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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Shelley and the Marriage Question, by John
+Todhunter
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Shelley and the Marriage Question
+
+
+Author: John Todhunter
+
+
+
+Release Date: October 16, 2010  [eBook #34085]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SHELLEY AND THE MARRIAGE
+QUESTION***
+
+
+E-text prepared by the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+(http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made available by
+Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries
+(http://www.archive.org/details/toronto)
+
+
+
+Note: Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries. See
+      http://www.archive.org/details/shelleyandthema00todhuoft
+
+
+
+
+
+SHELLEY AND MARRIAGE.
+
+Of this Book Twenty-Five Copies only have been printed.
+
+
+SHELLEY AND THE MARRIAGE QUESTION.
+
+by
+
+JOHN TODHUNTER, M.D.,
+
+Author of _Notes on "The Triumph of Life," A Study of Shelley, etc._
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+London:
+Printed for Private Circulation Only.
+1889.
+
+
+
+
+SHELLEY AND THE MARRIAGE QUESTION.
+
+
+Now that marriage, like most other time-honoured institutions, has come
+to stand, a thing accused, at the bar of public opinion, it may be
+interesting to see what Shelley has to say about it. The marriage
+problem is a complex one, involving many questions not very easy to
+answer offhand or even after much consideration. What is marriage? Of
+divine or human institution? For what ends was it instituted? How far
+does it attain these ends? And a dozen others involved in these.
+
+The very idea of marriage implies some kind of bond imposed by society
+upon the sexual relations of its members, male and female; some kind of
+restriction upon the absolute promiscuity and absolute instability of
+these relations--such restriction taking the form of a contract between
+individuals, endorsed by society, and enforced with more or less
+stringency by public opinion. Its object at first was probably simply to
+ensure to each male member of the tribe the quiet enjoyment of his wife
+or wives, and the free exploitation of the children she or they
+produced. The patriarchal tyranny was established, and through the
+sanction of primitive religion and law became a divine institution.
+Then, as civilization progressed, the wife and children became less and
+less the mere slaves, more and more the respected subjects, of the
+patriarch. The paternal instinct (like the maternal) became developed,
+and family affection came into existence. At present the whirligig of
+time is bringing its revenges. The patriarchal tyranny begins to
+totter; parents are often more the slaves than the masters of their
+children. And even wives begin to rebel against wifedom, and threaten to
+revolutionize marriage in their own interest. Woman, like everybody
+else, is beginning to strike for higher wages. There are more than the
+first mutterings of that revolution in the Golden City of Divine
+institutions prophesied of by Shelley in _Laon and Cythna_. There are a
+good many Cythnas ready to rush about on their black Tartarian hobbies,
+of whom Mrs. Mona Caird is the one who has recently made most noise.
+
+There is a little design of Blake's in _The Gates of Paradise_, which
+represents a man standing on the earth who leans a ladder against the
+moon and prepares to mount; the motto underneath being: "I want! I
+want!" This is a type of our own age. Never was such an age of
+discontent, never such a Babel of voices crying: "I want! I want!" We
+have become very conscious of our pain, and are not ashamed to cry out
+and proclaim it on the house-tops in these hysterical times--simply
+because the ancient sanctions and anodynes have lost their sanctity and
+comfort for us. The very "priests in black gowns" who used to "walk
+their rounds and bind with briers our joys and desires," have been
+themselves corrupted with a longing for a little present happiness, and
+that Old Woman in the shoe, Mrs. Grundy herself, instead of whipping us
+all round and putting us to bed in the old summary fashion, when we
+venture to complain that the shoe pinches here and there, has herself
+become lachrymose. We cry out because, having neither the old
+repressions nor the old opiates to restrain us, there is no valid reason
+why we should hold our tongues. By crying loud enough and long enough we
+may get some help. We may even find some good-natured person to stop
+crying himself and help us; and then for very shame we may go and do
+likewise. In this lies the age's hope. It is really in its best aspect
+an unselfish age, an age in which sympathy and justice are vital forces,
+in which the miseries of others are felt as our own. There are thousands
+now who feel themselves "as nerves o'er which do creep the else unfelt
+oppressions of the earth." We are not wise enough yet to conceive and
+organize those vital adjustments between conflicting wants, interests,
+and principles, which shall be of deeper efficiency than mere
+superficial compromises; but this wisdom will come in due time, if we do
+not rush into anarchy through that licentious impatience which is the
+curse of revolutionary periods.
+
+Now, of all the bitter cries ringing in the air at the present time,
+about the bitterest and most persistent is that not merely of women, but
+of woman with a capital W. It is the most appalling note of change that
+can pierce the ear of self-satisfied Conservatism. The patient Griselda
+has begun to protest against the tyranny of her lord and master. Love's
+martyr has at last begun to think that her martyrdom must have its
+limits. It is as if the Lamb, whose function we thought was to be dumb
+before its shearers and even sacrificers, had found a voice of
+protestation. It is a portent. And even men are constrained to listen to
+the cry; for it sounds like the birth-cry of regenerated Love. Not now
+"Love self-slain in some sweet shameful way," but Love the winged angel
+who shall finally cast out Lust, the adversary. But many things must
+come to pass before this triumph of love can be brought about; and in
+many respects the horoscope looks unpropitious enough. The first effect
+of the birth, or coming to the surface of a higher ideal, gradually
+evolved by the progress of society, is apparently to make confusion
+worse confounded. Not peace but a sword is the first gift of the Prince
+of Peace. Liberty comes masked like Tyranny, and cries "Fraternity or
+death!" Love goes wantonly about with the Mænads of licentiousness at
+his heels. But the divine Logos, incarnate as the Son of man, always
+comes not to destroy but to fulfil.
+
+Just now that highly moral being, Man in the masculine gender, is much
+shocked at the strangely immoral conduct of his feminine counterpart. In
+the first place, she has dared to look at the realities of things with
+her own eyes, not through the rose-coloured spectacles with which he has
+been at pains to provide her; and not only that, but to peep behind the
+sacred veil which man has modestly cast over many ugly things. Secondly,
+she has begun to talk openly about these ugly things, and to call them
+by non-euphemistic, ugly names, in a manner quite unprecedented.
+Thirdly, she has dared to attempt her own solution of things insoluble,
+her own achievement of things impossible. And fourthly, she has dared to
+formulate a demand for liberty, equality, fraternity on her own
+account--a demand which every day comes more and more within the sphere
+of practical politics. Here are pure women making common cause with
+prostitutes, married women crying out against the holy institution of
+matrimony, mothers rebelling against the tyranny of the beatific
+baby--nay, absolutely on strike against child-bearing, or at least
+demanding limited liability as regards that important function. Finally,
+here is Woman, whether as virgin, wife, or widow, demanding independence
+as to property and a fair share of the world's goods in return for a
+fair share of the general work of the world outside of her special
+womanly functions. "D----n it, sir, I say that women are unsexing
+themselves--unsexing themselves, by Jove!" as Major Pendennis might
+exclaim. And the worst of it is that there are so many men, traitors to
+their sex, who are casting in their lot with women in this terrible
+Women's Rights movement--"unsexing themselves," too, no doubt--so that
+we shall all soon become either a-sexual or hermaphrodite beings! And
+here let us leave for a moment the more or less limited and prosaic
+Cythnas of the day, the terrible women who ride about upon Tartarian
+hobby-horses in novels and magazine articles, who spout on platforms and
+practise medicine and other dreadful trades--the scientific Mrs.
+Somervilles, and medical Mrs. Garrett Andersons, and pious Mrs.
+Josephine Butlers, and impious Mrs. Mona Cairds, and get back to Shelley
+himself, the poet of this shocking social aberration.
+
+Shelley, as Mr. Cordy Jeafferson has taken great pains to demonstrate,
+was an exceedingly immoral young man. He outraged the conventional
+morality of his day by his actions as well as in his writings in the
+most shameless manner; but this shamelessness was due to his intense
+conviction that he thus outraged _conventional_ in the interests of
+_ideal_ morality. His life and writings are so full of the paradoxical
+character which I have ascribed to the social agitation of the present
+day, and some of his utterances are so prophetic of it, that we may
+fairly regard him as its precursor.
+
+Shelley, as we know, started rather as an anarchist than as a mere
+reformer. His ideas were cataclysmal rather than evolutional. But he was
+an optimistic not a pessimistic anarchist, and he endeavoured to destroy
+in order to rebuild with all possible expedition. The kingdom of heaven
+was, for him, at the very doors, ready to take shape as soon as man
+willed it; and man _would_ will it as soon as the mind-forged fetters of
+his mind were loosed. Accordingly he endeavoured to loose them. He
+dethroned God that the Spirit of Nature might be enthroned; and then he
+proceeded to abolish marriage that free love might regenerate mankind.
+He believed in regeneration by incantation--a few words murmured in
+men's ears would make them as obedient to the ideas those sacred words
+represented as spirits to the spells of a magician. Abolish marriage
+(and what could be easier?), and love, being set free, prostitution
+would cease. We may pass by such puerilities of inexperienced idealism,
+to be found by the score in _Queen Mab_, and pass on to Shelley's more
+mature utterances, always remembering that he died, as the _Triumph of
+Life_ shows, in the very process of maturation. His whole history is
+that of an idealist, who first seeks his ideal in the actual, and not
+finding it endeavours to bring the actual into harmony with his ideal.
+His imagination hacks at the rude block of the world with the divine
+fury of a Pygmalion; thinking at first that he has but to remove the
+dull superfluous husks of custom to find the living idea in the centre;
+but gradually perceiving it was but created an inanimate image, which
+can only come to life by the invocation of Venus Urania. All the
+weaknesses, faults, and follies of his life and his writings, as well as
+that "power in weakness veiled" which he felt himself to be, come from
+this. He is driven to reform society by attacking the conventional
+morality of marriage, because he is first a transcendental lover; just
+as Mr. William Morris is driven into socialism, because he is first a
+very practical decorative artist. To speak irreverently, both men want
+elbow-room for their fads. But Shelley's fad is of even more importance
+to us than Morris's. It is better to have a beautiful love, than to have
+a beautiful house to put him in. Shelley is, above all things, the poet
+of modern love. Dante's love, fantastic and supersensuous, was not
+modern love. We do not want angels, either in heaven or in the house, to
+condescend to our depravity and lead us upward. We do not want the
+divine school-mistress to bring us to something not ourselves which may
+or may not make for righteousness, but the divine mistress, passionate
+as well as pure, to bring us to our best selves, and live with us in
+perfect union. Shakespeare showed us glimpses of this love defeated by
+circumstances in _Romeo and Juliet_, triumphant over circumstances in
+Posthumus and Imogen; but Shelley has had a fuller vision of it. Since
+Shakespeare's time both manhood and womanhood, and especially womanhood,
+have by pressure of circumstances become more self-conscious, and the
+conditions of their union through love more complex.
+
+And what is this modern ideal of love, of which Shelley is the exponent?
+What is this strange affection, love, whether ancient or modern? It is
+that most paradoxical of passions, that compound of selfishness and
+self-renunciation, that forlorn desire which strives to reconcile all
+things, and found an eternal home on the shifting sands of time, of
+which we all know something. Blake has expressed this paradoxical
+character of love once for all in his little poem "The Clod and the
+Pebble."
+
+  "Love seeketh not itself to please,
+    Nor for itself hath any care,
+  But for another gives its ease,
+    And builds a heaven in hell's despair.
+
+  Love seeketh only self to please,
+    To bind another to its delight,
+  Joys in another's loss of ease,
+    And builds a hell in heaven's despite."
+
+We may call these the masculine and feminine elements in love; though of
+course both exist in all love, whether of man to woman or woman to man.
+Both sexes give more than they receive, and receive more than they
+give. In all love, from the first step beyond mere physical appetite, to
+the most transcendental Platonism, there are these two antagonistic
+elements. If the merely self-indulgent element prevails, we tend in
+the direction of lust, one of the most cruel diseases that plague
+humanity, which Milton rightly places "hard by hate." If the merely
+self-renouncing, we tend in the direction of monastic chastity, which
+though not so distinctly an evil thing, may become cruel and inhuman,
+and a bar to human progress. Asceticism is not, like lust, a disease,
+physical and spiritual, but it may lead to disease, spiritual if not
+physical. There is an asceticism, the Greek [Greek: aschêsis], a
+training of the lower faculties to act in subordination to the higher,
+which is the strait gate by which we enter upon the arduous ascent
+toward noble passion and noble action. There is another asceticism which
+if not truly Christian, came in the wake of Christianity, which, denying
+the rights of the body, was less a training than a mortification. Both
+unrestrained sensuality and monastic chastity, in their injustice to the
+body outrage the sexual principle, the former by regarding it as a toy
+to be polluted by base pleasure, the latter by regarding it as a thing
+unclean in itself to be cast out and killed, or at best tolerated and
+cleansed by the Church's holy water. To the present day the average
+man's, or at least the average Englishman's great temptation is to sin
+against love, through dull unimaginative lust, the average
+Englishwoman's through dull unimaginative chastity. Men live too much in
+the sensuous, and women in the supersensuous, to meet fairly. Love, the
+reconciler, himself is too weak fully to reconcile them and to bring
+them together in that perfect ecstasy, body to body, spirit to spirit,
+soul to soul, that "unreserve of mingled being," which Shelley, giving a
+voice to the desire of all ages, but especially to modern desire, sighed
+for. To understand Shelley's protest against marriage, we must
+understand his ideal of love--the unconstrained rush together of two
+personalities of opposite sexes, in whom the body is but the vehicle of
+the spirit. This love is not born merely of the flickering fire of the
+senses. It is a divine flame, kindled alike in body, soul, and spirit,
+and fusing them into unity. Of course, if this love is to be the great
+end of life, marriage is somewhat of an impertinence. While the divine
+fire burns, what need of artificial ties to keep the two lovers
+together? If it goes out why should they be kept together? To which the
+prosaic moralist replies: "Your ideal of love is very beautiful, no
+doubt. Get as much as you can of this divine flame into your Hymen's
+torch; and after all, every young couple start with some such high-flown
+notions in their heads; but I must have some guarantee that your wife
+and children are not left as burdens upon the parish, when you begin to
+feel the pinch of real life, and the glamour of your imagination fades
+from your 'divine mistress.' Marriage was not ordained to be the
+paradise of ideal love, but for the sober discipline of the affections
+of men and women, and above all for the production and rearing up of
+good citizens of the commonwealth. To judge by your own writings, Mr.
+Shelley, you seem to have been running after a will-o'-the-wisp all your
+life in this ideal love. And if _you_ did not catch it, is it likely
+that Tom, Dick, and Harry will? In any case the pursuit of it seems just
+as likely to make inconstant lovers as that sensuality you affect to
+look down upon. You always had the word 'for ever' on your tongue; but
+how long did your for evers last? No, no, my dear sir, the good of
+society demands fidelity to incurred responsibilities, and we find by
+practical experience that both men and women, but especially men, are
+inclined to shirk the responsibilities which indulgence of the sexual
+passion brings in its train. Hence the marriage contract. It does not
+concern itself primarily with either love or lovers, but it helps to
+keep husbands and wives together, and women and children maintained
+decently without coming upon the rates. And, mind you, it does not by
+any means leave love out in the cold. It may not rise to your
+transcendental ecstasy; but it is love all the same, good honest
+domestic affection, when your young couples get well broken to harness.
+Did you not say yourself that one might as well go to a gin-shop for a
+leg of mutton as to you for anything human? Well, give me the wholesome
+leg of mutton--none of your gin for me. Egad, sir, when I see some
+honest couple going to church of a Sunday morning, with half-a-dozen
+pretty children about them, I call that a poem--ay, and a better poem,
+Mr. Shelley, than all the fantastic Epipsychidions you ever put upon
+paper. Hang it all, sir, let a man make love to his own wife, and stick
+to her when he has got her. I'm a plain man, sir, but I hope a moral
+man, and them's my sentiments." To all which, let Shelley reply as best
+he may. The fact is that he has given no satisfactory reply, simply
+because it was only just before his death that he realised the
+complexity of the problem of life. He did, however, see clearly that the
+bringing of men and women into more complete harmony, by raising the
+ideal of love, was the most important step towards that renewal of the
+world, that living of the most perfect life attainable by man, for which
+he sighed and after which he strove; and he saw clearly that our
+solution of the marriage problem was imperfect, not merely in practice,
+but to some extent in theory. As regards the subjection of women, he
+seems to have considered this wholly an artificial product of religious
+dogma, and not, as it is, the natural result of an imperfect
+civilization. Man protects woman because, on the whole, she adds to his
+comfort. Protection implies subjection, and subjection to a tyrant is
+slavery; and man, if not altogether a tyrant in these later times, has
+always the temptation to become one, and the tyrannical traditions of
+bygone times have a strong tendency to persist. Laws and even customs
+lag far behind the highest public opinion of the day.
+
+Now, men being in possession of the capital of the world, the material
+means of life, women stand to them in the position of what the
+socialists call wage-slaves. They must do what their employers require
+of them on pain of starvation, and there is no true freedom of contract.
+And so far men have almost without exception required of them
+concubinage or menial service, or a mixture of both. English marriage,
+while recognizing the existing fact of the subjection of women, has done
+something to raise their status, chiefly by making the bond between the
+contracting parties theoretically, and to a great extent practically,
+one of love and mutual service. It has indeed been much more than
+Shelley seems to have realized, the _nidus_ of a love pure and
+wholesome, if not very passionate. Theoretically strictly monogamic, it
+has been so practically to a very respectable extent. It has put a
+perceptible curb upon the strong polygamous instinct of men, and it has
+fostered the monogamous habit in women enormously. English women are for
+the most part faithful wives. Even transitory prostitution does not kill
+the monogamous propensity in them. They settle down into marriage, or
+live faithfully with one man, if they get the chance.
+
+Still, Englishwomen are not satisfied with marriage as it exists. Let us
+hear Mrs. Mona Caird on the subject. She is much more prosaic than
+Shelley; she looks at the subject, chiefly from the standpoint of
+practical comfort. She sees that from this standpoint, from various
+reasons, which may be summed up in the phrase "incompatibility of
+temper," marriage does not induce even that amount of mutual toleration,
+not to say happiness, without which it is impossible for man and wife to
+live decently together. She therefore asks, What good purpose is served
+by keeping two people together who are evidently unfit to live together?
+Why indeed? if, as Mrs. Caird says, "The matter is one in which any
+interposition, whether of law or society, is an impertinence." But,
+unfortunately, law and society are the most impertinent things in the
+world, always binding with briers our joys and desires, and poking their
+ugly noses into our private affairs in the interests of the British
+ratepayer. We shall never be happy until we have got rid of them--if
+even then, and it is quite impossible to get rid of them for some time
+to come. Now the British ratepayer cares nothing about women and
+children, except in so far as there is a danger of their coming upon the
+rates. And he is a little scared about giving greater liberty of
+divorce, "saving for the cause of adultery," as he piously ejaculates.
+He does not like stray women and children going about the world. But
+after all, adultery is only a particular, perhaps even a minor, case of
+incompatibility. Marriage was made for man, and not man for marriage,
+and although marriage may work well in nine cases out of ten, the tenth
+case must be considered, and relief given if possible. The individual is
+right to demand relief, and the mode of giving relief is a question for
+the legislator. Greater facility of divorce must come, and will come,
+now that both men and women demand it.
+
+Mrs. Caird's demand for greater laxity of the marriage bond _ab initio_,
+the nature of the contract being left to the contracting parties, like a
+marriage settlement, is quite outside the sphere of practical politics,
+as she is herself quite aware. If men were but educated up to the
+Shelleyan ideal, then we might try all sorts of delightful experiments
+in marriage, and gradually arrive at absolute freedom of contract, which
+would _not_ mean that absolutely unsentimental hygienic promiscuity
+which is the ideal of the highly advanced physiologist. But men are not
+yet harmonious creatures, like Wordsworth's cloud, which "moveth
+altogether if it move at all." They are torn by their lusts which war in
+their members. Hence these bonds. Lust, lust, lust: this is the most
+concentrated form of selfishness--the undying worm at the root of the
+Tree of Life. This is the tyrant that women have at last begun to
+recognize as their deadly adversary and to fight against. Shelley, a
+better physician than Goethe, laid his finger on this plague-spot, and
+told the age plainly: "Thou ailest here." But he did not see that
+instead of saying, "Abolish marriage and prostitution will cease," he
+ought to have said, "Abolish prostitution and marriage will
+cease"--marriage without love being only a particular form of
+prostitution. He did not see that the abolition of marriage would no
+more get rid of lust than the abolition of private property would get
+rid of selfishness. We have already, in monogamic marriage, struggled
+painfully upward to the level of the higher animals; let us not imperil
+this progress rashly.
+
+The Cythnas of the present day have felt their burthens more directly
+than Shelley did. Hence their demand for economic independence, that
+they may not be forced into marriage or prostitution by the various
+degrees of starvation. Their demand is a just one, and must be satisfied
+somehow, even if we have to put a bonus upon womanhood and pay women,
+not merely fair wages for their work of all kinds, but a tribute to them
+as women, as potential mothers, which shall fairly handicap the sexes
+in the struggle for existence, and put men more on their good behaviour.
+
+Shelley, the mystic, who looked for a miraculous change in nature
+coincident with a miraculous change in man, seems to have seen, almost
+as little as the average socialist of the present day, who believes in
+the spiritual efficacy of a purely material revolution, that the ideals
+and interests of the two sexes are widely apart, more so now than ever
+before probably. He, like the socialist, in his impatience to arrive at
+a practical solution of the life-problem, did not take the trouble to
+understand the true bearing of the doctrine of Malthus. He did not see
+that whether Malthus's figures be right or wrong, it is a fact that the
+population of any given district (be it an English barony, or the world
+itself) tends to increase up to the limits of its food-supply, taking
+the word _food_ in its very widest sense to signify all the means of
+well-being; and that this tendency is a fundamental element in all
+social problems, just as friction is in all mechanical problems. He did
+not see that, other things being the same, a higher standard of comfort,
+while, finally tending to diminish the rate of increase of population,
+first increases its pressure. He did not contemplate that strike against
+child-bearing on the part of women, which is induced, not merely by the
+desire for personal comfort, but is largely due to the vague influence
+of those new ideals of which he was himself the prophet. He, like the
+socialist, thought that we might go on increasing and multiplying _ad
+libitum_, till we reached the ultimate limit of standing-room on the
+earth, and of miraculous chemical food out of the air, and began, as
+astral bodies, to emigrate to Mars. Women know better than this; and
+feel the pinch of population, when what they just now consider their
+higher life is hampered by children. The woman who has one child more
+than she wants is an over-populated woman; and the advanced woman of the
+present day, having her own higher culture, and the culture of humanity,
+on the brain, possibly with a high ideal of the duties of maternity, and
+frequently a sickly and weary creature, morbid in body and mind, is very
+easily over-populated. Hence much social discomfort. Shelley does not
+seem to have contemplated this, nor seen that the good-natured
+acceptance of the feminine ideal by man might lead him, like poor St.
+Peter in his old age, "whither he would not." How all this is going to
+end I confess I don't know. I trust in more delicate adjustments, a
+higher and more wholesome life all round; but the ascent of man is
+always a painful process. Meanwhile it is quite time for this bald,
+disjointed chat of mine to come to an end.
+
+
+
+
+  _London:
+  Printed by Richard Clay & Sons, Limited, Bread Street Hill.
+  September, 1889._
+
+
+
+
+      *      *      *      *      *      *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+Text in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_).
+
+The original text includes Greek characters. For this text version these
+letters have been replaced with transliterations.
+
+The misprint "tempation" has been corrected to "temptation" (page 15).
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SHELLEY AND THE MARRIAGE QUESTION***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 34085-8.txt or 34085-8.zip *******
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+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Shelley and the Marriage Question, by John Todhunter</title>
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+<body>
+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Shelley and the Marriage Question, by John
+Todhunter</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: Shelley and the Marriage Question</p>
+<p>Author: John Todhunter</p>
+<p>Release Date: October 16, 2010  [eBook #34085]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SHELLEY AND THE MARRIAGE QUESTION***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h4>E-text prepared by the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
+    (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br />
+    from page images generously made available by<br />
+    Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries<br />
+    (<a href="http://www.archive.org/details/toronto">http://www.archive.org/details/toronto</a>)</h4>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10">
+  <tr>
+    <td valign="top">
+      Note:
+    </td>
+    <td>
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries. See
+      <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/shelleyandthema00todhuoft">
+      http://www.archive.org/details/shelleyandthema00todhuoft</a>
+	</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h1>SHELLEY AND MARRIAGE.</h1>
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><i>Of this Book<br />Twenty-Five Copies only have been printed.</i></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h1>SHELLEY<br />AND<br />THE MARRIAGE QUESTION.</h1>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h4>BY</h4>
+<h3>JOHN TODHUNTER, M.D.,</h3>
+<p class="center">Author of <i>Notes on &#8220;The Triumph of Life,&#8221; A Study of Shelley, etc.</i></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/title_deco.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">London:<br /><i>PRINTED FOR PRIVATE CIRCULATION ONLY.</i><br />1889.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/begin_deco.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<h2>SHELLEY AND THE MARRIAGE QUESTION.</h2>
+
+<p><br />Now that marriage, like most other time-honoured institutions, has come
+to stand, a thing accused, at the bar of public opinion, it may be
+interesting to see what Shelley has to say about it. The marriage
+problem is a complex one, involving many questions not very easy to
+answer offhand or even after much consideration. What is marriage? Of
+divine or human institution? For what ends was it instituted? How far
+does it attain these ends? And a dozen others involved in these.</p>
+
+<p>The very idea of marriage implies some kind of bond imposed by society
+upon the sexual relations of its members, male and female; some kind of
+restriction upon the absolute promiscuity and absolute instability of
+these relations&mdash;such restriction taking the form of a contract between
+individuals, endorsed by society, and enforced with more or less
+stringency by public opinion. Its object at first was probably simply to
+ensure to each male member of the tribe the quiet enjoyment of his wife
+or wives, and the free exploitation of the children she or they
+produced. The patriarchal tyranny was established, and through the
+sanction of primitive religion and law became a divine institution.
+Then, as civilization progressed, the wife and children became less and
+less the mere slaves, more and more the respected subjects, of the
+patriarch. The paternal instinct (like the maternal) became developed,
+and family affection came into existence. At present the whirligig of
+time is bringing its revenges. The patriarchal tyranny begins to
+totter;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> parents are often more the slaves than the masters of their
+children. And even wives begin to rebel against wifedom, and threaten to
+revolutionize marriage in their own interest. Woman, like everybody
+else, is beginning to strike for higher wages. There are more than the
+first mutterings of that revolution in the Golden City of Divine
+institutions prophesied of by Shelley in <i>Laon and Cythna</i>. There are a
+good many Cythnas ready to rush about on their black Tartarian hobbies,
+of whom Mrs. Mona Caird is the one who has recently made most noise.</p>
+
+<p>There is a little design of Blake&#8217;s in <i>The Gates of Paradise</i>, which
+represents a man standing on the earth who leans a ladder against the
+moon and prepares to mount; the motto underneath being: &#8220;I want! I
+want!&#8221; This is a type of our own age. Never was such an age of
+discontent, never such a Babel of voices crying: &#8220;I want! I want!&#8221; We
+have become very conscious of our pain, and are not ashamed to cry out
+and proclaim it on the house-tops in these hysterical times&mdash;simply
+because the ancient sanctions and anodynes have lost their sanctity and
+comfort for us. The very &#8220;priests in black gowns&#8221; who used to &#8220;walk
+their rounds and bind with briers our joys and desires,&#8221; have been
+themselves corrupted with a longing for a little present happiness, and
+that Old Woman in the shoe, Mrs. Grundy herself, instead of whipping us
+all round and putting us to bed in the old summary fashion, when we
+venture to complain that the shoe pinches here and there, has herself
+become lachrymose. We cry out because, having neither the old
+repressions nor the old opiates to restrain us, there is no valid reason
+why we should hold our tongues. By crying loud enough and long enough we
+may get some help. We may even find some good-natured person to stop
+crying himself and help us; and then for very shame we may go and do
+likewise. In this lies the age&#8217;s hope. It is really in its best aspect
+an unselfish age, an age in which sympathy and justice are vital forces,
+in which the miseries of others are felt as our own. There are thousands
+now who feel themselves &#8220;as nerves o&#8217;er which do creep the else unfelt
+oppressions of the earth.&#8221; We are not wise enough yet to conceive and
+organize those<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> vital adjustments between conflicting wants, interests,
+and principles, which shall be of deeper efficiency than mere
+superficial compromises; but this wisdom will come in due time, if we do
+not rush into anarchy through that licentious impatience which is the
+curse of revolutionary periods.</p>
+
+<p>Now, of all the bitter cries ringing in the air at the present time,
+about the bitterest and most persistent is that not merely of women, but
+of woman with a capital W. It is the most appalling note of change that
+can pierce the ear of self-satisfied Conservatism. The patient Griselda
+has begun to protest against the tyranny of her lord and master. Love&#8217;s
+martyr has at last begun to think that her martyrdom must have its
+limits. It is as if the Lamb, whose function we thought was to be dumb
+before its shearers and even sacrificers, had found a voice of
+protestation. It is a portent. And even men are constrained to listen to
+the cry; for it sounds like the birth-cry of regenerated Love. Not now
+&#8220;Love self-slain in some sweet shameful way,&#8221; but Love the winged angel
+who shall finally cast out Lust, the adversary. But many things must
+come to pass before this triumph of love can be brought about; and in
+many respects the horoscope looks unpropitious enough. The first effect
+of the birth, or coming to the surface of a higher ideal, gradually
+evolved by the progress of society, is apparently to make confusion
+worse confounded. Not peace but a sword is the first gift of the Prince
+of Peace. Liberty comes masked like Tyranny, and cries &#8220;Fraternity or
+death!&#8221; Love goes wantonly about with the M&aelig;nads of licentiousness at
+his heels. But the divine Logos, incarnate as the Son of man, always
+comes not to destroy but to fulfil.</p>
+
+<p>Just now that highly moral being, Man in the masculine gender, is much
+shocked at the strangely immoral conduct of his feminine counterpart. In
+the first place, she has dared to look at the realities of things with
+her own eyes, not through the rose-coloured spectacles with which he has
+been at pains to provide her; and not only that, but to peep behind the
+sacred veil which man has modestly cast over many ugly things. Secondly,
+she has begun to talk openly about these ugly things,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> and to call them
+by non-euphemistic, ugly names, in a manner quite unprecedented.
+Thirdly, she has dared to attempt her own solution of things insoluble,
+her own achievement of things impossible. And fourthly, she has dared to
+formulate a demand for liberty, equality, fraternity on her own
+account&mdash;a demand which every day comes more and more within the sphere
+of practical politics. Here are pure women making common cause with
+prostitutes, married women crying out against the holy institution of
+matrimony, mothers rebelling against the tyranny of the beatific
+baby&mdash;nay, absolutely on strike against child-bearing, or at least
+demanding limited liability as regards that important function. Finally,
+here is Woman, whether as virgin, wife, or widow, demanding independence
+as to property and a fair share of the world&#8217;s goods in return for a
+fair share of the general work of the world outside of her special
+womanly functions. &#8220;D&mdash;&mdash;n it, sir, I say that women are unsexing
+themselves&mdash;unsexing themselves, by Jove!&#8221; as Major Pendennis might
+exclaim. And the worst of it is that there are so many men, traitors to
+their sex, who are casting in their lot with women in this terrible
+Women&#8217;s Rights movement&mdash;&#8220;unsexing themselves,&#8221; too, no doubt&mdash;so that
+we shall all soon become either a-sexual or hermaphrodite beings! And
+here let us leave for a moment the more or less limited and prosaic
+Cythnas of the day, the terrible women who ride about upon Tartarian
+hobby-horses in novels and magazine articles, who spout on platforms and
+practise medicine and other dreadful trades&mdash;the scientific Mrs.
+Somervilles, and medical Mrs. Garrett Andersons, and pious Mrs.
+Josephine Butlers, and impious Mrs. Mona Cairds, and get back to Shelley
+himself, the poet of this shocking social aberration.</p>
+
+<p>Shelley, as Mr. Cordy Jeafferson has taken great pains to demonstrate,
+was an exceedingly immoral young man. He outraged the conventional
+morality of his day by his actions as well as in his writings in the
+most shameless manner; but this shamelessness was due to his intense
+conviction that he thus outraged <i>conventional</i> in the interests of
+<i>ideal</i> morality. His life and writings are so full of the paradoxical
+character which I have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> ascribed to the social agitation of the present
+day, and some of his utterances are so prophetic of it, that we may
+fairly regard him as its precursor.</p>
+
+<p>Shelley, as we know, started rather as an anarchist than as a mere
+reformer. His ideas were cataclysmal rather than evolutional. But he was
+an optimistic not a pessimistic anarchist, and he endeavoured to destroy
+in order to rebuild with all possible expedition. The kingdom of heaven
+was, for him, at the very doors, ready to take shape as soon as man
+willed it; and man <i>would</i> will it as soon as the mind-forged fetters of
+his mind were loosed. Accordingly he endeavoured to loose them. He
+dethroned God that the Spirit of Nature might be enthroned; and then he
+proceeded to abolish marriage that free love might regenerate mankind.
+He believed in regeneration by incantation&mdash;a few words murmured in
+men&#8217;s ears would make them as obedient to the ideas those sacred words
+represented as spirits to the spells of a magician. Abolish marriage
+(and what could be easier?), and love, being set free, prostitution
+would cease. We may pass by such puerilities of inexperienced idealism,
+to be found by the score in <i>Queen Mab</i>, and pass on to Shelley&#8217;s more
+mature utterances, always remembering that he died, as the <i>Triumph of
+Life</i> shows, in the very process of maturation. His whole history is
+that of an idealist, who first seeks his ideal in the actual, and not
+finding it endeavours to bring the actual into harmony with his ideal.
+His imagination hacks at the rude block of the world with the divine
+fury of a Pygmalion; thinking at first that he has but to remove the
+dull superfluous husks of custom to find the living idea in the centre;
+but gradually perceiving it was but created an inanimate image, which
+can only come to life by the invocation of Venus Urania. All the
+weaknesses, faults, and follies of his life and his writings, as well as
+that &#8220;power in weakness veiled&#8221; which he felt himself to be, come from
+this. He is driven to reform society by attacking the conventional
+morality of marriage, because he is first a transcendental lover; just
+as Mr. William Morris is driven into socialism, because he is first a
+very practical decorative artist. To speak irreverently, both men want<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>
+elbow-room for their fads. But Shelley&#8217;s fad is of even more importance
+to us than Morris&#8217;s. It is better to have a beautiful love, than to have
+a beautiful house to put him in. Shelley is, above all things, the poet
+of modern love. Dante&#8217;s love, fantastic and supersensuous, was not
+modern love. We do not want angels, either in heaven or in the house, to
+condescend to our depravity and lead us upward. We do not want the
+divine school-mistress to bring us to something not ourselves which may
+or may not make for righteousness, but the divine mistress, passionate
+as well as pure, to bring us to our best selves, and live with us in
+perfect union. Shakespeare showed us glimpses of this love defeated by
+circumstances in <i>Romeo and Juliet</i>, triumphant over circumstances in
+Posthumus and Imogen; but Shelley has had a fuller vision of it. Since
+Shakespeare&#8217;s time both manhood and womanhood, and especially womanhood,
+have by pressure of circumstances become more self-conscious, and the
+conditions of their union through love more complex.</p>
+
+<p>And what is this modern ideal of love, of which Shelley is the exponent?
+What is this strange affection, love, whether ancient or modern? It is
+that most paradoxical of passions, that compound of selfishness and
+self-renunciation, that forlorn desire which strives to reconcile all
+things, and found an eternal home on the shifting sands of time, of
+which we all know something. Blake has expressed this paradoxical
+character of love once for all in his little poem &#8220;The Clod and the
+Pebble.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Love seeketh not itself to please,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nor for itself hath any care,</span><br />
+But for another gives its ease,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And builds a heaven in hell&#8217;s despair.</span><br />
+<br />
+Love seeketh only self to please,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To bind another to its delight,</span><br />
+Joys in another&#8217;s loss of ease,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And builds a hell in heaven&#8217;s despite.&#8221;</span></p>
+
+<p>We may call these the masculine and feminine elements in love; though of
+course both exist in all love, whether of man to woman or woman to man.
+Both sexes give more than they receive, and receive<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> more than they
+give. In all love, from the first step beyond mere physical appetite, to
+the most transcendental Platonism, there are these two antagonistic
+elements. If the merely self-indulgent element prevails, we tend in the
+direction of lust, one of the most cruel diseases that plague humanity,
+which Milton rightly places &#8220;hard by hate.&#8221; If the merely
+self-renouncing, we tend in the direction of monastic chastity, which
+though not so distinctly an evil thing, may become cruel and inhuman,
+and a bar to human progress. Asceticism is not, like lust, a disease,
+physical and spiritual, but it may lead to disease, spiritual if not
+physical. There is an asceticism, the Greek <ins class="correction" title="asch&ecirc;sis">&#945;&#963;&#967;&#951;&#963;&#953;&#962;</ins>, a
+training of the lower faculties to act in subordination to the higher,
+which is the strait gate by which we enter upon the arduous ascent
+toward noble passion and noble action. There is another asceticism which
+if not truly Christian, came in the wake of Christianity, which, denying
+the rights of the body, was less a training than a mortification. Both
+unrestrained sensuality and monastic chastity, in their injustice to the
+body outrage the sexual principle, the former by regarding it as a toy
+to be polluted by base pleasure, the latter by regarding it as a thing
+unclean in itself to be cast out and killed, or at best tolerated and
+cleansed by the Church&#8217;s holy water. To the present day the average
+man&#8217;s, or at least the average Englishman&#8217;s great temptation is to sin
+against love, through dull unimaginative lust, the average
+Englishwoman&#8217;s through dull unimaginative chastity. Men live too much in
+the sensuous, and women in the supersensuous, to meet fairly. Love, the
+reconciler, himself is too weak fully to reconcile them and to bring
+them together in that perfect ecstasy, body to body, spirit to spirit,
+soul to soul, that &#8220;unreserve of mingled being,&#8221; which Shelley, giving a
+voice to the desire of all ages, but especially to modern desire, sighed
+for. To understand Shelley&#8217;s protest against marriage, we must
+understand his ideal of love&mdash;the unconstrained rush together of two
+personalities of opposite sexes, in whom the body is but the vehicle of
+the spirit. This love is not born merely of the flickering fire of the
+senses. It is a divine flame, kindled alike in body, soul, and spirit,
+and fusing them into unity. Of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> course, if this love is to be the great
+end of life, marriage is somewhat of an impertinence. While the divine
+fire burns, what need of artificial ties to keep the two lovers
+together? If it goes out why should they be kept together? To which the
+prosaic moralist replies: &#8220;Your ideal of love is very beautiful, no
+doubt. Get as much as you can of this divine flame into your Hymen&#8217;s
+torch; and after all, every young couple start with some such high-flown
+notions in their heads; but I must have some guarantee that your wife
+and children are not left as burdens upon the parish, when you begin to
+feel the pinch of real life, and the glamour of your imagination fades
+from your &#8216;divine mistress.&#8217; Marriage was not ordained to be the
+paradise of ideal love, but for the sober discipline of the affections
+of men and women, and above all for the production and rearing up of
+good citizens of the commonwealth. To judge by your own writings, Mr.
+Shelley, you seem to have been running after a will-o&#8217;-the-wisp all your
+life in this ideal love. And if <i>you</i> did not catch it, is it likely
+that Tom, Dick, and Harry will? In any case the pursuit of it seems just
+as likely to make inconstant lovers as that sensuality you affect to
+look down upon. You always had the word &#8216;for ever&#8217; on your tongue; but
+how long did your for evers last? No, no, my dear sir, the good of
+society demands fidelity to incurred responsibilities, and we find by
+practical experience that both men and women, but especially men, are
+inclined to shirk the responsibilities which indulgence of the sexual
+passion brings in its train. Hence the marriage contract. It does not
+concern itself primarily with either love or lovers, but it helps to
+keep husbands and wives together, and women and children maintained
+decently without coming upon the rates. And, mind you, it does not by
+any means leave love out in the cold. It may not rise to your
+transcendental ecstasy; but it is love all the same, good honest
+domestic affection, when your young couples get well broken to harness.
+Did you not say yourself that one might as well go to a gin-shop for a
+leg of mutton as to you for anything human? Well, give me the wholesome
+leg of mutton&mdash;none of your gin for me. Egad, sir, when I see some
+honest couple<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> going to church of a Sunday morning, with half-a-dozen
+pretty children about them, I call that a poem&mdash;ay, and a better poem,
+Mr. Shelley, than all the fantastic Epipsychidions you ever put upon
+paper. Hang it all, sir, let a man make love to his own wife, and stick
+to her when he has got her. I&#8217;m a plain man, sir, but I hope a moral
+man, and them&#8217;s my sentiments.&#8221; To all which, let Shelley reply as best
+he may. The fact is that he has given no satisfactory reply, simply
+because it was only just before his death that he realised the
+complexity of the problem of life. He did, however, see clearly that the
+bringing of men and women into more complete harmony, by raising the
+ideal of love, was the most important step towards that renewal of the
+world, that living of the most perfect life attainable by man, for which
+he sighed and after which he strove; and he saw clearly that our
+solution of the marriage problem was imperfect, not merely in practice,
+but to some extent in theory. As regards the subjection of women, he
+seems to have considered this wholly an artificial product of religious
+dogma, and not, as it is, the natural result of an imperfect
+civilization. Man protects woman because, on the whole, she adds to his
+comfort. Protection implies subjection, and subjection to a tyrant is
+slavery; and man, if not altogether a tyrant in these later times, has
+always the <ins class="correction" title="original: tempation">temptation</ins> to become one, and the tyrannical traditions of
+bygone times have a strong tendency to persist. Laws and even customs
+lag far behind the highest public opinion of the day.</p>
+
+<p>Now, men being in possession of the capital of the world, the material
+means of life, women stand to them in the position of what the
+socialists call wage-slaves. They must do what their employers require
+of them on pain of starvation, and there is no true freedom of contract.
+And so far men have almost without exception required of them
+concubinage or menial service, or a mixture of both. English marriage,
+while recognizing the existing fact of the subjection of women, has done
+something to raise their status, chiefly by making the bond between the
+contracting parties theoretically, and to a great extent practically,
+one of love and mutual service. It has indeed been much more than
+Shelley<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> seems to have realized, the <i>nidus</i> of a love pure and
+wholesome, if not very passionate. Theoretically strictly monogamic, it
+has been so practically to a very respectable extent. It has put a
+perceptible curb upon the strong polygamous instinct of men, and it has
+fostered the monogamous habit in women enormously. English women are for
+the most part faithful wives. Even transitory prostitution does not kill
+the monogamous propensity in them. They settle down into marriage, or
+live faithfully with one man, if they get the chance.</p>
+
+<p>Still, Englishwomen are not satisfied with marriage as it exists. Let us
+hear Mrs. Mona Caird on the subject. She is much more prosaic than
+Shelley; she looks at the subject, chiefly from the standpoint of
+practical comfort. She sees that from this standpoint, from various
+reasons, which may be summed up in the phrase &#8220;incompatibility of
+temper,&#8221; marriage does not induce even that amount of mutual toleration,
+not to say happiness, without which it is impossible for man and wife to
+live decently together. She therefore asks, What good purpose is served
+by keeping two people together who are evidently unfit to live together?
+Why indeed? if, as Mrs. Caird says, &#8220;The matter is one in which any
+interposition, whether of law or society, is an impertinence.&#8221; But,
+unfortunately, law and society are the most impertinent things in the
+world, always binding with briers our joys and desires, and poking their
+ugly noses into our private affairs in the interests of the British
+ratepayer. We shall never be happy until we have got rid of them&mdash;if
+even then, and it is quite impossible to get rid of them for some time
+to come. Now the British ratepayer cares nothing about women and
+children, except in so far as there is a danger of their coming upon the
+rates. And he is a little scared about giving greater liberty of
+divorce, &#8220;saving for the cause of adultery,&#8221; as he piously ejaculates.
+He does not like stray women and children going about the world. But
+after all, adultery is only a particular, perhaps even a minor, case of
+incompatibility. Marriage was made for man, and not man for marriage,
+and although marriage may work well in nine cases out of ten, the tenth
+case must be considered, and relief given if possible. The individual is
+right to demand relief,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> and the mode of giving relief is a question for
+the legislator. Greater facility of divorce must come, and will come,
+now that both men and women demand it.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Caird&#8217;s demand for greater laxity of the marriage bond <i>ab initio</i>,
+the nature of the contract being left to the contracting parties, like a
+marriage settlement, is quite outside the sphere of practical politics,
+as she is herself quite aware. If men were but educated up to the
+Shelleyan ideal, then we might try all sorts of delightful experiments
+in marriage, and gradually arrive at absolute freedom of contract, which
+would <i>not</i> mean that absolutely unsentimental hygienic promiscuity
+which is the ideal of the highly advanced physiologist. But men are not
+yet harmonious creatures, like Wordsworth&#8217;s cloud, which &#8220;moveth
+altogether if it move at all.&#8221; They are torn by their lusts which war in
+their members. Hence these bonds. Lust, lust, lust: this is the most
+concentrated form of selfishness&mdash;the undying worm at the root of the
+Tree of Life. This is the tyrant that women have at last begun to
+recognize as their deadly adversary and to fight against. Shelley, a
+better physician than Goethe, laid his finger on this plague-spot, and
+told the age plainly: &#8220;Thou ailest here.&#8221; But he did not see that
+instead of saying, &#8220;Abolish marriage and prostitution will cease,&#8221; he
+ought to have said, &#8220;Abolish prostitution and marriage will
+cease&#8221;&mdash;marriage without love being only a particular form of
+prostitution. He did not see that the abolition of marriage would no
+more get rid of lust than the abolition of private property would get
+rid of selfishness. We have already, in monogamic marriage, struggled
+painfully upward to the level of the higher animals; let us not imperil
+this progress rashly.</p>
+
+<p>The Cythnas of the present day have felt their burthens more directly
+than Shelley did. Hence their demand for economic independence, that
+they may not be forced into marriage or prostitution by the various
+degrees of starvation. Their demand is a just one, and must be satisfied
+somehow, even if we have to put a bonus upon womanhood and pay women,
+not merely fair wages for their work of all kinds, but a tribute to them
+as women, as potential mothers, which shall fairly handicap the sexes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>
+in the struggle for existence, and put men more on their good behaviour.</p>
+
+<p>Shelley, the mystic, who looked for a miraculous change in nature
+coincident with a miraculous change in man, seems to have seen, almost
+as little as the average socialist of the present day, who believes in
+the spiritual efficacy of a purely material revolution, that the ideals
+and interests of the two sexes are widely apart, more so now than ever
+before probably. He, like the socialist, in his impatience to arrive at
+a practical solution of the life-problem, did not take the trouble to
+understand the true bearing of the doctrine of Malthus. He did not see
+that whether Malthus&#8217;s figures be right or wrong, it is a fact that the
+population of any given district (be it an English barony, or the world
+itself) tends to increase up to the limits of its food-supply, taking
+the word <i>food</i> in its very widest sense to signify all the means of
+well-being; and that this tendency is a fundamental element in all
+social problems, just as friction is in all mechanical problems. He did
+not see that, other things being the same, a higher standard of comfort,
+while, finally tending to diminish the rate of increase of population,
+first increases its pressure. He did not contemplate that strike against
+child-bearing on the part of women, which is induced, not merely by the
+desire for personal comfort, but is largely due to the vague influence
+of those new ideals of which he was himself the prophet. He, like the
+socialist, thought that we might go on increasing and multiplying <i>ad
+libitum</i>, till we reached the ultimate limit of standing-room on the
+earth, and of miraculous chemical food out of the air, and began, as
+astral bodies, to emigrate to Mars. Women know better than this; and
+feel the pinch of population, when what they just now consider their
+higher life is hampered by children. The woman who has one child more
+than she wants is an over-populated woman; and the advanced woman of the
+present day, having her own higher culture, and the culture of humanity,
+on the brain, possibly with a high ideal of the duties of maternity, and
+frequently a sickly and weary creature, morbid in body and mind, is very
+easily over-populated. Hence much social discomfort. Shelley does not
+seem to have contemplated this, nor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> seen that the good-natured
+acceptance of the feminine ideal by man might lead him, like poor St.
+Peter in his old age, &#8220;whither he would not.&#8221; How all this is going to
+end I confess I don&#8217;t know. I trust in more delicate adjustments, a
+higher and more wholesome life all round; but the ascent of man is
+always a painful process. Meanwhile it is quite time for this bald,
+disjointed chat of mine to come to an end.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/end_deco.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><i>London</i>:<br />
+<i>Printed by</i> Richard Clay &amp; Sons, Limited, <i>Bread Street Hill</i>.<br />
+<i>September, 1889.</i></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="narrow" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h4>Transcriber's note:</h4>
+
+<p><small>A dull gray underscore in the text indicates where a correction was
+made. Hover the cursor over the underscored text to see the nature of the
+correction.</small></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SHELLEY AND THE MARRIAGE QUESTION***</p>
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Shelley and the Marriage Question, by John
+Todhunter
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Shelley and the Marriage Question
+
+
+Author: John Todhunter
+
+
+
+Release Date: October 16, 2010  [eBook #34085]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SHELLEY AND THE MARRIAGE
+QUESTION***
+
+
+E-text prepared by the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+(http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made available by
+Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries
+(http://www.archive.org/details/toronto)
+
+
+
+Note: Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries. See
+      http://www.archive.org/details/shelleyandthema00todhuoft
+
+
+
+
+
+SHELLEY AND MARRIAGE.
+
+Of this Book Twenty-Five Copies only have been printed.
+
+
+SHELLEY AND THE MARRIAGE QUESTION.
+
+by
+
+JOHN TODHUNTER, M.D.,
+
+Author of _Notes on "The Triumph of Life," A Study of Shelley, etc._
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+London:
+Printed for Private Circulation Only.
+1889.
+
+
+
+
+SHELLEY AND THE MARRIAGE QUESTION.
+
+
+Now that marriage, like most other time-honoured institutions, has come
+to stand, a thing accused, at the bar of public opinion, it may be
+interesting to see what Shelley has to say about it. The marriage
+problem is a complex one, involving many questions not very easy to
+answer offhand or even after much consideration. What is marriage? Of
+divine or human institution? For what ends was it instituted? How far
+does it attain these ends? And a dozen others involved in these.
+
+The very idea of marriage implies some kind of bond imposed by society
+upon the sexual relations of its members, male and female; some kind of
+restriction upon the absolute promiscuity and absolute instability of
+these relations--such restriction taking the form of a contract between
+individuals, endorsed by society, and enforced with more or less
+stringency by public opinion. Its object at first was probably simply to
+ensure to each male member of the tribe the quiet enjoyment of his wife
+or wives, and the free exploitation of the children she or they
+produced. The patriarchal tyranny was established, and through the
+sanction of primitive religion and law became a divine institution.
+Then, as civilization progressed, the wife and children became less and
+less the mere slaves, more and more the respected subjects, of the
+patriarch. The paternal instinct (like the maternal) became developed,
+and family affection came into existence. At present the whirligig of
+time is bringing its revenges. The patriarchal tyranny begins to
+totter; parents are often more the slaves than the masters of their
+children. And even wives begin to rebel against wifedom, and threaten to
+revolutionize marriage in their own interest. Woman, like everybody
+else, is beginning to strike for higher wages. There are more than the
+first mutterings of that revolution in the Golden City of Divine
+institutions prophesied of by Shelley in _Laon and Cythna_. There are a
+good many Cythnas ready to rush about on their black Tartarian hobbies,
+of whom Mrs. Mona Caird is the one who has recently made most noise.
+
+There is a little design of Blake's in _The Gates of Paradise_, which
+represents a man standing on the earth who leans a ladder against the
+moon and prepares to mount; the motto underneath being: "I want! I
+want!" This is a type of our own age. Never was such an age of
+discontent, never such a Babel of voices crying: "I want! I want!" We
+have become very conscious of our pain, and are not ashamed to cry out
+and proclaim it on the house-tops in these hysterical times--simply
+because the ancient sanctions and anodynes have lost their sanctity and
+comfort for us. The very "priests in black gowns" who used to "walk
+their rounds and bind with briers our joys and desires," have been
+themselves corrupted with a longing for a little present happiness, and
+that Old Woman in the shoe, Mrs. Grundy herself, instead of whipping us
+all round and putting us to bed in the old summary fashion, when we
+venture to complain that the shoe pinches here and there, has herself
+become lachrymose. We cry out because, having neither the old
+repressions nor the old opiates to restrain us, there is no valid reason
+why we should hold our tongues. By crying loud enough and long enough we
+may get some help. We may even find some good-natured person to stop
+crying himself and help us; and then for very shame we may go and do
+likewise. In this lies the age's hope. It is really in its best aspect
+an unselfish age, an age in which sympathy and justice are vital forces,
+in which the miseries of others are felt as our own. There are thousands
+now who feel themselves "as nerves o'er which do creep the else unfelt
+oppressions of the earth." We are not wise enough yet to conceive and
+organize those vital adjustments between conflicting wants, interests,
+and principles, which shall be of deeper efficiency than mere
+superficial compromises; but this wisdom will come in due time, if we do
+not rush into anarchy through that licentious impatience which is the
+curse of revolutionary periods.
+
+Now, of all the bitter cries ringing in the air at the present time,
+about the bitterest and most persistent is that not merely of women, but
+of woman with a capital W. It is the most appalling note of change that
+can pierce the ear of self-satisfied Conservatism. The patient Griselda
+has begun to protest against the tyranny of her lord and master. Love's
+martyr has at last begun to think that her martyrdom must have its
+limits. It is as if the Lamb, whose function we thought was to be dumb
+before its shearers and even sacrificers, had found a voice of
+protestation. It is a portent. And even men are constrained to listen to
+the cry; for it sounds like the birth-cry of regenerated Love. Not now
+"Love self-slain in some sweet shameful way," but Love the winged angel
+who shall finally cast out Lust, the adversary. But many things must
+come to pass before this triumph of love can be brought about; and in
+many respects the horoscope looks unpropitious enough. The first effect
+of the birth, or coming to the surface of a higher ideal, gradually
+evolved by the progress of society, is apparently to make confusion
+worse confounded. Not peace but a sword is the first gift of the Prince
+of Peace. Liberty comes masked like Tyranny, and cries "Fraternity or
+death!" Love goes wantonly about with the Maenads of licentiousness at
+his heels. But the divine Logos, incarnate as the Son of man, always
+comes not to destroy but to fulfil.
+
+Just now that highly moral being, Man in the masculine gender, is much
+shocked at the strangely immoral conduct of his feminine counterpart. In
+the first place, she has dared to look at the realities of things with
+her own eyes, not through the rose-coloured spectacles with which he has
+been at pains to provide her; and not only that, but to peep behind the
+sacred veil which man has modestly cast over many ugly things. Secondly,
+she has begun to talk openly about these ugly things, and to call them
+by non-euphemistic, ugly names, in a manner quite unprecedented.
+Thirdly, she has dared to attempt her own solution of things insoluble,
+her own achievement of things impossible. And fourthly, she has dared to
+formulate a demand for liberty, equality, fraternity on her own
+account--a demand which every day comes more and more within the sphere
+of practical politics. Here are pure women making common cause with
+prostitutes, married women crying out against the holy institution of
+matrimony, mothers rebelling against the tyranny of the beatific
+baby--nay, absolutely on strike against child-bearing, or at least
+demanding limited liability as regards that important function. Finally,
+here is Woman, whether as virgin, wife, or widow, demanding independence
+as to property and a fair share of the world's goods in return for a
+fair share of the general work of the world outside of her special
+womanly functions. "D----n it, sir, I say that women are unsexing
+themselves--unsexing themselves, by Jove!" as Major Pendennis might
+exclaim. And the worst of it is that there are so many men, traitors to
+their sex, who are casting in their lot with women in this terrible
+Women's Rights movement--"unsexing themselves," too, no doubt--so that
+we shall all soon become either a-sexual or hermaphrodite beings! And
+here let us leave for a moment the more or less limited and prosaic
+Cythnas of the day, the terrible women who ride about upon Tartarian
+hobby-horses in novels and magazine articles, who spout on platforms and
+practise medicine and other dreadful trades--the scientific Mrs.
+Somervilles, and medical Mrs. Garrett Andersons, and pious Mrs.
+Josephine Butlers, and impious Mrs. Mona Cairds, and get back to Shelley
+himself, the poet of this shocking social aberration.
+
+Shelley, as Mr. Cordy Jeafferson has taken great pains to demonstrate,
+was an exceedingly immoral young man. He outraged the conventional
+morality of his day by his actions as well as in his writings in the
+most shameless manner; but this shamelessness was due to his intense
+conviction that he thus outraged _conventional_ in the interests of
+_ideal_ morality. His life and writings are so full of the paradoxical
+character which I have ascribed to the social agitation of the present
+day, and some of his utterances are so prophetic of it, that we may
+fairly regard him as its precursor.
+
+Shelley, as we know, started rather as an anarchist than as a mere
+reformer. His ideas were cataclysmal rather than evolutional. But he was
+an optimistic not a pessimistic anarchist, and he endeavoured to destroy
+in order to rebuild with all possible expedition. The kingdom of heaven
+was, for him, at the very doors, ready to take shape as soon as man
+willed it; and man _would_ will it as soon as the mind-forged fetters of
+his mind were loosed. Accordingly he endeavoured to loose them. He
+dethroned God that the Spirit of Nature might be enthroned; and then he
+proceeded to abolish marriage that free love might regenerate mankind.
+He believed in regeneration by incantation--a few words murmured in
+men's ears would make them as obedient to the ideas those sacred words
+represented as spirits to the spells of a magician. Abolish marriage
+(and what could be easier?), and love, being set free, prostitution
+would cease. We may pass by such puerilities of inexperienced idealism,
+to be found by the score in _Queen Mab_, and pass on to Shelley's more
+mature utterances, always remembering that he died, as the _Triumph of
+Life_ shows, in the very process of maturation. His whole history is
+that of an idealist, who first seeks his ideal in the actual, and not
+finding it endeavours to bring the actual into harmony with his ideal.
+His imagination hacks at the rude block of the world with the divine
+fury of a Pygmalion; thinking at first that he has but to remove the
+dull superfluous husks of custom to find the living idea in the centre;
+but gradually perceiving it was but created an inanimate image, which
+can only come to life by the invocation of Venus Urania. All the
+weaknesses, faults, and follies of his life and his writings, as well as
+that "power in weakness veiled" which he felt himself to be, come from
+this. He is driven to reform society by attacking the conventional
+morality of marriage, because he is first a transcendental lover; just
+as Mr. William Morris is driven into socialism, because he is first a
+very practical decorative artist. To speak irreverently, both men want
+elbow-room for their fads. But Shelley's fad is of even more importance
+to us than Morris's. It is better to have a beautiful love, than to have
+a beautiful house to put him in. Shelley is, above all things, the poet
+of modern love. Dante's love, fantastic and supersensuous, was not
+modern love. We do not want angels, either in heaven or in the house, to
+condescend to our depravity and lead us upward. We do not want the
+divine school-mistress to bring us to something not ourselves which may
+or may not make for righteousness, but the divine mistress, passionate
+as well as pure, to bring us to our best selves, and live with us in
+perfect union. Shakespeare showed us glimpses of this love defeated by
+circumstances in _Romeo and Juliet_, triumphant over circumstances in
+Posthumus and Imogen; but Shelley has had a fuller vision of it. Since
+Shakespeare's time both manhood and womanhood, and especially womanhood,
+have by pressure of circumstances become more self-conscious, and the
+conditions of their union through love more complex.
+
+And what is this modern ideal of love, of which Shelley is the exponent?
+What is this strange affection, love, whether ancient or modern? It is
+that most paradoxical of passions, that compound of selfishness and
+self-renunciation, that forlorn desire which strives to reconcile all
+things, and found an eternal home on the shifting sands of time, of
+which we all know something. Blake has expressed this paradoxical
+character of love once for all in his little poem "The Clod and the
+Pebble."
+
+  "Love seeketh not itself to please,
+    Nor for itself hath any care,
+  But for another gives its ease,
+    And builds a heaven in hell's despair.
+
+  Love seeketh only self to please,
+    To bind another to its delight,
+  Joys in another's loss of ease,
+    And builds a hell in heaven's despite."
+
+We may call these the masculine and feminine elements in love; though of
+course both exist in all love, whether of man to woman or woman to man.
+Both sexes give more than they receive, and receive more than they
+give. In all love, from the first step beyond mere physical appetite, to
+the most transcendental Platonism, there are these two antagonistic
+elements. If the merely self-indulgent element prevails, we tend in
+the direction of lust, one of the most cruel diseases that plague
+humanity, which Milton rightly places "hard by hate." If the merely
+self-renouncing, we tend in the direction of monastic chastity, which
+though not so distinctly an evil thing, may become cruel and inhuman,
+and a bar to human progress. Asceticism is not, like lust, a disease,
+physical and spiritual, but it may lead to disease, spiritual if not
+physical. There is an asceticism, the Greek [Greek: aschesis], a
+training of the lower faculties to act in subordination to the higher,
+which is the strait gate by which we enter upon the arduous ascent
+toward noble passion and noble action. There is another asceticism which
+if not truly Christian, came in the wake of Christianity, which, denying
+the rights of the body, was less a training than a mortification. Both
+unrestrained sensuality and monastic chastity, in their injustice to the
+body outrage the sexual principle, the former by regarding it as a toy
+to be polluted by base pleasure, the latter by regarding it as a thing
+unclean in itself to be cast out and killed, or at best tolerated and
+cleansed by the Church's holy water. To the present day the average
+man's, or at least the average Englishman's great temptation is to sin
+against love, through dull unimaginative lust, the average
+Englishwoman's through dull unimaginative chastity. Men live too much in
+the sensuous, and women in the supersensuous, to meet fairly. Love, the
+reconciler, himself is too weak fully to reconcile them and to bring
+them together in that perfect ecstasy, body to body, spirit to spirit,
+soul to soul, that "unreserve of mingled being," which Shelley, giving a
+voice to the desire of all ages, but especially to modern desire, sighed
+for. To understand Shelley's protest against marriage, we must
+understand his ideal of love--the unconstrained rush together of two
+personalities of opposite sexes, in whom the body is but the vehicle of
+the spirit. This love is not born merely of the flickering fire of the
+senses. It is a divine flame, kindled alike in body, soul, and spirit,
+and fusing them into unity. Of course, if this love is to be the great
+end of life, marriage is somewhat of an impertinence. While the divine
+fire burns, what need of artificial ties to keep the two lovers
+together? If it goes out why should they be kept together? To which the
+prosaic moralist replies: "Your ideal of love is very beautiful, no
+doubt. Get as much as you can of this divine flame into your Hymen's
+torch; and after all, every young couple start with some such high-flown
+notions in their heads; but I must have some guarantee that your wife
+and children are not left as burdens upon the parish, when you begin to
+feel the pinch of real life, and the glamour of your imagination fades
+from your 'divine mistress.' Marriage was not ordained to be the
+paradise of ideal love, but for the sober discipline of the affections
+of men and women, and above all for the production and rearing up of
+good citizens of the commonwealth. To judge by your own writings, Mr.
+Shelley, you seem to have been running after a will-o'-the-wisp all your
+life in this ideal love. And if _you_ did not catch it, is it likely
+that Tom, Dick, and Harry will? In any case the pursuit of it seems just
+as likely to make inconstant lovers as that sensuality you affect to
+look down upon. You always had the word 'for ever' on your tongue; but
+how long did your for evers last? No, no, my dear sir, the good of
+society demands fidelity to incurred responsibilities, and we find by
+practical experience that both men and women, but especially men, are
+inclined to shirk the responsibilities which indulgence of the sexual
+passion brings in its train. Hence the marriage contract. It does not
+concern itself primarily with either love or lovers, but it helps to
+keep husbands and wives together, and women and children maintained
+decently without coming upon the rates. And, mind you, it does not by
+any means leave love out in the cold. It may not rise to your
+transcendental ecstasy; but it is love all the same, good honest
+domestic affection, when your young couples get well broken to harness.
+Did you not say yourself that one might as well go to a gin-shop for a
+leg of mutton as to you for anything human? Well, give me the wholesome
+leg of mutton--none of your gin for me. Egad, sir, when I see some
+honest couple going to church of a Sunday morning, with half-a-dozen
+pretty children about them, I call that a poem--ay, and a better poem,
+Mr. Shelley, than all the fantastic Epipsychidions you ever put upon
+paper. Hang it all, sir, let a man make love to his own wife, and stick
+to her when he has got her. I'm a plain man, sir, but I hope a moral
+man, and them's my sentiments." To all which, let Shelley reply as best
+he may. The fact is that he has given no satisfactory reply, simply
+because it was only just before his death that he realised the
+complexity of the problem of life. He did, however, see clearly that the
+bringing of men and women into more complete harmony, by raising the
+ideal of love, was the most important step towards that renewal of the
+world, that living of the most perfect life attainable by man, for which
+he sighed and after which he strove; and he saw clearly that our
+solution of the marriage problem was imperfect, not merely in practice,
+but to some extent in theory. As regards the subjection of women, he
+seems to have considered this wholly an artificial product of religious
+dogma, and not, as it is, the natural result of an imperfect
+civilization. Man protects woman because, on the whole, she adds to his
+comfort. Protection implies subjection, and subjection to a tyrant is
+slavery; and man, if not altogether a tyrant in these later times, has
+always the temptation to become one, and the tyrannical traditions of
+bygone times have a strong tendency to persist. Laws and even customs
+lag far behind the highest public opinion of the day.
+
+Now, men being in possession of the capital of the world, the material
+means of life, women stand to them in the position of what the
+socialists call wage-slaves. They must do what their employers require
+of them on pain of starvation, and there is no true freedom of contract.
+And so far men have almost without exception required of them
+concubinage or menial service, or a mixture of both. English marriage,
+while recognizing the existing fact of the subjection of women, has done
+something to raise their status, chiefly by making the bond between the
+contracting parties theoretically, and to a great extent practically,
+one of love and mutual service. It has indeed been much more than
+Shelley seems to have realized, the _nidus_ of a love pure and
+wholesome, if not very passionate. Theoretically strictly monogamic, it
+has been so practically to a very respectable extent. It has put a
+perceptible curb upon the strong polygamous instinct of men, and it has
+fostered the monogamous habit in women enormously. English women are for
+the most part faithful wives. Even transitory prostitution does not kill
+the monogamous propensity in them. They settle down into marriage, or
+live faithfully with one man, if they get the chance.
+
+Still, Englishwomen are not satisfied with marriage as it exists. Let us
+hear Mrs. Mona Caird on the subject. She is much more prosaic than
+Shelley; she looks at the subject, chiefly from the standpoint of
+practical comfort. She sees that from this standpoint, from various
+reasons, which may be summed up in the phrase "incompatibility of
+temper," marriage does not induce even that amount of mutual toleration,
+not to say happiness, without which it is impossible for man and wife to
+live decently together. She therefore asks, What good purpose is served
+by keeping two people together who are evidently unfit to live together?
+Why indeed? if, as Mrs. Caird says, "The matter is one in which any
+interposition, whether of law or society, is an impertinence." But,
+unfortunately, law and society are the most impertinent things in the
+world, always binding with briers our joys and desires, and poking their
+ugly noses into our private affairs in the interests of the British
+ratepayer. We shall never be happy until we have got rid of them--if
+even then, and it is quite impossible to get rid of them for some time
+to come. Now the British ratepayer cares nothing about women and
+children, except in so far as there is a danger of their coming upon the
+rates. And he is a little scared about giving greater liberty of
+divorce, "saving for the cause of adultery," as he piously ejaculates.
+He does not like stray women and children going about the world. But
+after all, adultery is only a particular, perhaps even a minor, case of
+incompatibility. Marriage was made for man, and not man for marriage,
+and although marriage may work well in nine cases out of ten, the tenth
+case must be considered, and relief given if possible. The individual is
+right to demand relief, and the mode of giving relief is a question for
+the legislator. Greater facility of divorce must come, and will come,
+now that both men and women demand it.
+
+Mrs. Caird's demand for greater laxity of the marriage bond _ab initio_,
+the nature of the contract being left to the contracting parties, like a
+marriage settlement, is quite outside the sphere of practical politics,
+as she is herself quite aware. If men were but educated up to the
+Shelleyan ideal, then we might try all sorts of delightful experiments
+in marriage, and gradually arrive at absolute freedom of contract, which
+would _not_ mean that absolutely unsentimental hygienic promiscuity
+which is the ideal of the highly advanced physiologist. But men are not
+yet harmonious creatures, like Wordsworth's cloud, which "moveth
+altogether if it move at all." They are torn by their lusts which war in
+their members. Hence these bonds. Lust, lust, lust: this is the most
+concentrated form of selfishness--the undying worm at the root of the
+Tree of Life. This is the tyrant that women have at last begun to
+recognize as their deadly adversary and to fight against. Shelley, a
+better physician than Goethe, laid his finger on this plague-spot, and
+told the age plainly: "Thou ailest here." But he did not see that
+instead of saying, "Abolish marriage and prostitution will cease," he
+ought to have said, "Abolish prostitution and marriage will
+cease"--marriage without love being only a particular form of
+prostitution. He did not see that the abolition of marriage would no
+more get rid of lust than the abolition of private property would get
+rid of selfishness. We have already, in monogamic marriage, struggled
+painfully upward to the level of the higher animals; let us not imperil
+this progress rashly.
+
+The Cythnas of the present day have felt their burthens more directly
+than Shelley did. Hence their demand for economic independence, that
+they may not be forced into marriage or prostitution by the various
+degrees of starvation. Their demand is a just one, and must be satisfied
+somehow, even if we have to put a bonus upon womanhood and pay women,
+not merely fair wages for their work of all kinds, but a tribute to them
+as women, as potential mothers, which shall fairly handicap the sexes
+in the struggle for existence, and put men more on their good behaviour.
+
+Shelley, the mystic, who looked for a miraculous change in nature
+coincident with a miraculous change in man, seems to have seen, almost
+as little as the average socialist of the present day, who believes in
+the spiritual efficacy of a purely material revolution, that the ideals
+and interests of the two sexes are widely apart, more so now than ever
+before probably. He, like the socialist, in his impatience to arrive at
+a practical solution of the life-problem, did not take the trouble to
+understand the true bearing of the doctrine of Malthus. He did not see
+that whether Malthus's figures be right or wrong, it is a fact that the
+population of any given district (be it an English barony, or the world
+itself) tends to increase up to the limits of its food-supply, taking
+the word _food_ in its very widest sense to signify all the means of
+well-being; and that this tendency is a fundamental element in all
+social problems, just as friction is in all mechanical problems. He did
+not see that, other things being the same, a higher standard of comfort,
+while, finally tending to diminish the rate of increase of population,
+first increases its pressure. He did not contemplate that strike against
+child-bearing on the part of women, which is induced, not merely by the
+desire for personal comfort, but is largely due to the vague influence
+of those new ideals of which he was himself the prophet. He, like the
+socialist, thought that we might go on increasing and multiplying _ad
+libitum_, till we reached the ultimate limit of standing-room on the
+earth, and of miraculous chemical food out of the air, and began, as
+astral bodies, to emigrate to Mars. Women know better than this; and
+feel the pinch of population, when what they just now consider their
+higher life is hampered by children. The woman who has one child more
+than she wants is an over-populated woman; and the advanced woman of the
+present day, having her own higher culture, and the culture of humanity,
+on the brain, possibly with a high ideal of the duties of maternity, and
+frequently a sickly and weary creature, morbid in body and mind, is very
+easily over-populated. Hence much social discomfort. Shelley does not
+seem to have contemplated this, nor seen that the good-natured
+acceptance of the feminine ideal by man might lead him, like poor St.
+Peter in his old age, "whither he would not." How all this is going to
+end I confess I don't know. I trust in more delicate adjustments, a
+higher and more wholesome life all round; but the ascent of man is
+always a painful process. Meanwhile it is quite time for this bald,
+disjointed chat of mine to come to an end.
+
+
+
+
+  _London:
+  Printed by Richard Clay & Sons, Limited, Bread Street Hill.
+  September, 1889._
+
+
+
+
+      *      *      *      *      *      *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+Text in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_).
+
+The original text includes Greek characters. For this text version these
+letters have been replaced with transliterations.
+
+The misprint "tempation" has been corrected to "temptation" (page 15).
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SHELLEY AND THE MARRIAGE QUESTION***
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