cape Flora" width="546" height="720"> +<p class="figureHead">Johansen at Cape Flora</p> +<p class="firstpar">(<i>From photograph by Mr. Jackson</i>)</p> +</div> +<p>One of the first things we did when we came to Mr. Jackson’s +station was of course to make a close comparison of our watches with +his chronometer; and Mr. Armitage was also kind enough to take careful +time-observations for me. It now appears that we had not been so far +out, after all. We had put our watches about 26 minutes wrong, making a +difference of about 6½° in longitude. A protracted +comparison undertaken by Mr. Armitage also showed that the escapement +of our watches was very nearly what we had assumed. With the help of +this information I was now enabled to work out our longitude +observations pretty correctly; and one of the first tasks I here set +about, now that we once more had access to paper, writing and drawing +materials, and all that we had longed for so much during the winter, +was to prepare a <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb547" href="#pb547" +name="pb547">547</a>]</span>sketch-map of Franz Josef Land, as our +observations led me to conclude that it must actually be. Mr. Jackson +very kindly allowed me to consult the map he had made of that part of +the land which he had explored. This enabled me to dispense with the +labor of reckoning out my own observations in these localities. +Furthermore, I have to thank Mr. Jackson for aid in every possible way, +with navigation-tables, nautical almanac,<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e6230src" href="#xd20e6230" name="xd20e6230src">12</a> scales, and +all sorts of drawing material.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e6234width" id="p547"><img src="images/p547.jpg" +alt="A Visitor" width="594" height="468"> +<p class="figureHead">A Visitor</p> +<p class="firstpar">(<i>Instantaneous Photograph</i>)</p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb548" href="#pb548" name= +"pb548">548</a>]</span></p> +<p>It is by a comparison of Payer’s map, Jackson’s map, and +my own observations that I have made out the sketch-map reproduced on +page <a href="#pb599" class="pageref">599</a>. I have altered +Payer’s and Jackson’s map only at places where my +observations differ essentially from theirs. I make no pretence to give +more than a provisional sketch; I had not even time to work out my own +observations with absolute accuracy. When this has been done, and if I +can gain access to all Payer’s material, no doubt a considerably +more trustworthy map can be produced. The only importance which I claim +for the accompanying map is that it shows roughly how what we have +hitherto called Franz Josef Land is cut up into innumerable small +islands, without any continuous and extensive mass of land. Much of +Payer’s map I found to coincide well enough with our +observations. But the enigma over which we had pondered the whole +winter still remained unsolved. Where was Dove Glacier and the whole +northern part of Wilczek Land? Where were the islands which Payer had +named Braun Island, Hoffmann Island, and Freeden Island? The last +might, no doubt, be identified with the southernmost island of +Hvidtenland (White Land), but the others had completely disappeared. I +pondered for a long time over the question how such a mistake could +have crept into a map by such a man as Payer—an experienced +topographer, whose maps, as a rule, bear the stamp of great accuracy +and care, and a polar traveller for <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb549" href="#pb549" name="pb549">549</a>]</span>whose ability I have +always entertained a high respect. I examined his account of his +voyage, and there I found that he expressly mentions that during the +time he was coasting along this Dove Glacier he had a great deal of +fog, which quite concealed the land ahead. But one day (it was April 7, +1874) he says:<a class="noteref" id="xd20e6251src" href="#xd20e6251" +name="xd20e6251src">13</a> “At this latitude (81° 23′) +it seemed as if Wilczek Land suddenly terminated, but when the sun +scattered the driving mists we saw the glittering ranges of its +enormous glaciers—the Dove Glaciers—shining down on us. +Towards the northeast we could trace land trending to a cape lying in +the gray distance: Cape Buda-Pesth, as it was afterwards called. The +prospect thus opened to us of a vast glacier land conflicted with the +general impression we had formed of the resemblance between the newly +discovered region and Spitzbergen; for glaciers of such extraordinary +magnitude presuppose the existence of a country stretching far into the +interior.”</p> +<p>I have often thought over this description, and I cannot find in +Payer’s book any other information that throws light upon the +mystery. Although, according to this, it would appear as if they had +had clear weather that day, there must, nevertheless, have been +fog-banks lying over Hvidtenland, uniting it with Wilczek Land to the +south and stretching northward towards Crown Prince Rudolf Land. The +sun shining on these fog-banks must <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb550" href="#pb550" name="pb550">550</a>]</span>have glittered so +that they were taken for glaciers along a continuous coast. I can all +the more easily understand this mistake, as I was myself on the point +of falling into it. As before related, if the weather had not cleared +on the evening of June 11th, enabling us to discern the sound between +Northbrook Island and Peter Head (Alexandra Land), we should have +remained under the impression that we had here continuous land, and +should have represented it as such in mapping this region.</p> +<p>Mr. Jackson and I frequently discussed the naming of the lands we +had explored. I asked him whether he would object to my naming the land +on which I had wintered “Frederick Jackson’s Island,” +as a small token of our gratitude for the hospitality he had shown us. +We had made the discovery that this island was separated by sounds from +the land farther north which Payer had named Karl Alexander Land. For +the rest, I refrained from giving names to any of the places which +Jackson had seen before I saw them.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e6264width" id="p551"><img src="images/p551.jpg" +alt="Jackson on Cape Flora" width="720" height="422"> +<p class="figureHead">Jackson on Cape Flora</p> +</div> +<p>The country around Cape Flora proved to be very interesting from the +geological point of view, and as often as time permitted I investigated +its structure, either alone, or more frequently in company with the +doctor and geologist of the English expedition, Dr. Koetlitz. Many an +interesting excursion did we make together up and down those steep +moraines in search of fossils, which in certain places we found in +great numbers. It appeared that from the sea-level up to a height of +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb553" href="#pb553" name= +"pb553">553</a>]</span>about 500 or 600 feet the land consisted of a +soft clay mixed with lumps of a red-brown clay sandstone, in which +lumps the fossils chiefly abounded. But the earth was so overstrewn +with loose stones, which had rolled down from the basalt walls above, +that it was difficult to reach it. For a long time I maintained that +all this clay was only a comparatively late strand formation; but the +doctor was indefatigable in his efforts to convince me that it really +was an old and very extensive formation, stretching right under the +superimposed basalt. At last I had to yield, when we arrived at the +topmost stratum of the clay and I saw it actually going under the +basalt, and found some shallower strata of basalt lower down in the +clay. An examination of the fossils, which consisted for the most part +of ammonites and belemnites, convinced me that the whole of this clay +formation must date from the Jurassic period. At several places Dr. +Koetlitz had found thin strata of coal in the clay. Petrified wood was +also of common occurrence. But over the clay formation lay a mighty bed +of basalt 600 or 700 feet in height, which was certainly not the least +interesting feature of the country. It was distinguished by its +coarse-grained structure from the majority of typical basalts, and +seemed to be closely related to those which are found in Spitsbergen +and Northeast Land.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e6272src" href= +"#xd20e6272" name="xd20e6272src">14</a> The basalt, however, seems to +vary a good deal in appearance <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb554" +href="#pb554" name="pb554">554</a>]</span>here in Franz Josef Land. +That which we found farther north—for example, at Cape +M’Clintock and on Goose Island—was considerably more +coarse-grained than that which we found here. The situation of the +basalt here on Northbrook Island and the surrounding islands was also +very different from that which we had observed farther north. It is +here met with, as a rule, only at a height of 500 or 600 feet above the +sea, while on the more northerly islands—from 81° +northward—it reached right to the shore. Thus it dropped in an +almost perpendicular wall straight into the sea at Jackson’s Cape +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb555" href="#pb555" name= +"pb555">555</a>]</span>Fisher, in 81°. It was the same at Cape +M’Clintock, at our winter cabin, at the headland of columnar +basalt where we passed the night of August 25, 1895, at Cape Clements +Markham, and at the sharp point of rock where we landed on the night +between August 16th and 17th. The structure seemed to be similar, too, +so far as we had seen, on the south side of Crown Prince Rudolf’s +Land. Wherever we had been to the northward I had kept a sharp lookout +for strata whose fossils could give us any information as to the +geological age of this country. According to what I here found at Cape +Flora, it appeared as if a great part at least of this basalt dated +from the Jurassic period, as it lay immediately above, and was partly +intermixed with, strata of this age. Moreover, on the top of the +basalt, as will presently appear, vegetable fossils were found dating +from the later part of the Jurassic period. It thus seems as though +Franz Josef Land were of a comparatively old formation. All these +horizontal strata of basalt, stretching over all the islands at about +the same height, seem to indicate that there was once a continuous mass +of land here, which in the course of time, being exposed to various +disintegrating forces, such as frost, damp, snow, glaciers, and the +sea, has been split up and worn away, and has in part disappeared under +the sea, so that now only scattered islands and rocks remain, separated +from each other by fjords and sounds. As these formations bear a +certain resemblance to what has been found in several places in +Spitzbergen <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb556" href="#pb556" name= +"pb556">556</a>]</span>and Northeast Land, we may plausibly assume that +these two groups of islands originally belonged to the same mass of +land. It would therefore be interesting to investigate the as yet +unknown region which separates them, the region which we should have +had to traverse had we not fallen in with Jackson and his expedition. +There is doubtless much that is new, and especially many new islands, +to be found in this strait—possibly a continuous series of +islands, so that there may be some difficulty in determining where the +one archipelago ends and the other begins. The investigation of this +region is a problem of no small scientific importance, which we may +hope that the Jackson-Harmsworth expedition will succeed in +solving.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e6282width" id="p554"><img src="images/p554.jpg" +alt="Basaltic Rock" width="593" height="470"> +<p class="figureHead">Basaltic Rock</p> +</div> +<p>How far the Franz Josef Land archipelago stretches towards the north +cannot as yet be determined with certainty. According to our +experience, indeed, it would seem improbable that there is land of any +great extent in that direction. It is true that Payer, when he was upon +Crown Prince Rudolf’s Land, saw Petermann’s Land and +Oscar’s Land, the first to the north and the second to the west; +but that Petermann’s Land, at any rate, cannot be of any size +seems to be proved by our observations, since we saw no land at all as +we came southward a good way east of it, and the ice seemed to drift to +the westward practically unimpeded when we were in its latitude. That +King Oscar’s Land also cannot be of any great extent seems to me +evident <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb557" href="#pb557" name= +"pb557">557</a>]</span>from what we saw in the course of the winter and +spring, as the wind swept the ice unhindered away from the land, so +that there can scarcely be any extensive and continuous mass of land to +the north or northwest to keep it back.</p> +<p>It is, perhaps, even more difficult to determine how far the Franz +Josef Land archipelago stretches to the eastward. From all we saw, I +should judge that Wilczek Land cannot be of any great extent; but there +may nevertheless be new islands farther to the east. This seems +probable, indeed, from the fact that in June and July, 1895, we +remained almost motionless at about 82° 5′ north latitude, in +spite of a long continuance of northerly winds; whence it seemed that +there must be a stretch of land south of us obstructing, like a long +wall, the farther drift of the ice to the southward. But it is useless +to discuss this question minutely here, as it, too, will doubtless be +answered authoritatively by the English expedition.</p> +<p>Another feature of Northbrook Island which greatly interested me was +the evidence it presented of changes in the level of the sea. I have +already mentioned that Jackson’s hut lay on an old strand-line or +terrace about from 40 to 50 feet high, but there were also several +other strand-lines, both lower and higher. Thus I found that Leigh +Smith, who also had wintered on this headland, had built his hut upon +an old strand-line 17 feet above the sea-level, while at other places I +found strand-lines <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb558" href="#pb558" +name="pb558">558</a>]</span>at a height of 80 feet. I had already +noticed such strand-lines at different elevations when I first arrived +in the previous autumn at the more northern part of this region (for +example, on Torup’s Island). Indeed, we had lived all winter on +such a terrace.</p> +<p>Jackson had found whales’ skeletons at several places about +Cape Flora. Close to his hut, for instance, at a height of 50 feet, +there lay the skull of a whale, a <i>balæna</i>, possibly a +Greenland whale (<i>Balæna mysticetus?</i>). At a point farther +north there lay fragments of a whole skeleton, probably of the same +species. The underjaw was 18 feet 3 inches long; but these bones lay at +an elevation of not more than 9 feet above the present sea-level. I +also found other indications that the sea must at a comparatively +recent period have risen above these low strand-terraces. For instance, +they were at many points strewn with mussel-shells. This land, then, +seems to have been subjected to changes of level analogous to those +which have occurred in other northern countries, of which, as above +mentioned, I had also seen indications on the north coast of Asia.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e6305width" id="p559"><img src="images/p559.jpg" +alt="A Strange Rock of Basalt" width="592" height="437"> +<p class="figureHead">A Strange Rock of Basalt</p> +</div> +<p>One day when Mr. Jackson and Dr. Koetlitz were out on an excursion +together they found on a “nunatak,” or spur of rock, +projecting above a glacier on the north side of Cape Flora, two places +which were strewn with vegetable fossils. This discovery, of course, +aroused my keenest interest, and on July 17th Dr. Koetlitz and I set +out for the spot together. The spur of rock <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb559" href="#pb559" name= +"pb559">559</a>]</span>consisted entirely of basalt, at some points +showing a marked columnar structure, and projected in the middle of the +glacier, at a height which I estimated at 600 or 700 feet above the +sea. Unfortunately, there was no time to measure its elevation exactly. +At two points on the surface of the basalt there was a layer consisting +of innumerable fragments of sandstone. In almost every one of these +impressions were to be found, for the most part, of the needles and +leaves of pine-trees, but also of small fern-leaves. We picked up as +many of these treasures as we could carry, and returned that evening +heavily laden and in high contentment. On a snow-shoe excursion +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb560" href="#pb560" name= +"pb560">560</a>]</span>some days later Johansen also chanced +unwittingly upon the same place, and gathered fossils, which he brought +to me. Since my return home this collection of vegetable fossils has +been examined by Professor Nathorst, and it appears that Mr. Jackson +and Dr. Koetlitz have here made an extremely interesting find.</p> +<hr class="tb"> +<p>Professor Nathorst writes to me as follows: “In spite of their +very fragmentary condition the vegetable fossils brought home by you +are of great interest, as they give us our first insight into the +plant-world in regions north of the eightieth degree of latitude during +the latter part of the Jurassic period. The most common are leaves of a +fir-tree (<i>Pinus</i>) which resembles the <i>Pinus +Nordenskiöldi</i> (Heer) found in the Jurassic strata of +Spitzbergen, East Siberia, and Japan, but which probably belongs to a +different species. There occur also narrower leaves of another species, +and furthermore male flowers and fragments of a pine cone<a class= +"noteref" id="xd20e6325src" href="#xd20e6325" name= +"xd20e6325src">15</a> with several seeds (Figs. 1–3), one of +which (Fig. 1) suggests the <i>Pinus Maakiana</i> (Heer) from the +Jurassic strata of Siberia. Among traces of other pine-trees may be +mentioned those of a broad-leaved <i>Taxites</i>, resembling <i>Taxites +gramineus</i> (Heer), specially found in the Jurassic strata of +Spitzbergen and Siberia, which has leaves of <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb561" href="#pb561" name= +"pb561">561</a>]</span>about the same size as those of the +<i>Cephalotaxus Fortunei</i>, at present existing in China and Japan. +It is interesting, too, to find remains of the genus <i>Feildenia</i> +(Figs. 4 and 5), which has as yet been found only in the polar regions. +It was first discovered by Nordenskiöld in the Tertiary strata +near Cape Staratschin, on Spitzbergen, in 1868, and was described by +Heer under the name of <i>Torellia</i>. It was subsequently found by +Feilden in the Tertiary strata at Discovery Bay, in Grinnell Land, +during the English Polar Expedition of 1875–76; and Heer now +changed the generic name to <i>Feildenia</i>, as <i>Torellia</i> had +already been employed as the name of a mussel. This species has since +been found by me in 1882 in the Upper Jurassic strata of Spitzbergen. +The leaves remind one of the leaves of the subspecies <i>nageia</i> of +the existing genus <i>Podocarpus</i>.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e6366width" id="p561"><img src="images/p561.png" +alt="Plant Fossils" width="494" height="204"> +<p class="figureHead">Plant Fossils</p> +</div> +<p>“The finest specimens of the whole collection are the leaves +of a small <i>Gingko</i>, of which one is complete (Fig. 6). This +genus, with plum-like seeds and with leaves <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb562" href="#pb562" name= +"pb562">562</a>]</span>which, unlike those of other pine-trees, have a +real leaf-blade, is found at present, in one single species only, in +Japan, but existed in former times in numerous forms and in many +regions. During the Jurassic period it flourished especially in East +Siberia, and has also been found on Spitzbergen, in East Greenland (at +Scoresby Sound), and at many places in Europe, etc. During the +Cretaceous and the Tertiary periods it was still found on the west +coast of Greenland at 70° north latitude. The leaf here reproduced +belongs to a new species, which might be called <i>Gingko polaris</i>, +and which is most closely related to the <i>G. flabellata</i> (Heer) +from the Jurassic strata of Siberia. It bears a certain habitual +resemblance to <i>Gingko digitata</i> (Lindley and Hutton), +particularly as found in the brown Jurassic strata of England and +Spitzbergen; but its leaves are considerably smaller. Besides this +species, one or two others may also occur in this collection, as well +as fragments of the leaves of the genus <i>Czekanowskia</i>, related to +the <i>Gingko</i> family, but with narrow leaf-blades resembling +pine-needles.</p> +<p>“Ferns are very scantily represented. Such fragments as there +are belong to four different types; but the species can scarcely be +determined. One fragment belongs to the genus <i>Cladophlebis</i>, +common in Jurassic strata; another suggests the <i>Thyrsopteris</i>, +found in the Jurassic strata of East Siberia and of England; a third +suggests the <i>Onychiopsis</i> characteristic of the Upper Jurassic +strata. The fourth, again, seems to be closely related <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb563" href="#pb563" name="pb563">563</a>]</span>to +the <i>Asplenium</i> (<i>Petruschinense</i>), which Heer has described, +found in the Siberian Jurassic strata. The specimen is remarkable from +the fact that the epidermis cells of the leaf have left a clear +impression on the rock.</p> +<p>“With its wealth of pine leaves, its poverty of ferns, and its +lack of <i>Cycadaceæ</i>, this Franz Josef Land flora has +somewhat the same character as that of the Upper Jurassic flora of +Spitzbergen, although the species are somewhat different. Like the +Spitzbergen flora, it does not indicate a particularly genial climate, +although doubtless enormously more so than that of the present day. The +deposits must doubtless have occurred in the neighborhood of a pine +forest. So far as the specimens enable one to judge, the flora seems to +belong rather to the Upper (White) Jurassic system than to the Middle +(Brown) system.”</p> +<hr class="tb"> +<p>It was undeniably a sudden transition to come straight from our long +inert life in our winter lair, where one’s scientific interests +found little enough stimulus, right into the midst of this scientific +oasis, where there was plenty of opportunity for work, where books and +all necessary apparatus were at hand, and where one could employ +one’s leisure moments in discussing with men of similar tastes +all sorts of scientific questions connected with the Arctic zone. In +the botanist of the expedition, Mr. Harry Fisher, I found a man full of +the warmest interest in the fauna and flora of the polar regions, and +the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb564" href="#pb564" name= +"pb564">564</a>]</span>exhaustive investigations which his residence +here has enabled him to make into the plant-life and animal-life +(especially the former) of the locality, both by sea and land, will +certainly augment in a most valuable degree our knowledge of its +biological conditions. I shall not easily forget the many pleasant +talks in which he communicated to me his discoveries and observations. +They were all eagerly absorbed by a mind long deprived of such +sustenance. I felt like a piece of parched soil drinking in rain after +a drouth of a whole year.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e6426width" id="p565"><img src="images/p565.jpg" +alt="Kittiwake on Her Nest" width="600" height="444"> +<p class="figureHead">Kittiwake on Her Nest</p> +</div> +<p>But other diversions were also available. If my brain grew fatigued +with unwonted labor, I could set off with Jackson for the top of the +moraine to shoot auks, which swarmed under the basalt walls. They +roosted in hundreds and hundreds on the shelves and ledges above us; at +other places the kittiwakes brooded on their nests. It was a refreshing +scene of life and activity. As we stood up there at a height of 500 +feet, and could look far out over the sea, the auks flew in swarms +backward and forward over our heads, and every now and then we would +knock over one or two as they passed. Every time a gun was fired the +report echoed through all the rocky clefts, and thousands of birds flew +shrieking down from the ledges. It seemed as though a blast of wind had +swept a great dust-cloud down from the crest above; but little by +little they returned to their nests, many of them meanwhile falling to +our guns. Jackson had here a capital larder, and he made <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb565" href="#pb565" name= +"pb565">565</a>]</span>ample use of it. Almost every day he was up +under the rock shooting auks, which formed a daily dish at dinner. In +the autumn great stores of them were laid in to last through the +winter. At other times Jackson and Blomqvist would go up and gather +eggs. They dragged a ladder up with them, and by its aid Jackson +clambered up the perpendicular cliffs. This egg-hunting among the loose +basalt cliffs, where the stones were perpetually slipping away from +under one, appeared to me such dare-devil work that I was chary in +taking part in it. Far be it from me to deny, however, that the eggs +made delicious eating, whether we had them soft-boiled for breakfast or +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb566" href="#pb566" name= +"pb566">566</a>]</span>made into pancakes for dinner. It was remarkable +how entirely I had got out of training for climbing in precipitous +places. I well remember that the first time I went up the moraine with +Jackson I had to stop and take breath every hundred paces or so. This +was, no doubt, due to our long inactivity; perhaps, too, I had become +somewhat anæmic during the winter in our lair. But there was more +than that in it; the very height and steepness made me uneasy; I was +inclined to turn dizzy, and had great difficulty in coming down again, +preferring, if possible, simply to sit down and slide. After a while +this passed off a little, and I became more accustomed to the heights +again. I also became less short-winded, and at last I could climb +almost like a normal human being.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e6437width" id="p567"><img src="images/p567.jpg" +alt="Basaltic Cliffs" width="583" height="696"> +<p class="figureHead">Basaltic Cliffs</p> +</div> +<p>In the meantime the days wore on, and still we saw nothing of the +<i>Windward</i>. Johansen and I began to get a little impatient. We +discussed the possibility that the ship might not make its way through +the ice, and that we should have to winter here, after all. This idea +was not particularly attractive to us—to be so near home and yet +not to reach home. We regretted that we had not at once pushed on for +Spitzbergen; perhaps we should by this time have reached the +much-talked-of sloop. When we came to think of it, why on earth had we +stopped here? That was easily explained. These people were so kind and +hospitable to us that it would have been more than Spartan had we been +able to resist their amiability. And then we had gone <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb567" href="#pb567" name= +"pb567">567</a>]</span>through a good deal before we arrived, and here +was a warm, cozy nest, where we had nothing to do but to sit down and +wait. Waiting, however, is not always the easiest of work, and we began +seriously to think of setting off again for Spitzbergen. But had we not +delayed <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb568" href="#pb568" name= +"pb568">568</a>]</span>too long? It was the middle of July, and +although we should probably get on quickly enough, we might meet with +unexpected impediments, and it might take us a month or more to reach +the waters in which we could hope to find a ship. That would bring us +to the middle or perhaps to the end of August, by which time the sloops +had begun to make for home. If we did not come across one at once, when +we got into September it would be difficult enough to get hold of one, +and then we should perhaps be in for another winter of it, after all. +No, it was best to remain here, for there was every chance that the +ship would make its appearance. The best time for navigating these +waters is August and the beginning of September, when there is +generally the least ice. We must trust to that, and let the time pass +as best it might. There were others than we who waited impatiently for +the ship. Four members of the English expedition were also to go home +in her, after two years’ absence.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e6451width" id="p569"><img src="images/p569.jpg" +alt="Mr. Jackson at Elmwood" width="579" height="443"> +<p class="figureHead">Mr. Jackson at Elmwood</p> +</div> +<p>“Monday, July 20th. We begin to get more and more impatient +for the arrival of the vessel, but the ice is still tolerably thick +here. Jackson says that she should have been here by the middle of +June, and thinks that there has several times been sufficiently open +water for her to have got through; but I have my doubts about that. +Though only a little scattered ice is to be seen here, even from a +height of 500 feet, that does not mean much; there may be more ice +farther south blocking <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb569" href= +"#pb569" name="pb569">569</a>]</span>the way. One day Jackson and the +doctor were on the top of the mountain here, and from that point, too, +there seemed to be very little ice in the south; but I am not convinced +any the more. I think all experience goes to show that there must still +be plenty of ice in the sea to the south. What Mr. Jackson says about +the <i>Windward</i> having been able to get through as early as July +last year without needing to touch the ice, adding that then, too, +there was no ice to be seen from here, I do not find at all conclusive. +During the last few days more ice has again come drifting in from the +east. I long to get away. What if we are shut in here all the winter? +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb570" href="#pb570" name= +"pb570">570</a>]</span>Then we shall have done wrong in stopping here. +Why did we not continue our journey to Spitzbergen? We should have been +at home by now. The eye wanders out over the boundless white plain. Not +one dark streak of water—ice, ice!—shut out from the world, +from the throbbing life, the life that we believed to be so near.</p> +<p>“Low down on the horizon there is a strip of blue-gray cloud. +Far, far away beyond the ice there is open water, and perhaps there, +rocked on long swelling billows from the great ocean, lies the vessel +which is to bear us to the familiar shores, the vessel which brings +tidings from home and from those we love.</p> +<p>“Dream, dream of home and beauty! Stray bird, here among the +ice and snow you will seek for them all in vain. Dream the golden dream +of future reunion!</p> +<p>“Tuesday, July 21st. Have at last got a good wind from the +north which is sending the ice out to sea. There is nothing but open +sea to be seen this evening; now perhaps there is hope of soon seeing +the vessel.</p> +<p>“Wednesday, July 22d. Continual changes and continual +disappointments. Yesterday hope was strong; to-day the wind has changed +to the southeast, and driven the ice in again. We may still have to +wait a long time.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e6474width" id="p571"><img src="images/p571.jpg" +alt="Johansen in Jackson’s Saloon" width="566" height="701"> +<p class="figureHead">Johansen in Jackson’s Saloon</p> +</div> +<p>“Sunday, July 26th. The vessel has come at last. I was +awakened this morning by feeling some one pull my legs. It was Jackson, +who, with beaming countenance, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb573" +href="#pb573" name="pb573">573</a>]</span>announced that the +<i>Windward</i> had come. I jumped up and looked out of the window. +There she was, just beyond the edge of the ice, steaming slowly in to +find an anchorage. Wonderful to see a ship again! How high the rigging +seemed, and the hull! It was like an island. There would be tidings on +board from the great world far beyond.”</p> +<p>There was a great stir. Every man was up, arrayed in the most +wonderful costumes, to gaze out of the window. Jackson and Blomqvist +rushed off as soon as they had got on their clothes. As I scarcely had +anything to do on board at present I went to bed again, but it was not +long before Blomqvist came panting back, sent by the thoughtful +Jackson, to say that all was well at home, and that nothing had been +heard of the <i>Fram</i>. This was the first thing Jackson had asked +about. I felt my heart as light as a feather. He said, too, that when +Jackson had told the men who had come to meet him on the ice about us +and our journey, they had greeted the intelligence with three hearty +cheers.</p> +<p>I had hardly slept two hours that night, and not much more the night +before. I tried to sleep, but there was no rest to be had; I might just +as well dress and go on board. As I drew near the vessel I was greeted +with ringing cheers by the whole crew gathered on the deck, where I was +heartily received by the excellent Captain Brown, commander of the +<i>Windward</i>; by Dr. Bruce and Mr. Wilton, who were both to winter +with Jackson, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb574" href="#pb574" name= +"pb574">574</a>]</span>and by the ship’s company. We went below +into the roomy, snug cabin, and all kinds of news were eagerly +swallowed by listening ears, while an excellent breakfast with fresh +potatoes and other delicacies glided down past a palate which needed +less than that to satisfy it. There were remarkable pieces of news +indeed. One of the first was that now they could photograph people +through doors several inches thick. I confess I pricked up my ears at +this information. That they could photograph a bullet buried in a +person’s body was wonderful too, but nothing to this. And then we +heard that the Japanese had thrashed the Chinese, and a good deal more. +Not least remarkable, we thought, was the interest which the whole +world now seemed to take in the Arctic regions. Spitzbergen had become +a tourist country; a Norwegian steamship company (the Vesteraalen) had +started a regular passenger service to it,<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e6497src" href="#xd20e6497" name="xd20e6497src">16</a> a hotel had +been built up there, and there was a post-office and a Spitzbergen +stamp. And then we heard that Andrée was there waiting for wind +to go to the Pole in a balloon. If we had pursued our course to +Spitzbergen we should thus have dropped into the very middle of all +this. We should have found a hotel and tourists, and should have been +brought home in a comfortable modern steamboat, very different from the +whaling-sloop we had been talking of all the winter, and, <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb575" href="#pb575" name= +"pb575">575</a>]</span>indeed, all the previous year. People are apt to +think that it would be amusing to see themselves, and I form no +exception to this rule. I would have given a good deal to see us in our +unwashed, unsophisticated condition, as we came out of our winter lair, +plumping into the middle of a band of English tourists, male and +female. I doubt whether there would then have been much embracing or +shaking of hands, but I don’t doubt that there would have been a +great deal of peering through ventilators or any other loophole that +could have been found.</p> +<p>The <i>Windward</i> had left London on June 9th, and Vardö on +the 25th. They had brought four reindeer with them for Jackson, but no +horses, as he had expected.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e6507src" href= +"#xd20e6507" name="xd20e6507src">17</a> One reindeer had died on the +voyage.</p> +<p>Every one was now busily employed in unlading the <i>Windward</i>, +and bringing to land the supplies of provisions, coal, reindeer-moss, +and other such things which it had brought for the expedition. Both the +ship’s crew and the members of the English expedition took part +in this work, which proceeded rapidly, and had soon made a level road +over the uneven ice; and now load after load was driven on sledges to +land. In less than a week Captain Brown was ready to start for home, +and only awaited Jackson’s letters and telegrams. They took a few +more days, and then everything was ready. In the meantime, <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb576" href="#pb576" name= +"pb576">576</a>]</span>however, a gale had sprung up, blowing on the +shore, the <i>Windward’s</i> moorings at the edge of the ice had +given way, she was set adrift and obliged to seek a haven farther in, +where, however, it was so shallow that there was only one or two feet +of water beneath her keel. Meanwhile, the wind drove the ice in, the +navigable water closed in all round it outside, and the floes were +continually drawing nearer. For a time the situation looked anything +but pleasant; but fortunately the ice did not reach the vessel, and she +thus escaped being screwed out of the water. After a delay of a couple +of days on this account the vessel got out again.</p> +<p>And now we were to bid adieu to this last station on our route, +where we had met with such a cordial and hospitable reception. A +feverish energy came over the little colony. Those who were going home +had to make themselves ready for the voyage, and those who were to +remain had to bring their letters and other things on board. This, +however, was sufficiently difficult. The vessel lay waiting impatiently +and incessantly sounding her steam-whistle; and a quantity of loose ice +had packed itself together outside the edge of the shore-ice, so that +it was not easy to move. At last, however, those who were to remain had +gone on shore, and we who were going home were all on board—that +is to say, Mr. Fisher, the botanist; Mr. Child, the chemist; Mr. +Burgess; and the Finn, Blomqvist, of the English expedition, along with +Johansen and myself. As the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb577" href= +"#pb577" name="pb577">577</a>]</span>sun burst through the clouds above +Cape Flora we waved our hats, and sent our last cheer as a farewell to +the six men standing like a little dark spot on the floe in that great +icy solitude; and under full sail and steam we set out on August 7th, +with a fair wind, over the undulating surface of the ocean, towards the +south.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e6525width" id="p577"><img src="images/p577.jpg" +alt="Cape Flora. Farewell to Franz Josef Land" width="573" height= +"420"> +<p class="figureHead">Cape Flora. Farewell to Franz Josef Land</p> +</div> +<p>Fortune favored us. On her northward voyage the <i>Windward</i> had +much and difficult ice to combat with before she at last broke through +and came in to land. Now, too, we met a quantity of ice, but it was +slack and comparatively easy to get through. We were stopped in a few +places, and had to break a way through <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb578" href="#pb578" name="pb578">578</a>]</span>with the engine; but +the ship was in good hands. From his long experience as a whaler, +Captain Brown knew well how to contend with greater odds than the thin +ice we met with here—the only ice that is found in this sea. From +morning till night he sat up in the crow’s-nest as long as there +was a bit of ice in the water. He gave himself little time for sleep; +the point was, as he often said to me, to bring us home before the +<i>Fram</i> arrived, for he understood well what a blow it would give +to those near and dear to us if she got home before us. Thanks to him, +we had as short and pleasant a homeward voyage as few, if any, can have +had from these inhospitable regions, where we had spent three years. +From the moment we set foot on deck, he did everything to make us +comfortable and at home on board, and we spent many a pleasant hour +together, which will never be forgotten by either of us. But it was not +only the captain who treated us in this way. Every man of the excellent +crew showed us kindness and goodwill in every way. I cannot think of +them—of the little steward, for instance, when he popped his head +into the cabin to ask what he could get for us, or wakened me in the +morning with his cheery voice, or sang his songs for us—without a +feeling of unspeakable well-being and happiness. Then, too, we were +continually drawing nearer home; we could count the days and hours that +must pass before we could reach a Norwegian port and be once more in +communication with the world. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb579" +href="#pb579" name="pb579">579</a>]</span></p> +<p>From the experience he had had on the northward voyage, Captain +Brown had come to the conclusion that he would find his way out of the +ice most easily by first steering in a southeasterly direction towards +Novaya Zemlya, which he thought would be the nearest way to the open +sea. This proved also to be exactly the case. After having gone about +220 knots through the ice, we came into the open sea at the end of a +long bay, which ran northward into the ice. It was just at the right +spot; had we been a little farther east or a little farther west, we +might have spent as many weeks drifting about in the ice as we now +spent days in it. Once more we saw the blue ocean itself in front of +us, and we shaped our course straight for Vardö. It was an +indescribably delightful feeling once more to gaze over the blue +expanse, as we paced up and down the deck, and were day by day carried +nearer home. One morning, as we stood looking over the sea, our gaze +was arrested by something; what could that be on the horizon? We ran on +to the bridge and looked through the glass. The first sail. Fancy being +once more in waters where other people went to and fro! But it was far +away; we could not go to it. Then we saw more, and later in the day +four great monsters ahead. They were British men-of-war, probably on +their way home after having been at Vadsö for the eclipse of the +sun, which was to have taken place on August 9th. Later in the evening +(August 12th) I saw something dark ahead, low down on the horizon. What +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb580" href="#pb580" name= +"pb580">580</a>]</span>was it? I saw it on the starboard bow, +stretching low and even towards the south. I looked again and again. It +was land, it was Norway! I stood as if turned to stone, and gazed and +gazed out into the night at this same dark line, and fear began to +tremble in my breast. What were the tidings that awaited me there?</p> +<div class="figure xd20e6546width" id="p580"><img src="images/p580.jpg" +alt="“We Stood Looking over the Sea”" width="576" height= +"434"> +<p class="figureHead">“We Stood Looking over the Sea”</p> +</div> +<p>When I came on deck next morning we were close under the land. It +was a bare and naked shore we had come up to, scarcely more inviting +than the land we had left up in the mist of the Arctic Ocean—but +it was Norway. The captain had mistaken the coast in the night and had +come in too far north, and we were still to have <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb581" href="#pb581" name="pb581">581</a>]</span>some +labor in beating down against wind and sea before we could reach +Vardö. We passed several vessels, and dipped our flag to them. We +passed the revenue-cutter; she came alongside, but they had nothing to +do there, and no one came on board. Then came pilots, father and son. +They greeted Brown, but were not prepared to meet a countryman on board +an English vessel. They were a little surprised to hear me speak +Norwegian, but did not pay much attention to it. But when Brown asked +them if they knew who I was, the old man gazed at me again, and a +gleam, as it were, of a possible recognition crept over his face. But +when the name Nansen dropped from the lips of the warm-hearted Brown, +as he took the old man by the shoulders and shook him in his delight at +being able to give him such news, an expression came into the old +pilot’s weather-beaten face, a mixture of joy and petrified +astonishment, which was indescribable. He seized my hand, and wished me +welcome back to life; the people here at home had long ago laid me in +my grave. And then came questions as to news from the expedition, and +news from home. Nothing had yet been heard of the <i>Fram</i>, and a +load was lifted from my breast when I knew that those at home had been +spared that anxiety.</p> +<p>Then, silently and unobserved, the <i>Windward</i> glided with +colors flying into Vardö Haven. Before the anchor was dropped, I +was in a boat with Johansen on our way to the telegraph-station. We put +in at the quay, but <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb582" href="#pb582" +name="pb582">582</a>]</span>there was still so much of our former +piratical appearance left that no one recognized us; they scarcely +looked at us, and the only being that took any notice of the returned +wanderers was an intelligent cow, which stopped in the middle of a +narrow street and stared at us in astonishment as we tried to pass. +That cow was so delightfully summery to look at that I felt inclined to +go up and pat her; I felt now that I really was in Norway. When I got +to the telegraph-station I laid a huge bundle down on the counter, and +said that it consisted of telegrams that I should like to have sent as +soon as possible. There were nearly a hundred of them, one or two +rather long, of about a thousand words each.</p> +<p>The head of the telegraph-office looked hard at me, and quietly took +up the bundle; but as his eye fell upon the signature of the telegram +that lay on the top, his face suddenly changed, he wheeled sharp round, +and went over to the lady clerk who was sitting at the table. When he +again turned and came towards me his face was radiant, and he bade me a +hearty welcome. The telegrams should be despatched as quickly as +possible, he said; but it would take several days and nights to get +them all through. And then the instrument began to tick and tick and to +send through the country and the world the news that two members of the +Norwegian Polar Expedition had returned safe and sound, and that I +expected the <i>Fram</i> home in the course of the autumn. I pitied the +four young ladies in the telegraph-office at Vardö; <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb583" href="#pb583" name="pb583">583</a>]</span>they +had hard work of it during the following days. Not only had all my +telegrams to be despatched, but hundreds streamed in from the +south—both to us and to the people in the town, begging them to +obtain information about us. Among the first were telegrams to my wife, +to the King of Norway, and to the Norwegian Government. The last ran as +follows:</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="firstpar salute">“To his Excellency Secretary +<span class="sc">Hagerup</span>:</p> +<p>“I have the pleasure of announcing to you and to the Norwegian +Government that the expedition has carried out its plan, has traversed +the unknown Polar Sea from north of the New Siberian Islands, and has +explored the region north of Franz Josef Land as far as 86° +14′ north latitude. No land was seen north of 82°.</p> +<p>“Lieutenant Johansen and I left the <i>Fram</i>, and the other +members of the expedition on March 14, 1895, in 84° north latitude +and 102° 27′ east longitude. We went northward to explore the +sea north of the <i>Fram’s</i> course, and then came south to +Franz Josef Land, whence the <i>Windward</i> has now brought us.</p> +<p>“I expect the <i>Fram</i> to return this year.</p> +<p class="signed">“<span class="sc">Fridtjof +Nansen</span>.”</p> +</div> +<p>As I was leaving the telegraph-office the manager told me that my +friend Professor Mohn was in the town, staying, he understood, at the +hotel. Strange that Mohn, a man so intimately connected with the +expedition, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb584" href="#pb584" name= +"pb584">584</a>]</span>should be the first friend I was to meet! Even +while we were handing in our telegrams the news of our arrival had +begun to filter through the town, and people were gradually flocking +together to see the two polar bears who strode through the streets to +the hotel. I rushed in and inquired for Mohn. He was in his room, +number so-and-so, they told me, but he was taking his siesta. I had no +respect for siestas at that moment; I thundered at the door and tore it +open. There lay Mohn on the sofa, reading, with a long pipe in his +mouth. He started up and stared fixedly, like a madman, at the long +figure standing on the threshold; his pipe fell to the ground, his face +twitched, and then he burst out, “Can it be true? Is it Fridtjof +Nansen?” I believe he was alarmed about himself, thinking he had +seen an apparition; but when he heard my well-known voice the tears +came to his eyes, and, crying, “Thank God, you’re still +alive!” he rushed into my arms. Then came Johansen’s turn. +It was a moment of wild rejoicing, and numberless were the questions +asked and answered on both sides. As one thing after another came into +our heads, the questions rained around without coherence and almost +without meaning. The whole thing seemed so incredible that a long time +passed before we even collected ourselves sufficiently to sit down, and +I could tell him in a somewhat more connected fashion what experiences +we had gone through during these three years. But where <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb585" href="#pb585" name="pb585">585</a>]</span>was +the <i>Fram</i>? Had we left her? Where were the others? Was anything +amiss? These questions poured forth with breathless anxiety, and it was +no doubt the hardest thing of all to understand that there was nothing +amiss, and yet that we had left our splendid ship. But little by little +even that became comprehensible; and then all was rejoicing, and +champagne and cigars presently appeared on the scene. Another +acquaintance from the south was also in the hotel; he came in to speak +to Mohn; but, seeing that he had visitors, was on the point of going +again. Then he stopped, stared at us, discovered who the visitors were, +and stood as though nailed to the spot; and then we all drank to the +expedition and to Norway. It was clear that we must stop there that +evening, and we sat the whole afternoon talking and talking without a +pause. But meanwhile the whole town had learnt the names of its newly +arrived guests, and when we looked out of the window the street was +full of people, and from all the flagstaffs over the town, and from all +the masts in the harbor, the Norwegian flag waved in the evening +sunshine. And then came telegrams in torrents, all of them bringing +good news. Now all our troubles were over. Only the arrival of the +<i>Fram</i> was wanting to complete things; but we were quite at ease +about her; she would soon turn up. The first thing we had to do, now +that we were on Norwegian soil and could look about us a little, was to +replenish our wardrobe. But it was now no joke to make our way through +the streets, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb586" href="#pb586" name= +"pb586">586</a>]</span>and if we went into a shop it was soon +overflowing with people.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e6616width" id="plate15"><img src= +"images/plate15.jpg" alt="Plate XV." width="720" height="482"> +<p class="figureHead">Plate XV.</p> +<p class="firstpar"><span class="sc">Aurora Borealis</span>, 18th +October 1894. Pastel Sketch.</p> +</div> +<p>Thus we spent some never-to-be-forgotten days in Vardö, and the +hospitality which we met was lavish and cordial. After we had said +good-bye to our hosts on board the <i>Windward</i> and thanked them for +all the kindness they had shown us, Captain Brown weighed anchor on the +morning of Sunday, the 16th, to go on to Hammerfest. He wanted to pay +his respects to my wife, who was to meet us there. On August 21st +Johansen and I arrived at Hammerfest. Everywhere on the way people had +greeted us with flowers and flags, and now, as we sailed into its +harbor, the northernmost town in Norway was in festal array from the +sea to the highest hilltop, and thousands of people were afoot. To my +surprise, I also met here my old friend Sir George Baden-Powell, whose +fine yacht, the <i>Otaria</i>, was in the harbor. He had just returned +from a very successful scientific expedition to Novaya Zemlya, where he +had been with several English astronomers to observe the solar eclipse +of August 9th. With true English hospitality, he placed his yacht +entirely at my disposal and I willingly accepted his generous +invitation. Sir George Baden-Powell was one of the last people I had +seen in England. When we parted—it was in the autumn of +1892—he asked me where we ought to be looked for if we were too +long away. I answered that it would be of little use to look for +us—it would be like <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb587" href= +"#pb587" name="pb587">587</a>]</span>searching for a needle in a +hay-stack. He told me I must not think that people would be content to +sit still and do nothing. In England, at any rate, he was sure that +something would be done—and where ought they to go? +“Well,” I replied, “I can scarcely think of any other +place than Franz Josef Land; for if the <i>Fram</i> goes to the bottom, +or we are obliged to abandon her, we must come out that way. If the +<i>Fram</i> does not go to the bottom, and the drift is as I believe it +to be, we shall reach the open sea between Spitzbergen and +Greenland.” Sir George now thought that the time had come to look +for us, and since he could not do more for <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb588" href="#pb588" name="pb588">588</a>]</span>the +present, it was his intention, after having carried out his expedition +to Novaya Zemlya, to skirt along the edge of the ice, and see if he +could not pick up any news of us. Then, just at the right moment, we +made our appearance at Hammerfest. In the evening, my wife arrived, and +my secretary, Christofersen; and after having attended a brilliant +fête given that night by the town of Hammerfest in our honor, we +took up our quarters on board the <i>Otaria</i>, where the days now +glided past so smoothly that we scarcely noticed the lapse of time. +Telegrams of congratulation, and testimonies of goodwill and hearty +rejoicing, arrived in an unbroken stream from all quarters of the +world.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e6647width" id="p587"><img src="images/p587.jpg" +alt="Arrival at Hammerfest" width="569" height="440"> +<p class="figureHead">Arrival at Hammerfest</p> +</div> +<p>But the <i>Fram</i>? I had telegraphed confidently that I expected +her home this year; but why had she not already arrived? I began more +and more to think over this, and the more I calculated all chances and +possibilities, the more firmly was I convinced that she ought to be out +of the ice by this time if nothing had gone amiss. It was strange that +she was not already here, and I thought with horror that if the autumn +should pass without news of her, the coming winter and summer would be +anything but pleasant.</p> +<p>Just as I had turned out on the morning of August 20th, Sir George +knocked at my door and said there was a man there who insisted on +speaking to me. I answered that I wasn’t dressed yet, but that I +would come immediately. “Oh, that doesn’t matter,” +said he; “come <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb589" href="#pb589" +name="pb589">589</a>]</span>as you are.” I was a little surprised +at all this urgency, and asked what it was all about. He said he did +not know, but it was evidently something pressing. I nevertheless put +on my clothes, and then went out into the saloon. There stood a +gentleman with a telegram in his hand, who introduced himself as the +head of the telegraph-office, and said that he had a telegram to +deliver to me which he thought would interest me, so he had come with +it himself. Something that would interest me? There was only one thing +left in the world that could really interest me. With trembling hands I +tore open the telegram:</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="firstpar salute">“<span class="sc">Fridtjof +Nansen</span>:</p> +<p>“<i>Fram</i> arrived in good condition. All well on board. +Shall start at once for Tromsö. Welcome home!</p> +<p class="signed">“<span class="sc">Otto +Sverdrup</span>.”</p> +</div> +<p>I felt as if I should have choked, and all I could say was, +“The <i>Fram</i> has arrived!” Sir George, who was standing +by, gave a great leap of joy; Johansen’s face was radiant; +Christofersen was quite overcome with gladness; and there in the midst +of us stood the head of the telegraph-office enjoying the effect he had +produced. In an instant I dashed into my cabin to shout to my wife that +the <i>Fram</i> had arrived. She was dressed and out in double-quick +time. But I could scarcely believe it—it seemed like a fairy +tale. I read the telegram again and <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb590" href="#pb590" name="pb590">590</a>]</span>again before I could +assure myself that it was not all a dream; and then there came a +strange, serene happiness over my mind such as I had never known +before.</p> +<p>There was jubilation on board and over all the harbor and town. From +the <i>Windward</i>, which was just weighing anchor to precede us to +Tromsö, we heard ringing cheers for the <i>Fram</i> and the +Norwegian flag. We had intended to start for Tromsö that +afternoon, but now we agreed to get under way as quickly as possible, +so as to try to overtake the <i>Fram</i> at Skjærvö, which +lay just on our route. I attempted to stop her by a telegram to +Sverdrup, but it arrived too late.</p> +<p>It was a lively breakfast we had that morning. Johansen and I spoke +of how incredible it seemed that we should soon press our +comrades’ hands again. Sir George was almost beside himself with +joy. Every now and then he would spring up from his chair, thump the +table, and cry, “The <i>Fram</i> has arrived! The <i>Fram</i> has +really arrived!” Lady Baden-Powell was quietly happy; she enjoyed +our joy.</p> +<p>The next day we entered Tromsö harbor, and there lay the +<i>Fram</i>, strong and broad and weather-beaten. It was strange to see +again that high rigging and the hull we knew so well. When last we saw +her she was half buried in the ice; now she floated freely and proudly +on the blue sea, in Norwegian waters. We glided alongside of her. The +crew of the <i>Otaria</i> greeted the gallant ship with three times +three English cheers, and the <i>Fram</i> <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb593" href="#pb593" name="pb593">593</a>]</span>replied with a +ninefold Norwegian hurrah. We dropped our anchor, and the next moment +the <i>Otaria</i> was boarded by the <i>Fram’s</i> sturdy +crew.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e6728width" id="p591"><img src="images/p591.jpg" +alt="The “Windward” Leaving Tromsö" width="528" +height="720"> +<p class="figureHead">The “Windward” Leaving +Tromsö</p> +</div> +<p>The meeting which followed I shall not attempt to describe. I +don’t think any of us knew anything clearly, except that we were +all together again—we were in Norway—and the expedition had +fulfilled its task.</p> +<p>Then we set off together southward along the Norwegian coast. First +came the tug <i>Haalogaland</i>, chartered by the government; then the +<i>Fram</i>, heavy and slow, but so much the surer; and last the +elegant <i>Otaria</i>, with my wife and me on board—which was to +take us to Trondhjem. What a blessed sensation it was to sit in peace +at last, and see others take the lead and pick out the way!</p> +<p>Wherever we passed, the heart of the Norwegian people went out to +us, from the steamers crowded with holiday-making townsfolk, and from +the poorest fishing-boat that lay alone among the skerries. It seemed +as if old Mother Norway were proud of us, as if she pressed us in a +close and warm embrace, and thanked us for what we had done. And what +was it, after all? We had only done our duty; we had simply +accomplished the task we had undertaken; and it was we who owed her +thanks for the right to sail under her flag. I remember one morning in +particular. It was in Brönösund—the morning was still +gray and chill when I was called up—there were so many people who +wanted to greet us. I was half <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb594" +href="#pb594" name="pb594">594</a>]</span>asleep when I came on deck. +The whole sound was crowded with boats. We had been going slowly +through them, but now the <i>Haalogaland</i> in front put on more +speed, and we too went a little quicker. A fisherman in his boat toiled +at the oars to keep up with us; it was no easy work. Then he shouted up +to me:</p> +<p>“You don’t want to buy any fish, do you?”</p> +<p>“No, I don’t think we do.”</p> +<p>“I suppose you can’t tell me where Nansen is? Is he on +board the <i>Fram</i>?”</p> +<p>“No, I believe he’s on board this ship,” was the +reply.</p> +<p>“Oh, I wonder if I couldn’t get on board? I’m so +desperately anxious to see him.”</p> +<p>“It can hardly be done, I’m afraid; they haven’t +time to stop now.”</p> +<p>“That’s a pity. I want to see the man +himself.”</p> +<p>He went on rowing. It became harder and harder to keep up, but he +stared fixedly at me as I leaned on the rail smiling, while +Christofersen stood laughing at my side.</p> +<p>“Since you’re so anxious to see the man himself, I may +tell you that you see him now,” said I.</p> +<p>“Is it you? Is it you? Didn’t I guess as much! Welcome +home again!”</p> +<p>And thereupon the fisherman dropped his oars, stood up in his boat, +and took off his cap. As we went on through the splendor of the +morning, and I sat on the deck of the luxurious English yacht and saw +the beautiful <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb595" href="#pb595" name= +"pb595">595</a>]</span>barren coast stretching ahead in the sunshine, I +realized to the full for the first time how near this land and this +people lay to my heart. If we had sent a single gleam of sunlight over +their lives, these three years had not been wasted.</p> +<div class="lgouter"> +<p class="line xd20e6781">“This Norway, this Norway...</p> +<p class="line xd20e6781">It is dear to us, so dear,</p> +<p class="line">And no people has a fairer land than this our homeland +here.</p> +<p class="line xd20e6781">Oh, the shepherding in spring,</p> +<p class="line xd20e6781">When the birds begin to sing,</p> +<p class="line">When the mountain-peak glitters and green grows the +lea,</p> +<p class="line">And the turbulent river sweeps brown to the sea!...</p> +<p class="line xd20e6781">Whoso knows Norway must well understand</p> +<p class="line xd20e6781">How her sons can suffer for such a +land.”</p> +</div> +<p class="firstpar">One felt all the vitality and vigor throbbing in +this people, and saw as in a vision its great and rich future, when all +its prisoned forces shall be unfettered and set free.</p> +<p>Now one had returned to life, and it stretched before one full of +light and hope. Then came the evenings when the sun sank far out behind +the blue sea, and the clear melancholy of autumn lay over the face of +the waters. It was too beautiful to believe in. A feeling of dread came +over one; but the silhouette of a woman’s form, standing out +against the glow of the evening sky, gave peace and security.</p> +<p>So we passed from town to town, from fête to fête, along +the coast of Norway. It was on September 9th that the <i>Fram</i> +steamed up Christiania Fjord and met <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb596" href="#pb596" name="pb596">596</a>]</span>with such a reception +as a prince might have envied. The stout old men-of-war +<i>Nordstjernen</i> and <i>Elida</i>, the new and elegant +<i>Valkyrie</i>, and the nimble little torpedo-boats led the way for +us. Steamboats swarmed around, all black with people. There were flags +high and low, salutes, hurrahs, waving of handkerchiefs and hats, +radiant faces everywhere, the whole fjord one multitudinous welcome. +There lay home, and the well-known strand before it, glittering and +smiling in the sunshine. Then steamers on steamers again, shouts after +shouts; and we all stood, hat in hand, bowing as they cheered.</p> +<p>The whole of Peppervik was one mass of boats and people and flags +and waving pennants. Then the men-of-war saluted with thirteen guns +apiece, and the old fort of Akershus followed with its thirteen peals +of thunder, that echoed from the hills around.</p> +<p>In the evening I stood on the strand out by the fjord. The echoes +had died away, and the pine woods stood silent and dark around. On the +headland the last embers of a bonfire of welcome still smouldered and +smoked, and the sea rippling at my feet seemed to whisper, “Now +you are at home.” The deep peace of the autumn evening sank +beneficently over the weary spirit.</p> +<p>I could not but recall that rainy morning in June when I last set +foot on this strand. More than three years had passed; we had toiled +and we had sown, and now <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb597" href= +"#pb597" name="pb597">597</a>]</span>the harvest had come. In my heart +I sobbed and wept for joy and thankfulness.</p> +<p>The ice and the long moonlit polar nights, with all their yearning, +seemed like a far-off dream from another world—a dream that had +come and passed away. But what would life be worth without its +dreams?</p> +<div class="figure xd20e6831width" id="p597"><img src="images/p597.jpg" +alt="Sledgedogs on the ice." width="599" height="382"></div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb598" href="#pb598" name= +"pb598">598</a>]</span></p> +<div class="table xd20e2242"> +<h4 class="aligncenter">The Mean Temperature of Every Month during +Nansen and Johansen’s Sledge Journey</h4> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top"><b>Date</b></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244"><b>Mean Temperature (Fahr.)</b></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244"><b>Maximum</b></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244"><b>Minimum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top"></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244"><i>°</i></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244"><i>°</i></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244"><i>°</i></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">March (16–31), 1895</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-37</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-9</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-51</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">April, 1895</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-20</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-2</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-35</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">May, 1895</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-24</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">28</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-11</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">June, 1895</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">30</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">38</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">9</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">July, 1895</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">32</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">37</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">28</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">August, 1895</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">29</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">36</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">19</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">September, 1895</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">+20</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">41</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-4</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">October, 1895</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">16</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-13</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">November, 1895</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-13</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">10</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-35</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">December, 1895</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-13</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">12</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-37</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">January, 1896</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-14</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">19</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-46</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">February, 1896</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-10</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">30</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-40</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">March, 1896</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">10</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">30</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-29</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">April, 1896</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">8</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">27</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-16</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">May, 1896</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">18</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">43</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-11</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">June (1–16), 1896</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">29</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">39</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">23</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb599" href="#pb599" name= +"pb599">599</a>]</span></p> +<div class="figure xd20e7013width" id="p599"><a href= +"images/p599h.png"><img src="images/p599.jpg" alt= +"Original Map of the Kaiser Franz Josef Land" width="542" height= +"720"></a> +<p class="figureHead">Original Map of the Kaiser Franz Josef Land</p> +<p class="firstpar"><i>surveyed by</i> <span class="sc">Julius +Payer</span></p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb601" href="#pb601" name= +"pb601">601</a>]</span></p> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5844" href="#xd20e5844src" name="xd20e5844">1</a></span> This was +a slip of the pen; it ought to be 102° east longitude.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5889" href="#xd20e5889src" name="xd20e5889">2</a></span> +Jackson’s “Cape M’Clintock.”</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5933" href="#xd20e5933src" name="xd20e5933">3</a></span> Jackson, +who saw it in the spring of 1895, called it Mary Elizabeth Island.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5944" href="#xd20e5944src" name="xd20e5944">4</a></span> +Jackson’s “Cape Fisher.”</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5957" href="#xd20e5957src" name="xd20e5957">5</a></span> This was +on the south side of Jackson’s “Cape Richthofen,” the +most northerly point which Jackson had reached earlier the same +spring.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5970" href="#xd20e5970src" name="xd20e5970">6</a></span> It +proved afterwards to be “Hooker Island.”</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5973" href="#xd20e5973src" name="xd20e5973">7</a></span> It +proved to be “Northbrook Island.”</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5998" href="#xd20e5998src" name="xd20e5998">8</a></span> The +sound between Northbrook Island and Bruce Island on the one side and +Peter Head, on Alexandra Land, on the other side.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e6003" href="#xd20e6003src" name="xd20e6003">9</a></span> Cape +Barents.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e6033" href="#xd20e6033src" name="xd20e6033">10</a></span> The +ice-foot is the part of a floe which often projects into the water +under the surface. It is formed through the thawing of the upper part +of the ice in the summer-time by the warmer surface layer of the +sea.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e6146" href="#xd20e6146src" name="xd20e6146">11</a></span> He had +reached Cape Richthofen, about 35 miles to the south of us.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e6230" href="#xd20e6230src" name="xd20e6230">12</a></span> We had +not any nautical almanac for 1896, and had hitherto used the almanac +for the previous year.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e6251" href="#xd20e6251src" name="xd20e6251">13</a></span> <i>New +Lands within the Arctic Circle.</i> By J. Payer, Vol. II., p. 129.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e6272" href="#xd20e6272src" name="xd20e6272">14</a></span> Where +they are generally called diabases.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e6325" href="#xd20e6325src" name="xd20e6325">15</a></span> Leigh +Smith had already brought back from Spitzbergen a fossil cone, which +Carruthers classified as a <i>Pinus</i>; but he regarded it as +belonging to the upper part of the cretaceous system.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e6497" href="#xd20e6497src" name="xd20e6497">16</a></span> I did +not dream that Sverdrup a year after would be in command of this +steamer.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e6507" href="#xd20e6507src" name="xd20e6507">17</a></span> Jackson +had brought with him several Russian horses, which he had used along +with dogs on his sledge expeditions. Only one of these horses was alive +at the time of our arrival.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="app" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="label">Appendix</h2> +<h2 class="main">Report of Captain Otto Sverdrup on the Drifting of the +“Fram” from March 14, 1895</h2> +<p class="firstpar"></p> +</div> +<div id="ach1" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="label">Chapter I</h2> +<h2 class="main">March 15 to June 22, 1895</h2> +<p class="firstpar">As far back as February 26th Dr. Nansen had +officially informed the crew that after he left the ship I was to be +chief officer of the expedition, and Lieutenant Scott-Hansen second in +command. Before starting, he handed me a letter, or set of +instructions, which have been mentioned earlier in the volume.<a class= +"noteref" id="xd20e7038src" href="#xd20e7038" name= +"xd20e7038src">1</a></p> +<p>The day after that on which the postscript to my instructions is +dated—<i>i.e.</i>, on Thursday, March 14th, at 11.30 <span class= +"sc">A.M.</span>—Dr. Nansen and Johansen left the <i>Fram</i> and +set forth on their sledge expedition. We gave them a parting salute +with flag, pennant, and guns. Scott-Hansen, Henriksen, and Pettersen +accompanied them as far as the first camping-place, 7 or 8 miles from +the vessel, and returned the next day at 2.30 <span class= +"sc">P.M.</span></p> +<p>In the morning they had helped to harness the dogs and put them to +the three sledges. In the team of the last sledge there were +“Barnet” and “Pan,” who all the time had been +mortal enemies.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e7057src" href="#xd20e7057" +name="xd20e7057src">2</a> They began to fight, and Henriksen had to +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb602" href="#pb602" name= +"pb602">602</a>]</span>give “Barnet” a good thrashing in +order to part him from the other. In consequence of this fight the last +team was somewhat behind in starting. The other dogs were all the while +hauling with all their might, and when the thrashing scene was over, +and the disturbers of the peace suddenly commenced to pull, the sledge +started off faster than Johansen had calculated, and he was left behind +and had to strike out well on his snowshoes. Scott-Hansen and the +others followed the sledging party with their eyes until they looked +like little black dots far, far away on the boundless plain of ice. +With a last sad lingering look after the two whom, perhaps, they might +never see again, they put on their snow-shoes and started on their +journey back.</p> +<p>At the time when the sledge expedition started the <i>Fram</i> lay +in 84° 4′ north latitude and 102° east longitude. The +situation was briefly as follows: The vessel was ice-bound in about 25 +feet of ice, with a slight list to starboard. She had thus a layer of +ice, several feet in thickness, underneath her keel. Piled high against +the vessel’s side, to port, along her entire length, there +extended from S.S.E. to N.N.W. a pressure-ridge reaching up to about +the height of the rail on the half-deck aft and slanting slightly +eastward from the ship. At a distance of about 160 yards to the +northwest there extended in the direction from south to north a long +and fairly broad ice-mound, the so-called “great hummock,” +as much as 22 feet high in places. Midway between the <i>Fram</i> and +the great hummock there was a newly formed open lane about 50 yards +wide, while across her bow, at a distance of 50 yards, there was an old +channel that had been closed up by the ice-pressure, but which opened +later on in the spring.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e7071width" id="p603"><img src="images/p603.jpg" +alt="Digging out the “Fram.” March, 1895" width="720" +height="429"> +<p class="figureHead">Digging out the “Fram.” March, +1895</p> +</div> +<p>Upon the “great hummock,” which had been formed by the +violent ice-pressure on January 27, 1894, we had established our depot +on the slope looking towards the ship. The depot consisted of piled-up +tin boxes, containing provisions and other necessaries, and formed six +or seven small mounds covered with sail-cloth. Moreover, our snow-shoes +and sledges were stored there. Half-way between the vessel and the +great hummock <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb605" href="#pb605" name= +"pb605">605</a>]</span>lay the petroleum launch, which, when the new +channel or rift had opened right under her, had to be drawn a little +way farther out on to the ice. Finally, there was our forge. This was +situated about 30 yards off, a little abaft the port quarter, and was +hewn out in the slope of the above-mentioned pressure-ridge, the roof +being made of a quantity of spars over which blocks of ice were piled, +with a layer of snow on the top, all frozen together so as to form a +compact mass. A tarpaulin served in place of a door.</p> +<p>The first and most pressing work which we had to take in hand was to +remove part of the high-pressure ridge on the port side. I was afraid +that if the ice-pressure continued the vessel might be forced down +instead of upward while she had so high a ridge of ice resting against +the whole of her port side. The work was commenced by all hands on +March 19th. We had five sledges, and a box on each, and each worked by +two men. There were two parties at work simultaneously with one sledge +each—forward, and two parties aft—working towards each +other, while the fifth party, of two men with one sledge, were cutting +a passage 13 feet wide right up to the middle of the vessel. The layer +of ice which was in this way removed from all along the vessel’s +side reached to double the height of a man, except in the central +passage, where it had previously been removed to a depth of about three +yards, partly in view of possible ice-pressure against this, the lowest +part of the hull, and partly in order to clear the gangway, by which +the dogs passed to and from the vessel.</p> +<p>The carting away of ice commenced on the 19th and concluded on March +27th. The whole of the pressure-ridge on the port side was removed down +to such a depth that two and a half planks of the ship’s ice-skin +were free. All the time while this work was going on the weather was +fairly cold, the temperature down to -38° and -40°C. +(-36.4° and -40° Fahr.). However, all passed off well and +successfully, except that Scott-Hansen was unfortunate enough to have +one of his big toes frozen.</p> +<p>The doctor and I were together at the same sledge. My diary says: +“He always suspected me of being out of temper, <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb606" href="#pb606" name="pb606">606</a>]</span>and +I him.” As a matter of fact, it is my habit to dislike talking +when I am busy with any work, while the reverse is the case with the +doctor. As, according to my custom, I kept silence, the doctor believed +that I was in a bad humor, and in the same way I fancied that he was in +the sulks, because he abstained from chatting. But the misunderstanding +was soon cleared up, and we laughed heartily at it.</p> +<p>As Dr. Nansen’s and Johansen’s departure afforded an +opportunity for a more comfortable redistribution of quarters, I moved +into Nansen’s cabin, after having packed in cases the effects he +left behind, and stowed them away in the forehold. Jacobsen, the mate, +who was formerly quartered with four of the crew in the large cabin on +the port side, had my cabin allotted to him; and in the starboard +cabin, where four men had been quartered, there were now only three. +The workroom, too, was restored to its former honor and dignity. The +lamp-glasses of the oil-stove there had got broken in the course of the +year. Amundsen now replaced these with chimneys of tin, and fitted thin +sheets of mica over the peep-holes. The stove having thus been +repaired, the workroom became the busiest and most comfortable +compartment in the whole vessel.</p> +<p>After the various operations of shifting and putting in order the +things on board and in the depot, our next care was to insure easy and +convenient access to the vessel by constructing a proper gangway aft, +consisting of two spars with packing-case planks nailed between them +and a rope hand-rail attached.</p> +<p>When all this was done we set to work at the long and manifold +preparations of every kind for a sledge journey southward, in the event +(which, as a matter of fact, none of us considered likely) of our being +obliged to abandon the <i>Fram</i>. We constructed sledges and kayaks, +sewed bags for our stores, selected and weighed out provisions and +other necessaries, etc., etc. This work kept us busy for a long +time.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e7098width" id="p607"><img src="images/p607.jpg" +alt= +"The “Fram” when Dug Out of the Pressure-mound at the End of March, 1895" +width="720" height="420"> +<p class="figureHead">The “Fram” when Dug Out of the +Pressure-mound at the End of March, 1895</p> +</div> +<p>In addition to all the other things we had to provide ourselves with +more snow-shoes, as we were scantily supplied with them. Snow-shoes we +<i>must</i> have, good strong ones, at least one pair to every man. But +where were the materials to come from? There <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb609" href="#pb609" name="pb609">609</a>]</span>was +no more wood fit for making snow-shoes to be found on board. It is true +that we had a large piece of oak timber left available, but we were in +need of a suitable instrument to split it with, as it could not be cut +up with the small saws we had on board. In our dilemma we had recourse +to the ice-saw. Amundsen converted it (by filing it in a different way) +into a rip-saw; Bentzen made handles for it; and as soon as it was +ready, Mogstad and Henriksen commenced to saw the beam of oak to +pieces. At first the work went slowly, most of the time being taken up +with filing and setting the saw; but gradually it went better, and on +April 6th the timber was cut up into six pairs of good boards for +making snow-shoes, which we temporarily deposited in the saloon for +drying. As I consider Canadian snowshoes superior to Norwegian +snow-shoes, when it is a question of hauling heavily loaded sledges +over such a rough and uneven surface as is presented by polar ice, I +directed Mogstad to make ten Canadian pairs of maple-wood, of which we +had a quantity on board. Instead of the netting of reindeer-skin we +stretched sail-cloth over the frames. This did the same service as +network, while it had the advantage of being easier to repair. With the +snow-shoes which we had we undertook frequent excursions, more +particularly Scott-Hansen and myself. While out on one of these trips, +on which Amundsen, Nordahl, and Pettersen also accompanied us, 3 miles +west of the vessel we came across a large hummock, which we named +“Lovunden,” on account of its resemblance to the island +“Lovunden,” off the coast of Heligoland. This hummock +presented very good snow-shoeing slopes, and we practised there to our +heart’s content.</p> +<p>On May 1st we had finished the snow-shoes intended for daily use, +and I gave orders that, henceforth, daily snow-shoe trips should be +made by all hands from 11 <span class="sc">A.M.</span> till 1 +<span class="sc">P.M.</span>, if the weather was good. These snow-shoe +runs were to everybody’s taste, and were necessary, not only in +order to afford brisk exercise in the open air, but also in order to +impart to those who were less accustomed to snow-shoes a sufficient +degree of skill in the event of our having to abandon the +<i>Fram</i>.</p> +<p>While the removal of the ridge was proceeding there continued +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb610" href="#pb610" name= +"pb610">610</a>]</span>to be a good deal of disturbance in the ice. +Twenty yards from the vessel a new lane was formed running parallel to +the old one between us from the depot; and in addition to this a number +of larger or smaller cracks had opened in all directions. A little +later on, during the time from April 11th to May 9th, there was on the +whole considerable disturbance in the ice, with several violent +pressures in the lanes around the vessel. On the first-mentioned day, +in the evening, Scott-Hansen and I took a snow-shoe trip towards the +northeast, along the new channel between the vessel and the depot. On +our way back pressure set in in the channel, and we had an opportunity +of witnessing a “screwing” such as I had never seen +equalled. First there was quite a narrow channel, running parallel to +the principal channel, which was covered over with young ice about 2 +feet thick. Thereupon a larger channel opened just beyond the first and +running alongside it. During the pressure which then followed, the +edges crashed against each other with such violence as to force the ice +down, so that we frequently saw it from 3 to 4 fathoms deep under +water.</p> +<p>Newly frozen sea-ice is marvellously elastic, and will bend to an +astonishing degree without breaking. In another place we saw how the +new ice had bulged up in large wave-like eminences, without +breaking.</p> +<p>On May 5th the wide lane aft was jammed up by ice-pressure, and in +its stead a rift was formed in the ice on the port side about 100 yards +from us, and approximately parallel to the ship. Thus we now lay in an +altered position, inasmuch as the <i>Fram</i> was no longer connected +with and dependent on one solid and continuous ice-field, but separated +from it by more or less open channels and attached to a large floe +which was daily decreasing in size as new cracks were formed.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e7132width" id="p611"><img src="images/p611.jpg" +alt="Fitting the Hand-sledges with Runners. July, 1895" width="720" +height="427"> +<p class="figureHead">Fitting the Hand-sledges with Runners. July, +1895</p> +</div> +<p>The principal channel aft of the vessel continued to open out during +the latter part of April, and on the 29th had become very wide. It +extended north as far as the eye could reach, and was conspicuous, +moreover, by reason of the dark reflection which seemed to hover above +it in the sky. It probably attained its maximum width on May 1st, when +Scott-Hansen <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb613" href="#pb613" name= +"pb613">613</a>]</span>and I measured it and found that just astern of +the vessel it was 975 yards, and farther north over 1500 yards (1432 +metres) in width. Had the <i>Fram</i> been loose at the time I should +have gone north in the channel as far as possible; but this was not to +be thought of, seeing how the ship had been raised up on and walled in +by the ice.</p> +<p>No later than May 2d the principal channel closed up again. The +mate, Nordahl, and Amundsen, who just then happened to be out on a +snow-shoe trip south along the channel, were eye-witnesses of the +jamming of the ice, which they described as having been a grand sight. +The fresh southeasterly wind had imparted a considerable impetus to the +ice, and when the edges of the ice approached each other with +considerable velocity and force, two large projecting tongues first +came into collision with a crash like thunder, and in a moment were +forced up in a hummock about 20 feet high, only to collapse soon after, +and disappear with equal suddenness under the edge of the ice. Wherever +the ice was not forced up into the air, the one ice-edge would slide +over or under the other, while all the projecting tongues and blocks of +ice were crushed to thousands of fragments, which filled up pretty +evenly any small crevices still remaining of what had before been such +a mighty opening.</p> +<p>Our drift towards the north during the first month was almost nil. +For instance, on April 19th we had not advanced more than 4 minutes of +latitude (about 4 miles) to the north. Nor did we drift much to the +west in the same period. Later on we made better headway, but not, by a +long way, as much as in 1894. On May 23d I wrote in the Journal as +follows: “We are all very anxious to see what will be the net +result of our spring drift. If we could reach 60° east longitude by +the summer or autumn, I believe we could be certain to get back home +about the autumn of 1896. The spring drift this year is considerably +less strong than last year, but perhaps it may continue longer into the +summer. If we were to drift this year as far as last, during the time +from May 16th to June 16th, we should reach 68° east longitude, but +it will not be possible now to reach that longitude so early. Possibly +we may manage this year to escape <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb614" +href="#pb614" name="pb614">614</a>]</span>the strong back-drift during +the summer, make a little headway instead, and if so it will be all the +better for us. The ice is not so much cut up by channels this year as +it was this time last year. It is true there are a good many; but last +year we could scarcely get about at all, simply on account of the +lanes. This year we have large sheets of ice ahead of us in which +scarcely any openings are to be found.”</p> +<p>In order to observe the drift of the ice we prepared a kind of +log-line, from 100 to 150 fathoms in length, to the end of which there +was attached a conical open bag of loosely woven material, in which +small animals could be caught up. Immediately above the bag a lead was +fitted to the line, so that the bag itself might drag freely in the +water. The log was lowered through a fairly wide hole in the ice, which +it was a most difficult task to keep open during the cold season. +Several times a day the line was examined and the “angle of +drift” was measured. For this measurement we had constructed a +quadrant fitted with a plumb-line. Now and then we would haul in the +log-line to see whether it was still in order and to collect whatever +the bag might contain in the way of little animals or other objects. As +a rule the contents were insignificant, consisting only of a few +specimens of low organisms.</p> +<p>At the end of May the “spring drift” was over. The wind +veered round to the S.W., W., and N.W. The back-drift or “summer +drift” then set in. However, it was not of long duration, as by +June 8th we again had an easterly wind with a good drift to the west, +so that on the 22d we were at 84° 31.7′ north latitude and +80° 58′ east longitude; and during the last days of June and +the greater part of July the drift went still better.</p> +<p>A circumstance which helped to increase the monotony of our drift in +the ice during the winter and spring, 1895, was the great scarcity of +animal life in that part of the Polar Sea. For long periods at a +stretch we did not see a single living thing; even the polar bears, who +roam so far, were not to be seen. Hence the appearance in the afternoon +of May 7th of a small seal in a newly opened lane, close by the vessel, +was hailed with universal delight. It was the first seal that we had +set eyes upon <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb617" href="#pb617" name= +"pb617">617</a>]</span>since March. Subsequently we often saw seals of +the same kind in the open channels, but they were very shy, so that it +was not until well on in the summer that we succeeded in killing one, +and this was so small that we ate the whole of it at one meal.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e7159width" id="p615"><img src="images/p615.jpg" +alt="View over the Drift-ice. Depot in Foreground" width="720" height= +"425"> +<p class="figureHead">View over the Drift-ice. Depot in Foreground</p> +</div> +<p>On May 14th Pettersen told us that he had seen a white bird, as he +thought an ice-gull, flying westward. On the 22d Mogstad saw a +snow-bunting, which circled round the vessel, and after this the +harbingers of spring became daily more numerous.</p> +<p>Our hunting-bags, however, were very scanty. It was not until June +10th that we secured the first game, when the doctor succeeded in +shooting a fulmar and a kittiwake (<i>Larus tridactylus</i>). True, he +prefaced these exploits by sundry misses, but in the end he managed to +hit the birds, and “all’s well that ends well.” As +regards the fulmar, it was an exciting chase, as it had only been +winged, and took refuge in the open channel. Pettersen was the first to +go after it, followed by Amundsen, the doctor, Scott-Hansen, and the +whole pack of dogs, and at last they managed to secure it.</p> +<p>After this it was a matter of daily occurrence to see birds quite +near, and in order to be better able to secure them, and seals to boot, +we moored our sealing-boat in the open channel. This was equipped with +a sail, and with ballast composed of some of the castings from the +windmill; which we had been obliged to take down; and the very first +evening after the boat had been put on the water, Scott-Hansen, +Henriksen, and Bentzen went for a sail in the channel. The dogs seized +this occasion to take some capital exercise. They took it into their +heads to follow the boat along the edge of the channel backward and +forward as the boat tacked; it was stiff work for them to keep always +abreast of it, as they had to make many detours round small channels +and bays in the ice, and when at last they had got near it, panting, +and with their tongues protruding far from their mouths, the boat would +go about, and they had to cover the same ground over again.</p> +<p>On June 20th the doctor and I shot one black guillemot each. We also +saw some little auks, but the dogs, entering too eagerly <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb618" href="#pb618" name="pb618">618</a>]</span>into +the sport, as a welcome break in the prolonged oppressive solitude and +monotony, rushed ahead of us and scared the birds away before we could +get a shot at them.</p> +<p>As I have already mentioned, the mill had to be taken down. The +shaft broke one fine day below the upper driving-wheel, and had to be +removed and taken to the forge for repair. Pettersen welded it together +again, and on May 9th the mill was again in sufficiently good order for +use. But it wore out very speedily, more especially in the gearings, so +that, after the first week or two in June, it was almost useless. We +therefore pulled it down, and stowed away all wooden parts and castings +on the ridge on the port side, except portions of hard wood, which we +kept on board, and found very useful for making up into sledge-shafts +and other things.</p> +<p>The weather was good all through March, April, and May, with mild +easterly breezes or calms, and, as a rule, a clear atmosphere. Once or +twice the wind veered round to the south or west, but these changes +were invariably of short duration. This settled calm weather at last +became quite a trial to us, as it contributed in a great measure to +increase the dreariness and monotony of the scene around us, and had a +depressing effect on our spirits. Matters improved a little towards the +end of May, when for a time we had a fresh westerly breeze. To be sure +this was a contrary wind, but it was, at any rate, a little change. On +June 8th the wind veered round to the east again, and now increased in +strength, so that on Sunday, the 9th, we had half a gale from the +E.S.E., with a velocity of 33 feet per second, being the strongest fair +wind we had had for a long time.</p> +<p>It was astonishing what a change a single day of fair wind would +work in the spirits of all on board. Those who previously moved about +dreamily and listlessly now awakened to fresh courage and enterprise. +Every face beamed with satisfaction. Previously our daily intercourse +consisted of the monosyllables “Yes” and “No”; +now we were brimming over with jokes and fun from morning to night: +laughter and song and lively chat was heard all around. And with our +spirits rose our hopes for a favorable drift. The chart was brought out +again and again, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb619" href="#pb619" +name="pb619">619</a>]</span>and the forecasts made were apt to be +sanguine enough. “If the wind keeps long in this quarter we shall +be at such and such a spot on such and such a day. It is as clear as +daylight we shall be home some time in the autumn of 1896. Just see how +we have drifted up to now, and the farther we get west the faster we +shall go,” and so forth.</p> +<p>The cold which in the middle of March did not exceed -40° C., +kept steadily at from -30° to -25° during April, but it +decreased at a comparatively rapid rate in May, so that by about the +middle of the month the thermometer registered -14°, and in the +latter part only -6°. On June 3d—so far the warmest +day—a large pond of water had formed close to the vessel, +although the highest temperature attained that day was -2°, and the +weather was overcast.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e7187src" href= +"#xd20e7187" name="xd20e7187src">3</a></p> +<p>On June 5th the thermometer for the first time stood above +freezing-point—viz., at +0.2°. It then fell again for a few +days, going down to -6°; but on the 11th it rose again to about +2° above freezing-point, and so on.</p> +<p>The amount of atmospheric moisture deposited during the +above-mentioned period was most insignificant; only a very slight +snowfall now and then. However, Thursday, June 6th, was an exception. +The wind, which for several days had been blowing from the south and +west, veered round to the northwest during the night, and at 8 +<span class="sc">A.M.</span> next morning it changed to the north, +blowing a fresh breeze, with an exceptionally heavy snowfall.</p> +<p>We saw the midnight sun for the first time during the night of April +2d.</p> +<p>One of the scientific tasks of the expedition was to investigate the +depth of the Polar Sea. Our lines, which were weak and not very +suitable for this purpose, were soon so worn by <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb620" href="#pb620" name= +"pb620">620</a>]</span>friction, corrosion, oxidation, etc., that we +were compelled not only to use them most cautiously, but also to limit +the number of soundings far more than was desirable. It sometimes +happened that the line would break while being hauled in, so that a +good deal of it was lost.</p> +<p>The first sounding after the departure of Dr. Nansen and Johansen +was taken on April 23d. We thought we should be able to lower away down +to 3000 metres (1625 fathoms) in one run, but as the line commenced to +slacken at 1900 metres (1029 fathoms) we thought we had touched bottom +and hauled the line up again. As it appeared that the line had not +reached the bottom, we now let down 3000 metres of line (1625 fathoms), +but in doing so we lost about 900 metres of line (487 fathoms). +Accordingly I assumed that we had touched ground at 2100 metres (1138 +fathoms), and I therefore lowered the line to that depth without +touching bottom. The next day we took new soundings at depths of 2100, +2300, 2500, and 3000 metres respectively (1137, 1245, 1353, and 1625 +fathoms), but all without touching bottom. On the third day, April +25th, we sounded first at 3000 metres, and then at 3200 metres (1625 +and 1733 fathoms) without touching bottom. The steel-line being too +short we had to lengthen it with a hemp-line, and now went down to 3400 +metres (1841 fathoms). While hauling up we perceived that the line +broke, and found that, in addition to the 110 fathoms’ length of +hemp-line, we had lost about 275 fathoms of steel-line. We then stopped +taking soundings till July 22d, as the hemp-lines were so badly worn +that we dared not venture to use them again until milder weather set +in.</p> +<p>Wind and weather were, of course, a favorite topic on board the +<i>Fram</i>, especially in connection with our drift. As is but right +and proper, we had a weather-prophet on board—to wit, Pettersen. +His specialty was to predict fair wind, and in this respect he was +untiring, although his predictions were by no means invariably +fulfilled. But he also posed as a prophet in other departments, and +nothing seemed to delight him more than the offer of a bet with him on +his predictions. If he won he was beaming with good humor for days at a +stretch, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb623" href="#pb623" name= +"pb623">623</a>]</span>and if he lost he often knew how to shroud both +his forecast and the result in oracular mystery and darkness so that +both parties appeared to be right. At times, as already hinted, he was +unlucky, and then he was mercilessly chaffed; but at other times he +would have a run of astounding luck, and then his courage would rise to +such an extent that he was ready to prophesy and bet about +anything.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e7213width" id="p621"><img src="images/p621.jpg" +alt="Pressure-mound near the “Fram.” April, 1895" width= +"720" height="454"> +<p class="figureHead">Pressure-mound near the “Fram.” +April, 1895</p> +</div> +<p>Among his great misfortunes was a bet made with the mate on May 4th +that we should have land in sight by the end of October. And on May +24th he made a bet with Nordahl that by Monday night (the 27th) we +should be at 80° east longitude. Needless to say we all wished that +his incredible predictions might come true; but alas! the miracle did +not happen, for it was not until June 27th that the <i>Fram</i> passed +the 80th degree of longitude.</p> +<p>During the latter part of May the sun and the spring weather +commenced to disperse the layer of snow around the vessel to such an +extent as to make quite a little pond of snow-water on the ice forward. +As at that part especially, but also all along the side of the vessel, +the snow was full of soot, refuse, and the clearings from the kennels, +it was greatly to be feared that an injurious, or, at any rate, +obnoxious smell might arise, and if, besides this, as was the case last +year, a pond should form round the vessel, the water in it would be too +impure to be used in flushing the deck. I therefore set all hands to +work to cart away the snow from the starboard side—a job which +took about two days.</p> +<p>The setting in of spring now kept us busy with various things for +some time, both on board and on the ice. One of the first things to be +done was to bring our depot safely on board, as lanes and rifts were +now forming more frequently in the ice, and some of the goods in the +depot would not bear exposure to damp.</p> +<p>The action of the sun’s rays on the awning or tent soon became +so strong that the snow underneath the boats and on the davits began to +melt. All snow and ice had therefore to be removed or scraped away not +only under the awning but also under <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb624" href="#pb624" name="pb624">624</a>]</span>the boats, on the +deck-house, in the passage on the starboard side, in the holds, and +wherever else it was necessary. In the after-hold there was much more +ice now than last winter, probably owing to the fact that we had kept +the saloon much warmer this winter than before.</p> +<p>In the saloon, the library, and the cabins we had a thorough +“spring cleaning.” This was very badly needed, as the +ceilings, walls, and all the furniture and fittings, in the course of +the long polar night, had got covered with a thick, grimy-looking +coating composed of soot, grease, smoke, dust, and other +ingredients.</p> +<p>I myself took in hand the painting of the saloon and of my own +cabin, which little by little had assumed the same dusky ground-tint as +their surroundings, and on the whole looked rather enigmatic. By dint +of much labor, and the application of a liberal supply of soap and +water, I succeeded in restoring them to something like their pristine +beauty.</p> +<p>We finished our general clean-up on Whitsun-eve, June 1st, and thus +spent a really comfortable Whitsuntide, with butter-porridge for supper +and a few extra delicacies afterwards.</p> +<p>After Whitsuntide we again took in hand various things required in +view of the season, and of the possibility that the <i>Fram</i> might +get afloat in the course of the summer. On the great hummock were many +things I thought might be left there for the present—for +instance, the greater part of our dogs’ food. The cases +containing this were piled up to four different heights so as to form a +sloping roof off which the water could easily run, and I had the whole +covered over with tarpaulin. The long-boat on the port side, which I +proposed to leave on the ice till the winter, was deposited in a safe +place about 50 yards from the ship, and provided with sails, rigging, +oars, and a full equipment, ready for any emergency.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e7243width" id="p625"><img src="images/p625.jpg" +alt="Ice-smithy. May, 1895" width="720" height="487"> +<p class="figureHead">Ice-smithy. May, 1895</p> +</div> +<p>The scraping away of the ice in the holds and on the half-deck was +finished on June 12th. We tried to cut the steam-pipe aft (the pipe for +rinse-water) out of the ice, but had to abandon the attempt. One end of +this pipe had been resting ever since last year on the ice, and it was +now so deeply frozen in that we could not release it. We cut a hole all +round it 4 feet deep, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb627" href= +"#pb627" name="pb627">627</a>]</span>but the hole quickly filled with +water, so we left it to the summer heat to thaw the pipe loose.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e7252width" id="p627"><img src="images/p627.jpg" +alt="The “Fram” Before Her Release" width="604" height= +"562"> +<p class="figureHead">The “Fram” Before Her Release</p> +</div> +<p>So much water commenced to accumulate in the engine-room about this +time that we had to bale out considerable quantities—certainly +130 gallons per day. We at first thought that the water was produced by +the thawing of the ice on board, but it subsequently appeared that it +was mainly due to leakages, which probably arose from the fact that ice +forming in the different layers of the ship’s skin forced the +planking somewhat apart.</p> +<p>The state of health continued excellent, and the doctor had +virtually nothing to do in his professional capacity. In the way +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb628" href="#pb628" name= +"pb628">628</a>]</span>of “casualties” there were only a +few of the most trifling nature, such as a frozen big toe, a little +skin-chafing here and there, a sore eye or two; that was all. However, +we led a very regular life, with the twenty-four hours suitably +distributed between work, exercise, and rest. We slept well and fed +well, and so we were very little concerned at the fact that when being +weighed on May 7th we were found to have lost flesh. However, the +falling off was not great; the aggregate weight of the whole party was +barely 8 pounds less than the month before.</p> +<p>There was, however, one complaint that we suffered from—a +contagious one, though not of a dangerous nature. It became a fashion, +or, if you like, a fashionable complaint, on board the <i>Fram</i>, to +shave one’s head. It was said that an infallible method of +producing a more luxuriant growth of hair was to shave away the little +hair that still adorned the head of the patient. Juell first started +it, and then a regular mania set in, the others following his example +one by one, with the exception of myself and one or two more. Like a +cautious general, I first waited a while to see whether the expected +harvest sprouted on my comrades’ shaven polls; and as the hair +did not seem to grow any stronger than before, I preferred a recipe +ordered by the doctor—viz., to wash the head daily with soft soap +and subsequently rub in an ointment. To make this treatment more +effectual, however, and let the ointment get at the scalp, I followed +the example of the others and shaved my head several times. Personally +I do not believe that the process did any good, but Pettersen was of a +different opinion. “The deuce take me,” said he, one day +afterwards when cutting my hair, “if the captain hasn’t got +some jolly strong bristles on his crown after that +treatment.”</p> +<div class="figure xd20e7269width" id="p629"><img src="images/p629.jpg" +alt="The Procession. May 17, 1895" width="720" height="450"> +<p class="figureHead">The Procession. May 17, 1895</p> +</div> +<p>The Seventeenth of May brought the finest weather that could be +imagined. A clear, bright sky, dazzling sunshine, 10° to 12° of +cold, and an almost perfect calm. The sun, which at this time of the +year never sets throughout the twenty-four hours, was already high in +the heavens, when at 8 <span class="sc">A.M.</span> we were awakened by +the firing of a gun, and by joyous strains of the organ. We jumped into +our clothes more speedily than usual, swallowed our breakfast, and with +the liveliest expectation prepared <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb631" +href="#pb631" name="pb631">631</a>]</span>for what was in store; for +the “Festival Committee” had been very busy the previous +day. Punctually at 11 o’clock the various corporations assembled +under their flags and insignia, and were assigned their position in the +grand procession. I marched at the head with the Norwegian flag. Next +came Scott-Hansen with the <i>Fram’s</i> pennant, and then +followed Mogstad with the banner of the Meteorological Department, +richly bedecked with “cyclonic centres” and +“prospects of fair weather.” He was seated on a box covered +with bearskin placed on a sledge drawn by seven dogs, the banner waving +behind him on a pole rigged as a mast. Amundsen was No. 4, bearing a +demonstration banner in favor of “the Pure Flag,” and he +was followed by his esquire, Nordahl, on snow-shoes with a spear in his +hand and a rifle slung on his back. The flag showed on the red ground a +picture of an old Norwegian warrior breaking his spear over his knee, +with the inscription “Onward! Onward! [Fram! Fram!], ye Norseman! +Your own flag in your own land. What we do we do for Norway.” +Fifth in the procession came the mate, with the Norwegian arms on a red +background, and sixth was Pettersen with the flag of the Mechanical +Department. Last came the “Band,” represented by Bentzen +with an accordion. The procession was followed by the public dressed in +their best—viz., the doctor, Juell, and Henriksen in picturesque +confusion.</p> +<p>To the waving of banners and strains of music the procession wended +its way past the corner of the University (viz., the <i>Fram</i>), down +“Karl Johan’s Street” and “Church Street” +(a road laid out by Scott-Hansen for the occasion across the rift in +front and the pressure-ridge), past Engebret’s (the depot on the +ice), and then wheeled round to the “Fortification +Parade”<a class="noteref" id="xd20e7288src" href="#xd20e7288" +name="xd20e7288src">4</a> (viz., the top of the great hummock), where +it stopped and faced round with flags erect.</p> +<p>There I called for cheers in honor of the festive occasion, in +response to which there rose a ninefold hurrah from the densely packed +multitude. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb632" href="#pb632" name= +"pb632">632</a>]</span></p> +<p>At exactly 12 o’clock the official salute of the Seventeenth +May was fired from our big bow guns. Then came a splendid banquet; the +doctor had contributed a bottle of aqua vitæ, and every man had a +bottle of genuine Crown Malt Extract, from the “Royal +Brewery” in Copenhagen.</p> +<p>When the roast was served Scott-Hansen proposed the health of our +dear ones at home and of our two absent comrades, who he hoped might +achieve the task they had set themselves and return home safely. This +toast was accompanied by a salute of two guns.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e7299width" id="p632"><img src="images/p632.jpg" +alt="Person carrying box on deck." width="283" height="354"></div> +<p>At 4 <span class="sc">P.M.</span> a great popular festival was held +on the ice. The place was prettily decorated with flags and other +emblems, and the programme offered a rich variety of entertainments. +There was rope-dancing, gymnastics, shooting at running hares, and many +other items. The public were in a highly festive mood throughout, and +vigorously applauded the artists in all their performances. After a +supper which was not far behind the dinner in excellence we gathered at +night in the saloon around a steaming bowl of punch. The doctor, amid +loud applause, proposed the health of the organizing committee, and I +proposed the <i>Fram</i>. After this we kept it up in the merriest and +most cordial spirit until far into the night. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb633" href="#pb633" name="pb633">633</a>]</span></p> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e7038" href="#xd20e7038src" name="xd20e7038">1</a></span> Vide pp. +91–98, Vol. II.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e7057" href="#xd20e7057src" name="xd20e7057">2</a></span> Little +“Barnet,” who weighed only 38 pounds, and was one of the +smallest of the dogs, was a regular fighter, and, as a rule, the +aggressor.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e7187" href="#xd20e7187src" name="xd20e7187">3</a></span> On April +18th, when the doctor and I were out looking for a suitable piece of +ice for determining the specific gravity of the ice, we observed a +remarkable drop of water hanging under a projecting corner of a large +block of ice, reared up high by pressure. There it hung, in the shade, +quivering in the fresh breeze, although the thermometer registered +about -23° of frost. “That must be very salt,” I said, +and tasted it—“Phew!” It was salt in very +truth—rank salt, like the strongest brine.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e7288" href="#xd20e7288src" name="xd20e7288">4</a></span> These +are well-known localities in Christiania, Engebret’s being a +restaurant.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ach2" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="label">Chapter II</h2> +<h2 class="main">June 22 to August 15, 1895</h2> +<p class="firstpar">As spring advanced the disturbance in the ice +increased, and new lanes and pools were formed in every direction. At +the same time there was a daily increase in the number of aquatic +animals and birds around us.</p> +<p>On the night of June 22d I was awakened by the watch, who told me +that there were whales in the lane on the starboard side. Every one +hurried on deck, and we now saw that some seven or eight female +narwhals were gambolling in the channel close upon us. We fired some +shots at them, but these did not seem to affect them. Later in the day +I went after them in the sealing-boat, but without getting within +range. In order to be able to give effectual chase, should they, as we +hoped, pay us a visit in the future, we made ready two harpoon-bladders +and an oak anchor, which we attached to the end of the harpoon line. +Should the whale, when harpooned, prove too strong for us, we would let +go the anchor and the bladders, and if the fates were not against us, +we might be successful.</p> +<p>We were quite anxious to try the new apparatus, and therefore kept a +sharp lookout for the whales. One or two were seen occasionally in the +channel, but they disappeared again so quickly that we had no time to +pursue them. On the evening of July 2d we had the prospect of a good +hunt. The lane swarmed with whales, and we quickly started out with the +boat in pursuit. But this time, too, they were so shy that we could not +get at them. One of them remained some time in a small channel, which +was so narrow that we could throw across it. We attempted to steal on +him along the edge, but as soon as we had <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb634" href="#pb634" name="pb634">634</a>]</span>got within a short +distance of him he took alarm, and swam out into the large channel, +where he remained rolling about, turning over on his back for some four +or five minutes at a time with his head above water, puffing away, and +positively jeering at us. When at length we had wearily worked our way +back again to the large channel, intending to assist him a little in +his performances—pop, away he went.</p> +<p>Some days later we again received a visit from a troupe of these +comedians in another channel newly formed in close proximity to the +vessel. Three of them had long, heavy tusks, which they showed high +above the water, and then used to scratch their female friends on the +back with. We immediately prepared ourselves with rifles and harpoons, +and ran towards the channel as fast as our legs would carry us. But +before we got there the beasts had fled. It was of no use trying to get +within range of these shy creatures, so, after that, as a rule, we +allowed them to remain unmolested.</p> +<p>Once, however, during the spring of 1896, we were near catching a +narwhal. I had been out fowling, and was just busily taking out of the +boat the birds I had shot, when suddenly a narwhal appeared in the +channel close to our usual landing-place, where the harpoon with the +line attached lay ready for immediate use. I quickly seized the +harpoon, but the coil of line was too short, and when I had got this +right the whale dived below the water, just as I was ready to harpoon +him.</p> +<p>An occasional large seal (<i>Phoca barbata</i>) also appeared at +this time; we chased them sometimes, but without success; they were too +shy.</p> +<p>With the fowling our luck was better, and so early as June 7th we +shot so many black guillemots, gulls, fulmars, and little auks that we +partook on that day of our first meal of fresh meat during the year. +The flesh of these birds is not, as a rule, valued very much, but we +ate it with ravenous appetites, and found that it had an excellent +flavor—better than the tenderest young ptarmigan.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e7338width" id="p635"><img src="images/p635.jpg" +alt="Channel Astern of the “Fram.” June, 1895" width="720" +height="437"> +<p class="figureHead">Channel Astern of the “Fram.” June, +1895</p> +</div> +<p>One day three gulls appeared, and settled down at some distance from +the vessel. Pettersen fired twice at them and missed, <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb637" href="#pb637" name="pb637">637</a>]</span>they +meanwhile resting calmly on the snow, and regarding him with intense +admiration. Finally they flew away, accompanied by sundry blessings +from the hunter, who was exasperated at his “mishap,” as he +called it. The eye-witnesses of the bombardment had another idea of the +“mishap,” and many were the jokes that rained down upon the +fellow when he returned empty-handed.</p> +<p>However, Pettersen soon became an ardent sportsman, and declared +that one of the first things he would do when he returned home would be +to buy a fowling-piece. He appeared to have some talent as a marksman, +though he had hardly ever fired a shot before he came on board the +<i>Fram</i>. Like all beginners, he had to put up with a good many +misses before he got so far as to hit his mark. But practice makes +perfect; and one fine day he began to win our respect as a marksman, +for he actually hit a bird on the wing. But then came a succession of +“mishaps” for some time, and he lost faith in his power of +killing his game on the wing, and sought less ambitious outlets for his +skill. Long afterwards the real cause of his many bad shots came to +light. A wag, who thought that Pettersen was doing too much execution +among the game, had quietly reloaded his cartridges, so that Pettersen +had all the time been shooting with salt instead of lead, and that, of +course, would make a little difference.</p> +<p>Besides the animals named, it appears that Greenland sharks are also +found in these latitudes. One day Henriksen went to remove the blubber +from some bearskins, which he had had hanging out in the channel for a +week or so; he found that the two smallest skins had been nearly +devoured, so that only a few shreds were left. It could hardly have +been any other animal than the Greenland shark which had played us this +trick. We put out a big hook with a piece of blubber on it, to try if +we could catch one of the thieves, but it was of no use.</p> +<p>One day in the beginning of August the mate and Mogstad were out +upon the ice trying to find the keel of the petroleum launch, which had +been forgotten. They said that they had seen fresh tracks of a bear, +which had been trotting about the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb638" +href="#pb638" name="pb638">638</a>]</span>great hummock. It was now +almost a year since we last had a bear in our neighborhood, and we +felt, therefore, much elated at the prospect of a welcome change in our +bill of fare. For a long time, however, we had nothing but the +prospect. True, Mogstad saw a bear at the great hummock, but, as it was +far off to begin with, and going rapidly farther, it was not pursued. +Almost half a year elapsed before another bear paid us a visit—it +was not till February 28, 1896.</p> +<p>As I said before, the <i>Fram</i> had, ever since the first week in +May, been fast embedded in a large floe of ice, which daily diminished +in extent. Cracks were constantly formed in all directions, and new +lanes were opened, often only to close up again in a few hours. When +the edges of the ice crashed against each other with their tremendous +force, all the projecting points were broken off, forming smaller +floes, and pushed over and under each other, or piled up into large or +small hummocks, which would collapse again when the pressure ceased, +and break off large floes in their fall. In consequence of these +repeated disturbances the cracks in our floe constantly increased, +particularly after a very violent pressure on July 14th, when rifts and +channels were formed right through the old pressure-ridge to port, and +close up to the side of the vessel, so that it appeared for a time as +if the <i>Fram</i> would soon slip down into the water. For the time +being, however, she remained in her old berth, but frequently veered +round to different points of the compass during all these disturbances +in the ice. The great hummock, which constantly increased its distance +from the vessel, also drifted very irregularly, so that it was at one +time abeam, at another right ahead.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e7367width" id="p639"><img src="images/p639.jpg" +alt="Movable Meteorological Station on the Ice. July, 1895" width="466" +height="720"> +<p class="figureHead">Movable Meteorological Station on the Ice. July, +1895</p> +<p class="firstpar">Scott-Hansen Nordahl</p> +<p>(<i>From a photograph</i>)</p> +</div> +<p>On July 27th there was a disturbance in the ice such as we had not +experienced since we got fast. Wide lanes were formed in every +direction, and the floe upon which the smith’s forge was placed +danced round in an incessant whirl, making us fear we might lose the +whole apparatus at any moment. Scott-Hansen and Bentzen, who were just +about to have a sail in the fresh breeze, undertook to transport the +forge and all its belongings to the floe on which we were lying. They +took two men to help <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb641" href="#pb641" +name="pb641">641</a>]</span>them, and succeeded, with great difficulty, +in saving the things. At the same time there was a violent disturbance +in the water around the vessel. She turned round with the floe, so that +she rapidly came to head W. ½ S., instead of N.E. All hands were +busy getting back into the ship all the things which had been placed +upon the floes, and this was successfully accomplished, although it was +no trifling labor, and not without danger to the boats, owing to the +strong breeze and the violent working of the floes and blocks of ice. +The floe with the ruins of the forge was slowly bearing away in the +same direction as the great hummock, and served for some time as a kind +of beacon for us. Indeed, in the distance it looked like one, crowned +as it was on its summit with a dark skull-cap, a huge iron kettle, +which lay there bottom upward. The kettle was originally bought by +Trontheim, and came on board at Khabarova, together with the dogs. He +had used it on the trip through Siberia for cooking the food for the +dogs. We used to keep blubber and other dogs’ food in it. In the +course of its long service the rust had eaten holes in the bottom, and +it was therefore cashiered, and thrown away upon the pressure-ridge +close to the smithy. It now served, as I have said, as a beacon, and is +perhaps to-day drifting about in the Polar Sea in that +capacity—unless it has been found and taken possession of by some +Eskimo housewife on the east coast of Greenland.</p> +<p>As the sun and mild weather brought their influence to bear upon the +surface of the ice and the snow, the vessel rose daily higher and +higher above the ice, so that by July 23d we had three and a half +planks of the greenheart ice-hide clear on the port side and ten planks +to starboard. In the evening of August 8th our floe cracked on the +port, and the <i>Fram</i> altered her list from 7° to port to +1.5° starboard side, with respectively four and two planks of the +ice-hide clear, and eleven bow-irons clear forward.</p> +<p>I feared that the small floe in which we were now embedded might +drift off down the channel if the ice slackened any more, and I +therefore ordered the mate to moor the vessel to the main flow, where +many of our things were stored. The order, however, was not quickly +enough executed, and when I came on <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb642" href="#pb642" name="pb642">642</a>]</span>deck half an hour +later the <i>Fram</i> was already drifting down through the channel. +All hands were called up immediately, and with our united strength we +succeeded in hauling the vessel up to the floe again and mooring her +securely.</p> +<p>As we were desirous of getting the <i>Fram</i> quite clear of the +ice-bed in which she had been lying so long, I determined to try +blasting her loose. The next day, therefore, August 9th, at 7.30 +<span class="sc">P.M.</span>, we fired a mine of about 7 pounds of +gunpowder, placed under the floe 6 feet from the stern of the vessel. +There was a violent shock in the vessel when the mine exploded, but the +ice was apparently unbroken. A lively discussion arose touching the +question of blasting. The majority believed that the mine was not +powerful enough; one even maintained that the quantity of gunpowder +used should have been 40 or 50 pounds. But just as we were in the heat +of the debate the floe suddenly burst. Big lumps of ice from below the +ship came driving up through the openings: the <i>Fram</i> gave a great +heave with her stern, started forward and began to roll heavily, as if +to shake off the fetters of ice, and then plunged with a great splash +out into the water. The way on her was so strong that one of the bow +hawsers parted, but otherwise the launch went so smoothly that no +ship-builder could have wished it better. We moored the stern to the +solid edge of ice by means of ice-anchors, which we had recently forged +for this purpose.</p> +<p>Scott-Hansen and Pettersen, however, were very near getting a cold +bath. Having laid the mine under the floe, they placed themselves abaft +with the “pram,”<a class="noteref" id="xd20e7407src" href= +"#xd20e7407" name="xd20e7407src">1</a> in order to haul in the string +of the fuse. When the floe burst, and the <i>Fram</i> plunged, and the +remainder of the floe capsized as soon as it became free of its 600 +tons’ burden, the two men in the boat were in no pleasant +predicament right in the midst of the dangerous maelstrom of waves and +pieces of ice; their faces, especially Pettersen’s, were worth +seeing while the boat was dancing about with them in the caldron.</p> +<p>The vessel now had a slight list to starboard (0.75°), and +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb643" href="#pb643" name= +"pb643">643</a>]</span>floated considerably lighter upon the water than +before, as three oak planks were clear to starboard, and somewhat more +to port, with nine bow-irons clear forward. So far as we could see, her +hull had suffered no damage whatever, either from the many and +occasionally violent pressures to which she had been subjected, or from +the recent launching.</p> +<p>The only fault about the vessel was that she still leaked a little, +rendering it necessary to use the pumps frequently. For a short time, +indeed, she was nearly tight, which made us inclined to believe that +the leakage must be above the water-line, but we soon found we were in +error about this, when she began to make more water than ever.</p> +<p>For the rest, she was lying very well now, with the port side along +an even and rather low edge of ice, and with an open channel to +starboard; the channel soon closed up, but still left a small opening, +about 200 yards long and 120 yards wide. I only wished that winter +would soon come, so that we might freeze securely into this favorable +position. But it was too early in the year, and there was too much +disturbance in the ice to allow of that. We had still many a tussle to +get through before the <i>Fram</i> settled in her last winter +haven.</p> +<p>Our drift westward in the latter half of June and the greater part +of July was, on the whole, satisfactory. I give the following +observations:</p> +<div class="table xd20e2242"> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top"><b>Date</b></td> +<td valign="top"><b>Latitude</b></td> +<td valign="top"><b>Longitude</b></td> +<td valign="top"><b>Direction of Wind</b></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top"></td> +<td valign="top">° ′</td> +<td valign="top">° ′</td> +<td valign="top"></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">June 22d</td> +<td valign="top">84 32</td> +<td valign="top">80 58</td> +<td valign="top">N.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">June 27th</td> +<td valign="top">84 44</td> +<td valign="top">79 35</td> +<td valign="top">N. by E.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">June 29th</td> +<td valign="top">84 33</td> +<td valign="top">79 50</td> +<td valign="top">E.N.E.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">July 5th</td> +<td valign="top">84 48</td> +<td valign="top">75 3</td> +<td valign="top">S.E.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">July 7th</td> +<td valign="top">84 48</td> +<td valign="top">74 7</td> +<td valign="top">W.S.W.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">July 12th</td> +<td valign="top">84 41</td> +<td valign="top">76 20</td> +<td valign="top">W.S.W.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">July 22d</td> +<td valign="top">84 36</td> +<td valign="top">72 56</td> +<td valign="top">N.N.W.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">July 27th</td> +<td valign="top">84 29</td> +<td valign="top">73 49</td> +<td valign="top">S.W. by S.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">July 31st</td> +<td valign="top">84 27</td> +<td valign="top">76 10</td> +<td valign="top">S.W.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">August 8th</td> +<td valign="top">84 38</td> +<td valign="top">77 36</td> +<td valign="top">N.W.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">August 22d</td> +<td valign="top">84 9</td> +<td valign="top">78 47</td> +<td valign="top">S.W.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">August 25th</td> +<td valign="top">84 17</td> +<td valign="top">79 2</td> +<td valign="top">E. by N.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">September 2d</td> +<td valign="top">84 47</td> +<td valign="top">77 17</td> +<td valign="top">S.E.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">September 6th</td> +<td valign="top">84 43</td> +<td valign="top">79 52</td> +<td valign="top">S.W.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb644" href="#pb644" name= +"pb644">644</a>]</span></p> +<p>As will be seen from the above, there were comparatively small +deviations towards the south and the north in the line of the drift, +whereas the deviations to east and west were much greater.</p> +<p>From June 22d to the 29th it bore rapidly westward, then back some +distance in the beginning of July; again for a couple of days quickly +towards the west, and then a rapid return till July 12th. From this day +until the 22d we again drifted well to the west, to 72° 56′, +but from that time the backward drift predominated, placing us at +79° 52′ on September 6th, or about the same longitude as we +started from on June 29th.</p> +<p>During this period the weather was, on the whole, fair and mild. +Occasionally we had some bad weather, with drift-snow and sleet, +compelling us to stay indoors. However, the bad weather did not worry +us much; on the contrary, we looked rather eagerly for changes in the +weather, especially if they revived our hopes of a good drift westward, +with a prospect of soon getting out of our prison. It must not be +understood that we dreaded another winter in the ice before getting +home. We had provisions enough, and everything else needful to get over +some two or three polar winters, if necessary, and we had a ship in +which we all placed the fullest confidence, in view of the many tests +she had been put to. We were all sound and healthy, and had learned to +stick ever closer to one another for better and for worse.</p> +<p>With regard to Nansen and Johansen, hardly any of us entertained +serious fears; however dangerous their trip was, we were not afraid +that they would succumb to their hardships on the way, and be prevented +from reaching Franz Josef Land, and thence getting back to Norway +before the year was out. On the contrary, we rejoiced at the thought +that they would soon be home, telling our friends that we were getting +on all right, and that there was every prospect of our return in the +autumn of 1896. It is no wonder, however, that we were impatient, and +that both body and soul suffered when the drift was slow, or when a +protracted contrary wind and back-drift seemed to make it highly +improbable that we should be able to reach home by the time we were +expected. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb645" href="#pb645" name= +"pb645">645</a>]</span></p> +<div class="figure xd20e7583width" id="p645"><img src="images/p645.jpg" +alt="Observation with Sextant and Artificial Horizon. July, 1895" +width="720" height="566"> +<p class="figureHead">Observation with Sextant and Artificial Horizon. +July, 1895</p> +<p class="firstpar">Scott-Hansen Nordahl</p> +<p>(<i>From a photograph</i>)</p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb647" href="#pb647" name= +"pb647">647</a>]</span></p> +<p>Furthermore, the most important part of our mission was in a way +accomplished. There was hardly any prospect that the drift would carry +us much farther northward than we were now, and whatever could be done +to explore the regions to the north would be done by Nansen and +Johansen. It was our object, therefore, in compliance with the +instructions from Dr. Nansen, to make for open water and home by the +shortest way and in the safest manner, doing, however, everything +within our power to carry home with us the best possible scientific +results. These results, to judge from our experience up to this point, +were almost a foregone conclusion—to wit, that the Polar Sea +retained its character almost unchanged as we drifted westward, showing +the same depths, the same conditions of ice and currents, and the same +temperatures. No islands, rocks, shoals, and, still less, no mainland, +appeared in the neighborhood of our frequently irregular course; +wherever we looked there was the same monotonous and desolate plain of +more or less rugged ice, holding us firmly, and carrying us willy-nilly +along with it. Our scientific observations were continued +uninterruptedly, as regularly and accurately as possible, and +comprised, besides the usual meteorological observations, soundings, +measurement of the thickness of the ice, longitude and latitude, taking +the temperature of the sea at various depths, determining its salinity, +collecting specimens of the fauna of the sea, magnetic and electrical +observations, and so forth. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb648" href= +"#pb648" name="pb648">648</a>]</span></p> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e7407" href="#xd20e7407src" name="xd20e7407">1</a></span> A small +keelless boat.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ach3" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="label">Chapter III</h2> +<h2 class="main">August 15 to January 1, 1896</h2> +<p class="firstpar">With the rise in the temperature the snow surface +became daily worse, so that it was seldom fit for snow-shoeing; even +with “truger”<a class="noteref" id="xd20e7605src" href= +"#xd20e7605" name="xd20e7605src">1</a> on it was most laborious to get +along, for the snow was so soft that we sank in up to our knees. Now +and then for an odd day or so the surface would be fit, even in the +month of July, and we took these opportunities of making short +excursions for shooting and the like. Then the surface would be as bad +as ever again, and one day when I had to go out on the ice to fetch a +fulmar which had been wounded, the snow was so soft that I constantly +sank in up to my waist. Before I could reach the bird the whole pack of +dogs came tearing by, got hold of it, and killed it. One of the dogs +seized the bird in his mouth, and then there was a wild race between it +and the others. At last the whole pack turned back towards the lane in +the ice again, and I watched my opportunity and snatched the bird from +them. I had paid pretty dearly for my booty, all spent and dripping +with perspiration as I was from plodding through that bottomless morass +of snow.</p> +<p>Our chief occupation was still the work at our sledges and kayaks. +The sledges, which were all brought on board from the great hummock +where they had lain all the winter, were repaired and fitted with +runners. By July 16th they were all in good order—eight +hand-sledges and two dog-sledges.</p> +<p>The kayaks, upon which we had long been engaged, were finished about +the same time. We had now in all five double and one single kayak. Of +these I myself made one, the single kayak, which weighed 32 pounds. All +of them were tested in the channel, and proved sound and watertight. +Both the kayaks <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb649" href="#pb649" +name="pb649">649</a>]</span>and the sledges were hoisted on the davits, +so that they could be let down at a moment’s notice in case of +need.</p> +<p>The petroleum launch, which was of no use to us as it was, but would +afford good materials for runners and other things, was brought from +the great hummock and taken to pieces. It was built of choice elm, and +a couple of planks were immediately used for runners to those of the +sledges, which, for lack of material, were as yet unprovided with these +appliances.</p> +<p>The medicine-chest, which had also lain in depot at the great +hummock, was fetched and stowed away in one of the long-boats, which +had been placed on the pressure-ridge hard by the ship. The contents +had taken no harm, and nothing had burst with the frost, although there +were several medicines in the chest which contained no more than 10 per +cent. of alcohol.</p> +<p>At that time we were also busy selecting and weighing provisions and +stores for eleven men for a seventy days’ sledging expedition and +a six months’ sojourn on the ice. The kinds of provisions and +their weight will be seen from the accompanying table:</p> +<p><span class="sc">Seventy Days’ Sledge Provisions for Eleven +Men</span></p> +<div class="table xd20e2242"> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top"></td> +<td valign="top" class="unit xd20e2244"><i>Pounds</i></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Cadbury’s chocolate, 5 boxes of 48 pounds</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">240</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Meat chocolate</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">25</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Wheaten bread, 16 boxes of 44 pounds</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">704</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Danish butter, 12 tins of 28 pounds</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">336</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Lime-juice tablets</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">2</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Fish flour (Professor Våge’s)</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">50</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Viking potatoes, 3 tins of 26 pounds</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">78</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Knorr’s pea-soup</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">5</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Knorr’s lentil-soup</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">5</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Knorr’s bean-soup</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">5</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Bovril, 2 boxes</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">104</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Vril-food, 1 box</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">48</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Oatmeal, 1 box</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">80</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Serin powder, 1 box</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">50</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Aleuronate bread, 5 boxes of 50 pounds</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">250</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Pemmican, 6 boxes</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">340</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Pemmican, 7 sacks</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">592</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Liver, 1 sack</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">102</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Total</td> +<td valign="top" class="sum xd20e2244">3016</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p>Besides these we took salt, pepper, and mustard<span class="corr" +id="xd20e7737" title="Not in source">.</span> <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb650" href="#pb650" name="pb650">650</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class="sc">Provisions for Eleven Men During a Six +Months’ Stay on the Ice</span></p> +<div class="table xd20e2242"> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top"></td> +<td valign="top" class="unit xd20e2244"><i>Pounds</i></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Roast and boiled beef, 14 tins of 72 pounds</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1008</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Minced collops, 3 tins of 48 pounds</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">144</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Corned beef, 3 tins of 84 pounds</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">252</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Compressed ham, 3 tins of 84 pounds</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">252</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Corned mutton, 17 tins of 6 pounds</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">102</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Bread, 37 tins of 50 pounds</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">1850</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Knorr’s soups, various, 2 tins of 56½ +pounds</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">113</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Vegetables: white cabbage, julienne, pot-herbs</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">60</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Flour, sugar, 3 cases of 40 pounds</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">120</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Oatmeal, 4 cases of 80 pounds</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">320</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Groats, 4 cases of 80 pounds</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">320</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Cranberry, 2 cases of 10 pounds</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">20</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Margarine, 20 jars of 28 pounds</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">560</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Lunch tongue, 1 case</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">20</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Danish butter, 2 cases</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">336</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Stearine candles, 5 cases</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">200</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Preserved fish, 1 tin</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">22</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Macaroni, 1 case</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">50</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Viking potatoes, 4 cases</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">208</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Våge’s fish flour, 2 cases</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">200</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Frame-food jelly, 1 jar</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">190</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Marmalade jelly, 1 jar</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">54</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Lime-juice jelly, 1 jar</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">54</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Cadbury’s chocolate, 3 cases</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">144</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Lactoserin cocoa, 1 case</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">18</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Milk, 10 cases of 48 tins</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">480</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Tea, 1 case</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">20</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">English pemmican, 13 cases</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">756</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Danish pemmican, 1 case</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">68</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Dried liver patties, 3 cases</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">204</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Vril-food, 5 cases</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">208</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p>Besides these, 2 tins of salt, 1 tin of mustard, and 1 tin of +pepper.</p> +<hr class="tb"> +<p>When all the stores were ready and packed, they were provisionally +stowed at certain fixed points on deck, under the awning forward. I did +not want them taken out on the ice until later in the year, or until +circumstances rendered it necessary. We had still abundance of +coal—about 100 tons. I considered that 20 tons would be about +enough for six months’ consumption <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb651" href="#pb651" name="pb651">651</a>]</span>on the ice. With that +quantity, therefore, we filled butts, casks, and sacks, and took it out +on the ice, together with 1400 pounds of tinned potatoes, about 45 +gallons of petroleum, about 80 gallons of gas-oil, and about 34 gallons +of coal-oil.</p> +<p>As the ship was still deeply laden, I wished to lighten her as much +as possible, if only it could be managed without exposing to risk any +of the stores which had to be unloaded. After the windmill was worn out +and taken away we had, of course, no use for the battery and dynamo, so +we took the whole concern to pieces and packed it up, with lamps, +globes, and everything belonging to it. The same was done with the +petroleum motor. The “horse-mill” was also taken down and +put out on the ice, with a lot of heavy materials. One long-boat had +been put out earlier, and now we took the other down from the davits +and took it up to the great hummock. But as the hummock shortly +afterwards drifted a good way off from us, the boat, with everything +else that lay there, was brought back again and placed upon the great +ice-floe to which we were moored—our “estate,” as we +used to call it. On top of the davits, and right aft to the half-deck, +we ran a platform of planks, on which the sledges, kayaks, and other +things were to be laid up in the winter.</p> +<p>On July 22d we continued our deep-sea soundings, taking two on that +day, the first to 1354 fathoms (2500 metres) and the second to 1625 +fathoms (3000 metres), without touching bottom either time. In order to +make sure that the lead should sink, we lowered away the line very +slowly, so that it took two hours and a quarter to reach a depth of +3000 metres. On the 23d we again took two soundings, one of 1840 +fathoms (3400 metres), without finding bottom, and then one in which we +found bottom at 2056 fathoms (3800 metres). It took two hours and a +half to lower the lead to the latter depth. Finally, on July 24th we +again took a sounding of 3600 metres without finding bottom, and +therefore concluded the depth to be from 3700 to 3800 metres.</p> +<p>On July 7th the doctor rowed out in the “pram” in search +of algæ, but came back empty-handed. There were remarkably few +algæ to be found this summer, nor did there seem to be +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb652" href="#pb652" name= +"pb652">652</a>]</span>so much animal life in the water as there had +been the year before.</p> +<p>For a few days after she got loose, the <i>Fram</i> lay in a very +good position in the pool; but during the night of August 14th a high +block of ice came floating down the lane, which had now widened a +little, and jammed itself between the ship’s side and the farther +edge of the pool, which it thus entirely blocked. As we did not like +having this uncomfortable and dangerous colossus close at our side, in +case we should remain at the same spot throughout the autumn and +winter, we determined to blast it away. Scott-Hansen and Nordahl at +once took this in hand, and accomplished the task after several +days’ labor.</p> +<p>On Saturday afternoon, August 17th, a pretty strong ice-pressure +suddenly set in around us. In the course of a few minutes the +<i>Fram</i> was lifted 22 inches by the stern, and 14 inches by the +bow. In stately fashion, with no noise, and without heeling over in the +least, the heavy vessel was swiftly and lightly raised, as if she had +been a feather—a spectacle at once impressive and reassuring.</p> +<p>The next day the ice slackened a little again, and the ship was once +more afloat. So it lay quietly until the morning of the 21st, when +another strong pressure began. The ship now lay in a very awkward +position, with a high hummock on each side, which gripped her amidships +for a space of about 9 yards, and screwed her up 6 or 8 inches. But the +pressure ended in half an hour or so, and the <i>Fram</i> sank again +into her former berth.</p> +<p>When there were symptoms of pressure we always tried to warp the +ship as far away as possible from the threatening point, and +occasionally we succeeded. But during the stormy weather, with +southerly winds, which prevailed at this time, it was often quite +impossible to get her to budge; for she offered a great surface to the +wind, with her heavy rigging and the high awning forward. Our united +forces were often unable to move her an inch, and ice-anchors, +moorings, and warping-cables were perpetually breaking.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e7947width" id="p653"><img src="images/p653.jpg" +alt="Cleaning the Accumulators before Stowing Away. July, 1895" width= +"720" height="453"> +<p class="figureHead">Cleaning the Accumulators before Stowing Away. +July, 1895</p> +</div> +<p>At last, on August 22d, we succeeded in warping the ship along a +bit, so that we might hope to escape pressure if the ice <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb655" href="#pb655" name= +"pb655">655</a>]</span>should again begin to pinch. As the ice soon +after slackened a good deal, and became more broken than before, we +some days later made another attempt to haul her a little farther, but +had soon to give it up; there was not enough space between the two +great floes on either hand of us. We now lay at the same spot until +September 2d, with half a gale blowing continually from the southwest, +and with heavy rain now and then. On the evening of August 30th, for +instance, we had a violent rain-storm, which loosened the ice-coating +of the rigging and made a frightful racket as it brought the pieces of +ice clattering down upon the deck, the deck-house, and the awning.</p> +<p>Our “estate” was very thoroughly ploughed, harrowed, and +drained at this time by wind, rain, pressure, and other such doughty +laborers. Then came the tiresome business of moving the things out from +the ship, which involved the cutting up and parcelling out of almost +the whole “estate,” so that what was left open to us was +scanty and cramped enough.</p> +<p>Thus reduced, the “estate” now formed an approximately +oblong floe, with its greatest length from east to west, and surrounded +on all sides by more or less open rifts and lanes. The <i>Fram</i> lay +moored to the north side close to the northeast point, with her bow +heading west. Immediately astern of her, and separated from the point +only by a narrow lane, lay a large floe, upon which was stowed, among +other things, a part of our provision of coal. Far off to the westward +the great hummock still lay drifting.</p> +<p>While the other sides of the “estate” were pretty nearly +straight, the east side formed a concave arc or bay, which offered an +excellent winter berth for the <i>Fram</i>. But there was no +possibility of getting the ship into it so long as the channel between +the “estate” and the floe to eastward remained closed. Late +in the afternoon of September 2d the ice at last slackened so much that +we could make an attempt. By the help of our tackle we managed to get +her warped a ship’s length eastward, but it was impossible for +the moment to get her any farther, as the new ice was already pretty +thick (the night temperature was -5° C.), and also a good deal +packed. Nor was it any use to bring the ice-saw into play and cut a +channel, for the slush was <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb656" href= +"#pb656" name="pb656">656</a>]</span>so deep that we could not shove +the fragments aside or under each other.</p> +<p>The next day began with half a gale from the southeast and rain; but +at 6 o’clock the wind moderated and veered to the south, and at 8 +o’clock the ice around the lane began to slacken a good deal. As +there was now more room, we made good progress with cutting our way +through the new ice, and before midday we had got the <i>Fram</i> +hauled into the bay and moored in the winter harbor which we all hoped +might prove her last.</p> +<p>When Nansen and Johansen set out, they left seven dogs behind, the +bitch “Sussi” and the six youngest puppies: +“Kobben,” “Snadden,” “Bella,” +“Skvint,” “Axel,” and “Boris.” On +April 25th “Sussi” gave birth to twelve puppies. We had +made a cozy little kennel for her on deck, lining it with +reindeer-skin. <span class="corr" id="xd20e7977" title= +"Source: Petterson">Pettersen</span> came down in the morning, and told +us that “Sussi” was running round whining and howling. +Mogstad and I went up and shut her into the kennel, where she at once +gave birth to a puppy. When the afternoon came, and we saw that more +and more citizens were being added to our community, we feared that the +mother would not be able to warm all her litter, and consequently +removed the whole family into the saloon. All the puppies were large +and handsome, most of them quite white, and looking as though they +would turn out regular little “bjelkier,” as the Samoyedes +call all white dogs. They grew and throve excellently as saloon +passengers, and were petted and spoiled by every one. They made their +home in the saloon for a month, and then we transferred them to the +above-mentioned kennel on deck. After they had been up there for some +weeks it appeared as though they had suddenly stopped growing, although +they were constantly well fed with raw bear’s-flesh, milk, and +the broken meat from our table. About the second week of August two of +the puppies died of convulsions. The doctor managed to save a third by +means of warm baths and careful nursing. At the end of the month +another of them was seized with convulsions and died, although it, too, +was treated with warm baths and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb657" +href="#pb657" name="pb657">657</a>]</span>comfortably housed, first in +the saloon, and afterwards in the work-room.</p> +<p>In the beginning of September, when the frequent rain made things +very moist and uncomfortable in the kennel and on deck, we built a +kennel out on the ice with a tarpaulin roof and a floor of planks, with +plenty of shavings spread over them. While it was being built we let +the whole pack of dogs out upon the ice; but after playing for half an +hour the puppies, one after another, began to have convulsions. The +attacks passed quickly over, however. We drenched them with soap and +water, and then settled them in their new abode.</p> +<p>As the puppies grew older we had to keep a sharp watch upon them +when we let them out upon the ice. They romped and gambolled with such +ungovernable glee that it often happened that one or other of them +plumped into the water, and had to be laboriously fished out again by +the Master of the Hounds for the time being or whoever else happened to +be at hand. Moreover, they soon acquired a taste for longer excursions, +and followed our tracks far over the ice.</p> +<p>One day the doctor and I were out photographing. At a considerable +distance from the ship we came upon a large pool of fresh water, and +took a little rest upon its inviting, mirror-like ice. While we lay +there chatting at our ease, we saw “Kobben” coming after +us. As soon as he caught sight of us, he stopped and stood wondering +what strange creatures we could be. Then we began to creep on all-fours +towards him; and the moment we did so, “Kobben” found his +legs to some purpose. He set off homeward as though he were running for +dear life; and even when we got back to the ship and several other +puppies met us and knew us, the poor creature was still so +panic-stricken that it was a good while before he ventured to come near +us.</p> +<p>On September 28th we again lost one of the puppies. It was seized +with convulsions, and lay whining and howling all day. As the evening +advanced, and it became paralyzed along one side, there was no hope of +saving it, so we put an end to its misery. It was pitiful to see how +these pretty little creatures suffered when the convulsions came upon +them. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb658" href="#pb658" name= +"pb658">658</a>]</span></p> +<p>On October 9th “Skvint” gave birth to puppies, but as so +young an animal could not have brought them up, especially in such a +cold season, we allowed her to keep only one of them as an experiment; +the others were at once killed. A week later “Sussi” +produced a second litter, two he-dogs and nine she-dogs. We let her +keep the two males and one of the females.</p> +<p>It proved inadvisable to have both the mothers with their families +in the same kennel. If one of the mothers went out for a moment, the +other at once took all the puppies into her keeping, and then there was +a battle royal when the first one returned and wanted to reclaim her +property. Something of this sort had, no doubt, occurred one night in +the case of “Skvint,” whom Henriksen found in the morning +lying at the door of the kennel frozen so fast to the ice that it cost +us a good deal of trouble to get her loose again. She must have had +anything but a pleasant night—the thermometer had been down to +-33° C. (-27.4° Fahr.)—and her tail was frozen fast to +one of her hind-legs, so that we had to take her down into the saloon +to get her thawed. To obviate such misadventures for the future I had a +detached villa built for her where she could be at peace with her +child.</p> +<p>One evening, when Mogstad was housing the puppies for the night, two +of them were missing. Henriksen and I at once set off with lanterns and +guns to hunt for them. We thought that there had been a bear in the +neighborhood, as we had heard a great deal of barking earlier in the +day out upon the ice to the east of the ship; but we could find no +tracks. After supper we set out again, five of us, all carrying +lanterns. After an hour’s search along the lanes and up in the +pressure-ridges we at last found the puppies on the other side of a new +lane. Although the new ice on the lane was strong enough to bear them, +they were so terrified after having been in the water that they dared +not come over to us, and we had to make a long detour to get hold of +them.</p> +<p>In the middle of December we took the youngest puppies on board, as +they had now grown so big, and ran away if they were not very closely +watched. The gangway was left open at <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb661" href="#pb661" name="pb661">661</a>]</span>night so that the +mothers could come into them from the ice whenever they wanted to.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e8003width" id="p659"><img src="images/p659.jpg" +alt="Workshop on Deck. July, 1895" width="720" height="511"> +<p class="figureHead">Workshop on Deck. July, 1895</p> +</div> +<p>In respect to temper, there was a great difference between the +generation of dogs we had originally taken on board and those we now +had. While the former were great fighters, perpetually at feud with +each other, and often to the death, the latter were exceedingly quiet +and well-behaved, although wild and fierce enough when it came to +chasing a bear. Now and then there would be a little squabble among +them, but this was rare. “Axel” was the worst of them. +Shortly before Christmas he all of a sudden made a fierce attack upon +the unoffending “Kobben,” against whom he bore a grudge. +But he got the rope’s-end for supper several times, and that +improved his manners amazingly.</p> +<p>During the first half of September the weather was very unsettled, +with prevailing westerly and southwesterly winds, a good deal of rain +and snow, especially rain, and frequent disturbance in the ice. The +frost at night, which sometimes reached 10° or 11°, soon made +the new ice strong enough to bear a man, except just at the stern of +the ship, where all the slops were thrown out. Here the ice was much +broken up, and formed a thick slush, the surface of which was frozen +over, but so thinly that it would not bear much weight. Thus it +happened one day that three men got a ducking, one after another, at +the same treacherous spot. The first was Pettersen. He had to go round +the stern to look to the log-line which hung from the ship’s side +to port; but before he got so far, down he went through the ice. +Shortly after the same thing happened to Nordahl, and half an hour +later it was Bentzen’s turn to plump in. He plunged right up to +his neck, but at once bobbed up again like a cork, and scrambled +gallantly up on to the edge of the ice without a moment’s delay. +The observation of the log-line had to be postponed, while a grand +changing and drying of clothes took place on board.</p> +<p>On September 15th the ice slackened so much that there was quite a +little sea between us and the great hummock. The following day the ice +was still so much disturbed that we had to <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb662" href="#pb662" name= +"pb662">662</a>]</span>think seriously of fetching back the things +which still lay there. About midday I took a walk over towards the +hummock to find out a suitable transport path, and discovered an +excellent one. But some hours later, when I set off with men and +sledges to fetch back the things, so many lanes had opened around the +“estate” that we had to give up the attempt for that day. +During the whole of September, and well on in October, there was almost +incessant disturbance in the ice. New lanes opened on all sides, some +close to the ship, and there were frequent pressures. The winter harbor +we had found proved an excellent one. There was very little disturbance +in the bay where the <i>Fram</i> was moored, thanks to the new ice we +here had around us, of which the pressure was quite inconsiderable. It +was quickly broken up, and the fragments forced over or under each +other, while the two solid points of the bay bore the brunt of the +attacks. Once or twice it seemed as though the <i>Fram</i> would be +afloat again before the winter finally chained her in its icy fetters. +On October 25th, for instance, it slackened so much in the lane nearest +us that the ship lay free from the stern right to the fore-chains; but +soon the ice packed together again, so that she was once more frozen +quite fast. The hardest pressure occurred on October 26th and 27th, but +the ship was not very severely attacked. Pressure, however, is more +unpleasant in winter, on account of the deafening noise it makes when +the ice is hurled against the ship’s side. It was quite different +in summer, when the ice is more tough and elastic, and the pressure +goes on calmly and quietly.</p> +<p>After November 1st a more peaceful period set in; the pressures +almost entirely ceased, the cold increased, the wind remained easterly, +and we drifted at a steady rate northward and westward for the rest of +the year.</p> +<p>During the autumn the drift had put our patience to a severe test. +Owing to the prevailing westerly winds it bore steadily eastward, and +day after day we looked in vain for a change. The only thing that kept +our spirits up was the knowledge that, if we were going backward, it +was slowly, sometimes very slowly, indeed. Even several days of +westerly wind did not take us so <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb663" +href="#pb663" name="pb663">663</a>]</span>far to the east but that a +day or two of favorable wind would enable us to make up what we had +lost, with something to boot.</p> +<p>September 22d was the second anniversary of our being frozen in, and +the event was celebrated with a little festivity in the evening. We had +reason to be satisfied with the second year’s drift, since we had +advanced nearly double as far as during the first year, and, if this +continued, there could scarcely be any doubt that we should get clear +of the ice in the autumn of 1896.</p> +<p>As will be seen from the following table, September 22d also brought +us a marked change for the better. On that day the winter drift set in +for good, and lasted without intermission through the remainder of the +year, so that between that day and the second week in January we +drifted from 82° 5′ to 41° 41′ east longitude.</p> +<div class="table xd20e2242"> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top"><b>Date</b></td> +<td valign="top"><b>Latitude</b></td> +<td valign="top"><b>Longitude</b></td> +<td valign="top"><b>Direction of Wind</b></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top"></td> +<td valign="top"><i>° ′</i></td> +<td valign="top"><i>° ′</i></td> +<td valign="top"></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">September 6th, 1895</td> +<td valign="top">84 43</td> +<td valign="top">79 52</td> +<td valign="top">S.W.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">September 11th, 1895</td> +<td valign="top">84 59</td> +<td valign="top">78 15</td> +<td valign="top">E.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">September 22d, 1895</td> +<td valign="top">85 2</td> +<td valign="top">82 5</td> +<td valign="top">Calm.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">October 9th, 1895</td> +<td valign="top">85 4</td> +<td valign="top">79 30</td> +<td valign="top">E.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">October 19th, 1895</td> +<td valign="top">85 45</td> +<td valign="top">78 21</td> +<td valign="top">E. to N.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">October 25th, 1895</td> +<td valign="top">85 46</td> +<td valign="top">73 25</td> +<td valign="top">N.E.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">October 30th, 1895</td> +<td valign="top">85 46</td> +<td valign="top">70 50</td> +<td valign="top">N.N.W.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">November 8th, 1895</td> +<td valign="top">85 41</td> +<td valign="top">65 2</td> +<td valign="top">E.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">November 15th, 1895</td> +<td valign="top">85 55.5</td> +<td valign="top">66 31</td> +<td valign="top">E.N.E.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">November 25th, 1895</td> +<td valign="top">85 47.5</td> +<td valign="top">62 56</td> +<td valign="top">N.E. to N.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">December 1st, 1895</td> +<td valign="top">85 28</td> +<td valign="top">58 45</td> +<td valign="top">E.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">December 7th, 1895</td> +<td valign="top">85 26</td> +<td valign="top">54 40</td> +<td valign="top">N.E.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">December 14th, 1895</td> +<td valign="top">85 24</td> +<td valign="top">50 2</td> +<td valign="top">Calm.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">December 21st, 1895</td> +<td valign="top">85 15</td> +<td valign="top">47 56</td> +<td valign="top">N.E.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">December 28th, 1895</td> +<td valign="top">85 24</td> +<td valign="top">48 22</td> +<td valign="top">N.W.</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">January 9th, 1896</td> +<td valign="top">84 57</td> +<td valign="top">41 41</td> +<td valign="top">N.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p>On October 11th we hauled up the log-line and cut a new hole for it +in the ice right astern. Hitherto the log had had only 100 metres (54 +fathoms) of line; now we gave it 300 metres (162 fathoms).</p> +<p>After the middle of September the cold steadily increased, as the +following observations will show: <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb664" +href="#pb664" name="pb664">664</a>]</span></p> +<div class="table xd20e2242"> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top"><b>Date</b></td> +<td valign="top" colspan="2" class="xd20e2244"><b>Minimum +Temperature</b></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top"></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244"><i>Centigrade</i></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244"><i>Fahrenheit</i></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top"></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244"><i>°</i></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244"><i>°</i></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">September 18th</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-12.5</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">+9.6</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">September 26th</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-24.0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-11.2</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">October 19th</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-30.0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-22.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">November 5th</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-32.2</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-25.8</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">November 9th</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-38.3</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-36.8</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">November 22d</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-43.6</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-46.4</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">December 31st</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-44.6</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-48.2</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p>The weather was, as a rule, fine during the last three months of +1895, with clear air and light breezes; only now and then (for example, +on October 29th, and November 11th, 26th, and 27th) the wind freshened +to half a gale, with a velocity of as much as 48 feet per second.</p> +<p>In the beginning of September we found that the <i>Fram</i> was +drawing more and more water, so that we had a stiff job every day to +pump and bale her empty. But from the 23d onward the leakage steadily +declined, and about the second week of October the engine-room was +quite water-tight. It still leaked a little, however, in the main hold; +but soon the leak ceased here also, the water having frozen in the +ship’s side. For the rest, we employed our time in all sorts of +work about the ship, cutting up and removing ice in the hold, cleaning, +putting things in order, etc.</p> +<p>Not until September 23d did the state of the ice permit us to carry +out our intention of fetching back the things from the great hummock. +The surface was that day excellent for sledges with German-silver +runners; wooden runners, on the other hand, went rather heavily. We had +also done some road-making here and there, so that the conveyance of +the goods went on easily and rapidly. We brought back to the ship, in +all, thirty-six boxes of dog biscuits, and four barrels of petroleum. +Next day we brought all that was left, and stacked it on the ice close +to the ship.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e8288width" id="plate16"><img src= +"images/plate16.jpg" alt="Plate XVI." width="720" height="490"> +<p class="figureHead">Plate XVI.</p> +<p class="firstpar"><span class="sc">An Auroral Crown</span>, December +1894. Pencil Sketch.</p> +</div> +<p>On September 16th Scott-Hansen and Nordahl set about preparations +for building a proper house for their magnetic observations. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb665" href="#pb665" name= +"pb665">665</a>]</span>Their building material consisted of great +blocks of new ice, which they piled upon sledges and drove with the aid +of the dogs to the site they had chosen. Except for one or two trial +trips which Scott-Hansen had previously made with the dogs, this was +the first time they had been employed as draught-animals. They drew +well, and the carting went excellently. The house was built entirely of +hewn blocks of ice, which were ranged above each other with an inward +slant, so that when finished it formed a compact circular dome of ice, +in form and appearance not unlike a Finn tent. A covered passage of ice +led into the house, with a wooden flap for a door.</p> +<p>When this observatory was finished, Scott-Hansen gave a +house-warming, the hut being magnificently decorated for the occasion. +It was furnished with a sofa, and with arm-chairs covered with bear and +reindeer skins. The pedestal in the middle of the floor, on which the +magnetic instruments were to be established, was covered with a flag, +and an ice-floe served as a table. On the table stood a lamp with a red +shade, and along the walls were fixed a number of red paper lanterns. +The effect was quite festal, and we all sat round the room in the +highest of spirits. Our amiable host addressed little humorous speeches +to every one. Pettersen expressed the wish that this might be the last +ice-hut Scott-Hansen should build on this trip, and that we might all +be home again this time next autumn, and “none the worse for it +all.” Pettersen’s artless little address was received with +frantic enthusiasm.</p> +<p>For the rest, Pettersen had just about this time entered upon a new +office, having from September 10th onward undertaken the whole charge +of Juell’s former domain, the galley, a department to which he +gave his whole heart, and in which his performances denoted entire +satisfaction to every one. The only branch of the culinary art with +which he would have nothing to do was the baking of Christmas cakes. +This Juell himself had to attend to when the time came.</p> +<p>When winter set in we built ourselves a new smithy in the place of +the one which drifted off on July 27th. It was constructed on the +pressure-ridge where the boats and part of the <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb666" href="#pb666" name= +"pb666">666</a>]</span>stores from the great hummock had been placed. +Its plan was very much like that of the former smithy. We first +hollowed out a cavity of sufficient size in the pressure-ridge, and +then roofed it over with blocks of ice and snow.</p> +<p>As the year waned, and the winter night impended, all the sea +animals and birds of passage which had swarmed around us and awakened +our longings during the short summer deserted us one by one. They set +off for the south, towards sunshine and light and hospitable shores, +while we lay there in the ice and darkness for yet another winter. On +September 6th we saw the last narwhals gambolling in the lanes around +the ship, and a few days later the last flock of skuas (<i>Lestris +parasiticus</i>) took their departure. The sun moves quickly in these +latitudes from the first day that he peers over the horizon in the +south till he circles round the heavens all day and all night; but +still quicker do his movements seem when he is on the downward path in +autumn. Before you know where you are he has disappeared, and the +crushing darkness of the Arctic night surrounds you once more.</p> +<p>On September 12th we should have seen the midnight sun for the last +time if it had been clear; and no later than October 8th we caught the +last glimpse of the sun’s rim at midday. Thus we plunged into the +longest Arctic night any human beings have yet lived through, in about +85° north latitude. Henceforth there was nothing that could for a +moment be called daylight, and by October 26th there was scarcely any +perceptible difference between day and night.</p> +<p>Whenever time permitted and the surface was at all favorable we +wandered about on snow-shoes in the neighborhood of the ship, either +singly or several together. On October 7th, when all of us were out +snow-shoeing in the morning, the mate found a log of drift-wood 7 feet +long and 7 inches thick. Part of the root was still attached to the +trunk. The mate and I went out in the afternoon and brought it in on a +hand-sledge. No doubt it had grown in one of the Siberian forests, had +been swept away by a flood or by the current of a river, and carried +out to sea to be conveyed hither by the drift-ice.</p> +<p>Besides snow-shoeing, we also took frequent walks on the ice, +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb667" href="#pb667" name= +"pb667">667</a>]</span>and on November 20th I gave orders that every +man should take two hours’ exercise a day in the fresh air. I +myself was very fond of these walks, which freshened up both soul and +body, and I often wandered backward and forward on the ice four or five +hours a day—as a rule, two hours in the morning and two in the +afternoon.</p> +<p>On October 8th Scott-Hansen and Mogstad made an experiment in +dragging sledges with 230 pounds of freight. They started at half-past +nine and returned at five in the afternoon, after having been about +four miles from the ship, and traversed pretty heavy country.</p> +<p>We did not believe, indeed, that the <i>Fram</i> ran the slightest +risk of being crushed in any ice-pressure; but it was obviously +possible, or at least <i>conceivable</i>, so that it was our duty to be +prepared for all contingencies. Accordingly we devoted much labor and +care to securing ourselves against being taken by surprise.</p> +<p>At the end of October we established a new depot on the ice +consisting of provisions for six months, with a full equipment of +sledges, kayaks, snow-shoes, etc. The provisions were divided into five +different piles, and stacked so that the boxes in each pile formed an +arch. Thus stored, not more than two cases could well be lost even if +the worst happened, and the ice split up right under the heap. The +provisions consisted partly of pemmican, as may be seen by the list +quoted—a very nutritious article of diet, which makes an +excellent sort of Irish stew (lobscouse). With 200 grammes of pemmican, +100 grammes of bread, and 120 grammes of potatoes you can make a very +satisfying and palatable dish.</p> +<p>On November 28th we passed the sixtieth degree of longitude, and +celebrated the occasion by a little feast. The saloon was decorated +with flags, and a rather more sumptuous dinner than usual was served, +with coffee after it, while supper was followed by a dessert of fruits +and preserves. This meridian passes near Cape Fligely in Franz Josef +Land, and through Khabarova, where we two years ago had bidden farewell +to the last faint traces of civilization. So it seemed as though we +really felt ourselves nearer the world and life. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb668" href="#pb668" name="pb668">668</a>]</span></p> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e7605" href="#xd20e7605src" name="xd20e7605">1</a></span> A round +wicker snow-shoe like a basket-lid.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ach4" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="label">Chapter IV</h2> +<h2 class="main">January 1 to May 17, 1896</h2> +<p class="firstpar">New-year’s-day came with fine, clear weather, +moonlight, and about 43 degrees of cold. The ice kept remarkably quiet +for about a month, but on February 4th the pressure commenced again. It +was not of long duration, but made a great noise while it lasted; the +ice all round us roared and screamed as if a tremendous gale were +blowing. I took a walk on the ice for the purpose, if possible, of +observing the pressure more closely, but could see nothing. The +following day we again sallied forth on the ice, and found a +comparatively new channel and a large new pressure-ridge about a mile +from the ship. It was impossible, however, to get any comprehensive +view of the state of the ice, as it was still too dark, even at midday. +The surface of the snow was hard and good, but the hollow edges of the +snow-drifts were so deceptive that we every now and then tumbled head +over heels.</p> +<p>On February 7th Scott-Hansen, Henriksen, Amundsen, and myself took a +run northward from the ship. The farther north we went the more broken +and uneven the ice became, and at last we had to turn, as we came to a +new and wide lane. During the morning a dark bank of clouds had been +gathering in the southwest, and now the fog got so thick that it was +not easy to find our way back to the ship again. At last we heard the +voice of “Sussi,” and from the top of a pressure-ridge +which we ascended we got sight of the crow’s-nest and the +main-topmast of the <i>Fram</i>, towering above the fog, only a little +way off. Close as we were to the ship, it was not so easy to get on +board again. We were stopped by a large lane which had formed just +abaft <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb669" href="#pb669" name= +"pb669">669</a>]</span>the ship during our absence, and we had to skirt +it a long way westward before we could cross it. Those on board told us +that the opening of the lane had given the ship a great shock, very +much like the shock felt when we blasted the <i>Fram</i> loose in +August. At 12.30 at night we felt another shock in the ice. When we +came on deck we found that the ice had cracked about 30 yards abaft the +ship, parallel with the large lane. The crack passed along the side of +the nearest long-boat, and right through one of the coal-heaps. On the +heap a barrel was standing, which would have been lost if the crack had +not divided itself in front of it at about right angles and then joined +again, after passing through the outer edges of the heap. On the island +thus formed the barrel and some coal-bags floated about in the channel. +However, we soon got the island hooked to shore, and the coals were all +saved, with the exception of a sack of one hundredweight, which went to +the bottom. By way of making sure, I gave orders that the depot should +be inspected once during each watch, or oftener if the pressure began +again.</p> +<p>On February 13th Henriksen, Amundsen, and I made an expedition +southward to examine into the state of the ice in that direction. We +found that it was very uneven there, too, and full of comparatively new +lanes. The channel abaft the ship widened during the forenoon, and gave +off such masses of fog that we soon lost sight of the ship. The next +day it opened still more, and on the 16th there was a very strong +pressure in it. The ice trembled and roared like a great waterfall, and +splintered into small horizontal flakes on the surface. The pressure +was repeated almost every day, and more cracks and lanes were +constantly to be seen for some time. But after that the ice was +comparatively quiet until April 10th, when it again began to be very +restless. On the night of the 15th the pressure was very strong in the +lane on the port side. We were obliged to haul up the log-line with the +bag and shift the sounding apparatus. The same night the ice split +under two of the provision depots, so that we had to get them closer to +the ship.</p> +<p>On the morning of the 21st we were awakened by a violent pressure +astern. Nordahl came down and woke me, saying that <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb670" href="#pb670" name="pb670">670</a>]</span>the +ice threatened to rush in over the vessel. We found that a tremendous +ice-floe had been pressed up over the edge of the ice astern, and came +gliding along unchecked until it ran right against our stern. But the +<i>Fram</i> had borne shocks like this before, and now again she held +her own well. The ice was split against the strong stern, and lay +shattered on both sides of the ship on a level with the edge of the +half-deck all the way forward to the mizzen-shrouds. The ship now lay +almost loose in her berth, and the ice round about was broken up into a +mass of smaller floes. As these were passed down by the heavy drifts, +it was hard work to get round the ship, as one ran the risk of plumping +down into the slush at any moment.</p> +<p>Late in the afternoon of May 13th the lane between the forge and the +ship began to widen very much, so that in a couple of hours’ time +it was about 90 yards wide. From the crow’s-nest I saw on the +southeast a large channel extending southward as far as I could see, +and the channel abaft us extended to the northeast as far as my sight +could reach. I therefore went out in the “pram” to try to +find a passage through to the channel on the southeast, but without +result. After supper I was off again southward, but I could not find +any thoroughfare. At 10 o’clock in the evening I again went up in +the crow’s-nest, and now saw that the channel had widened +considerably and reached away southward as far as the eye could reach, +with dark air over it.</p> +<p>Scott-Hansen and I deliberated as to what was to be done. Although I +did not believe it would do much good under the circumstances, we +decided upon an attempt to blast the vessel free. We agreed to try some +mines right aft, and all hands were at once put to this work. First we +fired six powder-mines at about the same spot, but without much result. +Then we made an unsuccessful trial with gun-cotton. At 3 o’clock +in the morning we concluded operations for the time being, as the ice +was so thick that the drill did not reach through, and the slush so bad +that it was impossible to get the ice-floes shoved away. At 8 +o’clock the next morning we laid two new mines, which +Scott-Hansen and Nordahl had made ready during the night, but +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb671" href="#pb671" name= +"pb671">671</a>]</span>neither of them would go off. One or two of the +mines which we had fired during the day had produced some effect, but +so little that it was not worth while to continue. We were obliged to +wait for a more favorable condition of the ice.</p> +<p>The weather during the two first weeks of January was settled and +good, with clear air and 40 to 50 degrees of cold. The coldest day was +January 15th, when the thermometer showed from -50° C. (-58° +Fahr.) to -52° C. (-61.6° Fahr.). The last two weeks of January +the temperature was considerably higher, but dropped again in February, +until on the 13th it was about -48° C. (-54.4° Fahr.), after +which it was somewhat higher: about -35° C. (-41° Fahr.) during +the remainder of February. On March 5th the thermometer again showed 40 +degrees of cold; but from that time the temperature rose quickly. Thus +on March 12th it was -12°, on the 27th -6°, with a few colder +days of course now and then. April was somewhat cold throughout, about +-25°; the coldest day was the 13th, with -34°. The first week +of May was also somewhat cold, about -20° to -25°, the second +week somewhat milder, about -14°, and on May 21st we had the first +rise above freezing-point of this year, the maximum thermometer showing +at the evening observation +0.9°.</p> +<p>Some days during this winter were remarkable for very great and +sudden changes in temperature. One instance was Friday, February 21st. +In the morning it was cloudy, with a stiff breeze from the southeast. +Late in the afternoon the wind suddenly changed to the southwest, and +slackened off to a velocity of 14 feet; and the temperature went down +from -7° in the morning to -25° shortly before the change in +the wind, rapidly rising again to -6.2° at 8 o’clock +<span class="sc">P.M.</span></p> +<p>In my Journal I wrote of this day as follows: “I was walking +on deck to-night, and before I went down had a lookout astern. When I +put my head out of the tent I felt so warm a current of air that my +first thought was that there must be fire somewhere on board. I soon +made out, however, that it was the temperature which had risen so +greatly since I was under the open sky. Scott-Hansen and I afterwards +went up and placed a thermometer under the ship’s tent, where it +showed <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb672" href="#pb672" name= +"pb672">672</a>]</span>-19°, while the thermometer outside showed +only -6°. We walked for some time backward and forward, and +breathed the warm air in deep draughts. It was beyond all description +pleasant to feel the mild wind caress one’s cheek. Yes, there is +a great difference between living in such a temperature and daily +breathing an air 40° to 50° below freezing-point. Personally, I +am not very much incommoded by it, but many complain that they feel a +pain deep in the chest. I only find when I have been taking a good deal +of exercise that my mouth is parched.”</p> +<p>The following day, February 22d, it first blew from the S.S.E., but +later the wind changed to half a gale from the west, with a velocity of +55 feet per second. The barometer showed the lowest reading during the +whole voyage up till then—namely, 723.6 mm. The air was so full +of drifting snow that we could not see 6 feet from the ship, and the +thermometer-house out on the ice was in a few minutes so packed with +drift-snow that it was impossible to read off the instruments. It was +not very comfortable down in the saloon, as it was impossible to create +any draught. We made unsuccessful attempts to light the stoves, but +soon had to take the fire away, to prevent suffocation by smoke. Sunday +night the storm abated, but on Monday and Tuesday there was again half +a gale, with snowfall and drift, and nearly 28 degrees of frost. Not +before Wednesday afternoon did the weather improve in earnest; it then +cleared up, and the wind slackened to 20 feet, so both we and the dogs +could get out on the ice and take a little exercise. The dogs wanted to +get out of their kennels in the morning, but even they found the +weather too bad, and slunk in again.</p> +<p>We had a good many rough-weather days like this, not only in the +winter, but also in the summer; but as a rule the rough weather lasted +only a day at a time, and did not involve any great discomfort. On the +contrary, we had no objection to a little rough weather, especially +when it was accompanied by a fresh breeze that might drift the ice +speedily westward. Of course, what most interested us was the drifting +and everything <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb675" href="#pb675" name= +"pb675">675</a>]</span>connected with it. Our spirits were often far +better in rough weather than on glittering days of clear weather, with +only a slight breeze or a calm and a brilliant aurora borealis at +night.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e8388width" id="p673"><img src="images/p673.jpg" +alt="Pettersen and Blessing on a Hummock. April, 1895" width="720" +height="500"> +<p class="figureHead">Pettersen and Blessing on a Hummock. April, +1895</p> +</div> +<p>With the drift we had reason to be well satisfied, especially in +January and the first week in February. During that time we drifted all +the way from the 48th to the 25th degree of longitude, while our +latitude kept steady—about 84° 50′. The best drift we +had was from January 28th to February 3d, when there was a constant +stiff breeze blowing from the east, which on Sunday, February 2d, +increased to a speed of 58 feet 6 inches to 69 feet a second, or even +more during squalls. This was, however, the only real gale during the +whole of our voyage. On Saturday, February 1st, we passed the longitude +of Vardö, and celebrated the occasion by some festivities in the +evening. On February 15th we were in 84° 20′ north latitude +and 23° 28′ east longitude, and we now drifted some distance +back, so that on February 29th we were in 27° east longitude. +Afterwards the drift westward was very slow, but it was better towards +the south, so that on May 16th we were at 83° 45′ north +latitude and 12° 50′ east longitude.</p> +<p>The drift gave occasion to many bets, especially when it was good, +and spirits proportionately high. One day at the end of January, when +the line showed that we were drifting briskly in the right direction, +Henriksen found his voice and said: “We have never made a bet +before, captain; suppose we make a bet now as to how far south we have +got.” “All right,” I said, and we accordingly made a +bet of a ration of salmon, I that we were not south of 84° +40′, or between 40′ and 41′, and he said we were +between 36′ and 37′. Scott-Hansen then took an observation, +and found that Henriksen had lost. The latitude was 84° +40.2′.</p> +<p>Since the last bird of passage left us we had nowhere seen a single +living creature, right up to February 28th. Not even a bear had been +seen during our many rambles on the ice.</p> +<p>At 6 <span class="sc">A.M.</span> Pettersen came rushing into the +cabin, and told me that he saw two bears near the ship. I hurried up on +deck, but it was still so dark that I could not at once get sight of +them, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb676" href="#pb676" name= +"pb676">676</a>]</span>although Pettersen was pointing in their +direction. At last I saw them trotting along slowly towards the ship. +About 150 yards away they stopped. I tried to take aim at them, but as +it was still too dark to be sure of my shot, I waited a little, hoping +that they would come nearer. They stood for a time staring at the ship, +but then wheeled round and sneaked off again. I asked Pettersen if he +had something to fry which would smell really nice and strong and +attract the bears back. He stood ruminating a little, then ran +down-stairs, and came up again with a pan of fried butter and onions. +“I am blowed if I haven’t got something savory for +them,” he said, and tossed the pan up on the rail. The bears had +long been out of sight. It was cold, 35 degrees I should think, and I +hurried down to get my fur coat on, but before I had done so Bentzen +came running down and told me to make haste, as the bears were coming +back. We tore on deck at full speed, and now had the animals well +within range, about 100 yards away. I squatted down behind the rail, +took a good aim, and—missed fire. The bears were a little +startled, and seemed to be contemplating a retreat. I quickly cocked +the rifle again and fired at the largest one. It fell head over heels, +with a tremendous roar. Then I fired at the second one. It first turned +a fine somersault before it fell. After that they both got up and took +a few steps forward, but then they both came down again. I gave them +each one of the two cartridges I had left, but still this was not +enough for these long-lived animals. Pettersen was very much interested +in the sport. Without any weapon he ran down the gangway and away +towards the bears, but then he suddenly had misgivings and called to +Bentzen to follow him. Bentzen, who had no weapons either, was +naturally not very keen about running after two wounded bears. After +getting some more cartridges I met Pettersen midway between the bears +and the <i>Fram</i>. The animals were now crawling along a +pressure-ridge. I stopped at a distance of 30 yards, but first of all I +had to shout to Pettersen, who, in his eagerness, hurried on before me, +and now stood just in the line of fire. At last the great she-bear got +her death-wound, and I ran along the pressure-ridge in order +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb677" href="#pb677" name= +"pb677">677</a>]</span>to see where the other one had got to. Suddenly +it stuck its head up over the ridge, and I at once sent a shot through +its neck close up to the head.</p> +<p>All hands were then called out, and great was the rejoicing. Our +mouths watered at the thought of the delicious fresh meat we should now +enjoy for a long time. It was about 16 months since we had last shot a +bear, and for 14 months we had not had any fresh meat, except one or +two dishes of seals and birds shot during the summer. We blessed +Pettersen’s savory frying-pan. The bears were cut up and made +into steaks, rissoles, roasts, etc. Even the bones we laid aside to +make soup of. The ribs were the most succulent. We had them for dinner, +and everybody voted that a sirloin of bear was a dish for a king. +Accordingly we all ate very large helpings, with heartfelt wishes that +it might not be long before some bears again paid us a visit.</p> +<p>After this Pettersen became so infatuated with bear-hunting that he +talked of it early and late. One day he got it into his head that some +bears would come during the night. He had such a belief in his +forebodings that he made all possible preparations for the night and +got Bentzen to join forces with him. Bentzen had the morning watch, and +was to call him as soon as the bears appeared. A merry fellow, who +wanted to make sure of seeing Pettersen bear-hunting, had taken the +precaution to hang a little bell on Bentzen’s rifle, so that he +could hear when they started. Unfortunately no bear appeared. +Pettersen, however, had so set his heart on shooting a bear, that I had +to promise to let him have a shot some time when I myself was by and +had a charge ready, in case the inconceivable should happen, and +Pettersen should miss—a mishap which he would find it very hard +to get over.</p> +<p>On Sunday, March 8th, we had another instance of a sudden change in +temperature like that of February 21st. In the morning it was cloudy, +with a fresh breeze from the E.N.E., but at 3 <span class= +"sc">P.M.</span> the wind fell, and at 6 o’clock changed to a +light S.S.E. breeze. At the same time the temperature rose from +-26° to -8°, and it was very pleasant to saunter round on the +half-deck in the evening and breathe the mild air. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb678" href="#pb678" name="pb678">678</a>]</span></p> +<p>On March 4th we saw the sun for the first time. It should have been +visible the day before, but then it was too cloudy. By way of +compensation it was now a double festival day, as we could celebrate +both the return of the sun and Nordahl’s birthday in one.</p> +<p>On March 14th it was one year since Nansen and Johansen commenced +their long ice-journey. The day was celebrated by a better dinner, with +coffee afterwards and a punch-bowl in the evening.</p> +<p>Besides the usual scientific observations, which were continued +without any interruptions worth mentioning, we also took soundings +during the winter, but did not reach bottom with a 3000-metre line +(1625 fathoms).</p> +<p>On April 13th Scott-Hansen and I took an observation with the +theodolite, and Nordahl an observation with the sextant, on the natural +horizon. According to the theodolite, the latitude was 84° +11.5′, and by the sextant 84° 13′. We had previously +ascertained that there was a difference of about two minutes between +the artificial and natural horizons. In using the natural horizon a +smaller latitude is obtained, even though there is no mirage. The +deviation will, however, under favorable circumstances, seldom exceed +two minutes. But if there is much mirage, it becomes almost impossible +to obtain a fairly correct result. As a rule, therefore, in taking +observations in the drift-ice, one has to use the artificial horizon or +theodolite, if a very exact result is desired.</p> +<p>As the time passed on towards spring the days became longer, and +more rifts and channels were formed round the ship. It was time to +think of beginning preparations for forcing the <i>Fram</i> ahead as +soon as sufficiently large openings should appear in the ice. The +things stored on the ice had been frequently shifted about in the +course of the winter, but as the ice became more broken up, it was of +little use to shift them. So in the middle of April we took the winter +depot on board and stowed it away in the main hold. We also took on +board the sacks from the coal depot, while the barrels and hogsheads, +together with the dog-biscuits, kayaks, and sledges, <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb681" href="#pb681" name="pb681">681</a>]</span>were +for the present left upon the ice. The sun at this time became so +strong that on April 19th the snow began to melt away on the tent; +along the ship’s side it had been melting for several days.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e8437width" id="p679"><img src="images/p679.jpg" +alt="Lars Pettersen on Snow-shoes" width="720" height="518"> +<p class="figureHead">Lars Pettersen on Snow-shoes</p> +</div> +<p>The first harbinger of spring we saw this year was a snow-bunting, +which made its appearance on the evening of April 25th. It took up +permanent quarters in one of the sealing-boats, where it was treated +with groats and scraps of food, and soon got very tame. It favored us +with its presence for several days, and then flew away. The <i>Fram</i> +had evidently been a welcome resting-place for it; it had eaten its +fill, and gathered new strength for the remainder of its journey. On +May 3d we were again visited by a snow-bunting, and a couple of days +later by two more. I fancy it was our former guest, who in the meantime +had found its mate, and now returned with her to call and thank us for +our hospitality. They remained with us about an hour, and did their +best to cheer us with their chirping and twittering; but as the dogs +would not give them any peace, but chased them everywhere, they finally +took flight, and did not return again.</p> +<p>After the first few days in May we removed the temporary deck, which +had been laid over the davits, cleared the main-deck, and took both the +sealing-boats and the long-boats on board. The gangway was also +removed, and a ladder put in its place. Next we shipped the rest of the +coal depot, the dog provisions, and the sledges; in fact, we took in +everything that was left on the ice. All that was now left to be done +was to get the engine ready for getting up steam, and this we set about +on May 18th.</p> +<p>The dogs got on well in their kennels on the ice, in spite of the +prolonged and strong cold, and we had very little trouble with them. +But after the first month in the new year some of the bigger dogs +became so fierce towards the smaller ones that we had to take two of +the worst tyrants on board and keep them locked up for a time. They +also did a good deal of mischief whenever they had an opportunity. One +day, for instance, they began to gnaw at the kayaks that were placed on +the top <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb682" href="#pb682" name= +"pb682">682</a>]</span>of the largest dog-kennel. However, we got hold +of them in time before any serious damage was done, and cleared away +the snow round the kennel, so that they could not climb up again to go +on with this amusement.</p> +<p>On February 10th one of “Sussi’s” puppies +littered. We took her on board, and laid her in a large box filled with +shavings. We allowed her to keep only one of her five pups; we killed +two at once, one was born dead, and she had devoured her first-born, +the cannibal!</p> +<p>Some days later “Kara” had a litter. She was the only +one of the dogs who manifested any maternal instinct. It was quite +touching to see her, and we felt sorry to have to take the pups away +from her; but we were forced to make away with them, not only because +it was impossible to bring them up at that time of the year, but also +because the mother herself was only a puppy, delicate and +diminutive.</p> +<p>In the beginning of March the October whelps were let out all day, +and on March 5th we put them, with the older dogs, under the hood of +the fore-companion. In the evening the cover was put on, and when +during the night the hole near the edge of the ice became filled up +with snow, it got so warm in the hutch that the hoar-frost and ice +melted and all the dogs got wet. The pups felt the cold terribly when +they were let out in the morning, and we therefore took them down into +the saloon until they were warm again.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e8460width" id="p682"><img src="images/p682.jpg" +alt="Coastline." width="562" height="209"></div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb683" href="#pb683" name= +"pb683">683</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div id="ach5" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="label">Chapter V</h2> +<h2 class="main">The Third Summer</h2> +<p class="firstpar">On the Seventeenth of May the <i>Fram</i> was in +about 83° 45′ north latitude and 12° 50′ east +longitude. We again celebrated the day with a flag procession, as on +the previous Seventeenth of May. Mogstad sat on the bearskins in the +sledge, driving a team of seven dogs, and with the band (<i>i.e.</i>, +Bentzen) at his side. Just as we were arranging the procession for the +march upon the ice, five female narwhals suddenly appeared, and +immediately afterwards a small seal was seen in the lane abreast of the +ship—an enlivening sight, which we accepted as a good omen for +the coming summer.</p> +<p>The great hummock, which was the scene of our merry-makings on the +Seventeenth of May last year, was now so far away and so difficult to +reach on account of lanes and rugged ice that the festivities in the +open air were limited to the flag procession. The cortège took +its way southward, past the thermometer-hut, to the lane, thence +northward along the lane, and then back to the ship, where it +dispersed, but not before it had been photographed.</p> +<p>At 12 o’clock a salute was fired, after which we sat down to +an excellent dinner, with genuine “<span lang="fr">Château +la <i>Fram</i></span>,” vintage 1896.<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e8487src" href="#xd20e8487" name="xd20e8487src">1</a> The table +was laid with great taste, and there was an elegant paper napkin at +each cover, with the word <i>Fram</i> in the corner and the following +inscription: <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb684" href="#pb684" name= +"pb684">684</a>]</span></p> +<div class="lgouter"> +<p class="line">“The Seventeenth May, our memorial day,</p> +<p class="line xd20e1138">Recalls what our fathers have done;</p> +<p class="line">It cheers us and heartens us on to the fray,</p> +<p class="line">And shows us that where there’s a will +there’s a way,</p> +<p class="line">And, with right on our side, we may hope to display</p> +<p class="line xd20e1138">The proud banner of victory won.”</p> +</div> +<p class="firstpar">During the dinner speeches were made in honor of +the day, of Norway, of Nansen and Johansen, etc.</p> +<p>During the days following May 17th we were occupied in getting the +engine and its appurtenances ready for work and clearing the +rudder-well and the propeller-well. First we attempted to pump water +into the boiler through a hose let down into a hole out upon the ice. +But the cold was still so intense that the water froze in the pump. We +were obliged to carry water in buckets and pour it into the boiler by +means of a canvas hose, made for the occasion and carried from the +boiler to the hatchway above the engine-room. Amundsen thought at first +that he had got the bottom cock clear so that he could let the water +run direct into the boiler, but it soon became evident that it was too +slow work as long as there was still any ice around the cock. Later on +we hoisted the funnel and lighted the furnaces, and on the afternoon of +May 19th the steam was up for the first time since we got into the ice +in the autumn of 1893.</p> +<p>Next we cut away as much of the ice as possible in the +propeller-well, and carried a steam hose down into it. It was very +effectual. We also attempted to use the steam for melting away the ice +in the propeller-sheath around the shaft, but without apparent success. +We easily procured water for the boiler now by filling the water-tank +on the deck with ice and melting it with steam.</p> +<p>After supper we went down into the engine-room to try to turn the +shaft, and finally we succeeded in giving it a three-quarters turn. +This was victory, and we were all fully satisfied with the day’s +work.</p> +<p>The following day we melted away the ice in the rudder-well by +steam, and at 1.30 <span class="sc">P.M.</span> Amundsen began to +“move” the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb685" href= +"#pb685" name="pb685">685</a>]</span>engine. Some large pieces of ice +floated up from the rudder-stock or frame; we fished them up, and +everything was in order. Amundsen let the engine work some time, and +everybody was down with him to see the wonder with their own eyes, and +to be convinced that he really had got it to turn round.</p> +<p>This was quite an event for us. It filled us with renewed courage +and hope of soon getting out of our long captivity, though the way +might be ever so long and weary. The <i>Fram</i> was no longer a +helpless ball, tossed to and fro at the caprice of the drift-ice. Our +gallant ship had awakened to renewed life after her year-long winter +sleep, and we rejoiced to feel the first pulsations of her strongly +beating heart. It seemed as if the <i>Fram</i> understood us, and +wanted to say: “Onward! southward! homeward!”</p> +<p>The state of the ice around the ship, however, was still far from +being so favorable as to give us any prospect of getting out just at +present. It is true that symptoms of spring began to show themselves; +the temperature rose, and the snow vanished rapidly; but we still +remained at about the same latitude where we had been lying for +months—namely, at about 84°. From the crow’s-nest, +indeed, we could see a large channel, which extended southward as far +as the eye could reach; but to get through the belt of ice, over 200 +yards wide, which separated us from it, was impossible before the thick +pack-ice slackened somewhat. We therefore made no attempt to blast the +ship free, but devoted our time to various duties on board, did +whatever was left undone, got the steam windlass in order, examined all +our cordage, and so forth.</p> +<p>In the hole in the ice which was always kept open for the striking +of the log-line, we had placed the heads of the two bears, so that the +amphipodes might pick off the meat for us, a task which they usually +perform quickly and effectually. One day, when a swarm of amphipodes +appeared above the bears’ heads, Scott-Hansen caught a lot of +them in a bag-net, and had them cooked for supper, intending to give us +a regular treat. But we were sadly disappointed. There was not a +particle of meat on the miserable creatures—nothing but shells +and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb686" href="#pb686" name= +"pb686">686</a>]</span>emptiness. If we put a couple of dozen into our +mouths at a time they tasted somewhat like shrimps. But I am afraid +that were we limited to such fare, and nothing else, we should soon +diminish unpleasantly in weight.</p> +<p>In the later days of May the prospects became brighter, as the wind +changed to half a gale from the east and north. The ice began to drift +slowly towards the southwest, and continued to slacken at the same +time, so that on May 29th we could see to the southward a good deal of +open water, with dark air above, as far as the eye could reach.</p> +<p>After several requests had been made to me, I decided to make an +attempt at blasting the vessel clear. At 1 <span class="sc">P.M.</span> +we set off a mine of 110 pounds of gunpowder. It had an astonishingly +good effect, wrenching up heavy masses of ice and sending them rushing +out into the channel. Our hopes revived, and it really seemed that +another such blasting would entirely liberate the vessel. Immediately +after dinner we went to work to lay out another large mine 20 yards +abaft the stern. It gave us an incredible amount of work to make a hole +in the ice to get the charge down. We first bored a hole; then we tried +to make it larger by blowing it out by means of small gunpowder +charges, and later with gun-cotton; but it was of no avail. Then we had +to resort to lances, ice-picks, steam—in short, to every possible +means; but all in vain. The ice had, however, got so cracked in all +directions, owing to the many charges which had been exploded in the +same place, that we presumed that a large mine in the log-line hole +would blow up the whole mass. As the ice was thinner at that part, the +mine was lowered to a depth of 10 yards. It exploded with terrific +effect. A mighty column of water was forced as high as the foretop. It +did not consist of water alone, but contained a good many lumps of ice, +which rained down for some distance round. One piece of over one +hundredweight came down right through the tent and on to the +forecastle; other pieces flew over the vessel, and fell on the +starboard side. Scott-Hansen and Henriksen, who were standing on the +ice at the electric battery used for firing the mine, were not +pleasantly situated when the mine exploded. When <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb687" href="#pb687" name="pb687">687</a>]</span>the +shock came they of course started to run as fast as their legs would +carry them, but they did not get away quickly enough to reach the deep +snow. The pieces of ice rained unmercifully down upon their backs. +After a great deal of trouble we laid and fired two other large +gunpowder mines, besides some smaller ones, but without much effect. We +then began to bore holes for two gun-cotton mines, which were to be +fired simultaneously. But when we had got down two and a half +drill-lengths the screw broke, and before we could proceed new grooves +had to be filed on the other drill before we could use it again. At 12 +o’clock at night we knocked off work, after having been at it +unceasingly since the morning.</p> +<p>Next day at 6 o’clock the boring was continued. But the ice +was so hard and difficult to work at that, although four men were +handling the drill, we had to erect a small crane with tackle to hoist +the drill out every time it got clogged up. The ice was so thick that +it took four drill-lengths (about 20 feet) to make a hole through it. +One of the gun-cotton mines was now lowered into the hole, while the +other was put beneath the edge of an old channel by means of a long +pole. Both mines were fired simultaneously, but only one exploded. We +connected the wires, and then the other went off too. But the result +was far from answering our expectations. Although the large mines were +carried down to a depth of 20 yards where the ice was thin, the +resistance was too great for us.</p> +<p>The blasting was now discontinued till June 2d, when during the +night the ice opened up along the old lane close to the vessel. First +we fired a gun-cotton mine right abaft. It took effect, and split the +ice close to the stern. Next we drilled a hole about 16 feet deep right +abreast of the ship, and loaded it with 10 prismer, or 330 grammes, of +gun-cotton (equivalent to about 30 pounds of ordinary gunpowder); but +as I thought it would be too risky to explode a mine of this strength +so near the vessel, we first fired a small gunpowder mine of 11 pounds, +to see what effect it would have. The result was insignificant, so the +large mine was fired. It made things lively indeed! The ship received +such a shock that one of the paintings and a rifle fell down on the +floor in the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb688" href="#pb688" name= +"pb688">688</a>]</span>saloon, and the clock in my cabin was hurled +from the wall. It was evidently felt in the engine-room as well, for +Amundsen had a bottle and a lamp-chimney smashed. On the ice the +explosion took such good effect that the ship nearly broke loose at one +blow; she was now merely hanging on a little forward and aft. With a +little more work we might have got quite clear the same evening, but I +left her as she was to avoid the trouble of mooring her. Instead of +that we had something extra after supper; we considered that we had +done such a good stroke of work that day that we deserved a reward.</p> +<p>Next morning we blew away the ice that held our bow. I myself took a +pickaxe and commenced to hack away at the ice which held the stern +fast. I had hardly been at work at this for more than four or five +minutes before the vessel suddenly gave a lurch, settled a little +deeper at the stern, and moved away from the edge of the ice, until the +hawsers became taut. She now lay about 6 inches higher at the bow than +when she froze fast in the autumn. Thus the <i>Fram</i> was free, and +ready to force her way through the ice as soon as the circumstances +would permit. But we were still unable to move.</p> +<p>Even in the month of May there had been signs of whales and seals in +the channels, and an occasional sea-bird had also put in an appearance. +During the months of June and July there was still more animal life +around us, so that we could soon go in for hunting to our hearts’ +content. During the summer we not only shot a number of fulmars, black +guillemots, skuas, auks, and little auks, but also a couple of +eider-ducks, and even a brace of broad-beaked snipe. We also shot a +number of small seals, but only got hold of six; the others sank so +rapidly that we could not reach them in time. As a matter of course, we +welcomed every opportunity of a hunting expedition, especially when +there was a bear in the case. It was not often he did us the honor, but +the greater was the excitement and interest when his appearance was +announced. Then the lads would get lively, and hastily prepare to give +the visitor a suitable reception. Altogether we killed sixteen or +seventeen full-grown bears during the summer, and a young one, which we +captured <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb689" href="#pb689" name= +"pb689">689</a>]</span>alive, but had to kill later on, as it made a +fearful noise on board.</p> +<p>One night in the beginning of June, when Henriksen was on his way to +the observation-house to take the readings of the instruments, a bear +suddenly came upon him. Before starting on his scientific quest he had +been prudent enough to go up on the bridge to have a look around and +see whether the coast was clear, but he did not observe anything +suspicious. When he approached the observation-house he suddenly heard +a hissing sound close by, and caught sight of a grinning bear, which +was standing at a pressure-ridge staring at him. Naturally Henriksen +felt anything but comfortable at this unexpected meeting, unarmed as he +was. He at first considered whether he should beat a dignified retreat, +or whether he should fly at the top of his speed. Both parties were +equally far from the vessel, and if the bear had evil intentions it +might be advisable to retreat without delay before he approached any +nearer. He started off as fast as he could, and was not sure whether +the beast was not at his heels; but he reached the vessel safely and +seized his gun, which was standing ready on deck. Before he came out +upon the ice again the dogs had scented the bear, and at once attacked +him. The bear at first jumped up on the observation-house, but the dogs +followed, so down he went again, and with such alacrity, too, that +Henriksen had no time to fire. The bear started off to the nearest +channel, where he disappeared both from the dogs and the hunter. In his +eagerness “Gorm” jumped out upon some pieces of ice which +were floating in the thick brash in the channel, and now he was afraid +to jump back again. There he sat howling. I heard the wailing, and soon +caught sight of him from the crow’s-nest, whereupon Scott-Hansen +and I started off and rescued him.</p> +<p>Some days later, at about 10 o’clock in the morning, we heard +Nordahl crying, “Bear!” and all hurried on deck with our +rifles. But the dogs had had the start of us, and had already put the +bears to flight. Mogstad perceived, however, from the +crow’s-nest, that the dogs had come up with them at a small lane, +where they had taken the water, and he then came down <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb690" href="#pb690" name="pb690">690</a>]</span>to +tell me. He and I started off in pursuit. The condition of the ice was +good, and we made rapid progress; but as we had the wind on our side, +it was some time before we could distinguish the barking of the dogs so +as to be able to guide ourselves by it. Presently I caught sight of one +of the dogs behind a small ridge; soon I saw some more, and at last I +sighted the bears. They were both sitting on a floe in the channel, +leaning with their backs against a big piece of ice. Two of the dogs +had jumped out upon the floe, while the others stood on guard round the +channel or pool. The dogs had played their part well, keeping such a +close watch upon the bears that we had no difficulty in giving them +their quietus. They both tumbled over on the spot; but as they moved +slightly, we gave them a final shot, just to make sure.</p> +<p>Well, there they lay. But to get out to them was not so easy. +Finally, having walked round the pool, we succeeded in getting out upon +the floe from the other side, where the distance from the solid ice was +less and where some small floes formed a kind of bridge. We cleaned the +game, and then tried to haul the bodies over upon the solid ice. This +we accomplished by putting a running noose over the muzzles of the +bears and pulling them through the water to the edge of the ice, where +we pushed some small floes beneath them; and then, with our united +strength, we hauled them up. When homeward bound we met Nordahl, +Pettersen, Bentzen, Henriksen, and the mate, who had guessed from the +report of our guns that there was business on hand, and had started out +to meet us with sledges and harness for the dogs. The sledges were +lashed together, one bear was placed on each, and, with nine dogs +harnessed to them and a man sitting astride each bear, off they went at +such a speed that the rest of us had to run to keep pace with them.</p> +<p>On the night of June 24th we again received a visit from two bears. +Nordahl discovered them when, at 12 o’clock, he went out to the +observation-house; he came running back, and called those who had not +yet gone to bed. But when they hurried out upon the ice the bears saw +them immediately and disappeared. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb691" +href="#pb691" name="pb691">691</a>]</span></p> +<p>Three days later a she-bear, with a young cub, came trotting towards +the vessel at noon. We burned some blubber in order to attract them, +but the bear was very cautious, and it was some time before she +approached to within 200 to 300 yards. Then the mate could not restrain +himself any longer and fired, so the rest of us sent her a few shots at +the same time, and she fell after walking a few paces. Some of us took +the “pram” and pulled across to the place, as there was a +wide channel between the bear and the vessel. The cub, poor thing, was +a fine little fellow, with almost perfectly white fur and a dark +muzzle; it was about the size of one of our smallest dogs. When they +came up, he sat down on his mother’s body, remained there quite +still, and seeming for the present to take matters calmly. Henriksen +put a strap around his neck, and when the mother was conveyed to the +channel he followed quite willingly, and sat down on her back again +when she was towed across. But when, on arriving at the ship, he found +he was to be separated from his mother and brought on board, it was +quite another story. He resisted with all his strength, and was in a +perfect rage. He got worse when he was let loose under the +companion-hood on board. He carried on like a frenzied being, biting, +tearing, growling, and howling with wild rage, like a veritable fiend, +ceasing only as long as he was occupied in devouring the pieces of meat +thrown to him. Never have I seen in any one creature such a combination +of all the most savage qualities of wild beasts as I found in this +little monster. And he was still quite a cub! In the evening I gave +orders to rid us of this unpleasant passenger, and Mogstad ended his +days with a well-aimed blow of the hatchet.</p> +<p>For about a fortnight we saw no bears, but during the night of July +12th we had a visit from three, one of which, after a hot pursuit, was +killed by Scott-Hansen, the mate, Nordahl, and Bentzen. The dogs, too, +did good service this time. The other two bears sneaked off at the +first shot, and were lost to sight in the fog.</p> +<p>On the evening of July 18th Mogstad and I shot a bear, which we +should hardly have got hold of but for the sagacity <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb692" href="#pb692" name="pb692">692</a>]</span>and +alacrity of “Bella.” The dogs at first attacked him once or +twice, but after a short resistance he jumped into the water, and +crossed over two broad lanes, which it took the dogs a long time to get +round. He was just about to plunge into a third channel when +“Bella,” who in the meantime had come round, intercepted +him not 20 feet from the edge. At a distance of 200 or 300 yards +Mogstad fired, and was lucky enough to hit him in the head, bringing +him down, and he now made only some feeble attempts to keep the dogs +off. I then sent him a shot behind the shoulder; but, as he was not +quite dead, Mogstad gave him the final one.</p> +<p>On July 20th the mate shot a large bear, which came swimming across +a channel; and we killed our last bear on the evening of August 6th, +but in such an awkward position that we had to leave the meat, and it +was as much as we could do to get the hide on board.</p> +<p>In the matter of birds, we were also pretty fortunate. For instance, +Scott-Hansen and I one night shot 9 little auks, 1 kittiwake, and 1 +skua, and the following day 21 more little auks and 2 black guillemots. +Henriksen in one day’s shooting bagged 18 little auks and 1 black +guillemot, and Nordahl, 26 little auks and 1 black guillemot; and, +later on, when there had been an abundance of game for some days, we +killed as many as 30 to 40 birds in the course of a few hours.</p> +<p>This hunting life had not only a beneficial effect upon our spirits, +which occasionally were rather low, but it also gave us an appetite, +which sometimes was quite ravenous. When we were weighed at the end of +the month we found that, whereas some of us had previously been losing +weight, we had now steadily and uniformly increased from the time when +auk’s breast, roast guillemot, stewed kittiwake, skua soup, and +last, but not least, ribs of bear, became the daily fare on board.</p> +<p>Indeed, we stood in need of all the encouragement and good living +which our hunting procured us. The state of the ice was anything but +cheering, and the prospect of getting out of it during the present year +became less every day.</p> +<p>During the first days following the release of the <i>Fram</i> the +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb693" href="#pb693" name= +"pb693">693</a>]</span>ice was comparatively quiet; but on June 8th and +9th we had some bad pressures, especially on the latter day, when the +stern of the vessel was pressed about 6 feet upward, so that the +rudder-well was quite out of the water, while the bow was raised about +2 feet, with 4° list to port. On the 10th and 11th the pressure was +also strong, especially during the night, from 11.30 <span class= +"sc">P.M.</span> till 3 or 4 <span class="sc">A.M.</span></p> +<p>Finally the ice slackened so much on the morning of June 12th that +there was a prospect of warping the vessel some distance ahead. As the +brash was still very thick we did not think it possible to haul +ourselves along without using the steam windlass, so I gave orders to +start a fire under the boiler. But before steam was up the channel +opened so much that we succeeded in warping the ship through the +narrowest passage. When steam was up we steamed through the pool, where +I had found a good berth for the ship. As the rudder was not yet +shipped I had sometimes to go astern, so as to be able to turn the +vessel. We remained there till June 14th, when the ice slackened a +little, and we saw a channel in a S.S.W. direction, and determined to +make for it. So we lighted the furnace, shipped the rudder, and made at +full speed for a narrow rift, which led into the channel. Time after +time we forced the vessel into the rift, but all in vain: the edges +would not budge a hair’s-breadth. I let the vessel remain for +some time, working at full speed endeavoring to force the rift, +altering the position of the rudder occasionally. This manœuvre +was partially successful, as we got the vessel into the rift as far as +the fore-rigging. But that was all we could do. The opening began to +close up, and we had to return and moor in the same place as before. +This was all the more provoking as the whole opening was not longer +than about three-fourths the ship’s length.</p> +<p>We remained there till the evening of the 27th, when the ice +slackened so much that I decided to make a new attempt. We got up steam +and commenced to force the ice at 11.30. It was slow work in the heavy +ice, and at 2 o’clock we had to moor the ship, having advanced +about 2 miles S.E. by S. We tried the engine this time as a compound +engine, with a <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb694" href="#pb694" name= +"pb694">694</a>]</span>favorable result. It made 160 revolutions per +minute; but the consumption of coal was of course correspondingly +greater, almost twice as much as usual. We remained there about a week, +until on July 3d the ice opened sufficiently to allow us to advance +about 3 miles through a channel, which ran S.S.W. During the night +between the 6th and the 7th we made another attempt to force the ice, +but had only made about 1 mile when we had to moor again.</p> +<p>The southerly wind which predominated at that time held the ice +thickly packed together, and there was no drift to speak of. On the +other hand, there had been since the middle of June a good deal of +current, owing to the set of the tide. We could not, however, observe +that the current really flowed in any definite direction; sometimes the +line would show every point in the compass during the twenty-four +hours. The current was, however, often very strong, and would +occasionally spin the ice-floes around in the channels in a way that +made you uncomfortable to look at it. The ship, too, would often +receive such violent shocks from these dancing floes and blocks of ice +that loose objects tumbled down, and the whole rigging shook. The sea +continued very deep. For instance, on July 6th we could not get bottom +at 3000 metres (1625 fathoms); but two days later—we were then +about 83° 2′ north latitude—we took soundings and +reached bottom at 3400 metres (1841 fathoms).</p> +<p>On July 6th we succeeded in warping the ship some two or three short +stretches at a time, but it was slow and hard work: the ice was bad, +and the contrary wind impeded us very much. But though progress was +slow, yet progress it was, and I gave orders that the ship should be +hauled along as often as there was any opportunity to advance a little +southward.</p> +<p>But although we struggled along in this manner by short distances at +a time, the observation on the 13th revealed to us the fact that we had +actually been drifting a considerable way backward, having returned to +83° 12′ north latitude. It might seem ridiculous, under such +circumstances, to continue pushing forward; but, gloomy as the +prospects were, we tried to keep up <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb695" href="#pb695" name="pb695">695</a>]</span>our hopes, and were +ready to utilize the very first chance which should present itself.</p> +<p>Late in the evening of July 17th the ice began to slacken so much +that we decided to get up steam. True, it closed up again at once, but +nevertheless we kept up steam. Nor were we disappointed, for at 1 +o’clock in the morning the water opened so much that we were able +to steam ahead, and we made 3 miles in a southerly direction. Later in +the morning we were stopped by an immense floe of ice, extending many +miles; and we had to make fast. The whole day following we remained +there. About midnight the ice slackened a good deal, but the fog was so +dense that we could see nothing. At last, on the 19th, we made what we +considered excellent headway. Starting when the fog lifted a little in +the forenoon, we made about 10 miles from 12.30 <span class= +"sc">P.M.</span> till 8 <span class="sc">P.M.</span> This stroke of +good luck made our spirits revive wonderfully, and they rose still more +the following day when, notwithstanding the fog and though we had to +stop three times, we advanced from 83° 14′ in the morning to +82° 52′ at noon and 82° 39′ midnight. From the 20th +to the 27th we continued to make good progress. By midnight on the +last-named day we had reached 81° 32′ north latitude.</p> +<p>From July 27th till August 2d it was slow and tiresome work. By +August 2d we had not got beyond 81° 26′ north latitude. At +the same time we had been carried some distance eastward—namely, +to 13° 41′ east longitude.</p> +<p>On Monday, August 3d, we made about 2 miles to the southwest, but +had to remain moored in impossible waters till the 8th, when it +slackened so much around the vessel that we were able to proceed again +at 9 <span class="sc">A.M.</span> However, we had only made about 6 +miles, when we were stopped by a long, narrow strait. We tried blasting +with ordinary gunpowder, and later with gun-cotton, and time after time +we steamed full speed against the smaller floes that blocked the +strait, but without effect. These floes, as a rule, are not so small +and innocent as they appear. They consist generally of the fragments of +old, thick, and very tough pressure-ridges which have been broken up. +When these pieces get free, they sink deep below the surface of the +water, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb696" href="#pb696" name= +"pb696">696</a>]</span>leaving only a comparatively insignificant part +of them discernible, while the lower parts may be very large. It was +precisely this description of floe that blocked the channel against us. +They were so tough that it was useless to try to break them with the +stem of the vessel, although we repeatedly made at them with full +speed. We could plainly see how the tough old ice bent and rose up at +the shock without breaking. The blasting of such floes was frequently +impracticable, as they were of such a thickness that we were unable to +lay the mine under them. And even if we succeeded in blowing up one of +these floes we gained little or nothing, as the channel was too narrow +to allow the pieces to float astern, and they were too heavy and thick +to be forced beneath the solid edge of ice.</p> +<p>Occasionally it happened that old, thick ice suddenly emerged from +beneath the water in a channel or opening which we were just about to +pass into, thus blocking up the passage before us. On one of these +occasions the <i>Fram</i> received a blow in the ribs that hardly any +other vessel would have withstood. As we were passing through an open +channel I saw from the crow’s-nest one end of a large submerged +floe appearing above the edge of the solid ice, and I immediately gave +orders to steer clear so as to pass round it. But at the very moment +when we reckoned to clear it the floe was released, and came to the +surface with such a rush that the spray rose high into the air and +struck the <i>Fram</i> at the fore-rigging on the starboard side with +such tremendous force that the ship lurched violently and fell about 10 +points out of her course, until she ran up against some small floes. +When the monster floe emerged it lifted a huge mass of water and sent +it like a roaring cataract out into the channel.</p> +<p>Something similar happened when we occasionally touched a drifting +hummock that was just on the point of rolling over, owing to the +quicker melting of the ice below the water-line. The slightest push +would be enough to capsize the hummock and turn it over in such a +violent way that the sea around us would become as agitated as during a +storm.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e8645width" id="p697"><img src="images/p697.jpg" +alt="Flaying Walruses" width="720" height="474"> +<p class="figureHead">Flaying Walruses</p> +<p class="firstpar">(<i>By Otto Sinding, from a photograph</i>)</p> +</div> +<p>On August 9th we worked the whole day clearing the channel, but only +made slight headway. On the 10th the work was <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb699" href="#pb699" name= +"pb699">699</a>]</span>continued, and in the course of the forenoon we +finally succeeded in getting through. During the rest of the day we +also made some headway to the south until the ice became impassable, +and we were compelled to make fast at 10 <span class="sc">P.M.</span>, +having made about 2 miles.</p> +<p>On account of the fog we were unable to take any observation until +the 9th, when we found ourselves in 81° 48′ north latitude, +the last latitude observation we made in the drift-ice.</p> +<p>On Tuesday, the 11th, we again proceeded southward by dint of +arduous labor in clearing floes and brash, which often blocked our way. +At 7.30 <span class="sc">P.M.</span> we had to make fast in a narrow +strait, until, in the course of the night, we cleared the obstacles +away and were able to proceed to the southwest. Progress was, however, +slow, and on the morning of August 12th we were stopped by a very +awkward floe. We tried to blast it away, but while we were at work on +this the ice tightened up quickly, and left the vessel imprisoned +between two big floes. In the course of a couple of hours it slackened +again in a S.W. direction, and we steamed off in comparatively fair +channels until 12.30 <span class="sc">P.M.</span>, when a floe stopped +our farther progress. We had made 9½ miles in about five hours +this forenoon. Some thin ice now appeared, and from the +crow’s-nest we could see, when the fog cleared off a little for a +few moments, several large channels running in a southerly direction +both east and west of our position. Besides, we noticed an increase in +the number of birds and small seals, and we also saw an occasional +bearded seal—all evidences that we could not be very far from the +open water.</p> +<p>Between 3 and 4 <span class="sc">P.M.</span> we were released from +the floes which had held us enclosed, and at 5.30 <span class= +"sc">P.M.</span> we steamed off in a S.E. direction through steadily +improving ice. The ice now became noticeably thin and brittle, so that +we were able to force the smaller floes. From 5.30 <span class= +"sc">P.M.</span> till midnight we advanced about 16 miles; the engine +was used as compound during the last watch.</p> +<p>After midnight on August 13th we steered S.W., then S. and S.E., the +ice continuing to grow slacker. At 3 o’clock we sighted +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb700" href="#pb700" name= +"pb700">700</a>]</span>a dark expanse of water to the S.S.E., and at +3.45 we steered through the last ice-floes out into open +water.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e8687src" href="#xd20e8687" name= +"xd20e8687src">2</a></p> +<p><span class="sc">We were free!</span> Behind us lay three years of +work and hardships, with their burden of sad thought during the long +nights, before us life and reunion with all those who were dear to us. +Just a few more days! A chaos of contending feelings came over each and +every one. For some time it seemed as if we could hardly realize what +we saw, as if the deep blue, lapping water at the bow were an illusion, +a dream. We were still a good way above the eightieth degree of +latitude, and it is only in very favorable summers that ice-free water +stretches so far north. Were we, perhaps, in a large, open pool? Had we +still a great belt of ice to clear?</p> +<p>No, it was real! The free, unbounded sea was around us on every +side; and we felt, with a sense of rapture, how the <i>Fram</i> gently +pitched with the first feeble swells.</p> +<p>We paid the final honors to our vanquished antagonist by firing a +thundering salute as a farewell. One more gaze at the last faint +outlines of hummocks and floes, and the mist concealed them from our +view.</p> +<p>We now shaped our course by the compass S.S.E., as the fog was still +so dense that no observation could be taken. Our plan was at first to +steer towards Red Bay, get our landfall, and thence to follow the west +coast of Spitzbergen southward till we found a suitable +anchoring-place, where we could take in water, shift the coal from the +hold into the bunkers, and, in fact, make the <i>Fram</i> quite +ship-shape for our homeward trip.</p> +<p>At 7 <span class="sc">A.M.</span>, when the fog lifted slightly, we +sighted a sail on to port, and shaped our course for her, in order to +speak to her and try to get some news of Dr. Nansen and Johansen. In an +hour or so we were quite near her. She was lying to, and did not seem +to have sighted us until we were close on her. The mate then ran down +to announce that a monster ship was bearing down upon them in the fog. +Soon the deck was crowded with <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb701" +href="#pb701" name="pb701">701</a>]</span>people, and just as the +captain put his head out the <i>Fram</i> passed close up on the +weather-side of the vessel, and we greeted her in passing with a +thundering broadside from our starboard cannon. We then turned round +astern of her, and fired another salute to leeward, after which +“hostilities” were discontinued. No doubt it was a rather +demonstrative way of making ourselves known to our countrymen, who were +lying there so peacefully, drifting in the morning mist, and probably +thinking more of seals and whales than of the <i>Fram</i>. But we trust +that Captain Botolfsen and his crew will forgive us our overflowing joy +at this our first meeting with human beings after three long years.</p> +<p>The vessel was the galliot <i>Söstrene</i> (The Sisters), of +Tromsö. The first question which was shouted to him as we passed +alongside was this: “Have Nansen and Johansen arrived?” We +had hoped to receive a roaring “Yes,” and were ready to +greet the answer with a thundering “Hurrah” and salute; but +the answer we got was short and sad “No.”</p> +<p>Captain Botolfsen and some of his crew came on board to us, and had +to go through a regular cross-fire of questions of every conceivable +kind. Such an examination they had certainly never been subjected to, +and probably never will be again.</p> +<p>Among the many items of news which we received was one to the effect +that the Swedish aeronaut, Engineer Andrée, had arrived at Danes +Island, intending to proceed thence by balloon to discover the North +Pole.</p> +<p>Botolfsen came with us as a passenger, leaving his vessel in charge +of the mate, and accompanied us as far as Tromsö. We reshaped our +course about noon for Red Bay, intending to steam from there to Danes +Island and see Mr. Andrée. About midnight we sighted land ahead, +and supposed it to be the cape immediately to the west of Red Bay. It +was 1041 days since we last saw land.</p> +<p>We lay to for some time at this point, waiting for the fog to clear +away sufficiently to allow us to find the landmarks. As it did not +clear, we steamed slowly westward, taking frequent soundings, and soon +found ourselves, as we anticipated, right <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb702" href="#pb702" name="pb702">702</a>]</span>in “<span lang= +"no">Norsksundet</span>” (Norwegian Sound), and proceeding up, we +anchored at 9.30 <span class="sc">A.M.</span>, off “<span lang= +"no">Hollændernæset</span>” (Dutch Cape). The fog was +now cleared, and we soon saw the steamship <i>Virgo</i>, of the +Andrée Expedition, and the balloon-house ashore.</p> +<p>Through the telescope we could see that our arrival had been +observed, and a steam-launch soon came alongside with Mr. +Andrée, the other members of the expedition, and Captain Zachau, +of the <i>Virgo</i>.</p> +<p>Neither could these gentlemen give us any news of the fate of our +comrades. Our spirits became still more depressed than before. We had +confidently expected that Nansen and Johansen would reach home before +us. Now it seemed as if we were to be the first to arrive.</p> +<p>We did not, however, entertain any serious fears for their safety, +especially when we learned that the Jackson expedition had spent two +winters in Franz Josef Land. It was highly probable that Dr. Nansen and +Johansen would sooner or later meet with this expedition, and were, +perhaps, only waiting for a chance of getting home. But if they had not +met with Jackson, something had evidently gone amiss with them, in +which case they needed assistance, and that as soon as possible.</p> +<p>Our plans were soon laid. We would hurry home to Tromsö to get +reliable information, and, in case nothing had been learned there +either, we would complete our coal supply—we were not in want of +anything else—and immediately proceed to Franz Josef Land, to +make a search for them, and, as we hoped, have the unspeakable pleasure +of bringing them home to our expectant fatherland in our own faithful +<i>Fram</i>.</p> +<p>Our stay at Danes Island was consequently cut as short as possible. +We paid visits to the <i>Virgo</i>, saw the balloon, which was now +ready to start as soon as a favorable wind would permit of it, and +received return visits from our amiable Swedish friends. During the +night we finished taking in water and shifting the coal; the vessel was +ready for sea, and at 3 <span class="sc">A.M.</span> on August 15th the +<i>Fram</i> steamed off, with sails set, through Sneerenburg Bay and +out to sea.</p> +<p>During the passage across we had good weather and a fair +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb703" href="#pb703" name= +"pb703">703</a>]</span>and often fresh breeze, the vessel making good +speed: upward of 9¼ knots.</p> +<p>At 9 <span class="sc">A.M.</span> on the 19th we saw the first blue +ridges of our native mountains. By noon we sighted Lögö, and +at 8 <span class="sc">P.M.</span> the north point of Loppen. Then we +steered into Kvænangen Fjord, and anchored off Skjærvö +at 2 o’clock in the morning of August 20th.</p> +<p>As soon as the anchor had fallen, I called the doctor and +Scott-Hansen, who both wanted to go ashore with me. But as they were +too slow with their toilet, I asked Bentzen to put me ashore in the +pram, and was soon at the telegraph station, where I tried to knock +life into the people by thundering with my clinched fist first at one +door, then at another, but for a long time in vain. At last a man put +his head out of a window on the second floor to inquire what kind of +night-prowlers were making such a disturbance. It was the chief of the +telegraph station himself. He describes the nocturnal incident in a +letter to one of the Christiania newspapers in the following pleasant +manner:</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="firstpar">“It was with anything but amiable feelings +and intentions that at about half-past four I turned out to see what +wretch it was who was making such a lively rattle at my front door. +Rather lightly clad, I put my head out of the window, and roared out, +‘Hallo! What’s the matter? Deuce of a noise to make at this +time of night!’</p> +<p>“A man dressed in gray, with a heavy beard, stepped forward. +There was something about his appearance that made me think at once +that I had perhaps been somewhat too hasty in giving vent to my +displeasure at being called up, and I felt a little crestfallen when he +slyly remarked, ‘Yes, that’s true; but all the same I must +ask you to open the door. I come from the <i>Fram</i>.’ +Immediately it dawned upon me who it was. It could be none other than +Sverdrup. ‘Coming directly, captain,’ I answered, and +jumping into the most necessary clothes, down I went to let him in. He +was not at all annoyed at the long waiting, or the unfriendly words +with which he had been received, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb704" +href="#pb704" name="pb704">704</a>]</span>when he set foot again in his +native country after the long and famous expedition, but was very kind +and good-humored when I begged his pardon for the rudeness with which I +had received him. In my inmost heart I made an even warmer apology than +I had stammered out in my first embarrassment.</p> +<p>“When Sverdrup was seated, the first question was naturally as +to the way he had come. They had just arrived from off the coast of +Spitzbergen. On the 13th they had got out into open water, where they +almost immediately met with Captain Botolfsen, from Tromsö, who +was there with his whaling-ship. They had brought him with them. They +had next visited Andrée, who was about to pack up and go home, +and had then proceeded to this place. They had first learned from +Botolfsen, and then from Andrée, who ought to have had some of +the latest tidings from Norway, that nothing was known about Nansen, +whom they hoped to find at home, and the joy they were feeling at the +prospect of reaching home soon was considerably damped by this +news.</p> +<p>“‘Ah, but I can give you news of Nansen,’ said I. +‘He arrived at Vardö on August 13th, and is now at +Hammerfest. He’s probably starting for Tromsö to-day in an +English yacht.’</p> +<p>“‘Has Nansen arrived?’</p> +<p>“The stalwart form bounded up in a state of excitement rarely +shown by this man, and exclaiming, ‘I must tell the others at +once,’ he vanished out of the door.</p> +<p>“A moment later he returned, accompanied by Scott-Hansen, +Blessing, Mogstad, and Bentzen, all of them perfectly wild with joy at +the latest news, which crowned all, and allowed them to give full vent +to their exultation at being once more in their native land after their +long and wearisome absence, which the uncertain fate of their leader +and his comrade would otherwise have damped. And they did rejoice! +‘Is it true? Has Nansen arrived?’ was repeated on all +sides. ‘What a day this is, what joy! And what a curious +coincidence that Nansen should arrive on the same day that we cleared +the last ice and steered homeward!’ And they congratulated each +other, all quivering with emotion, these sturdy fellows. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb705" href="#pb705" name="pb705">705</a>]</span></p> +<p>“In the early morning two thundering reports were suddenly +heard from the <i>Fram</i>, followed by the ringing cheers of the crew +in honor of their absent comrades. The inhabitants of the place, who +were fast asleep, were quite startled, and soon got out of bed; but +when it finally dawned upon them that it could be none other than the +<i>Fram</i>, they were not slow in turning out to have a look at +her.</p> +<p>“As they anchored here, the fragrance of the new-mown hay was +wafted to them from the shore, and to them it seemed marvellous. The +green meadows with their humble flowers, and the few trees bent and +almost withered by the merciless wind and weather, looked to them so +delightful that our poor island was a veritable Eden in their eyes. +‘Yes, to-day they would have a good roll on the grass.’</p> +<p>“For the rest, Mother Nature was as smiling and festally +arrayed as could be expected so late in the year in these northern +latitudes. The fjord was calm, as though it feared by the faintest +ripple to interrupt the tranquillity which enveloped the tried and +weather-beaten warrior now resting upon its smooth surface.</p> +<p>“They were all quite enthusiastic about the vessel. I do not +believe there is a man on board who does not love the <i>Fram</i>. +Sverdrup declared that a ‘stronger and finer ship had never been +built, and was not to be found in the wide world!’”</p> +</div> +<p>On my way to the fjord I met five of our comrades. Nordahl hurried +at once on board with the glad tidings, while the rest of us settled +down with the telegraph manager around a smoking cup of coffee, which +tasted delicious. A better welcome we could not have had. But it did +not end with the coffee or with the telegraph manager. Soon the popping +of champagne corks sounded successively in the houses of the +store-keeper and local magistrate, while the telegraph manager sent +message upon message announcing our arrival to Dr. Nansen, his Majesty +the King, the Norwegian Government, and to relations and friends.</p> +<p>At 10 <span class="sc">A.M.</span> we weighed anchor and set off to +meet Nansen <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb706" href="#pb706" name= +"pb706">706</a>]</span>and Johansen at Tromsö, passed to the north +of <span class="corr" id="xd20e8835" title= +"Source: Skjaervö">Skjærvö</span>, and steamed south. +Off Ulfstinden we met the steamer <i>King Halfdan</i>, with 600 +passengers on board, coming from Tromsö to meet us. We accepted +the offer to take us in tow, and at 8.30 <span class="sc">P.M.</span> +the <i>Fram</i> glided into the harbor of Tromsö, accompanied by +hundreds of flag-covered boats, and was received with cheers and hearty +welcome.</p> +<p>Next day, August 25th, at 4 <span class="sc">P.M.</span>, Sir George +Baden-Powell’s steam-yacht <i>Otaria</i>, with Dr. Nansen and +Johansen on board, arrived. After a separation of seventeen months, our +number was again complete, and the Norwegian Polar Expedition was once +more united.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e8857width" id="p706"><img src="images/p706.jpg" +alt="The Fram on the ice." width="593" height="580"></div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb707" href="#pb707" name= +"pb707">707</a>]</span></p> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e8487" href="#xd20e8487src" name="xd20e8487">1</a></span> This +claret was made for the occasion, and consisted of the juice of dried +red whortleberries and bilberries, with the addition of a little +spirits. I was highly complimented on this beverage, and served it +again on other occasions.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e8687" href="#xd20e8687src" name="xd20e8687">2</a></span> +Twenty-eight days’ work of forcing this more or less closely +packed ice had brought us a distance of 180 miles.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="conclusion" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="main">Conclusion</h2> +<p class="firstpar"><span class="sc">By Dr. Nansen</span></p> +<p>What, then, are the results of the Norwegian Polar Expedition? This +is a question which the reader might fairly expect to find answered +here; but the scientific observations brought back are so varied and +voluminous that it will be some time yet before they can be dealt with +by specialists and before any general estimate of their significance +can be formed. It will, therefore, be necessary to publish these +results in separate scientific publications; and if I now attempted to +give an idea of them, it would necessarily be imperfect, and might +easily prove misleading. I shall, therefore, confine myself to pointing +out a few of their more important features.</p> +<p>In the first place, we have demonstrated that the sea in the +immediate neighborhood of the Pole, and in which, in my opinion, the +Pole itself in all probability lies, is a deep basin, not a shallow +one, containing many expanses of land and islands, as people were +formerly inclined to assume. It is certainly a continuation of the deep +channel which extends from the Atlantic Ocean northward between +Spitzbergen and Greenland. The extent of this deep sea is a question +which it is not at present easy to answer; but we at least know that it +extends a long way north of Franz Josef Land, and eastward right to the +New Siberian Islands. I believe that it extends still farther east, as, +I think, may be inferred from the fact that the more the +<i>Jeannette</i> expedition drifted north, the greater depth of sea did +they find. For various reasons, I am led to believe that in a northerly +direction also this deep sea is of considerable extent. In the first +place, nothing was observed, either during the drift <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb708" href="#pb708" name="pb708">708</a>]</span>of +the <i>Fram</i> or during our sledge expedition to the north, that +would point to the proximity of any considerable expanse of land; the +ice seemed to drift unimpeded, particularly in a northerly direction. +The way in which the drift set straight to the north as soon as there +was a southerly wind was most striking. It was with the greatest +difficulty that the wind could head the drift back towards the +southeast. Had there been any considerable expanse of land within +reasonable distance to the north of us, it would have blocked the free +movement of the ice in that direction. Besides, the large quantity of +drift-ice, which drifts southward with great rapidity along the east +coast of Greenland all the way down to Cape Farewell and beyond it, +seems to point in the same direction. Such extensive ice-fields must +have a still larger breadth of sea to come from than that through which +we drifted. Had the <i>Fram</i> continued her drift instead of breaking +loose to the north of Spitzbergen, she would certainly have come down +along the coast of Greenland; but probably she would not have got close +in to that coast, but would have had a certain quantity of ice between +her and it; and that ice must come from a sea lying north of our route. +On the other hand, it is quite probable that land may exist to a +considerable extent on the other side of the Pole between the Pole and +the North American archipelago. It appears to me only reasonable to +assume that this multitude of islands must extend farther towards the +north.</p> +<p>As a result of our expedition, I think we can now form a fairly +clear idea of the way in which the drift-ice is continually moving from +one side of the polar basin north of Bering Strait and the coast of +Siberia, and across the regions around the Pole, and out towards the +Atlantic Ocean. Where geographers at one time were disposed to locate a +solid, immovable, and massive ice-mantle, covering the northern +extremity of our globe, we now find a continually breaking and shifting +expanse of drift-ice. The evidence which even before our expedition had +induced me to believe most strongly in this theory is supplied by the +Siberian drift-wood that is continually being carried to Greenland, as +well as the mud found on the ice, as it <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb711" href="#pb711" name="pb711">711</a>]</span>could scarcely be of +other than Siberian origin. We found several indications of this kind +during our expedition, even when we were as far north as 86°, +furnishing valuable indications as to the movement of the ice.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e8889width" id="p709"><img src="images/p709.jpg" +alt="The Members of the Expedition, after Their Return to Christiania" +width="720" height="441"> +<p class="figureHead">The Members of the Expedition, after Their Return +to Christiania</p> +<p class="firstpar">Blessing Nordahl Mogstad Henriksen Pettersen +Johansen Bentzen Scott-Hansen Sverdrup Jacobsen Nansen Juell +Amundsen</p> +<p>(<i>From a photograph</i>)</p> +</div> +<p>The force which sets this ice in motion is certainly for the most +part supplied by the winds; and as in the sea north of Siberia the +prevailing winds are southeasterly or easterly, whereas north of +Spitzbergen they are northeasterly, they must carry the ice in the +direction in which we found the drift. From the numerous observations I +made I established the existence of a slow current in the water under +the ice, travelling in the same direction. But it will be some time +before the results of these investigations can be calculated and +checked.</p> +<p>The hydrographic observations made during the expedition furnished +some surprising data. Thus, for instance, it was customary to look upon +the polar basin as being filled with cold water, the temperature of +which stood somewhere about -1.5° C. Consequently our observations +showing that under the cold surface there was warmer water, sometimes +at a temperature as high as +1° C., were surprising. Again, this +water was more briny than the water of the polar basin has been assumed +to be. This warmer and more strongly saline water must clearly +originate from the warmer current of the Atlantic Ocean (the Gulf +Stream), flowing in a north and northeasterly direction off Novaya +Zemlya and along the west coast of Spitzbergen, and then diving under +the colder, but lighter and less briny, water of the Polar Sea, and +filling up the depths of the polar basin. As I have stated in the +course of my narrative, this more briny water was, as a rule, warmest +at a depth of from 200 to 250 fathoms, beyond which it would decrease +in temperature, though not uniformly, as the depth increased. Near the +bottom the temperature rose again, though only slightly. These +hydrographic observations appear to modify to a not inconsiderable +extent the theories hitherto entertained as to the direction of the +currents in the northern seas; but it is a difficult matter to deal +with, as there is a great mass of material, <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb712" href="#pb712" name="pb712">712</a>]</span>and +its further treatment will demand both time and patience. It must +therefore be left to subsequent scientific publications.</p> +<p>Still less do I contemplate attempting to enter here into a +discussion on the numerous magnetic, astronomical, and meteorological +observations taken. At the end of this work I merely give a table +showing the mean temperatures for each month during the drift of the +<i>Fram</i> and during our sledging expedition.</p> +<p>On the whole, it may probably be said that, although the expedition +has left many problems for the future to solve in connection with the +polar area, it has, nevertheless, gone far to lift the veil of mystery +which has hitherto shrouded those regions, and we have been put in a +position to form a tolerably clear and reasonable idea of a portion of +our globe that formerly lay in darkness, which only the imagination +could penetrate. And should we in the near future get a +bird’s-eye view of the regions around the Pole as seen from a +balloon, all the most material features will be familiar to us.</p> +<p>But there still remains a great deal to be investigated, and this +can only be done by years of observation, to which end a new drift, +like that of the <i>Fram</i>, would be invaluable. Guided by our +experience, explorers will be in a position to equip themselves still +better; but a more convenient method for the scientific investigation +of unknown regions cannot easily be imagined. On board a vessel of this +kind explorers may settle themselves quite as comfortably as in a fixed +scientific station. They can carry their laboratories with them, and +the most delicate experiments of all kinds can be carried out. I hope +that such an expedition may be undertaken ere long, and if it goes +through Bering Strait and thence northward, or perhaps slightly to the +northeast, I shall be very much surprised if observations are not taken +which will prove of far greater scope and importance than those made by +us. But it will require patience: the drift will be more protracted +than ours, and the explorers must be well equipped.</p> +<p>There is also another lesson which I think our expedition has +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb713" href="#pb713" name= +"pb713">713</a>]</span>taught—namely, that a good deal can be +achieved with small resources. Even if explorers have to live in Eskimo +fashion and content themselves with the barest necessaries, they may, +provided they are suitably equipped, make good headway and cover +considerable distances in regions which have hitherto been regarded as +almost inaccessible.</p> +<div class="table xd20e2242"> +<h4 class="aligncenter">Mean Temperatures (Fahr.) for every Month +during the Drift of the “Fram”</h4> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top"><b>Months</b></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244"><b>1893</b></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244"><b>1894</b></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244"><b>1895</b></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244"><b>1896</b></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top"></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244"><i>°</i></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244"><i>°</i></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244"><i>°</i></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244"><i>°</i></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">January</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">—</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-32.3</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-28.1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-35.3</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">February</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">—</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-32.1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-34.2</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-30.5</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">March</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">—</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-35.1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-30.6</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">- 1.7</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">April</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">—</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">- 6.1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-19.7</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">- 0.6</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">May</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">—</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">+13.8</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">+10.2</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">+12.6</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">June</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">—</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">+29.3</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">+28.0</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">+28.9</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">July</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">—</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">+32.4</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">+32.5</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">+31.8</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">August</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">—</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">+30.2</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">+27.3</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">+34.1</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">September</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">+29.1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">+17.1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">+14.9</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">—</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">October</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">- 1.1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">- 8.5</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">- 6.2</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">—</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">November</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-11.6</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-23.4</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-23.6</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">—</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">December</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-20.6</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-30.8</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-27.2</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">—</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<div class="table xd20e2242"> +<h4 class="aligncenter">Continuous Periods of Temperature under +-40°</h4> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" rowspan="2"><b>Years</b></td> +<td valign="top" colspan="5"><b>Dates</b></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top"><b>January</b></td> +<td valign="top"><b>February</b></td> +<td valign="top"><b>March</b></td> +<td valign="top"><b>November</b></td> +<td valign="top"><b>December</b></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" rowspan="3">1894</td> +<td valign="top">11 to 12</td> +<td valign="top">3 to 7</td> +<td valign="top">5 to 15</td> +<td valign="top">14 to 15</td> +<td valign="top">8 to 10</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">14 to 15</td> +<td valign="top">11 to 19</td> +<td valign="top">17 to 19</td> +<td valign="top">—</td> +<td valign="top">17 to 18</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">27 to 29</td> +<td valign="top">23 to 24</td> +<td valign="top">25 to 26</td> +<td valign="top">—</td> +<td valign="top">30 to 1<a class="noteref" id="xd20e9149src" href= +"#xd20e9149" name="xd20e9149src">1</a></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" rowspan="3">1895</td> +<td valign="top">14 to 18</td> +<td valign="top">9 to 10</td> +<td valign="top">19 to 23</td> +<td valign="top">20 to 23</td> +<td valign="top">7 to 8</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">23 to 26</td> +<td valign="top">13 to 16</td> +<td valign="top">26 to 28</td> +<td valign="top">—</td> +<td valign="top">—</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">—</td> +<td valign="top">18 to 22</td> +<td valign="top">—</td> +<td valign="top">—</td> +<td valign="top">—</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" rowspan="2">1896</td> +<td valign="top">29<a class="noteref" id="xd20e9196src" href= +"#xd20e9196" name="xd20e9196src">2</a> to 18</td> +<td valign="top">4 to 9</td> +<td valign="top">4 to 5</td> +<td valign="top">—</td> +<td valign="top">—</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">—</td> +<td valign="top">11 to 20</td> +<td valign="top">—</td> +<td valign="top">—</td> +<td valign="top">—</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb714" href="#pb714" name= +"pb714">714</a>]</span></p> +<div class="table xd20e2242"> +<h4 class="aligncenter">The Mean Temperature of the Twenty-four Hours +for these Periods</h4> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Years</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">January</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">February</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">March</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">November</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">December</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top"></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">°</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">°</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">°</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">°</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">°</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" rowspan="3">1894</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-36.8</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-48.5</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-47.9</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">—</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-40.7</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-39.1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-43.4</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-45.8</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-42.3</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-37.3</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-40.5</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-38.6</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-40.2</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">—</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-42.7</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" rowspan="3">1895</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-41.1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-41.4</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-39.8</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">—</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">—</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-46.3</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-43.1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-37.7</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-41.1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-39.5</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">—</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-42.2</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">—</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">—</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">—</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" rowspan="2">1896</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-45.8</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-41.1</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-35.7</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">—</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">—</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">—</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">-43.2</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">—</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">—</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e2244">—</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb715" href="#pb715" name= +"pb715">715</a>]</span></p> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e9149" href="#xd20e9149src" name="xd20e9149">1</a></span> +January</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e9196" href="#xd20e9196src" name="xd20e9196">2</a></span> +December</p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="back"> +<div id="index" class="div1 index"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="main">Index</h2> +<div class="div2"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h3 class="main">A</h3> +<p class="firstpar">Accounts, statements, I, 56, 57.</p> +<p>Address before Christiania Geographical Society, I, 15.</p> +<p>Address to crew of the <i>Fram</i>, explaining objects of sledge +expedition, II, 8.</p> +<p>Adelaide’s Island, II, 344.</p> +<p>Adverse opinions on proposed expedition, I, 40.</p> +<p>Aker’s Mechanical Factory, engine of the <i>Fram</i> built at, +I, 68.</p> +<p>Alcyonaria, I, 298.</p> +<p>Alden, the <i>Fram</i> passes, I, 95.</p> +<p>Alexander’s Island, II, 378 (Note).</p> +<p>Alexandra Land, II, 510 (Note).</p> +<p>Algæ—<br> +Ice-water containing, I, 290, 503, 508, 513, 515; II, 356.<br> +Snow colored by, II, 356 (Note).</p> +<p>Almquist’s Islands—<br> +<i>Fram</i> passes, I, 209.<br> +Position on Nordenskjöld’s Map, I, 189.</p> +<p>American expeditions, sledges used on, I, 8.</p> +<p>Ammonites, II, 553 (Note).</p> +<p>Amphipoda, I, 254, 274, 399; II, 685.</p> +<p>Amundsen, Anton, Chief Engineer of the <i>Fram</i>, I, 78.<br> +Devotion to engine, I, 238.<br> +Indifference to cold, II, 74.</p> +<p>Andrée, visited on Danes Island by crew of <i>Fram</i>, II, +701.</p> +<p>Archer, Colin, builder of the <i>Fram</i>, I, 57.<br> +Article in <i lang="no">Norsk Tidsskrift for Sövæsen</i>, I, +59.<br> +Farewell salute to, I, 83.<br> +Nansen’s thoughts of, on second birthday of the <i>Fram</i>, I, +570.</p> +<p>Arctic Rose Gull. (See Ross’s Gull.)</p> +<p>Arctic thirst, immunity from, on sledge journey, II, 150.</p> +<p>Argillaceous schist, Helland’s Foreland, II, 371.</p> +<p>Armitage, member of Jackson-Harmsworth expedition, II, 534.</p> +<p>Asplenium (Petruschinense), II, 563.</p> +<p>Astronomical instruments, I, 73, 74; II, 124.</p> +<p>Astronomical observations—<br> +Hansen in charge of, I, 243.<br> +Method of conducting, I, 363.</p> +<p>Astrup, immunity from scurvy, I, 586.</p> +<p>Auks, II, 255, 282, 305, 356, 358, 372, 409, 465, 466, 471, 475, +501, 503, 517, 525, 564, 688.</p> +<p>Aurora Borealis, I, 253, 298, 299, 309, 312, 314, 315, 320, 416, +419, 550, 561, 567, 568, 575; II, 44.<br> +Inclination of magnetic needle probably connected with, II, 19.<br> +Streamers influenced by direction of wind, Nansen’s theory, I, +306.</p> +<p>Austria Sound—<br> +Payer’s expedition through, Nansen reading, II, 75.<br> +Sledge expedition passing through, possibility of, I, 584.</p> +<p>Austro-Hungarian expedition (1872–74), I, 12.</p> +<p>Awning over deck of the <i>Fram</i>, I, 549, 550.</p> +</div> +<div class="div2"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h3 class="main">B</h3> +<p class="firstpar">Bacteria found in ice-water, I, 514, 515.</p> +<p>Baden-Powell, Sir George, meets Nansen at Hammerfest and places his +yacht at his disposal, II, 586.</p> +<p>Balæna, II, 558.</p> +<p>Bandaging lessons, in preparation for sledge expedition, II, 70.</p> +<p>Barometers taken on sledge expedition, II, 124.</p> +<p>Basalt rocks, II, 353 (Note), 358, 372, 378, 379, 493, 501, 503, +553, 559.<br> +Cape Flora, formation contrasted with that of Spitzbergen and Northeast +Land, II, 553.</p> +<p>Bathing alongside <i>Fram</i>, I, 441. <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb716" href="#pb716" name="pb716">716</a>]</span></p> +<p>Baths—<br> +<i>Fram</i>, I, 405.<br> +Vadsö, I, 102.</p> +<p>Bears, I, 171, 203, 265, 283, 285, 286, 338, 341, 435, 437, 496, +<span class="corr" id="xd20e9532" title="Source: 414">514</span>, 522, +572; II, 20, 218, 233, 253, 310, 335, 345, 355, 370, 371, 383, 389, +392, 402, 413, 421, 424, 433, 466, 472, 476, 478, 490, 541, 638, 675, +688, 690, 691.<br> +Hansen, Blessing, and Johansen attacked by, I, 260.<br> +Johansen’s narrow escape from, II, 329.</p> +<p>Bear’s-flesh—<br> +Daily meal during winter in hut, II, 428.<br> +Excellence of, II, 314.</p> +<p>Bearskin bed, II, 309.</p> +<p>Bear-trap, I, 337, 338.</p> +<p>Beian, Sverdrup and Professor Brögger join the <i>Fram</i> at, +I, 98.</p> +<p>Bek, Andreas, stories of, I, 378, 379.</p> +<p>Belemnites, II, 553.</p> +<p>Bentzen, Bernt, member of expedition, I, 80, 101.</p> +<p>Bering Strait—<br> +Current (see that title).<br> +Expedition taking route, I, 12, 13.<br> +Future expedition through, probable value of, II, 712.<br> +Ice-drift, north of, II, 708.</p> +<p>Bielkoff Island, I, 227.</p> +<p>Bieloi-Ostrov, I, 153.</p> +<p>Bird-life, I, 468; II, 229, 282, 305, 313, 465, 617, 666 (see also +names of different species).</p> +<p>Björnsen, B., greeting on launching of the <i>Fram</i>, II, +25.</p> +<p>Black-backed gulls, II, 356.</p> +<p>Black guillemot, I, 468; II, 232, 617, 634, 688, 692.</p> +<p>Blanket-trousers, II, 479.</p> +<p>Blessing, Henrik Greve, doctor and botanist to expedition, I, +78.<br> +Bandaging lessons to Dr. Nansen and Johansen previous to start on +sledge journey, II, 70.<br> +Bear encounter, I, 260.<br> +Birthday celebrations, I, 255.<br> +Editor of the <i>Framsjaa</i>, I, 317.<br> +Kayak-building, II, 12.<br> +Photographs copied by, II, 82.<br> +Scientific observations undertaken by, I, 245.<br> +Specimen-collecting, I, 502.</p> +<p>Blomqvist, member of Jackson-Harmsworth expedition, II, 534.<br> +Sails on the <i>Windward</i>, II, 576.</p> +<p>Blubber, excellent substitute for butter, II, 295.</p> +<p>Blue-bells, tundra-plains of Asia, I, 122, 123.</p> +<p>Blue gull, I, 468.</p> +<p>Boats—<br> +Carried by the <i>Fram</i>, I, 72.<br> +Long-boat, ready for emergencies, II, 624.</p> +<p>Boats and sledges combined, first use for Arctic expedition, I, +9.</p> +<p>Books—<br> +<i>Fram’s</i> library, I, 73.<br> +Longing for, during life in hut, II, 457.</p> +<p>Boots, “komager,” used on sledge journey, II, 117, 229, +484.</p> +<p>Botolfsen, Captain of the <i>Söstrene</i>, II, 701.</p> +<p>Brandy, injurious in northern regions: Dr. Nansen’s opinion, +I, 143.</p> +<p>Braun Island, conjecture as to position, II, 548.</p> +<p>Bread used on sledge journey, II, 126, 207, 248.</p> +<p>Brögger, Professor, joins the <i>Fram</i> at Beian, I, 98.</p> +<p>Brown, Captain of the <i>Windward</i>, II, 573, 578.</p> +<p>Bruce, Dr., member of Jackson-Harmsworth expedition, II, 573.</p> +<p>Bruce Island, II, 510 (Note).</p> +<p>Brünnich’s guillemot, II, 281.</p> +<p>Bruun, Apothecary, medicine supply contributed by, I, 98.</p> +<p>Bugs on board the <i>Fram</i>, I, 233, 266.</p> +<p>Burgess, Mr., member of Jackson-Harmsworth expedition, II, 534.<br> +Sails on the <i>Windward</i>, II, 576.</p> +<p>Burgomasters, II, 379, 386, 475.</p> +<p>Butter used on sledge journey, II, 126, 246.</p> +</div> +<div class="div2"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h3 class="main">C</h3> +<p class="firstpar">Cable, converted into sounding-line, I, 464, +465.</p> +<p>Cape Barents, II, 511.</p> +<p>Cape Buda-Pesth, II, 549.</p> +<p>Cape Butterless, I, 202.</p> +<p>Cape Chelyuskin, I, 212, 215.</p> +<p>Cape Clements Markham, basalt rock, II, 555.</p> +<p>Cape Fisher, II, 501 (Note).</p> +<p>Cape Fligely—<br> +Distance from proposed starting-point of sledge journey, I, 580.<br> +Speculations as to position with regard to, II, 256, 268, 272.</p> +<p>Cape Flora, geological investigations, II, 550. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb717" href="#pb717" name="pb717">717</a>]</span></p> +<p>Cape Flora, geological investigations—Nathorst, Professor, +report on, II, 560.</p> +<p>Cape Lapteff, I, 191 (Note).</p> +<p>Cape Lofley, speculations as to position with regard to, II, 391, +458, 489, 490.</p> +<p>Cape M’Clintock, basalt rocks, II, 493, 554.</p> +<p>Cape Richthofen, II, 504 (Note).<br> +Reached by Jackson, II, 534 (Note).</p> +<p>Card-playing on board the <i>Fram</i>, I, 364, 365, 517.</p> +<p>Carex œsicaria, boots lined with, on sledge journey, II, +117.</p> +<p>“Castle” Rock, II, 493.</p> +<p>Cephalotaxus Fortunei, II, 561.</p> +<p>Chart-room, used as kitchen in summer, I, 527 (Note).</p> +<p>Chatanga River—<i>Fram</i> passes north of, I, 225.<br> +Land lying between the Chatanga and the Anabara, I, 225, 226.</p> +<p>Child, Mr., member of Jackson-Harmsworth expedition, II, 534.<br> +Sails on the <i>Windward</i>, II, 576.</p> +<p>Christiania Fjord, the <i>Fram</i> enters, on return from +expedition, II, 595.</p> +<p>Christiania Geographical Society, Nansen’s address before, +idea of expedition first propounded in, I, 14, 15.</p> +<p>Christmas festivities, I, 343, 344 ; II, 31, 33, 34, 448.</p> +<p>Christofersen, secretary to Nansen, I, 104.<br> +Leaves the <i>Fram</i> at Khabarova, I, 132, 133, 144.<br> +Meets Nansen at Hammerfest on return of expedition, II, 588.</p> +<p>Cladophlebis, II, 562.</p> +<p>Clay sandstone, Cape Flora, II, 553.</p> +<p>Clements Markham’s Foreland, II, 363 (Note).</p> +<p>Cleve, Professor, diatoms found in ice-floes off Greenland Coast, +examined by, I, 39.</p> +<p>Clio Borealis, II, 283.</p> +<p>Clothing, I, 392, 393, 413, 415.<br> +Deplorable condition during life in hut, II, 434.<br> +Drying clothes on sledge journey, II, 145.<br> +Equipment for sledge journey, II, 14, 114, 115.<br> +Equipment for southward journey, II, 474, 484.</p> +<p>Cloudberry flower, tundra-plains of Asia, I, 123.</p> +<p>Cloudberry, “Polar champagne 83d degree,” II, 33.</p> +<p>Coal found in clay, Cape Flora, II, 553.</p> +<p>Coal-oil apparatus for range-heating, I, 526, 547.</p> +<p>Coal supply for the <i>Fram</i>, I, 76, 77, 548; II, 650.</p> +<p>Cod, Polar, II, 258.</p> +<p>Cold in Arctic regions, reports exaggerated, I, 392, 393.</p> +<p>Committee of expedition. I, 56.</p> +<p>Compasses taken on sledge expedition, II, 124.</p> +<p>Cooking arrangements—<br> +<i>Fram</i>, I, 526, 527, 547.<br> +Hut, II, 428.<br> +Sledge journey, II, 15, 120.<br> +Southward journey after winter in the hut, II, 483.</p> +<p>Cook’s expedition (1776) through Bering Strait, I, 12.</p> +<p>Coral insects, I, 298.</p> +<p>Crew of the <i>Fram</i>, I, 77.<br> +Courage and cheerfulness, I, 361, 365, 450, 545, 546.<br> +Faith in their leader, I, 535.<br> +Health of, I, 244, 245, 354, 355, 356, 362, 390, 407; II, 627.<br> +Meeting with Nansen and Johansen on return of expedition, II, 706.<br> +Nansen’s address to, explaining objects of sledge journey +northward, II, 8.<br> +News of safe arrival of Nansen and Johansen, II, 704, 705.<br> +Occupations during winter, I, 238, 427.<br> +Return to Norway—meeting with Nansen at Tromsö, II, 593.</p> +<p>Crown-Prince Rudolf’s Land—<br> +Discovery by Payer, I, 12.<br> +Sighted by Nansen, II, 321, 357.<br> +Speculations as to position with regard to, II, 349, 459.</p> +<p>Crustaceæ, I, 298, 399; II, 283.</p> +<p>Current from Bering Sea to Atlantic Ocean, Nansen’s theory as +to, I, 16, 368, 443.</p> +<p>Current, Nansen’s theory, existence of slow current +established, II, 711.</p> +<p>Currents, Hydrographic observation, results, II, 711.</p> +<p>Czekanowskia, II, 562.</p> +</div> +<div class="div2"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h3 class="main">D</h3> +<p class="firstpar">Daily life in hut, II, 435, 456, 457.</p> +<p>Daily life on <i>Fram</i> during drift, I, 246.</p> +<p>Danes Island, Andrée expedition stationed on, visited by the +<i>Fram</i>, II, 701.</p> +<p>Danish expedition (Hovgaard’s), I, 12.</p> +<p>De Long, Letter to Gordon Bennett, I, 13. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb718" href="#pb718" name="pb718">718</a>]</span></p> +<p>Denmark Strait, drift-ice of Siberian origin, I, 23.</p> +<p>Depot of reserve food during life in hut, II, 429, 482.</p> +<p>Depots on ice near the <i>Fram</i>, II, 602, 606, 623, 624, 667.<br> +Things taken on board, II, 641, 678, 681.</p> +<p>Depots on New Siberian Islands established by Baron Von Toll, I, 75, +76.</p> +<p>Diatoms—<br> +Ice-water, containing, I, 290, 503, 508, 509, 513, 514, 515.<br> +Identical species found in ice-floes off the east coast of Greenland +and off Bering Strait, I, 38, 39.</p> +<p>Dick, A., contributions to expedition, I, 55, 56, 57.</p> +<p>Dickson, Baron Oscar, electric installation for expedition, provided +by, I, 55.</p> +<p>Dickson’s Island, intention to deposit letters on, abandoned, +I, 157.</p> +<p>Dogs—<br> +Arrangements for sledge expedition, I, 446, 581, 585; II, 109.<br> +Close confinement on the <i>Fram</i>, I, 254. 255.<br> +Drives with, I, 126, 287, 288, 391, 392, 395, 543; II, 82, 110, +151.<br> +Food, I, 101, 581, 582; II, 105, 106, 109, 325.<br> +Harness, I, 128; II, 16, 102.<br> +Kennels, I, 537; II, 657, 658.<br> +Killed by bears, I, 327, 328.<br> +Killed by their fellows, I, 271, 301, 310.<br> +Killed on sledge journey, II, 143, 162, 175, 180, 190, 191, 192, 197, +201, 207, 210, 227, 234, 241, 244, 259, 271, 274, 275, 306, 336.<br> +List of dogs taken on sledge journey, II, 131.<br> +Number insufficient, II, 163, 167.<br> +Number left on the <i>Fram</i> when Nansen started on sledge +expedition, II, 656.<br> +Paralysis in legs, II, 313.<br> +Pemmican-bags attacked by, II, 195.<br> +Puppies, I, 332, 333, 406, 483, 537; II, 656, 657, 682.<br> +Accidents to, I, 564, 574; II, 6.<br> +Convulsive attacks, I, 420, 421, 422, 475, 476; II, 556.<br> +Paralysis, I, 479.<br> +Run on ice, I, 475.<br> +Training, I, 545.<br> +Removal to safe quarters on occasion of great ice-pressure, II, 48, +57.<br> +Return of missing dog, I, 334, 335.</p> +<p>Dogs—<br> +Scent, keenness of, I, 417.<br> +Sufferings on sledge journey, II, 148, 192.<br> +Summer quarters, I, 479, 480.<br> +Temper of dogs brought to ship and of dogs born on board, difference +between, II, 661.<br> +Trontheim—<br> +Account of journey with dogs, I, 133, 134.<br> +Delivers dogs to Dr. Nansen, I, 114, 117.<br> +Use of dogs on previous expeditions, I, 7, 8.<br> +Von Toll, Baron, provides dogs for expedition, I, 75.</p> +<p>Dolgoi, unknown islands descried near, I, 111.</p> +<p>Dove Glacier, conjecture as to position of, II, 548.</p> +<p>Drift of the <i>Fram</i>—<br> +Chart made by Hansen, I, 539.<br> +Conclusions arrived at from scientific observations, II, 708.<br> +Latitude and longitude, statements indicating general course of drift, +I, 445; II, 644, 663.<br> +Measuring, II, 614.<br> +Northward drift, I, 292, 305, 308, 311, 312, 320, 369, 370, 386, 387, +393, 402, 403, 414, 420, 440, 442, 444, 445, 446, 523, 557, 564; II, +24, 31, 33, 61, 64, 101, 613, 614, 662, 663.<br> +Open water, the <i>Fram</i> emerges into, II, 700.<br> +Second year’s drift (northward) nearly south of that of first, +II, 663.<br> +Southward drift, I, 269, 291, 302, 309, 366, 387, 402, 404, 406, 407, +413, 422, 424, 445, 513, 531, 537; II, 21, 76, 82.<br> +Sverdrup’s account of drift after Nansen’s departure, II, +601.<br> +Temperature for every month during, II, 714.<br> +Thickness of ice under the <i>Fram</i> during drift, I, 459.<br> +Winds, strength influencing, II, 711.</p> +<p>Drift of <i>Jeannette</i>, I, 13, 17, 540.</p> +<p>Drift-ice, continuous motion of, II, 708.<br> +Denmark Strait, Siberian origin, I, 23.<br> +Greenland, Siberian origin, I, 38, 39.</p> +<p>Drift, sledge journey (Nansen and Johansen), II, 268, 272.</p> +<p>Drift-wood, II, 666, 708.<br> +Nansen’s current theory supported by, I, 20, 21. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb719" href="#pb719" name="pb719">719</a>]</span></p> +<p>Drowning, Nansen’s narrow escape from, in recovering kayak, +II, 513.</p> +<p>Drying clothes on sledge journey, II, 116, 145.</p> +<p>Dust collected on ice-surface, microscopic examination of, I, 503, +504.</p> +<p>Dutch Cape, II, 702.</p> +<p>Dutch, early Arctic explorers, I, 6.</p> +</div> +<div class="div2"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h3 class="main">E</h3> +<p class="firstpar">Easter-day festivities, II, 175.</p> +<p>Echinus, Torup’s Island, II, 355.</p> +<p>Eclipse of the sun, I, 431, 432.</p> +<p>Egeberg, Consul Westye, contributions to expedition, I, 55.</p> +<p>Egg-hunting, II, 565.</p> +<p>Eider ducks, I, 227; II, 503.</p> +<p>Eightieth degree, festivities on passing, I, 387, 388.</p> +<p>Eighty-second degree, festivities. I, 565.</p> +<p>Eighty-three degrees thirty-four minutes, festivities, II, 60.</p> +<p>Eighty-six degrees ten minutes, festivities, II, 170.</p> +<p>Ekersund, the <i>Fram</i> puts in at, I, 88.</p> +<p>Electric light installation, I, 71.<br> +Packed away, II, 651.<br> +Setting up for winter, I, 241.<br> +Successful working, I, 293.</p> +<p><i>Elida</i> precedes the <i>Fram</i> up fjord on return to +Christiania, II, 596.</p> +<p>Engine of the <i>Fram</i>, I, 68, 69.<br> +Amundsen’s devotion to, I, 238.<br> +Preparing for work after drift, II, 684.<br> +Repaired at Khabarova, I, 121.<br> +Trial, as compound engine, II, 693.<br> +Water, accumulation in engine-room, II, 627, 664.</p> +<p>English, early Arctic explorers, I, 6.</p> +<p>English North Pole Expedition, scurvy attack, 1, 585, 586.</p> +<p>Equipment—<br> +<i>Fram</i>, I, 57.<br> +Sledge expedition (Nansen and Johansen), II, 112, 285, 314, 317, +481.</p> +<p>Eva’s Island, II, 344 (Note).</p> +</div> +<div class="div2"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h3 class="main">F</h3> +<p class="firstpar">Farewell to home, I, 81.</p> +<p>Farewell to Norway, I, 104.</p> +<p>Farewell to the <i>Fram</i> on starting on sledge expedition, II, +132.</p> +<p>Farsund, I, 88.</p> +<p>Fearnley, Thomas, member of committee of expedition, I, 55, 56.<br> +Contribution to expedition, I, 55.</p> +<p>Feildenia, II, 561.</p> +<p>Ferns, fossil, Cape Flora, II, 562.</p> +<p>Fire—<br> +Petroleum launch on fire, I, 147.<br> +Precautions against, I, 535, 536.<br> +Tent on fire, II, 296.</p> +<p>Finn shoes worn on sledge journey, II, 116.<br> +“Komager” boots substituted for, II, 229.<br> +Mending, II, 195.</p> +<p>Finsko, sennegraes in, II, 117.</p> +<p>Fish-flour, Våge’s, used on sledge journey, II, 125.</p> +<p>Fisher, H., member of Jackson-Harmsworth Expedition, II, 534, +576.<br> +Returns on <i>Windward</i>, II, 577.</p> +<p>Fisher-folks’ interest in expedition, I, 96, 97.</p> +<p>Fishing between ice-cracks, I, 274.</p> +<p>“Fiskegratin” suppers on sledge journey, II, 145.</p> +<p>Flagellata, I, 515.</p> +<p>Flora—<br> +Franz Josef Land, II, 558.<br> +Greenland flora, Siberian vegetable forms contained in, I, 23.<br> +Tundra-plains of Asia, I, 122.</p> +<p>Flour, steamed, used on sledge journey, II, 126.</p> +<p>Food—<br> +Depots on New Siberian Islands, established by Baron von Toll, I, 75, +76.<br> +<i>Fram</i> equipment, I, 72, 73, 246, 367.<br> +Menus (see that title).<br> +Sledge journey, I, 581,582; II, 124, 145, 147, 149.<br> +Daily meals during life in hut, II, 428, 429.<br> +Depot of reserve food near hut, II, 429, 482.<br> +Drying food, II, 302.<br> +Meat and fat diet, no injurious effects felt from, II, 314.<br> +Monotony of diet during life in hut, II, 461.<br> +Rations, II, 157, 243, 246, 248, 282, 283.<br> +Southward journey after winter in hut, food for, II, 482, 509.</p> +<p>Foot-gear, sledge expedition, II, 116.</p> +<p>Forge, II, 605, 665.</p> +<p>Forget-me-nots, tundra-plains of Asia, I, 122.</p> +<p><i>Forum</i>, Greely’s article on proposed expedition, I, +48.</p> +<p>Fossils, Cape Flora, II, 550, 555, 558.<br> +Nathorst, Professor, report on, II, 560. <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb720" href="#pb720" name="pb720">720</a>]</span></p> +<p>Foxes, I, 197, 297, 335; II, 189, 190, 192, 429, 442, 475.</p> +<p><i>Fram</i>—<br> +Awning stretched over, for second winter, I, 549.<br> +Birthday celebrations, I, 294, 569.<br> +Change of quarters after Nansen’s departure, II, 606.<br> +Construction and equipment, I, 29, 30, 61.<br> +Cost of, I, 55.<br> +Crew (see that title).<br> +Drift (see that title).<br> +Frozen into the ice (September 23d), I, 233.<br> +Ice-pressure, excellent behavior of ship during, I, 110; II, 47, 60, +69.<br> +Blasting the <i>Fram</i> loose from, II, 642, 686 (see also +Ice-pressure).<br> +Leakage, II, 643, 664.<br> +Library, I, 73.<br> +Lightening, II, 651.<br> +Nansen’s farewell to, on starting on sledge journey, II, 132.<br> +Photograph taken by moonlight, II, 69.<br> +Safe return to Norway, II, 589, 590.<br> +Sailing of the <i>Fram</i>, Anniversaries, I, 501; II, 299.<br> +<span class="corr" id="xd20e10310" title= +"Source: Skjævö">Skjærvö</span>, the <i>Fram</i> +anchored at, II, 703.<br> +Spring-cleaning on board, I, 440, 441; II, 624.<br> +Sverdrup’s account of voyage after Nansen’s departure, II, +601.<br> +Thickness of ice under the <i>Fram</i> during drift, I, 459.<br> +Tromsö Harbor entered on return of expedition, II, 706.<br> +Trontheim’s account of ship and crew, I, 141.<br> +Warmth and coziness of, I, 305, 490.<br> +Warping ahead through ice-floes, II, 693.<br> +Winter on board, I, 237, 246.</p> +<p><i>Framsjaa</i>, newspaper, I, 317, 344, 357.</p> +<p>Franklin expeditions, Nansen reading, II, 23.</p> +<p>Franz Josef Land—<br> +Expeditions to, I, 12.<br> +Extent of archipelago, speculation as to, II, 557.<br> +<i>Fram</i>, half-way between New Siberian Islands and Franz Josef +Land, I, 567.<br> +<i>Fram</i> reaching point north of, speculation as to possibility of, +I, 531, 540, 579<br> +Geological investigations, II, 550, 560.<br> +Map, Nansen’s, II, 547, 548.<br> +Position with regard to, Nansen’s conjectures, I, 414; II, 272, +343, 349, 458, 509, 511, 519, 528.<br> +West coast reached by Nansen and Johansen, II, 355, 360.<br> +Wintering on, II, 391.</p> +<p>“Frederick Jackson Island,” name given to land on which +Nansen and Johansen wintered, II, 550.</p> +<p>Freeden Island, II, 344 (Note), 548.</p> +<p>Fucup, Torup’s Island, II, 355.</p> +<p>Fuel, petroleum, used for sledge expedition, II, 121.</p> +<p>Fulmars, I, 468; II, 229, 281, 313, 340, 408, 475, 502, 617, 634, +688.</p> +<p>Future expedition, Nansen on possibilities of, II, 712.</p> +</div> +<div class="div2"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h3 class="main">G</h3> +<p class="firstpar">Gadus Polaris, II, 258.</p> +<p>Geelmuyden Island, II, 378.</p> +<p>Geelmuyden, Professor, supervision of astronomical instruments for +expedition undertaken by, I, 74.</p> +<p>Geese, I, 159, 160; II, 393, 500, 503.</p> +<p>Geographical Society, London—<br> +Contributions to expedition, I, 55, 56.<br> +Nansen’s lecture before, I, 32 (Note), 40, 541.</p> +<p>Geographical Society, Norwegian, contributions to expedition, I, +56.</p> +<p>Gillis Land—<br> +Proposed sledge expedition, I, 583.<br> +Speculation as to position with regard to, II, 459, 488, 489.</p> +<p>Gingkos, II, 561, 562.</p> +<p>Glacier, rumblings in, II, 454 and Note.</p> +<p>Glaucus gulls, II, 356, 408.</p> +<p>Gloves used on sledge journey, II, 118.</p> +<p>Golden plovers, I, 152.</p> +<p>Goose Island, II, 500, 554.</p> +<p>Goose Land, Novaya Zemlya, failure to land at, I, 105.</p> +<p>Greely expedition (1881–84), highest latitude reached previous +to Nansen’s expedition, I, 10.</p> +<p>Greely, General, articles on Nansen’s proposed expedition, I, +48, 51.</p> +<p>Greenland—<br> +Drifts on coast, conclusions drawn from, II, 708.<br> +Flora, Siberian vegetable forms included in, I, 23.<br> +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb721" href="#pb721" name= +"pb721">721</a>]</span> Sea route between Greenland and Spitzbergen, I, +11.</p> +<p>Greenland shark, II, 637.</p> +<p>Greenland whale, II, 558.</p> +<p>Guillemots, I, 230, 468; II, 232, 281, 471, 634, 692.</p> +<p>Gulf Stream, temperature of Polar Sea affected by, II, 711.</p> +<p>Gulls, I, 468, 471; II, 238, 255, 400, 408, 634.<br> +Glaucus, II, 356, 408.<br> +Ivory, II, 237, 244, 248, 266, 303, 313, 326, 340, 350, 379, 386, +476.<br> +Ross’s, I, 471; II, 313, 315, 324, 325, 340.<br> +Silver, II, 273.</p> +<p>Guns taken on sledge expedition, II, 123, 486.</p> +</div> +<div class="div2"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h3 class="main">H</h3> +<p class="firstpar">Haalogoland, II, 593.</p> +<p>Hagensen, Johan, pilot of <i>Fram</i> from Bergen to Vardö, I, +88.</p> +<p>Hagerup, Secretary, Nansen’s telegram to, on return of +expedition, II, 583.</p> +<p>Hammerfest, Nansen and Johansen arrive at, II, 586.</p> +<p>Hansen, S. S., member of expedition, I, 78.<br> +Bear encounter, I, 260, 286.<br> +Chart of drift, I, 539.<br> +Christmas presents, I, 344.<br> +Frozen toes, II, 605.<br> +Hut, building, II, 665.<br> +Kayak adventure, I, 517.<br> +Map of route, II, 82.<br> +Meteorological observations conducted by, I, 243.<br> +Snow-hut for observations built by, II, 16.<br> +Tabular form for observations on sledge expeditions, prepared by, II, +16.</p> +<p>Harelda Glacialis, I, 121.</p> +<p>Harold Hardråde, Arctic voyage recorded of, I, 4.</p> +<p>Harp seals, II, 369.</p> +<p><i>Harper’s Weekly</i>, Greely’s article on expedition, +I, 51.</p> +<p>Hats, felt, worn on sledge journey, II, 118.</p> +<p>Hauling harness, II, 275.</p> +<p>Hawk Island, I, 147.</p> +<p>Hayward, member of Jackson-Harmsworth expedition, II, 541.</p> +<p>Head covering, worn on sledge journey, II, 118.</p> +<p>Head shaving on board the <i>Fram</i>, II, 628.</p> +<p>Health of crew (see title Crew).</p> +<p>Heiberg, Axel, contributions to expedition, I, 55, 56.</p> +<p>Helland’s Foreland, II, 366, 371.</p> +<p>Henriksen, Peter Leonard, member of expedition, I, 79.<br> +Bet with Juell as to thickness of ice under the <i>Fram</i>, I, +459.<br> +Expedition up Yugor Strait, I, 118, 121.<br> +Spitzbergen stories, I, 378.<br> +Wish to join Nansen on sledge journey, II, 136.</p> +<p>Herlö Fjord, I, 92.</p> +<p>Herring gull, I, 468.</p> +<p>Hestemanden, I, 98.</p> +<p>Hoffmann Island, speculation as to position, II, 548.</p> +<p lang="no">Hollændernæset, II, 702.</p> +<p>Homeward march begun, sledge journey, II, 170.</p> +<p>Homeward voyage on the <i>Windward</i>, II, 577.</p> +<p>Hoods worn on sledge journey, II, 118.</p> +<p>Hooker Island, II, 509, 528.</p> +<p>Hooker, Sir Joseph, adverse opinion on proposed expedition, I, +47.</p> +<p>Houen, Anton, contribution to expedition, I, 55.</p> +<p>Houen’s Island, II, 353.</p> +<p>Hovgaard expedition, I, 12.</p> +<p>Hovland, pilot from Christiania to Bergen, I, 88.</p> +<p>Hudson, Henry, expedition (1607) by sea-route between Greenland and +Spitzbergen, I, 11.</p> +<p>Hummerdus, I, 88.</p> +<p>Hummocks, highest climbed, II, 218.</p> +<p>Hut for scientific observations, II, 664, 665.</p> +<p>Hut, Jackson’s, II, 536.</p> +<p>Hut, wintering in—<br> +Building hut, II, 390, 393, 410, 412, 419, 427.<br> +Cooking arrangements, II, 428, 436.<br> +Daily life, II, 434, 456, 457, 464.<br> +Departure on southward journey, II, 487.<br> +Depot of reserve food, II, 429, 482.<br> +“Frederick Jackson’s Island,” name given to land on +which hut was built, II, 550.<br> +Report left in hut, II, 487.<br> +Sleeping-shelf, II, 427.<br> +Speculations as to position, II, 458.<br> +Temperature in hut, II, 435.</p> +<p>Hvidtenland, II, 344 (Note), 458, 548.</p> +<p>Hydrographic equipment for expedition, I,74.</p> +<p>Hydrographic observations, results, II, 711. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb722" href="#pb722" name="pb722">722</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h3 class="main">I</h3> +<p class="firstpar">Ice—<br> +First meeting with, I, 106.<br> +Hummock, highest climbed, II, 218.<br> +Impracticability for sledge expedition,<br> +Nansen’s consideration on possibility of, I, 584.<br> +Lanes in, I, 455; II, 183, 212, 215, 220, 230.<br> +Organisms contained in, I, 290, 502, 503, 514, 515.<br> +Rate of formation, I, 304, 398, 457.<br> +Roughness of surface during late spring weather, I, 449.<br> +Rubble-ice, II, 168.<br> +Sea-ice only encountered, except under land, II, 184 (Note).<br> +Shore-ice, II, 242.<br> +Siberia, ice-drift from, II, 140, 190, 708.<br> +Stratified formation, I, 401.<br> +Temperature, I, 463.<br> +Thickness of ice under the <i>Fram</i> during drift, I, 459.<br> +Thirst quenched by sucking ice, II, 151 (Note).<br> +Water for cooking, better than snow, II, 228 (Note).<br> +White reflection from, I, 148.<br> +Winds strongly influencing ice-drift, II, 711.</p> +<p>Icebergs, II, 344, 350.</p> +<p>Ice-blasting, I, 343; II, 642, 652, 667, 686.</p> +<p>Ice-foot, II, 518 (Note).</p> +<p>Ice-gull, II, 617.</p> +<p>Ice-mews, I, 468.</p> +<p>Ice-pressure, I, 271, 272, 277, 279, 292, 304, 307, 308, 313, 352, +369, 381, 397, 398, 408; II, 28, 37, 38, 39, 42, 65, 66, 602, 610, 613, +638, 652, 662, 669, 693.<br> +Blasting, II, 642, 652.<br> +<i>Fram</i> freed from, II, 700.<br> +Preparations for abandonment of the <i>Fram</i> on occasion of severe +ice-pressure, II, 47.<br> +Removal of high pressure-ridge, II, 605.</p> +<p>Infusoria found in ice-water, I, 515.</p> +<p>Inglefield<span class="corr" id="xd20e10692" title= +"Source: .">,</span> Sir E., favorable view of proposed expedition, I, +45.</p> +<p>Instruments for scientific observations—<br> +<i>Fram</i> equipment, I, 72.<br> +Sledge expedition, II, 124.</p> +<p>Iövenskiold, C., contribution to expedition, I, 55.</p> +<p>Ivory gulls, II, 237, 244, 248, 266, 303, 313, 326, 341, 350, 379, +386, 475.</p> +</div> +<div class="div2"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h3 class="main">J</h3> +<p class="firstpar">Jackson, F.—<br> +Aid given to Nansen in preparation of maps and plans, II, 547.<br> +Cape Richthofen, most northerly point reached by, II, 504.<br> +Hut, II, 536.<br> +Nansen meeting with, II, 522.</p> +<p>Jackson’s map—<br> +“King Oscar Land,” error in position on, II, 379 +(Note).<br> +Used by Nansen in preparing his sketch-map of Franz Josef Land, II, +548.</p> +<p>Jackson-Harmsworth expedition, I, 12.<br> +Nansen’s meeting with, II, 522.</p> +<p>Jacobsen, T. C., mate of the <i>Fram</i>, I, 78.<br> +Reindeer stalking, I, 160.<br> +Sledge building for northward expedition, II, 73.</p> +<p>Jarlsberg, Baron Harald Wedel, contribution to expedition, I, +55.</p> +<p><i>Jeannette</i> expedition (1879–81)—<br> +Drift, I, 12, 13, 16, 17, 540.<br> +<i>Fram’s</i> drift compared with, I, 540.<br> +Ice-water, distilling before drinking, unnecessary trouble, II, +228.<br> +Scurvy, immunity from, I, 586.</p> +<p>Johansen, F. H., member of expedition, I, 79.<br> +Bandaging lessons in preparation for sledge journey, II, 70.<br> +Bear attack, narrow escape, II, 329.<br> +Birthday feast, II, 210.<br> +Chosen as Nansen’s companion on sledge journey, II, 2, 7.<br> +Kayak building, II, 12.<br> +Meteorological observations, I, 243, 363.</p> +<p>Journals—<br> +Difficulty of writing during life in hut, II, 436.<br> +Duplicate carried by Nansen on sledge expedition, II, 16.</p> +<p>Juell, A., steward and cook of the <i>Fram</i>, I, 78, 79.<br> +Bet with Peter as to thickness of ice under the <i>Fram</i>, I, +459.<br> +Dog-tailor, II, 16.</p> +<p>Julianehaab, drift from wreck of the <i>Jeannette</i> discovered +near, I, 17.</p> +</div> +<div class="div2"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h3 class="main">K</h3> +<p class="firstpar">Kamenni Islands, I, 158.</p> +<p>Kane’s expedition, inadequate preparations, I, 353.</p> +<p>Kara River, I, 149. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb723" href= +"#pb723" name="pb723">723</a>]</span></p> +<p>Kara Sea—<br> +<i>Fram</i> sails into, I, 147, 148.<br> +View of, from Siberian coast, I, 124.</p> +<p>Karl Alexander Land, II, 550.</p> +<p>Kayaks—<br> +Bags stuffed with pemmican placed under, II, 82, 86.<br> +Building, I, 510, 515, 516, 523, 525; II, 12, 13, 112, 648.<br> +Crossing ice-lanes, II, 139 (Note), 329.<br> +Drifting, Nansen nearly drowned in recovering, II, 512.<br> +Food, arrangement in, II, 157.<br> +Hansen’s adventure in, I, 517.<br> +Preparing for sledge journey after winter in hut, II, 483.<br> +Rate of progress, II, 346.<br> +Repairing, II, 194, 239, 241, 246, 247, 248, 306, 314, 483.<br> +Sledges to be abandoned for, II, 282, 336.</p> +<p>Kelch, Nikolai, contribution to expedition, I, 75.</p> +<p>Khabarova—<br> +Churches, I, 115.<br> +Festival of St. Elias, I, 128.<br> +<i>Fram</i> puts in at, I, 112.<br> +Russian traders, I, 140.<br> +Trontheim’s meeting with Nansen, I, 113.</p> +<p><i>King Halfdan</i> tows the <i>Fram</i> into Tromsö harbor, +II, 706.</p> +<p>King of Norway—<br> +Contribution to expedition, I, 54.<br> +Medal presented to Trontheim, I, 144.</p> +<p>King Oscar’s Bay, I, 218.</p> +<p>King Oscar’s Land—<br> +Extent probably not great, II, 556.<br> +Jackson’s Map, error as to position, II, 379 (Note).<br> +Speculation as to position with regard to, II, 459.</p> +<p>Kinn, I, 95.</p> +<p>Kitchen, chart-room used as, in summer, I, 527.</p> +<p>Kittiwakes, I, 468; II, 341, 408, 503, 617, 692.</p> +<p>Kjellman’s Island—<br> +<i>Fram</i> anchors at, I, 160.<br> +Unknown lands near, I, 159.</p> +<p>Kjollefjord, the <i>Fram</i> puts in at, I, 102.</p> +<p>Kjösterad, A. S., contribution to expedition, I, 55.</p> +<p>Knipa Sound, I, 184.</p> +<p>Knudtzon, Consul N. H., contribution to expedition, I, 55.</p> +<p>Koetlitz, Dr., member of Jackson-Harmsworth expedition, II, 534, +550.</p> +<p>Koldewey expedition (1869–70), I, 11.</p> +<p>“Komager” boots worn on sledge journey, II, 117, 229, +485.<br> +Repairing, II, 485.</p> +<p><i>Köngespeilet</i>, polar ice described in, I, 5.</p> +<p>Kopepodæ, I, 274.</p> +<p>Kotelnoi, I, 228.</p> +<p>Kryloff, account of Trontheim’s journey with dogs, written by, +I, 134.</p> +<p><span class="corr" id="xd20e10929" title= +"Source: Kvaenangan">Kvænangan</span> Fjord, II, 703.</p> +<p>Kvarvan, I, 91.</p> +</div> +<div class="div2"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h3 class="main">L</h3> +<p class="firstpar">Laminaria, II, 308.</p> +<p>Lamps—<br> +Fire caused by explosion, II, 296.<br> +“Primus,” cooking with, on sledge expedition, II, 121.<br> +Train-oil, II, 353, 426, 436.</p> +<p>Land—<br> +<i>Fram’s</i> first sight of, on homeward voyage, II, 701.<br> +Sledge journey, Nansen’s first sight of, II, 319.</p> +<p>Lanes in ice, kayaks or sledges crossing, II, 329.</p> +<p>Langöia, unknown islands descried near, I, 111.</p> +<p>Lapteff, I, 209.</p> +<p>Larus argentatus, II, 238, 266, 273.</p> +<p>Larus eburneus, I, 468; II, 303, 475.</p> +<p>Larus glaucus, II, 475.</p> +<p>Larus tridactylus, II, 617.</p> +<p>Latitude and longitude: statements showing drift of the <i>Fram</i>, +I, 445; II, 643, 663.</p> +<p>Leigh-Smith—<br> +Franz Josef Land visited by, I, 12.<br> +Nansen’s speculations as to position with regard to +Leigh-Smith’s quarters, II, 369, 519.</p> +<p>Length of voyage, speculations as to, I, 521, 539, 540.</p> +<p>Lestris parasiticus, I, 159, 468; II, 666.</p> +<p>Library on board the <i>Fram</i>, I, 73.</p> +<p>Lister Fjord, the <i>Fram</i> puts in at, I, 88.</p> +<p>Little auks, II, 255, 282, 305, 355, 358, 372, 410, 465, 466, 471, +476, 503, 617, 634, 688, 692.</p> +<p>Liv’s birthday, II, 66, 455.</p> +<p>“Liv’s Island,” II, 344 (Note).</p> +<p>Lobscouse suppers, II, 144.</p> +<p>Lockwood, highest latitude reached by, previous to Nansen +expedition, I, 10.</p> +<p>Lofoten, I, 101.</p> +<p>Log-line for measuring drift, II, 614.</p> +<p>Long-boat, preparing for emergencies, II, 624, 651. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb724" href="#pb724" name="pb724">724</a>]</span></p> +<p>Long-tailed ducks, I, 122, 152.</p> +<p>“Longing Camp,” II, 314.<br> +Farewell to, II, 315.<br> +Iceberg or land sighted from, II, 307, 318.</p> +<p>Loon, Yalmal, I, 149.</p> +<p>“Lovunden” hummock, II, 609.</p> +<p>Lovunen, I, 101.</p> +<p>Lumbago, sufferings from, II, 322, 324.</p> +<p>Lytzen, Mr., discovery at Julianehaab of drift from the +<i>Jeannette</i>, I, 17, 18.</p> +</div> +<div class="div2"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h3 class="main">M</h3> +<p class="firstpar">Mack, Advocate, contribution to expedition, I, +101.</p> +<p>M’Clintock expedition—<br> +Arrangement, good, II, 23.<br> +Scurvy, immunity from, I, 586.<br> +Sledge journey, I, 8.</p> +<p>M’Clintock, Sir Leopold, adverse opinion of proposed +expedition, I, 41.</p> +<p>Magerö, I, 102.</p> +<p>Magnetic constant, Hansen’s observations, I, 243.</p> +<p>Magnetic equipment carried by the <i>Fram</i>, I, 73, 74.<br> +Supervised by Neumeyer, I, 74.</p> +<p>Magnetic needle, singular inclination of, II, 19.</p> +<p>Mangerland, I, 92.</p> +<p>Markham, Albert—<br> +High latitude reached by, I, 10.<br> +Sledge journeys, I, 8, 9, 585.</p> +<p>Markham Sound, speculation as to position with regard to, II, +509.</p> +<p>Mary Elizabeth Island, II, 500 (Note).</p> +<p>Matches, precautions against fire, I, 536.</p> +<p>May 17th, celebrations, I, 483; II, 218, 628, 683.</p> +<p>Meat—<br> +Fresh, remarkable preservation, I, 496.<br> +Preparations taken on sledge journey, II, 124.</p> +<p>Meat-chocolate, afternoon refreshment on sledge journey, II, +150.</p> +<p>Medicine-chest, I, 98.<br> +Sledge journey equipment, II, 126.<br> +Store in long-boat, contents uninjured, II, 649.</p> +<p>Medusæ, I, 298.</p> +<p>Members of expedition (see Crew of the <i>Fram</i>).</p> +<p>Menus, feast-days, I, 256, 348, 349, 360, 388, 483, 486, 552, 565, +566; II, 24, 33, 170, 176, 210, 218, 320, 449.</p> +<p>Menus, ordinary days, I, 391.</p> +<p>Mergulus alle, II, 255, 465.</p> +<p>Meteorological observations—<br> +Huts built for, II, 16, 664.<br> +Instruments carried by <i>Fram</i>, I, 73, 74.<br> +Instruments carried on sledge journey, II, 123.<br> +Method of conducting, I, 243, 363.</p> +<p>Microscopical research, Nansen’s absorption in, I, 513, 514, +515, 575.</p> +<p>Midsummer-eve, I, 495, 498; II, 299.</p> +<p>Mittens used on sledge journey, II, 118.</p> +<p>Mogstad, Otto Irgens, member of expedition, I, 80.<br> +Kayak and sledge-building, II, 12, 65, 73.</p> +<p>Mohn, Professor—<br> +Lecture on drift from the <i>Jeannette</i>, I, 18.<br> +Meteorological instruments for expedition supervised by, I, 74.<br> +Nansen’s expedition and theories approved of, I, 40.<br> +Nansen’s meeting with, on return, II, 583.</p> +<p>Moltke Moe, farewell telegram, I, 359.</p> +<p>Moons, remarkable, I, 294, 296, 297, 306, 307, 338; II, 27, 54, +65.</p> +<p>Mountain poppies, tundra-plains of Asia, I, 122.</p> +<p>Mud on ice surface, organisms contained in, I, 298, 504.</p> +<p>Multer, II, 33.</p> +<p>Murray’s silk net, fishing with, I, 274.</p> +<p>Musical instruments on <i>Fram</i>, I, 142.</p> +</div> +<div class="div2"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h3 class="main">N</h3> +<p class="firstpar">Nares, Sir George—<br> +Adverse opinion on proposed expedition, I, 41, 42.<br> +Letters of congratulation to Nansen, I, 44 (Note).</p> +<p>Nares’ expedition (1875–76) by Smith Sound Route, I, +10.</p> +<p>Narwhals, II, 215, 217, 231, 244, 633, 634, 666.</p> +<p>Nathorst, Professor, report on vegetable fossils found near Cape +Flora, II, 560.</p> +<p><i>Naturen</i> map, Nansen’s conjectures apparently verified +by the <i>Fram’s</i> drift, I, 541.</p> +<p>Naze, storm off, I, 84.</p> +<p>Neumayer, Dr., magnetic equipment superintended by, I, 74.</p> +<p><i>New Lands within Arctic Circle</i>, quotation from, II, 549 +(Note).</p> +<p>New Siberian Islands—<br> +Food depots established on, I, 75, 76 (Note).<br> +<i>Jeannette</i> expedition, I, 14, 28. <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb725" href="#pb725" name="pb725">725</a>]</span></p> +<p>New Siberian Islands—<br> +Russian expeditions, I, 7, 8.</p> +<p>New-year’s-day, I, 357; II, 41, 454, 668.</p> +<p>Nicolaysen’s plaster used for caulking kayaks, II, 127.</p> +<p>Night in Arctic regions, I, 252, 431, 557, 558, 567.</p> +<p>Norbeck, engine of the <i>Fram</i> constructed by, I, 68.</p> +<p>Nordahl, Bernhard, member of expedition, I, 79.<br> +Assistant in meteorological observations, I, 243.<br> +Hut-building, II, 664, 665.</p> +<p>Nordenfjeldske Steamship Co., of Trondhjem, pilots for expedition +supplied by, I, 88.</p> +<p>Nordenskiöld’s map—<br> +Islands marked on, not seen by Nansen’s expedition, I, 159.<br> +Nansen’s remarks on, I, 188, 189, 190, 191, 195, 197, 199, 200, +203, 215.</p> +<p><i>Nordstjernen</i> precedes the <i>Fram</i> up fjord to +Christiania, II, 596.</p> +<p><i>Norsk Tidsskript for Sövaessen</i>, Colin Archer’s +Article in, I, 59.</p> +<p>Norsksundet, II, 702.</p> +<p>North Cape, I, 102.</p> +<p>Northbrook Island, II, 509 (Note).<br> +Basalt rocks, II, 554.<br> +Change in sea-level, II, 557.<br> +Speculations as to position with regard to, II, 528.</p> +<p>Northeast Island, proposed sledge expedition, I, 583.</p> +<p>Northeast Land—<br> +Basalt rocks, II, 553.<br> +Speculations as to position with regard to, II, 459, 460.</p> +<p>Northeast Passage, Weyprecht and Payer’s expedition, I, +12.</p> +<p>Northernmost point reached, II, 170.</p> +<p>Norway—<br> +Farewell to, I, 104.<br> +First sight of, from <i>Fram</i>, on homeward voyage, II, 703.<br> +First sight of, from <i>Windward</i>, on homeward voyage, II, 580.</p> +<p>Norwegian Geographical Society’s <i>Year-Book</i>—<br> +Nansen’s conjectures, I, 541 (Note).</p> +<p>Norwegian Government—<br> +Contributions to expedition, I, 54, 56.<br> +Telegram to, on return, II, 583.</p> +<p>Norwegian Sound, II, 702.</p> +<p>Novaya Zemlya—<br> +Goose Land, sighted by the <i>Fram</i>, I, 105.</p> +<p>Novaya Zemlya—<br> +Proposed sledge expedition, I, 584.<br> +<i>Windward</i> steers for, II, 579.</p> +</div> +<div class="div2"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h3 class="main">O</h3> +<p class="firstpar">Odometer carried on sledge expedition, II, 101 +(Note), 140, 141.</p> +<p>Onychiopsis, II, 562.</p> +<p>Open water, the <i>Fram</i> enters, after drift, II, 700.</p> +<p><i>Otaria</i>, Nansen sails up Norwegian coast on, II, 586, 590.</p> +<p>Othar, voyage round the North Cape, I, 4.</p> +</div> +<div class="div2"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h3 class="main">P</h3> +<p class="firstpar">Painting kayaks, difficulties of, II, 306.</p> +<p>Papaver nudicaule, I, 122; II, 353.</p> +<p>Parry’s expedition—<br> +Arrangement good, II, 23.<br> +Boats and sledges first used on, I, 9.</p> +<p>Payer—<br> +Expedition, I, 12; II, 75, 237, 344 (Note).<br> +Map, II, 548, 556.<br> +<i>New Lands within Arctic Circle</i>, quotation from, II, 549 +(Note).</p> +<p>Peary expedition—<br> +Scurvy, immunity from, I, 586.<br> +Sledge journeys, I, 8.</p> +<p>Pemmican—<br> +Bags of, placed under kayaks, II, 82, 86.<br> +Supply for sledge expedition, unsatisfactory, II, 125 (Note).</p> +<p>Peppervik—<br> +<i>Fram</i> sails from, I, 82.<br> +Welcome on return of the <i>Fram</i>, II, 596.</p> +<p>Peter Head, II, 510 (Note).</p> +<p>Petermann’s Land—<br> +Discovery by Payer, I, 12.<br> +Extent, probably not great, II, 556.<br> +Speculations as to position with regard to, II, 226.</p> +<p><i lang="de">Petermann’s Mitteilungen</i>, article on proposed +expedition, I, 52.</p> +<p>Petrified wood, Cape Flora, II, 553.</p> +<p>Petroleum fuel used on sledge journey, II, 122, 123.</p> +<p>Petroleum launch—<br> +Accident to, I, 124, 125, 147, 154.<br> +Destruction of, II, 649.</p> +<p>Petroleum store, I, 547; II, 122, 123, 207, 353.</p> +<p>Pettersen, Lars, member of the expedition, I, 79.<br> +Cooking undertaken by, II, 665.<br> +Dancing powers, II, 27, 34. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb726" href= +"#pb726" name="pb726">726</a>]</span></p> +<p>Pettersen, Lars, nail-making, II, 73.<br> +Shooting practice, II, 634.<br> +Sledge expedition, willingness to join, I, 523, 533.<br> +Stove explosion, I, 528.</p> +<p>Phoca barbata, I, 192; II, 284, 289, 634.</p> +<p>Phoca fœtida, I, 234; II, 233.</p> +<p>Phoca grœnlandica, II, 369.</p> +<p>Phosphorescent water, I, 274.</p> +<p>Photographic camera taken on sledge expedition, II, 124.</p> +<p>Pine-tree, vegetable fossils, Cape Flora, II, 560.</p> +<p>Polar cod, II, 258.</p> +<p>Polar Sea, depth of, I, 368, 465; II, 620, 647, 651, 678, 707, +711.</p> +<p>Pole, shifting of, conjectures as to, I, 486, 489.</p> +<p>Pools on ice-floes, I, 453.</p> +<p>Poppies, I, 122; II, 353.</p> +<p>Preparations for expedition, I, 54.</p> +<p>Preparations for sledge expedition. (See Sledge Journeys).</p> +<p>Preparations for southward journey after winter in hut, II, 481, +482.</p> +<p>“Primus” lamp for cooking, taken on sledge expedition, +II, 121.</p> +<p>Procellaria glacialis, I, 468; II, 229, 475, 502.</p> +<p>Ptarmigan, I, 152.</p> +<p>Pterepoda, II, 283.</p> +<p>Pulverized food taken on sledge expedition, II, 124.</p> +<p>Puppies (see title “Dogs”).</p> +</div> +<div class="div2"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h3 class="main">R</h3> +<p class="firstpar">Rhodostethia rosea, I, 471; II, 313.</p> +<p>Rækvik, the <i>Fram</i> takes up her long-boats at, I, 83.</p> +<p>Rainfall, I, 25, 26; II, 246, 308, 323, 341, 655.</p> +<p>Range, coal-oil apparatus for heating, I, 526, 547.</p> +<p>Rawlinson’s Sound, II, 349.</p> +<p>Red Bay, II, 701.</p> +<p>Red snow, II, 356, 372.</p> +<p>Reindeer, I, 150, 160, 203, 211.</p> +<p>Reports—<br> +Nansen’s, deposited in hut, II, 487.<br> +Sverdrup’s, of the <i>Fram’s</i> drift after departure of +Nansen and Johansen, II, 601.</p> +<p>Rheumatism, Nansen suffering from, I, 290; II, 456.</p> +<p>Richards, Sir G. H., adverse opinion on proposed expedition, I, +45.</p> +<p>Richardson expedition, well arranged, II, 23.</p> +<p>Rifle, loss of, I, 201.</p> +<p>Ringed seals, II, 233.</p> +<p>Ringnes, Ellef, member of committee of expedition, I, 56.</p> +<p>Ringnes, T., and Co., contribution to expedition, I, 55.</p> +<p>Rink, Dr., drift-timber found on Greenland coast presented to, I, +20.</p> +<p>Rissi tridactyla, I, 468.</p> +<p>Rope-walk on ice, I, 238, 464.</p> +<p>Ross expedition, arrangements good, II, 23.</p> +<p>Ross’s gulls, I, 471; II, 313, 315, 324, 325, 341, 343, +344.</p> +<p>Royal Geographical Society, London. (See “Geographical +Society.”)</p> +<p>Rubble ice, II, 168.</p> +<p>Russian expeditions, sledges first used on, I, 7.</p> +<p>Russian traders, Khabarova, I, 113, 140.</p> +</div> +<div class="div2"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h3 class="main">S</h3> +<p class="firstpar">Saddleback seals, II, 369.</p> +<p>Sailing on fresh-water pools, I, 454.</p> +<p>Sails for sledges, II, 89.</p> +<p>Saint Peter and Saint Paul Islands, failing to see, I, 220.</p> +<p>Sand-hoppers, I, 254.</p> +<p>Sandpipers, II, 245.</p> +<p>Sannikoff Land, I, 231.</p> +<p>Saxifrage, I, 122; II, 353.</p> +<p>Schist, argillaceous, Helland’s Foreland, II, 372.</p> +<p>Schou Halve, contributor to expedition, I, 55.</p> +<p>Scientific observations made on expedition, separate publication +necessary, II, 707.</p> +<p>Scott-Hansen (see Hansen).</p> +<p>Scurvy, immunity from, I, 585, 586; II, 124, 464.</p> +<p>Sea-slugs, I, 298.</p> +<p>Sea-urchins, II, 355.</p> +<p>Sea-weed, Torup’s Island, II, 355.</p> +<p>Seals, I, 192, 197, 203, 234; II, 232, 233, 244, 284, 286, 289, 300, +302, 335, 340, 357, 363, 369, 614, 634, 688.</p> +<p>Sennegraes, boots lined with on sledge journey, II, 117.</p> +<p>Seven Islands, proposed journey to, over ice, I, 582.</p> +<p>Seven Sisters, I, 101.</p> +<p>Sextant carried on sledge expedition, II, 124.</p> +<p>Sharks, II, 637.</p> +<p>Shellfish, I, 298.</p> +<p>Shoes used on sledge expedition, II, 116, 195.</p> +<p>Shooting competition, I, 517. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb727" +href="#pb727" name="pb727">727</a>]</span></p> +<p>Shooting-stars, I, 297; II, 444.</p> +<p>Shrimps vomited by Arctic rose-gull, I, 472.</p> +<p>Siberia, sledge first used for Arctic explorations, I, 7.</p> +<p>Siberian drift-wood, I, 22; II, 666, 708.</p> +<p>Sibiriakoff colony, Khabarova, I, 112.<br> +Trontheim’s account of life in, I, 140, 141.</p> +<p>Silver gull, II, 273.</p> +<p>Simon, H., contribution to expedition, I, 57.</p> +<p>Skjærvö, the <i>Fram</i> anchors at on return from +expedition, II, 703.</p> +<p>Skuas, I, 471; II, 379, 409, 666, 688, 692.</p> +<p>Sledge journey (Nansen’s and Johansen’s)—<br> +Ash-sledges, II, 81.<br> +Birch-sledge broken up, II, 208.<br> +Cross-bars and bows snapping at start, return for repairs, II, 99.<br> +Curtailing sledges, II, 348.<br> +Dogs, list of, II, 131 (see also title “Dogs”).<br> +Equipment, I, 581; II, 112, 314, 317.<br> +Food (see that title).<br> +Grips for sledges, II, 285, 306, 314.<br> +Hand-sledges, II, 14.<br> +Hauling harness, II, 275 (Note).<br> +Health good during, II, 247.<br> +Homeward journey begun, II, 170.<br> +Hut (see that title).<br> +Johansen chosen as companion, II, 2, 7.<br> +Kayaks (see that title).<br> +Lanes, method of crossing, II, 329.<br> +Maple-guards under sledges, II, 81, 216.<br> +Northernmost point reached, II, 170.<br> +Packing sledges on kayaks, II, 366.<br> +Pattern of sledge used, II, 113.<br> +Preparations for journey, I, 419, 446, 472, 510, 525, 531, 541, 543, +544, 578; II, 1, 16, 66, 69, 70, 81, 100.<br> +Rate of travelling, II, 135, 139, 140, 142, 143, 163, 167, 168, 172, +175, 176, 178, 179, 183, 186, 190, 197, 206, 208, 216, 217, 219, 220, +224, 232, 258, 262, 268.<br> +Sails used on, II, 89, 129.<br> +Sleeping-bag (see that title).<br> +Start, II, 98, 101, 105, 110, 132.<br> +Sverdrup left in charge of ship, II, 1, 91, 110.<br> +Temperature of every month, table showing, II, 597.</p> +<p>Sledge journey, Payer’s, II, 75.</p> +<p>Sledge journey southward, Sverdrup’s preparation for, in case +of abandonment of ship, II, 606, 648, 649, 667.</p> +<p>Sleep, time passed in, during life in hut, II, 464.</p> +<p>Sleeping-bag, II, 16, 86, 118, 146, 147, 155, 314, 317, 434, 474, +485.</p> +<p>Sleeping-shelf in hut, II, 427, 434.</p> +<p>Sleeplessness, complaints of, I, 356.</p> +<p>Smith Sound route, expedition by, I, 10.</p> +<p>Smoking onboard, regulations, I, 536.</p> +<p>Snails, II, 355.</p> +<p>Sneerenburg Bay, II, 712.</p> +<p>Snipe, I, 149, 231.</p> +<p>Snow, red, II, 356, 372.</p> +<p>Snow-blindness, cases of, I, 492.</p> +<p>Snow-buntings, II, 617, 681.</p> +<p>Snow-owls, I, 123.</p> +<p>Snowshoe practice, I, 541, 543, 576, 577; II, 609.</p> +<p>Snowshoes—<br> +Hut roof supported by, II, 391.<br> +Kayaks stiffened with, II, 340.<br> +Indian snowshoes probably best for sledge expeditions, II, 207.<br> +Making, II, 76, 606.<br> +Paddles made of, II, 340.<br> +Taken on sledge expeditions, II, 123.</p> +<p>Socks worn on sledge journey, II, 116, 117.</p> +<p>Sokolii, I, 147.</p> +<p><i>Söstrene</i>, the <i>Fram</i> meets, on sailing into open +waters, II, 701.</p> +<p>Sounding-line, cable converted into, I, 464.</p> +<p>Southward journey after winter in hut, II, 481.</p> +<p>Spadella, I, 274.</p> +<p>Spaerella nivalis, snow colored by, II, 356 (Note).</p> +<p>Spitzbergen—<br> +Basalt rocks, II, 553.<br> +Development of, news brought by the <i>Windward</i>, II, 574.<br> +Flora, II, 563.<br> +Ice-free waters, I, 4.<br> +Peter’s stories, I, 378, 379.<br> +Speculation as to position with regard to, II, 272, 459, 509, 519.</p> +<p>Sponges, I, 298.</p> +<p>Star-fish, I, 298.</p> +<p>Steinen Island, II, 380 (Note).</p> +<p>Stellaria, II, 353.</p> +<p>Stercorarius crepidata, II, 409.</p> +<p>Stocking-legs or socks worn on sledge expedition, II, 116.</p> +<p>Strand-ice, II, 405.</p> +<p>Subscriptions to expedition, I, 54, 56.</p> +<p>Summer day, mildness of, I, 491, 516. <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb728" href="#pb728" name="pb728">728</a>]</span></p> +<p>Sun—<br> +Disappearance of, I, 296, 532; II, 666.<br> +Eclipse, I, 431.<br> +Mirage, I, 394, 395.<br> +Reappearance, II, 76, 107, 678.</p> +<p>Sundt, E., contribution to expedition, I, 55.</p> +<p>Supan, Professor, favorable view of proposed expedition, I, 52.</p> +<p>Sverdrup, Otto Neumann, Commander of the <i>Fram</i>, I, 77, 98.<br> +Bags for kayaks made by, II, 82.<br> +Birthday celebration, I, 298.<br> +Command of expedition handed over to, on Nansen’s departure on +sledge journey, II, 91, 110, 601.<br> +Expedition up Yugor Strait, I, 118, 121.<br> +Illness, II, 22, 27.<br> +Island discovered by, I, 154.<br> +Kayak building, II, 12.<br> +Reindeer stalking, I, 166.<br> +Report of drifting of the <i>Fram</i> after departure of Nansen, II, +601.<br> +Sledge journey, talking over with Nansen, I, 578; II, 1.<br> +Steamship sailing to Spitzbergen, commanded by, II, 574 (Note).<br> +Telegram to Nansen, on arrival of the <i>Fram</i>, II, 589.</p> +<p>Sverdrup’s Island, I, 154, 157.</p> +</div> +<div class="div2"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h3 class="main">T</h3> +<p class="firstpar">Taimur Bay, I, 209.</p> +<p>Taimur Island, I, 189, 190, 191, 192, 209.</p> +<p>Taimur Strait, I, 190, 199.</p> +<p>Taxites, II, 560.</p> +<p>Tegethoff expedition, I, 9, 14.</p> +<p>Telescope taken on sledge journey, II, 124.</p> +<p>Temperature of ice, I, 463.</p> +<p>Temperature statements, I, 467; II, 597, 664, 667, 713, 714.<br> +Polar Seas warmer than hitherto supposed; conclusion arrived at from +hydrographic observations, II, 711.</p> +<p>Tent taken on sledge expedition, II, 15, 119.<br> +Fire caused by lamp explosion, II, 296.<br> +Hut roofed with, II, 391.<br> +Substitute for, II, 485.</p> +<p>Terns, II, 341.</p> +<p>Theodolite taken on sledge expedition, II, 124.</p> +<p>Thermometer taken on sledge expedition, II, 124, 430.</p> +<p>Thornöe—<br> +Electric apparatus constructed by, I, 74.<br> +Hydrographic department, superintended by, I, 74.</p> +<p>Threads, procured from twine and unravelling of bags, II, 465.</p> +<p>Thyrsopteris, II, 562.</p> +<p>Tidal wave, ice-pressure probably influenced by, I, 279.</p> +<p>Tobolsk official newspaper, Trontheim’s account of journey +with dogs, I, 133, 134.</p> +<p>Tools used in building hut, II, 410.</p> +<p>Torellia, II, 561.</p> +<p>Torgersen, Johan, dogs for expedition to be delivered by, I, 75.</p> +<p>Torghatten, I, 98.</p> +<p>Tornebohm, Dr., analysis of mud deposit on drift-ice, I, 39.</p> +<p>Torup, Professor, physiological medicinal preparations undertaken +by, I, 75.</p> +<p>Torup’s Island, II, 355 (Note).</p> +<p>Trænen, I, 101.</p> +<p>Tromsö—<br> +<i>Fram’s</i> outward voyage, I, 98, 101.<br> +<i>Fram’s</i> return, II, 590, 706.</p> +<p>Trondhjem, I, 98.</p> +<p>Trontheim, Alexander Ivanovitch, I, 75.<br> +Account of journey with dogs, given in Tobolsk official newspaper, I, +133, 134.<br> +Medal presented to, I, 132, 144.<br> +Nansen’s meeting with, at Khabarova, I, 113.<br> +Sails for Vardö in <i>Urania</i>, I, 144.</p> +<p>Tundra-plains of Asia, I, 123, 137, 138.</p> +</div> +<div class="div2"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h3 class="main">U</h3> +<p class="firstpar">Ulfstinden, <i>King Halfdan</i> meets the +<i>Fram</i> off, II, 706.</p> +<p>Unknown lands, I, 154, 159, 184, 187, 192; II, 344, 505.<br> +Nansen’s farewell instructions to Sverdrup on importance of +exploring, II, 110, 111.</p> +<p><i>Urania</i>—<br> +Coal supply to be conveyed to Khabarova by, I, 77.<br> +Delay in arrival, I, 114, 132, 144.<br> +Trontheim and Christofersen sail in her for Vardö, I, 144.</p> +<p>Uria Brünnichii, II, 281.</p> +<p>Uria grylle, I, 468; II, 232, 471.</p> +</div> +<div class="div2"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h3 class="main">V</h3> +<p class="firstpar">“Vadmel” squares used on sledge +journey, II, 117.</p> +<p>Vågen, <i>Fram</i> touches at, lecture and banquet, I, 91. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb729" href="#pb729" name= +"pb729">729</a>]</span></p> +<p>Våges’ fish-flour used on sledge expedition, II, +125.</p> +<p>Vaigatch Island, I, 111.</p> +<p><i>Valkyrie</i> precedes the <i>Fram</i> up fjord, on return to +Christiania, II, 596.</p> +<p>Vardö—<br> +Bath, 103.<br> +Christofersen and Trontheim return to, I, 145.<br> +<i>Fram</i> puts in at, banquet, ball, and farewells, I, 102, 104.<br> +<i>Windward</i> returns to, II, 579, 581.</p> +<p>Venus, first appearance above horizon, I, 369.</p> +<p>Vesteraalen Company, steamboat service to Spitzbergen, II, 574.</p> +<p>Vikings, first Arctic voyagers, I, 3.</p> +<p><i>Virgo</i>, steamship of Andrée expedition, II, 702.</p> +<p>Von Toll, Baron—<br> +Dogs for expedition provided by, I, 75.<br> +Provision depots on New Siberian Islands, I, 75, 76.</p> +</div> +<div class="div2"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h3 class="main">W</h3> +<p class="firstpar">Walruses, I, 192, 220, 337; II, 345, 346, 364, 384, +385, 392, 393, 405, 407, 408, 412, 418, 421, 423, 497, 501, 502, 516, +517, 519.</p> +<p>Wardroper, Mr., help in promising dogs for expedition, I, 75.</p> +<p>Watches run down, II, 172, 175, 176.<br> +Comparison with Jackson’s chronometer, II, 544.</p> +<p>Water-samples, examination of, I, 303.</p> +<p>Waving star-fish, I, 298.</p> +<p>Wedding-day anniversaries, I, 207, 528.</p> +<p>Weight of members of expedition—<br> +Decrease, II, 628.<br> +Increase, I, 390, 542; II, 692.</p> +<p>Weyprecht and Payer expedition (1872–74), I, 12.</p> +<p>Whales, II, 231, 407, 558, 633, 688 (see also +“Narwhals”).</p> +<p>Wharton, Captain, favorable view of proposed expedition, I, 45.</p> +<p>Whey-powder and water, beverage on sledge journey, II, 147.</p> +<p>White Island, I, 153.</p> +<p>White Land (see “Hvidtenland”).</p> +<p>Whitsuntide, II, 239, 624.</p> +<p>Wilczek Land—<br> +Extent probably not great, II, 557.<br> +Probability of open water along coast, II, 228.<br> +Speculations with regard to, II, 268, 548, 549.</p> +<p>Willow-grouse, I, 211.</p> +<p>Wilton, Mr., member of Jackson-Harmsworth expedition, II, 573.</p> +<p>Wind—<br> +Current influenced by, Nansen’s theory, I, 28, 29.<br> +Drift strongly influenced by, II, 711.<br> +Temperature raised by, I, 373.</p> +<p>Wind-clothes, I, 415; II, 115, 434.</p> +<p>Windmill for electric-light dynamo, I, 238, 241, 293.<br> +Accidents, I, 554, 564.<br> +Amundsen repairing, II, 74, 78.<br> +Taken down, II, 618.</p> +<p><i>Windward</i>—<br> +Arrival of, II, 566, 573.<br> +Homeward voyage in, II, 577.</p> +<p>Winter on board the <i>Fram</i>—<br> +Account of day during, I, 246.<br> +Preparations for, I, 237.</p> +<p>Wintering on Franz Josef Land, Nansen and Johansen, II, 391.</p> +<p>Wolf-skin garments, too warm for sledge expedition, II, 114.</p> +<p>Work-room, Nansen’s, I, 532.</p> +<p>Workshops on board the <i>Fram</i>, I, 238, 427.</p> +<p>Wounds—<br> +Caused by sticking of clothes to skin during life in hut, II, 462.<br> +Wrist-sores caused by frozen sleeve, II, 145.</p> +<p>Wrangel’s Land, <i>Jeannette</i> stuck fast near, I, 13, +28.</p> +</div> +<div class="div2"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h3 class="main">Y</h3> +<p class="firstpar">Yalmal, landing on, I, 149.</p> +<p>Young, Sir Allen, adverse opinion on proposed expedition, I, 44.</p> +<p>Yugor Strait, the <i>Fram</i> enters, I, 112.</p> +</div> +<div class="div2"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h3 class="main">Z</h3> +<p class="firstpar">Zachau, Captain, of the <i>Virgo</i>, II, 702.</p> +<p class="trailer xd20e12137">The End</p> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb746" href="#pb746" name= +"pb746">746</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="main">TRAVEL, EXPLORATION, and DESCRIPTION</h2> +<h2 class="sub">A SELECT LIST OF BOOKS</h2> +<p class="firstpar">Published by HARPER & BROTHERS, New York</p> +<p>ON SNOW-SHOES TO THE BARREN GROUNDS. 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