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You may copy it, + give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project + Gutenberg License <a href="#pglicense" class="tei tei-ref">included with this + eBook</a> or online at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" class="tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/license</a></p></div><pre class="pre tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">Title: Myths and Legends of the Celtic Race + +Author: Thomas William Rolleston + +Release Date: October 16, 2010 [Ebook #34081] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF THE CELTIC RACE*** +</pre></div> + </div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">MYTHS & LEGENDS +OF THE CELTIC RACE</span></span> +</p> +</div> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="fig1" id="fig1"></a></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/ill-002.png" alt="Queen Maev" title="Queen Maev" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Queen Maev</div></div> +</div> + + + + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-weight: 700">T. W. ROLLESTON</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-weight: 700">MYTHS & LEGENDS +OF THE CELTIC RACE</span></span> +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/ill-003.png" alt="[Logo]" /></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +CONSTABLE - LONDON +</p> +</div> + + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page8">[pg 8]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +British edition published by Constable and Company Limited, London +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +First published 1911 by George G. Harrap & Co., London +</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page9">[pg 9]</span> + +<a name="toc2" id="toc2"></a> +<a name="pdf3" id="pdf3"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%"> +PREFACE +</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Past may be forgotten, but it never dies. +The elements which in the most remote times +have entered into a nation's composition endure +through all its history, and help to mould that history, +and to stamp the character and genius of the people. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The examination, therefore, of these elements, and +the recognition, as far as possible, of the part they have +actually contributed to the warp and weft of a nation's +life, must be a matter of no small interest and importance +to those who realise that the present is the +child of the past, and the future of the present; who +will not regard themselves, their kinsfolk, and their +fellow-citizens as mere transitory phantoms, hurrying +from darkness into darkness, but who know that, in +them, a vast historic stream of national life is passing +from its distant and mysterious origin towards a future +which is largely conditioned by all the past wanderings +of that human stream, but which is also, in no small +degree, what they, by their courage, their patriotism, +their knowledge, and their understanding, choose to +make it. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The part played by the Celtic race as a formative +influence in the history, the literature, and the art of +the people inhabiting the British Islands—a people +which from that centre has spread its dominions over +so vast an area of the earth's surface—has been +unduly obscured in popular thought. For this the +current use of the term <span class="tei tei-q">“Anglo-Saxon”</span> applied to +the British people as a designation of race is largely +responsible. Historically the term is quite misleading. +There is nothing to justify this singling out of two +Low-German tribes when we wish to indicate the race-character +of the British people. The use of it leads to +such absurdities as that which the writer noticed not +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page10">[pg 10]</span> +long ago, when the proposed elevation by the Pope of +an Irish bishop to a cardinalate was described in an +English newspaper as being prompted by the desire of +the head of the Catholic Church to pay a compliment +to <span class="tei tei-q">“the Anglo-Saxon race.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The true term for the population of these islands, +and for the typical and dominant part of the population +of North America, is not Anglo-Saxon, but Anglo-Celtic. +It is precisely in this blend of Germanic and +Celtic elements that the British people are unique—it +is precisely this blend which gives to this people the +fire, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">élan</span></span>, and in literature and art the sense of +style, colour, drama, which are not common growths +of German soil, while at the same time it gives the +deliberateness and depth, the reverence for ancient law +and custom, and the passion for personal freedom, +which are more or less strange to the Romance nations +of the South of Europe. May they never become +strange to the British Islands! Nor is the Celtic element +in these islands to be regarded as contributed +wholly, or even very predominantly, by the populations +of the so-called <span class="tei tei-q">“Celtic Fringe.”</span> It is now well +known to ethnologists that the Saxons did not by any +means exterminate the Celtic or Celticised populations +whom they found in possession of Great Britain. +Mr. E.W.B. Nicholson, librarian of the Bodleian, +writes in his important work <span class="tei tei-q">“Keltic Researches”</span> (1904): +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Names which have not been purposely invented to +describe race must never be taken as proof of race, but +only as proof of community of language, or community +of political organisation. We call a man who speaks +English, lives in England, and bears an obviously +English name (such as Freeman or Newton), an +Englishman. Yet from the statistics of <span class="tei tei-q">‘relative +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page11">[pg 11]</span> +nigrescence’</span> there is good reason to believe that +Lancashire, West Yorkshire, Staffordshire, Worcestershire, +Warwickshire, Leicestershire, Rutland, Cambridgeshire, +Wiltshire, Somerset, and part of Sussex +are as Keltic as Perthshire and North Munster; that +Cheshire, Shropshire, Herefordshire, Monmouthshire, +Gloucestershire, Devon, Dorset, Northamptonshire, +Huntingdonshire, and Bedfordshire are more so—and +equal to North Wales and Leinster; while Buckinghamshire +and Hertfordshire exceed even this degree, +and are on a level with South Wales and Ulster.”</span><a id="noteref_1" name="noteref_1" href="#note_1"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">1</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is, then, for an Anglo-Celtic, not an <span class="tei tei-q">“Anglo-Saxon,”</span> +people that this account of the early history, +the religion, and the mythical and romantic literature +of the Celtic race is written. It is hoped that that +people will find in it things worthy to be remembered +as contributions to the general stock of European +culture, but worthy above all to be borne in mind by +those who have inherited more than have any other +living people of the blood, the instincts and the genius +of the Celt. +</p> +</div> + + + +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="pdf4" id="pdf4"></a> + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Contents</span></h1> + <ul class="tei tei-index tei-index-toc"><li><a href="#toc2"> +PREFACE +</a></li><li><a href="#toc6">CHAPTER I: THE CELTS IN ANCIENT HISTORY</a></li><li><a href="#toc8"> +CHAPTER II: THE RELIGION OF THE CELTS +</a></li><li><a href="#toc13">CHAPTER III: THE IRISH INVASION +MYTHS</a></li><li><a href="#toc15"> +CHAPTER IV: THE EARLY MILESIAN KINGS +</a></li><li><a href="#toc17"> +CHAPTER V: TALES OF THE +ULTONIAN CYCLE +</a></li><li><a href="#toc19">CHAPTER VI: TALES OF THE +OSSIANIC CYCLE</a></li><li><a href="#toc21">CHAPTER VII: THE VOYAGE OF MAELDUN</a></li><li><a href="#toc23">CHAPTER VIII: MYTHS AND TALES +OF THE CYMRY</a></li></ul> +</div> + + + +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="pdf5" id="pdf5"></a> + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Illustrations</span></h1> + <ul class="tei tei-index tei-index-fig"><li><a href="#fig1">Queen Maev</a></li><li><a href="#fig10">Prehistoric Tumulus at New Grange</a></li><li><a href="#fig11">Stone Alignments at Kermaris, Carnac</a></li><li><a href="#fig12">Stone-worship at Locronan, Brittany</a></li></ul> +</div> + + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page17">[pg 17]</span> + +<a name="toc6" id="toc6"></a> +<a name="pdf7" id="pdf7"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">CHAPTER I: THE CELTS IN ANCIENT HISTORY</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Earliest References</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the chronicles of the classical nations for about +five hundred years previous to the Christian era +there are frequent references to a people associated +with these nations, sometimes in peace, sometimes in +war, and evidently occupying a position of great +strength and influence in the Terra Incognita of Mid-Europe. +This people is called by the Greeks the +Hyperboreans or Celts, the latter term being first +found in the geographer Hecatæsus, about 500 B.C.<a id="noteref_2" name="noteref_2" href="#note_2"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">2</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Herodotus, about half a century later, speaks of the +Celts as dwelling <span class="tei tei-q">“beyond the pillars of Hercules”</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, +in Spain—and also of the Danube as rising in their +country. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Aristotle knew that they dwelt <span class="tei tei-q">“beyond Spain,”</span> +that they had captured Rome, and that they set great +store by warlike power. References other than geographical +are occasionally met with even in early +writers. Hellanicus of Lesbos, an historian of the +fifth century B.C., describes the Celts as practising justice +and righteousness. Ephorus, about 350 B.C., has +three lines of verse about the Celts in which they are +described as using <span class="tei tei-q">“the same customs as the Greeks”</span>—whatever +that may mean—and being on the friendliest +terms with that people, who established guest friendships +among them. Plato, however, in the <span class="tei tei-q">“Laws,”</span> +classes the Celts among the races who are drunken and +combative, and much barbarity is attributed to them +on the occasion of their irruption into Greece and the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page18">[pg 18]</span> +sacking of Delphi in the year 273 B.C. Their attack +on Rome and the sacking of that city by them about a +century earlier is one of the landmarks of ancient history. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The history of this people during the time when +they were the dominant power in Mid-Europe has to +be divined or reconstructed from scattered references, +and from accounts of episodes in their dealings with +Greece and Rome, very much as the figure of a +primæval monster is reconstructed by the zoologist +from a few fossilised bones. No chronicles of their +own have come down to us, no architectural remains +have survived; a few coins, and a few ornaments and +weapons in bronze decorated with enamel or with subtle +and beautiful designs in chased or repoussé work—these, +and the names which often cling in strangely +altered forms to the places where they dwelt, from the +Euxine to the British Islands, are well-nigh all the +visible traces which this once mighty power has left us +of its civilisation and dominion. Yet from these, and +from the accounts of classical writers, much can be +deduced with certainty, and much more can be conjectured +with a very fair measure of probability. The +great Celtic scholar whose loss we have recently had to +deplore, M. d'Arbois de Jubainville, has, on the available +data, drawn a convincing outline of Celtic history +for the period prior to their emergence into full historical +light with the conquests of Cæsar,<a id="noteref_3" name="noteref_3" href="#note_3"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">3</span></span></a> and it is this outline +of which the main features are reproduced here. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The True Celtic Race</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +To begin with, we must dismiss the idea that Celtica +was ever inhabited by a single pure and homogeneous +race. The true Celts, if we accept on this point the +carefully studied and elaborately argued conclusion of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page19">[pg 19]</span> +Dr. T. Rice Holmes,<a id="noteref_4" name="noteref_4" href="#note_4"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">4</span></span></a> supported by the unanimous voice +of antiquity, were a tall, fair race, warlike and masterful,<a id="noteref_5" name="noteref_5" href="#note_5"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">5</span></span></a> +whose place of origin (as far as we can trace them) was +somewhere about the sources of the Danube, and who +spread their dominion both by conquest and by peaceful +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page20">[pg 20]</span> +infiltration over Mid-Europe, Gaul, Spain, and the +British Islands. They did not exterminate the original +prehistoric inhabitants of these regions—palæolithic +and neolithic races, dolmen-builders and workers in +bronze—but they imposed on them their language, their +arts, and their traditions, taking, no doubt, a good deal +from them in return, especially, as we shall see, in the +important matter of religion. Among these races the +true Celts formed an aristocratic and ruling caste. In +that capacity they stood, alike in Gaul, in Spain, in +Britain, and in Ireland, in the forefront or armed +opposition to foreign invasion. They bore the worst +brunt of war, of confiscations, and of banishment. +They never lacked valour, but they were not strong +enough or united enough to prevail, and they perished +in far greater proportion than the earlier populations +whom they had themselves subjugated. But they +disappeared also by mingling their blood with these +inhabitants, whom they impregnated with many of their +own noble and virile qualities. Hence it comes that +the characteristics of the peoples called Celtic in the +present day, and who carry on the Celtic tradition and +language, are in some respects so different from those +of the Celts of classical history and the Celts who produced +the literature and art of ancient Ireland, and in +others so strikingly similar. To take a physical characteristic +alone, the more Celtic districts of the British +Islands are at present marked by darkness of complexion, +hair, &c. They are not very dark, but they +are darker than the rest of the kingdom.<a id="noteref_6" name="noteref_6" href="#note_6"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">6</span></span></a> But the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page21">[pg 21]</span> +true Celts were certainly fair. Even the Irish Celts of +the twelfth century are described by Giraldus Cambrensis +as a fair race. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Golden Age of the Celts</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But we are anticipating, and must return to the period +of the origins of Celtic history. As astronomers have +discerned the existence of an unknown planet by the +perturbations which it has caused in the courses of +those already under direct observation, so we can discern +in the fifth and fourth centuries before Christ +the presence of a great power and of mighty movements +going on behind a veil which will never be +lifted now. This was the Golden Age of Celtdom in +Continental Europe. During this period the Celts +waged three great and successful wars, which had +no little influence on the course of South European +history. About 500 B.C. they conquered Spain from +the Carthaginians. A century later we find them +engaged in the conquest of Northern Italy from the +Etruscans. They settled in large numbers in the +territory afterwards known as Cisalpine Gaul, where +many names, such as <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Mediolanum</span></span> (Milan), <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Addua</span></span> +(Adda), <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Viro-dunum</span></span> (Verduno), and perhaps <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cremona</span></span> +(<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">creamh</span></span>, garlic),<a id="noteref_7" name="noteref_7" href="#note_7"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">7</span></span></a> testify still to their occupation. They +left a greater memorial in the chief of Latin poets, +whose name, Vergil, appears to bear evidence of his +Celtic ancestry.<a id="noteref_8" name="noteref_8" href="#note_8"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">8</span></span></a> Towards the end of the fourth +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page22">[pg 22]</span> +century they overran Pannonia, conquering the Illyrians. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Alliances with the Greeks</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +All these wars were undertaken in alliance with the +Greeks, with whom the Celts were at this period on +the friendliest terms. By the war with the Carthaginians +the monopoly held by that people of the trade +in tin with Britain and in silver with the miners of +Spain was broken down, and the overland route across +France to Britain, for the sake of which the Phocæans +had in 600 B.C. created the port of Marseilles, was +definitely secured to Greek trade. Greeks and Celts +were at this period allied against Phœnicians and +Persians. The defeat of Hamilcar by Gelon at +Himera, in Sicily, took place in the same year as that +of Xerxes at Salamis. The Carthaginian army in that +expedition was made up of mercenaries from half a +dozen different nations, but not a Celt is found in the +Carthaginian ranks, and Celtic hostility must have +counted for much in preventing the Carthaginians from +lending help to the Persians for the overthrow of +their common enemy. These facts show that Celtica +played no small part in preserving the Greek type of +civilisation from being overwhelmed by the despotisms +of the East, and thus in keeping alive in Europe the +priceless seed of freedom and humane culture. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Alexander the Great</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +When the counter-movement of Hellas against the +East began under Alexander the Great we find the +Celts again appearing as a factor of importance. +</p> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page23">[pg 23]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the fourth century Macedon was attacked and +almost obliterated by Thracian and Illyrian hordes. +King Amyntas II. was defeated and driven into exile. +His son Perdiccas II. was killed in battle. When +Philip, a younger brother of Perdiccas, came to the +obscure and tottering throne which he and his successors +were to make the seat of a great empire he +was powerfully aided in making head against the +Illyrians by the conquests of the Celts in the valleys +of the Danube and the Po. The alliance was continued, +and rendered, perhaps, more formal in the days +of Alexander. When about to undertake his conquest +of Asia (334 B.C.) Alexander first made a compact with +the Celts <span class="tei tei-q">“who dwelt by the Ionian Gulf”</span> in order +to secure his Greek dominions from attack during his +absence. The episode is related by Ptolemy Soter in +his history of the wars of Alexander.<a id="noteref_9" name="noteref_9" href="#note_9"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">9</span></span></a> It has a vividness +which stamps it as a bit of authentic history, and +another singular testimony to the truth of the narrative +has been brought to light by de Jubainville. As +the Celtic envoys, who are described as men of haughty +bearing and great stature, their mission concluded, +were drinking with the king, he asked them, it is said, +what was the thing they, the Celts, most feared. +The envoys replied: <span class="tei tei-q">“We fear no man: there is +but one thing that we fear, namely, that the sky should +fall on us; but we regard nothing so much as the +friendship of a man such as thou.”</span> Alexander bade +them farewell, and, turning to his nobles, whispered: +<span class="tei tei-q">“What a vainglorious people are these Celts!”</span> +Yet the answer, for all its Celtic bravura and flourish, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page24">[pg 24]</span> +was not without both dignity and courtesy. The +reference to the falling of the sky seems to give a +glimpse of some primitive belief or myth of which it +is no longer possible to discover the meaning.<a id="noteref_10" name="noteref_10" href="#note_10"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">10</span></span></a> The +national oath by which the Celts bound themselves +to the observance of their covenant with Alexander is +remarkable. <span class="tei tei-q">“If we observe not this engagement,”</span> +they said, <span class="tei tei-q">“may the sky fall on us and crush us, may +the earth gape and swallow us up, may the sea burst +out and overwhelm us.”</span> De Jubainville draws attention +most appositely to a passage from the <span class="tei tei-q">“Táin Bo +Cuailgne,”</span> in the Book of Leinster<a id="noteref_11" name="noteref_11" href="#note_11"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">11</span></span></a>, where the Ulster +heroes declare to their king, who wished to leave +them in battle in order to meet an attack in another +part of the field: <span class="tei tei-q">“Heaven is above us, and earth +beneath us, and the sea is round about us. Unless +the sky shall fall with its showers of stars on the +ground where we are camped, or unless the earth shall +be rent by an earthquake, or unless the waves of the +blue sea come over the forests of the living world, we +shall not give ground.”</span><a id="noteref_12" name="noteref_12" href="#note_12"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">12</span></span></a> This survival of a peculiar +oath-formula for more than a thousand years, and its +reappearance, after being first heard of among the +Celts of Mid-Europe, in a mythical romance of Ireland, +is certainly most curious, and, with other facts +which we shall note hereafter, speaks strongly for the +community and persistence of Celtic culture.<a id="noteref_13" name="noteref_13" href="#note_13"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">13</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page25">[pg 25]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Sack of Rome</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We have mentioned two of the great wars of the +Continental Celts; we come now to the third, that with +the Etruscans, which ultimately brought them into +conflict with the greatest power of pagan Europe, and +led to their proudest feat of arms, the sack of Rome. +About the year 400 B.C. the Celtic Empire seems to +have reached the height of its power. Under a king +named by Livy Ambicatus, who was probably the head +of a dominant tribe in a military confederacy, like the +German Emperor in the present day, the Celts seem to +have been welded into a considerable degree of political +unity, and to have followed a consistent policy. Attracted +by the rich land of Northern Italy, they poured +down through the passes of the Alps, and after hard +fighting with the Etruscan inhabitants they maintained +their ground there. At this time the Romans were +pressing on the Etruscans from below, and Roman and +Celt were acting in definite concert and alliance. But +the Romans, despising perhaps the Northern barbarian +warriors, had the rashness to play them false at the +siege of Clusium, 391 B.C., a place which the Romans +regarded as one of the bulwarks of Latium against the +North. The Celts recognised Romans who had come +to them in the sacred character of ambassadors fighting +in the ranks of the enemy. The events which followed +are, as they have come down to us, much mingled +with legend, but there are certain touches of dramatic +vividness in which the true character of the Celts +appears distinctly recognisable. They applied, we are +told, to Rome for satisfaction for the treachery of the +envoys, who were three sons of Fabius Ambustus, the +chief pontiff. The Romans refused to listen to the +claim, and elected the Fabii military tribunes for the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page26">[pg 26]</span> +ensuing year. Then the Celts abandoned the siege of +Clusium and marched straight on Rome. The army +showed perfect discipline. There was no indiscriminate +plundering and devastation, no city or fortress was +assailed. <span class="tei tei-q">“We are bound for Rome”</span> was their cry to +the guards upon the walls of the provincial towns, who +watched the host in wonder and fear as it rolled steadily +to the south. At last they reached the river Allia, a +few miles from Rome, where the whole available force +of the city was ranged to meet them. The battle took +place on July 18, 390, that ill-omened <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">dies Alliensis</span></span> +which long perpetuated in the Roman calendar the +memory of the deepest shame the republic had ever +known. The Celts turned the flank of the Roman +army, and annihilated it in one tremendous charge. +Three days later they were in Rome, and for nearly a +year they remained masters of the city, or of its ruins, +till a great fine had been exacted and full vengeance +taken for the perfidy at Clusium. For nearly a century +after the treaty thus concluded there was peace +between the Celts and the Romans, and the breaking +of that peace when certain Celtic tribes allied themselves +with their old enemy, the Etruscans, in the third +Samnite war was coincident with the breaking up of +the Celtic Empire.<a id="noteref_14" name="noteref_14" href="#note_14"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">14</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Two questions must now be considered before +we can leave the historical part of this Introduction. +First of all, what are the evidences for the widespread +diffusion of Celtic power in Mid-Europe during +this period? Secondly, where were the Germanic +peoples, and what was their position in regard to the Celts? +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page27">[pg 27]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Celtic Place-names in Europe</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +To answer these questions fully would take us (for +the purposes of this volume) too deeply into philological +discussions, which only the Celtic scholar can +fully appreciate. The evidence will be found fully set +forth in de Jubainville's work, already frequently referred +to. The study of European place-names forms +the basis of the argument. Take the Celtic name <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Noviomagus</span></span> +composed of two Celtic words, the adjective +meaning new, and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">magos</span></span> (Irish <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">magh</span></span>) a field or plain.<a id="noteref_15" name="noteref_15" href="#note_15"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">15</span></span></a> +There were nine places of this name known in antiquity. +Six were in France, among them the places now called +Noyon, in Oise, Nijon, in Vosges, Nyons, in Drôme. +Three outside of France were Nimègue, in Belgium, +Neumagen, in the Rhineland, and one at Speyer, in the +Palatinate. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The word <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">dunum</span></span>, so often traceable in Gaelic place-names +in the present day (Dundalk, Dunrobin, &c.), +and meaning fortress or castle, is another typically +Celtic element in European place-names. It occurred +very frequently in France—<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">e.g., Lug-dunum</span></span> (Lyons), +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Viro-dunum</span></span> (Verdun). It is also found in Switzerland—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">e.g., +Minno-dunum</span></span> (Moudon), <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Eburo-dunum</span></span> (Yverdon)—and +in the Netherlands, where the famous city +of Leyden goes back to a Celtic <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lug-dunum.</span></span> In Great +Britain the Celtic term was often changed by simple +translation into <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">castra</span></span>; thus <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Camulo-dunum</span></span> became +Colchester, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Brano-dunum</span></span> Brancaster. In Spain and +Portugal eight names terminating in <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">dunum</span></span> are mentioned +by classical writers. In Germany the modern +names Kempton, Karnberg, Liegnitz, go back respectively +to the Celtic forms <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cambo-dunum, Carro-aunum,</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page28">[pg 28]</span> +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Lugi-dunum</span></span>, and we find a <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Singi-dunum,</span></span> now +Belgrade, in Servia, a <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Novi-dunum</span></span>, now Isaktscha, in +Roumania, a <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Carro-dunum</span></span> in South Russia, near the +Dniester, and another in Croatia, now Pitsmeza. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Sego-dunum</span></span>, +now Rodez, in France, turns up also in Bavaria +(Wurzburg), and in England (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Sege-dunum,</span></span> now Wallsend, +in Northumberland), and the first term, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">sego</span></span>, is +traceable in Segorbe (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Sego-briga</span></span>) in Spain. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Briga</span></span> is a +Celtic word, the origin of the German <span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style="font-style: italic">burg</span></span>, and equivalent +in meaning to <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">dunum</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +One more example: the word <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">magos</span></span>, a plain, which +is very frequent as an element of Irish place-names, is +found abundantly in France, and outside of France, in +countries no longer Celtic, it appears in Switzerland +(<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Uro-magus</span></span> now Promasens), in the Rhineland (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Broco-magus</span></span>, +Brumath), in the Netherlands, as already noted +(Nimègue), in Lombardy several times, and in Austria. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The examples given are by no means exhaustive, but +they serve to indicate the wide diffusion of the Celts in +Europe and their identity of language over their vast +territory.<a id="noteref_16" name="noteref_16" href="#note_16"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">16</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Early Celtic Art</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The relics of ancient Celtic art-work tell the same +story. In the year 1846 a great pre-Roman necropolis +was discovered at Hallstatt, near Salzburg, in Austria. +It contains relics believed by Dr. Arthur Evans to date +from about 750 to 400 B.C. These relics betoken in +some cases a high standard of civilisation and considerable +commerce. Amber from the Baltic is there, +Phoenician glass, and gold-leaf of Oriental workmanship. +Iron swords are found whose hilts and sheaths are +richly decorated with gold, ivory, and amber. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page29">[pg 29]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Celtic culture illustrated by the remains at +Hallstatt developed later into what is called the La Tène +culture. La Tène was a settlement at the north-eastern +end of the Lake of Neuchâtel, and many objects of great +interest have been found there since the site was first +explored in 1858. These antiquities represent, according +to Dr. Evans, the culminating period of Gaulish +civilisation, and date from round about the third century +B.C. The type of art here found must be judged in the +light of an observation recently made by Mr. Romilly +Allen in his <span class="tei tei-q">“Celtic Art”</span> (p. 13): +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The great difficulty in understanding the evolution +of Celtic art lies in the fact that although the Celts +never seem to have invented any new ideas, they <span class="tei tei-corr">possessed</span> +an extraordinary aptitude for +picking up ideas from the different peoples with whom +war or commerce brought them into contact. And +once the Celt had borrowed an idea from his neighbours +he was able to give it such a strong Celtic tinge that it +soon became something so different from what it was +originally as to be almost unrecognisable.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Now what the Celt borrowed in the art-culture +which on the Continent culminated in the La Tène +relics were certain originally naturalistic motives for +Greek ornaments, notably the palmette and the meander +motives. But it was characteristic of the Celt that he +avoided in his art all imitation of, or even approximation +to, the natural forms of the plant and animal world. +He reduced everything to pure decoration. What he +enjoyed in decoration was the alternation of long +sweeping curves and undulations with the concentrated +energy of close-set spirals or bosses, and with these +simple elements and with the suggestion of a few +motives derived from Greek art he elaborated a most +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page30">[pg 30]</span> +beautiful, subtle, and varied system of decoration, applied +to weapons, ornaments, and to toilet and household +appliances of all kinds, in gold, bronze, wood, and stone, +and possibly, if we had the means of judging, to textile +fabrics also. One beautiful feature in the decoration of +metal-work seems to have entirely originated in Celtica. +Enamelling was unknown to the classical nations till +they learned from the Celts. So late as the third +century A.D. it was still strange to the classical world, +as we learn from the reference of Philostratus: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +</p><div class="block tei tei-q" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">They say that the barbarians who live in the ocean +[Britons] pour these colours upon heated brass, and +that they adhere, become hard as stone, and preserve +the designs that are made upon them.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Dr. J. Anderson writes in the <span class="tei tei-q">“Proceedings of the +Society of Antiquaries of Scotland”</span>: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +</p><div class="block tei tei-q" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The Gauls as well as the Britons—of the same +Celtic stock—practised enamel-working before the +Roman conquest. The enamel workshops of Bibracte, +with their furnaces, crucibles, moulds, polishing-stones, +and with the crude enamels in their various stages of +preparation, have been recently excavated from the +ruins of the city destroyed by Caesar and his legions. +But the Bibracte enamels are the work of mere dabblers +in the art, compared with the British examples. The +home of the art was Britain, and the style of the pattern, +as well as the association in which the objects decorated +with it were found, demonstrated with certainty that it +had reached its highest stage of indigenous development +before it came in contact with the Roman culture.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_17" name="noteref_17" href="#note_17"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">17</span></span></a> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The National Museum in Dublin contains many +superb examples of Irish decorative art in gold, bronze, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page31">[pg 31]</span> +and enamels, and the <span class="tei tei-q">“strong Celtic tinge”</span> of which +Mr. Romilly Allen speaks is as clearly observable there +as in the relics of Hallstatt or La Tène. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Everything, then, speaks of a community of culture, +an identity of race-character, existing over the vast +territory known to the ancient world as <span class="tei tei-q">“Celtica.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Celts and Germans</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But, as we have said before, this territory was by no +means inhabited by the Celt alone. In particular we have +to ask, who and where were the Germans, the Teuto-Gothic +tribes, who eventually took the place of the Celts +as the great Northern menace to classical civilisation? +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +They are mentioned by Pytheas, the eminent Greek +traveller and geographer, about 300 B.C., but they play +no part in history till, under the name of Cimbri and +Teutones, they descended on Italy to be vanquished by +Marius at the close of the second century. The ancient +Greek geographers prior to Pytheas know nothing of +them, and assign all the territories now known as +Germanic to various Celtic tribes. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The explanation given by de Jubainville, and based +by him on various philological considerations, is that +the Germans were a subject people, comparable to those +<span class="tei tei-q">“un-free tribes”</span> who existed in Gaul and in ancient +Ireland. They lived under the Celtic dominion, and +had no independent political existence. De Jubainville +finds that all the words connected with law and +government and war which are common both to the +Celtic and Teutonic languages were borrowed by the +latter from the former. Chief among them are the +words represented by the modern German <span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style="font-style: italic">Reich</span></span>, +empire, <span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style="font-style: italic">Amt</span></span>, office, and the Gothic <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">reiks</span></span>, a king, all +of which are of unquestioned Celtic origin. De +Jubainville also numbers among loan words from Celtic +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page32">[pg 32]</span> +the words <span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style="font-style: italic">Bann</span></span>, an order; <span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style="font-style: italic">Frei</span></span>, free; <span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style="font-style: italic">Geisel</span></span>, a hostage; +<span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style="font-style: italic">Erbe</span></span>, an inheritance; <span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style="font-style: italic">Werth</span></span>, value; <span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style="font-style: italic">Weih</span></span>, +sacred; <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Magus</span></span>, a slave (Gothic); <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Wini</span></span>, a wife (Old +High German); <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Skalks, Schalk</span></span>, a slave (Gothic); +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Hathu</span></span>, battle (Old German); <span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style="font-style: italic">Helith, Held</span></span>, a hero, +from the same root as the word Celt; <span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style="font-style: italic">Heer</span></span>, an army +(Celtic <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">choris</span></span>); <span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style="font-style: italic">Sieg</span></span>, victory; <span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style="font-style: italic">Beute</span></span>, booty; <span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style="font-style: italic">Burg</span></span>, a +castle; and many others. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The etymological history of some of these words is +interesting. <span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style="font-style: italic">Amt</span></span>, for instance, that word of so much +significance in modern German administration, goes back +to an ancient Celtic <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">ambhactos</span></span>, which is compounded of +the words <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">ambi</span></span>, about, and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">actos</span></span>, a past participle derived +from the Celtic root <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">AG</span></span>, meaning to act. Now <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">ambi</span></span> +descends from the primitive Indo-European <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">mbhi</span></span>, where +the initial <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">m</span></span> is a kind of vowel, afterwards represented +in Sanscrit by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">a</span></span>. This <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">m</span></span> vowel became <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">n</span></span> in those +Germanic words which derive directly from the primitive +Indo-European tongue. But the word which is +now represented by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">amt</span></span> appears in its earliest Germanic +form as <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">ambaht</span></span>, thus making plain its descent from the +Celtic <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">ambhactos</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Again, the word <span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style="font-style: italic">frei</span></span> is found in its earliest Germanic +form as <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">frijo-s,</span></span> which comes from the primitive Indo-European +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">prijo-s</span></span>. The word here does not, however, +mean free; it means beloved (Sanscrit <span lang="sa" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="sa"><span style="font-style: italic">priya-s</span></span>). In +the Celtic language, however, we find <span lang="cel" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="cel"><span style="font-style: italic">prijos</span></span> dropping +its initial <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">p</span></span>—a difficulty in pronouncing this letter was +a marked feature in ancient Celtic; it changed <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">j</span></span>, according +to a regular rule, into <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">dd</span></span>, and appears in modern +Welsh as <span lang="cy" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="cy"><span style="font-style: italic">rhydd</span></span>=free. The Indo-European meaning +persists in the Germanic languages in the name of the +love-goddess, <span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style="font-style: italic">Freia</span></span>, and in the word <span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style="font-style: italic">Freund</span></span>, friend, +<span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style="font-style: italic">Friede</span></span>, peace. The sense borne by the word in the +sphere of civil right is traceable to a Celtic origin, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page33">[pg 33]</span> +and in that sense appears to have been a loan from Celtic. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The German <span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style="font-style: italic">Beute</span></span>, booty, plunder, has had an +instructive history. There was a Gaulish word <span lang="cel" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="cel"><span style="font-style: italic">bodi</span></span> +found in compounds such as the place-name Segobodium +(Seveux), and various personal and tribal names, +including Boudicca, better known to us as the <span class="tei tei-q">“British +warrior queen,”</span> Boadicea. This word meant anciently +<span class="tei tei-q">“victory.”</span> But the fruits of victory are spoil, and +in this material sense the word was adopted in German, +in French (<span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">butin</span></span>) in Norse (<span lang="non" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="non"><span style="font-style: italic">byte</span></span>), and the Welsh +(<span lang="cy" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="cy"><span style="font-style: italic">budd</span></span>). On the other hand, the word preserved its +elevated significance in Irish. In the Irish translation +of Chronicles xxix. 11, where the Vulgate original has +<span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la">Tua est, Domine, magnificentia et potentia et gloria et +victoria,</span>”</span> the word <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">victoria</span></span> is rendered by the Irish <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">búaidh</span></span>, +and, as de Jubainville remarks, <span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr">ce n'est pas de butin +qu'il s'agit.</span>”</span> He goes on to say: <span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">Búaidh</span></span> has preserved +in Irish, thanks to a vigorous and persistent +literary culture, the high meaning which it bore in the +tongue of the Gaulish aristocracy. The material sense +of the word was alone perceived by the lower classes of +the population, and it is the tradition of this lower +class which has been preserved in the German, the +French, and the Cymric languages.”</span><a id="noteref_18" name="noteref_18" href="#note_18"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">18</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Two things, however, the Celts either could not or +would not impose on the subjugated German tribes—their +language and their religion. In these two great +factors of race-unity and pride lay the seeds of the +ultimate German uprising and overthrow of the Celtic +supremacy. The names of the German are different +from those of the Celtic deities, their funeral customs, +with which are associated the deepest religious conceptions +of primitive races, are different. The Celts, or +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page34">[pg 34]</span> +at least the dominant section of them, buried their +dead, regarding the use of fire as a humiliation, to be +inflicted on criminals, or upon slaves or prisoners in +those terrible human sacrifices which are the greatest +stain on their native culture. The Germans, on the +other hand, burned their illustrious dead on pyres, like +the early Greeks—if a pyre could not be afforded for +the whole body, the noblest parts, such as the head +and arms, were burned and the rest buried. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Downfall of the Celtic Empire</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +What exactly took place at the time of the German +revolt we shall never know; certain it is, however, +that from about the year 300 B.C. onward the Celts +appear to have lost whatever political cohesion and +common purpose they had possessed. Rent asunder, +as it were, by the upthrust of some mighty subterranean +force, their tribes rolled down like lava-streams to the +south, east, and west of their original home. Some +found their way into Northern Greece, where they +committed the outrage which so scandalised their +former friends and allies in the sack of the shrine +of Delphi (273 B.C.). Others renewed, with worse +fortune, the old struggle with Rome, and perished +in vast numbers at Sentinum (295 B.C.) and Lake +Vadimo (283 B.C.). One detachment penetrated into +Asia Minor, and founded the Celtic State of Galatia, +where, as St. Jerome attests, a Celtic dialect was still +spoken in the fourth century A.D. Others enlisted as +mercenary troops with Carthage. A tumultuous war of +Celts against scattered German tribes, or against other +Celts who represented earlier waves of emigration and +conquest, went on all over Mid-Europe, Gaul, and +Britain. When this settled down Gaul and the British +Islands remained practically the sole relics of the Celtic +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page35">[pg 35]</span> +empire, the only countries still under Celtic law and +leadership. By the commencement of the Christian era +Gaul and Britain had fallen under the yoke of Rome, +and their complete Romanisation was only a question of time. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Unique Historical Position of Ireland</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Ireland alone was never even visited, much less +subjugated, by the Roman legionaries, and maintained +its independence against all comers nominally until +the close of the twelfth century, but for all practical +purposes a good three hundred years longer. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Ireland has therefore this unique feature of interest, +that it carried an indigenous Celtic civilisation, Celtic +institutions, art, and literature, and the oldest surviving +form of the Celtic language,<a id="noteref_19" name="noteref_19" href="#note_19"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">19</span></span></a> right across the chasm +which separates the antique from the modern world, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page36">[pg 36]</span> +the pagan from the Christian world, and on into the full +light of modern history and observation. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Celtic Character</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The moral no less than the physical characteristics +attributed by classical writers to the Celtic peoples +show a remarkable distinctness and consistency. Much +of what is said about them might, as we should expect, +be said of any primitive and unlettered people, but there +remains so much to differentiate them among the races +of mankind that if these ancient references to the Celts +could be read aloud, without mentioning the name of the +race to whom they referred, to any person acquainted +with it through modern history alone, he would, I think, +without hesitation, name the Celtic peoples as the subject +of the description which he had heard. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Some of these references have already been quoted, +and we need not repeat the evidence derived from +Plato, Ephorus, or Arrian. But an observation of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page37">[pg 37]</span> +M. Porcius Cato on the Gauls may be adduced. <span class="tei tei-q">“There +are two things,”</span> he says, <span class="tei tei-q">“to which the Gauls are +devoted—the art of war and subtlety of speech”</span> (<span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la">rem +militarem et argute loqui</span>”</span>). +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Cæsar's Account</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Cæsar has given us a careful and critical account +of them as he knew them in Gaul. They were, he +says, eager for battle, but easily dashed by reverses. +They were extremely superstitious, submitting to their +Druids in all public and private affairs, and regarding +it as the worst of punishments to be excommunicated +and forbidden to approach thu ceremonies of religion: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +</p><div class="block tei tei-q" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">They who are thus interdicted [for refusing to +obey a Druidical sentence] are reckoned in the number +of the vile and wicked; all persons avoid and fly their +company and discourse, lest they should receive any +infection by contagion; they are not permitted to +commence a suit; neither is any post entrusted to +them.... The Druids are generally freed from +military service, nor do they pay taxes with the +rest.... Encouraged by such rewards, many of +their own accord come to their schools, and are sent +by their friends and relations. They are said there to +get by heart a great number of verses; some continue +twenty years in their education; neither is it held +lawful to commit these things [the Druidic doctrines] +to writing, though in almost all public transactions and +private accounts they use the Greek characters.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Gauls were eager for news, besieging merchants +and travellers for gossip,<a id="noteref_20" name="noteref_20" href="#note_20"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">20</span></span></a> easily influenced, sanguine, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page38">[pg 38]</span> +credulous, fond of change, and wavering in their +counsels. They were at the same time remarkably +acute and intelligent, very quick to seize upon and +to imitate any contrivance they found useful. Their +ingenuity in baffling the novel siege apparatus of the +Roman armies is specially noticed by Cæsar. Of their +courage he speaks with great respect, attributing their +scorn of death, in some degree at least, to their firm +faith in the immortality of the soul.<a id="noteref_21" name="noteref_21" href="#note_21"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">21</span></span></a> A people who +in earlier days had again and again annihilated Roman +armies, had sacked Rome, and who had more than +once placed Cæsar himself in positions of the utmost +anxiety and peril, were evidently no weaklings, whatever +their religious beliefs or practices. Cæsar is not +given to sentimental admiration of his foes, but one +episode at the siege of Avaricum moves him to +immortalise the valour of the defence. A wooden +structure or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">agger</span></span> had been raised by the Romans +to overtop the walls, which had proved impregnable +to the assaults of the battering-ram. The Gauls +contrived to set this on fire. It was of the utmost +moment to prevent the besiegers from extinguishing +the flames, and a Gaul mounted a portion of the wall +above the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">agger</span></span>, throwing down upon it balls of tallow +and pitch, which were handed up to him from within. +He was soon struck down by a missile from a Roman +catapult. Immediately another stepped over him as he +lay, and continued his comrade's task. He too fell, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page39">[pg 39]</span> +but a third instantly took his place, and a fourth; nor +was this post ever deserted until the legionaries at +last extinguished the flames and forced the defenders +back into the town, which was finally captured on the +following day. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Strabo on the Celts</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The geographer and traveller Strabo, who died +24 A.D., and was therefore a little later than Cæsar, has +much to tell us about the Celts. He notices that their +country (in this case Gaul) is thickly inhabited and well +tilled—there is no waste of natural resources. The +women are prolific, and notably good mothers. He +describes the men as warlike, passionate, disputatious, +easily provoked, but generous and unsuspicious, and +easily vanquished by stratagem. They showed themselves +eager for culture, and Greek letters and science +had spread rapidly among them from Massilia; public +education was established in their towns. They fought +better on horseback than on foot, and in Strabo's time +formed the flower of the Roman cavalry. They dwelt +in great houses made of arched timbers with walls of +wickerwork—no doubt plastered with clay and lime, +as in Ireland—and thickly thatched. Towns of much +importance were found in Gaul, and Cæsar notes the +strength of their walls, built of stone and timber. +Both Cæsar and Strabo agree that there was a very +sharp division between the nobles and priestly or +educated class on the one hand and the common +people on the other, the latter being kept in strict +subjection. The social division corresponds roughly, +no doubt, to the race distinction between the true +Celts and the aboriginal populations subdued by them. +While Cæsar tells us that the Druids taught the immortality +of the soul, Strabo adds that they believed in +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page40">[pg 40]</span> +the indestructibility, which implies in some sense the +divinity, of the material universe. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Celtic warrior loved display. Everything that +gave brilliance and the sense of drama to life appealed +to him. His weapons were richly ornamented, his +horse-trappings were wrought in bronze and enamel, of +design as exquisite as any relic of Mycenean or Cretan +art, his raiment was embroidered with gold. The +scene of the surrender of Vercingetorix, when his +heroic struggle with Rome had come to an end on +the fall of Alesia, is worth recording as a typically +Celtic blend of chivalry and of what appeared to the +sober-minded Romans childish ostentation.<a id="noteref_22" name="noteref_22" href="#note_22"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">22</span></span></a> When +he saw that the cause was lost he summoned a tribal +council, and told the assembled chiefs, whom he had +led through a glorious though unsuccessful war, that +he was ready to sacrifice himself for his still faithful +followers—they might send his head to Cæsar if they +liked, or he would voluntarily surrender himself for +the sake of getting easier terms for his countrymen. +The latter alternative was chosen. Vercingetorix then +armed himself with his most splendid weapons, decked +his horse with its richest trappings, and, after riding +thrice round the Roman camp, went before Cæsar and +laid at his feet the sword which was the sole remaining +defence of Gallic independence. Cæsar sent him to +Rome, where he lay in prison for six years, and was +finally put to death when Cæsar celebrated his triumph. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But the Celtic love of splendour and of art were +mixed with much barbarism. Strabo tells us how the +warriors rode home from victory with the heads of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page41">[pg 41]</span> +fallen foemen dangling from their horses' necks, just as +in the Irish saga the Ulster hero, Cuchulain, is represented +as driving back to Emania from a foray into +Connacht with the heads of his enemies hanging from +his chariot-rim. Their domestic arrangements were +rude; they lay on the ground to sleep, sat on couches +of straw, and their women worked in the fields. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Polybius</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A characteristic scene from the battle of Clastidium +(222 B.C.) is recorded by Polybius. The Gæsati,<a id="noteref_23" name="noteref_23" href="#note_23"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">23</span></span></a> he +tells us, who were in the forefront of the Celtic +army, stripped naked for the fight, and the sight of +these warriors, with their great stature and their fair +skins, on which glittered the collars and bracelets of +gold so loved as an adornment by all the Celts, filled +the Roman legionaries with awe. Yet when the day +was over those golden ornaments went in cartloads to +deck the Capitol of Rome; and the final comment of +Polybius on the character of the Celts is that they, <span class="tei tei-q">“I +say not usually, but always, in everything they attempt, +are driven headlong by their passions, and never submit +to the laws of reason.”</span> As might be expected, +the chastity for which the Germans were noted was +never, until recent times, a Celtic characteristic. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Diodorus</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Diodorus Siculus, a contemporary of Julius Cæsar and +Augustus, who had travelled in Gaul, confirms in the +main the accounts of Cæsar and Strabo, but adds some +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page42">[pg 42]</span> +interesting details. He notes in particular the Gallic +love of gold. Even cuirasses were made of it. This +is also a very notable trait in Celtic Ireland, where an +astonishing number of prehistoric gold relics have been +found, while many more, now lost, are known to have +existed. The temples and sacred places, say Posidonius +and Diodorus, were full of unguarded offerings of +gold, which no one ever touched. He mentions the +great reverence paid to the bards, and, like Cato, notices +something peculiar about the kind of speech which +the educated Gauls cultivated: <span class="tei tei-q">“they are not a talkative +people, and are fond of expressing themselves in +enigmas, so that the hearer has to divine the most part +of what they would say.”</span> This exactly answers to the +literary language of ancient Ireland, which is curt and +allusive to a degree. The Druid was regarded as the +prescribed intermediary between God and man—no one +could perform a religious act without his assistance. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Ammianus Marcellinus</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Ammianus Marcellinus, who wrote much later, in +the latter half of the fourth century A.D., had also visited +Gaul, which was then, of course, much Romanised. +He tells us, however, like former writers, of the great +stature, fairness, and arrogant bearing of the Gallic +warrior. He adds that the people, especially in +Aquitaine, were singularly clean and proper in their +persons—no one was to be seen in rags. The Gallic +woman he describes as very tall, blue-eyed, and singularly +beautiful; but a certain amount of awe is mingled +with his evident admiration, for he tells us that while +it was dangerous enough to get into a fight with a +Gallic man, your case was indeed desperate if his wife +with her <span class="tei tei-q">“huge snowy arms,”</span> which could strike like +catapults, came to his assistance. One is irresistibly +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page43">[pg 43]</span> +reminded of the gallery of vigorous, independent, +fiery-hearted women, like Maeve, Grania, Findabair, +Deirdre, and the historic Boadicea, who figure in the +myths and in the history of the British Islands. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Rice Holmes on the Gauls</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The following passage from Dr. Rice Holmes' +<span class="tei tei-q">“Cæsar's Conquest of Gaul”</span> may be taken as an admirable +summary of the social physiognomy of that part +of Celtica a little before the time of the Christian era, +and it corresponds closely to all that is known of the +native Irish civilisation: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +</p><div class="block tei tei-q" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The Gallic peoples had risen far above the condition +of savages; and the Celticans of the interior, +many of whom had already fallen under Roman +influence, had attained a certain degree of civilisation, +and even of luxury. Their trousers, from which the +province took its name of Gallia Bracata, and their +many-coloured tartan skirts and cloaks excited the +astonishment of their conquerors. The chiefs wore +rings and bracelets and necklaces of gold; and when +these tall, fair-haired warriors rode forth to battle, with +their helmets wrought in the shape of some fierce +beast's head, and surmounted by nodding plumes, +their chain armour, their long bucklers and their huge +clanking swords, they made a splendid show. Walled +towns or large villages, the strongholds of the various +tribes, were conspicuous on numerous hills. The +plains were dotted by scores of oper hamlets. The +houses, built of timber and wickerwork, were large +and well thatched. The fields in summer were yellow +with corn. Roads ran from town to town. Rude +bridges spanned the rivers; and barges laden with +merchandise floated along them. Ships clumsy indeed +</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page44">[pg 44]</span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +but larger than any that were seen on the Mediterranean, +braved the storms of the Bay of Biscay and carried +cargoes between the ports of Brittany and the coast of +Britain. Tolls were exacted on the goods which were +transported on the great waterways; and it was from +the farming of these dues that the nobles derived a +large part of their wealth. Every tribe had its coinage; +and the knowledge of writing in Greek and Roman +characters was not confined to the priests. The +Æduans were familiar with the plating of copper and +of tin. The miners of Aquitaine, of Auvergne, and of +the Berri were celebrated for their skill. Indeed, in +all that belonged to outward prosperity the peoples of +Gaul had made great strides since their kinsmen first +came into contact with Rome.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_24" name="noteref_24" href="#note_24"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">24</span></span></a> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Weakness of the Celtic Policy</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Yet this native Celtic civilisation, in many respects +so attractive and so promising, had evidently some +defect or disability which prevented the Celtic peoples +from holding their own either against the ancient +civilisation of the Græco-Roman world, or against the +rude young vigour of the Teutonic races. Let us +consider what this was. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page45">[pg 45]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Classical State</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At the root of the success of classical nations lay the +conception of the civic community, the <span lang="el" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="el"><span style="font-style: italic">πόλις</span></span>, the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">res +publica</span></span>, as a kind of divine entity, the foundation of +blessing to men, venerable for its age, yet renewed in +youth with every generation; a power which a man +might joyfully serve, knowing that even if not remembered +in its records his faithful service would +outlive his own petty life and go to exalt the life +of his motherland or city for all future time. In this +spirit Socrates, when urged to evade his death sentence +by taking the means of escape from prison which his +friends offered him, rebuked them for inciting him to +an impious violation of his country's laws. For a +man's country, he says, is more holy and venerable +than father or mother, and he must quietly obey the +laws, to which he has assented by living under them all +his life, or incur the just wrath of their great Brethren, +the Laws of the Underworld, before whom, in the +end, he must answer for his conduct on earth. In a +greater or less degree this exalted conception of the +State formed the practical religion of every man among +the classical nations of antiquity, and gave to the State +its cohesive power, its capability of endurance and of progress. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Teutonic Loyalty</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +With the Teuton the cohesive force was supplied +by another motive, one which was destined to mingle +with the civic motive and to form, in union with it—and +often in predominance over it—the main political +factor in the development of the European nations. +This was the sentiment of what the Germans called +<span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style="font-style: italic">Treue</span></span>, the personal fidelity to a chief, which in very +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page46">[pg 46]</span> +early times extended itself to a royal dynasty, a +sentiment rooted profoundly in the Teutonic nature, +and one which has never been surpassed by any +other human impulse as the source of heroic self-sacrifice. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Celtic Religion</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +No human influences are ever found pure and +unmixed. The sentiment of personal fidelity was not +unknown to the classical nations. The sentiment of +civic patriotism, though of slow growth among the +Teutonic races, did eventually establish itself there. +Neither sentiment was unknown to the Celt, but there +was another force which, in his case, overshadowed and +dwarfed them, and supplied what it could of the +political inspiration and unifying power which the +classical nations got from patriotism and the Teutons +from loyalty. This was Religion; or perhaps it +would be more accurate to say Sacerdotalism—religion +codified in dogma and administered by a priestly caste. +The Druids, as we have seen from Cæsar, whose +observations are entirely confirmed by Strabo and by +references in Irish legends,<a id="noteref_25" name="noteref_25" href="#note_25"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">25</span></span></a> were the really sovran +power in Celtica. All affairs, public and private, were +subject to their authority, and the penalties which +they could inflict for any assertion of lay independence, +though resting for their efficacy, like the mediæval interdicts +of the Catholic Church, on popular superstition +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page47">[pg 47]</span> +alone, were enough to quell the proudest spirit. Here +lay the real weakness of the Celtic polity. There +is perhaps no law written more conspicuously in the +teachings of history than that nations who are ruled +by priests drawing their authority from supernatural +sanctions are, just in the measure that they are so ruled, +incapable of true national progress. The free, healthy +current of secular life and thought is, in the very nature +of things, incompatible with priestly rule. Be the creed +what it may, Druidism, Islam, Judaism, Christianity, or +fetichism, a priestly caste claiming authority in temporal +affairs by virtue of extra-temporal sanctions is inevitably +the enemy of that spirit of criticism, of that influx of +new ideas, of that growth of secular thought, of human +and rational authority, which are the elementary conditions +of national development. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Cursing of Tara</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A singular and very cogent illustration of this truth +can be drawn from the history of the early Celtic +world. In the sixth century A.D., a little over a +hundred years after the preaching of Christianity by +St. Patrick, a king named Dermot MacKerval<a id="noteref_26" name="noteref_26" href="#note_26"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">26</span></span></a> ruled +in Ireland. He was the Ard Righ, or High King, of +that country, whose seat of government was at Tara, in +Meath, and whose office, with its nominal and legal +superiority to the five provincial kings, represented the +impulse which was moving the Irish people towards a +true national unity. The first condition of such a unity +was evidently the establishment of an effective central +authority. Such an authority, as we have said, the +High King, in theory, represented. Now it happened +that one of his officers was murdered in the discharge +of his duty by a chief named Hugh Guairy. Guairy +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page48">[pg 48]</span> +was the brother of a bishop who was related by +fosterage to St. Ruadan of Lorrha, and when King +Dermot sent to arrest the murderer these clergy found +him a hiding-place. Dermot, however, caused a search +to be made, haled him forth from under the roof of +St. Ruadan, and brought him to Tara for trial. Immediately +the ecclesiastics of Ireland made common +cause against the lay ruler who had dared to execute +justice on a criminal under clerical protection. They +assembled at Tara, fasted against the king,<a id="noteref_27" name="noteref_27" href="#note_27"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">27</span></span></a> and laid +their solemn malediction upon him and the seat of +his government. Then the chronicler tells us that +Dermot's wife had a prophetic dream: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +</p><div class="block tei tei-q" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Upon Tara's green was a vast and wide-foliaged +tree, and eleven slaves hewing at it; but every chip +that they knocked from it would return into its place +again and there adhere instantly, till at last there came +one man that dealt the tree but a stroke, and with that +single cut laid it low.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_28" name="noteref_28" href="#note_28"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">28</span></span></a> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The fair tree was the Irish monarchy, the twelve +hewers were the twelve Saints or Apostles of Ireland, +and the one who laid it low was St. Ruadan. The plea +of the king for his country, whose fate he saw to be +hanging in the balance, is recorded with moving force +and insight by the Irish chronicler:<a id="noteref_29" name="noteref_29" href="#note_29"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">29</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page49">[pg 49]</span> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +</p><div class="block tei tei-q" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“ </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Alas,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> he said, </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">for the iniquitous contest that ye +have waged against me; seeing that it is Ireland's +good that I pursue, and to preserve her discipline and +royal right; but 'tis Ireland's unpeace and murderousness +that ye endeavour after.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> ”</span></span> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But Ruadan said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Desolate be Tara for ever and +ever”</span>; and the popular awe of the ecclesiastical malediction +prevailed. The criminal was surrendered, Tara +was abandoned, and, except for a brief space when a +strong usurper, Brian Boru, fought his way to power, +Ireland knew no effective secular government till it +was imposed upon her by a conqueror. The last +words of the historical tract from which we quote are +Dermot's cry of despair: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +</p><div class="block tei tei-q" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Woe to him that with the clergy of the churches +battle joins.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This remarkable incident has been described at some +length because it is typical of a factor whose profound +influence in moulding the history of the Celtic +peoples we can trace through a succession of critical +events from the time of Julius Caesar to the present +day. How and whence it arose we shall consider later; +here it is enough to call attention to it. It is a factor +which forbade the national development of the Celts, +in the sense in which we can speak of that of the +classical or the Teutonic peoples. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">What Europe Owes to the Celt</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Yet to suppose that on this account the Celt was not a +force of any real consequence in Europe would be altogether +a mistake. His contribution to the culture of +the Western world was a very notable one. For some +four centuries—about A.D. 500 to 900—Ireland was +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page50">[pg 50]</span> +the refuge of learning and the source of literary and +philosophic culture for half Europe. The verse-forms +of Celtic poetry have probably played the main part in +determining the structure of all modern verse. The +myths and legends of the Gaelic and Cymric peoples +kindled the imagination of a host of Continental poets. +True, the Celt did not himself create any great architectural +work of literature, just as he did not create a +stable or imposing national polity. His thinking and +feeling were essentially lyrical and concrete. Each +object or aspect of life impressed him vividly and +stirred him profoundly; he was sensitive, impressionable +to the last degree, but did not see things in their +larger and more far-reaching relations. He had little +gift for the establishment or institutions, for the service +of principles; but he was, and is, an indispensable and +never-failing assertor of humanity as against the +tyranny of principles, the coldness and barrenness of +institutions. The institutions of royalty and of civic +patriotism are both very capable of being fossilised +into barren formulae, and thus of fettering instead of +inspiring the soul. But the Celt has always been a +rebel against anything that has not in it the breath of +life, against any unspiritual and purely external form +of domination. It is too true that he has been over-eager +to enjoy the fine fruits of life without the long +and patient preparation for the harvest, but he has +done and will still do infinite service to the modern +world in insisting that the true fruit of life is a +spiritual reality, never without pain and loss to be +obscured or forgotten amid the vast mechanism of a +material civilisation. +</p> +</div> +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page51">[pg 51]</span> + +<a name="toc8" id="toc8"></a> +<a name="pdf9" id="pdf9"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%"> +CHAPTER II: THE RELIGION OF THE CELTS +</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Ireland and the Celtic Religion</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We have said that the Irish among the Celtic +peoples possess the unique interest of having +carried into the light of modern historical research +many of the features of a native Celtic civilisation. +There is, however, one thing which they did not carry +across the gulf which divides us from the ancient world—and +this was their religion. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It was not merely that they changed it; they left it +behind them so entirely that all record of it is lost. +St. Patrick, himself a Celt, who apostolised Ireland +during the fifth century, has left us an autobiographical +narrative of his mission, a document of intense interest, +and the earliest extant record of British Christianity; +but in it he tells us nothing of the doctrines he came to +supplant. We learn far more of Celtic religious beliefs +from Julius Cæsar, who approached them from quite +another side. The copious legendary literature which +took its present form in Ireland between the seventh +and the twelfth centuries, though often manifestly +going back to pre-Christian sources, shows us, beyond +a belief in magic and a devotion to certain ceremonial +or chivalric observances, practically nothing resembling +a religious or even an ethical system. We know that +certain chiefs and bards offered a long resistance to +the new faith, and that this resistance came to the +arbitrament of battle at Moyrath in the sixth century, +but no echo of any intellectual controversy, no matching +of one doctrine against another, such as we find, for +instance, in the records of the controversy of Celsus +with Origen, has reached us from this period of change +and strife. The literature of ancient Ireland, as we +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page52">[pg 52]</span> +shall see, embodied many ancient myths; and traces +appear in it of beings who must, at one time, have been +gods or elemental powers; but all has been emptied +of religious significance and turned to romance and +beauty. Yet not only was there, as Cæsar tells us, a +very well-developed religious system among the Gauls, +but we learn on the same authority that the British +Islands were the authoritative centre of this system; +they were, so to speak, the Rome of the Celtic religion. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +What this religion was like we have now to consider, +as an introduction to the myths and tales which more +or less remotely sprang from it. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Popular Religion of the Celts</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But first we must point out that the Celtic religion +was by no means a simple affair, and cannot be summed +up as what we call <span class="tei tei-q">“Druidism.”</span> Beside the official +religion there was a body of popular superstitions and +observances which came from a deeper and older source +than Druidism, and was destined long to outlive it—indeed, +it is far from dead even yet. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Megalithic People</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The religions of primitive peoples mostly centre on, +or take their rise from, rites and practices connected +with the burial of the dead. The earliest people inhabiting +Celtic territory in the West of Europe of +whom we have any distinct knowledge are a race +without name or known history, but by their sepulchral +monuments, of which so many still exist, we can learn +a great deal about them. They were the so-called +Megalithic People,<a id="noteref_30" name="noteref_30" href="#note_30"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">30</span></span></a> the builders of dolmens, cromlechs, +and chambered tumuli, of which more than three +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page53">[pg 53]</span> +thousand have been counted in France alone. Dolmens +are found from Scandinavia southwards, all down the +western lands of Europe to the Straits of Gibraltar, and +round by the Mediterranean coast of Spain. They +occur in some of the western islands of the Mediterranean, +and are found in Greece, where, in Mycenæ, +an ancient dolmen yet stands beside the magnificent +burial-chamber of the Atreidae. Roughly, if we draw +a line from the mouth of the Rhone northward to +Varanger Fiord, one may say that, except for a few +Mediterranean examples, all the dolmens in Europe +lie to the west of that line. To the east none are +found till we come into Asia. But they cross the +Straits of Gibraltar, and are found all along the North +African littoral, and thence eastwards through Arabia, +India, and as far as Japan. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Dolmens, Cromlechs, and Tumuli</span></span> +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/ill-049.png" alt="Dolmen at Proleek, Ireland" title="Dolmen at Proleek, Ireland" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Dolmen at Proleek, Ireland</div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">(After Borlase)</span></span></p></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A dolmen, it may be here explained, is a kind of +chamber composed of upright unhewn stones, and +roofed generally with a single huge stone. They are + +usually wedge-shaped +in plan, and traces of +a porch or vestibule +can often be noticed. +The primary intention +of the dolmen was to +represent a house or +dwelling-place for the +dead. A cromlech +(often confused in +popular language with +the dolmen) is properly +a circular arrangement of standing stones, often +with a dolmen in their midst. It is believed that most +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page54">[pg 54]</span> +if not all of the now exposed dolmens were originally +covered with a great mound of earth or of smaller stones. +Sometimes, as in the illustration we give from Carnac, +in Brittany, great avenues or alignments are formed of +single upright stones, and these, no doubt, had some +purpose connected with the ritual of worship carried +on in the locality. The later megalithic monuments, +as at Stonehenge, may be of dressed stone, but in all +cases their rudeness of construction, the absence of any +sculpturing (except for patterns or symbols incised on +the surface), the evident aim at creating a powerful impression +by the brute strength of huge monolithic masses, +as well as certain subsidiary features in their design +which shall be described later on, give these megalithic +monuments a curious family likeness and mark them +out from the chambered tombs of the early Greeks, +of the Egyptians, and of other more advanced races. +The dolmens proper gave place in the end to great +chambered mounds or tumuli, as at New Grange, which +we also reckon as belonging to the Megalithic People. +They are a natural development of the dolmen. The +early dolmen-builders were in the neolithic stage of +culture, their weapons were of polished stone. But +in the tumuli not only stone, but also bronze, and even +iron, instruments are found—at first evidently importations, +but afterwards of local manufacture. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Origin of the Megalithic People</span></span> +</p> + +<a name="fig10" id="fig10"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 75%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill-051.png" alt="Prehistoric Tumulus at New Grange" title="Prehistoric Tumulus at New Grange" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Prehistoric Tumulus at New Grange</div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">Photograph by R. Welch, Belfast</p></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The language originally spoken by this people can +only be conjectured by the traces of it left in that of +their conquerors, the Celts.<a id="noteref_31" name="noteref_31" href="#note_31"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">31</span></span></a> But a map of the distribution +or their monuments irresistibly suggests the +idea that their builders were of North African origin; +that they were not at first accustomed to traverse the + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page55">[pg 55]</span> +sea for any great distance; that they migrated westwards +along North Africa, crossed into Europe where +the Mediterranean at Gibraltar narrows to a strait of a +few miles in width, and thence spread over the western +regions of Europe, including the British Islands, while +on the eastward they penetrated by Arabia into Asia. It +must, however, be borne in mind that while originally, +no doubt, a distinct race, the Megalithic People came +in the end to represent, not a race, but a culture. +The human remains found in these sepulchres, with +their wide divergence in the shape of the skull, &c., +clearly prove this.<a id="noteref_32" name="noteref_32" href="#note_32"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">32</span></span></a> These and other relics testify to the +dolmen-builders in general as representing a superior +and well-developed type, acquainted with agriculture, +pasturage, and to some extent with seafaring. The +monuments themselves, which are often of imposing +size and imply much thought and organised effort in +their construction, show unquestionably the existence, +at this period, of a priesthood charged with the care of +funeral rites and capable of controlling large bodies of +men. Their dead were, as a rule, not burned, but +buried whole—the greater monuments marking, no +doubt, the sepulchres of important personages, while +the common people were buried in tombs of which no +traces now exist. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Celts of the Plains</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +De Jubainville, in his account of the early history of +the Celts, takes account of two main groups only—the +Celts and the Megalithic People. But A. Bertrand, in +his very valuable work <span class="tei tei-q">“La Religion des Gaulois,”</span> +distinguishes two elements among the Celts themselves. +There are, besides the Megalithic People, the two groups +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page56">[pg 56]</span> +of lowland Celts and mountain Celts. The lowland +Celts, according to his view, started from the Danube +and entered Gaul probably about 1200 B.C. They +were the founders of the lake-dwellings in Switzerland, +in the Danube valley, and in Ireland. They knew the +use of metals, and worked in gold, in tin, in bronze, and +towards the end of their period in iron. Unlike the +Megalithic People, they spoke a Celtic tongue,<a id="noteref_33" name="noteref_33" href="#note_33"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">33</span></span></a> though +Bertrand seems to doubt their genuine racial affinity +with the true Celts. They were perhaps Celticised +rather than actually Celtic. They were not warlike; +a quiet folk of herdsmen, tillers, and artificers. They +did not bury, but burned their dead. At a great settlement +of theirs, Golasecca, in Cisalpine Gaul, 6000 interments +were found. In each case the body had been +burned; there was not a single burial without previous +burning. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This people entered Gaul not (according to Bertrand), +for the most part, as conquerors, but by gradual infiltration, +occupying vacant spaces wherever they found them +along the valleys and plains. They came by the passes +of the Alps, and their starting-point was the country of +the Upper Danube, which Herodotus says <span class="tei tei-q">“rises among +the Celts.”</span> They blended peacefully with the Megalithic +People among whom they settled, and did not +evolve any of those advanced political institutions which +are only nursed in war, but probably they contributed +powerfully to the development of the Druidical system +of religion and to the bardic poetry. +</p> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page57">[pg 57]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Celts of the Mountains</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Finally, we have a third group, the true Celtic group, +which followed closely on the track of the second. It +was at the beginning of the sixth century that it first +made its appearance on the left bank of the Rhine. +While Bertrand calls the second group Celtic, these he +styles Galatic, and identifies them with the Galatæ of +the Greeks and the Galli and Belgæ of the Romans. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The second group, as we have said, were Celts of the +plains. The third were Celts of the mountains. The +earliest home in which we know them was the ranges +of the Balkans and Carpathians. Their organisation +was that of a military aristocracy—they lorded it over +the subject populations on whom they lived by tribute +or pillage. They are the warlike Celts of ancient history—the +sackers of Rome and Delphi, the mercenary +warriors who fought for pay and for the love of warfare +in the ranks of Carthage and afterwards of Rome. +Agriculture and industry were despised by them, their +women tilled the ground, and under their rule the +common population became reduced almost to servitude; +<span class="tei tei-q">“plebs pœne servorum habetur loco,”</span> as Caesar tells us. +Ireland alone escaped in some degree from the oppression +of this military aristocracy, and from the sharp dividing +line which it drew between the classes, yet even there a +reflexion of the state of things in Gaul is found, even +there we find free and unfree tribes and oppressive and +dishonouring exactions on the part of the ruling order. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Yet, if this ruling race had some of the vices of untamed +strength, they had also many noble and humane +qualities. They were dauntlessly brave, fantastically +chivalrous, keenly sensitive to the appeal of poetry, of +music, and of speculative thought. Posidonius found +the bardic institution flourishing among them about +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page58">[pg 58]</span> +100 B.C.,and about two hundred years earlier Hecatæus of +Abdera describes the elaborate musical services held by +the Celts in a Western island—probably Great Britain—in +honour of their god Apollo (Lugh).<a id="noteref_34" name="noteref_34" href="#note_34"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">34</span></span></a> Aryan of the +Aryans, they had in them the making of a great and progressive +nation; but the Druidic system—not on the +side of its philosophy and science, but on that of its +ecclesiastico-political organisation—was their bane, and +their submission to it was their fatal weakness. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The culture of these mountain Celts differed markedly +from that of the lowlanders. Their age was the age of +iron, not of bronze; their dead were not burned (which +they considered a disgrace), but buried. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The territories occupied by them in force were +Switzerland, Burgundy, the Palatinate, and Northern +France, parts of Britain to the west, and Illyria and +Galatia to the east, but smaller groups of them must +have penetrated far and wide through all Celtic territory, +and taken up a ruling position wherever they went. +</p> + +<a name="fig11" id="fig11"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 75%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill-057.png" alt="Stone Alignments at Kermaris, Carnac" title="Stone Alignments at Kermaris, Carnac" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Stone Alignments at Kermaris, Carnac</div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">Arthur G. Bell</p></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There were three peoples, said Cæsar, inhabiting +Gaul when his conquest began; <span class="tei tei-q">“they differ from +each other in language, in customs, and in laws.”</span> +These people he named respectively the Belgæ, the +Celtæ, and the Aquitani. He locates them roughly, the +Belgæ in the north and east, the Celtæ in the middle, +and the Aquitani in the west and south. The Belgæ +are the Galatæ of Bertrand, the Celtæ are the Celts, +and the Aquitani are the Megalithic People. They +had, of course, all been more or less brought under +Celtic influences, and the differences of language which +Cæsar noticed need not have been great; still it is +noteworthy, and quite in accordance with Bertrand's +views, that Strabo speaks of the Aquitani as differing +markedly from the rest of the inhabitants, and as + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page59">[pg 59]</span> +resembling the Iberians. The language of the other +Gaulish peoples, he expressly adds, were merely +dialects of the same tongue. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Religion of Magic</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This triple division is reflected more or less in all +the Celtic countries, and must always be borne in mind +when we speak of Celtic ideas and Celtic religion, and +try to estimate the contribution of the Celtic peoples to +European culture. The mythical literature and the +art of the Celt have probably sprung mainly from the +section represented by the Lowland Celts of Bertrand. +But this literature of song and saga was produced by a +bardic class for the pleasure and instruction of a proud, +chivalrous, and warlike aristocracy, and would thus +inevitably be moulded by the ideas of this aristocracy. +But it would also have been coloured by the profound +influence of the religious beliefs and observances +entertained by the Megalithic People—beliefs which +are only now fading slowly away in the spreading daylight +of science. These beliefs may be summed up in +the one term Magic. The nature of this religion of +magic must now be briefly discussed, for it was a +potent element in the formation of the body of myths +and legends with which we have afterwards to deal. +And, as Professor Bury remarked in his Inaugural +Lecture at Cambridge, in 1903: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +</p><div class="block tei tei-q" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">For the purpose of prosecuting that most difficult +of all inquiries, the ethnical problem, the part played +by race in the development of peoples and the effects +of race-blendings, it must be remembered that the +Celtic world commands one of the chief portals of +ingress into that mysterious pre-Aryan foreworld, from +which it may well be that we modern Europeans have +inherited far more than we dream.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> +</div> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page60">[pg 60]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The ultimate root of the word Magic is unknown, +but proximately it is derived from the Magi, or priests +of Chaldea and Media in pre-Aryan and pre-Semitic +times, who were the great exponents of this system of +thought, so strangely mingled of superstition, philosophy, +and scientific observation. The fundamental +conception of magic is that of the spiritual vitality of all +nature. This spiritual vitality was not, as in polytheism, +conceived as separated from nature in distinct divine +personalities. It was implicit and immanent in nature; +obscure, undefined, invested with all the awfulness of a +power whose limits and nature are enveloped in impenetrable +mystery. In its remote origin it was doubtless, +as many facts appear to show, associated with the +cult of the dead, for death was looked upon as the resumption +into nature, and as the investment with vague +and uncontrollable powers, of a spiritual force formerly +embodied in the concrete, limited, manageable, and +therefore less awful form of a living human personality. +Yet these powers were not altogether uncontrollable. +The desire for control, as well as the suggestion of the +means for achieving it, probably arose from the first +rude practices of the art of healing. Medicine of +some sort was one of the earliest necessities of man. +And the power of certain natural substances, mineral +or vegetable, to produce bodily and mental effects +often of a most startling character would naturally +be taken as signal evidence of what we may call the +<span class="tei tei-q">“magical”</span> conception of the universe.<a id="noteref_35" name="noteref_35" href="#note_35"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">35</span></span></a> The first +magicians were those who attained a special knowledge +of healing or poisonous herbs; but <span class="tei tei-q">“virtue”</span> of some +sort being attributed to every natural object and phenomenon, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page61">[pg 61]</span> +a kind of magical science, partly the child of +true research, partly of poetic imagination, partly of +priestcraft, would in time spring up, would be codified +into rites and formulas, attached to special places and +objects, and represented by symbols. The whole +subject has been treated by Pliny in a remarkable +passage which deserves quotation at length: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Pliny on the Religion of Magic</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +</p><div class="block tei tei-q" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Magic is one of the few things which it is important +to discuss at some length, were it only because, +being the most delusive of all the arts, it has everywhere +and at all times been most powerfully credited. Nor +need it surprise us that it has obtained so vast an +influence, for it has united in itself the three arts which +have wielded the most powerful sway over the spirit of +man. Springing in the first instance from Medicine—a +fact which no one can doubt—and under cover of a +solicitude for our health, it has glided into the mind, +and taken the form of another medicine, more holy +and more profound. In the second place, bearing the +most seductive and flattering promises, it has enlisted +the motive of Religion, the subject on which, even at +this day, mankind is most in the dark. To crown all +it has had recourse to the art of Astrology; and every +man is eager to know the future and convinced that +this knowledge is most certainly to be obtained from the +heavens. Thus, holding the minds of men enchained +in this triple bond, it has extended its sway over many +nations, and the Kings of Kings obey it in the East.</span></span> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“In the East, doubtless, it was invented—in Persia +and by Zoroaster.<a id="noteref_36" name="noteref_36" href="#note_36"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">36</span></span></a> All the authorities agree in this. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page62">[pg 62]</span> +But has there not been more than one Zoroaster?... +I have noticed that in ancient times, and indeed almost +always, one finds men seeking in this science the +climax of literary glory—at least Pythagoras, Empedocles, +Democritus, and Plato crossed the seas, exiles, +in truth, rather than travellers, to instruct themselves +in this. Returning to their native land, they vaunted +the claims of magic and maintained its secret doctrine.... +In the Latin nations there are early traces of it, +as, for instance, in our Laws of the Twelve Tables<a id="noteref_37" name="noteref_37" href="#note_37"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">37</span></span></a> and +other monuments, as I have said in a former book. In +fact, it was not until the year 657 after the foundation +of Rome, under the consulate of Cornelius Lentulus +Crassus, that it was forbidden by a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">senatus consultum</span></span> +to sacrifice human beings; a fact which proves that up +to this date these horrible sacrifices were made. The +Gauls have been captivated by it, and that even down +to our own times, for it was the Emperor Tiberius who +suppressed the Druids and all the herd of prophets +and medicine-men. But what is the use of launching +prohibitions against an art which has thus traversed +the ocean and penetrated even to the confines of +Nature?”</span> (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hist. Nat.</span></span> xxx.) +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pliny adds that the first person whom he can +ascertain to have written on this subject was Osthanes, +who accompanied Xerxes in his war against the Greeks, +and who propagated the <span class="tei tei-q">“germs of his monstrous art”</span> +wherever he went in Europe. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Magic was not—so Pliny believed—indigenous either +in Greece or in Italy, but was so much at home in +Britain and conducted with such elaborate ritual that +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page63">[pg 63]</span> +Pliny says it would almost seem as if it was they +who had taught it to the Persians, not the Persians to them. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Traces of Magic in Megalithic Monuments</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The imposing relics of their cult which the Megalithic +People have left us are full of indications of their +religion. Take, for instance, the remarkable tumulus +of Mané-er-H'oeck, in Brittany. This monument was +explored in 1864 by M. René Galles, who describes it +as absolutely intact—the surface of the earth unbroken, +and everything as the builders left it.<a id="noteref_38" name="noteref_38" href="#note_38"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">38</span></span></a> At the entrance +to the rectangular chamber was a sculptured slab, on +which was graven a mysterious sign, perhaps the totem +of a chief. Immediately on entering the chamber was +found a beautiful pendant in green jasper about the +size of an egg. On the floor in the centre of the +chamber was a most singular arrangement, consisting of +a large ring of jadite, slightly oval in shape, with a +magnificent axe-head, also of jadite, its point resting on +the ring. The axe was a well-known symbol of power +or godhead, and is frequently found in rock-carvings of +the Bronze Age, as well as in Egyptian hieroglyphs, +Minoan carvings, &c. At a little distance from these +there lay two large pendants of jasper, then an axe-head +in white jade,<a id="noteref_39" name="noteref_39" href="#note_39"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">39</span></span></a> then another jasper pendant. All +these objects were ranged with evident intention <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">en suite</span></span>, +forming a straight line which coincided exactly with +one of the diagonals of the chamber, running from +north-west to south-east. In one of the corners of the +chamber were found 101 axe-heads in jade, jadite, and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page64">[pg 64]</span> +fibrolite. There were no traces of bones or cinders, no +funerary urn; the structure was a cenotaph. <span class="tei tei-q">“Are +we not here,”</span> asks Bertrand, <span class="tei tei-q">“in presence of some +ceremony relating to the practices of magic?”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Chiromancy at Gavr'inis</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In connexion with the great sepulchral monument +of Gavr'inis a very curious observation was made by + +M. Albert Maitre, an inspector of the Musée des Antiquités +Nationales. There were found here—as commonly +in other megalithic monuments in Ireland and +Scotland—a number of stones sculptured with a singular +and characteristic design in waving and concentric lines. +Now if the curious lines traced upon the human hand +at the roots and tips of the fingers be examined under +a lens, it will be found that they bear an exact resemblance +to these designs of megalithic sculpture. One +seems almost like a cast of the other. These lines on +the human hand are so distinct and peculiar that, as is +well known, they have been adopted as a method of +identification of criminals. Can this resemblance be +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page65">[pg 65]</span> +the result of chance? Nothing like these peculiar +assemblages of sculptured lines has ever been found +except in connexion with these monuments. Have we +not here a reference to chiromancy—a magical art much +practised in ancient and even in modern times? The +hand as a symbol of power was a well-known magical +emblem, and has entered largely even into Christian +symbolism—note, for instance, the great hand sculptured +on the under side of one of the arms of the Cross of +Muiredach at Monasterboice. +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/ill-064.png" alt="Stones from Brittany sculptured with Footprints, Axes, “Finger-markings,” &c." title="Stones from Brittany sculptured with Footprints, Axes, “Finger-markings,” &c." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Stones from Brittany sculptured with Footprints, Axes, <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center">“Finger-markings,”</span> &c.</div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">(Sergi)</span></span></p></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Holed Stones</span></span> +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/ill-065-1.png" alt="Dolmen at Trie, France" title="Dolmen at Trie, France" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Dolmen at Trie, France</div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">(After Gailhabaud)</span></span></p></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Another singular and as yet unexplained feature +which appears in many of these monuments, from + +Western Europe to +India, is the presence +of a small hole bored +through one of the +stones composing the +chamber. Was it an +aperture intended for +the spirit of the dead? +or for offerings to +them? or the channel through which revelations from +the spirit-world were supposed to come to a priest or +magician? or did it partake of all these characters? + +Holed stones, not +forming part of a +dolmen, are, of +course, among the +commonest relics +of the ancient cult, +and are still venerated +and used in +practices connected +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page66">[pg 66]</span> +with child-bearing, &c. Here we are doubtless to +interpret the emblem as a symbol of sex. +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/ill-065-2.png" alt="Dolmens in the Deccan, India" title="Dolmens in the Deccan, India" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Dolmens in the Deccan, India</div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">(After Meadows-Taylor)</span></span></p></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Stone-Worship</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Besides the heavenly bodies, we find that rivers, trees, +mountains, and stones were all objects of veneration +among this primitive people. Stone-worship was particularly +common, and is not so easily explained as the +worship directed toward objects possessing movement +and vitality. Possibly an explanation of the veneration +attaching to great and isolated masses of unhewn stone +may be found in their resemblance to the artificial +dolmens and cromlechs.<a id="noteref_40" name="noteref_40" href="#note_40"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">40</span></span></a> No superstition has proved +more enduring. In A.D. 452 we find the Synod of +Arles denouncing those who <span class="tei tei-q">“venerate trees and wells +and stones,”</span> and the denunciation was repeated by +Charlemagne, and by numerous Synods and Councils +down to recent times. Yet a drawing, here reproduced, +which was lately made on the spot by Mr. Arthur Bell<a id="noteref_41" name="noteref_41" href="#note_41"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">41</span></span></a> +shows this very act of worship still in full force in Brittany, +and shows the symbols and the sacerdotal organisation +of Christianity actually pressed into the service of this +immemorial paganism. According to Mr. Bell, the +clergy take part in these performances with much +reluctance, but are compelled to do so by the force of +local opinion. Holy wells, the water of which is supposed +to cure diseases, are still very common in Ireland, + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page67">[pg 67]</span> +and the cult of the waters of Lourdes may, in spite of +its adoption by the Church, be mentioned as a notable +case in point on the Continent. +</p> + +<a name="fig12" id="fig12"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 75%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill-067.png" alt="Stone-worship at Locronan, Brittany" title="Stone-worship at Locronan, Brittany" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Stone-worship at Locronan, Brittany</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Cup-and-Ring Markings</span></span> +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/ill-069.png" alt="Cup-and-ring Markings from Scotland" title="Cup-and-ring Markings from Scotland" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Cup-and-ring Markings from Scotland</div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">(<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">After Sir J. Simpson</span></span>)</p></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Another singular emblem, upon the meaning of which +no light has yet been thrown, occurs frequently in connexion + +with megalithic monuments. The accompanying +illustrations show examples of it. Cup-shaped +hollows are made in the surface of the stone, these are +often surrounded with concentric rings, and from the +cup one or more radial lines are drawn to a point outside +the circumference of the rings. Occasionally a +system of cups are joined by these lines, but more frequently +they end a little way outside the widest of the +rings. These strange markings are found in Great +Britain and Ireland, in Brittany, and at various places in +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page68">[pg 68]</span> +India, where they are called <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">mahadéos</span></span>.<a id="noteref_42" name="noteref_42" href="#note_42"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">42</span></span></a> I have also +found a curious example—for such it appears to be—in +Dupaix' <span class="tei tei-q">“Monuments of New Spain.”</span> It is reproduced +in Lord Kingsborough's <span class="tei tei-q">“Antiquities of Mexico,”</span> +vol. iv. On the circular top of a cylindrical stone, +known as the <span class="tei tei-q">“Triumphal Stone,”</span> is carved a central +cup, with nine concentric circles round it, and a duct or +channel cut straight from the cup through all the +circles to the rim. Except that the design here is richly +decorated and accurately drawn, it closely resembles a +typical European cup-and-ring marking. That these +markings mean something, and that, wherever they are +found, they mean the same thing, can hardly be doubted, +but what that meaning is remains yet a puzzle to antiquarians. +The guess may perhaps be hazarded that +they are diagrams or plans of a megalithic sepulchre. +The central hollow represents the actual burial-place. +The circles are the standing stones, fosses, and ramparts +which often surrounded it; and the line or duct drawn +from the centre outwards represents the subterranean +approach to the sepulchre. The apparent <span class="tei tei-q">“avenue”</span> +intention of the duct is clearly brought out in the +varieties given below, which I take from Simpson. As + +the sepulchre was also a +holy place or shrine, the +occurrence of a representation +of it among other +carvings of a sacred character +is natural enough; it +would seem symbolically +to indicate that the place +was holy ground. How far this suggestion might +apply to the Mexican example I am unable to +say. +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/ill-070.png" alt="Varieties of Cup-and-ring Markings" title="Varieties of Cup-and-ring Markings" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Varieties of Cup-and-ring Markings</div></div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page69">[pg 69]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Tumulus at New Grange</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +One of the most important and richly sculptured of +European megalithic monuments is the great chambered +tumulus of New Grange, on the northern bank of the +Boyne, in Ireland. This tumulus, and the others which +occur in its neighbourhood, appear in ancient Irish +mythical literature in two different characters, the union +of which is significant. They are regarded on the one +hand as the dwelling-places of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sidhe</span></span> (pronounced +Shee), or Fairy Folk, who represent, probably, the deities +of the ancient Irish, and they are also, traditionally, the +burial-places of the Celtic High Kings of pagan Ireland. +The story of the burial of King Cormac, who was +supposed to have heard of the Christian faith long +before it was actually preached in Ireland by St. Patrick +and who ordered that he should not be buried at the +royal cemetery by the Boyne, on account of its pagan +associations, points to the view that this place was the +centre of a pagan cult involving more than merely the +interment of royal personages in its precincts. Unfortunately +these monuments are not intact; they were +opened and plundered by the Danes in the ninth +century,<a id="noteref_43" name="noteref_43" href="#note_43"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">43</span></span></a> but enough evidence remains to show that +they were sepulchral in their origin, and were also +associated with the cult of a primitive religion. The +most important of them, the tumulus of New Grange, +has been thoroughly explored and described by Mr. +George Coffey, keeper of the collection of Celtic antiquities +in the National Museum, Dublin.<a id="noteref_44" name="noteref_44" href="#note_44"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">44</span></span></a> It appears +from the outside like a large mound, or knoll, now overgrown +with bushes. It measures about 280 feet across, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page70">[pg 70]</span> + +at its greatest diameter, and is about 44 feet in height. +Outside it there runs a wide circle of standing stones +originally, it would seem, thirty-five in number. Inside +this circle is a ditch and rampart, and on top of this +rampart was laid a circular curb of great stones 8 to 10 +feet long, laid on edge, and confining what has proved to +be a huge mound of loose stones, now overgrown, as +we have said, with grass and bushes. It is in the interior +of this mound that the interest of the monument +lies. Towards the end of the seventeenth century some +workmen who were getting road-material from the +mound came across the entrance to a passage which led +into the interior, and was marked by the fact that the +boundary stone below it is richly carved with spirals and +lozenges. This entrance faces exactly south-east. The +passage is formed of upright slabs of unhewn stone +roofed with similar slabs, and varies from nearly 5 feet +to 7 feet 10 inches in height; it is about 3 feet wide, and +runs for 62 feet straight into the heart of the mound. +Here it ends in a cruciform chamber, 20 feet high, the +roof, a kind of dome, being formed of large flat stones, +overlapping inwards till they almost meet at the top, where +a large flat stone covers all. In each of the three recesses +of the cruciform chamber there stands a large +stone basin, or rude sarcophagus, but not traces of any +burial now remains. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Symbolic Carvings at New Grange</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The stones are all raw and undressed, and were +selected for their purpose from the river-bed and elsewhere +close by. On their flat surfaces, obtained by +splitting slabs from the original quarries, are found the +carvings which form the unique interest of this strange +monument. Except for the large stone with spiral +carvings and one other at the entrance to the mound, + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page71">[pg 71]</span> +the intention of these sculptures does not appear to have +been decorative, except in a very rude and primitive +sense. There is no attempt to cover a given surface +with a system of ornament appropriate to its size and +shape. The designs are, as it were, scribbled upon the +walls anyhow and anywhere.<a id="noteref_45" name="noteref_45" href="#note_45"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">45</span></span></a> Among them everywhere +the spiral is prominent. The resemblance of some of +these carvings to the supposed finger-markings of the +stones at Gavr'inis is very remarkable. Triple and +double spiral are also found, as well as lozenges and +zigzags. A singular carving representing what looks +like a palm-branch or fern-leaf is found in the west +recess. The drawing of this object is naturalistic, and +it is hard to interpret it, as Mr. Coffey is inclined to do, +as merely a piece of so-called <span class="tei tei-q">“herring-bone”</span> pattern.<a id="noteref_46" name="noteref_46" href="#note_46"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">46</span></span></a> +A similar palm-leaf design, but with the ribs arranged +at right angles to the central axis, is found in the +neighbouring tumulus of Dowth, at Loughcrew, and +in combination with a solar emblem, the swastika, on a +small altar in the Pyrenees, figured by Bertrand. +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 75%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill-072.png" alt="Entrance to Tumulus at New Grange" title="Entrance to Tumulus at New Grange" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Entrance to Tumulus at New Grange</div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">Photograph by R. Welch, Belfast</p></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Ship Symbol at New Grange</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Another remarkable and, as far as Ireland goes, +unusual figure is found sculptured in the west recess at +New Grange. It has been interpreted by various critics +as a mason's mark, a piece of Phoenician writing, a +group of numerals, and finally (and no doubt correctly) +by Mr. George Coffey as a rude representation of a ship +with men on board and uplifted sail. It is noticeable +that just above it is a small circle, forming, apparently, +part of the design. Another example occurs at Dowth. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page72">[pg 72]</span> + +<div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/ill-075-1.png" alt="Solar Ship (with Sail?) from New Grange, Ireland" title="Solar Ship (with Sail?) from New Grange, Ireland" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Solar Ship (with Sail?) +from New Grange, +Ireland</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + +The significance of this marking, as we shall see, is +possibly very great. It has been discovered that on certain + +stones in the tumulus of Locmariaker, +in Brittany,<a id="noteref_47" name="noteref_47" href="#note_47"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">47</span></span></a> there occur a +number of very similar figures, one +of them showing the circle in much +the same relative position as at +New Grange. The axe, an Egyptian +hieroglyph for godhead and +a well-known magical emblem, is +also represented on this stone. + +Again, in a brochure by Dr. Oscar +Montelius on the rock-sculptures of +Sweden<a id="noteref_48" name="noteref_48" href="#note_48"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">48</span></span></a> we find a reproduction (also +given in Du Chaillu's <span class="tei tei-q">“Viking Age”</span>) +of a rude rock-carving showing a +number of ships with men on board, +and the circle quartered by a cross—unmistakably +a solar emblem—just + +above one of them. That +these ships (which, like +the Irish example, are +often so summarily represented +as to be mere +symbols which no one +could identifiy as a ship +were the clue not given +by other and more +elaborate representations) were drawn so frequently in +conjunction with the solar disk merely for amusement +or for a purely decorative object seems to me most +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page73">[pg 73]</span> +improbable. In the days of the megalithic folk a +sepulchral monument, the very focus of religious ideas, +would hardly have been covered +with idle and meaningless scrawls. +<span class="tei tei-q">“Man,”</span> as Sir J. Simpson has well +said, <span class="tei tei-q">“has ever conjoined together +things sacred and things sepulchral.”</span> +Nor do these scrawls, in +the majority of instances, show +any glimmering of a decorative +intention. But if they had a symbolic intention, what +is it that they symbolise? +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/ill-075-2.png" alt="Solar Ship from Loc mariaker, Brittany" title="Solar Ship from Loc mariaker, Brittany" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Solar Ship from Loc +mariaker, Brittany</div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">(<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">After Ferguson</span></span>)</p></div> + +<div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/ill-075-3.png" alt="Solar Ship from Hallande, Sweden" title="Solar Ship from Hallande, Sweden" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Solar Ship from Hallande, Sweden</div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">(<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">After Montelius</span></span>)</p></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Ship Symbol in Egypt</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Now this symbol of the ship, with or without the actual +portrayal of the solar emblem, is of very ancient and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page74">[pg 74]</span> +very common occurrence in the sepulchral art of Egypt. +It is connected with the worship of Rā, which came in fully +4000 years B.C. Its meaning as an Egyptian symbol is +well known. The ship was called the Boat of the Sun. +It was the vessel in which the Sun-god performed his +journeys; in particular, the journey which he made +nightly to the shores of the Other-world, bearing with +him in his bark the souls of the beatified dead. The + +Sun-god, Rā, is sometimes represented by a disk, sometimes +by other emblems, hovering above the vessel or +contained within it. Any one who will look over the +painted or sculptured sarcophagi in the British Museum +will find a host of examples. Sometimes he will find +representations of the life-giving rays of Rā pouring down +upon the boat and its occupants. Now, in one of the +Swedish rock-carvings of ships at Backa, Bohuslän, given +by Montelius, a ship crowded with figures is shown +beneath a disk with three descending rays, and again +another ship with a two-rayed sun above it. It may +be added that in the tumulus of Dowth, which is close +to that of New Grange and is entirely of the same character +and period, rayed figures and quartered circles, +obviously solar emblems, occur abundantly, as also at +Loughcrew and other places in Ireland, and one other +ship figure has been identified at Dowth +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/ill-077.png" alt="Egyptian Solar Bark, XXII Dynasty" title="Egyptian Solar Bark, XXII Dynasty" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Egyptian Solar Bark, XXII Dynasty</div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">(<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">British Museum</span></span>)</p></div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page75">[pg 75]</span> + +<div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/ill-078-1.png" alt="Egyptian Solar Bark, with god Khnemu and attendant deities" title="Egyptian Solar Bark, with god Khnemu and attendant deities" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Egyptian Solar Bark, with god +Khnemu and attendant deities</div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">(<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">British Museum</span></span>)</p></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In Egypt the solar boat is sometimes represented as +containing the solar emblem alone, sometimes it contains +the figure of a god with attendant deities, sometimes it + +contains a crowd of passengers +representing human +souls, and sometimes the +figure of a single corpse on +a bier. The megalithic carvings +also sometimes show +the solar emblem and sometimes +not; the boats are sometimes filled with figures +and are sometimes empty. When a symbol has once +been accepted and understood, any conventional or +summary representation of it is sufficient. I take it + +that the complete form of +the megalithic symbol is +that of a boat with figures +in it and with the solar +emblem overhead. These +figures, assuming the foregoing +interpretation of +the design to be correct, +must clearly be taken +for representations of +the dead on their way to the Other-world. They +cannot be deities, for representations of the divine +powers under human aspect were quite unknown to +the Megalithic People, even after the coming of the +Celts—they first occur in Gaul under Roman influence. +But if these figures represent the dead, then we have +clearly before us the origin of the so-called <span class="tei tei-q">“Celtic”</span> +doctrine of immortality. The carvings in question are +pre-Celtic. They are found where no Celts ever penetrated. +Yet they point to the existence of just that +Other-world doctrine which, from the time of Cæsar +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page76">[pg 76]</span> +downwards, has been associated with Celtic Druidism, +and this doctrine was distinctively Egyptian. +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/ill-078-2.png" alt="Egyptian Bark, with figure of Rā holding an Ankh, enclosed in Solar Disk. XIX Dynasty" title="Egyptian Bark, with figure of Rā holding an Ankh, enclosed in Solar Disk. XIX Dynasty" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Egyptian Bark, with figure of Rā +holding an <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">Ankh</span></span>, enclosed in +Solar Disk. XIX Dynasty</div><p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">(<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">British Museum</span></span>)</p></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-weight: 700">“</span><span style="font-weight: 700">Navetas</span><span style="font-weight: 700">”</span></span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In connexion with this subject I may draw attention to +the theory of Mr. W.C. Borlase that the typical design +of an Irish dolmen was intended to represent a ship. +In Minorca there are analogous structures, there popularly +called <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">navetas</span></span> (ships), so distinct is the resemblance. +But, he adds, <span class="tei tei-q">“long before the caves and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">navetas</span></span> of +Minorca were known to me I had formed the opinion +that what I have so frequently spoken of as the <span class="tei tei-q">‘wedge-shape’</span> +observable so universally in the ground-plans of +dolmens was due to an original conception of a ship. +From sepulchral tumuli in Scandinavia we know actual +vessels have on several occasions been disinterred. In +cemeteries of the Iron Age, in the same country, as +well as on the more southern Baltic coasts, the ship +was a recognised form of sepulchral enclosure.”</span><a id="noteref_49" name="noteref_49" href="#note_49"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">49</span></span></a> If +Mr. Borlase's view is correct, we have here a very +strong corroboration of the symbolic intention which +I attribute to the solar ship-carvings of the Megalithic +People. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Ship Symbol in Babylonia</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The ship symbol, it may be remarked, can be traced +to about 4000 B.C. in Babylonia, where every deity had +his own special ship (that of the god Sin was called +the Ship of Light), his image being carried in procession +on a litter formed like a ship. This is thought +by Jastrow<a id="noteref_50" name="noteref_50" href="#note_50"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">50</span></span></a> to have originated at a time when the sacred +cities of Babylonia were situated on the Persian Gulf, +and when religious processions were often carried out +by water. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page77">[pg 77]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Symbol of the Feet</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Yet there is reason to think that some of these symbols +were earlier than any known mythology, and were, +so to say, mythologised differently by different peoples, +who got hold of them from this now unknown source. +A remarkable instance is that of the symbol of the Two +Feet. In Egypt the Feet of Osiris formed one of the + +portions into which his body was cut up, in +the well-known myth. They were a symbol +of possession or of visitation. <span class="tei tei-q">“I have come +upon earth,”</span> says the <span class="tei tei-q">“Book of the Dead”</span> +(ch. xvii.), <span class="tei tei-q">“and with my two feet have taken +possession, I am Tmu.”</span> Now this symbol +of the feet or footprint is very widespread. +It is found in India, as the print of the foot of Buddha,<a id="noteref_51" name="noteref_51" href="#note_51"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">51</span></span></a> +it is found sculptured on dolmens in Brittany,<a id="noteref_52" name="noteref_52" href="#note_52"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">52</span></span></a> and it +occurs in rock-carvings in Scandinavia.<a id="noteref_53" name="noteref_53" href="#note_53"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">53</span></span></a> In Ireland it +passes for the footprints of St. Patrick or St. Columba. +Strangest of all, it is found unmistakably in Mexico.<a id="noteref_54" name="noteref_54" href="#note_54"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">54</span></span></a> +Tyler, in his <span class="tei tei-q">“Primitive Culture”</span> (ii. p. 197) refers +to <span class="tei tei-q">“the Aztec ceremony at the Second Festival of the +Sun God, Tezcatlipoca, when they sprinkled maize flour +before his sanctuary, and his high priest watched till +he beheld the divine footprints, and then shouted to +announce, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Our Great God is come.’</span> ”</span> +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/ill-080.png" alt="The Two Feet Symbol" title="The Two Feet Symbol" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">The Two +Feet Symbol</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: 700">Ankh</span></span><span style="font-weight: 700"> on Megalithic Carvings</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There is very strong evidence of the connexion of +the Megalithic People with North Africa. Thus, as +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page78">[pg 78]</span> +Sergi points out, many signs (probably numerical) found +on ivory tablets in the cemetery at Naqada discovered + +by Flinders Petrie are to be met with on +European dolmens. Several later Egyptian +hieroglyphic signs, including the famous <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ankh</span></span>, +or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">crux ansata</span></span>, the symbol of vitality or resurrection, +are also found in megalithic carvings.<a id="noteref_55" name="noteref_55" href="#note_55"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">55</span></span></a> +From these correspondences Letourneau drew +the conclusion <span class="tei tei-q">“that the builders of our megalithic +monuments came from the South, and were +related to the races of North Africa.”</span><a id="noteref_56" name="noteref_56" href="#note_56"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">56</span></span></a> +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/ill-081.png" alt="The Ankh" title="The Ankh" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">The <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">Ankh</span></span></div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Evidence from Language</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Approaching the subject from the linguistic side, +Rhys and Brynmor Jones find that the African origin—at +least proximately—of the primitive population of +Great Britain and Ireland is strongly suggested. It is +here shown that the Celtic languages preserve in their +syntax the Hamitic, and especially the Egyptian type.<a id="noteref_57" name="noteref_57" href="#note_57"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">57</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Egyptian and </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-weight: 700">“</span><span style="font-weight: 700">Celtic</span><span style="font-weight: 700">”</span></span><span style="font-weight: 700"> Ideas of Immortality</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The facts at present known do not, I think, justify +us in framing any theory as to the actual historical +relation of the dolmen-builders of Western Europe with +the people who created the wonderful religion and +civilisation of ancient Egypt. But when we consider +all the lines of evidence that converge in this direction +it seems clear that there was such a relation. Egypt +was the classic land of religious symbolism. It gave to +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page79">[pg 79]</span> +Europe the most beautiful and most popular of all its +religious symbols, that of the divine mother and child<a id="noteref_58" name="noteref_58" href="#note_58"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">58</span></span></a>. +I believe that it also gave to the primitive inhabitants of +Western Europe the profound symbol of the voyaging +spirits guided to the world of the dead by the God of +Light. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The religion of Egypt, above that of any people +whose ideas we know to have been developed in times +so ancient, centred on the doctrine of a future life. +The palatial and stupendous tombs, the elaborate ritual, +the imposing mythology, the immense exaltation of the +priestly caste, all these features of Egyptian culture +were intimately connected with their doctrine of the +immortality of the soul. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +To the Egyptian the disembodied soul was no +shadowy simulacrum, as the classical nations believed—the +future life was a mere prolongation of the present; +the just man, when he had won his place in it, found +himself among his relatives, his friends, his workpeople, +with tasks and enjoyments very much like those of +earth. The doom of the wicked was annihilation; he +fell a victim to the invisible monster called the Eater of +the Dead. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Now when the classical nations first began to take +an interest in the ideas of the Celts the thing that principally +struck them was the Celtic belief in immortality, +which the Gauls said was <span class="tei tei-q">“handed down by the +Druids.”</span> The classical nations believed in immortality; +but what a picture does Homer, the Bible of +the Greeks, give of the lost, degraded, dehumanised +creatures which represented the departed souls of men! +Take, as one example, the description of the spirits of +the suitors slain by Odysseus as Hermes conducts them +to the Underworld: +</p> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page80">[pg 80]</span> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Now were summoned the souls of the dead by Cyllenian Hermes....</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Touched by the wand they awoke, and obeyed him and followed him, squealing,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Even as bats in the dark, mysterious depths of a cavern</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Squeal as they flutter around, should one from the cluster be fallen</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Where from the rock suspended they hung, all clinging together;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">So did the souls flock squealing behind him, as Hermes the Helper</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">Guided them down to the gloom through dank and mouldering pathways.”</span><a id="noteref_59" name="noteref_59" href="#note_59"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">59</span></span></a> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The classical writers felt rightly that the Celtic idea +of immortality was something altogether different from +this. It was both loftier and more realistic; it implied +a true persistence of the living man, as he was at present, +in all his human relations. They noted with surprise +that the Celt would lend money on a promissory note for +repayment in the next world.<a id="noteref_60" name="noteref_60" href="#note_60"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">60</span></span></a> That is an absolutely +Egyptian conception. And this very analogy occurred +to Diodorus in writing of the Celtic idea of immortality—it +was like nothing that he knew of out of Egypt.<a id="noteref_61" name="noteref_61" href="#note_61"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">61</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Doctrine of Transmigration</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Many ancient writers assert that the Celtic idea of +immortality embodied the Oriental conception of the +transmigration of souls, and to account for this the +hypothesis was invented that they had learned the +doctrine from Pythagoras, who represented it in classical +antiquity. Thus Cæsar: <span class="tei tei-q">“The principal point of their +[the Druids'] teaching is that the soul does not perish, +and that after death it passes from one body into +another.”</span> And Diodorus: <span class="tei tei-q">“Among them the doctrine +of Pythagoras prevails, according to which the souls of +men are immortal, and after a fixed term recommence +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page81">[pg 81]</span> +to live, taking upon themselves a new body.”</span> Now +traces of this doctrine certainly do appear in Irish +legend. Thus the Irish chieftain, Mongan, who is an +historical personage, and whose death is recorded about +A.D. 625, is said to have made a wager as to the +place of death of a king named Fothad, slain in a battle +with the mythical hero Finn mac Cumhal in the third +century. He proves his case by summoning to his aid +a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">revenant</span></span> from the Other-world, Keelta, who was the +actual slayer of Fothad, and who describes correctly +where the tomb is to be found and what were its +contents. He begins his tale by saying to Mongan, +<span class="tei tei-q">“We were with thee,”</span> and then, turning to the assembly, +he continues: <span class="tei tei-q">“We were with Finn, coming from +Alba....”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Hush,”</span> says Mongan, <span class="tei tei-q">“it is wrong of +thee to reveal a secret.”</span> The secret is, of course, that +Mongan was a reincarnation of Finn.<a id="noteref_62" name="noteref_62" href="#note_62"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">62</span></span></a> But the evidence +on the whole shows that the Celts did not hold this +doctrine at all in the same way as Pythagoras and the +Orientals did. Transmigration was not, with them, part +of the order of things. It <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">might</span></span> happen, but in general +it did not; the new body assumed by the dead clothed +them in another, not in this world, and so far as we +can learn from any ancient authority, there does not +appear to have been any idea of moral retribution +connected with this form of the future life. It was not +so much an article of faith as an idea which haunted the +imagination, and which, as Mongan's caution indicates, +ought not to be brought into clear light. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +However it may have been conceived, it is certain +that the belief in immortality was the basis of Celtic +Druidism.<a id="noteref_63" name="noteref_63" href="#note_63"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">63</span></span></a> Caesar affirms this distinctly, and declares +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page82">[pg 82]</span> +the doctrine to have been fostered by the Druids rather +for the promotion of courage than for purely religious +reasons. An intense Other-world faith, such as that +held by the Celts, is certainly one of the mightiest of +agencies in the hands of a priesthood who hold the +keys of that world. Now Druidism existed in the +British Islands, in Gaul, and, in fact, so far as we know, +wherever there was a Celtic race amid a population of +dolmen-builders. There were Celts in Cisalpine Gaul, +but there were no dolmens there, and there were no +Druids.<a id="noteref_64" name="noteref_64" href="#note_64"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">64</span></span></a> What is quite clear is that when the Celts +got to Western Europe they found there a people with +a powerful priesthood, a ritual, and imposing religious +monuments; a people steeped in magic and mysticism +and the cult of the Underworld. The inferences, as I +read the facts, seem to be that Druidism in its essential +features was imposed upon the imaginative and sensitive +nature of the Celt—the Celt with his <span class="tei tei-q">“extraordinary +aptitude”</span> for picking up ideas—by the earlier population +of Western Europe, the Megalithic People, +while, as held by these, it stands in some historical +relation, which I am not able to pursue in further +detail, with the religious culture of ancient Egypt. +Much obscurity still broods over the question, +and perhaps will always do so, but if these +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page83">[pg 83]</span> +suggestions have anything in them, then the Megalithic +People have been brought a step or two out of the +atmosphere of uncanny mystery which has surrounded +them, and they are shown to have played a very important +part in the religious development of Western +Europe, and in preparing that part of the world for the +rapid extension of the special type of Christianity which +took place in it. Bertrand, in his most interesting +chapter on <span class="tei tei-q">“L'Irlande Celtique,”</span><a id="noteref_65" name="noteref_65" href="#note_65"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">65</span></span></a> points out that very +soon after the conversion of Ireland to Christianity, we +find the country covered with monasteries, whose complete +organisation seems to indicate that they were really +Druidic colleges transformed <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">en masse</span></span>. Cæsar has told +us what these colleges were like in Gaul. They were +very numerous. In spite of the severe study and +discipline involved, crowds flocked into them for the +sake of the power wielded by the Druidic order, and +the civil immunities which its members of all grades +enjoyed. Arts and sciences were studied there, and +thousands of verses enshrining the teachings of Druidism +were committed to memory. All this is very like what +we know of Irish Druidism. Such an organisation +would pass into Christianity of the type established in +Ireland with very little difficulty. The belief in magical +rites would survive—early Irish Christianity, as its +copious hagiography plainly shows, was as steeped in +magical ideas as ever was Druidic paganism. The +belief in immortality would remain, as before, the +cardinal doctrine of religion. Above all the supremacy +of the sacerdotal order over the temporal power would +remain unimpaired; it would still be true, as Dion +Chrysostom said of the Druids, that <span class="tei tei-q">“it is they who +command, and kings on thrones of gold, dwelling in +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page84">[pg 84]</span> +splendid palaces, are but their ministers, and the +servants of their thought.”</span><a id="noteref_66" name="noteref_66" href="#note_66"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">66</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Cæsar on the Druidic Culture</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The religious, philosophic, and scientific culture +superintended by the Druids is spoken of by Cæsar +with much respect. <span class="tei tei-q">“They discuss and impart to the +youth,”</span> he writes, <span class="tei tei-q">“many things respecting the stars +and their motions, respecting the extent of the universe +and of our earth, respecting the nature of things, respecting +the power and the majesty of the immortal +gods”</span> (bk. vi. 14). We would give much to know +some particulars of the teaching here described. But +the Druids, though well acquainted with letters, strictly +forbade the committal of their doctrines to writing; an +extremely sagacious provision, for not only did they +thus surround their teaching with that atmosphere of +mystery which exercises so potent a spell over the +human mind, but they ensured that it could never be +effectively controverted. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Human Sacrifices in Gaul</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In strange discord, however, with the lofty words of +Cæsar stands the abominable practice of human sacrifice +whose prevalence he noted among the Celts. Prisoners +and criminals, or if these failed even innocent victims, +probably children, were encased, numbers at a time, in +huge frames of wickerwork, and there burned alive to +win the favour of the gods. The practice of human +sacrifice is, of course, not specially Druidic—it is found +in all parts both of the Old and of the New World at a +certain stage of culture, and was doubtless a survival +from the time of the Megalithic People. The fact that +it should have continued in Celtic lands after an otherwise +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page85">[pg 85]</span> +fairly high state of civilisation and religious culture +had been attained can be paralleled from Mexico and +Carthage, and in both cases is due, no doubt, to the +uncontrolled dominance of a priestly caste. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Human Sacrifices in Ireland</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Bertrand endeavours to dissociate the Druids from +these practices, of which he says strangely there is <span class="tei tei-q">“no +trace”</span> in Ireland, although there, as elsewhere in +Celtica, Druidism was all-powerful. There is little +doubt, however, that in Ireland also human sacrifices +at one time prevailed. In a very ancient tract, the +<span class="tei tei-q">“Dinnsenchus,”</span> preserved in the <span class="tei tei-q">“Book of Leinster,”</span> it +is stated that on Moyslaught, <span class="tei tei-q">“the Plain of Adoration,”</span> +there stood a great gold idol, Crom Cruach (the Bloody +Crescent). To it the Gaels used to sacrifice children +when praying for fair weather and fertility—<span class="tei tei-q">“it was +milk and corn they asked from it in exchange for their +children—how great was their horror and their +moaning!”</span><a id="noteref_67" name="noteref_67" href="#note_67"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">67</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">And in Egypt</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In Egypt, where the national character was markedly +easy-going, pleasure-loving, and little capable of fanatical +exaltation, we find no record of any such cruel rites in +the monumental inscriptions and paintings, copious as +is the information which they give us on all features of +the national life and religion.<a id="noteref_68" name="noteref_68" href="#note_68"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">68</span></span></a> Manetho, indeed, the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page86">[pg 86]</span> +Egyptian historian who wrote in the third century B.C., +tells us that human sacrifices were abolished by Amasis I. +so late as the beginning of the XVIII Dynasty—about +1600 B.C. But the complete silence of the other +records shows us that even if we are to believe Manetho, +the practice must in historic times have been very rare, +and must have been looked on with repugnance. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Names of Celtic Deities</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +What were the names and the attributes of the +Celtic deities? Here we are very much in the dark. +The Megalithic People did not imagine their deities +under concrete personal form. Stones, rivers, wells, +trees, and other natural objects were to them the +adequate symbols, or were half symbols, half actual +embodiments, of the supernatural forces which they +venerated. But the imaginative mind of the Aryan +Celt was not content with this. The existence of personal +gods with distinct titles and attributes is reported +to us by Caesar, who equates them with various figures +in the Roman pantheon—Mercury, Apollo, Mars, and +so forth. Lucan mentions a triad of deities, Æsus, +Teutates, and Taranus<a id="noteref_69" name="noteref_69" href="#note_69"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">69</span></span></a>; and it is noteworthy that in +these names we seem to be in presence of a true Celtic, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, Aryan, tradition. Thus Æsus is derived by +Belloguet from the Aryan root <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">as</span></span>, meaning <span class="tei tei-q">“to be”</span>, +which furnished the name of Asura-masda (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">l'Esprit Sage</span></span>) +to the Persians, Æsun to the Umbrians, Asa (Divine +Being) to the Scandinavians. Teutates comes from a +Celtic root meaning <span class="tei tei-q">“valiant”</span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“warlike”</span>, and indicates +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page87">[pg 87]</span> +a deity equivalent to Mars. Taranus (? Thor), according +to de Jubainville, is a god of the Lightning (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">taran</span></span> +in Welsh, Cornish, and Breton is the word for +<span class="tei tei-q">“thunderbolt”</span>). Votive inscriptions to these gods +have been found in Gaul and Britain. Other inscriptions +and sculptures bear testimony to the existence in +Gaul of a host of minor and local deities who are +mostly mere names, or not even names, to us now. In +the form in which we have them these conceptions bear +clear traces of Roman influence. The sculptures are +rude copies of the Roman style of religious art. But +we meet among them figures of much wilder and +stranger aspect—gods with triple faces, gods with +branching antlers on their brows, ram-headed serpents, +and other now unintelligible symbols of the older faith. +Very notable is the frequent occurrence of the cross-legged +<span class="tei tei-q">“Buddha”</span> attitude so prevalent in the religious +art of the East and of Mexico, and also the tendency, +so well known in Egypt, to group the gods in triads. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Caesar on the Celtic Deities</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Caesar, who tries to fit the Gallic religion into the +framework of Roman mythology—which was exactly +what the Gauls themselves did after the conquest—says +they held Mercury to be the chief of the gods, and +looked upon him as the inventor of all the arts, as the +presiding deity of commerce, and as the guardian of +roads and guide of travellers. One may conjecture that +he was particularly, to the Gauls as to the Romans, the +guide of the dead, of travellers to the Other-world, +Many bronze statues to Mercury, of Gaulish origin, +still remain, the name being adopted by the Gauls, as +many place-names still testify<a id="noteref_70" name="noteref_70" href="#note_70"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">70</span></span></a>. Apollo was regarded +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page88">[pg 88]</span> +as the deity of medicine and healing, Minerva was the +initiator of arts and crafts, Jupiter governed the sky, +and Mars presided over war. Cæsar is here, no doubt, +classifying under five types and by Roman names a large +number of Gallic divinities. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The God of the Underworld</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +According to Cæsar, a most notable deity of the +Gauls was (in Roman nomenclature) Dis, or Pluto, the +god of the Underworld inhabited by the dead. From +him all the Gauls claimed to be descended, and on this +account, says Cæsar, they began their reckoning of the +twenty-four hours of the day with the oncoming of +night.<a id="noteref_71" name="noteref_71" href="#note_71"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">71</span></span></a> The name of this deity is not given. D'Arbois +de Jubainville considers that, together with Æsus, +Teutates, Taranus, and, in Irish mythology, Balor and +the Fomorians, he represents the powers of darkness, +death, and evil, and Celtic mythology is thus interpreted +as a variant of the universal solar myth, embodying the +conception of the eternal conflict between Day and Night. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The God of Light</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The God of Light appears in Gaul and in Ireland as +Lugh, or Lugus, who has left his traces in many place-names +such as <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lug-dunum</span></span> (Leyden), Lyons, &c. Lugh +appears in Irish legend with distinctly solar attributes. +When he meets his army before the great conflict with +the Fomorians, they feel, says the saga, as if they beheld +the rising of the sun. Yet he is also, as we shall see, +a god of the Underworld, belonging on the side of his +mother Ethlinn, daughter of Balor, to the Powers of +Darkness. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page89">[pg 89]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Celtic Conception of Death</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The fact is that the Celtic conception of the realm +of death differed altogether from that of the Greeks and +Romans, and, as I have already pointed out, resembled +that of Egyptian religion. The Other-world was not a +place of gloom and suffering, but of light and liberation. +The Sun was as much the god of that world as he was or +this. Evil, pain, and gloom there were, no doubt, and no +doubt these principles were embodied by the Irish Celts +in their myths of Balor and the Fomorians, of which +we shall hear anon; but that they were particularly +associated with the idea of death is, I think, a false +supposition founded on misleading analogies drawn +from the ideas of the classical nations. Here the Celts +followed North African or Asiatic conceptions rather +than those of the Aryans of Europe. It is only by +realising that the Celts as we know them in history, +from the break-up of the Mid-European Celtic empire +onwards, formed a singular blend of Aryan with non-Aryan +characteristics, that we shall arrive at a true +understanding of their contribution to European history +and their influence in European culture. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Five Factors in Ancient Celtic Culture</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +To sum up the conclusions indicated: we can, I +think, distinguish five distinct factors in the religious +and intellectual culture of Celtic lands as we find them +prior to the influx of classical or of Christian influences. +First, we have before us a mass of popular superstitions +and of magical observances, including human sacrifice. +These varied more or less from place to place, centring +as they did largely on local features which were regarded +as embodiments or vehicles of divine or of diabolic +power. Secondly, there was certainly in existence a +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page90">[pg 90]</span> +thoughtful and philosophic creed, having as its central +object of worship the Sun, as an emblem of divine +power and constancy, and as its central doctrine the +immortality of the soul. Thirdly, there was a worship +of personified deities, Æsus, Teutates, Lugh, and others, +conceived as representing natural forces, or as guardians +of social laws. Fourthly, the Romans were deeply +impressed with the existence among the Druids of a +body of teaching of a quasi-scientific nature about +natural phenomena and the constitution of the universe, +of the details of which we unfortunately know practically +nothing. Lastly, we have to note the prevalence of a +sacerdotal organisation, which administered the whole +system of religious and of secular learning and literature,<a id="noteref_72" name="noteref_72" href="#note_72"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">72</span></span></a> +which carefully confined this learning to a privileged +caste, and which, by virtue of its intellectual supremacy +and of the atmosphere of religious awe with which it was +surrounded, became the sovran power, social, political, +and religious, in every Celtic country. I have spoken of +these elements as distinct, and we can, indeed, distinguish +them in thought, but in practice they were inextricably +intertwined, and the Druidic organisation pervaded and +ordered all. Can we now, it may be asked, distinguish +among them what is of Celtic and what of pre-Celtic +and probably non-Aryan origin? This is a more +difficult task; yet, looking at all the analogies and +probabilities, I think we shall not be far wrong in +assigning to the Megalithic People the special doctrines, +the ritual, and the sacerdotal organisation of Druidism, +and to the Celtic element the personified deities, with +the zest for learning and for speculation; while the +popular superstitions were merely the local form assumed +by conceptions as widespread as the human race. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page91">[pg 91]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Celts of To-day</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In view of the undeniably mixed character of the +populations called <span class="tei tei-q">“Celtic”</span> at the present day, it is +often urged that this designation has no real relation +to any ethnological fact. The Celts who fought with +Caesar in Gaul and with the English in Ireland are, it +is said, no more—they have perished on a thousand +battlefields from Alesia to the Boyne, and an older +racial stratum has come to the surface in their place. +The true Celts, according to this view, are only to be +found in the tall, ruddy Highlanders of Perthshire and +North-west Scotland, and in a few families of the old +ruling race still surviving in Ireland and in Wales. In +all this I think it must be admitted that there is a large +measure of truth. Yet it must not be forgotten that +the descendants of the Megalithic People at the present +day are, on the physical side, deeply impregnated with +Celtic blood, and on the spiritual with Celtic traditions +and ideals. Nor, again, in discussing these questions +of race-character and its origin, must it ever be assumed +that the character of a people can be analysed as one +analyses a chemical compound, fixing once for all its +constituent parts and determining its future behaviour +and destiny. Race-character, potent and enduring though +it be, is not a dead thing, cast in an iron mould, and thereafter +incapable of change and growth. It is part of the +living forces of the world; it is plastic and vital; it has +hidden potencies which a variety of causes, such as a felicitous +cross with a different, but not too different, stock, or—in +another sphere—the adoption of a new religious or +social ideal, may at any time unlock and bring into action. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Of one thing I personally feel convinced—that the +problem of the ethical, social, and intellectual development +of the people constituting what is called the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page92">[pg 92]</span> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Celtic Fringe”</span> in Europe ought to be worked for +on Celtic lines; by the maintenance of the Celtic +tradition, Celtic literature, Celtic speech—the encouragement, +in short, of all those Celtic affinities of which this +mixed race is now the sole conscious inheritor and +guardian. To these it will respond, by these it can be +deeply moved; nor has the harvest ever failed those +who with courage and faith have driven their plough +into this rich field. On the other hand, if this work is +to be done with success it must be done in no pedantic, +narrow, intolerant spirit; there must be no clinging to +the outward forms of the past simply because the Celtic +spirit once found utterance in them. Let it be remembered +that in the early Middle Ages Celts from Ireland +were the most notable explorers, the most notable +pioneers of religion, science, and speculative thought in +Europe.<a id="noteref_73" name="noteref_73" href="#note_73"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">73</span></span></a> Modern investigators have traced their footprints +of light over half the heathen continent, and the +schools of Ireland were thronged with foreign pupils who +could get learning nowhere else. The Celtic spirit was +then playing its true part in the world-drama, and a greater +it has never played. The legacy of these men should +be cherished indeed, but not as a museum curiosity; +nothing could be more opposed to their free, bold, adventurous +spirit than to let that legacy petrify in the hands +of those who claim the heirship or their name and fame. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Mythical Literature</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +After the sketch contained in this and the foregoing +chapter of the early history of the Celts, and of the forces +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page93">[pg 93]</span> +which have moulded it, we shall now turn to give an +account of the mythical and legendary literature in which +their spirit most truly lives and shines. We shall not +here concern ourselves with any literature which is not +Celtic. With all that other peoples have made—as in +the Arthurian legends—of myths and tales originally +Celtic, we have here nothing to do. No one can now +tell how much is Celtic in them and how much is not. +And in matters of this kind it is generally the final +recasting that is of real importance and value. Whatever +we give, then, we give without addition or reshaping. +Stories, of course, have often to be summarised, +but there shall be nothing in them that did not come +direct from the Celtic mind, and that does not exist +to-day in some variety, Gaelic or Cymric, of the Celtic +tongue. +</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page94">[pg 94]</span> + +<a name="toc13" id="toc13"></a> +<a name="pdf14" id="pdf14"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">CHAPTER III: THE IRISH INVASION +MYTHS</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Celtic Cosmogony</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Among those secret doctrines about the <span class="tei tei-q">“nature +of things”</span> which, as Cæsar tells us, the Druids +never would commit to writing, was there anything +in the nature of a cosmogony, any account of the +origin of the world and of man? There surely was. It +would be strange indeed if, alone among the races of +the world, the Celts had no world-myth. The spectacle +of the universe with all its vast and mysterious phenomena +in heaven and on earth has aroused, first the +imagination, afterwards the speculative reason, in every +people which is capable of either. The Celts had both +in abundance, yet, except for that one phrase about the +<span class="tei tei-q">“indestructibility”</span> of the world handed down to us by +Strabo, we know nothing of their early imaginings or +their reasonings on this subject. Ireland possesses a +copious legendary literature. All of this, no doubt, +assumed its present form in Christian times; yet so +much essential paganism has been allowed to remain in +it that it would be strange if Christian influences had led +to the excision of everything in these ancient texts that +pointed to a non-Christian conception of the origin of +things—if Christian editors and transmitters had never +given us even the least glimmer of the existence of such +a conception. Yet the fact is that they do not give it; +there is nothing in the most ancient legendary literature +of the Irish Gaels, which is the oldest Celtic literature +in existence, corresponding to the Babylonian conquest +of Chaos, or the wild Norse myth of the making of +Midgard out of the corpse of Ymir, or the Egyptian +creation of the universe out of the primeval Water by +Thoth, the Word of God, or even to the primitive folklore +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page95">[pg 95]</span> +conceptions found in almost every savage tribe. +That the Druids had some doctrine on this subject it is +impossible to doubt. But, by resolutely confining it to +the initiated and forbidding all lay speculation on the +subject, they seem to have completely stifled the mythmaking +instinct in regard to questions of cosmogony +among the people at large, and ensured that when their +own order perished, their teaching, whatever it was, +should die with them. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the early Irish accounts, therefore, of the beginnings +of things, we find that it is not with the World that +the narrators make their start—it is simply with their own +country, with Ireland. It was the practice, indeed, to +prefix to these narratives of early invasions and colonisations +the Scriptural account of the making of the +world and man, and this shows that something of the +kind was felt to be required; but what took the place +of the Biblical narrative in pre-Christian days we do +not know, and, unfortunately, are now never likely to +know. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Cycles of Irish Legend</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Irish mythical and legendary literature, as we have it +in the most ancient form, may be said to fall into four +main divisions, and to these we shall adhere in our +presentation of it in this volume. They are, in chronological +order, the Mythological Cycle, or Cycle of the +Invasions, the Ultonian or Conorian Cycle, the Ossianic +or Fenian Cycle, and a multitude of miscellaneous tales +and legends which it is hard to fit into any historical +framework. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Mythological Cycle</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Mythological Cycle comprises the following +sections: +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page96">[pg 96]</span> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">1. The coming of Partholan into Ireland.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">2. The coming of Nemed into Ireland.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">3. The coming of the Firbolgs into Ireland.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">4. The invasion of the <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Tuatha De Danann</span></span>, or People of the god Dana.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">5. The invasion of the Milesians (Sons of Miled) from Spain, and their conquest of the People of Dana.</div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +With the Milesians we begin to come into something +resembling history—they represent, in Irish legend, the +Celtic race; and from them the ruling families of Ireland +are supposed to be descended. The People of +Dana are evidently gods. The pre-Danaan settlers or +invaders are huge phantom-like figures, which loom +vaguely through the mists of tradition, and have little +definite characterisation. The accounts which are given +of them are many and conflicting, and out of these we +can only give here the more ancient narratives. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Coming of Partholan</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Celts, as we have learned from Caesar, believed +themselves to be descended from the God of the Underworld, +the God of the Dead. Partholan is said to have +come into Ireland from the West, where beyond the +vast, unsailed Atlantic Ocean the Irish Fairyland, the +Land of the Living—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, the land of the Happy Dead— +was placed. His father's name was Sera (? the West). +He came with his queen Dalny<a id="noteref_74" name="noteref_74" href="#note_74"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">74</span></span></a> and a number of companions +of both sexes. Ireland—and this is an imaginative +touch intended to suggest extreme antiquity—was +then a different country, physically, from what it is now. +There were then but three lakes in Ireland, nine rivers, +and only one plain. Others were added gradually +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page97">[pg 97]</span> +during the reign of the Partholanians. One, Lake +Rury, was said to have burst out as a grave was being +dug for Rury, son of Partholan. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Fomorians</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Partholanians, it is said, had to do battle with a +strange race, called the Fomorians, of whom we shall +hear much in later sections of this book. They were a +huge, misshapen, violent and cruel people, representing, +we may believe, the powers of evil. One of these was +surnamed <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cenchos</span></span>, which means The Footless, and thus +appears to be related to Vitra, the God of Evil in Vedantic +mythology, who had neither feet nor hands. With a +host of these demons Partholan fought for the lordship +of Ireland, and drove them out to the northern seas, +whence they occasionally harried the country under its +later rulers. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The end of the race of Partholan was that they were +afflicted by pestilence, and having gathered together on +the Old Plain (Senmag) for convenience of burying +their dead, they all perished there; and Ireland once +more lay empty for reoccupation. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Legend of Tuan mac Carell</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Who, then, told the tale? This brings us to the +mention of a very curious and interesting legend—one +of the numerous legendary narratives in which these +tales of the Mythical Period have come down to us. +It is found in the so-called <span class="tei tei-q">“Book of the Dun Cow,”</span> a +manuscript of about the year A.D. 1100, and is entitled +<span class="tei tei-q">“The Legend of Tuan mac Carell.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +St. Finnen, an Irish abbot of the sixth century, is +said to have gone to seek hospitality from a chief named +Tuan mac Carell, who dwelt not far from Finnen's +monastery at Moville, Co. Donegal. Tuan refused +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page98">[pg 98]</span> +him admittance. The saint sat down on the doorstep +of the chief and fasted for a whole Sunday,<a id="noteref_75" name="noteref_75" href="#note_75"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">75</span></span></a> upon which +the surly pagan warrior opened the door to him. +Good relations were established between them, and the +saint returned to his monks. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Tuan is an excellent man,”</span> said he to them; <span class="tei tei-q">“he +will come to you and comfort you, and tell you the old +stories of Ireland.”</span><a id="noteref_76" name="noteref_76" href="#note_76"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">76</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This humane interest in the old myths and legends +of the country is, it may here be observed, a feature as +constant as it is pleasant in the literature of early Irish +Christianity. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Tuan came shortly afterwards to return the visit of +the saint, and invited him and his disciples to his +fortress. They asked him of his name and lineage, and +he gave an astounding reply. <span class="tei tei-q">“I am a man of Ulster,”</span> +he said. <span class="tei tei-q">“My name is Tuan son of Carell. But once +I was called Tuan son of Starn, son of Sera, and my +father, Starn, was the brother of Partholan.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Tell us the history of Ireland,”</span> then said Finnen, +and Tuan began. Partholan, he said, was the first of +men to settle in Ireland. After the great pestilence +already narrated he alone survived, <span class="tei tei-q">“for there is never +a slaughter that one man does not come out of it to tell +the tale.”</span> Tuan was alone in the land, and he wandered +about from one vacant fortress to another, from +rock to rock, seeking shelter from the wolves. For +twenty-two years he lived thus alone, dwelling in waste +places, till at last he fell into extreme decrepitude and +old age. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +</p><div class="block tei tei-q" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Then Nemed son of Agnoman took possession of +Ireland. He [Agnoman] was my father's brother. I +</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page99">[pg 99]</span><span style="font-size: 90%"> +saw him from the cliffs, and kept avoiding him. I was +long-haired, clawed, decrepit, grey, naked, wretched, +miserable. Then one evening I fell asleep, and when +I woke again on the morrow I was changed into a stag. +I was young again and glad of heart. Then I sang of +the coming of Nemed and of his race, and of my own +transformation.... </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">I have put on a new form, a +skin rough and grey. Victory and joy are easy to me; +a little while ago I was weak and defenceless.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> ”</span></span> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Tuan is then king of all the deer of Ireland, and so +remained all the days of Nemed and his race. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +He tells how the Nemedians sailed for Ireland in a +fleet of thirty-two barks, in each bark thirty persons. +They went astray on the seas for a year and a half, and +most of them perished of hunger and thirst or of shipwreck. +Nine only escaped—Nemed himself, with four +men and four women. These landed in Ireland, and +increased their numbers in the course of time till +they were 8060 men and women. Then all of them +mysteriously died. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Again old age and decrepitude fell upon Tuan, but +another transformation awaited him. <span class="tei tei-q">“Once I was +standing at the mouth of my cave—I still remember it +—and I knew that my body changed into another form. +I was a wild boar. And I sang this song about it:</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +</p><div class="block tei tei-q" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“ </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">To-day I am a boar.... Time was when I sat in the +assembly that gave the judgments of Partholan. It was +sung, and all praised the melody. How pleasant was the +strain of my brilliant judgment! How pleasant to the +comely young women! My chariot went along in majesty +and beauty. My voice was grave and sweet. My step +was swift and firm in battle. My face was full of charm. +To-day, lo! I am changed into a black boar.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span></span> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“That is what I said. Yea, of a surety I was a wild +boar. Then I became young again, and I was glad. I +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page100">[pg 100]</span> +was king of the boar-herds in Ireland; and, faithful to +any custom, I went the rounds of my abode when I +returned into the lands of Ulster, at the times old age +and wretchedness came upon me. For it was always +there that my transformations took place, and that is +why I went back thither to await the renewal of my body.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Tuan then goes on to tell how Semion son of +Stariat settled in Ireland, from whom descended the +Firbolgs and two other tribes who persisted into +historic times. Again old age comes on, his strength +fails him, and he undergoes another transformation; he +becomes <span class="tei tei-q">“a great eagle of the sea,”</span> and once more +rejoices in renewed youth and vigour. He then tells +how the People of Dana came in, <span class="tei tei-q">“gods and false gods +from whom every one knows the Irish men of learning +are sprung.”</span> After these came the Sons of Miled, who +conquered the People of Dana. All this time Tuan +kept the shape of the sea-eagle, till one day, finding +himself about to undergo another transformation, he +fasted nine days; <span class="tei tei-q">“then sleep fell upon me, and I was +changed into a salmon.”</span> He rejoices in his new life, +escaping for many years the snares of the fishermen, +till at last he is captured by one of them and brought +to the wife of Carell, chief of the country. <span class="tei tei-q">“The +woman desired me and ate me by herself, whole, so +that I passed into her womb.”</span> He is born again, and +passes for Tuan son of Carell; but the memory of his +pre-existence and all his transformations and all the +history of Ireland that he witnessed since the days of +Partholan still abides with him, and he teaches all these +things to the Christian monks, who carefully preserve +them. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This wild tale, with its atmosphere of grey antiquity +and of childlike wonder, reminds us of the transformations +of the Welsh Taliessin, who also became an eagle, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page101">[pg 101]</span> +and points to that doctrine of the transmigration of the +soul which, as we have seen, haunted the imagination +of the Celt. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We have now to add some details to the sketch of +the successive colonisations of Ireland outlined by Tuan +mac Carell. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Nemedians</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Nemedians, as we have seen, were akin to the +Partholanians. Both of them came from the mysterious +regions of the dead, though later Irish accounts, which +endeavoured to reconcile this mythical matter with +Christianity, invented for them a descent from Scriptural +patriarchs and an origin in earthly lands such as Spain or +Scythia. Both of them had to do constant battle with +the Fomorians, whom the later legends make out to be +pirates from oversea, but who are doubtless divinities +representing the powers of darkness and evil. There +is no legend of the Fomorians coming into Ireland, nor +were they regarded as at any time a regular portion of +the population. They were coeval with the world itself. +Nemed fought victoriously against them in four great +battles, but shortly afterwards died of a plague which +carried off 2000 of his people with him. The +Fomorians were then enabled to establish their tyranny +over Ireland. They had at this period two kings, +Morc and Conann. The stronghold of the Formorian +power was on Tory Island, which uplifts its wild cliffs +and precipices in the Atlantic off the coast of Donegal—a +fit home for this race of mystery and horror. They +extracted a crushing tribute from the people of Ireland, +two-thirds of all the milk and two-thirds of the children +of the land. At last the Nemedians rise in revolt. +Led by three chiefs, they land on Tory Island, capture +Conann's Tower, and Conann himself falls by the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page102">[pg 102]</span> +hand of the Nemedian chief, Fergus. But Morc at +this moment comes into the battle with a fresh host, +and utterly routs the Nemedians, who are all slain but +thirty: +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“The men of Erin were all at the battle,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">After the Fomorians came;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">All of them the sea engulphed,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">Save only three times ten.”</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: right"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-style: italic">Poem by Eochy O'Flann, circ</span></span>. A.D. 960.</div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The thirty survivors leave Ireland in despair. +According to the most ancient belief they perished +utterly, leaving no descendants, but later accounts, +which endeavour to make sober history out of all these +myths, represent one family, that of the chief Britan, +as settling in Great Britain and giving their name to +that country, while two others returned to Ireland, after +many wanderings, as the Firbolgs and People of Dana. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Coming of the Firbolgs</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Who were the Firbolgs, and what did they represent +in Irish legend? The name appears to mean <span class="tei tei-q">“Men of +the Bags,”</span> and a legend was in later times invented to +account for it. It was said that after settling in Greece +they were oppressed by the people of that country, +who set them to carry earth from the fertile valleys up +to the rocky hills, so as to make arable ground of the +latter. They did their task by means of leathern bags; +but at last, growing weary of the oppression, they made +boats or coracles out of their bags, and set sail in them for +Ireland. Nennius, however, says they came from Spain, +for according to him all the various races that inhabited +Ireland came originally from Spain; and <span class="tei tei-q">“Spain”</span> +with him is a rationalistic rendering of the Celtic words +designating the Land of the Dead.<a id="noteref_77" name="noteref_77" href="#note_77"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">77</span></span></a> They came in three +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page103">[pg 103]</span> +groups, the Fir-Bolg, the Fir-Domnan, and the Galioin, +who are all generally designated as Firbolgs. They +play no great part in Irish mythical history, and a certain +character of servility and inferiority appears to attach to +them throughout. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +One of their kings, Eochy<a id="noteref_78" name="noteref_78" href="#note_78"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">78</span></span></a> mac Erc, took in marriage +Taltiu, or Telta, daughter of the King of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Great +Plain”</span> (the Land of the Dead). Telta had a palace at the +place now called after her, Telltown (properly Teltin). +There she died, and there, even in mediæval Ireland, +a great annual assembly or fair was held in her honour. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Coming of the People of Dana</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We now come to by far the most interesting and +important of the mythical invaders and colonisers of +Ireland, the People of Dana. The name, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tuatha De +Danann</span></span>, means literally <span class="tei tei-q">“the folk of the god whose +mother is Dana.”</span> Dana also sometimes bears another +name, that of Brigit, a goddess held in much honour +by pagan Ireland, whose attributes are in a great +measure transferred in legend to the Christian St. +Brigit of the sixth century. Her name is also found +in Gaulish inscriptions as <span class="tei tei-q">“Brigindo,”</span> and occurs in +several British inscriptions as <span class="tei tei-q">“Brigantia.”</span> She was the +daughter of the supreme head of the People of Dana, +the god Dagda, <span class="tei tei-q">“The Good.”</span> She had three sons, who +are said to have had in common one only son, named +Ecne—that is to say, <span class="tei tei-q">“Knowledge,”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“Poetry.”</span><a id="noteref_79" name="noteref_79" href="#note_79"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">79</span></span></a> +Ecne, then, may be said to be the god whose mother +was Dana, and the race to whom she gave her name are +the clearest representatives we have in Irish myths of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page104">[pg 104]</span> +the powers of Light and Knowledge. It will be remembered +that alone among all these mythical races +Tuan mac Carell gave to the People of Dana the name +of <span class="tei tei-q">“gods.”</span> Yet it is not as gods that they appear in +the form in which Irish legends about them have now +come down to us. Christian influences reduced them +to the rank of fairies or identified them with the fallen +angels. They were conquered by the Milesians, who +are conceived as an entirely human race, and who had +all sorts of relations of love and war with them until +quite recent times. Yet even in the later legends a +certain splendour and exaltation appears to invest the +People of Dana, recalling the high estate from which +they had been dethroned. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Popular and the Bardic Conceptions</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Nor must it be overlooked that the popular conception +of the Danaan deities was probably at all times +something different from the bardic and Druidic, or in +other words the scholarly, conception. The latter, as +we shall see, represents them as the presiding deities of +science and poetry. This is not a popular idea; it is +the product of the Celtic, the Aryan imagination, inspired +by a strictly intellectual conception. The common +people, who represented mainly the Megalithic element +in the population, appear to have conceived their deities +as earth-powers—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">dei terreni</span></span>, as they are explicitly called +in the eighth-century <span class="tei tei-q">“Book of Armagh”</span><a id="noteref_80" name="noteref_80" href="#note_80"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">80</span></span></a>—presiding, +not over science and poetry, but rather agriculture, +controlling the fecundity of the earth and water, and +dwelling in hills, rivers, and lakes. In the bardic +literature the Aryan idea is prominent; the other is to +be found in innumerable folk-tales and popular observances; +but of course in each case a considerable amount +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page105">[pg 105]</span> +of interpenetration of the two conceptions is to be met +with—no sharp dividing line was drawn between them +in ancient times, and none can be drawn now. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Treasures of the Danaans</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Tuan mac Carell says they came to Ireland <span class="tei tei-q">“out of +heaven.”</span> This is embroidered in later tradition into a +narrative telling how they sprang from four great cities, +whose very names breathe of fairydom and romance—Falias, +Gorias, Finias, and Murias. Here they learned +science and craftsmanship from great sages one of whom +was enthroned in each city, and from each they brought +with them a magical treasure. From Falias came +the stone called the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lia Fail</span></span>, or Stone of Destiny, on +which the High-Kings of Ireland stood when they were +crowned, and which was supposed to confirm the election +of a rightful monarch by roaring under him as he took +his place on it. The actual stone which was so used at +the inauguration of a reign did from immemorial times +exist at Tara, and was sent thence to Scotland early in +the sixth century for the crowning of Fergus the Great, +son of Erc, who begged his brother Murtagh mac Erc, +King of Ireland, for the loan of it. An ancient prophecy +told that wherever this stone was, a king of the +Scotic (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, Irish-Milesian) race should reign. This is +the famous Stone of Scone, which never came back to +Ireland, but was removed to England by Edward I. in +1297, and is now the Coronation Stone in Westminster +Abbey. Nor has the old prophecy been falsified, since +through the Stuarts and Fergus mac Erc the descent +of the British royal family can be traced from the +historic kings of Milesian Ireland. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The second treasure of the Danaans was the invincible +sword of Lugh of the Long Arm, of whom we +shall hear later, and this sword came from the city of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page106">[pg 106]</span> +Gorias. From Finias came a magic spear, and from +Murias the Cauldron of the Dagda, a vessel which had +the property that it could feed a host of men without +ever being emptied. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +With these possessions, according to the version given +in the <span class="tei tei-q">“Book of Invasions,”</span> the People of Dana came +into Ireland. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Danaans and the Firbolgs</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +They were wafted into the land in a magic cloud, +making their first appearance in Western Connacht. +When the cloud cleared away, the Firbolgs discovered +them in a camp which they had already fortified at +Moyrein. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Firbolgs now sent out one of their warriors, +named Sreng, to interview the mysterious new-comers; +and the People of Dana, on their side, sent a warrior +named Bres to represent them. The two ambassadors +examined each other's weapons with great interest. The +spears of the Danaans, we are told, were light and +sharp-pointed; those of the Firbolgs were heavy and +blunt. To contrast the power of science with that of +brute force is here the evident intention of the legend, +and we are reminded of the Greek myth of the struggle +of the Olympian deities with the Titans. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Bres proposed to the Firbolg that the two races should +divide Ireland equally between them, and join to defend it +against all comers for the future. They then exchanged +weapons and returned each to his own camp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The First Battle of Moytura</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Firbolgs, however, were not impressed with the +superiority of the Danaans, and decided to refuse their +offer. The battle was joined on the Plain of Moytura,<a id="noteref_81" name="noteref_81" href="#note_81"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">81</span></span></a> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page107">[pg 107]</span> +in the south of Co. Mayo, near the spot now called +Cong. The Firbolgs were led by their king, mac Erc, +and the Danaans by Nuada of the Silver Hand, who +got his name from an incident in this battle. His hand, +it is said, was cut off in the fight, and one of the skilful +artificers who abounded in the ranks of the Danaans +made him a new one of silver. By their magical and +healing arts the Danaans gained the victory, and the +Firbolg king was slain. But a reasonable agreement +followed: the Firbolgs were allotted the province of +Connacht for their territory, while the Danaans took the +rest of Ireland. So late as the seventeenth century the +annalist Mac Firbis discovered that many of the inhabitants +of Connacht traced their descent to these same +Firbolgs. Probably they were a veritable historic race, +and the conflict between them and the People of Dana +may be a piece of actual history invested with some of +the features of a myth. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Expulsion of King Bres</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Nuada of the Silver Hand should now have been +ruler of the Danaans, but his mutilation forbade it, for +no blemished man might be a king in Ireland. The +Danaans therefore chose Bres, who was the son of a +Danaan woman named Eri, but whose father was unknown, +to reign over them instead. This was another +Bres, not the envoy who had treated with the Firbolgs +and who was slain in the battle of Moytura. Now Bres, +although strong and beautiful to look on, had no gift of +kingship, for he not only allowed the enemy of Ireland, +the Fomorians, to renew their oppression and taxation +in the land, but he himself taxed his subjects heavily +too; and was so niggardly that he gave no hospitality +to chiefs and nobles and harpers. Lack of generosity +and hospitality was always reckoned the worst of vices +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page108">[pg 108]</span> +in an Irish prince. One day it is said that there came +to his court the poet Corpry, who found himself housed +in a small, dark chamber without fire or furniture, where, +after long delay, he was served with three dry cakes and +no ale. In revenge he composed a satirical quatrain on +his churlish host: +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Without food quickly served,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Without a cow's milk, whereon a calf can grow,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Without a dwelling fit for a man under the gloomy night,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Without means to entertain a bardic company,—</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">Let such be the condition of Bres.”</span></div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Poetic satire in Ireland was supposed to have a kind +of magical power. Kings dreaded it; even rats could +be exterminated by it.<a id="noteref_82" name="noteref_82" href="#note_82"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">82</span></span></a> This quatrain of Corpry's was +repeated with delight among the people, and Bres had +to lay down his sovranty. This was said to be the +first satire ever made in Ireland. Meantime, because +Nuada had got his silver hand through the art of his +physician Diancecht, or because, as some versions of +the legend say, a still greater healer, the son of +Diancecht, had made the veritable hand grow again +to the stump, he was chosen to be king in place of +Bres. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The latter now betook himself in wrath and resentment +to his mother Eri, and begged her to give him +counsel and to tell him of his lineage. Eri then +declared to him that his father was Elatha, a king of +the Fomorians, who had come to her secretly from +over sea, and when he departed had given her a ring, +bidding her never bestow it on any man save him +whose finger it would fit. She now brought forth +the ring, and it fitted the finger of Bres, who went +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page109">[pg 109]</span> +down with her to the strand where the Fomorian lover +had landed, and they sailed together for his father's +home. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Tyranny of the Fomorians</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Elatha recognised the ring, and gave his son an +army wherewith to reconquer Ireland, and also sent +him to seek further aid from the greatest of the +Fomorian kings, Balor. Now Balor was surnamed +<span class="tei tei-q">“of the Evil Eye,”</span> because the gaze of his one eye +could slay like a thunderbolt those on whom he looked +in anger. He was now, however, so old and feeble +that the vast eyelid drooped over the death-dealing eye, +and had to be lifted up by his men with ropes and +pulleys when the time came to turn it on his foes. +Nuada could make no more head against him than +Bres had done when king; and the country still groaned +under the oppression of the Fomorians and longed for +a champion and redeemer. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Coming of Lugh</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A new figure now comes into the myth, no other +than Lugh son of Kian, the Sun-god <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">par excellence</span></span> +of all Celtica, whose name we can still identify in many +historic sites on the Continent.<a id="noteref_83" name="noteref_83" href="#note_83"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">83</span></span></a> To explain his appearance +we must desert for a moment the ancient manuscript +authorities, which are here incomplete, and have to +be supplemented by a folk-tale which was fortunately +discovered and taken down orally so late as the nineteenth +century by the great Irish antiquary, O'Donovan.<a id="noteref_84" name="noteref_84" href="#note_84"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">84</span></span></a> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page110">[pg 110]</span> +In this folk-tale the names of Balor and his daughter +Ethlinn (the latter in the form <span class="tei tei-q">“Ethnea”</span>) are +preserved, as well as those of some other mythical +personages, but that of the father of Lugh is faintly +echoed in MacKineely; Lugh's own name is forgotten, +and the death of Balor is given in a manner inconsistent +with the ancient myth. In the story as I give +it here the antique names and mythical outline are +preserved, but are supplemented where required from +the folk-tale, omitting from the latter those modern +features which are not reconcilable with the myth. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The story, then, goes that Balor, the Fomorian king, +heard in a Druidic prophecy that he would be slain by +his grandson. His only child was an infant daughter +named Ethlinn. To avert the doom he, like Acrisios, +father of Danae, in the Greek myth, had her imprisoned +in a high tower which he caused to be built on a +precipitous headland, the Tor Mōr, in Tory Island. +He placed the girl in charge of twelve matrons, who +were strictly charged to prevent her from ever seeing +the face of man, or even learning that there were any +beings of a different sex from her own. In this +seclusion Ethlinn grew up—as all sequestered princesses +do—into a maiden of surpassing beauty. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Now it happened that there were on the mainland +three brothers, namely, Kian, Sawan, and Goban the +Smith, the great armourer and artificer of Irish myth, +who corresponds to Wayland Smith in Germanic +legend. Kian had a magical cow, whose milk was so +abundant that every one longed to possess her, and he +had to keep her strictly under protection. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Balor determined to possess himself of this cow. +One day Kian and Sawan had come to the forge to +have some weapons made for them, bringing fine steel +for that purpose. Kian went into the forge, leaving +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page111">[pg 111]</span> +Sawan in charge of the cow. Balor now appeared on +the scene, taking on himself the form of a little redheaded +boy, and told Sawan that he had overheard the +brothers inside the forge concocting a plan for using all +the fine steel for their own swords, leaving but common +metal for that of Sawan. The latter, in a great rage, +gave the cow's halter to the boy and rushed into the +forge to put a stop to this nefarious scheme. Balor +immediately carried off the cow, and dragged her across +the sea to Tory Island. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Kian now determined to avenge himself on Balor, +and to this end sought the advice of a Druidess named +Birōg. Dressing himself in woman's garb, he was +wafted by magical spells across the sea, where Birōg, who +accompanied him, represented to Ethlinn's guardians +that they were two noble ladies cast upon the shore +in escaping from an abductor, and begged for shelter. +They were admitted; Kian found means to have access +to the Princess Ethlinn while the matrons were laid by +Birōg under the spell of an enchanted slumber, and +when they awoke Kian and the Druidess had vanished +as they came. But Ethlinn had given Kian her love, +and soon her guardians found that she was with child. +Fearing Balor's wrath, the matrons persuaded her that +the whole transaction was but a dream, and said nothing +about it; but in due time Ethlinn was delivered of +three sons at a birth. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +News of this event came to Balor, and in anger and +fear he commanded the three infants to be drowned in +a whirlpool off the Irish coast. The messenger who +was charged with this command rolled up the children +in a sheet, but in carrying them to the appointed place +the pin of the sheet came loose, and one of the children +dropped out and fell into a little bay, called to this day +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Port na Delig</span></span>, or the Haven of the Pin. The other two +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page112">[pg 112]</span> +were duly drowned, and the servant reported his +mission accomplished. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But the child who had fallen into the bay was +guarded by the Druidess, who wafted it to the home +of its father, Kian, and Kian gave it in fosterage to his +brother the smith, who taught the child his own trade +and made it skilled in every manner of craft and handiwork. +This child was Lugh. When he was grown to +a youth the Danaans placed him in charge of Duach, +<span class="tei tei-q">“The Dark,”</span> king of the Great Plain (Fairyland, or the +<span class="tei tei-q">“Land of the Living,”</span> which is also the Land of the +Dead), and here he dwelt till he reached manhood. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Lugh was, of course, the appointed redeemer of the +Danaan people from their servitude. His coming is +narrated in a story which brings out the solar attributes +of universal power, and shows him, like Apollo, as the +presiding deity of all human knowledge and of all +artistic and medicinal skill. He came, it is told, to +take service with Nuada of the Silver Hand, and when +the doorkeeper at the royal palace of Tara asked him +what he could do, he answered that he was a carpenter. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“We are in no need of a carpenter,”</span> said the doorkeeper; +<span class="tei tei-q">“we have an excellent one in Luchta son of +Luchad.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“I am a smith too,”</span> said Lugh. <span class="tei tei-q">“We +have a master-smith,”</span> said the doorkeeper, <span class="tei tei-q">“already.”</span> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Then I am a warrior,”</span> said Lugh. <span class="tei tei-q">“We do not +need one,”</span> said the doorkeeper, <span class="tei tei-q">“while we have +Ogma.”</span> Lugh goes on to name all the occupations +and arts he can think of—he is a poet, a harper, a man +of science, a physician, a spencer, and so forth, always +receiving the answer that a man of supreme accomplishment +in that art is already installed at the court of +Nuada. <span class="tei tei-q">“Then ask the King,”</span> said Lugh, <span class="tei tei-q">“if he has +in his service any one man who is accomplished in every +one of these arts, and if he have, I shall stay here no +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page113">[pg 113]</span> +longer, nor seek to enter his palace.”</span> Upon this Lugh +is received, and the surname Ildánach is conferred upon +him, meaning <span class="tei tei-q">“The All-Craftsman,”</span> Prince of all the +Sciences; while another name that he commonly bore +was Lugh Lamfada, or Lugh of the Long Arm. We +are reminded here, as de Jubainville points out, of the +Gaulish god whom Caesar identifies with Mercury, +<span class="tei tei-q">“inventor of all the arts,”</span> and to whom the Gauls put +up many statues. The Irish myth supplements this +information and tells us the Celtic name of this deity. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +When Lugh came from the Land of the Living he +brought with him many magical gifts. There was the +Boat of Mananan, son of Lir the Sea God, which knew +a man's thoughts and would travel whithersoever he +would, and the Horse of Mananan, that could go alike +over land and sea, and a terrible sword named <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fragarach</span></span> +(<span class="tei tei-q">“The Answerer”</span>), that could cut through any mail. +So equipped, he appeared one day before an assembly +of the Danaan chiefs who were met to pay their tribute +to the envoys of the Fomorian oppressors; and when +the Danaans saw him, they felt, it is said, as if they +beheld the rising of the sun on a dry summer's day. +Instead of paying the tribute, they, under Lugh's +leadership, attacked the Fomorians, all of whom were +slain but nine men, and these were sent back to tell Balor +that the Danaans defied him and would pay no tribute +henceforward. Balor then made him ready for battle, +and bade his captains, when they had subdued the +Danaans, make fast the island by cables to their ships +and tow it far northward to the Fomorian regions of +ice and gloom, where it would trouble them no longer. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Quest of the Sons of Turenn</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Lugh, on his side, also prepared for the final combat; +but to ensure victory certain magical instruments were +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page114">[pg 114]</span> +still needed for him, and these had now to be obtained. +The story of the quest of these objects, which incidentally +tells us also of the end of Lugh's father, Kian, +is one of the most valuable and curious in Irish legend, +and formed one of a triad of mythical tales which were +reckoned as the flower of Irish romance.<a id="noteref_85" name="noteref_85" href="#note_85"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">85</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Kian, the story goes, was sent northward by Lugh to +summon the fighting men of the Danaans in Ulster to +the hosting against the Fomorians. On his way, as he +crosses the Plain of Murthemney, near Dundalk, he +meets with three brothers, Brian, Iuchar, and Iucharba, +sons of Turenn, between whose house and that of Kian +there was a blood-feud. He seeks to avoid them by +changing into the form of a pig and joining a herd +which is rooting in the plain, but the brothers detect +him and Brian wounds him with a cast from a spear. +Kian, knowing that his end is come, begs to be allowed +to change back into human form before he is slain. +<span class="tei tei-q">“I had liefer kill a man than a pig,”</span> says Brian, who +takes throughout the leading part in all the brothers' +adventures. Kian then stands before them as a man, +with the blood from Brian's spear trickling from his +breast. <span class="tei tei-q">“I have outwitted ye,”</span> he cries, <span class="tei tei-q">“for if ye +had slain a pig ye would have paid but the eric [blood-fine] +of a pig, but now ye shall pay the eric of a man; +never was greater eric than that which ye shall pay; +and the weapons ye slay me with shall tell the tale to +the avenger of blood.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Then you shall be slain with no weapons at all,”</span> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page115">[pg 115]</span> +says Brian, and he and the brothers stone him to death +and bury him in the ground as deep as the height of a +man. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But when Lugh shortly afterwards passes that way +the stones on the plain cry out and tell him of his +father's murder at the hands of the sons of Turenn. +He uncovers the body, and, vowing vengeance, returns +to Tara. Here he accuses the sons of Turenn before +the High King, and is permitted to have them executed, +or to name the eric he will accept in remission of that +sentence. Lugh chooses to have the eric, and he names +it as follows, concealing things of vast price, and involving +unheard-of toils, under the names of common +objects: Three apples, the skin of a pig, a spear, a +chariot with two horses, seven swine, a hound, a +cooking-spit, and, finally, to give three shouts on a hill. +The brothers bind themselves to pay the fine, and +Lugh then declares the meaning of it. The three +apples are those which grow in the Garden of the Sun; +the pig-skin is a magical skin which heals every wound +and sickness if it can be laid on the sufferer, and it is a +possession of the King of Greece; the spear is a magical +weapon owned by the King of Persia (these names, of +course, are mere fanciful appellations for places in the +mysterious world of Faëry); the seven swine belong to +King Asal of the Golden Pillars, and may be killed and +eaten every night and yet be found whole next day; +the spit belongs to the sea-nymphs of the sunken Island +of Finchory; and the three shouts are to be given on +the hill of a fierce warrior, Mochaen, who, with his sons, +are under vows to prevent any man from raising his +voice on that hill. To fulfil any one of these enterprises +would be an all but impossible task, and the brothers +must accomplish them all before they can clear themselves +of the guilt and penalty of Kian's death. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page116">[pg 116]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The story then goes on to tell how with infinite +daring and resource the sons of Turenn accomplish one +by one all their tasks, but when all are done save the +capture of the cooking-spit and the three shouts on the +Hill of Mochaen, Lugh, by magical arts, causes forgetfulness +to fall upon them, and they return to Ireland +with their treasures. These, especially the spear and +the pig-skin, are just what Lugh needs to help him +against the Fomorians; but his vengeance is not complete, +and after receiving the treasures he reminds the +brothers of what is yet to be won. They, in deep +dejection, now begin to understand how they are played +with, and go forth sadly to win, if they can, the rest of +the eric. After long wandering they discover that the +Island of Finchory is not above, but under the sea. +Brian in a magical <span class="tei tei-q">“water-dress”</span> goes down to it, sees +the thrice fifty nymphs in their palace, and seizes the +golden spit from their hearth. The ordeal of the Hill +of Mochaen is the last to be attempted. After a +desperate combat which ends in the slaying of Mochaen +and his sons, the brothers, mortally wounded, uplift +their voices in three faint cries, and so the eric is +fulfilled. The life is still in them, however, when they +return to Ireland, and their aged father, Turenn, implores +Lugh for the loan of the magic pig-skin to heal them; +but the implacable Lugh refuses, and the brothers and +their father die together. So ends the tale. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Second Battle of Moytura</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Second Battle of Moytura took place on a plain +in the north of Co. Sligo, which is remarkable for the +number of sepulchral monuments still scattered over it. +The first battle, of course, was that which the Danaans +had waged with the Firbolgs, and the Moytura there +referred to was much further south, in Co. Mayo. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page117">[pg 117]</span> +The battle with the Fomorians is related with an +astounding wealth of marvellous incident. The craftsmen +of the Danaans, Goban the smith, Credné the +artificer (or goldsmith), and Luchta the carpenter, keep +repairing the broken weapons of the Danaans with +magical speed—three blows of Goban's hammer make +a spear or sword, Luchta flings a handle at it and it +sticks on at once, and Credné jerks the rivets at it with +his tongs as fast as he makes them and they fly into +their places. The wounded are healed by the magical +pig-skin. The plain resounds with the clamour of +battle: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +</p><div class="block tei tei-q" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Fearful indeed was the thunder which rolled over +the battlefield; the shouts of the warriors, the breaking +of the shields, the flashing and clashing of the swords, +of the straight, ivory-hilted swords, the music and +harmony of the </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">belly-darts</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> and the sighing and +winging of the spears and lances.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_86" name="noteref_86" href="#note_86"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">86</span></span></a> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Death of Balor</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Fomorians bring on their champion, Balor, +before the glance of whose terrible eye Nuada of the +Silver Hand and others of the Danaans go down. +But Lugh, seizing an opportunity when the eyelid +drooped through weariness, approached close to Balor, +and as it began to lift once more he hurled into the eye +a great stone which sank into the brain, and Balor lay +dead, as the prophecy had foretold, at the hand of his +grandson. The Fomorians were then totally routed, +and it is not recorded that they ever again gained any +authority or committed any extensive depredations in +Ireland. Lugh, the Ildánach, was then enthroned in +place of Nuada, and the myth of the victory of the solar +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page118">[pg 118]</span> +hero over the powers of darkness and brute force is +complete. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Harp of the Dagda</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A curious little incident bearing on the power which +the Danaans could exercise by the spell of music may +here be inserted. The flying Fomorians, it is told, had +made prisoner the harper of the Dagda and carried him +off with them. Lugh, the Dagda, and the warrior +Ogma followed them, and came unknown into the +banqueting-hall of the Fomorian camp. There they +saw the harp hanging on the wall. The Dagda called +to it, and immediately it flew into his hands, killing +nine men of the Fomorians on its way. The Dagda's +invocation of the harp is very singular, and not a little +puzzling: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +</p><div class="block tei tei-q" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Come, apple-sweet murmurer,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> he cries, </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">come, +four-angled frame of harmony, come, Summer, come, +Winter, from the mouths of harps and bags and +pipes.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_87" name="noteref_87" href="#note_87"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">87</span></span></a> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The allusion to summer and winter suggests the +practice in Indian music of allotting certain musical +modes to the different seasons of the year (and even to +different times of day), and also an Egyptian legend +referred to in Burney's <span class="tei tei-q">“History of Music,”</span> where the +three strings of the lyre were supposed to answer +respectively to the three seasons, spring, summer, and +winter.<a id="noteref_88" name="noteref_88" href="#note_88"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">88</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +When the Dagda got possession of the harp, the tale +goes on, he played on it the <span class="tei tei-q">“three noble strains”</span> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page119">[pg 119]</span> +which every great master of the harp should command, +namely, the Strain of Lament, which caused the hearers +to weep, the Strain of Laughter, which made them +merry, and the Strain of Slumber, or Lullaby, which +plunged them all in a profound sleep. And under +cover of that sleep the Danaan champion stole out and +escaped. It may be observed that throughout the +whole of the legendary literature of Ireland skill in +music, the art whose influence most resembles that of a +mysterious spell or gift of Faëry, is the prerogative of +the People of Dana and their descendants. Thus in +the <span class="tei tei-q">“Colloquy of the Ancients,”</span> a collection of tales +made about the thirteenth or fourteenth century, St. +Patrick is introduced to a minstrel, Cascorach, <span class="tei tei-q">“a handsome, +curly-headed, dark-browed youth,”</span> who plays so +sweet a strain that the saint and his retinue all fall +asleep. Cascorach, we are told, was son of a minstrel +of the Danaan folk. St. Patrick's scribe, Brogan, remarks, +<span class="tei tei-q">“A good cast of thine art is that thou gavest us.”</span> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Good indeed it were,”</span> said Patrick, <span class="tei tei-q">“but for a twang +of the fairy spell that infests it; barring which nothing +could more nearly resemble heaven's harmony.”</span><a id="noteref_89" name="noteref_89" href="#note_89"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">89</span></span></a> +Some of the most beautiful of the antique Irish +folk-melodies,—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coulin</span></span>—are traditionally supposed +to have been overheard by mortal harpers at the revels +of the Fairy Folk. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Names and Characteristics of the Danaan Deities</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I may conclude this narrative of the Danaan conquest +with some account of the principal Danaan gods and +their attributes, which will be useful to readers of the +subsequent pages. The best with which I am acquainted +is to be found in Mr. Standish O'Grady's <span class="tei tei-q">“Critical +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page120">[pg 120]</span> +History of Ireland.”</span><a id="noteref_90" name="noteref_90" href="#note_90"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">90</span></span></a> This work is no less remarkable +for its critical insight—it was published in 1881, +when scientific study of the Celtic mythology was little +heard of—than for the true bardic imagination, kindred +to that of the ancient myth-makers themselves, which +recreates the dead forms of the past and dilates them +with the breath of life. The broad outlines in which +Mr. O'Grady has laid down the typical characteristics +of the chief personages in the Danaan cycle hardly +need any correction at this day, and have been of much +use to me in the following summary of the subject. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Dagda</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Dagda Mōr was the father and chief of the +People of Dana. A certain conception of vastness +attaches to him and to his doings. In the Second +Battle of Moytura his blows sweep down whole ranks +of the enemy, and his spear, when he trails it on the +march, draws a furrow in the ground like the fosse +which marks the mearing of a province. An element +of grotesque humour is present in some of the records +about this deity. When the Fomorians give him food +on his visit to their camp, the porridge and milk are +poured into a great pit in the ground, and he eats it +with a spoon big enough, it was said, for a man and +a woman to lie together in it. With this spoon he +scrapes the pit, when the porridge is done, and shovels +earth and gravel unconcernedly down his throat. We +have already seen that, like all the Danaans, he is a +master of music, as well as of other magical endowments, +and owns a harp which comes flying through +the air at his call. <span class="tei tei-q">“The tendency to attribute life to +inanimate things is apparent in the Homeric literature, +but exercises a very great influence in the mythology +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page121">[pg 121]</span> +of this country. The living, fiery spear of Lugh; the +magic ship of Mananan; the sword of Conary Mōr, +which sang; Cuchulain's sword, which spoke; the Lia +Fail, Stone of Destiny, which roared for joy beneath +the feet of rightful kings; the waves of the ocean, +roaring with rage and sorrow when such kings are in +jeopardy; the waters of the Avon Dia, holding back +for fear at the mighty duel between Cuchulain and +Ferdia, are but a few out of many examples.”</span><a id="noteref_91" name="noteref_91" href="#note_91"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">91</span></span></a> A +legend of later times tells how once, at the death of a +great scholar, all the books in Ireland fell from their +shelves upon the floor. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Angus Ōg</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Angus Ōg (Angus the Young), son of the Dagda, +by Boanna (the river Boyne), was the Irish god of +love. His palace was supposed to be at New Grange, +on the Boyne. Four bright birds that ever hovered +about his head were supposed to be his kisses taking +shape in this lovely form, and at their singing love +came springing up in the hearts of youths and +maidens. Once he fell sick of love for a maiden whom +he had seen in a dream. He told the cause of his +sickness to his mother Boanna, who searched all Ireland +for the girl, but could not find her. Then the Dagda +was called in, but he too was at a loss, till he called to +his aid Bōv the Red, king of the Danaans of Munster—the +same whom we have met with in the tale of the +Children of Lir, and who was skilled in all mysteries +and enchantments. Bōv undertook the search, and after +a year had gone by declared that he had found the +visionary maiden at a lake called the Lake of the +Dragon's Mouth. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page122">[pg 122]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Angus goes to Bōv, and, after being entertained by +him three days, is brought to the lake shore, where he +sees thrice fifty maidens walking in couples, each couple +linked by a chain of gold, but one of them is taller than +the rest by a head and shoulders. <span class="tei tei-q">“That is she!”</span> +cries Angus. <span class="tei tei-q">“Tell us by what name she is known.”</span> +Bōv answers that her name is Caer, daughter of Ethal +Anubal, a prince of the Danaans of Connacht. Angus +laments that he is not strong enough to carry her off +from her companions, but, on Bōv's advice, betakes +himself to Ailell and Maev, the mortal King and Queen +of Connacht, for assistance. The Dagda and Angus +then both repair to the palace of Ailell, who feasts them +for a week, and then asks the cause of their coming. +When it is declared he answers, <span class="tei tei-q">“We have no authority +over Ethal Anubal.”</span> They send a message to him, +however, asking for the hand of Caer for Angus, but +Ethal refuses to give her up. In the end he is besieged +by the combined forces of Ailell and the Dagda, and +taken prisoner. When Caer is again demanded of him +he declares that he cannot comply, <span class="tei tei-q">“for she is more +powerful than I.”</span> He explains that she lives alternately +in the form of a maiden and of a swan year and +year about, <span class="tei tei-q">“and on the first of November next,”</span> he +says, <span class="tei tei-q">“you will see her with a hundred and fifty other +swans at the Lake of the Dragon's Mouth.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Angus goes there at the appointed time, and cries to +her, <span class="tei tei-q">“Oh, come and speak to me!”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Who calls me?”</span> +asks Caer. Angus explains who he is, and then finds +himself transformed into a swan. This is an indication +of consent, and he plunges in to join his love in the +lake. After that they fly together to the palace on the +Boyne, uttering as they go a music so divine that all +hearers are lulled to sleep for three days and nights. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Angus is the special deity and friend of beautiful +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page123">[pg 123]</span> +youths and maidens. Dermot of the Love-spot, a +follower of Finn mac Cumhal, and lover of Grania, of +whom we shall hear later, was bred up with Angus in +the palace on the Boyne. He was the typical lover of +Irish legend. When he was slain by the wild boar of +Ben Bulben, Angus revives him and carries him off to +share his immortality in his fairy palace. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Len of Killarney</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Of Bōv the Red, brother of the Dagda, we have +already heard. He had, it is said, a goldsmith named +Len, who <span class="tei tei-q">“gave their ancient name to the Lakes of +Killarney, once known as Locha Lein, the Lakes of Len +of the Many Hammers. Here by the lake he wrought, +surrounded by rainbows and showers of fiery dew.”</span><a id="noteref_92" name="noteref_92" href="#note_92"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">92</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Lugh</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Lugh has already been described.<a id="noteref_93" name="noteref_93" href="#note_93"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">93</span></span></a> He has more +distinctly solar attributes than any other Celtic deity; +and, as we know, his worship was spread widely over +Continental Celtica. In the tale of the Quest of the +Sons of Turenn we are told that Lugh approached the +Fomorians from the west. Then Bres, son of Balor, +arose and said: <span class="tei tei-q">“I wonder that the sun is rising in the +west to-day, and in the east every other day.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Would +it were so,”</span> said his Druids. <span class="tei tei-q">“Why, what else but +the sun is it?”</span> said Bres. <span class="tei tei-q">“It is the radiance of the +face of Lugh of the Long Arm,”</span> they replied. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Lugh was the father, by the Milesian maiden +Dectera, of Cuchulain, the most heroic figure in Irish +legend, in whose story there is evidently a strong +element of the solar myth.<a id="noteref_94" name="noteref_94" href="#note_94"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">94</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page124">[pg 124]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Midir the Proud</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Midir the Proud is a son of the Dagda. His +fairy palace is at <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bri Leith</span></span>, or Slieve Callary, in Co. +Longford. He frequently appears in legends dealing +partly with human, partly with Danaan personages, +and is always represented as a type of splendour in his +apparel and in personal beauty. When he appears +to King Eochy on the Hill of Tara he is thus +described:<a id="noteref_95" name="noteref_95" href="#note_95"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">95</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +</p><div class="block tei tei-q" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">It chanced that Eochaid Airemm, the King of Tara, +arose upon a certain fair day in the time of summer; +and he ascended the high ground of Tara</span><a id="noteref_96" name="noteref_96" href="#note_96"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">96</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%"> to behold the +plain of Breg; beautiful was the colour of that plain, +and there was upon it excellent blossom glowing with +all hues that are known. And as the aforesaid Eochy +looked about and around him, he saw a young strange +warrior upon the high ground at his side. The tunic +that the warrior wore was purple in colour, his hair +was of a golden yellow, and of such length that it +reached to the edge of his shoulders. The eyes of the +young warrior were lustrous and grey; in the one +hand he held a fine pointed spear, in the other a shield +with a white central boss, and with gems of gold upon +it. And Eochaid held his peace, for he knew that none +such had been in Tara on the night before, and the +gate that led into the </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Liss</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> had not at that time been +thrown open.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_97" name="noteref_97" href="#note_97"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">97</span></span></a> +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page125">[pg 125]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Lir and Mananan</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Lir, as Mr. O'Grady remarks, <span class="tei tei-q">“appears in two +distinct forms. In the first he is a vast, impersonal +presence commensurate with the sea; in fact, the +Greek Oceanus. In the second, he is a separate person +dwelling invisibly on Slieve Fuad,”</span> in Co. Armagh. +We hear little of him in Irish legend, where the attributes +of the sea-god are mostly conferred on his son, +Mananan. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This deity is one of the most popular in Irish +mythology. He was lord of the sea, beyond or under +which the Land of Youth or Islands of the Dead were +supposed to lie; he therefore was the guide of man to +this country. He was master of tricks and illusions, +and owned all kinds of magical possessions—the boat +named Ocean-sweeper, which obeyed the thought of +those who sailed in it and went without oar or sail, the +steed Aonbarr, which could travel alike on sea or land, +and the sword named The Answerer, which no armour +could resist. White-crested waves were called the +Horses of Mananan, and it was forbidden (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">tabu</span></span>) for +the solar hero, Cuchulain, to perceive them—this indicated +the daily death of the sun at his setting in the +western waves. Mananan wore a great cloak which +was capable of taking on every kind of colour, like +the widespread field of the sea as looked on from +a height; and as the protector of the island of Erin +it was said that when any hostile force invaded it +they heard his thunderous tramp and the flapping +of his mighty cloak as he marched angrily round and +round their camp at night. The Isle of Man, seen +dimly from the Irish coast, was supposed to be the +throne of Mananan, and to take its name from this +deity. +</p> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page126">[pg 126]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Goddess Dana</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The greatest of the Danaan goddesses was Dana, +<span class="tei tei-q">“mother of the Irish gods,”</span> as she is called in an early +text. She was daughter of the Dagda, and, like him, associated +with ideas of fertility and blessing. According +to d'Arbois de Jubainville, she was identical with the +goddess Brigit, who was so widely worshipped in +Celtica. Brian, Iuchar, and Iucharba are said to have +been her sons—these really represent but one person, +in the usual Irish fashion of conceiving the divine +power in triads. The name of Brian, who takes the +lead in all the exploits of the brethren,<a id="noteref_98" name="noteref_98" href="#note_98"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">98</span></span></a> is a derivation +from a more ancient form, Brenos, and under this +form was the god to whom the Celts attributed their +victories at the Allia and at Delphi, mistaken by +Roman and Greek chroniclers for an earthly leader. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Morrigan</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There was also an extraordinary goddess named the +Morrigan,<a id="noteref_99" name="noteref_99" href="#note_99"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">99</span></span></a> who appears to embody all that is perverse +and horrible among supernatural powers. She delighted +in setting men at war, and fought among them herself, +changing into many frightful shapes and often hovering +above fighting armies in the aspect of a crow. She met +Cuchulain once and proffered him her love in the guise +of a human maid. He refused it, and she persecuted +him thenceforward for the most of his life. Warring +with him once in the middle of the stream, she turned +herself into a water-serpent, and then into a mass of +water-weeds, seeking to entangle and drown him. But +he conquered and wounded her, and she afterwards +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page127">[pg 127]</span> +became his friend. Before his last battle she passed +through Emain Macha at night, and broke the pole of +his chariot as a warning. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Cleena's Wave</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +One of the most notable landmarks of Ireland was the +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tonn Cliodhna</span></span>, or <span class="tei tei-q">“Wave of Cleena,”</span> on the seashore +at Glandore Bay, in Co. Cork. The story about Cleena +exists in several versions, which do not agree with each +other except in so far as she seems to have been a +Danaan maiden once living in Mananan's country, the +Land of Youth beyond the sea. Escaping thence with +a mortal lover, as one of the versions tells, she landed +on the southern coast of Ireland, and her lover, Keevan +of the Curling Locks, went off to hunt in the woods. +Cleena, who remained on the beach, was lulled to sleep +by fairy music played by a minstrel of Mananan, when +a great wave of the sea swept up and carried her back +to Fairyland, leaving her lover desolate. Hence the +place was called the Strand of Cleena's Wave. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Goddess Ainé</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Another topical goddess was Ainé, the patroness +of Munster, who is still venerated by the people +of that county. She was the daughter of the Danaan +Owel, a foster-son of Mananan and a Druid. She +is in some sort a love-goddess, continually inspiring +mortals with passion. She was ravished, it was said, +by Ailill Olum, King of Munster, who was slain in +consequence by her magic arts, and the story is repeated +in far later times about another mortal lover, +who was not, however, slain, a Fitzgerald, to whom she +bore the famous wizard Earl.<a id="noteref_100" name="noteref_100" href="#note_100"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">100</span></span></a> Many of the aristocratic +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page128">[pg 128]</span> +families of Munster claimed descent from this union. +Her name still clings to the <span class="tei tei-q">“Hill of Ainé”</span> (Knockainey), +near Loch Gur, in Munster. All the Danaan +deities in the popular imagination were earth-gods, <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">dei +terreni</span></span>, associated with ideas of fertility and increase. +Ainé is not heard much of in the bardic literature, +but she is very prominent in the folk-lore of the +neighbourhood. At the bidding of her son, Earl +Gerald, she planted all Knockainey with pease in a +single night. She was, and perhaps still is, worshipped +on Midsummer Eve by the peasantry, who carried +torches of hay and straw, tied on poles and lighted, round +her hill at night. Afterwards they dispersed themselves +among their cultivated fields and pastures, waving the +torches over the crops and the cattle to bring luck and +increase for the following year. On one night, as told +by Mr. D. Fitzgerald,<a id="noteref_101" name="noteref_101" href="#note_101"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">101</span></span></a> who has collected the local traditions +about her, the ceremony was omitted owing to the +death of one of the neighbours. Yet the peasantry at +night saw the torches in greater number than ever +circling the hill, and Ainé herself in front, directing and +ordering the procession. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“On another St. John's Night a number of girls had +stayed late on the Hill watching the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">cliars</span></span> (torches) and +joining in the games. Suddenly Ainé appeared among +them, thanked them for the honour they had done her, +but said she now wished them to go home, as <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">they wanted +the hill to themselves</span></span>. She let them understand whom she +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page129">[pg 129]</span> +meant by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">they</span></span>, for calling some of the girls she made +them look through a ring, when behold, the hill +appeared crowded with people before invisible.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Here,”</span> observed Mr. Alfred Nutt, <span class="tei tei-q">“we have the +antique ritual carried out on a spot hallowed to one of +the antique powers, watched over and shared in by +those powers themselves. Nowhere save in Gaeldom +could be found such a pregnant illustration of the +identity of the fairy class with the venerable powers +to ensure whose goodwill rites and sacrifices, originally +fierce and bloody, now a mere simulacrum of their +pristine form, have been performed for countless ages.”</span><a id="noteref_102" name="noteref_102" href="#note_102"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">102</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Sinend and the Well of Knowledge</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There is a singular myth which, while intended to +account for the name of the river Shannon, expresses +the Celtic veneration for poetry and science, combined +with the warning that they may not be approached +without danger. The goddess Sinend, it was said, +daughter of Lodan son of Lir, went to a certain well +named Connla's Well, which is under the sea—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, in +the Land of Youth in Fairyland. <span class="tei tei-q">“That is a well,”</span> +says the bardic narrative, <span class="tei tei-q">“at which are the hazels +of wisdom and inspirations, that is, the hazels of +the science of poetry, and in the same hour their fruit +and their blossom and their foliage break forth, and +then fall upon the well in the same shower, which raises +upon the water a royal surge of purple.”</span> When +Sinend came to the well we are not told what rites or +preparation she had omitted, but the angry waters broke +forth and overwhelmed her, and washed her up on the +Shannon shore, where she died, giving to the river its +name.<a id="noteref_103" name="noteref_103" href="#note_103"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">103</span></span></a> This myth of the hazels of inspiration and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page130">[pg 130]</span> +knowledge and their association with springing water +runs through all Irish legend, and has been finely +treated by a living Irish poet, Mr. G.W. Russell, in +the following verses: +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“>A cabin on the mountain-side hid in a grassy nook,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">With door and window open wide, where friendly stars may look;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">The rabbit shy may patter in, the winds may enter free</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Who roam around the mountain throne in living ecstasy.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“And when the sun sets dimmed in eve, and purple fills the air,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">I think the sacred hazel-tree is dropping berries there,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">From starry fruitage, waved aloft where Connla's Well o'erflows;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">For sure, the immortal waters run through every wind that blows.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“I think when Night towers up aloft and shakes the trembling dew,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">How every high and lonely thought that thrills my spirit through</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Is but a shining berry dropped down through the purple air,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">And from the magic tree of life the fruit falls everywhere.”</span></div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Coming of the Milesians</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +After the Second Battle of Moytura the Danaans held +rule in Ireland until the coming of the Milesians, the +sons of Miled. These are conceived in Irish legend as +an entirely human race, yet in their origin they, like +the other invaders of Ireland, go back to a divine and +mythical ancestry. Miled, whose name occurs as a god +in a Celtic inscription from Hungary, is represented as +a son of Bilé. Bilé, like Balor, is one of the names of +the god of Death, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, of the Underworld. They come +from <span class="tei tei-q">“Spain”</span>—the usual term employed by the later +rationalising historians for the Land of the Dead. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The manner of their coming into Ireland was as +follows: Ith, the grandfather of Miled, dwelt in a great +tower which his father, Bregon, had built in <span class="tei tei-q">“Spain.”</span> +One clear winter's day, when looking out westwards +from this lofty tower, he saw the coast of Ireland in +the distance, and resolved to sail to the unknown land. +</p> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page131">[pg 131]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +He embarked with ninety warriors, and took land at +Corcadyna, in the south-west. In connexion with this +episode I may quote a passage of great beauty and +interest from de Jubainville's <span class="tei tei-q">“Irish Mythological +Cycle”</span>:<a id="noteref_104" name="noteref_104" href="#note_104"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">104</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“According to an unknown writer cited by Plutarch, +who died about the year 120 of the present era, and +also by Procopius, who wrote in the sixth century A.D., +<span class="tei tei-q">‘the Land of the Dead’</span> is the western extremity of +Great Britain, separated from the eastern by an impassable +wall. On the northern coast of Gaul, says the +legend, is a populace of mariners whose business is to +carry the dead across from the continent to their last +abode in the island of Britain. The mariners, awakened +in the night by the whisperings of some mysterious +voice, arise and go down to the shore, where they find +ships awaiting them which are not their own,<a id="noteref_105" name="noteref_105" href="#note_105"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">105</span></span></a> and, in +these, invisible beings, under whose weight the vessels +sink almost to the gunwales. They go on board, and +with a single stroke of the oar, says one text, in one +hour, says another, they arrive at their destination, +though with their own vessels, aided by sails, it would +have taken them at least a day and a night to reach the +coast of Britain. When they come to the other shore +the invisible passengers land, and at the same time the +unloaded ships are seen to rise above the waves, and a +voice is heard announcing the names of the new arrivals, +who have just been added to the inhabitants of the +Land of the Dead.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“One stroke of the oar, one hour's voyage at most, +suffices for the midnight journey which transfers the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page132">[pg 132]</span> +Dead from the Gaulish continent to their final abode. +Some mysterious law, indeed, brings together in the +night the great spaces which divide the domain of the +living from that of the dead in daytime. It was the +same law which enabled Ith one fine winter evening to +perceive from the Tower of Bregon, in the Land of the +Dead, the shores of Ireland, or the land of the living. +The phenomenon took place in winter; for winter is a +sort of night; winter, like night, lowers the barriers +between the regions of Death and those of Life; like +night, winter gives to life the semblance of death, and +suppresses, as it were, the dread abyss that lies between +the two.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At this time, it is said, Ireland was ruled by three +Danaan kings, grandsons of the Dagda. Their names +were MacCuill, MacCecht, and MacGrené, and their +wives were named respectively Banba, Fohla, and Eriu. +The Celtic habit of conceiving divine persons in triads +is here illustrated. These triads represent one person +each, and the mythical character of that personage is +evident from the name of one of them, MacGrené, Son +of the Sun. The names of the three goddesses have +each at different times been applied to Ireland, but that +of the third, Eriu, has alone persisted, and in the dative +form, Erinn, is a poetic name for the country to this +day. That Eriu is the wife of MacGrené means, as de +Jubainville observes, that the Sun-god, the god of Day, +Life, and Science, has wedded the land and is reigning +over it. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Ith, on landing, finds that the Danaan king, Neit, +has just been slain in a battle with the Fomorians, and +the three sons, MacCuill and the others, are at the +fortress of Aileach, in Co. Donegal, arranging for a +division of the land among themselves. At first they +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page133">[pg 133]</span> +welcome Ith, and ask him to settle their inheritance. +Ith gives his judgment, but, in concluding, his admiration +for the newly discovered country breaks out: +<span class="tei tei-q">“Act,”</span> he says, <span class="tei tei-q">“according to the laws of justice, for +the country you dwell in is a good one, it is rich in +fruit and honey, in wheat and in fish; and in heat and +cold it is temperate.”</span> From this panegyric the Danaans +conclude that 1th has designs upon their land, and they +seize him and put him to death. His companions, +however, recover his body and bear it back with them +in their ships to <span class="tei tei-q">“Spain”</span>; when the children of Miled +resolve to take vengeance for the outrage and prepare +to invade Ireland. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +They were commanded by thirty-six chiefs, each +having his own ship with his family and his followers. +Two of the company are said to have perished on the +way. One of the sons of Miled, having climbed to the +masthead of his vessel to look out for the coast of +Ireland, fell into the sea and was drowned. The other +was Skena, wife of the poet Amergin, son of Miled, +who died on the way. The Milesians buried her when +they landed, and called the place <span class="tei tei-q">“Inverskena”</span> after +her; this was the ancient name of the Kenmare River +in Co. Kerry. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“It was on a Thursday, the first of May, and the +seventeenth day of the moon, that the sons of Miled +arrived in Ireland. Partholan also landed in Ireland +on the first of May, but on a different day of the week +and of the moon; and it was on the first day of May, +too, that the pestilence came which in the space of one +week destroyed utterly his race. The first of May was +sacred to Beltené, one of the names of the god of +Death, the god who gives life to men and takes it +away from them again. Thus it was on the feast day +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page134">[pg 134]</span> +of this god that the sons of Miled began their conquest +of Ireland.”</span><a id="noteref_106" name="noteref_106" href="#note_106"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">106</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Poet Amergin</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +When the poet Amergin set foot upon the soil of +Ireland it is said that he chanted a strange and mystical +lay: +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“I am the Wind that blows over the sea,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">I am the Wave of the Ocean;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">I am the Murmur of the billows;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">I am the Ox of the Seven Combats;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">I am the Vulture upon the rock;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">I am a Ray of the Sun;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">I am the fairest of Plants;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">I am a Wild Boar in valour;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">I am a Salmon in the Water;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">I am a Lake in the plain;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">I am the Craft of the artificer;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">I am a Word of Science;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">I am the Spear-point that gives battle;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">I am the god that creates in the head of man the fire of thought.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Who is it that enlightens the assembly upon the mountain,if not I?</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Who telleth the ages of the moon, if not I?</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Who showeth the place where the sun goes to rest, if not I?</span></div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +De Jubainville, whose translation I have in the main +followed, observes upon this strange utterance: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“There is a lack of order in this composition, the +ideas, fundamental and subordinate, are jumbled together +without method; but there is no doubt as to the meaning: +the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">filé</span></span> [poet] is the Word of Science, he is the +god who gives to man the fire of thought; and as +science is not distinct from its object, as God and Nature +are but one, the being of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">filé</span></span> is mingled with the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page135">[pg 135]</span> +winds and the waves, with the wild animals and the +warrior's arms.”</span><a id="noteref_107" name="noteref_107" href="#note_107"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">107</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Two other poems are attributed to Amergin, in which +he invokes the land and physical features of Ireland to +aid him: +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“I invoke the land of Ireland,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Shining, shining sea;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fertile, fertile Mountain;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Gladed, gladed wood!</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Abundant river, abundant in water!</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">Fish-abounding lake!”</span><a id="noteref_108" name="noteref_108" href="#note_108"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">108</span></span></a></div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Judgment of Amergin</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Milesian host, after landing, advance to Tara, +where they find the three kings of the Danaans +awaiting them, and summon them to deliver up the +island. The Danaans ask for three days' time to consider +whether they shall quit Ireland, or submit, or give +battle; and they propose to leave the decision, upon +their request, to Amergin. Amergin pronounces judgment—<span class="tei tei-q">“the +first judgment which was delivered in +Ireland.”</span> He agrees that the Milesians must not take +their foes by surprise—they are to withdraw the length +of nine waves from the shore, and then return; if +they then conquer the Danaans the land is to be fairly +theirs by right of battle. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Milesians submit to this decision and embark +on their ships. But no sooner have they drawn <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">off</span></span> for +this mystical distance of the nine waves than a mist and +storm are raised by the sorceries of the Danaans—the +coast of Ireland is hidden from their sight, and they +wander dispersed upon the ocean. To ascertain if it is +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page136">[pg 136]</span> +a natural or a Druidic tempest which afflicts them, a man +named Aranan is sent up to the masthead to see if the +wind is blowing there also or not. He is flung from +the swaying mast, but as he falls to his death he cries +his message to his shipmates: <span class="tei tei-q">“There is no storm +aloft.”</span> Amergin, who as poet—that is to say, Druid—takes +the lead in all critical situations, thereupon chants +his incantation to the land of Erin. The wind falls, +and they turn their prows, rejoicing, towards the shore. +But one of the Milesian lords, Eber Donn, exults in +brutal rage at the prospect of putting all the dwellers in +Ireland to the sword; the tempest immediately springs +up again, and many of the Milesian ships founder, +Eber Donn's being among them. At last a remnant of +the Milesians find their way to shore, and land in the +estuary of the Boyne. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Defeat of the Danaans</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A great battle with the Danaans at Telltown<a id="noteref_109" name="noteref_109" href="#note_109"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">109</span></span></a> then +follows. The three kings and three queens of the +Danaans, with many of their people, are slain, and the +children of Miled—the last of the mythical invaders of +Ireland—enter upon the sovranty of Ireland. But the +People of Dana do not withdraw. By their magic art +they cast over themselves a veil of invisibility, which +they can put on or off as they choose. There are two +Irelands henceforward, the spiritual and the earthly. +The Danaans dwell in the spiritual Ireland, which is +portioned out among them by their great overlord, the +Dagda. Where the human eye can see but green +mounds and ramparts, the relics of ruined fortresses or +sepulchres, there rise the fairy palaces of the defeated +divinities; there they hold their revels in eternal sunshine, +nourished by the magic meat and ale that give +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page137">[pg 137]</span> +them undying youth and beauty; and thence they +come forth at times to mingle with mortal men in love +or in war. The ancient mythical literature conceives +them as heroic and splendid in strength and beauty. In +later times, and as Christian influences grew stronger, +they dwindle into fairies, the People of the Sidhe;<a id="noteref_110" name="noteref_110" href="#note_110"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">110</span></span></a> +but they have never wholly perished; to this day the +Land of Youth and its inhabitants live in the imagination +of the Irish peasant. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Meaning of the Danaan Myth</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +All myths constructed by a primitive people are +symbols, and if we can discover what it is that they +symbolise we have a valuable clue to the spiritual +character, and sometimes even to the history, of the +people from whom they sprang. Now the meaning of +the Danaan myth as it appears in the bardic literature, +though it has undergone much distortion before it +reached us, is perfectly clear. The Danaans represent +the Celtic reverence for science, poetry, and artistic skill, +blended, of course, with the earlier conception of the +divinity of the powers of Light. In their combat with +the Firbolgs the victory of the intellect over dulness +and ignorance is plainly portrayed—the comparison of +the heavy, blunt weapon of the Firbolgs with the light +and penetrating spears of the People of Dana is an +indication which it is impossible to mistake. Again, in +their struggle with a far more powerful and dangerous +enemy, the Fomorians, we are evidently to see the +combat of the powers of Light with evil of a more +positive kind than that represented by the Firbolgs. +The Fomorians stand not for mere dulness or +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page138">[pg 138]</span> +stupidity, but for the forces of tyranny, cruelty, and +greed—for moral rather than for intellectual darkness. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Meaning of the Milesian Myth</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But the myth of the struggle of the Danaans with +the sons of Miled is more difficult to interpret. How +does it come that the lords of light and beauty, wielding +all the powers of thought (represented by magic and +sorcery), succumbed to a human race, and were dispossessed +by them of their hard-won inheritance? +What is the meaning of this shrinking of their powers +which at once took place when the Milesians came on +the scene? The Milesians were not on the side of the +powers of darkness. They were guided by Amergin, +a clear embodiment of the idea of poetry and thought. +They were regarded with the utmost veneration, and +the dominant families of Ireland all traced their descent +to them. Was the Kingdom of Light, then, divided +against itself? Or, if not, to what conception in the +Irish mind are we to trace the myth of the Milesian +invasion and victory? +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The only answer I can see to this puzzling question +is to suppose that the Milesian myth originated at a +much later time than the others, and was, in its main +features, the product of Christian influences. The +People of Dana were in possession of the country, but +they were pagan divinities—they could not stand for +the progenitors of a Christian Ireland. They had +somehow or other to be got rid of, and a race of less +embarrassing antecedents substituted for them. So the +Milesians were fetched from <span class="tei tei-q">“Spain”</span> and endowed +with the main characteristics, only more humanised, of +the People of Dana. But the latter, in contradistinction +to the usual attitude of early Christianity, are +treated very tenderly in the story of their overthrow. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page139">[pg 139]</span> +One of them has the honour of giving her name to the +island, the brutality of one of the conquerors towards +them is punished with death, and while dispossessed +of the lordship of the soil they still enjoy life in the +fair world which by their magic art they have made +invisible to mortals. They are no longer gods, but +they are more than human, and frequent instances +occur in which they are shown as coming forth from +their fairy world, being embraced in the Christian fold, +and entering into heavenly bliss. With two cases of +this redemption of the Danaans we shall close this +chapter on the Invasion Myths of Ireland. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The first is the strange and beautiful tale of the +Transformation of the Children of Lir. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Children of Lir</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Lir was a Danaan divinity, the father of the sea-god +Mananan who continually occurs in magical tales of +the Milesian cycle. He had married in succession two +sisters, the second of whom was named Aoife.<a id="noteref_111" name="noteref_111" href="#note_111"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">111</span></span></a> She +was childless, but the former wife of Lir had left him +four children, a girl named Fionuala<a id="noteref_112" name="noteref_112" href="#note_112"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">112</span></span></a> and three boys. +The intense love of Lir for the children made the stepmother +jealous, and she ultimately resolved on their +destruction. It will be observed, by the way, that the +People of Dana, though conceived as unaffected by +time, and naturally immortal, are nevertheless subject +to violent death either at the hands of each other or +even of mortals. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +With her guilty object in view, Aoife goes on a +journey to a neighbouring Danaan king, Bōv the Red, +taking the four children with her. Arriving at a +lonely place by Lake Derryvaragh, in Westmeath, she +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page140">[pg 140]</span> +orders her attendants to slay the children. They +refuse, and rebuke her. Then she resolves to do it +herself; but, says the legend, <span class="tei tei-q">“her womanhood overcame +her,”</span> and instead of killing the Children she +transforms them by spells of sorcery into four white +swans, and lays on them the following doom: three +hundred years they are to spend on the waters of Lake +Derryvaragh, three hundred on the Straits of Moyle +(between Ireland and Scotland), and three hundred on +the Atlantic by Erris and Inishglory. After that, <span class="tei tei-q">“when +the woman of the South is mated with the man of +the North,”</span> the enchantment is to have an end. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +When the children fail to arrive with Aoife at the +palace of Bōv her guilt is discovered, and Bōv changes +her into <span class="tei tei-q">“a demon of the air.”</span> She flies forth shrieking, +and is heard of no more in the tale. But Lir and +Bōv seek out the swan-children, and find that they have +not only human speech, but have preserved the characteristic +Danaan gift of making wonderful music. From +all parts of the island companies of the Danaan folk +resort to Lake Derryvaragh to hear this wondrous +music and to converse with the swans, and during that +time a great peace and gentleness seemed to pervade +the land. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But at last the day came for them to leave the +fellowship of their kind and take up their life by the +wild cliffs and ever angry sea of the northern coast. +Here they knew the worst of loneliness, cold, and +storm. Forbidden to land, their feathers froze to the +rocks in the winter nights, and they were often buffeted +and driven apart by storms. As Fionuala sings: +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Cruel to us was Aoife</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Who played her magic upon us,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">And drove us out on the water—</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Four wonderful snow-white swans.</div> +</div> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page141">[pg 141]</span> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Our bath is the frothing brine,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">In bays by red rocks guarded;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">For mead at our father's table</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">We drink of the salt, blue sea.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Three sons and a single daughter,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">In clefts of the cold rocks dwelling,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">The hard rocks, cruel to mortals—</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">We are full of keening to-night.”</span></div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Fionuala, the eldest of the four, takes the lead in all +their doings, and mothers the younger children most +tenderly, wrapping her plumage round them on nights +of frost. At last the time comes to enter on the third +and last period of their doom, and they take flight for +the western shores of Mayo. Here too they suffer +much hardship; but the Milesians have now come into +the land, and a young farmer named Evric, dwelling on +the shores of Erris Bay, finds out who and what the +swans are, and befriends them. To him they tell their +story, and through him it is supposed to have been +preserved and handed down. When the final period +of their suffering is close at hand they resolve to fly +towards the palace of their father Lir, who dwells, we +are told, at the Hill of the White Field, in Armagh, to +see how things have fared with him. They do so; +but not knowing what has happened on the coming of +the Milesians, they are shocked and bewildered to find +nothing but green mounds and whin-bushes and nettles +where once stood—and still stands, only that they cannot +see it—the palace of their father. Their eyes are holden, +we are to understand, because a higher destiny was in +store for them than to return to the Land of Youth. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +On Erris Bay they hear for the first time the sound +of a Christian bell. It comes from the chapel of a +hermit who has established himself there. The swans +are at first startled and terrified by the <span class="tei tei-q">“thin, dreadful +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page142">[pg 142]</span> +sound,”</span> but afterwards approach and make themselves +known to the hermit, who instructs them in the faith, +and they join him in singing the offices of the Church. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Now it happens that a princess of Munster, Deoca, +(the <span class="tei tei-q">“woman of the South”</span>) became betrothed to a +Connacht chief named Lairgnen, and begged him as a +wedding gift to procure for her the four wonderful +singing swans whose fame had come to her. He asks +them of the hermit, who refuses to give them up, whereupon +the <span class="tei tei-q">“man of the North”</span> seizes them violently by +the silver chains with which the hermit had coupled them, +and drags them off to Deoca. This is their last trial. +Arrived in her presence, an awful transformation befalls +them. The swan plumage falls off, and reveals, not, +indeed, the radiant forms of the Danaan divinities, +but four withered, snowy-haired, and miserable human +beings, shrunken in the decrepitude of their vast old +age. Lairgnen flies from the place in horror, but the +hermit prepares to administer baptism at once, as death +is rapidly approaching them. <span class="tei tei-q">“Lay us in one grave,”</span> +says Fionuala, <span class="tei tei-q">“and place Conn at my right hand and +Fiachra at my left, and Hugh before my face, for there +they were wont to be when I sheltered them many +a winter night upon the seas of Moyle.”</span> And so it +was done, and they went to heaven; but the hermit, it +is said, sorrowed for them to the end of his earthly +days.<a id="noteref_113" name="noteref_113" href="#note_113"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">113</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In all Celtic legend there is no more tender and +beautiful tale than this of the Children of Lir. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Tale of Ethné</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But the imagination of the Celtic bard always played +with delight on the subjects of these transition tales, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page143">[pg 143]</span> +where the reconciling of the pagan order with the +Christian was the theme. The same conception is +embodied in the tale of Ethné, which we have now to +tell. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is said that Mananan mac Lir had a daughter who +was given in fosterage to the Danaan prince Angus, +whose fairy palace was at Brugh na Boyna. This is the +great sepulchral tumulus now called New Grange, on the +Boyne. At the same time the steward of Angus had +a daughter born to him whose name was Ethné, and +who was allotted to the young princess as her handmaiden. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Ethné grew up into a lovely and gentle maiden, but +it was discovered one day that she took no nourishment +of any kind, although the rest of the household fed as +usual on the magic swine of Mananan, which might be +eaten to-day and were alive again for the feast to-morrow. +Mananan was called in to penetrate the +mystery, and the following curious story came to light. +One of the chieftains of the Danaans who had been on +a visit with Angus, smitten by the girl's beauty, had +endeavoured to possess her by force. This woke in +Ethné's pure spirit the moral nature which is proper to +man, and which the Danaan divinities know not. As +the tale says, her <span class="tei tei-q">“guardian demon”</span> left her, and an +angel of the true God took its place. After that event +she abstained altogether from the food of Faëry, and +was miraculously nourished by the will of God. After +a time, however, Mananan and Angus, who had been on +a voyage to the East, brought back thence two cows +whose milk never ran dry, and as they were supposed +to have come from a sacred land Ethné lived on their +milk thenceforward. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +All this is supposed to have happened during the +reign of Eremon, the first Milesian king of all Ireland, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page144">[pg 144]</span> +who was contemporary with King David. At the time +of the coming of St. Patrick, therefore, Ethné would +have been about fifteen hundred years of age. The +Danaan folk grow up from childhood to maturity, but +then they abide unaffected by the lapse of time. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Now it happened one summer day that the Danaan +princess whose handmaid Ethné was went down with +all her maidens to bathe in the river Boyne. When +arraying themselves afterwards Ethné discovered, to her +dismay—and this incident was, of course, an instance +of divine interest in her destiny—that she had lost the +Veil of Invisibility, conceived here as a magic charm +worn on the person, which gave her the entrance to the +Danaan fairyland and hid her from mortal eyes. She +could not find her way back to the palace of Angus, and +wandered up and down the banks of the river seeking +in vain for her companions and her home. At last +she came to a walled garden, and, looking through the +gate, saw inside a stone house of strange appearance +and a man in a long brown robe. The man was a +Christian monk, and the house was a little church or +oratory. He beckoned her in, and when she had told +her story to him he brought her to St. Patrick, who +completed her adoption into the human family by +giving her the rite of baptism. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Now comes in a strangely pathetic episode which +reveals the tenderness, almost the regret, with which +early Irish Christianity looked back on the lost world +of paganism. As Ethné was one day praying in the +little church by the Boyne she heard suddenly a +rushing sound in the air, and innumerable voices, as +it seemed from a great distance, lamenting and calling +her name. It was her Danaan kindred, who were still +seeking for her in vain. She sprang up to reply, but +was so overcome with emotion that she fell in a swoon +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page145">[pg 145]</span> +on the floor. She recovered her senses after a while, +but from that day she was struck with a mortal sickness, +and in no long time she died, with her head upon the +breast of St. Patrick, who administered to her the last +rites, and ordained that the church should be named +after her, Kill Ethné—a name doubtless borne, at the +time the story was composed, by some real church on +the banks of Boyne.<a id="noteref_114" name="noteref_114" href="#note_114"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">114</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Christianity and Paganism in Ireland</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +These, taken together with numerous other legendary +incidents which might be quoted, illustrate well the attitude +of the early Celtic Christians, in Ireland at least, +towards the divinities of the older faith. They seem to +preclude the idea that at the time of the conversion of +Ireland the pagan religion was associated with cruel +and barbarous practices, on which the national memory +would look back with horror and detestation. +</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page146">[pg 146]</span> + +<a name="toc15" id="toc15"></a> +<a name="pdf16" id="pdf16"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%"> +CHAPTER IV: THE EARLY MILESIAN KINGS +</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Danaans after the Milesian Conquest</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The kings and heroes of the Milesian race now +fill the foreground of the stage in Irish legendary +history. But, as we have indicated, the Danaan +divinities are by no means forgotten. The fairyland in +which they dwell is ordinarily inaccessible to mortals, +yet it is ever near at hand; the invisible barriers may +be, and often are, crossed by mortal men, and the Danaans +themselves frequently come forth from them; mortals +may win brides of Faëry who mysteriously leave them +after a while, and women bear glorious children of +supernatural fatherhood. Yet whatever the Danaans +may have been in the original pre-Christian conceptions +of the Celtic Irish, it would be a mistake to suppose +that they figure in the legends, as these have now come +down to us, in the light of gods as we understand this +term. They are for the most part radiantly beautiful, +they are immortal (with limitations), and they wield +mysterious powers of sorcery and enchantment. But +no sort of moral governance of the world is ever for +a moment ascribed to them, nor (in the bardic literature) +is any act of worship paid to them. They do not die +naturally, but they can be slain both by each other and by +mortals, and on the whole the mortal race is the stronger. +Their strength when they come into conflict (as frequently +happens) with men lies in stratagem and illusion; +when the issue can be fairly knit between the rival +powers it is the human that conquers. The early +kings and heroes of the Milesian race are, indeed, often +represented as so mightily endowed with supernatural +power that it is impossible to draw a clear distinction +between them and the People of Dana in this respect. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page147">[pg 147]</span> +The Danaans are much nobler and more exalted beings, +as they figure in the bardic literature, than the fairies +into which they ultimately degenerated in the popular +imagination; they may be said to hold a position +intermediate between these and the Greek deities as +portrayed in Homer. But the true worship of the +Celts, in Ireland as elsewhere, seems to have been paid, +not to these poetical personifications of their ideals of +power and beauty, but rather to elemental forces represented +by actual natural phenomena—rocks, rivers, the +sun, the wind, the sea. The most binding of oaths +was to swear by the Wind and Sun, or to invoke some +other power of nature; no name of any Danaan divinity +occurs in an Irish oath formula. When, however, in +the later stages of the bardic literature, and still more +in the popular conceptions, the Danaan deities had +begun to sink into fairies, we find rising into prominence +a character probably older than that ascribed to them +in the literature, and, in a way, more august. In the +literature it is evident that they were originally representatives +of science and poetry—the intellectual powers +of man. But in the popular mind they represented, +probably at all times and certainly in later Christian +times, not intellectual powers, but those associated with +the fecundity of earth. They were, as a passage in the +Book of Armagh names them, <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">dei terreni</span></span>, earth-gods, +and were, and are still, invoked by the peasantry to +yield increase and fertility. The literary conception of +them is plainly Druidic in origin, the other popular; +and the popular and doubtless older conception has +proved the more enduring. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But these features of Irish mythology will appear +better in the actual tales than in any critical discussion +of them; and to the tales let us now return. +</p> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page148">[pg 148]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Milesian Settlement of Ireland</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Milesians had three leaders when they set out +for the conquest of Ireland—Eber Donn (Brown Eber), +Eber Finn (Fair Eber), and Eremon. Of these the +first-named, as we have seen, was not allowed to enter +the land—he perished as a punishment for his brutality. +When the victory over the Danaans was secure the +two remaining brothers turned to the Druid Amergin +for a judgment as to their respective titles to the +sovranty. Eremon was the elder of the two, but Eber +refused to submit to him. Thus Irish history begins, +alas! with dissension and jealousy. Amergin decided +that the land should belong to Eremon for his life, and +pass to Eber after his death. But Eber refused to +submit to the award, and demanded an immediate +partition of the new-won territory. This was agreed +to, and Eber took the southern half of Ireland, <span class="tei tei-q">“from +the Boyne to the Wave of Cleena,”</span><a id="noteref_115" name="noteref_115" href="#note_115"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">115</span></span></a> while Eremon +occupied the north. But even so the brethren could +not be at peace, and after a short while war broke out +between them. Eber was slain, and Eremon became +sole King of Ireland, which he ruled from Tara, the +traditional seat of that central authority which was +always a dream of the Irish mind, but never a reality of +Irish history. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Tiernmas and Crom Cruach</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Of the kings who succeeded Eremon, and the battles +they fought and the forests they cleared away and the +rivers and lakes that broke out in their reign, there is +little of note to record till we come to the reign of +Tiernmas, fifth in succession from Eremon. He is said +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page149">[pg 149]</span> +to have introduced into Ireland the worship of Crom +Cruach, on Moyslaught (The Plain of Adoration<a id="noteref_116" name="noteref_116" href="#note_116"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">116</span></span></a>), and +to have perished himself with three-fourths of his +people while worshipping this idol on November Eve, +the period when the reign of winter was inaugurated. +Crom Cruach was no doubt a solar deity, but no figure +at all resembling him can be identified among the +Danaan divinities. Tiernmas also, it is said, found the +first gold-mine in Ireland, and introduced variegated +colours into the clothing of the people. A slave might +wear but one colour, a peasant two, a soldier three, a +wealthy landowner four, a provincial chief five, and an +Ollav, or royal person, six. Ollav was a term applied to +a certain Druidic rank; it meant much the same as +<span class="tei tei-q">“doctor,”</span> in the sense of a learned man—a master of +science. It is a characteristic trait that the Ollav is +endowed with a distinction equal to that of a king. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Ollav Fōla</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The most distinguished Ollav of Ireland was also a +king, the celebrated Ollav Fōla, who is supposed to +have been eighteenth from Eremon and to have reigned +about 1000 B.C. He was the Lycurgus or Solon of +Ireland, giving to the country a code of legislature, +and also subdividing it, under the High King at Tara, +among the provincial chiefs, to each of whom his proper +rights and obligations were allotted. To Ollav Fōla is +also attributed the foundation of an institution which, +whatever its origin, became of great importance in +Ireland—the great triennial Fair or Festival at Tara, +where the sub-kings and chiefs, bards, historians, and +musicians from all parts of Ireland assembled to make +up the genealogical records of the clan chieftainships, to +enact laws, hear disputed cases, settle succession, and so +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page150">[pg 150]</span> +forth; all these political and legislative labours being +lightened by song and feast. It was a stringent law +that at this season all enmities must be laid aside; no +man might lift his hand against another, or even institute +a legal process, while the Assembly at Tara was +in progress. Of all political and national institutions +of this kind Ollav Fōla was regarded as the +traditional founder, just as Goban the Smith was the +founder of artistry and handicraft, and Amergin of +poetry. But whether the Milesian king had any more +objective reality than the other more obviously mythical +figures it is hard to say. He is supposed to have +been buried in the great tumulus at Loughcrew, in +Westmeath. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Kimbay and the Founding of Emain Macha</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +With Kimbay (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cimbaoth</span></span>), about 300 B.C., we come to +a landmark in history. <span class="tei tei-q">“All the historical records of +the Irish, prior to Kimbay, were dubious”</span>—so, with +remarkable critical acumen for his age, wrote the +eleventh-century historian Tierna of Clonmacnois.<a id="noteref_117" name="noteref_117" href="#note_117"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">117</span></span></a> +There is much that is dubious in those that follow, but +we are certainly on firmer historical ground. With +the reign of Kimbay one great fact emerges into light: +we have the foundation of the kingdom of Ulster at +its centre, Emain Macha, a name redolent to the Irish +student of legendary splendour and heroism. Emain +Macha is now represented by the grassy ramparts of +a great hill-fortress close to Ard Macha (Armagh). +According to one of the derivations offered in Keating's +<span class="tei tei-q">“History of Ireland,”</span> <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">Emain</span></span> is derived from <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">eo</span></span>, a bodkin, +and <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">muin</span></span>, the neck, the word being thus equivalent to +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page151">[pg 151]</span> +<span class="tei tei-q">“brooch,”</span> and Emain Macha means the Brooch of +Macha. An Irish brooch was a large circular wheel of +gold or bronze, crossed by a long pin, and the great +circular rampart surrounding a Celtic fortress might +well be imaginatively likened to the brooch or a +giantess guarding her cloak, or territory.<a id="noteref_118" name="noteref_118" href="#note_118"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">118</span></span></a> The legend +of Macha tells that she was the daughter of Red Hugh, +an Ulster prince who had two brothers, Dithorba and +Kimbay. They agreed to enjoy, each in turn, the +sovranty of Ireland. Red Hugh came first, but on his +death Macha refused to give up the realm and fought +Dithorba for it, whom she conquered and slew. She +then, in equally masterful manner, compelled Kimbay +to wed her, and ruled all Ireland as queen. I give +the rest of the tale in the words of Standish O'Grady: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The five sons of Dithorba, having been expelled +out of Ulster, fled across the Shannon, and in the west +of the kingdom plotted against Macha. Then the +Queen went down alone into Connacht and found the +brothers in the forest, where, wearied with the chase, +they were cooking a wild boar which they had slain, +and were carousing before a fire which they had kindled. +She appeared in her grimmest aspect, as the war-goddess, +red all over, terrible and hideous as war itself +but with bright and flashing eyes. One by one the +brothers were inflamed by her sinister beauty, and one +by one she overpowered and bound them. Then she +lifted her burthen of champions upon her back and +returned with them into the north. With the spear of +her brooch she marked out on the plain the circuit of +the city of Emain Macha, whose ramparts and trenches +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page152">[pg 152]</span> +were constructed by the captive princes, labouring like +slaves under her command.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The underlying idea of all this class of legend,”</span> +remarks Mr. O'Grady, <span class="tei tei-q">“is that if men cannot master +war, war will master them; and that those who +aspired to the Ard-Rieship [High-Kingship] of all +Erin must have the war-gods on their side.”</span><a id="noteref_119" name="noteref_119" href="#note_119"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">119</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Macha is an instance of the intermingling of the +attributes of the Danaan with the human race of which +I have already spoken. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Laery and Covac</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The next king who comes into legendary prominence +is Ugainy the Great, who is said to have ruled not only +all Ireland, but a great part of Western Europe, and to +have wedded a Gaulish princess named Kesair. He +had two sons, Laery and Covac. The former inherited +the kingdom, but Covac, consumed and sick with envy, +sought to slay him, and asked the advice of a Druid +as to how this could be managed, since Laery, justly +suspicious, never would visit him without an armed +escort. The Druid bade him feign death, and have +word sent to his brother that he was on his bier ready +for burial. This Covac did, and when Laery arrived +and bent over the supposed corpse Covac stabbed him +to the heart, and slew also one of his sons, Ailill,<a id="noteref_120" name="noteref_120" href="#note_120"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">120</span></span></a> who +attended him. Then Covac ascended the throne, and +straightway his illness left him. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Legends of Maon, Son of Ailill</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +He did a brutal deed, however, upon a son of +Ailill's named Maon, about whom a number of legends +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page153">[pg 153]</span> +cluster. Maon, as a child, was brought into Covac's +presence, and was there compelled, says Keating, to +swallow a portion of his father's and grandfather's +hearts, and also a mouse with her young. From the +disgust he felt, the child lost his speech, and seeing +him dumb, and therefore innocuous, Covac let him go. +The boy was then taken into Munster, to the kingdom +of Feramorc, of which Scoriath was king, and remained +with him some time, but afterwards went to Gaul, his +great-grandmother Kesair's country, where his guards +told the king that he was heir to the throne of Ireland, +and he was treated with great honour and grew up into +a noble youth. But he left behind him in the heart of +Moriath, daughter of the King of Feramorc, a passion +that could not be stilled, and she resolved to bring him +back to Ireland. She accordingly equipped her father's +harper, Craftiny, with many rich gifts, and wrote for +him a love-lay, in which her passion for Maon was set +forth, and to which Craftiny composed an enchanting +melody. Arrived in France, Craftiny made his way to +the king's court, and found occasion to pour out his lay +to Maon. So deeply stirred was he by the beauty and +passion of the song that his speech returned to him +and he broke out into praises of it, and was thenceforth +dumb no more. The King of Gaul then equipped him +with an armed force and sent him to Ireland to regain +his kingdom. Learning that Covac was at a place near +at hand named Dinrigh, Maon and his body of Gauls +made a sudden attack upon him and slew him there +and then, with all his nobles and guards. After the +slaughter a Druid of Covac's company asked one of +the Gauls who their leader was. <span class="tei tei-q">“The Mariner”</span> +(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Loingseach</span></span>), replied the Gaul, meaning the captain of +the fleet—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, Maon. <span class="tei tei-q">“Can he speak?”</span> inquired the +Druid, who had begun to suspect the truth. <span class="tei tei-q">“He +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page154">[pg 154]</span> +does speak”</span> (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Labraidh</span></span>), said the man; and henceforth +the name <span class="tei tei-q">“Labra the Mariner”</span> clung to Maon son of +Ailill, nor was he known by any other. He then +sought out Moriath, wedded her, and reigned over +Ireland ten years. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +From this invasion of the Gauls the name of the +province of Leinster is traditionally derived. They were +armed with spears having broad blue-green iron heads +called <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">laighne</span></span> (pronounced <span class="tei tei-q">“lyna”</span>), and as they were +allotted lands in Leinster and settled there, the province +was called in Irish <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">Laighin</span></span> (<span class="tei tei-q">“Ly-in”</span>) after them—the +Province of the Spearmen.<a id="noteref_121" name="noteref_121" href="#note_121"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">121</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Of Labra the Mariner, after his accession, a curious +tale is told. He was accustomed, it is said, to have his +hair cropped but once a year, and the man to do this +was chosen by lot, and was immediately afterwards put +to death. The reason of this was that, like King Midas +in the similar Greek myth, he had long ears like those +of a horse, and he would not have this deformity known. +Once it fell, however, that the person chosen to crop +his hair was the only son of a poor widow, by whose +tears and entreaties the king was prevailed upon to let +him live, on condition that he swore by the Wind and +Sun to tell no man what he might see. The oath was +taken, and the young man returned to his mother. But +by-and-by the secret so preyed on his mind that he fell +into a sore sickness, and was near to death, when a wise +Druid was called in to heal him. <span class="tei tei-q">“It is the secret that +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page155">[pg 155]</span> +is killing him,”</span> said the Druid, <span class="tei tei-q">“and he will never be +well till he reveals it. Let him therefore go along the +high-road till he come to a place where four roads meet. +Let him there turn to the right, and the first tree he +shall meet on the road, let him tell his secret to that, +and he shall be rid of it, and recover.”</span> So the youth +did; and the first tree was a willow. He laid his lips +close to the bark, whispered his secret to it, and went +home, light-hearted as of old. But it chanced that +shortly after this the harper Craftiny broke his harp and +needed a new one, and as luck would have it the first +suitable tree he came to was the willow that had the +king's secret. He cut it down, made his harp from it, +and performed that night as usual in the king's hall; +when, to the amazement of all, as soon as the harper +touched the strings the assembled guests heard them +chime the words, <span class="tei tei-q">“Two horse's ears hath Labra the +Mariner.”</span> The king then, seeing that the secret was +out, plucked off his hood and showed himself plainly; +nor was any man put to death again on account of this +mystery. We have seen that the compelling power of +Craftiny's music had formerly cured Labra's dumbness. +The sense of something magical in music, as though +supernatural powers spoke through it, is of constant +recurrence in Irish legend. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Legend-Cycle of Conary Mōr</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We now come to a cycle of legends centering on, or +rather closing with, the wonderful figure of the High +King Conary Mōr—a cycle so charged with splendour, +mystery, and romance that to do it justice would require +far more space than can be given to it within the limits +of this work.<a id="noteref_122" name="noteref_122" href="#note_122"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">122</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page156">[pg 156]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Etain in Fairyland</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The preliminary events of the cycle are transacted +in the <span class="tei tei-q">“Land of Youth,”</span> the mystic country of the +People of Dana after their dispossession by the Children +of Miled. Midir the Proud son of the Dagda, a Danaan +prince dwelling on Slieve Callary, had a wife named +Fuamnach. After a while he took to himself another +bride, Etain, whose beauty and grace were beyond +compare, so that <span class="tei tei-q">“as fair as Etain”</span> became a proverbial +comparison for any beauty that exceeded all other +standards. Fuamnach therefore became jealous of her +rival, and having by magic art changed her into a +butterfly, she raised a tempest that drove her forth from +the palace, and kept her for seven years buffeted hither +and thither throughout the length and breadth of Erin. +At last, however, a chance gust of wind blew her through +a window of the fairy palace of Angus on the Boyne. +The immortals cannot be hidden from each other, and +Angus knew what she was. Unable to release her +altogether from the spell of Fuamnach, he made a sunny +bower for her, and planted round it all manner of +choice and honey-laden flowers, on which she lived as +long as she was with him, while in the secrecy of the +night he restored her to her own form and enjoyed her +love. In time, however, her refuge was discovered by +Fuamnach; again the magic tempest descended upon +her and drove her forth; and this time a singular fate +was hers. Blown into the palace of an Ulster chieftain +named Etar, she fell into the drinking-cup of Etar's +wife just as the latter was about to drink. She was +swallowed in the draught, and in due time, having +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page157">[pg 157]</span> +passed into the womb of Etar's wife, she was born as +an apparently mortal child, and grew up to maidenhood +knowing nothing of her real nature and ancestry. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Eochy and Etain</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +About this time it happened that the High King of +Ireland, Eochy,<a id="noteref_123" name="noteref_123" href="#note_123"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">123</span></span></a> being wifeless and urged by the nobles +of his land to take a queen—<span class="tei tei-q">“for without thou do +so,”</span> they said, <span class="tei tei-q">“we will not bring our wives to the +Assembly at Tara”</span>—sent forth to inquire for a fair and +noble maiden to share his throne. The messengers +report that Etain, daughter of Etar, is the fairest maiden +in Ireland, and the king journeys forth to visit her. A +piece of description here follows which is one of the +most highly wrought and splendid in Celtic or perhaps +in any literature. Eochy finds Etain with her maidens +by a spring of water, whither she had gone forth to +wash her hair: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“A clear comb of silver was held in her hand, the +comb was adorned with gold; and near her, as for +washing, was a bason of silver whereon four birds had +been chased, and there were little bright gems of +carbuncles on the rims of the bason. A bright purple +mantle waved round her; and beneath it was another +mantle ornamented with silver fringes: the outer +mantle was clasped over her bosom with a golden +brooch. A tunic she wore with a long hood that +might cover her head attached to it; it was stiff and +glossy with green silk beneath red embroidery of gold, +and was clasped over her breasts with marvellously +wrought clasps of silver and gold; so that men saw +the bright gold and the green silk flashing against the +sun. On her head were two tresses of golden hair, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page158">[pg 158]</span> +and each tress had been plaited into four strands; at +the end of each strand was a little ball of gold. And +there was that maiden undoing her hair that she might +wash it, her two arms out through the armholes of her +smock. Each of her two arms was as white as the +snow of a single night, and each of her cheeks was as +rosy as the foxglove. Even and small were the teeth +in her head, and they shone like pearls. Her eyes +were as blue as a hyacinth, her lips delicate and +crimson; very high, soft and white were her shoulders. +Tender, polished and white were her wrists; her +fingers long and of great whiteness; her nails were +beautiful and pink. White as snow, or the foam of a +wave, was her neck; long was it, slender, and as soft as +silk. Smooth and white were her thighs; her knees +were round and firm and white; her ankles were as +straight as the rule of a carpenter. Her feet were slim +and as white as the ocean's foam; evenly set were her +eyes; her eyebrows were of a bluish black, such as you +see upon the shell of a beetle. Never a maid fairer +than she, or more worthy of love, was till then seen by +the eyes of men; and it seemed to them that she must +be one of those that have come from the fairy mounds.”</span><a id="noteref_124" name="noteref_124" href="#note_124"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">124</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The king wooed her and made her his wife, and +brought her back to Tara. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Love-Story of Ailill</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It happened that the king had a brother named +Ailill, who, on seeing Etain, was so smitten with her +beauty that he fell sick of the intensity of his passion +and wasted almost to death. While he was in +this condition Eochy had to make a royal progress +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page159">[pg 159]</span> +through Ireland. He left his brother—the cause of +whose malady none suspected—in Etain's care, bidding +her do what she could for him, and, if he died, to bury +him with due ceremonies and erect an Ogham stone +above his grave.<a id="noteref_125" name="noteref_125" href="#note_125"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">125</span></span></a> Etain goes to visit the brother; she +inquires the cause of his illness; he speaks to her in +enigmas, but at last, moved beyond control by her +tenderness, he breaks out in an avowal of his passion. +His description of the yearning of hopeless love is a +lyric of extraordinary intensity. <span class="tei tei-q">“It is closer than the +skin,”</span> he cries, <span class="tei tei-q">“it is like a battle with a spectre, it +overwhelms like a flood, it is a weapon under the sea, +it is a passion for an echo.”</span> By <span class="tei tei-q">“a weapon under the +sea”</span> the poet means that love is like one of the secret +treasures of the fairy-folk in the kingdom of Mananan—as +wonderful and as unattainable. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Etain is now in some perplexity; but she decides, +with a kind of naïve good-nature, that although she is +not in the least in love with Ailill, she cannot see a +man die of longing for her, and she promises to be +his. Possibly we are to understand here that she was +prompted by the fairy nature, ignorant of good and +evil, and alive only to pleasure and to suffering. It +must be said, however, that in the Irish myths in +general this, as we may call it, <span class="tei tei-q">“fairy”</span> view of morality +is the one generally prevalent both among Danaans and +mortals—both alike strike one as morally irresponsible. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Etain now arranges a tryst with Ailill in a house +outside of Tara—for she will not do what she calls her +<span class="tei tei-q">“glorious crime”</span> in the king's palace. But Ailill on +the eve of the appointed day falls into a profound +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page160">[pg 160]</span> +slumber and misses his appointment. A being in his +shape does, however, come to Etain, but merely to +speak coldly and sorrowfully of his malady, and departs +again. When the two meet once more the situation +is altogether changed. In Ailill's enchanted sleep his +unholy passion for the queen has passed entirely away. +Etain, on the other hand, becomes aware that behind the +visible events there are mysteries which she does not +understand. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Midir the Proud</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The explanation soon follows. The being who came +to her in the shape of Ailill was her Danaan husband, +Midir the Proud. He now comes to woo her in his true +shape, beautiful and nobly apparelled, and entreats her +to fly with him to the Land of Youth, where she can +be safe henceforward, since her persecutor, Fuamnach, +is dead. He it was who shed upon Ailill's eyes the +magic slumber. His description of the fairyland to +which he invites her is given in verses of great +beauty: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Land of Youth</span></span> +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“O fair-haired woman, will you come with me to the marvellous +land, full of music, where the hair is primrose-yellow +and the body white as snow?</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">There none speaks of <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">‘mine’</span> or <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">‘thine’</span>—white are the +teeth and black the brows; eyes flash with many-coloured +lights, and the hue of the foxglove is on every cheek.</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Pleasant to the eye are the plains of Erin, but they are a +desert to the Great Plain.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Heady is the ale of Erin, but the ale of the Great Plain is +headier.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">It is one of the wonders of that land that youth does not +change into age.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Smooth and sweet are the streams that flow through it; +mead and wine abound of every kind; there men are +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page161">[pg 161]</span> +all fair, without blemish; there women conceive without sin.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">We see around us on every side, yet no man seeth us; the +cloud of the sin of Adam hides us from their observation.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“O lady, if thou wilt come to my strong people, the purest +of gold shall be on thy head—thy meat shall be swine's +flesh unsalted,<a id="noteref_126" name="noteref_126" href="#note_126"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">126</span></span></a> new milk and mead shall thou drink +with me there, O fair-haired woman.<span class="tei tei-corr" style="text-align: left"></span></span></div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I have given this remarkable lyric at length because, +though Christian and ascetic ideas are obviously +discernible in it, it represents on the whole the pagan +and mythical conception of the Land of Youth, the +country of the Dead. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Etain, however, is by no means ready to go away +with a stranger and to desert the High King for a man +<span class="tei tei-q">“without name or lineage.”</span> Midir tells her who he +is, and all her own history of which, in her present +incarnation, she knows nothing; and he adds that it +was one thousand and twelve years from Etain's birth +in the Land of Youth till she was born a mortal child +to the wife of Etar. Ultimately Etain agrees to return +with Midir to her ancient home, but only on condition +that the king will agree to their severance, and with +this Midir has to be content for the time. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">A Game of Chess</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Shortly afterwards he appears to King Eochy, as +already related,<a id="noteref_127" name="noteref_127" href="#note_127"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">127</span></span></a> on the Hill of Tara. He tells the +king that he has come to play a game of chess with +him, and produces a chessboard of silver with pieces of +gold studded with jewels. To be a skilful chess-player +was a necessary accomplishment of kings and nobles in +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page162">[pg 162]</span> +Ireland, and Eochy enters into the game with zest. +Midir allows him to win game after game, and in payment +for his losses he performs by magic all kinds of +tasks for Eochy, reclaiming land, clearing forests, and +building causeways across bogs—here we have a touch +of the popular conception of the Danaans as earth +deities associated with agriculture and fertility. At +last, having excited Eochy's cupidity and made him +believe himself the better player, he proposes a final +game, the stakes to be at the pleasure of the victor +after the game is over. Eochy is now defeated. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“My stake is forfeit to thee,”</span> said Eochy. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Had I wished it, it had been forfeit long ago,”</span> +said Midir. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“What is it that thou desirest me to grant?”</span> said +Eochy. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“That I may hold Etain in my arms and obtain a +kiss from her,”</span> said Midir. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The king was silent for a while; then he said: <span class="tei tei-q">“One +month from to-day thou shalt come, and the thing thou +desirest shall be granted thee.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Midir and Etain</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Eochy's mind foreboded evil, and when the appointed +day came he caused the palace of Tara to be surrounded +by a great host of armed men to keep Midir +out. All was in vain, however; as the king sat at the +feast, while Etain handed round the wine, Midir, more +glorious than ever, suddenly stood in their midst. +Holding his spears in his left hand, he threw his right +around Etain, and the couple rose lightly in the air +and disappeared through a roof-window in the palace. +Angry and bewildered, the king and his warriors rushed +out of doors, but all they could see was two white +swans that circled in the air above the palace, and then +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page163">[pg 163]</span> +departed in long, steady flight towards the fairy mountain +of Slievenamon. And thus Queen Etain rejoined +her kindred. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">War with Fairyland</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Eochy, however, would not accept defeat, and now +ensues what I think is the earliest recorded war with +Fairyland since the first dispossession of the Danaans. +After searching Ireland for his wife in vain, he summoned +to his aid the Druid Dalan. Dalan tried for a +year by every means in his power to find out where she +was. At last he made what seems to have been an +operation of wizardry of special strength—<span class="tei tei-q">“he made +three wands of yew, and upon the wands he wrote an +ogham; and by the keys of wisdom that he had, and +by the ogham, it was revealed to him that Etain was in +the fairy mound of Bri-Leith, and that Midir had borne +her thither.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Eochy then assembled his forces to storm and +destroy the fairy mound in which was the palace of +Midir. It is said that he was nine years digging up +one mound after another, while Midir and his folk +repaired the devastation as fast as it was made. At +last Midir, driven to the last stronghold, attempted a +stratagem—he offered to give up Etain, and sent her +with fifty handmaids to the king, but made them all so +much alike that Eochy could not distinguish the true +Etain from her images. She herself, it is said, gave +him a sign by which to know her. The motive of the +tale, including the choice of the mortal rather than the +god, reminds one of the beautiful Hindu legend of +Damayanti and Nala. Eochy regained his queen, who +lived with him till his death, ten years afterwards, and +bore him one daughter, who was named Etain, like +herself. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page164">[pg 164]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Tale of Conary Mōr</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +From this Etain ultimately sprang the great king +Conary Mōr, who shines in Irish legend as the supreme +type of royal splendour, power, and beneficence, and +whose overthrow and death were compassed by the +Danaans in vengeance for the devastation of their sacred +dwellings by Eochy. The tale in which the death of +Conary is related is one of the most antique and +barbaric in conception of all Irish legends, but it has +a magnificence of imagination which no other can rival. +To this great story the tale of Etain and Midir may be +regarded as what the Irish called a <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">priomscel</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“introductory +tale,”</span> showing the more remote origin of the +events related. The genealogy of Conary Mōr will +help the reader to understand the connexion of events. +</p> + + +<pre class="pre tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + Eochy=Etain. + | + Cormac, King=Etain Oig (Etain the younger). + of Ulster. | + | +Eterskel, King=Messbuachalla (the cowherd's fosterling). +of Erin. | + | + Conary Mōr. +</pre> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Law of the Geis</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The tale of Conary introduces us for the first time +to the law or institution of the <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geis</span></span>, which plays henceforward +a very important part in Irish legend, the +violation or observance of a <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geis</span></span> being frequently the +turning-point in a tragic narrative. We must therefore +delay a moment to explain to the reader exactly +what this peculiar institution was. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Dineen's <span class="tei tei-q">“Irish Dictionary”</span> explains the word <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geis</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page165">[pg 165]</span> +(pronounced <span class="tei tei-q">“gaysh”</span>—plural, <span class="tei tei-q">“gaysha”</span>) as meaning +<span class="tei tei-q">“a bond, a spell, a prohibition, a taboo, a magical +injunction, the violation of which led to misfortune and +death.”</span><a id="noteref_128" name="noteref_128" href="#note_128"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">128</span></span></a> Every Irish chieftain or personage of note +had certain <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geise</span></span> peculiar to himself which he must not +transgress. These <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geise</span></span> had sometimes reference to a +code of chivalry—thus Dermot of the Love-spot, when +appealed to by Grania to take her away from Finn, is +under <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geise</span></span> not to refuse protection to a woman. Or they +may be merely superstitious or fantastic—thus Conary, +as one of his <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geise</span></span>, is forbidden to follow three red horsemen +on a road, nor must he kill birds (this is because, as +we shall see, his totem was a bird). It is a <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geis</span></span> to the +Ulster champion, Fergus mac Roy, that he must not +refuse an invitation to a feast; on this turns the Tragedy +of the Sons of Usnach. It is not at all clear who imposed +these <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geise</span></span> or how any one found out what his personal +<span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geise</span></span> were—all that was doubtless an affair of the +Druids. But they were regarded as sacred obligations, +and the worst misfortunes were to be apprehended from +breaking them. Originally, no doubt, they were regarded +as a means of keeping oneself in proper relations +with the other world—the world of Faëry—and were +akin to the well-known Polynesian practice of the +<span class="tei tei-q">“tabu.”</span> I prefer, however, to retain the Irish word +as the only fitting one for the Irish practice. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Cowherd's Fosterling</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We now return to follow the fortunes of Etain's +great-grandson, Conary. Her daughter, Etain Oig, as +we have seen from the genealogical table, married +Cormac, King of Ulster. She bore her husband no +children save one daughter only. Embittered by her +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page166">[pg 166]</span> +barrenness and his want of an heir, the king put away +Etain, and ordered her infant to be abandoned and +thrown into a pit. <span class="tei tei-q">“Then his two thralls take her to a +pit, and she smiles a laughing smile at them as they were +putting her into it.”</span><a id="noteref_129" name="noteref_129" href="#note_129"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">129</span></span></a> After that they cannot leave her +to die, and they carry her to a cowherd of Eterskel, +King of Tara, by whom she is fostered and taught <span class="tei tei-q">“till +she became a good embroidress and there was not in +Ireland a king's daughter dearer than she.”</span> Hence the +name she bore, Messbuachalla (<span class="tei tei-q">“Messboo´hala”</span>), which +means <span class="tei tei-q">“the cowherd's foster-child.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +For fear of her being discovered, the cowherds keep +the maiden in a house of wickerwork having only a +roof-opening. But one of King Eterskel's folk has the +curiosity to climb up and look in, and sees there the +fairest maiden in Ireland. He bears word to the king, +who orders an opening to be made in the wall and the +maiden fetched forth, for the king was childless, and +it had been prophesied to him by his Druid that a +woman of unknown race would bear him a son. Then +said the king: <span class="tei tei-q">“This is the woman that has been +prophesied to me.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Parentage and Birth of Conary</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Before her release, however, she is visited by a +denizen from the Land of Youth. A great bird comes +down through her roof-window. On the floor of the +hut his bird-plumage falls from him and reveals a +glorious youth. Like Danaë, like Leda, like Ethlinn +daughter of Balor, she gives her love to the god. Ere +they part he tells her that she will be taken to the +king, but that she will bear to her Danaan lover a son +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page167">[pg 167]</span> +whose name shall be Conary, and that it shall be +forbidden to him to go a-hunting after birds. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +So Conary was born, and grew up into a wise and +noble youth, and he was fostered with a lord named +Desa, whose three great-grandsons grew up with him +from childhood. Their names were Ferlee and Fergar +and Ferrogan; and Conary, it is said, loved them well +and taught them his wisdom. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Conary the High King</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Then King Eterskel died, and a successor had to be +appointed. In Ireland the eldest son did not succeed +to the throne or chieftaincy as a matter of right, but +the ablest and best of the family at the time was +supposed to be selected by the clan. In this tale we +have a curious account of this selection by means of +divination. A <span class="tei tei-q">“bull-feast”</span> was held—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, a bull was +slain, and the diviner would <span class="tei tei-q">“eat his fill and drink its +broth”</span>; then he went to bed, where a truth-compelling +spell was chanted over him. Whoever he saw in his +dream would be king. So at Ægira, in Achæa, as Whitley +Stokes points out, the priestess of Earth drank the fresh +blood of a bull before descending into the cave to prophesy. +The dreamer cried in his sleep that he saw a +naked man going towards Tara with a stone in his sling. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The bull-feast was held at Tara, but Conary was +then with his three foster-brothers playing a game on +the Plains of Liffey. They separated, Conary going +towards Dublin, where he saw before him a flock of +great birds, wonderful in colour and beauty. He drove +after them in his chariot, but the birds would go a +spear-cast in front and light, and fly on again, never +letting him come up with them till they reached the +sea-shore. Then he lighted down from his chariot and +took out his sling to cast at them, whereupon they +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page168">[pg 168]</span> +changed into armed men and turned on him with +spears and swords. One of them, however, protected +him, and said: <span class="tei tei-q">“I am Nemglan, king of thy father's +birds; and thou hast been forbidden to cast at birds, +for here there is no one but is thy kin.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Till to-day,”</span> +said Conary, <span class="tei tei-q">“I knew not this.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Go to Tara to-night,”</span> said Nemglan; <span class="tei tei-q">“the bull-feast +is there, and through it thou shalt be made king. +A man stark naked, who shall go at the end of the +night along one of the roads to Tara, having a stone +and a sling—'tis he that shall be king.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +So Conary stripped off his raiment and went naked +through the night to Tara, where all the roads were +being watched by chiefs having changes of royal raiment +with them to clothe the man who should come according +to the prophecy. When Conary meets them they +clothe him and bring him in, and he is proclaimed +King of Erin. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Conary's Geise</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A long list of his <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geise</span></span> is here given, which are said +to have been declared to him by Nemglan. <span class="tei tei-q">“The +bird-reign shall be noble,”</span> said he, <span class="tei tei-q">“and these shall be +thy <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geise</span></span></span>: +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Thou shalt not go right-handwise round Tara, nor left-handwise +round Bregia</span>,<a id="noteref_130" name="noteref_130" href="#note_130"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">130</span></span></a></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Thou shalt not hunt the evil-beasts of Cerna,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Thou shalt not go out every ninth night beyond Tara.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Thou shalt not sleep in a house from which firelight shows +after sunset, or in which light can be seen from +without.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">No three Reds shall go before thee to the house of Red.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">No rapine shall be wrought in thy reign.</div> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page169">[pg 169]</span> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">After sunset, no one woman alone or man alone shall enter +the house in which thou art.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">Thou shalt not interfere in a quarrel between two of thy +thralls.”</span></div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Conary then entered upon his reign, which was +marked by the fair seasons and bounteous harvests +always associated in the Irish mind with the reign +of a good king. Foreign ships came to the ports. +Oak-mast for the swine was up to the knees every +autumn; the rivers swarmed with fish. <span class="tei tei-q">“No one slew +another in Erin during his reign, and to every one in +Erin his fellow's voice seemed as sweet as the strings of +lutes. From mid-spring to mid-autumn no wind disturbed +a cow's tail.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Beginning of the Vengeance</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Disturbance, however, came from another source. +Conary had put down all raiding and rapine, and his +three foster-brothers, who were born reavers, took it ill. +They pursued their evil ways in pride and wilfulness, and +were at last captured red-handed. Conary would not +condemn them to death, as the people begged him to do, +but spared them for the sake of his kinship in fosterage. +They were, however, banished from Erin and bidden +to go raiding overseas, if raid they must. On the seas +they met another exiled chief, Ingcel the One-Eyed, son +of the King of Britain, and joining forces with him they +attacked the fortress in which Ingcel's father, mother, and +brothers were guests at the time, and all were destroyed +in a single night. It was then the turn of Ingcel to ask +their help in raiding the land of Erin, and gathering a +host of other outlawed men, including the seven Manés, +sons of Ailell and Maev of Connacht, besides Ferlee, +Fergar, and Ferrogan, they made a descent upon Ireland, +taking land on the Dublin coast near Howth. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page170">[pg 170]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Meantime Conary had been lured by the machinations +of the Danaans into breaking one after another of +his <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geise</span></span>. He settles a quarrel between two of his serfs +in Munster, and travelling back to Tara they see the +country around it lit with the glare of fires and wrapped +in clouds of smoke. A host from the North, they +think, must be raiding the country, and to escape it +Conary's company have to turn right-handwise round +Tara and then left-handwise round the Plain of Bregia. +But the smoke and flames were an illusion made by the +Fairy Folk, who are now drawing the toils closer round +the doomed king. On his way past Bregia he chases +<span class="tei tei-q">“the evil beasts of Cerna”</span>—whatever they were—<span class="tei tei-q">“but +he saw it not till the chase was ended.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Da Derga's Hostel and the Three Reds</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Conary had now to find a resting-place for the night, +and he recollects that he is not far from the Hostel of +the Leinster lord, Da Derga, which gives its name to +this bardic tale.<a id="noteref_131" name="noteref_131" href="#note_131"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">131</span></span></a> Conary had been generous to him +when Da Derga came visiting to Tara, and he determined +to seek his hospitality for the night. Da Derga dwelt +in a vast hall with seven doors near to the present town +of Dublin, probably at Donnybrook, on the high-road to +the south. As the cavalcade are journeying thither an +ominous incident occurs—Conary marks in front of them +on the road three horsemen clad all in red and riding +on red horses. He remembers his <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geis</span></span> about the <span class="tei tei-q">“three +Reds,”</span> and sends a messenger forward to bid them fall +behind. But however the messenger lashes his horse +he fails to get nearer than the length of a spear-cast +to the three Red Riders. He shouts to them to turn +back and follow the king, but one of them, looking over +his shoulder, bids him ironically look out for <span class="tei tei-q">“great +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page171">[pg 171]</span> +news from a Hostel.”</span> Again and again the messenger +is sent to them with promises of great reward if they +will fall behind instead of preceding Conary. At last +one of them chants a mystic and terrible strain. <span class="tei tei-q">“Lo, +my son, great the news. Weary are the steeds we ride +—the steeds from the fairy mounds. Though we are +living, we are dead. Great are the signs: destruction +of life; sating of ravens; feeding of crows; strife of +slaughter; wetting of sword-edge; shields with broken +bosses after sundown. Lo, my son!”</span> Then they ride +forward, and, alighting from their red steeds, fasten them +at the portal of Da Derga's Hostel and sit down inside. +<span class="tei tei-q">“Derga,”</span> it may be explained, means <span class="tei tei-q">“red.”</span> Conary +had therefore been preceded by three red horsemen to +the House of Red. <span class="tei tei-q">“All my <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geise</span></span>,”</span> he remarks forebodingly, +<span class="tei tei-q">“have seized me to-night.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Gathering of the Hosts</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +From this point the story of Conary Mōr takes on +a character of supernatural vastness and mystery, the +imagination of the bardic narrator dilating, as it were, +with the approach of the crisis. Night has fallen, and +the pirate host of Ingcel is encamped on the shores of +Dublin Bay. They hear the noise of the royal cavalcade, +and a long-sighted messenger is sent out to discover what +it is. He brings back word of the glittering and multitudinous +host which has followed Conary to the Hostel. +A crashing noise is heard—Ingcel asks of Ferrogan +what it may be—it is the giant warrior mac Cecht striking +flint on steel to kindle fire for the king's feast. <span class="tei tei-q">“God +send that Conary be not there to-night,”</span> cry the sons of +Desa; <span class="tei tei-q">“woe that he should be under the hurt of his +foes.”</span> But Ingcel reminds them of their compact—he +had given them the plundering of his own father +and brethren; they cannot refuse to stand by him in the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page172">[pg 172]</span> +attack he meditates on Conary in the Hostel. A glare +of the fire lit by mac Cecht is now perceived by the +pirate host, shining through the wheels of the chariots +which are drawn up around the open doors of the Hostel. +Another of the <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geise</span></span> of Conary has been broken. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Ingcel and his host now proceed to build a great cairn +of stones, each man contributing one stone, so that there +may be a memorial of the fight, and also a record of +the number slain when each survivor removes his stone +again. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Morrigan</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The scene now shifts to the Hostel, where the king's +party has arrived and is preparing for the night. A +solitary woman comes to the door and seeks admission. +<span class="tei tei-q">“As long as a weaver's beam were each of her two shins, +and they were as dark as the back of a stag-beetle. A +greyish, woolly mantle she wore. Her hair reached to +her knee. Her mouth was twisted to one side of her +head.”</span> It was the Morrigan, the Danaan goddess of +Death and Destruction. She leant against the doorpost +of the house and looked evilly on the king and his +company. <span class="tei tei-q">“Well, O woman,”</span> said Conary, <span class="tei tei-q">“if thou +art a witch, what seest thou for us?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Truly I see +for thee,”</span> she answered, <span class="tei tei-q">“that neither fell nor flesh of +thine shall escape from the place into which thou hast +come, save what birds will bear away in their claws.”</span> +She asks admission. Conary declares that his <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geis</span></span> +forbids him to receive a solitary man or woman after +sunset. <span class="tei tei-q">“If in sooth,”</span> she says, <span class="tei tei-q">“it has befallen the +king not to have room in his house for the meal and +bed of a solitary woman, they will be gotten apart +from him from some one possessing generosity.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Let +her in, then,”</span> says Conary, <span class="tei tei-q">“though it is a <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geis</span></span> of +mine.”</span> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page173">[pg 173]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Conary and his Retinue</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A lengthy and brilliant passage now follows describing +how Ingcel goes to spy out the state of affairs in +the Hostel. Peeping through the chariot-wheels, he +takes note of all he sees, and describes to the sons of +Desa the appearance and equipment of each prince and +mighty man in Conary's retinue, while Ferrogan and +his brother declare who he is and what destruction he +will work in the coming fight. There is Cormac, son +of Conor, King of Ulster, the fair and good; there are +three huge, black and black-robed warriors of the +Picts; there is Conary's steward, with bristling hair, +who settles every dispute—a needle would be heard +falling when he raises his voice to speak, and he bears +a staff of office the size of a mill-shaft; there is the +warrior mac Cecht, who lies supine with his knees +drawn up—they resemble two bare hills, his eyes are +like lakes, his nose a mountain-peak, his sword shines +like a river in the sun. Conary's three sons are there, +golden-haired, silk-robed, beloved of all the household, +with <span class="tei tei-q">“manners of ripe maidens, and hearts of brothers, +and valour of bears.”</span> When Ferrogan hears of them +he weeps and cannot proceed till hours of the night +have passed. Three Fomorian hostages of horrible +aspect are there also; and Conall of the Victories with +his blood-red shield; and Duftach of Ulster with +his magic spear, which, when there is a premonition +of battle, must be kept in a brew of soporific +herbs, or it will flame on its haft and fly forth raging +for massacre; and three giants from the Isle of Man +with horses' manes reaching to their heels. A strange +and unearthly touch is introduced by a description of +three naked and bleeding forms hanging by ropes from +the roof—they are the daughters of the Bav, another +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page174">[pg 174]</span> +name for the Morrigan, or war-goddess, <span class="tei tei-q">“three of +awful boding,”</span> says the tale enigmatically, <span class="tei tei-q">“those are +the three that are slaughtered at every time.”</span> We +are probably to regard them as visionary beings, portending +war and death, visible only to Ingcel. The +hall with its separate chambers is full of warriors, cup-bearers, +musicians playing, and jugglers doing wonderful +feats; and Da Derga with his attendants dispensing +food and drink. Conary himself is described as a youth; +<span class="tei tei-q">“the ardour and energy of a king has he and the +counsel of a sage; the mantle I saw round him is even +as the mist of May-day—lovelier in each hue of it than +the other.”</span> His golden-hilted sword lies beside him—a +forearm's length of it has escaped from the +scabbard, shining like a beam of light. <span class="tei tei-q">“He is the +mildest and gentlest and most perfect king that has +come into the world, even Conary son of Eterskel ... +great is the tenderness of the sleepy, simple man till +he has chanced on a deed of valour. But if his fury +and his courage are awakened when the champions of +Erin and Alba are at him in the house, the Destruction +will not be wrought so long as he is therein ... sad +were the quenching of that reign.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Champions at the House</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Ingcel and the sons of Desa then march to the attack +and surround the Hostel: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Silence a while!”</span> says Conary, <span class="tei tei-q">“what is this?”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Champions at the house,”</span> says Conall of the Victories. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“There are warriors for them here,”</span> answers Conary. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“They will be needed to-night,”</span> Conall rejoins. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +One of Desa's sons rushes first into the Hostel. His +head is struck off and cast out of it again. Then the +great struggle begins. The Hostel is set on fire, but +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page175">[pg 175]</span> +the fire is quenched with wine or any liquids that are +in it. Conary and his people sally forth—hundreds +are slain, and the reavers, for the moment, are routed. +But Conary, who has done prodigies of fighting, is athirst +and can do no more till he gets water. The reavers by +advice of their wizards have cut off the river Dodder, +which flowed through the Hostel, and all the liquids in +the house had been spilt on the fires. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Death of Conary</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The king, who is perishing of thirst, asks mac Cecht +to procure him a drink, and mac Cecht turns to Conall +and asks him whether he will get the drink for the +king or stay to protect him while mac Cecht does it. +<span class="tei tei-q">“Leave the defence of the king to us,”</span> says Conall, +<span class="tei tei-q">“and go thou to seek the drink, for of thee it is +demanded.”</span> Mac Cecht then, taking Conary's golden +cup, rushes forth, bursting through the surrounding +host, and goes to seek for water. Then Conall, and +Cormac of Ulster, and the other champions, issue forth +in turn, slaying multitudes of the enemy; some return +wounded and weary to the little band in the Hostel, +while others cut their way through the ring of +foes. Conall, Sencha, and Duftach stand by Conary +till the end; but mac Cecht is long in returning, +Conary perishes of thirst, and the three heroes then +fight their way out and escape, <span class="tei tei-q">“wounded, broken, and +maimed.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Meantime mac Cecht has rushed over Ireland in +frantic search for the water. But the Fairy Folk, who +are here manifestly elemental powers controlling the +forces of nature, have sealed all the sources against him. +He tries the Well of Kesair in Wicklow in vain; he goes +to the great rivers, Shannon and Slayney, Bann and +Barrow—they all hide away at his approach; the lakes +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page176">[pg 176]</span> +deny him also; at last he finds a lake, Loch Gara in +Roscommon, which failed to hide itself in time, and +thereat he fills his cup. In the morning he returned +to the Hostel with the precious and hard-won draught, +but found the defenders all dead or fled, and two of +the reavers in the act of striking off the head of Conary. +Mac Cecht struck off the head of one of them, and +hurled a huge pillar stone after the other, who was +escaping with Conary's head. The reaver fell dead on +the spot, and mac Cecht, taking up his master's head, +poured the water into its mouth. Thereupon the head +spoke, and praised and thanked him for the deed. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Mac Cecht's Wound</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A woman then came by and saw mac Cecht lying +exhausted and wounded on the field. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Come hither, O woman,”</span> says mac Cecht. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“I dare not go there,”</span> says the woman, <span class="tei tei-q">“for horror +and fear of thee.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But he persuades her to come, and says: <span class="tei tei-q">“I know +not whether it is a fly or gnat or an ant that nips me +in the wound.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The woman looked and saw a hairy wolf buried as +far as the two shoulders in the wound. She seized it +by the tail and dragged it forth, and it took <span class="tei tei-q">“the full +of its jaws out of him.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Truly,”</span> says the woman, <span class="tei tei-q">“this is an ant of the +Ancient Land.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +And mac Cecht took it by the throat and smote it on +the forehead, so that it died. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-weight: 700">“</span><span style="font-weight: 700">Is thy Lord Alive?</span><span style="font-weight: 700">”</span></span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The tale ends in a truly heroic strain. Conall of the +Victories, as we have seen, had cut his way out after +the king's death, and made his way to Teltin, where he +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page177">[pg 177]</span> +found his father, Amorgin, in the garth before his +dūn. Conall's shield-arm had been wounded by thrice +fifty spears, and he reached Teltin now with half a +shield, and his sword, and the fragments of his two +spears. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Swift are the wolves that have hunted thee, my +son,”</span> said his father. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“'Tis this that has wounded us, old hero, an evil +conflict with warriors,”</span> Conall replied. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Is thy lord alive?”</span> asked Amorgin. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“He is <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">not</span></span> alive,”</span> says Conall. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“I swear to God what the great tribes of Ulster +swear: he is a coward who goes out of a fight alive +having left his lord with his foes in death.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“My wounds are not white, old hero,”</span> says Conall. +He showed him his shield-arm, whereon were thrice fifty +spear-wounds. The sword-arm, which the shield had not +guarded, was mangled and maimed and wounded and +pierced, save that the sinews kept it to the body without +separation. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“That arm fought to-night, my son,”</span> says Amorgin. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“True is that, old hero,”</span> says Conall of the +Victories. <span class="tei tei-q">“Many are they to whom it gave drinks of +death to-night in front of the Hostel.”</span> +</p> + + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> +So ends the story of Etain, and of the overthrow of +Fairyland and the fairy vengeance wrought on the +great-grandson of Eochy the High King. +</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page178">[pg 178]</span> + +<a name="toc17" id="toc17"></a> +<a name="pdf18" id="pdf18"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%"> +CHAPTER V: TALES OF THE +ULTONIAN CYCLE +</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Curse of Macha</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The centre of interest in Irish legend now shifts +from Tara to Ulster, and a multitude of heroic +tales gather round the Ulster king Conor +mac Nessa, round Cuchulain,<a id="noteref_132" name="noteref_132" href="#note_132"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">132</span></span></a> his great vassal, and the +Red Branch Order of chivalry, which had its seat in +Emain Macha. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The legend of the foundation of Emain Macha has +already been told.<a id="noteref_133" name="noteref_133" href="#note_133"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">133</span></span></a> But Macha, who was no mere +woman, but a supernatural being, appears again in connexion +with the history of Ulster in a very curious tale +which was supposed to account for the strange debility +or helplessness that at critical moments sometimes fell, +it was believed, upon the warriors of the province. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The legend tells that a wealthy Ulster farmer named +Crundchu, son of Agnoman, dwelling in a solitary place +among the hills, found one day in his dūn a young +woman of great beauty and in splendid array, whom he +had never seen before. Crundchu, we are told, was a +widower, his wife having died after bearing him four +sons. The strange woman, without a word, set herself +to do the houshold tasks, prepared dinner, milked the +cow, and took on herself all the duties of the mistress +of the household. At night she lay down at Crundchu's +side, and thereafter dwelt with him as his wife; +and they loved each other dearly. Her name was +Macha. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +One day Crundchu prepared himself to go to a great +fair or assembly of the Ultonians, where there would +be feasting and horse-racing, tournaments and music, and +merrymaking of all kinds. Macha begged her husband +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page179">[pg 179]</span> +not to go. He persisted. <span class="tei tei-q">“Then,”</span> she said, <span class="tei tei-q">“at least +do not speak of me in the assembly, for I may dwell +with you only so long as I am not spoken of.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It has been observed that we have here the earliest +appearance in post-classical European literature of the +well-known motive of the fairy bride who can stay with +her mortal lover only so long as certain conditions are +observed, such as that he shall not spy upon her, ill-treat +her, or ask of her origin. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Crundchu promised to obey the injunction, and went +to the festival. Here the two horses of the king +carried off prize after prize in the racing, and the people +cried: <span class="tei tei-q">“There is not in Ireland a swifter than the +King's pair of horses.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“I have a wife at home,”</span> said Crundchu, in a +moment of forgetfulness, <span class="tei tei-q">“who can run quicker than +these horses.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Seize that man,”</span> said the angry king, <span class="tei tei-q">“and hold +him till his wife be brought to the contest.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +So messengers went for Macha, and she was brought +before the assembly; and she was with child. The +king bade her prepare for the race. She pleaded her +condition. <span class="tei tei-q">“I am close upon my hour,”</span> she said. +<span class="tei tei-q">“Then hew her man in pieces,”</span> said the king to his +guards. Macha turned to the bystanders. <span class="tei tei-q">“Help +me,”</span> she cried, <span class="tei tei-q">“for a mother hath borne each of you! +Give me but a short delay till I am delivered.”</span> But +the king and all the crowd in their savage lust for +sport would hear of no delay. <span class="tei tei-q">“Then bring up the +horses,”</span> said Macha, <span class="tei tei-q">“and because you have no pity a +heavier infamy shall fall upon you.”</span> So she raced +against the horses, and outran them, but as she came +to the goal she gave a great cry, and her travail +seized her, and she gave birth to twin children. As +she uttered that cry, however, all the spectators felt +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page180">[pg 180]</span> +themselves seized with pangs like her own and had no +more strength than a woman in her travail. And Macha +prophesied: <span class="tei tei-q">“From this hour the shame you have +wrought on me will fall upon each man of Ulster. In +the hours of your greatest need ye shall be weak and +helpless as women in childbirth, and this shall endure +for five days and four nights—to the ninth generation +the curse shall be upon you.”</span> And so it came to pass; +and this is the cause of the Debility of the Ultonians +that was wont to afflict the warriors of the province. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Conor mac Nessa</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The chief occasion on which this Debility was manifested +was when Maev, Queen of Connacht, made the +famous Cattle-raid of Quelgny (<span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">Tain Bo Cuailgné</span></span>), +which forms the subject of the greatest tale in Irish +literature. We have now to relate the preliminary +history leading up to this epic tale and introducing its +chief characters. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Fachtna the Giant, King of Ulster, had to wife +Nessa, daughter of Echid Yellow-heel, and she bore him +a son named Conor. But when Fachtna died Fergus +son of Roy, his half-brother, succeeded him, Conor +being then but a youth. Now Fergus loved Nessa, +and would have wedded her, but she made conditions. +<span class="tei tei-q">“Let my son Conor reign one year,”</span> she said, <span class="tei tei-q">“so that +his posterity may be the descendants of a king, and I +consent.”</span> Fergus agreed, and young Conor took the +throne. But so wise and prosperous was his rule and +so sagacious his judgments that, at the year's end, the +people,as Nessa foresaw, would have him remain king; +and Fergus, who loved the feast and the chase better +than the toils of kingship, was content to have it so, +and remained at Conor's court for a time, great, +honoured, and happy, but king no longer. +</p> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page181">[pg 181]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Red Branch</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In his time was the glory of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Red Branch”</span> in +Ulster, who were the offspring of Ross the Red, King +of Ulster, with collateral relatives and allies, forming +ultimately a kind of warlike Order. Most of the Red +Branch heroes appear in the Ultonian Cycle of legend, +so that a statement of their names and relationships may +be usefully placed here before we proceed to speak of their +doings. It is noticeable that they have a partly supernatural +ancestry. Ross the Red, it is said, wedded +a Danaan woman, Maga, daughter of Angus Ōg.<a id="noteref_134" name="noteref_134" href="#note_134"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">134</span></span></a> As +a second wife he wedded a maiden named Roy. His +descendants are as follows: +</p> + + +<pre class="pre tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Maga === Ross the Red === Roy + | | + | +-----+ + | | + Fachtna === Nessa Fergus mac Roy + the Giant | + | + | + Conor mac + Nessa +</pre> + + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But Maga was also wedded to the Druid Cathbad, and +by him had three daughters, whose descendants played +a notable part in the Ultonian legendary cycle. +</p> + + +<pre class="pre tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + Cathbad === Maga + | + +--------------------+-----+-------------+ + | | | +Dectera[*] === Lugh Elva === Usna Finchoom === Amorgin + | | | + | +-----+-----+ | + | | | | | + Cuchulain Naisi Ainlé Ardan Conall of the + Victories + + [*]Dectera also had a mortal husband, Sualtam, who passed as + Cuchulain's father. +</pre> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page182">[pg 182]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Birth of Cuchulain</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It was during the reign of Conor mac Nessa that the +birth of the mightiest hero of the Celtic race, Cuchulain, +came about, and this was the manner of it. The maiden +Dectera, daughter of Cathbad, with fifty young girls, +her companions at the court of Conor, one day disappeared, +and for three years no searching availed to +discover their dwelling-place or their fate. At last one +summer day a flock of birds descended on the fields +about Emain Macha and began to destroy the crops +and fruit. The king, with Fergus and others of his +nobles, went out against them with slings, but the birds +flew only a little way off, luring the party on and on till +at last they found themselves near the Fairy Mound of +Angus on the river Boyne. Night fell, and the king +sent Fergus with a party to discover some habitation +where they might sleep. A hut was found, where they +betook themselves to rest, but one of them, exploring +further, came to a noble mansion by the river, and on +entering it was met by a young man of splendid appearance. +With the stranger was a lovely woman, his wife, +and fifty maidens, who saluted the Ulster warrior with +joy. And he recognised in them Dectera and her +maidens, whom they had missed for three years, and in +the glorious youth Lugh of the Long Arm, son of +Ethlinn. He went back with his tale to the king, who +immediately sent for Dectera to come to him. She, +alleging that she was ill, requested a delay; and so the +night passed; but in the morning there was found in +the hut among the Ulster warriors a new-born male +infant. It was Dectera's gift to Ulster, and for this +purpose she had lured them to the fairy palace by the +Boyne. The child was taken home by the warriors and +was given to Dectera's sister, Finchoom, who was then +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page183">[pg 183]</span> +nursing her own child, Conall, and the boy's name was +called Setanta. And the part of Ulster from Dundalk +southward to Usna in Meath, which is called the Plain +of Murthemney, was allotted for his inheritance, and in +later days his fortress and dwelling-place was in Dundalk. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is said that the Druid Morann prophesied over the +infant: <span class="tei tei-q">“His praise will be in the mouths of all men; +charioteers and warriors, kings and sages will recount +his deeds; he will win the love of many. This child +will avenge all your wrongs; he will give combat at +your fords, he will decide all your quarrels.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Hound of Cullan</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +When he was old enough the boy Setanta went to +the court of Conor to be brought up and instructed +along with the other sons of princes and chieftains. It +was now that the event occurred from which he got the +name of Cuchulain, by which he was hereafter to be +known. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +One afternoon King Conor and his nobles were going +to a feast to which they were bidden at the dūn of +a wealthy smith named Cullan, in Quelgny, where +they also meant to spend the night. Setanta was to +accompany them, but as the cavalcade set off he was in +the midst of a game of hurley with his companions and +bade the king go forward, saying he would follow later +when his play was done. The royal company arrived +at their destination as night began to fall. Cullan +received them hospitably, and in the great hall they +made merry over meat and wine while the lord of the +house barred the gates of his fortress and let loose +outside a huge and ferocious dog which every night +guarded the lonely mansion, and under whose protection, +it was said, Cullan feared nothing less than the onset of +an army. +</p> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page184">[pg 184]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But they had forgotten Setanta! In the middle of +the laughter and music of the feast a terrible sound +was heard which brought every man to his feet in an +instant. It was the tremendous baying of the hound +of Cullan, giving tongue as it saw a stranger approach. +Soon the noise changed to the howls of a fierce combat, +but, on rushing to the gates, they saw in the glare of +the lanterns a young boy and the hound lying dead +at his feet. When it flew at him he had seized it by +the throat and dashed its life out against the side-posts +of the gate. The warriors bore in the lad with rejoicing +and wonder, but soon the triumph ceased, for there +stood their host, silent and sorrowful over the body of +his faithful friend, who had died for the safety of his +house and would never guard it more. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Give me,”</span> then said the lad Setanta, <span class="tei tei-q">“a whelp of +that hound, O Cullan, and I will train him to be all to +you that his sire was. And until then give me shield +and spear and I will myself guard your house; never +hound guarded it better than I will.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +And all the company shouted applause at the generous +pledge, and on the spot, as a commemoration of his +first deed of valour, they named the lad Cuchulain,<a id="noteref_135" name="noteref_135" href="#note_135"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">135</span></span></a> +the Hound of Cullan, and by that name he was known +until he died. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Cuchulain Assumes Arms</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +When he was older, and near the time when he +might assume the weapons of manhood, it chanced one +day that he passed close by where Cathbad the Druid +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page185">[pg 185]</span> +was teaching to certain of his pupils the art of divination +and augury. One of them asked of Cathbad +for what kind of enterprise that same day might be +favourable; and Cathbad, having worked a spell of +divination, said: <span class="tei tei-q">“The youth who should take up +arms on this day would become of all men in Erin +most famous for great deeds, yet will his life be short +and fleeting.”</span> Cuchulain passed on as though he +marked it not, and he came before the king. <span class="tei tei-q">“What +wilt thou?”</span> asked Conor. <span class="tei tei-q">“To take the arms of +manhood,”</span> said Cuchulain. <span class="tei tei-q">“So be it,”</span> said the king, +and he gave the lad two great spears. But Cuchulain +shook them in his hand, and the staves splintered and +broke. And so he did with many others; and the +chariots in which they set him to drive he broke to +pieces with stamping of his foot, until at last the king's +own chariot of war and his two spears and sword were +brought to the lad, and these he could not break, do +what he would; so this equipment he retained. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">His Courtship of Emer</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The young Cuchulain was by this grown so fair and +noble a youth that every maid or matron on whom he +looked was bewitched by him, and the men of Ulster +bade him take a wife of his own. But none were +pleasing to him, till at last he saw the lovely maiden +Emer, daughter of Forgall, the lord of Lusca,<a id="noteref_136" name="noteref_136" href="#note_136"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">136</span></span></a> and he +resolved to woo her for his bride. So he bade harness +his chariot, and with Laeg, his friend and charioteer, +he journeyed to Dūn Forgall. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +As he drew near, the maiden was with her companions, +daughters of the vassals of Forgall, and she +was teaching them embroidery, for in that art she +excelled all women. She had <span class="tei tei-q">“the six gifts of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page186">[pg 186]</span> +womanhood—the gift of beauty, the gift of voice, +the gift of sweet speech, the gift of needlework, the +gift of wisdom, and the gift of chastity.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Hearing the thunder of horse-hoofs and the clangour +of the chariot from afar, she bade one of the maidens +go to the rampart of the Dūn and tell her what she +saw. <span class="tei tei-q">“A chariot is coming on,”</span> said the maiden, +<span class="tei tei-q">“drawn by two steeds with tossing heads, fierce and +powerful; one is grey, the other black. They breathe +fire from their jaws, and the clods of turf they throw +up behind them as they race are like a flock of birds +that follow in their track. In the chariot is a dark, sad +man, comeliest of the men of Erin. He is clad in a +crimson cloak, with a brooch of gold, and on his back +is a crimson shield with a silver rim wrought with +figures of beasts. With him as his charioteer is a tall, +slender, freckled man with curling red hair held by a +fillet of bronze, with plates of gold at either side of his +face. With a goad of red gold he urges the horses.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +When the chariot drew up Emer went to meet +Cuchulain and saluted him. But when he urged his +love upon her she told him of the might and the +wiliness of her father Forgall, and of the strength of +the champions that guarded her lest she should wed +against his will. And when he pressed her more she +said: <span class="tei tei-q">“I may not marry before my sister Fial, who is +older than I. She is with me here—she is excellent +in handiwork.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“It is not Fial whom I love,”</span> said +Cuchulain. Then as they were conversing he saw the +breast of the maiden over the bosom of her smock, +and said to her: <span class="tei tei-q">“Fair is this plain, the plain of the +noble yoke.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“None comes to this plain,”</span> said she, <span class="tei tei-q">“who +has not slain his hundreds, and thy deeds are still to do.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +So Cuchulain then left her, and drove back to Emain +Macha. +</p> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page187">[pg 187]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Cuchulain in the Land of Skatha</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Next day Cuchulain bethought himself how he could +prepare himself for war and for the deeds of heroism +which Emer had demanded of him. Now he had +heard of a mighty woman-warrior named Skatha, who +dwelt in the Land of Shadows,<a id="noteref_137" name="noteref_137" href="#note_137"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">137</span></span></a> and who could teach +to young heroes who came to her wonderful feats of +arms. So Cuchulain went overseas to find her, and +many dangers he had to meet, black forests and desert +plains to traverse, before he could get tidings of Skatha +and her land. At last he came to the Plain of Ill-luck, +where he could not cross without being mired in its +bottomless bogs or sticky clay, and while he was +debating what he should do he saw coming towards +him a young man with a face that shone like the sun,<a id="noteref_138" name="noteref_138" href="#note_138"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">138</span></span></a> +and whose very look put cheerfulness and hope into +his heart. The young man gave him a wheel and told +him to roll it before him on the plain, and to follow +it whithersoever it went. So Cuchulain set the wheel +rolling, and as it went it blazed with light that shot like +rays from its rim, and the heat of it made a firm path +across the quagmire, where Cuchulain followed safely. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +When he had passed the Plain of Ill-luck, and +escaped the beasts of the Perilous Glen, he came to the +Bridge of the Leaps, beyond which was the country of +Skatha. Here he found on the hither side many sons +of the princes of Ireland who were come to learn feats +of war from Skatha, and they were playing at hurley +on the green. And among them was his friend Ferdia, +son of the Firbolg, Daman; and they all asked him of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page188">[pg 188]</span> +the news from Ireland. When he had told them all +he asked Ferdia how he should pass to the dūn of +Skatha. Now the Bridge of Leaps was very narrow +and very high, and it crossed a gorge where far +below swung the tides of a boiling sea, in which +ravenous monsters could be seen swimming. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Not one of us has crossed that bridge,”</span> said +Ferdia, <span class="tei tei-q">“for there are two feats that Skatha teaches +last, and one is the leap across the bridge, and the +other the thrust of the Gae Bolg.<a id="noteref_139" name="noteref_139" href="#note_139"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">139</span></span></a> For if a man step +upon one end of that bridge, the middle straightway +rises up and flings him back, and if he leap upon it he +may chance to miss his footing and fall into the gulf, +where the sea-monsters are waiting for him.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But Cuchulain waited till evening, when he had +recovered his strength from his long journey, and then +essayed the crossing of the bridge. Three times he +ran towards it from a distance, gathering all his powers +together, and strove to leap upon the middle, but three +times it rose against him and flung him back, while his +companions jeered at him because he would not wait +for the help of Skatha. But at the fourth leap he lit +fairly on the centre of the bridge, and with one leap +more he was across it, and stood before the strong +fortress of Skatha; and she wondered at his courage +and vigour, and admitted him to be her pupil. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +For a year and a day Cuchulain abode with Skatha, +and all the feats she had to teach he learned easily, and +last of all she taught him the use of the Gae Bolg, and +gave him that dreadful weapon, which she had deemed +no champion before him good enough to have. And +the manner of using the Gae Bolg was that it was +thrown with the foot, and if it entered an enemy's +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page189">[pg 189]</span> +body it filled every limb and crevice of him with its +barbs. While Cuchulain dwelt with Skatha his friend +above all friends and his rival in skill and valour was +Ferdia, and ere they parted they vowed to love and +help one another as long as they should live. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Cuchulain and Aifa</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Now whilst Cuchulain was in the Land of the Shadows +it chanced that Skatha made war on the people of the +Princess Aifa, who was the fiercest and strongest of the +woman-warriors of the world, so that even Skatha +feared to meet her in arms. On going forth to the +war, therefore, Skatha mixed with Cuchulain's drink a +sleepy herb so that he should not wake for four-and-twenty +hours, by which time the host would be far on +its way, for she feared lest evil should come to him ere +he had got his full strength. But the potion that +would have served another man for a day and a night +only held Cuchulain for one hour; and when he waked +up he seized his arms and followed the host by its +chariot-tracks till he came up with them. Then it is +said that Skatha uttered a sigh, for she knew that he +would not be restrained from the war. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +When the armies met, Cuchulain and the two sons +of Skatha wrought great deeds on the foe, and slew six +of the mightiest of Aifa's warriors. Then Aifa sent +word to Skatha and challenged her to single combat. +But Cuchulain declared that he would meet the fair +Fury in place of Skatha, and he asked first of all what +were the things she most valued. <span class="tei tei-q">“What Aifa loves +most,”</span> said Skatha, <span class="tei tei-q">“are her two horses, her chariot +and her charioteer.”</span> Then the pair met in single +combat, and every champion's feat which they knew +they tried on each other in vain, till at last a blow of +Aifa's shattered the sword of Cuchulain to the hilt. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page190">[pg 190]</span> +At this Cuchulain cried out: <span class="tei tei-q">“Ah me! behold the +chariot and horses of Aifa, fallen into the glen!”</span> Aifa +glanced round, and Cuchulain, rushing in, seized her +round the waist and slung her over his shoulder and +bore her back to the camp of Skatha. There he flung +her on the ground and put his knife to her throat. +She begged for her life, and Cuchulain granted it on +condition that she made a lasting peace with Skatha, +and gave hostages for her fulfilment of the pledge. +To this she agreed, and Cuchulain and she became not +only friends but lovers. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Tragedy of Cuchulain and Connla</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Before Cuchulain left the Land of Shadows he gave +Aifa a golden ring, saying that if she should bear him +a son he was to be sent to seek his father in Erin so +soon as he should have grown so that his finger would +fit the ring. And Cuchulain said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Charge him under +<span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geise</span></span> that he shall not make himself known, that he +never turn out of the way for any man, nor ever +refuse a combat. And be his name called Connla.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In later years it is narrated that one day when King +Conor of Ulster and the lords of Ulster were at a +festal gathering on the Strand of the Footprints they +saw coming towards them across the sea a little boat of +bronze, and in it a young lad with gilded oars in his +hands. In the boat was a heap of stones, and ever and +anon the lad would put one of these stones into a sling +and cast it at a flying sea-bird in such fashion that it +would bring down the bird alive to his feet. And +many other wonderful feats of skill he did. Then +Conor said, as the boat drew nearer: <span class="tei tei-q">“If the grown +men of that lad's country came here they would surely +grind us to powder. Woe to the land into which that +boy shall come!”</span> +</p> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page191">[pg 191]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +When the boy came to land, a messenger, Condery, +was sent to bid him be off. <span class="tei tei-q">“I will not turn back for +thee,”</span> said the lad, and Condery repeated what he had +said to the king. Then Conall of the Victories was +sent against him, but the lad slung a great stone at him, +and the whizz and wind of it knocked him down, and +the lad sprang upon him, and bound his arms with the +strap of his shield. And so man after man was served; +some were bound, and some were slain, but the lad +defied the whole power of Ulster to turn him back, nor +would he tell his name or lineage. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Send for Cuchulain,”</span> then said King Conor. And +they sent a messenger to Dundalk, where Cuchulain +was with Emer his wife, and bade him come to do +battle against a stranger boy whom Conall of the +Victories could not overcome. Emer threw her arm +round Cuchulain's neck. <span class="tei tei-q">“Do not go,”</span> she entreated. +<span class="tei tei-q">“Surely this is the son of Aifa. Slay not thine only +son.”</span> But Cuchulain said: <span class="tei tei-q">“Forbear, woman! Were +it Connla himself I would slay him for the honour of +Ulster,”</span> and he bade yoke his chariot and went to the +Strand. Here he found the boy tossing up his weapons +and doing marvellous feats with them. <span class="tei tei-q">“Delightful +is thy play, boy,”</span> said Cuchulain; <span class="tei tei-q">“who art thou and +whence dost thou come?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“I may not reveal that,”</span> +said the lad. <span class="tei tei-q">“Then thou shalt die,”</span> said Cuchulain. +<span class="tei tei-q">“So be it,”</span> said the lad, and then they fought with +swords for a while, till the lad delicately shore off a +lock of Cuchulain's hair. <span class="tei tei-q">“Enough of trifling,”</span> said +Cuchulain, and they closed with each other, but the +lad planted himself on a rock and stood so firm that +Cuchulain could not move him, and in the stubborn +wrestling they had the lad's two feet sank deep into +the stone and made the footprints whence the Strand +of the Footprints has its name. At last they both fell +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page192">[pg 192]</span> +into the sea, and Cuchulain was near being drowned, till +he bethought himself of the Gae Bolg, and he drove +that weapon against the lad and it ripped up his belly. +<span class="tei tei-q">“That is what Skatha never taught me,”</span> cried the lad. +<span class="tei tei-q">“Woe is me, for I am hurt.”</span> Cuchulain looked at him +and saw the ring on his finger. <span class="tei tei-q">“It is true,”</span> he said; +and he took up the boy and bore him on shore and +laid him down before Conor and the lords of Ulster. +<span class="tei tei-q">“Here is my son for you, men of Ulster,”</span> he said. +And the boy said: <span class="tei tei-q">“It is true. And if I had five years +to grow among you, you would conquer the world on +every side of you and rule as far as Rome. But since +it is as it is, point out to me the famous warriors that +are here, that I may know them and take leave of them +before I die.”</span> Then one after another they were brought +to him, and he kissed them and took leave of his father, +and he died; and the men of Ulster made his grave and +set up his pillar-stone with great mourning. This was +the only son Cuchulain ever had, and this son he slew. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This tale, as I have given it here, dates from the ninth +century, and is found in the <span class="tei tei-q">“Yellow Book of Lecan.”</span> +There are many other Gaelic versions of it in poetry +and prose. It is one of the earliest extant appearances +in literature of the since well-known theme of the +slaying of a heroic son by his father. The Persian +rendering of it in the tale of Sohrab and Rustum has +been made familiar by Matthew Arnold's fine poem. +In the Irish version it will be noted that the father is +not without a suspicion of the identity of his antagonist, +but he does battle with him under the stimulus of that +passionate sense of loyalty to his prince and province +which was Cuchulain's most signal characteristic. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +To complete the story of Aifa and her son we have +anticipated events, and now turn back to take up the +thread again. +</p> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page193">[pg 193]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Cuchulain's First Foray</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +After a year and a day of training in warfare under +Skatha, Cuchulain returned to Erin, eager to test his +prowess and to win Emer for his wife. So he bade +harness his chariot and drove out to make a foray upon +the fords and marches of Connacht, for between Connacht +and Ulster there was always an angry surf of +fighting along the borders. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +And first he drove to the White Cairn, which is on +the highest of the Mountains of Mourne, and surveyed +the land of Ulster spread out smiling in the sunshine +far below and bade his charioteer tell him the name +of every hill and plain and dūn that he saw. Then +turning southwards he looked over the plains of Bregia, +and the charioteer pointed out to him Tara and Teltin, +and Brugh na Boyna and the great dūn of the sons of +Nechtan. <span class="tei tei-q">“Are they,”</span> asked Cuchulain, <span class="tei tei-q">“those sons +of Nechtan of whom it is said that more of the men of +Ulster have fallen by their hands than are yet living +on the earth?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“The same,”</span> said the charioteer. +<span class="tei tei-q">“Then let us drive thither,”</span> said Cuchulain. So, +much unwilling, the charioteer drove to the fortress of +the sons of Nechtan, and there on the green before it +they found a pillar-stone, and round it a collar of +bronze having on it writing in Ogham. This Cuchulain +read, and it declared that any man of age to bear arms +who should come to that green should hold it <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geis</span></span> for +him to depart without having challenged one of the +dwellers in the dūn to single combat. Then Cuchulain +flung his arms round the stone, and, swaying it backwards +and forwards, heaved it at last out of the earth +and flung it, collar and all, into the river that ran hard +by. <span class="tei tei-q">“Surely,”</span> said the charioteer, <span class="tei tei-q">“thou art seeking for +a violent death, and now thou wilt find it without delay.”</span> +</p> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page194">[pg 194]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Then Foill son of Nechtan came forth from the +dūn, and seeing Cuchulain, whom he deemed but a lad, +he was annoyed. But Cuchulain bade him fetch his +arms, <span class="tei tei-q">“for I slay not drivers nor messengers nor +unarmed men,”</span> and Foill went back into the dūn. +<span class="tei tei-q">“Thou canst not slay him,”</span> then said the charioteer, +<span class="tei tei-q">“for he is invulnerable by magic power to the point or +edge of any blade.”</span> But Cuchulain put in his sling a +ball of tempered iron, and when Foill appeared he +slung at him so that it struck his forehead, and went +clean through brain and skull; and Cuchulain took his +head and bound it to his chariot-rim. And other sons +of Nechtan, issuing forth, he fought with and slew by +sword or spear; and then he fired the dūn and left it +in a blaze and drove on exultant. And on the way he +saw a flock of wild swans, and sixteen of them he +brought down alive with his sling, and tied them to +the chariot; and seeing a herd of wild deer which his +horses could not overtake he lighted down and chased +them on foot till he caught two great stags, and with +thongs and ropes he made them fast to the chariot. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But at Emain Macha a scout of King Conor came +running in to give him news. <span class="tei tei-q">“Behold, a solitary +chariot is approaching swiftly over the plain; wild +white birds flutter round it and wild stags are tethered +to it; it is decked all round with the bleeding heads of +enemies.”</span> And Conor looked to see who was approaching, +and he saw that Cuchulain was in his battle-fury, +and would deal death around him whomsoever he met; +so he hastily gave order that a troop of the women of +Emania should go forth to meet him, and, having +stripped off their clothing, should stand naked in the +way. This they did, and when the lad saw them, +smitten with shame, he bowed his head upon the +chariot-rim. Then Conor's men instantly seized him +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page195">[pg 195]</span> +and plunged him into a vat of cold water which had +been made ready, but the water boiled around him and +the staves and hoops of the vat were burst asunder. +This they did again and yet again, and at last his fury +left him, and his natural form and aspect were restored. +Then they clad him in fresh raiment and bade him in +to the feast in the king's banqueting-hall. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Winning of Emer</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Next day he went to the dūn of Forgall the Wily, +father of Emer, and he leaped <span class="tei tei-q">“the hero's salmon leap,”</span> +that he had learned of Skatha, over the high ramparts +of the dūn. Then the mighty men of Forgall set on +him, and he dealt but three blows, and each blow slew +eight men, and Forgall himself fell lifeless in leaping +from the rampart of the dūn to escape Cuchulain. +So he carried off Emer and her foster-sister and two +loads of gold and silver. But outside the dūn the +sister of Forgall raised a host against him, and his +battle-fury came on him, and furious were the blows he +dealt, so that the ford of Glondath ran blood and the +turf on Crofot was trampled into bloody mire. A +hundred he slew at every ford from Olbiny to the +Boyne; and so was Emer won as she desired, and he +brought her to Emain Macha and made her his wife, +and they were not parted again until he died. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Cuchulain Champion of Erin</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A lord of Ulster named Briccriu of the Poisoned +Tongue once made a feast to which he bade King +Conor and all the heroes of the Red Branch, and +because it was always his delight to stir up strife among +men or women he set the heroes contending among +themselves as to who was the champion of the land of +Erin. At last it was agreed that the championship +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page196">[pg 196]</span> +must lie among three of them, namely, Cuchulain, +and Conall of the Victories and Laery the Triumphant. +To decide between these three a demon named The +Terrible was summoned from a lake in the depth of +which he dwelt. He proposed to the heroes a test of +courage. Any one of them, he said, might cut off his +head to-day provided that he, the claimant of the +championship, would lay down his own head for the +axe to-morrow. Conall and Laery shrank from the +test, but Cuchulain accepted it, and after reciting a +charm over his sword, he cut off the head of the demon, +who immediately rose, and taking the bleeding head in +one hand and his axe in the other, plunged into the lake. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Next day he reappeared, whole and sound, to claim +the fulfilment of the bargain. Cuchulain, quailing but +resolute, laid his head on the block. <span class="tei tei-q">“Stretch out +your neck, wretch,”</span> cried the demon; <span class="tei tei-q">“'tis too short +for me to strike at.”</span> Cuchulain does as he is bidden. +The demon swings his axe thrice over his victim, +brings down the butt with a crash on the block, and +then bids Cuchulain rise unhurt, Champion of Ireland +and her boldest man. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Deirdre and the Sons of Usna</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We have now to turn to a story in which Cuchulain +takes no part. It is the chief of the preliminary tales +to the Cattle-spoil of Quelgny. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There was among the lords of Ulster, it is said, +one named Felim son of Dall, who on a certain day +made a great feast for the king. And the king came +with his Druid Cathbad, and Fergus mac Roy, and +many heroes of the Red Branch, and while they were +making merry over the roasted flesh and wheaten cakes +and Greek wine a messenger from the women's apartments +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page197">[pg 197]</span> +came to tell Felim that his wife had just borne +him a daughter. So all the lords and warriors drank +health to the new-born infant, and the king bade Cathbade +perform divination in the manner of the Druids +and foretell what the future would have in store for +Felim's babe. Cathbad gazed upon the stars and drew +the horoscope of the child, and he was much troubled; +and at length he said: <span class="tei tei-q">“The infant shall be fairest +among the women of Erin, and shall wed a king, but +because of her shall death and ruin come upon the +Province of Ulster.”</span> Then the warriors would have +put her to death upon the spot, but Conor forbade +them. <span class="tei tei-q">“I will avert the doom,”</span> he said, <span class="tei tei-q">“for she +shall wed no foreign king, but she shall be my own +mate when she is of age.”</span> So he took away the child, +and committed it to his nurse Levarcam, and the name +they gave it was Deirdre. And Conor charged Levarcam +that the child should be brought up in a strong +dūn in the solitude of a great wood, and that no young +man should see her or she him until she was of +marriageable age for the king to wed. And there she +dwelt, seeing none but her nurse and Cathbad, and +sometimes the king, now growing an aged man, who +would visit the dūn from time to time to see that all +was well with the folk there, and that his commands +were observed. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +One day, when the time for the marriage of Deirdre +and Conor was drawing near, Deirdre and Levarcam +looked over the rampart of their dūn. It was winter, +a heavy snow had fallen in the night, and in the still, +frosty air the trees stood up as if wrought in silver, +and the green before the dūn was a sheet of unbroken +white, save that in one place a scullion had killed a calf +for their dinner, and the blood of the calf lay on the +snow. And as Deirdre looked, a raven lit down from +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page198">[pg 198]</span> +a tree hard by and began to sip the blood. <span class="tei tei-q">“O nurse,”</span> +cried Deirdre suddenly, <span class="tei tei-q">“such, and not like Conor, +would be the man that I would love—his hair like the +raven's wing, and in his cheek the hue of blood, and +his skin as white as snow.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou hast pictured a +man of Conor's household,”</span> said the nurse. <span class="tei tei-q">“Who is +he?”</span> asked Deirdre. <span class="tei tei-q">“He is Naisi, son of Usna,<a id="noteref_140" name="noteref_140" href="#note_140"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">140</span></span></a> a +champion of the Red Branch,”</span> said the nurse. Thereupon +Deirdre entreated Levarcam to bring her to speak +with Naisi; and because the old woman loved the girl +and would not have her wedded to the aged king, she +at last agreed. Deirdre implored Naisi to save her +from Conor, but he would not, till at last her entreaties +and her beauty won him, and he vowed to be hers. +Then secretly one night he came with his two brethren, +Ardan and Ainlé, and bore away Deirdre with Levarcam, +and they escaped the king's pursuit and took ship for +Scotland, where Naisi took service with the King of +the Picts. Yet here they could not rest, for the king +got sight of Deirdre, and would have taken her from +Naisi, but Naisi with his brothers escaped, and in the +solitude of Glen Etive they made their dwelling by the +lake, and there lived in the wild wood by hunting +and fishing, seeing no man but themselves and their +servants. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +And the years went by and Conor made no sign, +but he did not forget, and his spies told him of all that +befell Naisi and Deirdre. At last, judging that Naisi +and his brothers would have tired of solitude, he sent +the bosom friend of Naisi, Fergus son of Roy, to bid +them return, and to promise them that all would be +forgiven. Fergus went joyfully, and joyfully did Naisi +and his brothers hear the message, but Deirdre foresaw +evil, and would fain have sent Fergus home alone. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page199">[pg 199]</span> +But Naisi blamed her for her doubt and suspicion, and +bade her mark that they were under the protection of +Fergus, whose safeguard no king in Ireland would +dare to violate; and they at last made ready to go. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +On landing in Ireland they were met by Baruch, a +lord of the Red Branch, who had his dūn close by, +and he bade Fergus to a feast he had prepared for him +that night. <span class="tei tei-q">“I may not stay,”</span> said Fergus, <span class="tei tei-q">“for I +must first convey Deirdre and the sons of Usna safely +to Emain Macha.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Nevertheless,”</span> said Baruch, +<span class="tei tei-q">“thou must stay with me to-night, for it is a <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geis</span></span> for +thee to refuse a feast.”</span> Deirdre implored him not +to leave them, but Fergus was tempted by the feast, +and feared to break his <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geis</span></span>, and he bade his two sons +Illan the Fair and Buino the Red take charge of the +party in his place, and he himself abode with Baruch. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +And so the party came to Emain Macha, and they +were lodged in the House of the Red Branch, but +Conor did not receive them. After the evening meal, +as he sat, drinking heavily and silently, he sent a +messenger to bid Levarcam come before him. <span class="tei tei-q">“How +is it with the sons of Usna?”</span> he said to her. <span class="tei tei-q">“It is +well,”</span> she said. <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou hast got the three most valorous +champions in Ulster in thy court. Truly the king who +has those three need fear no enemy.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Is it well with +Deirdre?”</span> he asked. <span class="tei tei-q">“She is well,”</span> said the nurse, +<span class="tei tei-q">“but she has lived many years in the wildwood, and +toil and care have changed her—little of her beauty of +old now remains to her, O King.”</span> Then the king +dismissed her, and sat drinking again. But after a +while he called to him a servant named Trendorn, and +bade him go to the Red Branch House and mark who +was there and what they did. But when Trendorn +came the place was bolted and barred for the night, +and he could not get an entrance, and at last he +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page200">[pg 200]</span> +mounted on a ladder and looked in at a high window. +And there he saw the brothers of Naisi and the sons of +Fergus, as they talked or cleaned their arms, or made +them ready for slumber, and there sat Naisi with a +chess-board before him, and playing chess with him +was the fairest of women that he had ever seen. But +as he looked in wonder at the noble pair, suddenly one +caught sight of him and rose with a cry, pointing to +the face at the window. And Naisi looked up and +saw it, and seizing a chessman from the board he +hurled it at the face of the spy, and it struck out his +eye. Then Trendorn hastily descended, and went back +with his bloody face to the king. <span class="tei tei-q">“I have seen them,”</span> +he cried, <span class="tei tei-q">“I have seen the fairest woman of the world, +and but that Naisi had struck my eye out I had been +looking on her still.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Then Conor arose and called for his guards and bade +them bring the sons of Usna before him for maiming +his messenger. And the guards went; but first Buino, +son of Fergus, with his retinue, met them, and at the +sword's point drove them back; but Naisi and Deirdre +continued quietly to play chess, <span class="tei tei-q">“For,”</span> said Naisi, <span class="tei tei-q">“it +is not seemly that we should seek to defend ourselves +while we are under the protection of the sons of Fergus.”</span> +But Conor went to Buino, and with a great gift of lands +he bought him over to desert his charge. Then Illan +took up the defence of the Red Branch Hostel, but the +two sons of Conor slew him. And then at last Naisi +and his brothers seized their weapons and rushed amid +the foe, and many were they who fell before the onset. +Then Conor entreated Cathbad the Druid to cast spells +upon them lest they should get away and become the +enemies of the province, and he vowed to do them no +hurt if they were taken alive. So Cathbad conjured +up, as it were, a lake of slime that seemed to be about +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page201">[pg 201]</span> +the feet of the sons of Usna, and they could not tear +their feet from it, and Naisi caught up Deirdre and put +her on his shoulder, for they seemed to be sinking in +the slime. Then the guards and servants of Conor +seized and bound them and brought them before the +king. And the king called upon man after man to +come forward and slay the sons of Usna, but none +would obey him, till at last Owen son of Duracht and +Prince of Ferney came and took the sword of Naisi, +and with one sweep he shore off the heads of all three, +and so they died. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Then Conor took Deirdre perforce, and for a year +she abode with him in the palace in Emain Macha, but +during all that time she never smiled. At length +Conor said: <span class="tei tei-q">“What is it that you hate most of all on +earth, Deirdre?”</span> And she said: <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou thyself and +Owen son of Duracht,”</span> and Owen was standing by. +<span class="tei tei-q">“Then thou shalt go to Owen for a year,”</span> said Conor. +But when Deirdre mounted the chariot behind Owen +she kept her eyes on the ground, for she would not +look on those who thus tormented her; and Conor +said, taunting her: <span class="tei tei-q">“Deirdre, the glance of thee between +me and Owen is the glance of a ewe between two +rams.”</span> Then Deirdre started up, and, flinging herself +head foremost from the chariot, she dashed her head +against a rock and fell dead. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +And when they buried her it is said there grew from +her grave and from Naisi's two yew-trees, whose tops, +when they were full-grown, met each other over the +roof of the great church of Armagh, and intertwined +together, and none could part them. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Rebellion of Fergus</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +When Fergus mac Roy came home to Emain Macha +after the feast to which Baruch bade him and found +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page202">[pg 202]</span> +the sons of Usna slain and one of his own sons dead +and the other a traitor, he broke out against Conor in +a storm of wrath and cursing, and vowed to be avenged +on him with fire and sword. And he went off +straightway to Connacht to take service of arms with +Ailell and Maev, who were king and queen of that country. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Queen Maev</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But though Ailell was king, Maev was the ruler in +truth, and ordered all things as she wished, and took +what husbands she wished, and dismissed them at +pleasure; for she was as fierce and strong as a goddess +of war, and knew no law but her own wild will. She +was tall, it is said, with a long, pale face and masses of +hair yellow as ripe corn. When Fergus came to her +in her palace at Rathcroghan in Roscommon she gave +him her love, as she had given it to many before, and +they plotted together how to attack and devastate the +Province of Ulster. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Brown Bull of Quelgny</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Now it happened that Maev possessed a famous red +bull with white front and horns named Finnbenach, +and one day when she and Ailell were counting up +their respective possessions and matching them against +each other he taunted her because the Finnbenach +would not stay in the hands of a woman, but had +attached himself to Ailell's herd. So Maev in vexation +went to her steward, mac Roth, and asked of him if +there were anywhere in Erin a bull as fine as the +Finnbenach. <span class="tei tei-q">“Truly,”</span> said the steward, <span class="tei tei-q">“there is—for +the Brown Bull of Quelgny, that belongs to Dara +son of Fachtna, is the mightiest beast that is in Ireland.”</span> +And after that Maev felt as if she had no flocks and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page203">[pg 203]</span> +herds that were worth anything at all unless she +possessed the Brown Bull of Quelgny. But this was +in Ulster, and the Ulstermen knew the treasure they +possessed, and Maev knew that they would not give +up the bull without fighting for it. So she and Fergus +and Ailell agreed to make a foray against Ulster for +the Brown Bull, and thus to enter into war with the +province, for Fergus longed for vengeance, and Maev +for fighting, for glory, and for the bull, and Ailell to +satisfy Maev. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Here let us note that this contest for the bull, which +is the ostensible theme of the greatest of Celtic legendary +tales, the <span class="tei tei-q">“Tain Bo Cuailgné,”</span> has a deeper meaning than +appears on the surface. An ancient piece of Aryan +mythology is embedded in it. The Brown Bull is the +Celtic counterpart of the Hindu sky-deity, Indra, represented +in Hindu myth as a mighty bull, whose roaring +is the thunder and who lets loose the rains <span class="tei tei-q">“like +cows streaming forth to pasture.”</span> The advance of the +Western (Connacht) host for the capture of this bull is +emblematic of the onset of Night. The bull is defended +by the solar hero Cuchulain, who, however, is ultimately +overthrown and the bull is captured for a season. The +two animals in the Celtic legend probably typify the sky +in different aspects. They are described with a pomp +and circumstance which shows that they are no common +beasts. Once, we are told, they were swineherds +of the people of Dana. <span class="tei tei-q">“They had been successively +transformed into two ravens, two sea-monsters, two +warriors, two demons, two worms or animalculae, and +finally into two kine.”</span><a id="noteref_141" name="noteref_141" href="#note_141"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">141</span></span></a> The Brown Bull is described +as having a back broad enough for fifty children to play +on; when he is angry with his keeper he stamps the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page204">[pg 204]</span> +man thirty feet into the ground; he is likened to a +sea wave, to a bear, to a dragon, a lion, the writer +heaping up images of strength and savagery. We are +therefore concerned with no ordinary cattle-raid, but +with a myth, the features of which are discernible under +the dressing given it by the fervid imagination of the +unknown Celtic bard who composed the <span class="tei tei-q">“Tain,”</span> +although the exact meaning of every detail may be +difficult to ascertain. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The first attempt of Maev to get possession of the +bull was to send an embassy to Dara to ask for the +loan of him for a year, the recompense offered being +fifty heifers, besides the bull himself back, and if Dara +chose to settle in Connacht he should have as much +land there as he now possessed in Ulster, and a chariot +worth thrice seven <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">cumals</span></span>,<a id="noteref_142" name="noteref_142" href="#note_142"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">142</span></span></a> with the patronage and +friendship of Maev. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Dara was at first delighted with the prospect, but +tales were borne to him of the chatter of Maev's +messengers, and how they said that if the bull was not +yielded willingly it would be taken by force; and he +sent back a message of refusal and defiance. <span class="tei tei-q">“'Twas +known,”</span> said Maev, <span class="tei tei-q">“the bull will not be yielded by +fair means; he shall now be won by foul.”</span> And so +she sent messengers around on every side to summon +her hosts for the Raid. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Hosting of Queen Maev</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +And there came all the mighty men of Connacht—first +the seven Mainés, sons of Ailell and Maev, each +with his retinue; and Ket and Anluan, sons of Maga, +with thirty hundreds of armed men; and yellow-haired +Ferdia, with his company of Firbolgs, boisterous giants +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page205">[pg 205]</span> +who delighted in war and in strong ale. And there +came also the allies of Maev—a host of the men of +Leinster, who so excelled the rest in warlike skill that +they were broken up and distributed among the +companies of Connacht, lest they should prove a +danger to the host; and Cormac son of Conor, with +Fergus mac Roy and other exiles from Ulster, who +had revolted against Conor for his treachery to the +sons of Usna. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Ulster under the Curse</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But before the host set forth towards Ulster Maev +sent her spies into the land to tell her of the preparations +there being made. And the spies brought back +a wondrous tale, and one that rejoiced the heart of +Maev, for they said that the Debility of the Ultonians<a id="noteref_143" name="noteref_143" href="#note_143"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">143</span></span></a> +had descended on the province. Conor the king lay +in pangs at Emain Macha, and his son Cuscrid in his +island-fortress, and Owen Prince of Ferney was helpless +as a child; Celtchar, the huge grey warrior, son of +Uthecar Hornskin, and even Conall of the Victories, +lay moaning and writhing on their beds, and there was +no hand in Ulster that could lift a spear. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Prophetic Voices</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Nevertheless Maev went to her chief Druid, and +demanded of him what her own lot in the war should +be. And the Druid said only: <span class="tei tei-q">“Whoever comes hack +in safety, or comes not, thou thyself shalt come.”</span> But +on her journey back she saw suddenly standing before +her chariot-pole a young maiden with tresses of yellow +hair that fell below her knees, and clad in a mantle of +green; and with a shuttle of gold she wove a fabric +upon a loom. <span class="tei tei-q">“Who art thou, girl?”</span> said Maev, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page206">[pg 206]</span> +<span class="tei tei-q">“and what dost thou?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“I am the prophetess, +Fedelma, from the Fairy Mound of Croghan,”</span> said +the maid, <span class="tei tei-q">“and I weave the four provinces of Ireland +together for the foray into Ulster.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“How seest thou +our host?”</span> asked Maev. <span class="tei tei-q">“I see them all be-crimsoned, +red,”</span> replied the prophetess. <span class="tei tei-q">“Yet the Ulster heroes +are all in their pangs—there is none that can lift a +spear against us,”</span> said Maev. <span class="tei tei-q">“I see the host all becrimsoned,”</span> +said Fedelma. <span class="tei tei-q">“I see a man of small +stature, but the hero's light is on his brow—a stripling +young and modest, but in battle a dragon; he is like +unto Cuchulain of Murthemney; he doth wondrous +feats with his weapons; by him your slain shall lie thickly.”</span><a id="noteref_144" name="noteref_144" href="#note_144"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">144</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At this the vision of the weaving maiden vanished, +and Maev drove homewards to Rathcroghan wondering +at what she had seen and heard. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Cuchulain Puts the Host under Geise</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +On the morrow the host set forth, Fergus mac Roy +leading them, and as they neared the confines of +Ulster he bade them keep sharp watch lest Cuchulain +of Murthemney, who guarded the passes of Ulster to +the south, should fall upon them unawares. Now +Cuchulain and his father Sualtam<a id="noteref_145" name="noteref_145" href="#note_145"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">145</span></span></a> were on the borders +of the province, and Cuchulain, from a warning Fergus +had sent him, suspected the approach of a great host, +and bade Sualtam go northwards to Emania and warn +the men of Ulster. But Cuchulain himself would not +stay there, for he said he had a tryst to keep with a +handmaid of the wife of Laery the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">bodach</span></span> (farmer), so +he went into the forest, and there, standing on one leg, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page207">[pg 207]</span> +and using only one hand and one eye, he cut an oak +sapling and twisted it into a circular withe. On this +he cut in Ogham characters how the withe was made, +and he put the host of Maev under <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geise</span></span> not to pass +by that place till one of them had, under similar conditions, +made a similar withe; <span class="tei tei-q">“and I except my friend +Fergus mac Roy,”</span> he added, and wrote his name at +the end. Then he placed the withe round the pillar-stone +of Ardcullin, and went his way to keep his tryst +with the handmaid.<a id="noteref_146" name="noteref_146" href="#note_146"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">146</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +When the host of Maev came to Ardcullin, the withe +upon the pillar-stone was found and brought to Fergus +to decipher it. There was none amongst the host who +could emulate the feat of Cuchulain, and so they went +into the wood and encamped for the night. A heavy +snowfall took place, and they were all in much distress, +but next day the sun rose gloriously, and over the +white plain they marched away into Ulster, counting +the prohibition as extending only for one night. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Ford of the Forked Pole</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Cuchulain now followed hard on their track, and as +he went he estimated by the tracks they had left the +number of the host at eighteen <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">triucha cét</span></span> (54,000 men). +Circling round the host, he now met them in front, and +soon came upon two chariots containing scouts sent +ahead by Maev. These he slew, each man with his +driver, and having with one sweep of his sword cut a +forked pole of four prongs from the wood, he drove +the pole deep into a river-ford at the place called +Athgowla,<a id="noteref_147" name="noteref_147" href="#note_147"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">147</span></span></a> and impaled on each prong a bloody head. +When the host came up they wondered and feared at +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page208">[pg 208]</span> +the sight, and Fergus declared that they were under +<span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geise</span></span> not to pass that ford till one of them had plucked +out the pole even as it was driven in, with the fingertips +of one hand. So Fergus drove into the water to +essay the feat, and seventeen chariots were broken +under him as he tugged at the pole, but at last he tore +it out; and as it was now late the host encamped upon +the spot. These devices of Cuchulain were intended +to delay the invaders until the Ulster men had recovered +from their debility. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the epic, as given in the Book of Leinster, and +other ancient sources, a long interlude now takes place +in which Fergus explains to Maev who it is—viz., <span class="tei tei-q">“my +little pupil Setanta”</span>—who is thus harrying the host, and +his boyish deeds, some of which have been already told +in this narrative, are recounted. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Charioteer of Orlam</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The host proceeded on its way next day, and the +next encounter with Cuchulain shows the hero in a +kindlier mood. He hears a noise of timber being cut, +and going into a wood he finds there a charioteer +belonging to a son of Ailell and Maev cutting down +chariot-poles of holly, <span class="tei tei-q">“For,”</span> says he, <span class="tei tei-q">“we have +damaged our chariots sadly in chasing that famous deer, +Cuchulain.”</span> Cuchulain—who, it must be remembered, +was at ordinary times a slight and unimposing figure, +though in battle he dilated in size and underwent a +fearful distortion, symbolic of Berserker fury—helps +the driver in his work. <span class="tei tei-q">“Shall I,”</span> he asks, <span class="tei tei-q">“cut the +poles or trim them for thee?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Do thou the trimming,”</span> +says the driver. Cuchulain takes the poles by +the tops and draws them against the set of the branches +through his toes, and then runs his fingers down them +the same way, and gives them over as smooth and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page209">[pg 209]</span> +polished as if they were planed by a carpenter. The +driver stares at him. <span class="tei tei-q">“I doubt this work I set thee to +is not thy proper work,”</span> he says. <span class="tei tei-q">“Who art thou +then at all?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“I am that Cuchulain of whom thou +spakest but now.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Surely I am but a dead man,”</span> +says the driver. <span class="tei tei-q">“Nay,”</span> replies Cuchulain, <span class="tei tei-q">“I slay +not drivers nor messengers nor men unarmed. But run, +tell thy master Orlam that Cuchulain is about to visit +him.”</span> The driver runs off, but Cuchulain outstrips +him, meets Orlam first, and strikes off his head. For +a moment the host of Maev see him as he shakes this +bloody trophy before them; then he disappears from +sight—it is the first glimpse they have caught of their +persecutor. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Battle-Frenzy of Cuchulain</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A number of scattered episodes now follow. The +host of Maev spreads out and devastates the territories +of Bregia and of Murthemney, but they cannot advance +further into Ulster. Cuchulain hovers about them +continually, slaying them by twos and threes, and no +man knows where he will swoop next. Maev herself +is awed when, by the bullets of an unseen slinger, a +squirrel and a pet bird are killed as they sit upon her +shoulders. Afterwards, as Cuchulain's wrath grows +fiercer, he descends with supernatural might upon +whole companies of the Connacht host, and hundreds +fall at his onset. The characteristic distortion or +<span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">riastradh</span></span> which seized him in his battle-frenzy is then +described. He became a fearsome and multiform creature +such as never was known before. Every particle of +him quivered like a bulrush in a running stream. His +calves and heels and hams shifted to the front, and his +feet and knees to the back, and the muscles of his +neck stood out like the head of a young child. One +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page210">[pg 210]</span> +eye was engulfed deep in his head, the other protruded, +his mouth met his ears, foam poured from his jaws +like the fleece of a three-year-old wether. The beats +of his heart sounded like the roars of a lion as he rushes +on his prey. A light blazed above his head, and <span class="tei tei-q">“his +hair became tangled about as it had been the branches of +a red thorn-bush stuffed into the gap of a fence.... +Taller, thicker, more rigid, longer than the mast of a +great ship was the perpendicular jet of dusky blood +which out of his scalp's very central point shot upwards +and was there scattered to the four cardinal points, +whereby was formed a magic mist of gloom resembling +the smoky pall that drapes a regal dwelling, what time +a king at nightfall of a winter's day draws near to it.”</span><a id="noteref_148" name="noteref_148" href="#note_148"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">148</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Such was the imagery by which Gaelic writers conveyed +the idea of superhuman frenzy. At the sight of +Cuchulain in his paroxysm it is said that once a hundred +of Maev's warriors fell dead from horror. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Compact of the Ford</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Maev now tried to tempt him by great largesse to +desert the cause of Ulster, and had a colloquy with +him, the two standing on opposite sides of a glen across +which they talked. She scanned him closely, and was +struck by his slight and boyish appearance. She failed +to move him from his loyalty to Ulster, and death +descends more thickly than ever upon the Connacht +host; the men are afraid to move out for plunder save +in twenties and thirties, and at night the stones from +Cuchulain's sling whistle continually through the camp, +braining or maiming. At last, through the mediation +of Fergus, an agreement was come to. Cuchulain +undertook not to harry the host provided they would +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page211">[pg 211]</span> +only send against him one champion at a time, whom +Cuchulain would meet in battle at the ford of the River +Dee, which is now called the Ford of Ferdia.<a id="noteref_149" name="noteref_149" href="#note_149"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">149</span></span></a> While +each fight was in progress the host might move on, but +when it was ended they must encamp till the morrow +morning. <span class="tei tei-q">“Better to lose one man a day than a +hundred,”</span> said Maev, and the pact was made. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Fergus and Cuchulain</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Several single combats are then narrated, in which +Cuchulain is always a victor. Maev even persuades +Fergus to go against him, but Fergus and Cuchulain +will on no account fight each other, and Cuchulain, by +agreement with Fergus, pretends to fly before him, on +Fergus's promise that he will do the same for Cuchulain +when required. How this pledge was kept we shall see later. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Capture of the Brown Bull</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +During one of Cuchulain's duels with a famous +champion, Natchrantal, Maev, with a third of her army, +makes a sudden foray into Ulster and penetrates as far +as Dunseverick, on the northern coast, plundering and +ravaging as they go. The Brown Bull, who was originally +at Quelgny (Co. Down), has been warned at an earlier +stage by the Morrigan<a id="noteref_150" name="noteref_150" href="#note_150"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">150</span></span></a> to withdraw himself, and he +has taken refuge, with his herd of cows, in a glen of +Slievegallion, Co. Armagh. The raiders of Maev find +him there, and drive him off with the herd in triumph, +passing Cuchulain as they return. Cuchulain slays the +leader of the escort—Buic son of Banblai—but cannot +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page212">[pg 212]</span> +rescue the Bull, and <span class="tei tei-q">“this,”</span> it is said, <span class="tei tei-q">“was the greatest +affront put on Cuchulain during the course of the raid.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Morrigan</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The raid ought now to have ceased, for its object has +been attained, but by this time the hostings of the four +southern provinces<a id="noteref_151" name="noteref_151" href="#note_151"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">151</span></span></a> had gathered together under Maev +for the plunder of Ulster, and Cuchulain remained still +the solitary warder of the marches. Nor did Maev +keep her agreement, for bands of twenty warriors at a +time were loosed against him and he had much ado to +defend himself. The curious episode of the fight with +the Morrigan now occurs. A young woman clad in a +mantle of many colours appears to Cuchulain, telling +him that she is a king's daughter, attracted by the tales +of his great exploits, and she has come to offer him her +love. Cuchulain tells her rudely that he is worn and +harassed with war and has no mind to concern himself +with women. <span class="tei tei-q">“It shall go hard with thee,”</span> then said +the maid, <span class="tei tei-q">“when thou hast to do with men, and I shall +be about thy feet as an eel in the bottom of the Ford.”</span> +Then she and her chariot vanished from his sight and +he saw but a crow sitting on a branch of a tree, and he +knew that he had spoken with the Morrigan. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Fight with Loch</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The next champion sent against him by Maev was +Loch son of Mofebis. To meet this hero it is said that +Cuchulain had to stain his chin with blackberry juice so +as to simulate a beard, lest Loch should disdain to do +combat with a boy. So they fought in the Ford, and the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page213">[pg 213]</span> +Morrigan came against him in the guise of a white +heifer with red ears, but Cuchulain fractured her eye +with a cast of his spear. Then she came swimming up +the river like a black eel and twisted herself about his +legs, and ere he could rid himself of her Loch wounded +him. Then she attacked him as a grey wolf, and again, +before he could subdue her, he was wounded by Loch. +At this his battle-fury took hold of him and he drove +the Gae Bolg against Loch, splitting his heart in two. +<span class="tei tei-q">“Suffer me to rise,”</span> said Loch, <span class="tei tei-q">“that I may fall on my +face on thy side of the ford, and not backward toward +the men of Erin.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“It is a warrior's boon thou askest,”</span> +said Cuchulain, <span class="tei tei-q">“and it is granted.”</span> So Loch died; and +a great despondency, it is said, now fell upon Cuchulain, +for he was outwearied with continued fighting, and sorely +wounded, and he had never slept since the beginning +of the raid, save leaning upon his spear; and he sent +his charioteer, Laeg, to see if he could rouse the men of +Ulster to come to his aid at last. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Lugh the Protector</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But as he lay at evening by the grave mound of Lerga +in gloom and dejection, watching the camp-fires of the +vast army encamped over against him and the glitter of +their innumerable spears, he saw coming through the +host a tall and comely warrior who strode impetuously +forward, and none of the companies through which he +passed turned his head to look at him or seemed to see +him. He wore a tunic of silk embroidered with gold, +and a green mantle fastened with a silver brooch; in +one hand was a black shield bordered with silver and +two spears in the other. The stranger came to Cuchulain +and spoke gently and sweetly to him of his long toil +and waking, and his sore wounds, and said in the end: +<span class="tei tei-q">“Sleep now, Cuchulain, by the grave in Lerga; sleep +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page214">[pg 214]</span> +and slumber deeply for three days, and for that time I +will take thy place and defend the Ford against the host +of Maev.”</span> Then Cuchulain sank into a profound +slumber and trance, and the stranger laid healing balms +of magical power to his wounds so that he awoke whole +and refreshed, and for the time that Cuchulain slept the +stranger held the Ford against the host. And Cuchulain +knew that this was Lugh his father, who had come from +among the People of Dana to help his son through his +hour of gloom and despair. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Sacrifice of the Boy Corps</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But still the men of Ulster lay helpless. Now there +was at Emain Macha a band of thrice fifty boys, the +sons of all the chieftains of the provinces, who were +there being bred up in arms and in noble ways, and these +suffered not from the curse of Macha, for it fell only on +grown men. But when they heard of the sore straits in +which Cuchulain, their playmate not long ago, was lying +they put on their light armour and took their weapons +and went forth for the honour of Ulster, under Conor's +young son, Follaman, to aid him. And Follaman vowed +that he would never return to Emania without the +diadem of Ailell as a trophy. Three times they drove +against the host of Maev, and thrice their own number +fell before them, but in the end they were overwhelmed +and slain, not one escaping alive. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Carnage of Murthemney</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This was done as Cuchulain lay in his trance, and +when he awoke, refreshed and well, and heard what had +been done, his frenzy came upon him and he leaped +into his war-chariot and drove furiously round and +round the host of Maev. And the chariot ploughed +the earth till the ruts were like the ramparts of a +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page215">[pg 215]</span> +fortress, and the scythes upon its wheels caught and +mangled the bodies of the crowded host till they were +piled like a wall around the camp, and as Cuchulain +shouted in his wrath the demons and goblins and wild +things in Erin yelled in answer, so that with the terror +and the uproar the host of men heaved and surged +hither and thither, and many perished from each other's +weapons, and many from horror and fear. And this +was the great carnage, called the Carnage of Murthemney, +that Cuchulain did to avenge the boy-corps of +Emania; six score and ten princes were then slain +of the host of Maev, besides horses and women and +wolf-dogs and common folk without number. It +is said that Lugh mac Ethlinn fought there by his son. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Clan Calatin</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Next the men of Erin resolved to send against +Cuchulain, in single combat, the Clan Calatin.<a id="noteref_152" name="noteref_152" href="#note_152"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">152</span></span></a> Now +Calatin was a wizard, and he and his seven-and-twenty +sons formed, as it were, but one being, the sons being +organs of their father, and what any one of them did +they all did alike. They were all poisonous, so that +any weapon which one of them used would kill in nine +days the man who was but grazed by it. When this +multiform creature met Cuchulain each hand of it +hurled a spear at once, but Cuchulain caught the twenty-eight +spears on his shield and not one of them drew +blood. Then he drew his sword to lop off the spears +that bristled from his shield, but as he did so the Clan +Calatin rushed upon him and flung him down, thrusting +his face into the gravel. At this Cuchulain gave a +great cry of distress at the unequal combat, and one of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page216">[pg 216]</span> +the Ulster exiles, Fiacha son of Firaba, who was with +the host of Maev, and was looking on at the fight, +could not endure to see the plight of the champion, and +he drew his sword and with one stroke he lopped off +the eight-and-twenty hands that were grinding the face +of Cuchulain into the gravel of the Ford. Then +Cuchulain arose and hacked the Clan Calatin into +fragments, so that none survived to tell Maev what +Fiacha had done, else had he and his thirty hundred +followers of Clan Rury been given by Maev to the +edge of the sword. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Ferdia to the Fray</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Cuchulain had now overcome all the mightiest of +Maev's men, save only the mightiest of them all after +Fergus, Ferdia son of Daman. And because Ferdia +was the old friend and fellow pupil of Cuchulain he had +never gone out against him; but now Maev begged +him to go, and he would not. Then she offered him +her daughter, Findabair of the Fair Eyebrows, to wife, +if he would face Cuchulain at the Ford, but he would +not. At last she bade him go, lest the poets and +satirists of Erin should make verses on him and put +him to open shame, and then in wrath and sorrow he +consented to go, and bade his charioteer make ready for +to-morrow's fray. Then was gloom among all his +people when they heard of that, for they knew that if +Cuchulain and their master met, one of them would +return alive no more. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Very early in the morning Ferdia drove to the Ford, +and lay down there on the cushions and skins of the +chariot and slept till Cuchulain should come. Not till +it was full daylight did Ferdia's charioteer hear the +thunder of Cuchulain's war-car approaching, and then +he woke his master, and the two friends faced each +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page217">[pg 217]</span> +other across the Ford. And when they had greeted +each other Cuchulain said: <span class="tei tei-q">“It is not thou, O Ferdia, +who shouldst have come to do battle with me. When +we were with Skatha did we not go side by side in +every battle, through every wood and wilderness? were +we not heart-companions, comrades, in the feast and the +assembly? did we not share one bed and one deep +slumber?”</span> But Ferdia replied: <span class="tei tei-q">“O Cuchulain, thou +of the wondrous feats, though we have studied poetry +and science together, and though I have heard thee +recite our deeds of friendship, yet it is my hand that +shall wound thee. I bid thee remember not our +comradeship, O Hound of Ulster; it shall not avail +thee, it shall not avail thee.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +They then debated with what weapons they should +begin the fight, and Ferdia reminded Cuchulain of the +art of casting small javelins that they had learned from +Skatha, and they agreed to begin with these. Backwards +and forwards, then, across the Ford, hummed +the light javelins like bees on a summer's day, but +when noonday had come not one weapon had pierced +the defence of either champion. Then they took to +the heavy missile spears, and now at last blood began +to flow, for each champion wounded the other time and +again. At last the day came to its close. <span class="tei tei-q">“Let us +cease now,”</span> said Ferdia, and Cuchulain agreed. Each +then threw his arms to his charioteer, and the friends +embraced and kissed each other three times, and went +to their rest. Their horses were in the same paddock, +their drivers warmed themselves over the same fire, and +the heroes sent each other food and drink and healing +herbs for their wounds. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Next day they betook themselves again to the +Ford, and this time, because Ferdia had the choice of +weapons the day before, he bade Cuchulain take it +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page218">[pg 218]</span> +now.<a id="noteref_153" name="noteref_153" href="#note_153"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">153</span></span></a> Cuchulain chose then the heavy, broad-bladed +spears for close fighting, and with them they fought +from the chariots till the sun went down, and drivers +and horses were weary, and the body of each hero was +torn with wounds. Then at last they gave over, and +threw away their weapons. And they kissed each +other as before, and as before they shared all things at +night, and slept peacefully till the morning. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +When the third day of the combat came Ferdia wore +an evil and lowering look, and Cuchulain reproached +him for coming out in battle against his comrade for +the bribe of a fair maiden, even Findabair, whom Maev +had offered to every champion and to Cuchulain himself +if the Ford might be won thereby; but Ferdia +said: <span class="tei tei-q">“Noble Hound, had I not faced thee when +summoned, my troth would be broken, and there +would be shame on me in Rathcroghan.”</span> It is now +the turn of Ferdia to choose the weapons, and they +betake themselves to their <span class="tei tei-q">“heavy, hard-smiting swords,”</span> +and though they hew from each other's thighs and +shoulders great cantles of flesh, neither can prevail over +the other, and at last night ends the combat. This time +they parted from each other in heaviness and gloom, and +there was no interchange of friendly acts, and their +drivers and horses slept apart. The passions of the +warriors had now risen to a grim sternness. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page219">[pg 219]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Death of Ferdia</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +On the fourth day Ferdia knew the contest would +be decided, and he armed himself with especial care. +Next his skin was a tunic of striped silk bordered with +golden spangles, and over that hung an apron of brown +leather. Upon his belly he laid a flat stone, large as a +millstone, and over that a strong, deep apron of iron, +for he dreaded that Cuchulain would use the Gae Bolg +that day. And he put on his head his crested helmet +studded with carbuncle and inlaid with enamels, and +girt on his golden-hilted sword, and on his left arm +hung his broad shield with its fifty bosses of bronze. +Thus he stood by the Ford, and as he waited he tossed +up his weapons and caught them again and did many +wonderful feats, playing with his mighty weapons as a +juggler plays with apples; and Cuchulain, watching him, +said to Laeg, his driver: <span class="tei tei-q">“If I give ground to-day, do +thou reproach and mock me and spur me on to valour, +and praise and hearten me if I do well, for I shall have +need of all my courage.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“O Ferdia,”</span> said Cuchulain when they met, <span class="tei tei-q">“what +shall be our weapons to-day?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“It is thy choice to-day,”</span> +said Ferdia. <span class="tei tei-q">“Then let it be all or any,”</span> said +Cuchulain, and Ferdia was cast down at hearing this, but +he said, <span class="tei tei-q">“So be it,”</span> and thereupon the fight began. +Till midday they fought with spears, and none could +gain any advantage over the other. Then Cuchulain +drew his sword and sought to smite Ferdia over the +rim of his shield; but the giant Firbolg flung him off. +Thrice Cuchulain leaped high into the air, seeking to +strike Ferdia over his shield, but each time as he +descended Ferdia caught him upon the shield and flung +him off like a little child into the Ford. And Laeg +mocked him, crying: <span class="tei tei-q">“He casts thee off as a river flings +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page220">[pg 220]</span> +its foam, he grinds thee as a millstone grinds a corn of +wheat; thou elf, never call thyself a warrior.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Then at last Cuchulain's frenzy came upon him, and +he dilated giant-like, till he overtopped Ferdia, and the +hero-light blazed about his head. In close contact the +two were interlocked, whirling and trampling, while the +demons and goblins and unearthly things of the glens +screamed from the edges of their swords, and the waters +of the Ford recoiled in terror from them, so that for a +while they fought on dry land in the midst of the riverbed. +And now Ferdia found Cuchulain a moment off +his guard, and smote him with the edge of the sword, +and it sank deep into his flesh, and all the river ran red +with his blood. And he pressed Cuchulain sorely after +that, hewing and thrusting so that Cuchulain could +endure it no longer, and he shouted to Laeg to fling +him the Gae Bolg. When Ferdia heard that he lowered +his shield to guard himself from below, and Cuchulain +drove his spear over the rim of the shield and through +his breastplate into his chest. And Ferdia raised his +shield again, but in that moment Cuchulain seized the +Gae Bolg in his toes and drove it upward against Ferdia, +and it pierced through the iron apron and burst in three +the millstone that guarded him, and deep into his body +it passed, so that every crevice and cranny of him was +filled with its barbs. <span class="tei tei-q">“'Tis enough,”</span> cried Ferdia; <span class="tei tei-q">“I +have my death of that. It is an ill deed that I fall by +thy hand, O Cuchulain.”</span> Cuchulain seized him as he +fell, and carried him northward across the Ford, that he +might die on the further side of it, and not on the side +of the men of Erin. Then he laid him down, and a +faintness seized Cuchulain, and he was falling, when +Laeg cried: <span class="tei tei-q">“Rise up, Cuchulain, for the host of Erin +will be upon us. No single combat will they give after +Ferdia has fallen.”</span> But Cuchulain said: <span class="tei tei-q">“Why should +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page221">[pg 221]</span> +I rise again, O my servant, now he that lieth here has +fallen by my hand?”</span> and he fell in a swoon like death. +And the host of Maev with tumult and rejoicing, with +tossing of spears and shouting of war-songs, poured +across the border into Ulster. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But before they left the Ford they took the body of +Ferdia and laid it in a grave, and built a mound over +him and set up a pillar-stone with his name and lineage +in Ogham. And from Ulster came certain of the +friends of Cuchulain, and they bore him away into +Murthemney, where they washed him and bathed his +wounds in the streams, and his kin among the Danaan +folk cast magical herbs into the rivers for his healing. +But he lay there in weakness and in stupor for many days. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Rousing of Ulster</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Now Sualtam, the father of Cuchulain, had taken his +son's horse, the Grey of Macha, and ridden off again to +see if by any means he might rouse the men of Ulster +to defend the province. And he went crying abroad: +<span class="tei tei-q">“The men of Ulster are being slain, the women carried +captive, the kine driven!”</span> Yet they stared on him +stupidly, as though they knew not of what he spake. +At last he came to Emania, and there were Cathbad +the Druid and Conor the King, and all their nobles +and lords, and Sualtam cried aloud to them: <span class="tei tei-q">“The +men of Ulster are being slain, the women carried +captive, the kine driven; and Cuchulain alone holds +the gap of Ulster against the four provinces of Erin. +Arise and defend yourselves!”</span> But Cathbad only +said: <span class="tei tei-q">“Death were the due of him who thus disturbs +the King”</span>; and Conor said: <span class="tei tei-q">“Yet it is true what +the man says”</span>; and the lords of Ulster wagged their +heads and murmured: <span class="tei tei-q">“True indeed it is.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Then Sualtam wheeled round his horse in anger and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page222">[pg 222]</span> +was about to depart when, with a start which the Grey +made, his neck fell against the sharp rim of the shield +upon his back, and it shore off his head, and the head +fell on the ground. Yet still it cried its message as it +lay, and at last Conor bade put it on a pillar that it +might be at rest. But it still went on crying and exhorting, +and at length into the clouded mind of the +king the truth began to penetrate, and the glazed eyes +of the warriors began to glow, and slowly the spell of +Macha's curse was lifted from their minds and bodies. +Then Conor arose and swore a mighty oath, saying: +<span class="tei tei-q">“The heavens are above us and the earth beneath us, +and the sea is round about us; and surely, unless the +heavens fall on us and the earth gape to swallow us +up, and the sea overwhelm the earth, I will restore +every woman to her hearth, and every cow to its byre.”</span><a id="noteref_154" name="noteref_154" href="#note_154"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">154</span></span></a> +His Druid proclaimed that the hour was propitious, +and the king bade his messengers go forth on every +side and summon Ulster to arms, and he named to +them warriors long dead as well as the living, for the +cloud of the curse still lingered in his brain. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +With the curse now departed from them the men +of Ulster flocked joyfully to the summons, and on +every hand there was grinding of spears and swords, +and buckling on of armour and harnessing of war-chariots +for the rising-out of the province.<a id="noteref_155" name="noteref_155" href="#note_155"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">155</span></span></a> One host +came under Conor the King and Keltchar, son of +Uthecar Hornskin, from Emania southwards, and +another from the west along the very track of the host +of Maev. And Conor's host fell upon eight score of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page223">[pg 223]</span> +the men of Erin in Meath, who were carrying away a +great booty of women-captives, and they slew every +man of the eight score and rescued the women. Maev +and her host then fell back toward Connacht, but when +they reached Slemon Midi, the Hill of Slane, in Meath, +the Ulster bands joined each other there and prepared +to give battle. Maev sent her messenger mac Roth to +view the Ulster host on the Plain of Garach and report +upon it. Mac Roth came back with an awe-striking +description of what he beheld. When he first looked +he saw the plain covered with deer and other wild +beasts. These, explains Fergus, had been driven out +of the forests by the advancing host of the Ulster men. +The second time mac Roth looked he saw a mist that +filled the valleys, the hill-tops standing above it like +islands. Out of the mist there came thunder and +flashes of light, and a wind that nearly threw him off +his feet. <span class="tei tei-q">“What is this?”</span> asks Maev, and Fergus +tells her that the mist is the deep breathing of the +warriors as they march, and the light is the flashing of +their eyes, and the thunder is the clangour of their +war-cars and the clash of their weapons as they go to +the fight: <span class="tei tei-q">“They think they will never reach it,”</span> says +Fergus. <span class="tei tei-q">“We have warriors to meet them,”</span> says Maev. +<span class="tei tei-q">“You will need that,”</span> says Fergus, <span class="tei tei-q">“for in all Ireland, +nay, in all the Western world, to Greece and Scythia and +the Tower of Bregon<a id="noteref_156" name="noteref_156" href="#note_156"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">156</span></span></a> and the Island of Gades, there live +not who can face the men of Ulster in their wrath.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A long passage then follows describing the appearance +and equipment of each of the Ulster chiefs. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Battle of Garach</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The battle was joined on the Plain of Garach, in +Meath. Fergus, wielding a two-handed sword, the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page224">[pg 224]</span> +sword which, it was said, when swung in battle made +circles like the arch of a rainbow, swept down whole +ranks of the Ulster men at each blow,<a id="noteref_157" name="noteref_157" href="#note_157"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">157</span></span></a> and the fierce +Maev charged thrice into the heart of the enemy. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Fergus met Conor the King, and smote him on his +golden-bordered shield, but Cormac, the king's son, +begged for his father's life. Fergus then turned on +Conall of the Victories. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Too hot art thou,”</span> said Conall, <span class="tei tei-q">“against thy people +and thy race for a wanton.”</span><a id="noteref_158" name="noteref_158" href="#note_158"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">158</span></span></a> Fergus then turned from +slaying the Ulstermen, but in his battle-fury he smote +among the hills with his rainbow-sword, and struck off +the tops of the three <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Maela</span></span> of Meath, so that they are +flat-topped (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">mael</span></span>) to this day. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Cuchulain in his stupor heard the crash of Fergus's +blows, and coming slowly to himself he asked of Laeg +what it meant. <span class="tei tei-q">“It is the sword-play of Fergus,”</span> said +Laeg. Then he sprang up, and his body dilated so that +the wrappings and swathings that had been bound on +him flew off, and he armed himself and rushed into +the battle. Here he met Fergus. <span class="tei tei-q">“Turn hither, +Fergus,”</span> he shouted; <span class="tei tei-q">“I will wash thee as foam in a +pool, I will go over thee as the tail goes over a cat, I +will smite thee as a mother smites her infant.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Who +speaks thus to me?”</span> cried Fergus. <span class="tei tei-q">“Cuchulain mac +Sualtam; and now do thou avoid me as thou art +pledged.”</span><a id="noteref_159" name="noteref_159" href="#note_159"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">159</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“I have promised even that,”</span> said Fergus, and then +went out of the battle, and with him the men of Leinster +and the men of Munster, leaving Maev with her seven +sons and the hosting of Connacht alone. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page225">[pg 225]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It was midday when Cuchulain came into the fight; +when the evening sun was shining through the leaves +of the trees his war-chariot was but two wheels and a +handful of shattered ribs, and the host of Connacht was +in full flight towards the border. Cuchulain overtook +Maev, who crouched under her chariot and entreated +grace. <span class="tei tei-q">“I am not wont to slay women,”</span> said Cuchulain, +and he protected her till she had crossed the +Shannon at Athlone. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Fight of the Bulls</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But the Brown Bull of Quelgny, that Maev had sent +into Connacht by a circuitous way, met the white-horned +Bull of Ailell on the Plain of Aei, and the two beasts +fought; but the Brown Bull quickly slew the other, +and tossed his fragments about the land so that pieces +of him were strewn from Rathcroghan to Tara; and +then careered madly about till he fell dead, bellowing and +vomiting black gore, at the Ridge of the Bull, between +Ulster and Iveagh. Ailell and Maev made peace with +Ulster for seven years, and the Ulster men returned +home to Emain Macha with great glory. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Thus ends the <span class="tei tei-q">“Tain Bo Cuailgnè,”</span> or Cattle Raid of +Quelgny; and it was written out in the <span class="tei tei-q">“Book of +Leinster”</span> in the year 1150 by the hand of Finn mac +Gorman, Bishop of Kildare, and at the end is written: +<span class="tei tei-q">“A blessing on all such as faithfully shall recite the +<span class="tei tei-q">‘Tain’</span> as it stands here, and shall not give it in any +other form.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Cuchulain in Fairyland</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +One of the strangest tales in Celtic legend tells how +Cuchulain, as he lay asleep after hunting, against a +pillar-stone, had a vision of two Danaan women who +came to him armed with rods and alternately beat +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page226">[pg 226]</span> +him till he was all but dead, and he could not lift a +hand to defend himself. Next day, and for a year +thereafter, he lay in sore sickness, and none could heal +him. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Then a man whom none knew came and told him to +go to the pillar-stone where he had seen the vision, and +he would learn what was to be done for his recovery. +There he found a Danaan woman in a green mantle, +one of those who had chastised him, and she told him +that Fand, the Pearl of Beauty, wife of Mananan the +Sea-god, had set her love on him; and she was +at enmity with her husband Mananan; and her realm +was besieged by three demon kings, against whom +Cuchulain's help was sought, and the price of his help +would be the love of Fand. Laeg, the charioteer, was +then sent by Cuchulain to report upon Fand and her +message. He entered Fairyland, which lies beyond a +lake across which he passed in a magic boat of bronze, +and came home with a report of Fand's surpassing +beauty and the wonders of the kingdom; and Cuchulain +then betook himself thither. Here he had a battle +in a dense mist with the demons, who are described as +resembling sea-waves—no doubt we are to understand +that they are the folk of the angry husband, Mananan. +Then he abode with Fand, enjoying all the delights of +Fairyland for a month, after which he bade her farewell, +and appointed a trysting-place on earth, the Strand +of the Yew Tree, where she was to meet him. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Fand, Emer, and Cuchulain</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But Emer heard of the tryst; and though not +commonly disturbed at Cuchulain's numerous infidelities, +she came on this occasion with fifty of her +maidens armed with sharp knives to slay Fand. Cuchulain +and Fand perceive their chariots from afar, and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page227">[pg 227]</span> +the armed angry women with golden clasps shining on +their breasts, and he prepares to protect his mistress. +He addresses Emer in a curious poem, describing the +beauty and skill and magical powers of Fand—<span class="tei tei-q">“There +is nothing the spirit can wish for that she has not got.”</span> +Emer replies: <span class="tei tei-q">“In good sooth, the lady to whom thou +dost cling seems in no way better than I am, but the +new is ever sweet and the well-known is sour; thou +hast all the wisdom of the time, Cuchulain! Once we +dwelled in honour together, and still might dwell if I +could find favour in thy sight.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“By my word thou +dost,”</span> said Cuchulain, <span class="tei tei-q">“and shalt find it so long as I +live.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Give me up,”</span> then said Fand. But Emer said: +<span class="tei tei-q">“Nay, it is more fitting that I be the deserted one.”</span> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Not so,”</span> said Fand; <span class="tei tei-q">“it is I who must go.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“And +an eagerness for lamentation seized upon Fand, and her +soul was great within her, for it was shame for her to +be deserted and straightway to return to her home; +moreover, the mighty love that she bore to Cuchulain +was tumultuous in her.”</span><a id="noteref_160" name="noteref_160" href="#note_160"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">160</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But Mananan, the Son of the Sea, knew of her +sorrow and her shame, and he came to her aid, none +seeing him but she alone, and she welcomed him in +a mystic song. <span class="tei tei-q">“Wilt thou return to me?”</span> said +Mananan, <span class="tei tei-q">“or abide with Cuchulain?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“In truth,”</span> +said Fand, <span class="tei tei-q">“neither of ye is better or nobler than the +other, but I will go with thee, Mananan, for thou hast +no other mate worthy of thee, but that Cuchulain has +in Emer.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +So she went to Mananan, and Cuchulain, who did +not see the god, asked Laeg what was happening. +<span class="tei tei-q">“Fand,”</span> he replied, <span class="tei tei-q">“is going away with the Son of the +Sea, since she hath not been pleasing in thy sight.”</span> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page228">[pg 228]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Then Cuchulain bounded into the air and fled from +the place, and lay a long time refusing meat and drink, +until at last the Druids gave him a draught of forgetfulness; +and Mananan, it is said, shook his cloak +between Cuchulain and Fand, so that they might meet +no more throughout eternity.<a id="noteref_161" name="noteref_161" href="#note_161"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">161</span></span></a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Vengeance of Maev</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Though Maev made peace with Ulster after the +battle of Garech she vowed the death of Cuchulain for +all the shame and loss he had brought upon her and +on her province, and she sought how she might take +her vengeance upon him. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Now the wife of the wizard Calatin, whom Cuchulain +slew at the Ford, brought forth, after her husband's +death, six children at a birth, namely, three sons and +three daughters. Misshapen, hideous, poisonous, born +for evil were they; and Maev, hearing of these, sent +them to learn the arts of magic, not in Ireland only, but +in Alba; and even as far as Babylon they went to seek +for hidden knowledge, and they came back mighty in +their craft, and she loosed them against Cuchulain. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Cuchulain and Blanid</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Besides the Clan Calatin, Cuchulain had also other +foes, namely Ere, the King of Ireland, son to Cairpre, +whom Cuchulain had slain in battle, and Lewy son of +Curoi, King of Munster.<a id="noteref_162" name="noteref_162" href="#note_162"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">162</span></span></a> For Curoi's wife, Blanid, +had set her love on Cuchulain, and she bade him come +and take her from Curoi's dūn, and watch his time to +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page229">[pg 229]</span> +attack the dūn, when he would see the stream that +flowed from it turn white. So Cuchulain and his men +waited in a wood hard by till Blanid judged that the +time was fit, and she then poured into the stream the +milk of three cows. Then Cuchulain attacked the +dūn, and took it by surprise, and slew Curoi, and bore +away the woman. But Fercartna, the bard of Curoi, +went with them and showed no sign, till, finding himself +near Blanid as she stood near the cliff-edge of +Beara, he flung his arms round her, and leaped with +her over the cliff, and so they perished, and Curoi was +avenged upon his wife. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +All these now did Maev by secret messages and by +taunts and exhortations arouse against Cuchulain, and +they waited till they heard that the curse of Macha was +again heavy on the men of Ulster, and then they assembled +a host and marched to the Plain of Murthemney. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Madness of Cuchulain</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +And first the Children of Calatin caused a horror and +a despondency to fall upon the mind of Cuchulain, +and out of the hooded thistles and puff-balls and +fluttering leaves of the forest they made the semblance +of armed battalions marching against Murthemney, and +Cuchulain seemed to see on every side the smoke of +burning dwellings going up. And for two days he did +battle with the phantoms till he was sick and wearied +out. Then Cathbad and the men of Ulster persuaded +him to retire to a solitary glen, where fifty of the +princesses of Ulster, and among them Niam, wife of his +faithful friend Conall of the Victories, tended him, and +Niam made him vow that he would not leave the dūn +where he was until she gave him leave. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But still the Children of Calatin filled the land with +apparitions of war, and smoke and flames went up, and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page230">[pg 230]</span> +wild cries and wailings with chattering, goblin laughter +and the braying of trumpets and horns were borne +upon the winds. And Bave, Calatin's daughter, went +into the glen, and, taking the form of a handmaid of +Niam, she beckoned her away and led her to a distance +among the woods and put a spell of straying on her so +that she was lost and could find her way home no +more. Bave then went in the form of Niam to +Cuchulain and bade him up and rescue Ulster from the +hosts that were harrying it, and the Morrigan came in +the form of a great crow where Cuchulain sat with the +women, and croaked of war and slaughter. Then +Cuchulain sprang up and called Laeg to harness his +chariot. But when Laeg sought for the Grey of +Macha to harness him, the horse fled from him, and +resisted, and only with great difficulty could Laeg yoke +him in the chariot, while large tears of dark blood +trickled down his face. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Then Cuchulain, having armed himself, drove forth; +and on every side shapes and sounds of dread assailed +him and clouded his mind, and then it appeared to +him that he saw a great smoke, lit with bursts of red +flame, over the ramparts of Emain Macha, and he +thought he saw the corpse of Emer tossed out over +the ramparts. But when he came to his dūn at +Murthemney, there was Emer living, and she entreated +him to leave the phantoms alone, but he would not +listen to her, and he bade her farewell. Then he bade +farewell to his mother Dectera, and she gave him a +goblet of wine to drink, but ere he could drink it the +wine turned to blood, and he flung it away, saying, <span class="tei tei-q">“My +life's end is near; this time I shall not return alive from +the battle.”</span> And Dectera and Cathbad besought him to +await the coming of Conall of the Victories, who was +away on a journey, but he would not. +</p> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page231">[pg 231]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Washer at the Ford</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +When he came to the ford upon the plain of +Emania he saw there kneeling by the stream as it were +a young maiden, weeping and wailing, and she washed +a heap of bloody raiment and warlike arms in the +stream, and when she raised a dripping vest or corselet +from the water Cuchulain saw that they were his own. +And as they crossed the ford she vanished from their +sight.<a id="noteref_163" name="noteref_163" href="#note_163"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">163</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Clan Calatin Again</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Then, having taken his leave of Conor and of the +womenfolk in Emania, he turned again towards Murthemney +and the foe. But on his way he saw by the +roadside three old crones, each blind of one eye, +hideous and wretched, and they had made a little fire +of sticks, and over it they were roasting a dead dog +on spits of rowan wood. As Cuchulain passed they +called to him to alight and stay with them and share +their food. <span class="tei tei-q">“That will I not, in sooth,”</span> said he. +<span class="tei tei-q">“Had we a great feast,”</span> they said, <span class="tei tei-q">“thou wouldst +soon have stayed; it doth not become the great to +despise the small.”</span> Then Cuchulain, because he would +not be thought discourteous to the wretched, lighted +down, and he took a piece of the roast and ate it, and +the hand with which he took it was stricken up to the +shoulder so that its former strength was gone. For it +was <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geis</span></span> to Cuchulain to approach a cooking hearth and +take food from it, and it was <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geis</span></span> to him to eat of his +namesake.<a id="noteref_164" name="noteref_164" href="#note_164"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">164</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page232">[pg 232]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Death of Cuchulain</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Near to Slieve Fuad, south of Armagh, Cuchulain +found the host of his enemies, and drove furiously +against them, plying the champion's <span class="tei tei-q">“thunder-feat”</span> +upon them until the plain was strewn with their dead. +Then a satirist, urged on by Lewy, came near him and +demanded his spear.<a id="noteref_165" name="noteref_165" href="#note_165"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">165</span></span></a> <span class="tei tei-q">“Have it, then,”</span> said Cuchulain, +and flung it at him with such force that it went clean +through him and killed nine men beyond. <span class="tei tei-q">“A king +will fall by that spear,”</span> said the Children of Calatin to +Lewy, and Lewy seized it and flung it at Cuchulain, +but it smote Laeg, the king of charioteers, so that his +bowels fell out on the cushions of the chariot, and he +bade farewell to his master and he died. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Then another satirist demanded the spear, and +Cuchulain said: <span class="tei tei-q">“I am not bound to grant more than +one request on one day.”</span> But the satirist said: <span class="tei tei-q">“Then +I will revile Ulster for thy default,”</span> and Cuchulain flung +him the spear as before, and Ere now got it, and this time +in flying back it struck the Grey of Macha with a mortal +wound. Cuchulain drew out the spear from the horse's +side, and they bade each other farewell, and the Grey +galloped away with half the yoke hanging to its neck. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +And a third time Cuchulain flung the spear to a satirist, +and Lewy took it again and flung it back, and it struck +Cuchulain, and his bowels fell out in the chariot, and +the remaining horse, Black Sainglend, broke away and +left him. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“I would fain go as far as to that loch-side to drink,”</span> +said Cuchulain, knowing the end was come, and they +suffered him to go when he had promised to return to +them again. So he gathered up his bowels into his +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page233">[pg 233]</span> +breast and went to the loch-side, and drank, and bathed +himself, and came forth again to die. Now there was +close by a tall pillar-stone that stood westwards of the +loch, and he went up to it and slung his girdle over it and +round his breast, so that he might die in his standing +and not in his lying down; and his blood ran down in +a little stream into the loch, and an otter came out of +the loch and lapped it. And the host gathered round, +but feared to approach him while the life was still in +him, and the hero-light shone above his brow. Then +came the Grey of Macha to protect him, scattering his +foes with biting and kicking. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +And then came a crow and settled on his shoulder. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Lewy, when he saw this, drew near and pulled the +hair of Cuchulain to one side over his shoulder, +and with his sword he smote off his head; and the +sword fell from Cuchulain's hand, and smote off the +hand of Lewy as it fell. They took the hand of +Cuchulain in revenge for this, and bore the head and +hand south to Tara, and there buried them, and over +them they raised a mound. But Conall of the Victories, +hastening to Cuchulain's side on the news of the war, +met the Grey of Macha streaming with blood, and +together they went to the loch-side and saw him headless +and bound to the pillar-stone, and the horse +came and laid its head on his breast. Conall drove +southwards to avenge Cuchulain, and he came on Lewy +by the river Liffey, and because Lewy had but one +hand Conall tied one of his behind his back, and for +half the day they fought, but neither could prevail. +Then came Conall's horse, the Dewy-Red, and tore a +piece out of Lewy's side, and Conall slew him, and +took his head, and returned to Emain Macha. But +they made no show of triumph in entering the city, for +Cuchulain the Hound of Ulster was no more. +</p> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page234">[pg 234]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Recovery of the Tain</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The history of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Tain,”</span> or Cattle Raid, of Quelgny +was traditionally supposed to have been written by no +other than Fergus mac Roy, but for a long time the +great lay or saga was lost. It was believed to have +been written out in Ogham characters on staves of +wood, which a bard who possessed them had taken with +him into Italy, whence they never returned. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The recovery of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Tain”</span> was the subject of a number +of legends which Sir S. Ferguson, in his <span class="tei tei-q">“Lays of the +Western Gael,”</span> has combined in a poem of so much +power, so much insight into the spirit of Gaelic myth, +that I venture to reproduce much of it here in telling +this singular and beautiful story. It is said that after +the loss of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Tain”</span> Sanchan Torpest, chief bard of +Ireland, was once taunted at a feast by the High King +Guary on his inability to recite the most famous and +splendid of Gaelic poems. This touched the bard to +the quick, and he resolved to recover the lost treasure. +Far and wide through Erin and through Alba he +searched for traces of the lay, but could only recover +scattered fragments. He would have conjured up by +magic arts the spirit of Fergus to teach it to him, +even at the cost of his own life—for such, it seems, +would have been the price demanded for the intervention +and help of the dead—but the place of Fergus's +grave, where the spells must be said, could not be +discovered. At last Sanchan sent his son Murgen with +his younger brother Eimena to journey to Italy and +endeavour to discover there the fate of the staff-book. +The brothers set off on their journey. +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Eastward, breadthwise, over Erin straightway travell'd forth the twain,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Till with many days' wayfaring Murgen fainted by Loch Ein:</div> +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page235">[pg 235]</span> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">‘Dear my brother, thou art weary: I for present aid am flown:</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Thou for my returning tarry here beside this Standing Stone.’</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Shone the sunset red and solemn: Murgen,where he leant,observed</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Down the corners of the column letter-strokes of Ogham carved.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">‘'Tis, belike, a burial pillar,’ said he, ‘and these shallow lines</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Hold some warrior's name of valour, could I rightly spell the signs.’</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Letter then by letter tracing, soft he breathed the sound of each;</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Sound and sound then interlacing, lo, the signs took form of speech;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">And with joy and wonder mainly thrilling, part a-thrill with fear,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">Murgen read the legend plainly, <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">‘FERGUS SON OF ROY IS HERE.’</span> ”</span></div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Murgen then, though he knew the penalty, appealed +to Fergus to pity a son's distress, and vowed, for +the sake of the recovery of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Tain,”</span> to give his life, +and abandon his kin and friends and the maiden he +loves, so that his father might no more be shamed. +But Fergus gave no sign, and Murgen tried another +plea: +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Still he stirs not. Love of women thou regard'st not, Fergus, now:</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Love of children, instincts human, care for these no more hast thou:</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Wider comprehension, deeper insights to the dead belong:—</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Since for Love thou wak'st not, Sleeper, yet awake for sake of Song.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“ <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">‘Thou, the first in rhythmic cadence dressing life's discordant tale,</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Wars of chiefs and loves of maidens, gavest the Poem to the Gael;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Now they've lost their noblest measure, and in dark days hard at hand,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Song shall be the only treasure left them in their native land.’</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Fergus rose. A mist ascended with him, and a flash was seen</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">As of brazen sandals blended with a mantle's wafture green;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">But so thick the cloud closed o'er him, Eimena, return'd at last,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Found not on the field before him but a mist-heap grey and vast.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Thrice to pierce the hoar recesses faithful Eimena essay'd;</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Thrice through foggy wildernesses back to open air he stray'd;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Till a deep voice through the vapours fill'd the twilight far and near</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">And the Night her starry tapers kindling, stoop'd from heaven to hear.</div> +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page236">[pg 236]</span> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Seem'd as though the skiey Shepherd back to earth had cast the fleece</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Envying gods of old caught upward from the darkening shrines of Greece;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">So the white mists curl'd and glisten'd, to from heaven's expanses bare,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Stars enlarging lean'd and listen'd down the emptied depths of air.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“All night long by mists surrounded Murgen lay in vapoury bars;</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">All night long the deep voice sounded 'neath the keen, enlarging stars:</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">But when, on the orient verges, stars grew dim and mists retired,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Rising by the stone of Fergus, Murgen stood a man inspired.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“ <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">‘Back to Sanchan!—Father, hasten, ere the hour of power be past,</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Ask not how obtain'd but listen to the lost lay found at last!’</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">‘Yea, these words have tramp of heroes in them; and the marching rhyme</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Rolls the voices of the eras down the echoing steeps of Time.’</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Not till all was thrice related, thrice recital full essay'd,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Sad and shamefaced, worn and faded, Murgen sought the faithful maid.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">‘Ah, so haggard; ah, so altered; thou in life and love so strong!’</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">‘Dearly purchased,’ Murgen falter'd, ‘life and love I've sold for song!’</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“ <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">‘Woe is me, the losing bargain! what can song the dead avail?’</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">‘Fame immortal,’ murmur'd Murgen, ‘long as lay delights the Gael.’</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">‘Fame, alas! the price thou chargest not repays one virgin tear.’</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">‘Yet the proud revenge I've purchased for my sire, I deem not dear.’</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“ <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">‘So,again to Gort the splendid, when the drinking boards were spread,</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Sanchan, as of old attended, came and sat at table-head.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">‘Bear the cup to Sanchan Torpest: twin gold goblets, Bard, are thine,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">If with voice and string thou harpest, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Tain-Bo-Cuailgne</span></span>, line for line.’</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“ <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">‘Yea, with voice and string I'll chant it.</span> Murgen to his father's knee</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Set the harp: no prelude wanted, Sanchan struck the master key,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">And, as bursts the brimful river all at once from caves of Cong,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Forth at once, and once for ever, leap'd the torrent of the song.</div> +</div> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page237">[pg 237]</span> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Floating on a brimful torrent, men go down and banks go by:</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Caught adown the lyric current, Guary, captured, ear and eye,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Heard no more the courtiers jeering, saw no more the walls of Gort,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Creeve Roe's<a id="noteref_166" name="noteref_166" href="#note_166"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">166</span></span></a> meads instead appearing, and Emania's royal fort.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Vision chasing splendid vision, Sanchan roll'd the rhythmic scene;</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">They that mock'd in lewd derision now, at gaze, with wondering mien</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sate, and, as the glorying master sway'd the tightening reins of song,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Felt emotion's pulses faster—fancies faster bound along.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Pity dawn'd on savage faces, when for love of captive Crunn,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Macha, in the ransom-races, girt her gravid loins, to run</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">'Gainst the fleet Ultonian horses; and, when Deirdra on the road</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Headlong dash'd her 'mid the corses, brimming eyelids overflow'd.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Light of manhood's generous ardour, under brows relaxing shone,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">When, mid-ford, on Uladh's border, young Cuchullin stood alone,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Maev and all her hosts withstanding:— ‘Now, for love of knightly play,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Yield the youth his soul's demanding; let the hosts their marchings stay,</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“'Till the death he craves be given; and, upon his burial stone</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Champion-praises duly graven, make his name and glory known;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">For, in speech-containing token, age to ages never gave</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Salutation better spoken, than, <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Behold a hero's grave.”</span>’</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“What, another and another, and he still or combat calls?</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ah, the lot on thee, his brother sworn in arms, Ferdia, falls;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">And the hall with wild applauses sobb'd like woman ere they wist,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">When the champions in the pauses of the deadly combat kiss'd.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Now, for love of land and cattle, while Cuchullin in the fords</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Stays the march of Connaught's battle, ride and rouse the Northern Lords;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Swift as angry eagles wing them toward the plunder'd eyrie's call,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Thronging from Dun Dealga bring them, bring them from the Red Branch hall!</div> +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page238">[pg 238]</span> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Heard ye not the tramp of armies? Hark! amid the sudden gloom,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">'Twas the stroke of Conall's war-mace sounded through the startled room;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">And, while still the hall grew darker, king and courtier chill'd with dread,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Heard the rattling of the war-car of Cuchullin overhead.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Half in wonder, half in terror, loth to stay and loth to fly,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Seem'd to each beglamour'd hearer shades of kings went thronging by:</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">But the troubled joy of wonder merged at last in mastering fear,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">As they heard through pealing thunder, ‘<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fergus son of Roy is here</span></span>!’</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Brazen-sandall'd, vapour-shrouded, moving in an icy blast,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Through the doorway terror-crowded, up the tables Fergus pass'd:—</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">‘Stay thy hand, oh harper, pardon! cease the wild unearthly lay!</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Murgen, bear thy sire his guerdon.’ Murgen sat, a shape of clay.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“ <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">‘Bear him on his bier beside me: never more in halls of Gort</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Shall a niggard king deride me: slaves, of Sanchan make their sport!</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">But because the maiden's yearnings needs must also be condoled,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hers shall be the dear-bought earnings, hers the twin-bright cups of gold.’</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“ <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">‘Cups,’</span> she cried, <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">‘of bitter drinking, fling them far as arm can throw!’</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Let them in the ocean sinking, out of sight and memory go!</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Let the joinings of the rhythm, let the links of sense and sound</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Of the <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Tain-Bo</span></span> perish with them, lost as though they'd ne'er been found!’</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“So it comes, the lay, recover'd once at such a deadly cost,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ere one full recital suffer'd, once again is all but lost:</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">For, the maiden's malediction still with many a blemish-stain</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">Clings in coarser garb of fiction round the fragments that remain.”</span></div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Phantom Chariot of Cuchulain</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Cuchulain, however, makes an impressive reappearance +in a much later legend of Christian origin, found in the +twelfth-century <span class="tei tei-q">“Book of the Dun Cow.”</span> He was +summoned from Hell, we are told, by St. Patrick to prove +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page239">[pg 239]</span> +the truths of Christianity and the horrors of damnation +to the pagan monarch, Laery mac Neill, King of +Ireland. Laery, with St. Benen, a companion of Patrick, +are standing on the Plain of mac Indoc when a blast +of icy wind nearly takes them off their feet. It is the +wind of Hell, Benen explains, after its opening before +Cuchulain. Then a dense mist covers the plain, and +anon a huge phantom chariot with galloping horses, a +grey and a black, loom up through the mist. Within +it are the famous two, Cuchulain and his charioteer, +giant figures, armed with all the splendour of the Gaelic +warrior. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Cuchulain then talks to Laery, and urges him to +<span class="tei tei-q">“believe in God and in holy Patrick, for it is not a +demon that has come to thee, but Cuchulain son of +Sualtam.”</span> To prove his identity he recounts his famous +deeds of arms, and ends by a piteous description of his +present state: +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“What I suffered of trouble,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">O Laery, by sea and land—</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Yet more severe was a single night</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">When the demon was wrathful!</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Great as was my heroism,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Hard as was my sword,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">The devil crushed me with one finger</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">Into the red charcoal!”</span></div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +He ends by beseeching Patrick that heaven may be +granted to him, and the legend tells that the prayer +was granted and that Laery believed. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Death of Conor mac Nessa</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Christian ideas have also gathered round the end of +Cuchulain's lord, King Conor of Ulster. The manner +of his death was as follows: An unjust and cruel attack +had been made by him on Mesgedra, King of Leinster, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page240">[pg 240]</span> +in which that monarch met his death at the hand of +Conall of the Victories.<a id="noteref_167" name="noteref_167" href="#note_167"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">167</span></span></a> Conall took out the brains +of the dead king and mingled them with lime to make +a sling-stone—such <span class="tei tei-q">“brain balls,”</span> as they were called, +being accounted the most deadly of missiles. This ball +was laid up in the king's treasure-house at Emain +Macha, where the Connacht champion, Ket son of +Maga, found it one day when prowling in disguise +through Ulster. Ket took it away and kept it always +by him. Not long thereafter the Connacht men took a +spoil of cattle from Ulster, and the Ulster men, under +Conor, overtook them at a river-ford still called +Athnurchar (The Ford of the Sling-cast), in Westmeath. +A battle was imminent, and many of the ladies of +Connacht came to their side of the river to view the +famous Ultonian warriors, and especially Conor, the +stateliest man of his time. Conor was willing to show +himself, and seeing none but women on the other bank +he drew near them; but Ket, who was lurking in +ambush, now rose and slung the brain-ball at Conor, +striking him full in the forehead. Conor fell, and was +carried off by his routed followers. When they got +him home, still living, to Emain Macha, his physician, +Fingen, pronounced that if the ball were extracted from +his head he must die; it was accordingly sewn up with +golden thread, and the king was bidden to keep himself +from horse-riding and from all vehement passion +and exertion, and he would do well. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Seven years afterwards Conor saw the sun darken at +noonday, and he summoned his Druid to tell him the +cause of the portent. The Druid, in a magic trance, +tells him of a hill in a distant land on which stand +three crosses with a human form nailed to each of them, +and one of them is like the Immortals. <span class="tei tei-q">“Is he a +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page241">[pg 241]</span> +malefactor?”</span> then asks Conor. <span class="tei tei-q">“Nay,”</span> says the +Druid, <span class="tei tei-q">“but the Son of the living God,”</span> and he relates +to the king the story of the death of Christ. Conor +breaks out in fury, and drawing his sword he hacks at +the oak-trees in the sacred grove, crying, <span class="tei tei-q">“Thus would +I deal with his enemies,”</span> when with the excitement and +exertion the brain-ball bursts from his head, and he +falls dead. And thus was the vengeance of Mesgedra +fulfilled. With Conor and with Cuchulain the glory of +the Red Branch and the dominance of Ulster passed +away. The next, or Ossianic, cycle of Irish legend brings +upon the scene different characters, different physical +surroundings, and altogether different ideals of life. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Ket and the Boar of mac Datho</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Connacht champion Ket, whose main exploit +was the wounding of King Conor at Ardnurchar, figures +also in a very dramatic tale entitled <span class="tei tei-q">“The Carving of +mac Datho's Boar.”</span> The story runs as follows: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Once upon a time there dwelt in the province of +Leinster a wealthy hospitable lord named Mesroda, son +of Datho. Two possessions had he; namely, a hound +which could outrun every other hound and every wild +beast in Erin, and a boar which was the finest and +greatest in size that man had ever beheld. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Now the fame of this hound was noised all about the +land, and many were the princes and lords who longed +to possess it. And it came to pass that Conor King of +Ulster and Maev Queen of Connacht sent messengers to +mac Datho to ask him to sell them the hound for a price, +and both the messengers arrived at the dūn of mac +Datho on the same day. Said the Connacht messenger: +<span class="tei tei-q">“We will give thee in exchange for the hound six +hundred milch cows, and a chariot with two horses, the +best that are to be found in Connacht, and at the end +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page242">[pg 242]</span> +of a year thou shalt have as much again.”</span> And the +messenger of King Conor said: <span class="tei tei-q">“We will give no less +than Connacht, and the friendship and alliance of Ulster, +and that will be better for thee than the friendship of +Connacht.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Then Mesroda mac Datho fell silent, and for three +days he would not eat or drink, nor could he sleep o' +nights, but tossed restlessly on his bed. His wife +observed his condition, and said to him: <span class="tei tei-q">“Thy fast hath +been long, Mesroda, though good food is by thee in +plenty; and at night thou turnest thy face to the wall, +and well I know thou dost not sleep. What is the +cause of thy trouble?”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“There is a saying,”</span> replied Mac Datho, <span class="tei tei-q">“'Trust +not a thrall with money, nor a woman with a secret.'”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“When should a man talk to a woman,”</span> said his wife, +<span class="tei tei-q">“but when something were amiss? What thy mind +cannot solve perchance another's may.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Then mac Datho told his wife of the request for his +hound both from Ulster and from Connacht at one and +the same time. <span class="tei tei-q">“And whichever of them I deny,”</span> he +said, <span class="tei tei-q">“they will harry my cattle and slay my people.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Then hear my counsel,”</span> said the woman. <span class="tei tei-q">“Give +it to both of them, and bid them come and fetch it; +and if there be any harrying to be done, let them even +harry each other; but in no way mayest thou keep the hound.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Mac Datho followed this wise counsel, and bade both +Ulster and Connacht to a great feast on the same day, +saying to each of them that they could have the hound +afterwards. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +So on the appointed day Conor of Ulster, and Maev, +and their retinues of princes and mighty men assembled +at the dūn of mac Datho. There they found a great +feast set forth, and to provide the chief dish mac Datho +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page243">[pg 243]</span> +had killed his famous boar, a beast of enormous size. +The question now arose as to who should have the +honourable task of carving it, and Bricriu of the Poisoned +Tongue characteristically, for the sake of the strife which +he loved, suggested that the warriors of Ulster and +Connacht should compare their principal deeds of arms, +and give the carving of the boar to him who seemed to +have done best in the border-fighting which was always +going on between the provinces. After much bandying +of words and of taunts Ket son of Maga arises and +stands over the boar, knife in hand, challenging each of +the Ulster lords to match his deeds of valour. One +after another they arise, Cuscrid son of Conor, Keltchar, +Moonremur, Laery the Triumphant, and others—Cuchulain +is not introduced in this story—and in each +case Ket has some biting tale to tell of an encounter in +which he has come off better than they, and one by +one they sit down shamed and silenced. At last a shout +of welcome is heard at the door of the hall and the Ulstermen +grow jubilant: Conall of the Victories has appeared +on the scene. He strides up to the boar, and Ket and +he greet each other with chivalrous courtesy: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“And now welcome to thee, O Conall, thou of the +iron heart and fiery blood; keen as the glitter of ice, +ever-victorious chieftain; hail, mighty son of Finnchoom!”</span> +said Ket. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +And Conall said: <span class="tei tei-q">“Hail to thee, Ket, flower of heroes, +lord of chariots, a raging sea in battle; a strong, majestic +bull; hail, son of Maga!”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“And now,”</span> went on Conall, <span class="tei tei-q">“rise up from the boar +and give me place.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Why so?”</span> replied Ket. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Dost thou seek a contest from me?”</span> said Conall. +<span class="tei tei-q">“Verily thou shalt have it. By the gods of my nation +I swear that since I first took weapons in my hand I +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page244">[pg 244]</span> +have never passed one day that I did not slay a Connacht +man, nor one night that I did not make a foray on them, +nor have I ever slept but I had the head of a Connacht +man under my knee.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“I confess,”</span> then said Ket, <span class="tei tei-q">“that thou art a better +man than I, and I yield thee the boar. But if Anluan +my brother were here, he would match thee deed for +deed, and sorrow and shame it is that he is not.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Anluan is here,”</span> shouted Conall, and with that he +drew from his girdle the head of Anluan and dashed it +in the face of Ket. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Then all sprang to their feet and a wild shouting and +tumult arose, and the swords flew out of themselves, +and battle raged in the hall of mac Datho. Soon the +hosts burst out through the doors of the dūn and smote +and slew each other in the open field, until the Connacht +host were put to flight. The hound of mac Datho +pursued the chariot of King Ailell of Connacht till the +charioteer smote off its head, and so the cause of contention +was won by neither party, and mac Datho lost +his hound, but saved his lands and life. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Death of Ket</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The death of Ket is told in Keating's <span class="tei tei-q">“History of +Ireland.”</span> Returning from a foray in Ulster, he was overtaken +by Conall at the place called the Ford of Ket, and +they fought long and desperately. At last Ket was slain, +but Conall of the Victories was in little better case, and +lay bleeding to death when another Connacht champion +named Beälcu<a id="noteref_168" name="noteref_168" href="#note_168"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">168</span></span></a> found him. <span class="tei tei-q">“Kill me,”</span> said Conall +to him, <span class="tei tei-q">“that it be not said I fell at the hand of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">one</span></span> +Connacht man.”</span> But Beälcu said: <span class="tei tei-q">“I will not slay a +man at the point of death, but I will bring thee home +and heal thee, and when thy strength is come again +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page245">[pg 245]</span> +thou shalt fight with me in single combat.”</span> Then +Beälcu put Conall on a litter and brought him home, +and had him tended till his wounds were healed. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The three sons of Beälcu, however, when they saw +what the Ulster champion was like in all his might, +resolved to assassinate him before the combat should +take place. By a stratagem Conall contrived that they +slew their own father instead; and then, taking the heads +of the three sons, he went back, victoriously as he was +wont, to Ulster. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Death of Maev</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The tale of the death of Queen Maev is also preserved +by Keating. Fergus mac Roy having been slain by +Ailell with a cast of a spear as he bathed in a lake with +Maev, and Ailell having been slain by Conall, Maev +retired to an island<a id="noteref_169" name="noteref_169" href="#note_169"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">169</span></span></a> on Loch Ryve, where she was wont +to bathe early every morning in a pool near to the landing-place. +Forbay son of Conor mac Nessa, having discovered +this habit of the queen's, found means one day +to go unperceived to the pool and to measure the distance +from it to the shore of the mainland. Then he went +back to Emania, where he measured out the distance thus +obtained, and placing an apple on a pole at one end he +shot at it continually with a sling until he grew so good +a marksman at that distance that he never missed his +aim. Then one day, watching his opportunity by the +shores of Loch Ryve, he saw Maev enter the water, and +putting a bullet in his sling he shot at her with so good +an aim that he smote her in the centre of the forehead +and she fell dead. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The great warrior-queen had reigned in Connacht, it +was said, for eighty-eight years. She is a signal example +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page246">[pg 246]</span> +of the kind of women whom the Gaelic bards delighted to +portray. Gentleness and modesty were by no means +their usual characteristics, but rather a fierce overflowing +life. Women-warriors like Skatha and Aifa are frequently +met with, and one is reminded of the Gaulish women, +with their mighty snow-white arms, so dangerous to +provoke, of whom classical writers tell us. The Gaelic +bards, who in so many ways anticipated the ideas of +chivalric romance, did not do so in setting women in a +place apart from men. Women were judged and treated +like men, neither as drudges nor as goddesses, and we +know that well into historic times they went with men +into battle, a practice only ended in the sixth century. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Fergus mac Leda and the Wee Folk</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Of the stories of the Ultonian Cycle which do not +centre on the figure of Cuchulain, one of the most +interesting is that of Fergus mac Leda and the King of +the Wee Folk. In this tale Fergus appears as King of +Ulster, but as he was contemporary with Conor mac +Nessa, and in the Cattle Raid of Quelgny is represented +as following him to war, we must conclude that +he was really a sub-king, like Cuchulain or Owen of + +Ferney. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The tale opens in Faylinn, or the Land of the Wee +Folk, a race of elves presenting an amusing parody of +human institutions on a reduced scale, but endowed +(like dwarfish people generally in the literature of +primitive races) with magical powers. Iubdan,<a id="noteref_170" name="noteref_170" href="#note_170"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">170</span></span></a> the +King of Faylinn, when flushed with wine at a feast, is +bragging of the greatness of his power and the invincibility +of his armed forces—have they not the strong +man Glower, who with his axe has been known to hew +down a thistle at a stroke? But the king's bard, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page247">[pg 247]</span> +Eisirt, has heard something of a giant race oversea in +a land called Ulster, one man of whom would annihilate +a whole battalion of the Wee Folk, and he +incautiously allows himself to hint as much to the +boastful monarch. He is immediately clapped into +prison for his audacity, and only gets free by promising +to go immediately to the land of the mighty +men, and bring back evidence of the truth of his +incredible story. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +So off he goes; and one fine day King Fergus and +his lords find at the gate of their Dūn a tiny little fellow +magnificently clad in the robes of a royal bard, who +demands entrance. He is borne in upon the hand of +Æda, the king's dwarf and bard, and after charming the +court by his wise and witty sayings, and receiving a +noble largesse, which he at once distributes among the +poets and other court attendants of Ulster, he goes off +home, taking with him as a guest the dwarf Æda, +before whom the Wee Folk fly as a <span class="tei tei-q">“Fomorian giant,”</span> +although, as Eisirt explains, the average man of Ulster +can carry him like a child. Iubdan is now convinced, +but Eisirt puts him under <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geise</span></span>, the bond of chivalry +which no Irish chieftain can repudiate without being +shamed, to go himself, as Eisirt has done, to the palace +of Fergus and taste the king's porridge. Iubdan, after +he has seen Æda, is much dismayed, but he prepares to +go, and bids Bebo, his wife, accompany him. <span class="tei tei-q">“You +did an ill deed,”</span> she says, <span class="tei tei-q">“when you condemned +Eisirt to prison; but surely there is no man under the +sun that can make thee hear reason.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +So off they go, and Iubdan's fairy steed bears them +over the sea till they reach Ulster, and by midnight +they stand before the king's palace. <span class="tei tei-q">“Let us taste the +porridge as we were bound,”</span> says Bebo, <span class="tei tei-q">“and make +off before daybreak.”</span> They steal in and find the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page248">[pg 248]</span> +porridge-pot, to the rim of which Iubdan can only +reach by standing on his horse's back. In straining +downwards to get at the porridge he overbalances +himself and falls in. There in the thick porridge he +sticks fast, and there Fergus's scullions find him at +the break of day, with the faithful Bebo lamenting. +They bear him off to Fergus, who is amazed at finding +another wee man, with a woman too, in his palace. +He treats them hospitably, but refuses all appeals to +let them go. The story now recounts in a spirit of +broad humour several Rabelaisian adventures in which +Bebo is concerned, and gives a charming poem supposed +to have been uttered by Iubdan in the form of +advice to Fergus's fire-gillie as to the merits for burning +of different kinds of timber. The following are +extracts: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +</p><div class="block tei tei-q" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Burn not the sweet apple-tree of drooping branches, of the white +blossoms, to whose gracious head each man puts forth his hand.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +</p><div class="block tei tei-q" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Burn not the noble willow, the unfailing ornament of poems; +bees drink from its blossoms, all delight in the graceful tent.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +</p><div class="block tei tei-q" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The delicate, airy tree of the Druids, the rowan with its berries, +this burn; but avoid the weak tree, burn not the slender hazel.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +</p><div class="block tei tei-q" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The ash-tree of the black buds burn not—timber that speeds +the wheel, that yields the rider his switch; the ashen spear is the +scale-beam of battle.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At last the Wee Folk come in a great multitude to +beg the release of Iubdan. On the king's refusal they +visit the country with various plagues, snipping off the +ears of corn, letting the calves suck all the cows dry, +defiling the wells, and so forth; but Fergus is obdurate. +In their quality as earth-gods, <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">dei terreni</span></span>, they promise +to make the plains before the palace of Fergus stand +thick with corn every year without ploughing or sowing, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page249">[pg 249]</span> +but all is vain. At last, however, Fergus agrees to +ransom Iubdan against the best of his fairy treasures, +so Iubdan recounts them—the cauldron that can never +be emptied, the harp that plays of itself; and finally +he mentions a pair of water-shoes, wearing which +a man can go over or under water as freely as on +dry land. Fergus accepts the shoes, and Iubdan is +released. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Blemish of Fergus</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But it is hard for a mortal to get the better of Fairyland—a +touch of hidden malice lurks in magical gifts, +and so it proved now. Fergus was never tired of +exploring the depths of the lakes and rivers of Ireland; +but one day, in Loch Rury, he met with a hideous +monster, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Muirdris</span></span>, or river-horse, which inhabited +that lake, and from which he barely saved himself by +flying to the shore. With the terror of this encounter +his face was twisted awry; but since a blemished man +could not hold rule in Ireland, his queen and nobles +took pains, on some pretext, to banish all mirrors from +the palace, and kept the knowledge of his condition +from him. One day, however, he smote a bondmaid +with a switch, for some negligence, and the maid, indignant, +cried out: <span class="tei tei-q">“It were better for thee, Fergus, to +avenge thyself on the river-horse that hath twisted thy +face than to do brave deeds on women!”</span> Fergus +bade fetch him a mirror, and looked in it. <span class="tei tei-q">“It is true,”</span> +he said; <span class="tei tei-q">“the river-horse of Loch Rury has done this +thing.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Death of Fergus</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The conclusion may be given in the words of Sir +Samuel Ferguson's fine poem on this theme. Fergus +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page250">[pg 250]</span> +donned the magic shoes, took sword in hand, and went +to Loch Rury: +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 17.00em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“For a day and night</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Beneath the waves he rested out of sight,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">But all the Ultonians on the bank who stood</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Saw the loch boil and redden with his blood.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">When next at sunrise skies grew also red</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">He rose—and in his hand the <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Muirdris</span></span>' head.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Gone was the blemish! On his goodly face</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Each trait symmetric had resumed its place:</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">And they who saw him marked in all his mien</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">A king's composure, ample and serene.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">He smiled; he cast his trophy to the bank,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Said, 'I, survivor, Ulstermen!' and sank."</div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This fine tale has been published in full from an +Egerton MS., by Mr. Standish Hayes O'Grady, in his +<span class="tei tei-q">“Silva Gadelica.”</span> The humorous treatment of the +fairy element in the story would mark it as belonging +to a late period of Irish legend, but the tragic and +noble conclusion unmistakably signs it as belonging +to the Ulster bardic literature, and it falls within the +same order of ideas, if it were not composed within the +same period, as the tales of Cuchulain. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Significance of Irish Place-Names</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Before leaving this great cycle of legendary literature +let us notice what has already, perhaps, attracted the +attention of some readers—the extent to which its chief +characters and episodes have been commemorated in +the still surviving place-names of the country.<a id="noteref_171" name="noteref_171" href="#note_171"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">171</span></span></a> This +is true of Irish legend in general—it is especially so of +the Ultonian Cycle. Faithfully indeed, through many +a century of darkness and forgetting, have these names +pointed to the hidden treasures of heroic romance +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page251">[pg 251]</span> +which the labours of our own day are now restoring to +light. The name of the little town of Ardee, as we +have seen,<a id="noteref_172" name="noteref_172" href="#note_172"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">172</span></span></a> commemorates the tragic death of Ferdia at +the hand of his <span class="tei tei-q">“heart companion,”</span> the noblest hero of +the Gael. The ruins of Dūn Baruch, where Fergus +was bidden to the treacherous feast, still look over the +waters of Moyle, across which Naisi and Deirdre sailed +to their doom. Ardnurchar, the Hill of the Sling-cast, +in Westmeath,<a id="noteref_173" name="noteref_173" href="#note_173"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">173</span></span></a> brings to mind the story of the +stately monarch, the crowd of gazing women, and the +crouching enemy with the deadly missile which bore +the vengeance of Mesgedra. The name of Armagh, or +Ard Macha, the Hill of Macha, enshrines the memory +of the Fairy Bride and her heroic sacrifice, while the +grassy rampart can still be traced where the war-goddess +in the earlier legend drew its outline with the pin of her +brooch when she founded the royal fortress of Ulster. +Many pages might be filled with these instances. Perhaps +no modern country has place-names so charged +with legendary associations as are those of Ireland. +Poetry and myth are there still closely wedded to the +very soil of the land—a fact in which there lies ready +to hand an agency for education, for inspiration, of the +noblest kind, if we only had the insight to see it and +the art to make use of it. +</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page252">[pg 252]</span> + +<a name="toc19" id="toc19"></a> +<a name="pdf20" id="pdf20"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">CHAPTER VI: TALES OF THE +OSSIANIC CYCLE</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Fianna of Erin</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +As the tales of the Ultonian Cycle cluster round +the heroic figure of the Hound of Cullan, so do +those of the Ossianic Cycle round that of Finn +mac Cumhal,<a id="noteref_174" name="noteref_174" href="#note_174"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">174</span></span></a> whose son Oisīn<a id="noteref_175" name="noteref_175" href="#note_175"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">175</span></span></a> (or Ossian, as Macpherson +called him in the pretended translations from the +Gaelic which first introduced him to the English-speaking +world) was a poet as well as a warrior, and is the traditional +author of most of them. The events of the +Ultonian Cycle are supposed to have taken place about +the time of the birth of Christ. Those of the Ossianic +Cycle fell mostly in the reign of Cormac mac Art, who +lived in the third century A.D. During his reign the +Fianna of Erin, who are represented as a kind of military +Order composed mainly of the members of two clans, +Clan Bascna and Clan Morna, and who were supposed +to be devoted to the service of the High King and to +the repelling of foreign invaders, reached the height of +their renown under the captaincy of Finn. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The annalists of ancient Ireland treated the story of +Finn and the Fianna, in its main outlines, as sober history. +This it can hardly be. Ireland had no foreign invaders +during the period when the Fianna are supposed to have +flourished, and the tales do not throw a ray of light on +the real history of the country; they are far more +concerned with a Fairyland populated by supernatural +beings, beautiful or terrible, than with any tract of real +earth inhabited by real men and women. The modern +critical reader of these tales will soon feel that it would +be idle to seek for any basis of fact in this glittering +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page253">[pg 253]</span> +mirage. But the mirage was created by poets and storytellers +of such rare gifts for this kind of literature that +it took at once an extraordinary hold on the imagination +of the Irish and Scottish Gael. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Ossianic Cycle</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The earliest tales of this cycle now extant are found +in manuscripts of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, and +were composed probably a couple of centuries earlier. +But the cycle lasted in a condition of vital growth for a +thousand years, right down to Michael Comyn's <span class="tei tei-q">“Lay +of Oisin in the Land of Youth,”</span> which was composed +about 1750, and which ended the long history of Gaelic +literature.<a id="noteref_176" name="noteref_176" href="#note_176"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">176</span></span></a> It has been estimated<a id="noteref_177" name="noteref_177" href="#note_177"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">177</span></span></a> that if all the tales +and poems of the Ossianic Cycle which still remain could +be printed they would fill some twenty-five volumes +the size of this. Moreover, a very great proportion of this +literature, even if there were no manuscripts at all, could +during the last and the preceding centuries have been +recovered from the lips of what has been absurdly called +an <span class="tei tei-q">“illiterate”</span> peasantry in the Highlands and in the +Gaelic-speaking parts or Ireland. It cannot but interest +us to study the character of the literature which was +capable of exercising such a spell. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Contrasted with the Ultonian Cycle</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Let us begin by saying that the reader will find himself +in an altogether different atmosphere from that in which +the heroes of the Ultonian Cycle live and move. Everything +speaks of a later epoch, when life was gentler and +softer, when men lived more in settlements and towns, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page254">[pg 254]</span> +when the Danaan Folk were more distinctly fairies and +less deities, when in literature the elements of wonder +and romance predominated, and the iron string of +heroism and self-sacrifice was more rarely sounded. +There is in the Ossianic literature a conscious delight in +wild nature, in scenery, in the song of birds, the music +of the chase through the woods, in mysterious and +romantic adventure, which speaks unmistakably of a +time when the free, open-air life <span class="tei tei-q">“under the greenwood +tree”</span> is looked back on and idealised, but no longer +habitually lived, by those who celebrate it. There is +also a significant change of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">locale</span></span>. The Conorian tales +were the product of a literary movement having its +sources among the bleak hills or on the stern rock-bound +coasts of Ulster. In the Ossianic Cycle we find +ourselves in the Midlands or South of Ireland. Much +of the action takes place amid the soft witchery of the +Killarney landscape, and the difference between the two +regions is reflected in the ethical temper of the tales. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the Ultonian Cycle it will have been noticed that +however extravagantly the supernatural element may be +employed, the final significance of almost every tale, the +end to which all the supernatural machinery is worked, +is something real and human, something that has to do +with the virtues or vices, the passions or the duties or +men and women. In the Ossianic Cycle, broadly speaking, +this is not so. The nobler vein of literature seems +to have been exhausted, and we have now beauty for +the sake of beauty, romance for the sake of romance, +horror or mystery for the sake of the excitement they +arouse. The Ossianic tales are, at their best, +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +</p><div class="block tei tei-q" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Lovely apparitions, sent +To be a moment's ornament.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +They lack that something, found in the noblest art as in +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page255">[pg 255]</span> +the noblest personalities, which has power <span class="tei tei-q">“to warn, +to comfort, and command.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Coming of Finn</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +King Cormac mac Art was certainly a historical +character, which is more, perhaps, than we can say of +Conor mac Nessa. Whether there is any real personage +behind the glorious figure of his great captain, Finn, it +is more difficult to say. But for our purpose it is not +necessary to go into this question. He was a creation +of the Celtic mind in one land and in one stage of its +development, and our part here is to show what kind +of character the Irish mind liked to idealise and make +stories about. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Finn, like most of the Irish heroes, had a partly +Danaan ancestry. His mother, Murna of the White +Neck, was grand-daughter of Nuada of the Silver Hand, +who had wedded that Ethlinn, daughter of Balor the +Fomorian, who bore the Sun-god Lugh to Kian. +Cumhal son of Trenmōr was Finn's father. He was +chief of the Clan Bascna, who were contending with the +Clan Morna for the leadership of the Fianna, and was +overthrown and slain by these at the battle of Knock.<a id="noteref_178" name="noteref_178" href="#note_178"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">178</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Among the Clan Morna was a man named Lia, the +lord of Luachar in Connacht, who was Treasurer of the +Fianna, and who kept the Treasure Bag, a bag made of +crane's skin and having in it magic weapons and jewels +of great price that had come down from the days of the +Danaans. And he became Treasurer to the Clan Morna +and still kept the bag at Rath Luachar. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Murna, after the defeat and death of Cumhal, took +refuge in the forests of Slieve Bloom,<a id="noteref_179" name="noteref_179" href="#note_179"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">179</span></span></a> and there she +bore a man-child whom she named Demna. For fear +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page256">[pg 256]</span> +that the Clan Morna would find him out and slay him, +she gave him to be nurtured in the wildwood by two +aged women, and she herself became wife to the King +of Kerry. But Demna, when he grew up to be a lad, +was called <span class="tei tei-q">“Finn,”</span> or the Fair One, on account of the +whiteness of his skin and his golden hair, and by this +name he was always known thereafter. His first deed +was to slay Lia, who had the Treasure Bag of the Fianna, +which he took from him. He then sought out his +uncle Crimmal, who, with a few other old men, survivors +of the chiefs of Clan Bascna, had escaped the sword at +Castleknock, and were living in much penury and +affliction in the recesses of the forests of Connacht. +These he furnished with a retinue and guard from +among a body of youths who followed his fortunes, and +gave them the Treasure Bag. He himself went to +learn the accomplishments of poetry and science from +an ancient sage and Druid named Finegas, who dwelt +on the river Boyne. Here, in a pool of this river, +under boughs of hazel from which dropped the Nuts of +Knowledge on the stream, lived Fintan the Salmon of +Knowledge, which whoso ate of him would enjoy all +the wisdom of the ages. Finegas had sought many a +time to catch this salmon, but failed until Finn had +come to be his pupil. Then one day he caught it, and +gave it to Finn to cook, bidding him eat none of it himself, +but to tell him when it was ready. When the lad +brought the salmon, Finegas saw that his countenance +was changed. <span class="tei tei-q">“Hast thou eaten of the salmon?”</span> he +asked. <span class="tei tei-q">“Nay,”</span> said Finn, <span class="tei tei-q">“but when I turned it on the +spit my thumb was burnt, and I put it to my mouth.”</span> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Take the Salmon of Knowledge and eat it,”</span> then said +Finegas, <span class="tei tei-q">“for in thee the prophecy is come true. And +now go hence, for I can teach thee no more.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +After that Finn became as wise as he was strong and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page257">[pg 257]</span> +bold, and it is said that whenever he wished to divine +what would befall, or what was happening at a distance, +he had but to put his thumb in his mouth and bite it, +and the knowledge he wished for would be his. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Finn and the Goblin</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At this time Goll son of Morna was the captain of +the Fianna of Erin, but Finn, being come to man's +estate, wished to take the place of his father Cumhal. +So he went to Tara, and during the Great Assembly, +when no man might raise his hand against any other in +the precincts of Tara, he sat down among the king's +warriors and the Fianna. At last the king marked +him as a stranger among them, and bade him declare +his name and lineage. <span class="tei tei-q">“I am Finn son of Cumhal,”</span> +said he, <span class="tei tei-q">“and I am come to take service with thee, +O King, as my father did.”</span> The king accepted him +gladly, and Finn swore loyal service to him. No long +time after that came the period of the year when Tara +was troubled by a goblin or demon that came at nightfall +and blew fire-balls against the royal city, setting it +in flames, and none could do battle with him, for as he +came he played on a harp a music so sweet that each +man who heard it was lapped in dreams, and forgot all +else on earth for the sake of listening to that music. +When this was told to Finn he went to the king and +said: <span class="tei tei-q">“Shall I, if I slay the goblin, have my father's +place as captain of the Fianna?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Yea, surely,”</span> said +the king, and he bound himself to this by an oath. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Now there were among the men-at-arms an old +follower of Finn's father, Cumhal, who possessed a +magic spear with a head of bronze and rivets of +Arabian gold. The head was kept laced up in a +leathern case; and it had the property that when the +naked blade was laid against the forehead of a man it +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page258">[pg 258]</span> +would fill him with a strength and a battle-fury that +would make him invincible in every combat. This +spear the man Fiacha gave to Finn, and taught him +how to use it, and with it he awaited the coming of the +goblin on the ramparts of Tara. As night fell and +mists began to gather in the wide plain around the +Hill he saw a shadowy form coming swiftly towards +him, and heard the notes of the magic harp. But +laying the spear to his brow he shook off the spell, and +the phantom fled before him to the Fairy Mound of +Slieve Fuad, and there Finn overtook and slew him, +and bore back his head to Tara. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Then Cormac the King set Finn before the Fianna, +and bade them all either swear obedience to him as +their captain or seek service elsewhere. And first of all +Goll mac Morna swore service, and then all the rest +followed, and Finn became Captain of the Fianna of +Erin, and ruled them till he died. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Finn's Chief Men: Conan mac Lia</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +With the coming of Finn the Fianna of Erin came to +their glory, and with his life their glory passed away. +For he ruled them as no other captain ever did, both +strongly and wisely, and never bore a grudge against +any, but freely forgave a man all offences save disloyalty +to his lord. Thus it is told that Conan, son of the +lord of Luachar, him who had the Treasure Bag and +whom Finn slew at Rath Luachar, was for seven years +an outlaw and marauder, harrying the Fians and killing +here a man and there a hound, and firing dwellings, and +raiding their cattle. At last they ran him to a corner at +Carn Lewy, in Munster, and when he saw that he could +escape no more he stole upon Finn as he sat down after +a chase, and flung his arms round him from behind, +holding him fast and motionless. Finn knew who held +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page259">[pg 259]</span> +him thus, and said: <span class="tei tei-q">“What wilt thou, Conan?”</span> Conan +said: <span class="tei tei-q">“To make a covenant of service and fealty with +thee, for I may no longer evade thy wrath.”</span> So Finn +laughed and said: <span class="tei tei-q">“Be it so, Conan, and if thou prove +faithful and valiant I also will keep faith.”</span> Conan +served him for thirty years, and no man of all the +Fianna was keener and hardier in fight. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Conan mac Morna</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There was also another Conan, namely, mac Morna, +who was big and bald, and unwieldy in manly exercises, +but whose tongue was bitter and scurrilous; no high or +brave thing was done that Conan the Bald did not +mock and belittle. It is said that when he was stripped +he showed down his back and buttocks a black sheep's +fleece instead of a man's skin, and this is the way it +came about. One day when Conan and certain others +of the Fianna were hunting in the forest they came to +a stately dūn, white-walled, with coloured thatching on +the roof, and they entered it to seek hospitality. But +when they were within they found no man, but a +great empty hall with pillars of cedar-wood and silken +hangings about it, like the hall of a wealthy lord. In +the midst there was a table set forth with a sumptuous +feast of boar's flesh and venison, and a great vat of yew-wood +full of red wine, and cups of gold and silver. So +they set themselves gaily to eat and drink, for they +were hungry from the chase, and talk and laughter +were loud around the board. But one of them ere long +started to his feet with a cry of fear and wonder, and +they all looked round, and saw before their eyes the +tapestried walls changing to rough wooden beams, and +the ceiling to foul sooty thatch like that of a herdsman's +hut. So they knew they were being entrapped by some +enchantment of the Fairy Folk, and all sprang to their +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page260">[pg 260]</span> +feet and made for the doorway, that was no longer +high and stately, but was shrinking to the size of a fox +earth—all but Conan the Bald, who was gluttonously +devouring the good things on the table, and heeded +nothing else. Then they shouted to him, and as the +last of them went out he strove to rise and follow, but +found himself limed to the chair so that he could not +stir. So two of the Fianna, seeing his plight, rushed +back and seized his arms and tugged with all their +might, and as they dragged him away they left the +most part of his raiment and his skin sticking to the +chair. Then, not knowing what else to do with him +in his sore plight, they clapped upon his back the nearest +thing they could find, which was the skin of a black sheep +that they took from a peasant's flock hard by, and it +grew there, and Conan wore it till his death. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Though Conan was a coward and rarely adventured +himself in battle with the Fianna, it is told that once a +good man fell by his hand. This was on the day of +the great battle with the pirate horde on the Hill of +Slaughter in Kerry.<a id="noteref_180" name="noteref_180" href="#note_180"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">180</span></span></a> For Liagan, one of the invaders, +stood out before the hosts and challenged the bravest +of the Fians to single combat, and the Fians in mockery +thrust Conan forth to the fight. When he appeared +Liagan laughed, for he had more strength than wit, and +he said: <span class="tei tei-q">“Silly is thy visit, thou bald old man.”</span> And +as Conan still approached Liagan lifted his hand +fiercely, and Conan said: <span class="tei tei-q">“Truly thou art in more +peril from the man behind than from the man in +front.”</span> Liagan looked round; and in that instant +Conan swept off his head, and then threw his sword +and ran for shelter to the ranks of the laughing +Fians. But Finn was very wroth because he had won +the victory by a trick. +</p> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page261">[pg 261]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Dermot O'Dyna</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +And one of the chiefest of the friends of Finn was +Dermot of the Love Spot. He was so fair and noble +to look on that no woman could refuse him love, and +it was said that he never knew weariness, but his step +was as light at the end of the longest day of battle or +the chase as it was at the beginning. Between him +and Finn there was great love, until the day when +Finn, then an old man, was to wed Grania, daughter +of Cormac the High King; but Grania bound Dermot +by the sacred ordinances of the Fian chivalry to fly +with her on her wedding night, which thing, sorely +against his will, he did, and thereby got his death. +But Grania went back to Finn, and when the Fianna +saw her they laughed through all the camp in bitter +mockery, for they would not have given one of the +dead man's fingers for twenty such as Grania. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Keelta mac Ronan and Oisīn</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Another of the chief men that Finn had was Keelta +mac Ronan, who was one of his house-stewards, and +a strong warrior as well as a golden-tongued reciter +of tales and poems. And there was Oisīn, the son +of Finn, the greatest poet of the Gael, of whom more +shall be told hereafter. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Oscar</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Oisīn had a son, Oscar, who was the fiercest fighter +in battle among all the Fians. He slew in his maiden +battle three kings, and in his fury he also slew by +mischance his own friend and condisciple Linné. His +wife was the fair Aideen, who died of grief after Oscar's +death in the battle of Gowra, and Oisīn buried her on +Ben Edar (Howth), and raised over her the great +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page262">[pg 262]</span> +dolmen which is there to this day. Oscar appears in +this literature as a type of hard strength, with a heart +<span class="tei tei-q">“like twisted horn sheathed in steel,”</span> a character made +as purely for war as a sword or spear. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Geena mac Luga</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Another good man that Finn had was Geena, the son +of Luga; his mother was the warrior-daughter of Finn, +and his father was a near kinsman of hers. He was +nurtured by a woman that bore the name of Fair Mane, +who had brought up many of the Fianna to manhood. +When his time to take arms was come he stood before +Finn and made his covenant of fealty, and Finn gave +him the captaincy of a band. But mac Luga proved +slothful and selfish, for ever vaunting himself and his +weapon-skill, and never training his men to the chase +of deer or boar, and he used to beat his hounds and his +serving-men. At last the Fians under him came with +their whole company to Finn at Loch Lena, in Killarney, +and there they laid their complaint against mac Luga, +and said: <span class="tei tei-q">“Choose now, O Finn, whether you will have +us or the son of Luga by himself.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Then Finn sent to mac Luga and questioned him, +but mac Luga could say nothing to the point as to +why the Fianna would none of him. Then Finn +taught him the things befitting a youth of noble birth +and a captain of men, and they were these: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Maxims of the Fianna</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Son of Luga, if armed service be thy design, in a +great man's household be quiet, be surly in the narrow pass.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Without a fault of his beat not thy hound; until +thou ascertain her guilt, bring not a charge against thy wife.</span> +</p> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page263">[pg 263]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“In battle meddle not with a buffoon, for, O mac +Luga, he is but a fool.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Censure not any if he be of grave repute; stand +not up to take part in a brawl; have naught to do with +a madman or a wicked one.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Two-thirds of thy gentleness be shown to women +and to those that creep on the floor (little children) +and to poets, and be not violent to the common people.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Utter not swaggering speech, nor say thou wilt +not yield what is right; it is a shameful thing to speak +too stiffly unless that it be feasible to carry out thy words.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“So long as thou shalt live, thy lord forsake not; +neither for gold nor for other reward in the world +abandon one whom thou art pledged to protect.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“To a chief do not abuse his people, for that is no +work for a man of gentle blood.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Be no tale-bearer, nor utterer of falsehoods; be +not talkative nor rashly censorious. Stir not up strife +against thee, however good a man thou be.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Be no frequenter of the drinking-house, nor given +to carping at the old; meddle not with a man of mean estate.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Dispense thy meat freely; have no niggard for +thy familiar.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Force not thyself upon a chief, nor give him cause +to speak ill of thee.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Stick to thy gear; hold fast to thy arms till the +stern fight with its weapon-glitter be ended.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Be more apt to give than to deny, and follow after +gentleness, O son of Luga.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +And the son of Luga, it is written, heeded these +counsels, and gave up his bad ways, and he became one +of the best of Finn's men. +</p> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page264">[pg 264]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Character of Finn</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Suchlike things also Finn taught to all his followers, +and the best of them became like himself in valour and +gentleness and generosity. Each of them loved the +repute of his comrades more than his own, and each +would say that for all noble qualities there was no man +in the breadth of the world worthy to be thought of +beside Finn. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It was said of him that <span class="tei tei-q">“he gave away gold as if it +were the leaves of the woodland, and silver as if it +were the foam of the sea”</span>; and that whatever he had +bestowed upon any man, if he fell out with him afterwards, +he was never known to bring it against him. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The poet Oisīn once sang of him to St. Patrick: +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“These are the things that were dear to Finn—</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.00em">The din of battle, the banquet's glee,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">The bay of his hounds through the rough glen ringing,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.00em">And the blackbird singing in Letter Lee,</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“The shingle grinding along the shore</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.00em">When they dragged his war-boats down to sea,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">The dawn wind whistling his spears among,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.00em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">And the magic song of his minstrels three.”</span></div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Tests of the Fianna</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the time of Finn no one was ever permitted to be +one of the Fianna of Erin unless he could pass through +many severe tests of his worthiness. He must be versed +in the Twelve Books of Poetry, and must himself be +skilled to make verse in the rime and metre of the +masters of Gaelic poesy. Then he was buried to his +middle in the earth, and must, with a shield and a +hazel stick, there defend himself against nine warriors +casting spears at him, and if he were wounded he was +not accepted. Then his hair was woven into braids, +and he was chased through the forest by the Fians. If +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page265">[pg 265]</span> +he were overtaken, or if a braid of his hair were +disturbed, or if a dry stick cracked under his foot, he +was not accepted. He must be able to leap over a lath +level with his brow, and to run at full speed under one +level with his knee, and he must be able while running +to draw out a thorn from his foot and never slacken +speed. He must take no dowry with a wife. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Keelta and St. Patrick</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It was said that one of the Fians, namely, Keelta, +lived on to a great age, and saw St. Patrick, by whom +he was baptized into the faith of the Christ, and to +whom he told many tales of Finn and his men, which +Patrick's scribe wrote down. And once Patrick asked +him how it was that the Fianna became so mighty and +so glorious that all Ireland sang of their deeds, as +Ireland has done ever since. Keelta answered: <span class="tei tei-q">“Truth +was in our hearts and strength in our arms, and what +we said, that we fulfilled.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This was also told of Keelta after he had seen St. +Patrick and received the Faith. He chanced to be one +day by Leyney, in Connacht, where the Fairy Folk of +the Mound of Duma were wont to be sorely harassed +and spoiled every year by pirates from oversea. They +called Keelta to their aid, and by his counsel and valour +the invaders were overcome and driven home; but +Keelta was sorely wounded. Then Keelta asked that +Owen, the seer of the Fairy Folk, might foretell him +how long he had to live, for he was already a very aged +man. Owen said: <span class="tei tei-q">“It will be seventeen years, O +Keelta of fair fame, till thou fall by the pool of Tara, +and grievous that will be to all the king's household.”</span> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Even so did my chief and lord, my guardian and +loving protector, Finn, foretell to me,”</span> said Keelta. +<span class="tei tei-q">“And now what fee will ye give me for my rescue +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page266">[pg 266]</span> +of you from the worst affliction that ever befell you?”</span> +<span class="tei tei-q">“A great reward,”</span> said the Fairy Folk, <span class="tei tei-q">“even youth; +for by our art we shall change you into a young man +again with all the strength and activity of your prime.”</span> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Nay, God forbid,”</span> said Keelta, <span class="tei tei-q">“that I should take +upon me a shape of sorcery, or any other than that +which my Maker, the true and glorious God, hath +bestowed upon me.”</span> And the Fairy Folk said: <span class="tei tei-q">“It +is the word of a true warrior and hero, and the thing +that thou sayest is good.”</span> So they healed his wounds, +and every bodily evil that he had, and he wished them +blessing and victory, and went his way. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Birth of Oisīn</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +One day, as Finn and his companions and dogs were +returning from the chase to their dūn on the Hill of +Allen, a beautiful fawn started up on their path, and the +chase swept after her, she taking the way which led to +their home. Soon all the pursuers were left far behind +save only Finn himself and his two hounds Bran and +Skolawn. Now these hounds were of strange breed; +for Tyren, sister to Murna, the mother of Finn, had +been changed into a hound by the enchantment of a +woman of the Fairy Folk, who loved Tyren's husband +Ullan; and the two hounds of Finn were the children +of Tyren, born to her in that shape. Of all hounds in +Ireland they were the best, and Finn loved them much, +so that it was said he wept but twice in his life, and +once was for the death of Bran. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At last, as the chase went on down a valley-side, +Finn saw the fawn stop and lie down, while the two +hounds began to play round her, and to lick her face +and limbs. So he gave commandment that none should +hurt her, and she followed them to the Dūn of Allen, +playing with the hounds as she went. +</p> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page267">[pg 267]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The same night Finn awoke and saw standing by +his bed the fairest woman his eyes had ever beheld. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“I am Saba, O Finn,”</span> she said, <span class="tei tei-q">“and I was the +fawn ye chased to-day. Because I would not give +my love to the Druid of the Fairy Folk, who is named +the Dark, he put that shape upon me by his sorceries, +and I have borne it these three years. But a slave of +his, pitying me, once revealed to me that if I could win +to thy great Dūn of Allen, O Finn, I should be safe +from all enchantments, and my natural shape would +come to me again. But I feared to be torn in pieces +by thy dogs, or wounded by thy hunters, till at last I +let myself be overtaken by thee alone and by Bran and +Skolawn, who have the nature of man and would do +me no hurt.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Have no fear, maiden,”</span> said Finn; +<span class="tei tei-q">“we, the Fianna, are free, and our guest-friends are +free; there is none who shall put compulsion on you here.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +So Saba dwelt with Finn, and he made her his wife; +and so deep was his love for her that neither the battle +nor the chase had any delight for him, and for months +he never left her side. She also loved him as deeply, +and their joy in each other was like that of the +Immortals in the Land of Youth. But at last word +came to Finn that the warships of the Northmen were +in the Bay of Dublin, and he summoned his heroes to +the fight; <span class="tei tei-q">“For,”</span> said he to Saba, <span class="tei tei-q">“the men of Erin +give us tribute and hospitality to defend them from the +foreigner, and it were shame to take it from them and +not to give that to which we, on our side, are pledged.”</span> +And he called to mind that great saying of Goll mac +Morna when they were once sore bestead by a mighty +host. <span class="tei tei-q">“A man,”</span> said Goll, <span class="tei tei-q">“lives after his life, but +not after his honour.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Seven days was Finn absent, and he drove the Northmen +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page268">[pg 268]</span> +from the shores of Erin. But on the eighth day +he returned, and when he entered his dūn he saw +trouble in the eyes of his men, and of their fair womenfolk, +and Saba was not on the rampart expecting his +return. So he bade them tell him what had chanced, +and they said: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Whilst thou, our father and lord, wert afar off +smiting the foreigner, and Saba looking ever down the +pass for thy return, we saw one day as it were the likeness +of thee approaching, and Bran and Skolawn at thy +heels. And we seemed also to hear the notes of the +Fian hunting-call blown on the wind. Then Saba +hastened to the great gate, and we could not stay her, so +eager was she to rush to the phantom. But when she +came near she halted and gave a loud and bitter cry, +and the shape of thee smote her with a hazel wand, and +lo, there was no woman there any more, but a deer. +Then those hounds chased it, and ever as it strove to +reach again the gate of the dūn they turned back. We +all now seized what arms we could and ran out to drive +away the enchanter, but when we reached the place there +was nothing to be seen, only still we heard the rushing +of flying feet and the baying of dogs, and one thought +it came from here, and another from there, till at last +the uproar died away and all was still. What we could +do, O Finn, we did; Saba is gone.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Finn then struck his hand on his breast, but spoke no +word, and he went to his own chamber. No man saw +him for the rest of that day, nor for the day after. Then +he came forth, and ordered the matters of the Fianna as +of old, but for seven years thereafter he went searching +for Saba through every remote glen and dark forest and +cavern of Ireland, and he would take no hounds with him +save Bran and Skolawn. But at last he renounced all +hope of finding her again, and went hunting as of old. +</p> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page269">[pg 269]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +One day as he was following the chase on Ben Bulban, +in Sligo, he heard the musical bay of the dogs change of +a sudden to a fierce growling and yelping, as though they +were in combat with some beast, and running hastily up +he and his men beheld, under a great tree, a naked boy +with long hair, and around him the hounds struggling +to seize him, but Bran and Skolawn fighting with them +and keeping them off. And the lad was tall and shapely, +and as the heroes gathered round he gazed undauntedly +on them, never heeding the rout of dogs at his feet. +The Fians beat off the dogs and brought the lad home +with them, and Finn was very silent and continually +searched the lad's countenance with his eyes. In time +the use of speech came to him, and the story that he told +was this: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +He had known no father, and no mother save a gentle +hind, with whom he lived in a most green and pleasant +valley shut in on every side by towering cliffs that could +not be scaled or by deep chasms in the earth. In the +summer he lived on fruits and suchlike, and in the +winter store of provisions was laid for him in a cave. +And there came to them sometimes a tall, dark-visaged +man, who spoke to his mother, now tenderly, and now +in loud menace, but she always shrank away in fear, and +the man departed in anger. At last there came a day +when the dark man spoke very long with his mother in +all tones of entreaty and of tenderness and of rage, but +she would still keep aloof and give no sign save of fear +and abhorrence. Then at length the dark man drew +near and smote her with a hazel wand; and with that +he turned and went his way, but she this time followed +him, still looking back at her son and piteously complaining. +And he, when he strove to follow, found himself +unable to move a limb; and crying out with rage +and desolation he fell to the earth, and his senses left him. +</p> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page270">[pg 270]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +When he came to himself he was on the mountain-side +on Ben Bulban, where he remained some days, searching +for that green and hidden valley, which he never found +again. And after a while the dogs found him; but of +the hind his mother and of the Dark Druid there is no +man knows the end. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Finn called his name Oisīn (Little Fawn), and he +became a warrior of fame, but far more famous for the +songs and tales that he made; so that of all things to +this day that are told of the Fianna of Erin men are +wont to say: <span class="tei tei-q">“Thus sang the bard Oisīn, son of Finn.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Oisīn and Niam</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It happened that on a misty summer morning as +Finn and Oisīn with many companions were hunting on +the shores of Loch Lena they saw coming towards them +a maiden, beautiful exceedingly, riding on a snow-white +steed. She wore the garb of a queen; a crown of gold +was on her head, and a dark-brown mantle of silk, set +with stars of red gold, fell around her and trailed on the +ground. Silver shoes were on her horse's hoofs, and a +crest of gold nodded on his head. When she came near +she said to Finn: <span class="tei tei-q">“From very far away I have come, and +now at last I have found thee, Finn son of Cumhal.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Then Finn said: <span class="tei tei-q">“What is thy land and race, maiden, +and what dost thou seek from me?”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“My name,”</span> she said, <span class="tei tei-q">“is Niam of the Golden Hair. +I am the daughter of the King of the Land of Youth, +and that which has brought me here is the love of thy +son Oisīn.”</span> Then she turned to Oisīn, and she spoke to +him in the voice of one who has never asked anything +but it was granted to her. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Wilt thou go with me, Oisīn, to my father's land?”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +And Oisīn said: <span class="tei tei-q">“That will I, and to the world's +end”</span>; for the fairy spell had so wrought upon his +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page271">[pg 271]</span> +heart that he cared no more for any earthly thing but +to have the love of Niam of the Head of Gold. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Then the maiden spoke of the Land Oversea to +which she had summoned her lover, and as she spoke a +dreamy stillness fell on all things, nor did a horse shake +his bit, nor a hound bay, nor the least breath of wind +stir in the forest trees till she had made an end. And +what she said seemed sweeter and more wonderful as she +spoke it than anything they could afterwards remember +to have heard, but so far as they could remember it it +was this: +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Delightful is the land beyond all dreams,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Fairer than aught thine eyes have ever seen.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">There all the year the fruit is on the tree,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">And all the year the bloom is on the flower.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“There with wild honey drip the forest trees;</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">The stores of wine and mead shall never fail.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Nor pain nor sickness knows the dweller there,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Death and decay come near him never more.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“The feast shall cloy not, nor the chase shall tire,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Nor music cease for ever through the hall;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">The gold and jewels of the Land of Youth</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Outshine all splendours ever dreamed by man.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Thou shalt have horses of the fairy breed,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Thou shalt have hounds that can outrun the wind;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">A hundred chiefs shall follow thee in war,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">A hundred maidens sing thee to thy sleep.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“A crown of sovranty thy brow shall wear,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">And by thy side a magic blade shall hang,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">And thou shalt be lord of all the Land of Youth,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">And lord of Niam of the Head of Gold.”</span></div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +As the magic song ended the Fians beheld Oisīn +mount the fairy steed and hold the maiden in his +arms, and ere they could stir or speak she turned her +horse's head and shook the ringing bridle, and down +the forest glade they fled, as a beam of light flies over +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page272">[pg 272]</span> +the land when clouds drive across the sun; and never +did the Fianna behold Oisīn son of Finn on earth +again. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Yet what befell him afterwards is known. As his +birth was strange, so was his end, for he saw the wonders +of the Land of Youth with mortal eyes and lived to tell +them with mortal lips. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Journey to Fairyland</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +When the white horse with its riders reached the sea +it ran lightly over the waves, and soon the green woods +and headlands of Erin faded out of sight. And now +the sun shone fiercely down, and the riders passed into +a golden haze in which Oisīn lost all knowledge of where +he was or if sea or dry land were beneath his horse's +hoofs. But strange sights sometimes appeared to them +in the mist, for towers and palace gateways loomed up +and disappeared, and once a hornless doe bounded by +them chased by a white hound with one red ear; and +again they saw a young maid ride by on a brown steed, +bearing a golden apple in her hand, and close behind +her followed a young horseman on a white steed, a +purple cloak floating at his back and a gold-hilted sword +in his hand. And Oisīn would have asked the princess +who and what these apparitions were, but Niam bade +him ask nothing nor seem to notice any phantom +they might see until they were come to the Land of +Youth. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Oisīn's Return</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The story goes on to tell how Oisīn met with various +adventures in the Land of Youth, including the rescue of +an imprisoned princess from a Fomorian giant. But at +last, after what seemed to him a sojourn of three weeks +in the Land of Youth, he was satiated with delights of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page273">[pg 273]</span> +every kind, and longed to visit his native land again +and to see his old comrades. He promised to return +when he had done so, and Niam gave him the white +fairy steed that had borne him across the sea to Fairyland, +but charged him that when he had reached the +Land of Erin again he must never alight from its back +nor touch the soil of the earthly world with his foot, +or the way of return to the Land of Youth would be +barred to him for ever. Oisīn then set forth, and once +more crossed the mystic ocean, finding himself at last on +the western shores of Ireland. Here he made at once +for the Hill of Allen, where the dūn of Finn was wont +to be, but marvelled, as he traversed the woods, that he +met no sign of the Fian hunters and at the small size +of the folk whom he saw tilling the ground. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At length, coming from the forest path into the great +clearing where the Hill of Allen was wont to rise, broad +and green, with its rampart enclosing many white-walled +dwellings, and the great hall towering high in the midst, +he saw but grassy mounds overgrown with rank weeds +and whin bushes, and among them pastured a peasant's +kine. Then a strange horror fell upon him and he +thought some enchantment from the land of Faëry held +his eyes and mocked him with false visions. He threw +his arms abroad and shouted the names of Finn and +Oscar, but none replied, and he thought that perchance +the hounds might hear him, so he cried upon Bran and +Skolawn and strained his ears if they might catch the +faintest rustle or whisper of the world from the sight +of which his eyes were holden, but he heard only the +sighing of the wind in the whins. Then he rode in terror +from that place, setting his face towards the eastern +sea, for he meant to traverse Ireland from side to side +and end to end in search of some escape from his +enchantment. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page274">[pg 274]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Broken Spell</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But when he came near to the eastern sea, and was +now in the place which is called the Valley of the +Thrushes,<a id="noteref_181" name="noteref_181" href="#note_181"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">181</span></span></a> he saw in a field upon the hillside a crowd +of men striving to roll aside a great boulder from their +tilled land, and an overseer directing them. Towards +them he rode, meaning to ask them concerning Finn +and the Fianna. As he came near they all stopped +their work to gaze upon him, for to them he appeared +like a messenger of the Fairy Folk or an angel from +heaven. Taller and mightier he was than the men-folk +they knew, with sword-blue eyes and brown, ruddy +cheeks; in his mouth, as it were, a shower of pearls, +and bright hair clustered beneath the rim of his helmet. +And as Oisīn looked upon their puny forms, marred by +toil and care, and at the stone which they feebly strove +to heave from its bed, he was filled with pity, and thought +to himself, <span class="tei tei-q">“Not such were even the churls of Erin when +I left them for the Land of Youth”</span> and he stooped +from his saddle to help them. He set his hand to the +boulder, and with a mighty heave he lifted it from +where it lay and set it rolling down the hill. And the +men raised a shout of wonder and applause; but their +shouting changed in a moment into cries of terror and +dismay, and they fled, jostling and overthrowing each +other to escape from the place of fear, for a marvel +horrible to see had taken place. For Oisīn's saddle-girth +had burst as he heaved the stone and he fell +headlong to the ground. In an instant the white steed +had vanished from their eyes like a wreath of mist, and +that which rose, feeble and staggering, from the ground +was no youthful warrior, but a man stricken with extreme +old age, white-bearded and withered, who stretched out +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page275">[pg 275]</span> +groping hands and moaned with feeble and bitter cries. +And his crimson cloak and yellow silken tunic were +now but coarse homespun stuff tied with a hempen +girdle, and the gold-hilted sword was a rough oaken +staff such as a beggar carries who wanders the roads +from farmer's house to house. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +When the people saw that the doom that had been +wrought was not for them they returned, and found the +old man prone on the ground with his face hidden in his +arms. So they lifted him up, and asked who he was +and what had befallen him. Oisīn gazed round on them +with dim eyes, and at last he said: <span class="tei tei-q">“I was Oisīn the son +of Finn, and I pray ye tell me where he dwells, for +his dūn on the Hill of Allen is now a desolation, and I +have neither seen him nor heard his hunting-horn from +the western to the eastern sea.”</span> Then the men gazed +strangely on each other and on Oisīn, and the overseer +asked: <span class="tei tei-q">“Of what Finn dost thou speak, for there be +many of that name in Erin?”</span> Oisīn said: <span class="tei tei-q">“Surely of +Finn mac Cumhal mac Trenmōr, captain of the Fianna +of Erin.”</span> Then the overseer said: <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou art daft, old +man, and thou hast made us daft to take thee for a youth +as we did a while agone. But we at least have now our +wits again, and we know that Finn son of Cumhal and +all his generation have been dead these three hundred +years. At the battle of Gowra fell Oscar, son of Oisīn, +and Finn at the battle of Brea, as the historians tell us; +and the lays of Oisīn, whose death no man knows the +manner of, are sung by our harpers at great men's feasts. +But now the Talkenn,<a id="noteref_182" name="noteref_182" href="#note_182"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">182</span></span></a> Patrick, has come into Ireland, +and has preached to us the One God and Christ His +Son, by whose might these old days and ways are done +away with; and Finn and his Fianna, with their feasting +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page276">[pg 276]</span> +and hunting and songs of war and of love, have no such +reverence among us as the monks and virgins of Holy +Patrick, and the psalms and prayers that go up daily to +cleanse us from sin and to save us from the fire of judgment.”</span> +But Oisīn replied, only half hearing and still less +comprehending what was said to him: <span class="tei tei-q">“If thy God have +slain Finn and Oscar, I would say that God is a strong +man.”</span> Then they all cried out upon him, and some +picked up stones, but the overseer bade them let him be +until the Talkenn had spoken with him, and till he should +order what was to be done. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Oisīn and Patrick</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +So they brought him to Patrick, who treated him +gently and hospitably, and to Patrick he told the story +of all that had befallen him. But Patrick bade his scribes +write all carefully down, that the memory of the heroes +whom Oisīn had known, and of the joyous and free life +they had led in the woods and glens and wild places of +Erin, should never be forgotten among men. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This remarkable legend is known only in the modern +Irish poem written by Michael Comyn about 1750, a +poem which may be called the swan-song of Irish literature. +Doubtless Comyn worked on earlier traditional +material; but though the ancient Ossianic poems tell us +of the prolongation of Oisīn's life, so that he could meet +St. Patrick and tell him stories of the Fianna, the +episodes of Niam's courtship and the sojourn in the +Land of Youth are known to us at present only in +the poem of Michael Comyn. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Enchanted Cave</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This tale, which I take from S.H. O'Grady's edition +in <span class="tei tei-q">“Silva Gadelica,”</span> relates that Finn once made a great +hunting in the district of Corann, in Northern Connacht, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page277">[pg 277]</span> +which was ruled over by one Conaran, a lord of the +Danaan Folk. Angered at the intrusion of the Fianna in +his hunting-grounds, he sent his three sorcerer-daughters +to take vengeance on the mortals. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Finn, it is said, and Conan the Bald, with Finn's two +favourite hounds, were watching the hunt from the top +of the Hill of Keshcorran and listening to the cries of +the beaters and the notes of the horn and the baying of +the dogs, when, in moving about on the hill, they came +upon the mouth of a great cavern, before which sat three +hags of evil and revolting aspect. On three crooked +sticks of holly they had twisted left-handwise hanks of +yarn, and were spinning with these when Finn and his +followers arrived. To view them more closely the +warriors drew near, when they found themselves suddenly +entangled in strands of the yarn which the hags +had spun about the place like the web of a spider, and +deadly faintness and trembling came over them, so that +they were easily bound fast by the hags and carried into +the dark recesses of the cave. Others of the party then +arrived, looking for Finn. All suffered the same experience—they +lost all their pith and valour at the touch of +the bewitched yarn, and were bound and carried into the +cave, until the whole party were laid in bonds, with the +dogs baying and howling outside. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The witches now seized their sharp, wide-channelled, +hard-tempered swords, and were about to fall on the +captives and slay them, but first they looked round at +the mouth of the cave to see if there was any straggler +whom they had not yet laid hold of. At this moment +Goll mac Morna, <span class="tei tei-q">“the raging lion, the torch of onset, +the great of soul,”</span> came up, and a desperate combat +ensued, which ended by Goll cleaving two of the hags +in twain, and then subduing and binding the third, +whose name was Irnan. She, as he was about to slay +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page278">[pg 278]</span> +her, begged for mercy—<span class="tei tei-q">“Surely it were better for thee +to have the Fianna whole”</span>—and he gave her her life if +she would release the prisoners. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Into the cave they went, and one by one the captives +were unbound, beginning with the poet Fergus Truelips +and the <span class="tei tei-q">“men of science,”</span> and they all sat down +on the hill to recover themselves, while Fergus sang a +chant of praise in honour of the rescuer, Goll; and +Irnan disappeared. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Ere long a monster was seen approaching them, a +<span class="tei tei-q">“gnarled hag”</span> with blazing, bloodshot eyes, a yawning +mouth full of ragged fangs, nails like a wild beast's, and +armed like a warrior. She laid Finn under <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geise</span></span> to +provide her with single combat from among his men +until she should have her fill of it. It was no other than +the third sister, Irnan, whom Goll had spared. Finn +in vain begged Oisīn, Oscar, Keelta, and the other prime +warriors of the Fianna to meet her; they all pleaded +inability after the ill-treatment and contumely they had +received. At last, as Finn himself was about to do battle +with her, Goll said: <span class="tei tei-q">“O Finn, combat with a crone +beseems thee not,”</span> and he drew sword for a second +battle with this horrible enemy. At last, after a desperate +combat, he ran her through her shield and through her +heart, so that the blade stuck out at the far side, and she +fell dead. The Fianna then sacked the dūn of Conaran, +and took possession of all the treasure in it, while +Finn bestowed on Goll mac Morna his own daughter, +Keva of the White Skin, and, leaving the dūn a heap of +glowing embers, they returned to the Hill of Allen. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Chase of Slievegallion</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This fine story, which is given in poetical form, as if +narrated by Oisīn, in the Ossianic Society's <span class="tei tei-q">“Transactions,”</span> +tells how Cullan the Smith (here represented as +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page279">[pg 279]</span> +a Danaan divinity), who dwelt on or near the mountains +of Slievegallion, in Co. Armagh, had two daughters, +Ainé and Milucra, each of whom loved Finn mac +Cumhal. They were jealous of each other; and on +Ainé once happening to say that she would never have +a man with grey hair, Milucra saw a means of securing +Finn's love entirely for herself. So she assembled her +friends among the Danaans round the little grey lake +that lies on the top of Slievegallion, and they charged +its waters with enchantments. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This introduction, it may be observed, bears strong +signs of being a later addition to the original tale, made +in a less understanding age or by a less thoughtful class +into whose hands the legend had descended. The real +meaning of the transformation which it narrates is +probably much deeper. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The story goes on to say that not long after this the +hounds of Finn, Bran and Skolawn, started a fawn near +the Hill of Allen, and ran it northwards till the chase +ended on the top of Slievegallion, a mountain which, +like Slievenamon<a id="noteref_183" name="noteref_183" href="#note_183"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">183</span></span></a> in the south, was in ancient Ireland +a veritable focus of Danaan magic and legendary lore. +Finn followed the hounds alone till the fawn disappeared +on the mountain-side. In searching for it Finn at last +came on the little lake which lies on the top of the +mountain, and saw by its brink a lady of wonderful +beauty, who sat there lamenting and weeping. Finn +asked her the cause of her grief. She explained that a +gold ring which she dearly prized had fallen from her +finger into the lake, and she charged Finn by the +bonds of <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geise</span></span> that he should plunge in and find it +for her. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Finn did so, and after diving into every recess of the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page280">[pg 280]</span> +lake he discovered the ring, and before leaving the +water gave it to the lady. She immediately plunged +into the lake and disappeared. Finn then surmised +that some enchantment was being wrought on him, and +ere long he knew what it was, for on stepping forth on +dry land he fell down from sheer weakness, and arose +again, a tottering and feeble old man, snowy-haired +and withered, so that even his faithful hounds did not +know him, but ran round the lake searching for their +lost master. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Meantime Finn was missed from his palace on the +Hill of Allen, and a party soon set out on the track on +which he had been seen to chase the deer. They came +to the lake-side on Slievegallion, and found there a +wretched and palsied old man, whom they questioned, +but who could do nothing but beat his breast and moan. +At last, beckoning Keelta to come near, the aged man +whispered faintly some words into his ear, and lo, it was +Finn himself! When the Fianna had ceased from +their cries of wonder and lamentation, Finn whispered +to Keelta the tale of his enchantment, and told them +that the author of it must be the daughter of Cullan +the Smith, who dwelt in the Fairy Mound of Slievegallion. +The Fianna, bearing Finn on a litter, immediately +went to the Mound and began to dig fiercely. +For three days and nights they dug at the Fairy Mound, +and at last penetrated to its inmost recesses, when a +maiden suddenly stood before them holding a drinking-horn +of red gold. It was given to Finn. He drank +from it, and at once his beauty and form were restored +to him, but his hair still remained white as silver. This +too would have been restored by another draught, but +Finn let it stay as it was, and silver-white his hair +remained to the day of his death. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The tale has been made the subject of a very striking +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page281">[pg 281]</span> +allegorical drama, <span class="tei tei-q">“The Masque of Finn,”</span> by Mr. +Standish O'Grady, who, rightly no doubt, interprets +the story as symbolising the acquisition of wisdom and +understanding through suffering. A leader of men +must descend into the lake of tears and know feebleness +and despair before his spirit can sway them to +great ends. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There is an antique sepulchral monument on the +mountain-top which the peasantry of the district still +regard—or did in the days before Board schools—as +the abode of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Witch of the Lake”</span>; and a mysterious +beaten path, which was never worn by the passage +of human feet, and which leads from the rock sepulchre +to the lake-side, is ascribed to the going to and fro of +this supernatural being. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-weight: 700">“</span><span style="font-weight: 700">Colloquy of the Ancients</span><span style="font-weight: 700">”</span></span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +One of the most interesting and attractive of the +relics of Ossianic literature is the <span class="tei tei-q">“Colloquy of the +Ancients,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Agallamh na Senorach</span></span>, a long narrative piece +dating from about the thirteenth century. It has +been published with a translation in O'Grady's <span class="tei tei-q">“Silva +Gadelica.”</span> It is not so much a story as a collection +of stories skilfully set in a mythical framework. The +<span class="tei tei-q">“Colloquy”</span> opens by presenting us with the figures of +Keelta mac Ronan and Oisīn son of Finn, each accompanied +by eight warriors, all that are left of the great +fellowship of the Fianna after the battle of Gowra and +the subsequent dispersion of the Order. A vivid picture +is given us of the grey old warriors, who had outlived +their epoch, meeting for the last time at the dūn of a +once famous chieftainess named Camha, and of their +melancholy talk over bygone days, till at last a long +silence settled on them. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page282">[pg 282]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Keelta Meets St. Patrick</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Finally Keelta and Oisīn resolve to part, Oisīn, of +whom we hear little more, going to the Fairy Mound, +where his Danaan mother (here called Blai) has her +dwelling, while Keelta takes his way over the plains of +Meath till he comes to Drumderg, where he lights on +St. Patrick and his monks. How this is chronologically +possible the writer does not trouble himself to explain, +and he shows no knowledge of the legend of Oisīn in the +Land of Youth. <span class="tei tei-q">“The clerics,”</span> says the story, <span class="tei tei-q">“saw +Keelta and his band draw near them, and fear fell on +them before the tall men with the huge wolf-hounds that +accompanied them, for they were not people of one +epoch or of one time with the clergy.”</span> Patrick then +sprinkles the heroes with holy water, whereat legions +of demons who had been hovering over them fly away +into the hills and glens, and <span class="tei tei-q">“the enormous men sat +down.”</span> Patrick, after inquiring the name of his guest, +then says he has a boon to crave of him—he wishes to +find a well of pure water with which to baptize the folk +of Bregia and of Meath. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Well of Tradaban</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Keelta, who knows every brook and hill and rath and +wood in the country, thereon takes Patrick by the hand +and leads him away <span class="tei tei-q">“till,”</span> as the writer says, <span class="tei tei-q">“right in +front of them they saw a loch-well, sparkling and translucid. +The size and thickness of the cress and of the +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">fothlacht</span></span>, or brooklime, that grew on it was a wonderment +to them.”</span> Then Keelta began to tell of the fame +and qualities of the place, and uttered an exquisite little +lyric in praise of it: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“O Well of the Strand of the Two Women, beautiful +are thy cresses, luxuriant, branching; since thy produce +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page283">[pg 283]</span> +is neglected on thee thy brooklime is not suffered to +grow. Forth from thy banks thy trout are to be seen, +thy wild swine in the wilderness; the deer of thy fair +hunting crag-land, thy dappled and red-chested fawns! +Thy mast all hanging on the branches of the trees; thy +fish in estuaries of the rivers; lovely the colours of thy +purling streams, O thou that art azure-hued, and again +green with reflections of surrounding copse-wood.”</span><a id="noteref_184" name="noteref_184" href="#note_184"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">184</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">St. Patrick and Irish Legend</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +After the warriors have been entertained Patrick asks: +<span class="tei tei-q">“Was he, Finn mac Cumhal, a good lord with whom +ye were?”</span> Keelta praises the generosity of Finn, and +goes on to describe in detail the glories of his household, +whereon Patrick says: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Were it not for us an impairing of the devout life, +an occasion of neglecting prayer, and of deserting converse +with God, we, as we talked with thee, would feel +the time pass quickly, warrior!”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Keelta goes on with another tale of the Fianna, and +Patrick, now fairly caught in the toils of the enchanter, +cries: <span class="tei tei-q">“Success and benediction attend thee, Keelta! +This is to me a lightening of spirit and mind. And now +tell us another tale.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +So ends the exordium of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Colloquy.”</span> As usual +in the openings of Irish tales, nothing could be better +contrived; the touch is so light, there is so happy a +mingling of pathos, poetry, and humour, and so much +dignity in the sketching of the human characters introduced. +The rest of the piece consists in the exhibition +of a vast amount of topographical and legendary lore +by Keelta, attended by the invariable <span class="tei tei-q">“Success and +benediction attend thee!”</span> of Patrick. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +They move together, the warrior and the saint, on +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page284">[pg 284]</span> +Patrick's journey to Tara, and whenever Patrick or +some one else in the company sees a hill or a fort +or a well he asks Keelta what it is, and Keelta tells +its name and a Fian legend to account for it, and so the +story wanders on through a maze of legendary lore until +they are met by a company from Tara, with the king at +its head, who then takes up the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">rôle</span></span> of questioner. The +<span class="tei tei-q">“Colloquy,”</span> as we have it now, breaks off abruptly as +the story how the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lia Fail</span></span> was carried off from Ireland +is about to be narrated.<a id="noteref_185" name="noteref_185" href="#note_185"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">185</span></span></a> The interest of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Colloquy”</span> +lies in the tales of Keelta and the lyrics introduced in the +course of them. Of the tales there are about a hundred, +telling of Fian raids and battles, and love-makings and +feastings, but the greater number of them have to do +with the intercourse between the Fairy Folk and the +Fianna. With these folk the Fianna have constant +relations, both of love and of war. Some of the tales are +of great elaboration, wrought out in the highest style of +which the writer was capable. One of the best is that +of the fairy <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Brugh</span></span>, or mansion of Slievenamon, which +Patrick and Keelta chance to pass by, and of which Keelta +tells the following history: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Brugh of Slievenamon</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +One day as Finn and Keelta and five other champions +of the Fianna were hunting at Torach, in the north, +they roused a beautiful fawn which fled before them, +they holding it in chase all day, till they reached the +mountain of Slievenamon towards evening, when the +fawn suddenly seemed to vanish underground. A +chase like this, in the Ossianic literature, is the common +prelude to an adventure in Fairyland. Night now +fell rapidly, and with it came heavy snow and storm, +and, searching for shelter, the Fianna discovered in the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page285">[pg 285]</span> +wood a great illuminated <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Brugh</span></span>, or mansion, where +they sought admittance. On entering they found +themselves in a spacious hall, full of light, with eight-and-twenty +warriors and as many fair and yellow-haired +maidens, one of the latter seated on a chair of +crystal, and making wonderful music on a harp. After +the Fian warriors have been entertained with the finest +of viands and liquors, it is explained to them that their +hosts are Donn, son of Midir the Proud, and his +brother, and that they are at war with the rest of the +Danaan Folk, and have to do battle with them thrice +yearly on the green before the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Brugh</span></span>. At first each of +the twenty-eight had a thousand warriors under him. +Now all are slain except those present, and the survivors +have sent out one of their maidens in the shape of a +fawn to entice the Fianna to their fairy palace and to +gain their aid in the battle that must be delivered +to-morrow. We have, in fact, a variant of the well-known +theme of the Rescue of Fairyland. Finn and +his companions are always ready for a fray, and a +desperate battle ensues which lasts from evening till +morning, for the fairy host attack at night. The +assailants are beaten off, losing over a thousand of +their number; but Oscar, Dermot, and mac Luga are +sorely wounded. They are healed by magical herbs; +and more fighting and other adventures follow, until, +after a year has passed, Finn compels the enemy to +make peace and give hostages, when the Fianna +return to earth and rejoin their fellows. No sooner +has Keelta finished his tale, standing on the very spot +where they had found the fairy palace on the night of +snow, than a young warrior is seen approaching them. +He is thus described: <span class="tei tei-q">“A shirt of royal satin was next +his skin; over and outside it a tunic of the same fabric; +and a fringed crimson mantle, confined with a bodkin +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page286">[pg 286]</span> +of gold, upon his breast; in his hand a gold-hilted +sword, and a golden helmet on his head.”</span> A delight +in the colour and material splendour of life is a very +marked feature in all this literature. This splendid +figure turns out to be Donn mac Midir, one of the +eight-and-twenty whom Finn had succoured, and he +comes to do homage for himself and his people to +St. Patrick, who accepts entertainment from him for +the night; for in the <span class="tei tei-q">“Colloquy”</span> the relations of +the Church and of the Fairy World are very cordial. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Three Young Warriors</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Nowhere in Celtic literature does the love of wonder +and mystery find such remarkable expression as in +the <span class="tei tei-q">“Colloquy.”</span> The writer of this piece was a master +of the touch that makes, as it were, the solid framework +of things translucent; and shows us, through it, gleams +of another world, mingled with ours yet distinct, and +having other laws and characteristics. We never get a +clue as to what these laws are. The Celt did not, in +Ireland at least, systematise the unknown, but let it +shine for a moment through the opaqueness of this +earth and then withdrew the gleam before we understood +what we had seen. Take, for instance, this +incident in Keelta's account of the Fianna. Three +young warriors come to take service with Finn, +accompanied by a gigantic hound. They make their +agreement with him, saying what services they can +render and what reward they expect, and they make it +a condition that they shall camp apart from the rest of +the host, and that when night has fallen no man shall +come near them or see them. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Finn asks the reason for this prohibition, and it is this: +of the three warriors one has to die each night, and the +other two must watch him; therefore they would not +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page287">[pg 287]</span> +be disturbed. There is no explanation of this; the +writer simply leaves us with the thrill of the mystery +upon us. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Fair Giantess</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Again, let us turn to the tale of the Fair Giantess. +One day Finn and his warriors, while resting from the +chase for their midday meal, saw coming towards them +a towering shape. It proved to be a young giant +maiden, who gave her name as Vivionn (Bebhionn) +daughter of Treon, from the Land of Maidens. The +gold rings on her fingers were as thick as an ox's yoke, +and her beauty was dazzling. When she took off her +gilded helmet, all bejewelled, her fair, curling golden hair +broke out in seven score tresses, and Finn cried: <span class="tei tei-q">“Great +gods whom we adore, a huge marvel Cormac and Ethné +and the women of the Fianna would esteem it to see +Vivionn, the blooming daughter of Treon.”</span> The maiden +explained that she had been betrothed against her will to +a suitor named Æda, son of a neighbouring king; and +that hearing from a fisherman, who had been blown to +her shores, of the power and nobleness of Finn, she had +come to seek his protection. While she was speaking, +suddenly the Fianna were aware of another giant form +close at hand. It was a young man, smooth-featured +and of surpassing beauty, who bore a red shield and a huge +spear. Without a word he drew near, and before the +wondering Fianna could accost him he thrust his spear +through the body of the maiden and passed away. Finn, +enraged at this violation of his protection, called on his +chiefs to pursue and slay the murderer. Keelta and +others chased him to the sea-shore, and followed him into +the surf, but he strode out to sea, and was met by a +great galley which bore him away to unknown regions. +Returning, discomfited, to Finn, they found the girl +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page288">[pg 288]</span> +dying. She distributed her gold and jewels among them, +and the Fianna buried her under a great mound, and +raised a pillar stone over her with her name in Ogham +letters, in the place since called the Ridge of the Dead +Woman. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In this tale we have, besides the element of mystery, +that of beauty. It is an association of frequent occurrence +in this period of Celtic literature; and to this, perhaps, +is due the fact that although these tales seem to come +from nowhither and to lead nowhither, but move in a +dream-world where there is no chase but seems to end in +Fairyland and no combat that has any relation to earthly +needs or objects, where all realities are apt to dissolve in +a magic light and to change their shapes like morning +mist, yet they linger in the memory with that haunting +charm which has for many centuries kept them alive by +the fireside of the Gaelic peasant. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">St. Patrick, Oisīn, and Keelta</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Before we leave the <span class="tei tei-q">“Colloquy”</span> another interesting +point must be mentioned in connexion with it. To the +general public probably the best-known things in Ossianic +literature—I refer, of course, to the true Gaelic poetry +which goes under that name, not to the pseudo-Ossian +of Macpherson—are those dialogues in which the pagan +and the Christian ideals are contrasted, often in a spirit of +humorous exaggeration or of satire. The earliest of these +pieces are found in the manuscript called <span class="tei tei-q">“The Dean of +Lismore's Book,”</span> in which James Macgregor, Dean of +Lismore in Argyllshire,wrote down, some time before the +year 1518, all he could remember or discover of traditional +Gaelic poetry in his time. It may be observed that up to +this period, and, indeed, long after it, Scottish and Irish +Gaelic were one language and one literature, the great +written monuments of which were in Ireland, though they +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page289">[pg 289]</span> +belonged just as much to the Highland Celt, and the +two branches of the Gael had an absolutely common +stock of poetic tradition. These Oisīn-and-Patrick +dialogues are found in abundance both in Ireland and +in the Highlands, though, as I have said, <span class="tei tei-q">“The Dean of +Lismore's Book”</span> is their first written record now extant. +What relation, then, do these dialogues bear to the +Keelta-and-Patrick dialogues with which we make acquaintance +in the <span class="tei tei-q">“Colloquy”</span>? The questions which +really came first, where they respectively originated, and +what current of thought or sentiment each represented, +constitute, as Mr. Alfred Nutt has pointed out, a literary +problem of the greatest interest; and one which no critic +has yet attempted to solve, or, indeed, until quite lately, +even to call attention to. For though these two attempts +to represent, in imaginative and artistic form, the contact +of paganism with Christianity are nearly identical in +machinery and framework, save that one is in verse and +the other in prose, yet they differ widely in their point +of view. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the Oisīn dialogues<a id="noteref_186" name="noteref_186" href="#note_186"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">186</span></span></a> there is a great deal of rough +humour and of crude theology, resembling those of an +English miracle-play rather than any Celtic product that +I am acquainted with. St. Patrick in these ballads, as +Mr. Nutt remarks, <span class="tei tei-q">“is a sour and stupid fanatic, harping +with wearisome monotony on the damnation of Finn +and all his comrades; a hard taskmaster to the poor old +blind giant to whom he grudges food, and upon whom +he plays shabby tricks in order to terrify him into acceptance +of Christianity.”</span> Now in the <span class="tei tei-q">“Colloquy”</span> there +is not one word of all this. Keelta embraces Christianity +with a wholehearted reverence, and salvation is not +denied to the friends and companions of his youth. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page290">[pg 290]</span> +Patrick, indeed, assures Keelta of the salvation of several +of them, including Finn himself. One of the Danaan +Folk, who has been bard to the Fianna, delighted Patrick +with his minstrelsy. Brogan, the scribe whom St. Patrick +is employing to write down the Fian legends, says: <span class="tei tei-q">“If +music there is in heaven, why should there not be on +earth? Wherefore it is not right to banish minstrelsy.”</span> +Patrick made answer: <span class="tei tei-q">“Neither say I any such thing”</span>; +and, in fact, the minstrel is promised heaven for his art. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Such are the pleasant relations that prevail in the +<span class="tei tei-q">“Colloquy”</span> between the representatives of the two +epochs. Keelta represents all that is courteous, dignified, +generous, and valorous in paganism, and Patrick all that +is benign and gracious in Christianity; and instead of +the two epochs standing over against each other in +violent antagonism, and separated by an impassable +gulf, all the finest traits in each are seen to harmonise +with and to supplement those of the other. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Tales of Dermot</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A number of curious legends centre on Dermot +O'Dyna, who has been referred to as one of Finn mac +Cumhal's most notable followers. He might be described +as a kind of Gaelic Adonis, a type of beauty and attraction, +the hero of innumerable love tales; and, like +Adonis, his death was caused by a wild boar. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Boar of Ben Bulben</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The boar was no common beast. The story of its +origin was as follows: Dermot's father, Donn, gave the +child to be nurtured by Angus Ōg in his palace on the +Boyne. His mother, who was unfaithful to Donn, bore +another child to Roc, the steward of Angus. Donn, +one day, when the steward's child ran between his knees +to escape from some hounds that were fighting on the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page291">[pg 291]</span> +floor of the hall, gave him a squeeze with his two knees +that killed him on the spot, and he then flung the body +among the hounds on the floor. When the steward +found his son dead, and discovered (with Finn's aid) +the cause of it, he brought a Druid rod and smote the +body with it, whereupon, in place of the dead child, +there arose a huge boar, without ears or tail; and to it +he spake: <span class="tei tei-q">“I charge you to bring Dermot O'Dyna to +his death”</span>; and the boar rushed out from the hall and +roamed in the forests of Ben Bulben in Co. Sligo till the +time when his destiny should be fulfilled. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But Dermot grew up into a splendid youth, tireless +in the chase, undaunted in war, beloved by all his comrades +of the Fianna, whom he joined as soon as he was +of age to do so. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">How Dermot Got the Love Spot</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +He was called Dermot of the Love Spot, and a +curious and beautiful folk-tale recorded by Dr. Douglas +Hyde<a id="noteref_187" name="noteref_187" href="#note_187"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">187</span></span></a> tells how he got this appellation. With three +comrades, Goll, Conan, and Oscar, he was hunting one +day, and late at night they sought a resting-place. They +soon found a hut, in which were an old man, a young +girl, a wether sheep, and a cat. Here they asked for +hospitality, and it was granted to them. But, as usual +in these tales, it was a house of mystery. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +When they sat down to dinner the wether got up and +mounted on the table. One after another the Fianna +strove to throw it off, but it shook them down on the +floor. At last Goll succeeded in flinging it off the table, +but him too it vanquished in the end, and put them +all under its feet. Then the old man bade the cat lead +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page292">[pg 292]</span> +the wether back and fasten it up, and it did so easily. +The four champions, overcome with shame, were for +leaving the house at once; but the old man explained +that they had suffered no discredit—the wether they +had been fighting with was the World, and the cat was +the power that would destroy the world itself, namely, +Death. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At night the four heroes went to rest in a large +chamber, and the young maid came to sleep in the same +room; and it is said that her beauty made a light on the +walls of the room like a candle. One after another the +Fianna went over to her couch, but she repelled them +all. <span class="tei tei-q">“I belonged to you once,”</span> she said to each, +<span class="tei tei-q">“and I never will again.”</span> Last of all Dermot went. +<span class="tei tei-q">“O Dermot,”</span> she said, <span class="tei tei-q">“you, also, I belonged to once, +and I never can again, for I am Youth; but come here +and I will put a mark on you so that no woman can +ever see you without loving you.”</span> Then she touched +his forehead, and left the Love Spot there; and that +drew the love of women to him as long as he lived. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Chase of the Hard Gilly</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Chase of the Gilla Dacar is another Fian tale in +which Dermot plays a leading part. The Fianna, the +story goes, were hunting one day on the hills and +through the woods of Munster, and as Finn and his +captains stood on a hillside listening to the baying of +the hounds, and the notes of the Fian hunting-horn +from the dark wood below, they saw coming towards +them a huge, ugly, misshapen churl dragging along by +a halter a great raw-boned mare. He announced himself +as wishful to take service with Finn. The name +he was called by, he said, was the Gilla Dacar (the Hard +Gilly), because he was the hardest servant ever a lord +had to get service or obedience from. In spite of this +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page293">[pg 293]</span> +unpromising beginning, Finn, whose principle it was +never to refuse any suitor, took him into service; and +the Fianna now began to make their uncouth comrade the +butt of all sorts of rough jokes, which ended in thirteen +of them, including Conan the Bald, all mounting up on +the Gilla Dacar's steed. On this the newcomer complained +that he was being mocked, and he shambled +away in great discontent till he was over the ridge of +the hill, when he tucked up his skirts and ran westwards, +faster than any March wind, toward the sea-shore in +Co. Kerry. Thereupon at once the steed, which had +stood still with drooping ears while the thirteen riders +in vain belaboured it to make it move, suddenly +threw up its head and started off in a furious gallop +after its master. The Fianna ran alongside, as well +as they could for laughter, while Conan, in terror +and rage, reviled them for not rescuing him and his +comrades. At last the thing became serious. The Gilla +Dacar plunged into the sea, and the mare followed him +with her thirteen riders, and one more who managed to +cling to her tail just as she left the shore; and all of +them soon disappeared towards the fabled region of the +West. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Dermot at the Well</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Finn and the remaining Fianna now took counsel +together as to what should be done, and finally decided +to fit out a ship and go in search of their comrades. +After many days of voyaging they reached an island +guarded by precipitous cliffs. Dermot O'Dyna, as the +most agile of the party, was sent to climb them and to +discover, if he could, some means of helping up the +rest of the party. When he arrived at the top he found +himself in a delightful land, full of the song of birds +and the humming of bees and the murmur of streams, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page294">[pg 294]</span> +but with no sign of habitation. Going into a dark +forest, he soon came to a well, by which hung a curiously +wrought drinking-horn. As he filled it to drink, a low, +threatening murmur came from the well, but his thirst +was too keen to let him heed it and he drank his fill. +In no long time there came through the wood an armed +warrior, who violently upbraided him for drinking from +his well. The Knight of the Well and Dermot then +fought all the afternoon without either of them prevailing +over the other, when, as evening drew on, the knight +suddenly leaped into the well and disappeared. Next +day the same thing happened; on the third, however, +Dermot, as the knight was about to take his leap, flung +his arms round him, and both went down together. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Rescue of Fairyland</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Dermot, after a moment of darkness and trance, now +found himself in Fairyland. A man of noble appearance +roused him and led him away to the castle of a great king, +where he was hospitably entertained. It was explained +to him that the services of a champion like himself were +needed to do combat against a rival monarch of Faëry. +It is the same motive which we find in the adventures +of Cuchulain with Fand, and which so frequently turns +up in Celtic fairy lore. Finn and his companions, finding +that Dermot did not return to them, found their way +up the cliffs, and, having traversed the forest, entered a +great cavern which ultimately led them out to the same +land as that in which Dermot had arrived. There too, +they are informed, are the fourteen Fianna who had +been carried off on the mare of the Hard Gilly. He, +of course, was the king who needed their services, and +who had taken this method of decoying some thirty of +the flower of Irish fighting men to his side. Finn and +his men go into the battle with the best of goodwill, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page295">[pg 295]</span> +and scatter the enemy like chaff; Oscar slays the son +of the rival king (who is called the King of <span class="tei tei-q">“Greece”</span>). +Finn wins the love of his daughter, Tasha of the White +Arms, and the story closes with a delightful mixture of +gaiety and mystery. <span class="tei tei-q">“What reward wilt thou have for +thy good services?”</span> asks the fairy king of Finn. <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou +wert once in service with me,”</span> replies Finn, <span class="tei tei-q">“and I +mind not that I gave thee any recompense. Let one +service stand against the other.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Never shall I agree +to that,”</span> cries Conan the Bald. <span class="tei tei-q">“Shall I have nought +for being carried off on thy wild mare and haled oversea?”</span> +<span class="tei tei-q">“What wilt thou have?”</span> asks the fairy king. +<span class="tei tei-q">“None of thy gold or goods,”</span> replies Conan, <span class="tei tei-q">“but +mine honour hath suffered, and let mine honour be +appeased. Set thirteen of thy fairest womenfolk on the +wild mare, O King, and thine own wife clinging to her +tail, and let them be transported to Erin in like manner +as we were dragged here, and I shall deem the indignity +we have suffered fitly atoned for.”</span> On this the king +smiled and, turning to Finn, said: <span class="tei tei-q">“O Finn, behold +thy men.”</span> Finn turned to look at them, but when he +looked round again the scene had changed—the fairy +king and his host and all the world of Faëry had +disappeared, and he found himself with his companions +and the fair-armed Tasha standing on the beach of the +little bay in Kerry whence the Hard Gilly and the mare +had taken the water and carried off his men. And then +all started with cheerful hearts for the great standing +camp of the Fianna on the Hill of Allen to celebrate +the wedding feast of Finn and Tasha. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Effect of Christianity on the Development of Irish Literature</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This tale with its fascinating mixture of humour, +romance, magic, and love of wild nature, may be taken +as a typical specimen of the Fian legends at their best. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page296">[pg 296]</span> +As compared with the Conorian legends they show, as +I have pointed out, a characteristic lack of any heroic or +serious element. That nobler strain died out with the +growing predominance of Christianity, which appropriated +for definitely religious purposes the more serious +and lofty side of the Celtic genius, leaving for secular +literature only the elements of wonder and romance. +So completely was this carried out that while the Finn +legends have survived to this day among the Gaelic-speaking +population, and were a subject of literary treatment +as long as Gaelic was written at all, the earlier cycle +perished almost completely out of the popular remembrance, +or survived only in distorted forms; and but +for the early manuscripts in which the tales are fortunately +enshrined such a work as the <span class="tei tei-q">“Tain Bo Cuailgné”</span>—the +greatest thing undoubtedly which the Celtic genius ever +produced in literature—would now be irrecoverably lost. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Tales of Deirdre and of Grania</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Nothing can better illustrate the difference between +the two cycles than a comparison of the tale of Deirdre +with that with which we have now to deal—the tale +of Dermot and Grania. The latter, from one point +of view, reads like an echo of the former, so close is +the resemblance between them in the outline of the +plot. Take the following skeleton story: <span class="tei tei-q">“A fair +maiden is betrothed to a renowned and mighty suitor +much older than herself. She turns from him to seek +a younger lover, and fixes her attention on one of his +followers, a gallant and beautiful youth, whom she persuades, +in spite of his reluctance, to fly with her. After +evading pursuit they settle down for a while at a distance +from the defrauded lover, who bides his time, till +at last, under cover of a treacherous reconciliation, he +procures the death of his younger rival and retakes +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page297">[pg 297]</span> +possession of the lady.”</span> Were a student of Celtic +legend asked to listen to the above synopsis, and to say +to what Irish tale it referred, he would certainly reply +that it must be either the tale of the Pursuit of Dermot +and Grania, or that of the Fate of the Sons of Usna; +but which of them it was it would be quite impossible +for him to tell. Yet in tone and temper the two stories +are as wide apart as the poles. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Grania and Dermot</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Grania, in the Fian story, is the daughter of Cormac +mac Art, High King of Ireland. She is betrothed to +Finn mac Cumhal, whom we are to regard at this period +as an old and war-worn but still mighty warrior. The +famous captains of the Fianna all assemble at Tara for +the wedding feast, and as they sit at meat Grania surveys +them and asks their names of her father's Druid, Dara. +<span class="tei tei-q">“It is a wonder,”</span> she says, <span class="tei tei-q">“that Finn did not ask me +for Oisīn, rather than for himself.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Oisīn would not +dare to take thee,”</span> says Dara. Grania, after going +through all the company, asks: <span class="tei tei-q">“Who is that man with +the spot on his brow, with the sweet voice, with curling +dusky hair and ruddy cheek?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“That is Dermot +O'Dyna,”</span> replies the Druid, <span class="tei tei-q">“the white-toothed, of +the lightsome countenance, in all the world the best +lover of women and maidens.”</span> Grania now prepares +a sleepy draught, which she places in a drinking-cup +and passes round by her handmaid to the king, to Finn, +and to all the company except the chiefs of the Fianna. +When the draught has done its work she goes to Oisīn. +<span class="tei tei-q">“Wilt thou receive courtship from me, Oisīn?”</span> she +asks. <span class="tei tei-q">“That will I not,”</span> says Oisīn, <span class="tei tei-q">“nor from any +woman that is betrothed to Finn.”</span> Grania, who knew +very well what Oisīn's answer would be, now turns to +her real mark, Dermot. He at first refuses to have +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page298">[pg 298]</span> +anything to do with her. <span class="tei tei-q">“I put thee under bonds +[<span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geise</span></span>], O Dermot, that thou take me out of Tara to-night.”</span> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Evil are these bonds, Grania,”</span> says Dermot; +<span class="tei tei-q">“and wherefore hast thou put them on me before all +the kings' sons that feast at this table?”</span> Grania then +explains that she has loved Dermot ever since she saw +him, years ago, from her sunny bower, take part in and +win a great hurling match on the green at Tara. +Dermot, still very reluctant, pleads the merits of Finn, +and urges also that Finn has the keys of the royal +fortress, so that they cannot pass out at night. <span class="tei tei-q">“There +is a secret wicket-gate in my bower,”</span> says Grania. <span class="tei tei-q">“I +am under <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geise</span></span> not to pass through any wicket-gate,”</span> +replies Dermot, still struggling against his destiny. +Grania will have none of these subterfuges—any Fian +warrior, she has been told, can leap over a palisade with +the aid of his spear as a jumping-pole; and she goes off +to make ready for the elopement. Dermot, in great +perplexity, appeals to Oisīn, Oscar, Keelta, and the +others as to what he should do. They all bid him +keep his <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geise</span></span>—the bonds that Grania had laid on +him to succour her—and he takes leave of them with +tears. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Outside the wicket-gate he again begs Grania to +return. <span class="tei tei-q">“It is certain that I will not go back,”</span> says +Grania, <span class="tei tei-q">“nor part from thee till death part us.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Then +go forward, O Grania,”</span> says Dermot. After they had +gone a mile, <span class="tei tei-q">“I am truly weary, O grandson of Dyna,”</span> +says Grania. <span class="tei tei-q">“It is a good time to be weary,”</span> says +Dermot, making a last effort to rid himself of the +entanglement, <span class="tei tei-q">“and return now to thy household again, +for I pledge the word of a true warrior that I will never +carry thee nor any other woman to all eternity.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“There +is no need,”</span> replies Grania, and she directs him where +to find horses and a chariot, and Dermot, now finally +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page299">[pg 299]</span> +accepting the inevitable, yokes them, and they proceed +on their way to the Ford of Luan on the Shannon.<a id="noteref_188" name="noteref_188" href="#note_188"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">188</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Pursuit</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Next day Finn, burning with rage, sets out with his +warriors on their track. He traces out each of their +halting-places, and finds the hut of wattles which +Dermot has made for their shelter, and the bed of soft +rushes, and the remains of the meal they had eaten. +And at each place he finds a piece of unbroken bread +or uncooked salmon—Dermot's subtle message to +Finn that he has respected the rights of his lord and +treated Grania as a sister. But this delicacy of Dermot's +is not at all to Crania's mind, and she conveys her +wishes to him in a manner which is curiously paralleled +by an episode in the tale of Tristan and Iseult of +Brittany, as told by Heinrich von Freiberg. They are +passing through a piece of wet ground when a splash +of water strikes Grania. She turns to her companion: +<span class="tei tei-q">“Thou art a mighty warrior, O Dermot, in battle and +sieges and forays, yet meseems that this drop of water +is bolder than thou.”</span> This hint that he was keeping +at too respectful a distance was taken by Dermot. +The die is now cast, and he will never again meet +Finn and his old comrades except at the point of the +spear. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The tale now loses much of the originality and charm +of its opening scene, and recounts in a somewhat +mechanical manner a number of episodes in which +Dermot is attacked or besieged by the Fianna, and +rescues himself and his lady by miracles of boldness or +dexterity, or by aid of the magical devices of his foster-father, +Angus Ōg. They are chased all over Ireland, +and the dolmens in that country are popularly associated +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page300">[pg 300]</span> +with them, being called in the traditions of the peasantry +<span class="tei tei-q">“Beds of Dermot and Grania.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Grania's character is drawn throughout with great +consistency. She is not an heroic woman—hers are +not the simple, ardent impulses and unwavering devotion +of a Deirdre. The latter is far more primitive. +Grania is a curiously modern and what would be called +<span class="tei tei-q">“neurotic”</span> type—wilful, restless, passionate, but full +of feminine fascination. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Dermot and Finn Make Peace</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +After sixteen years of outlawry peace is at last made +for Dermot by the mediation or Angus with King +Cormac and with Finn. Dermot receives his proper +patrimony, the Cantred of O'Dyna, and other lands +far away in the West, and Cormac gives another of his +daughters to Finn. <span class="tei tei-q">“Peaceably they abode a long time +with each other, and it was said that no man then living +was richer in gold and silver, in flocks and herds, than +Dermot O'Dyna, nor one that made more preys.”</span><a id="noteref_189" name="noteref_189" href="#note_189"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">189</span></span></a> +Grania bears to Dermot four sons and a daughter. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But Grania is not satisfied until <span class="tei tei-q">“the two best men +that are in Erin, namely, Cormac son of Art and Finn +son of Cumhal,”</span> have been entertained in her house. +<span class="tei tei-q">“And how do we know,”</span> she adds, <span class="tei tei-q">“but our daughter +might then get a fitting husband?”</span> Dermot agrees +with some misgiving; the king and Finn accept the +invitation, and they and their retinues are feasted for +a year at Rath Grania. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page301">[pg 301]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Vengeance of Finn</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Then one night, towards the end of the year of feasting, +Dermot is awakened from sleep by the baying of +a hound. He starts up, <span class="tei tei-q">“so that Grania caught him +and threw her two arms about him and asked him +what he had seen.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“It is the voice of a hound,”</span> says +Dermot, <span class="tei tei-q">“and I marvel to hear it in the night.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Save +and protect thee,”</span> says Grania; <span class="tei tei-q">“it is the Danaan Folk +that are at work on thee. Lay thee down again.”</span> But +three times the hound's voice awakens him, and on the +morrow he goes forth armed with sword and sling, and +followed by his own hound, to see what is afoot. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +On the mountain of Ben Bulben in Sligo he comes +across Finn with a hunting-party of the Fianna. They +are not now hunting, however; they are being hunted; +for they have roused up the enchanted boar without +ears or tail, the Boar of Ben Bulben, which has slain +thirty of them that morning. <span class="tei tei-q">“And do thou come +away,”</span> says Finn, knowing well that Dermot will never +retreat from a danger; <span class="tei tei-q">“for thou art under <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geise</span></span> not to +hunt pig.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“How is that?”</span> says Dermot, and Finn +then tells him the weird story of the death of the +steward's son and his revivification in the form of this +boar, with its mission of vengeance. <span class="tei tei-q">“By my word,”</span> +quoth Dermot, <span class="tei tei-q">“it is to slay me that thou hast made +this hunt, O Finn; and if it be here that I am fated to +die, I have no power now to shun it.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The beast then appears on the face of the mountain, +and Dermot slips the hound at him, but the hound flies +in terror. Dermot then slings a stone which strikes +the boar fairly in the middle of his forehead but does +not even scratch his skin. The beast is close on him +now, and Dermot strikes him with his sword, but the +weapon flies in two and not a bristle of the boar is cut. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page302">[pg 302]</span> +In the charge of the boar Dermot falls over him, and is +carried for a space clinging to his back; but at last the +boar shakes him off to the ground, and making <span class="tei tei-q">“an +eager, exceeding mighty spring”</span> upon him, rips out his +bowels, while at the same time, with the hilt of the +sword still in his hand, Dermot dashes out the brains +of the beast, and it falls dead beside him. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Death of Dermot</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The implacable Finn then comes up, and stands over +Dermot in his agony. <span class="tei tei-q">“It likes me well to see thee in +that plight, O Dermot,”</span> he says, <span class="tei tei-q">“and I would that all +the women in Ireland saw thee now; for thy excellent +beauty is turned to ugliness and thy choice form to +deformity.”</span> Dermot reminds Finn of how he once +rescued him from deadly peril when attacked during +a feast at the house of Derc, and begs him to heal +him with a draught of water from his hands, for Finn +had the magic gift of restoring any wounded man to +health with a draught of well-water drawn in his two +hands. <span class="tei tei-q">“Here is no well,”</span> says Finn. <span class="tei tei-q">“That is not +true,”</span> says Dermot, <span class="tei tei-q">“for nine paces from you is the +best well of pure water in the world.”</span> Finn, at last, +on the entreaty of Oscar and the Fianna, and after the +recital of many deeds done for his sake by Dermot in +old days, goes to the well, but ere he brings the water +to Dermot's side he lets it fall through his fingers. A +second time he goes, and a second time he lets the +water fall, <span class="tei tei-q">“having thought upon Grania,”</span> and Dermot +gave a sigh of anguish on seeing it. Oscar then +declares that if Finn does not bring the water promptly +either he or Finn shall never leave the hill alive, and +Finn goes once more to the well, but it is now too late; +Dermot is dead before the healing draught can reach +his lips. Then Finn takes the hound of Dermot, the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page303">[pg 303]</span> +chiefs of the Fianna lay their cloaks over the dead man, +and they return to Rath Grania. Grania, seeing the +hound led by Finn, conjectures what has happened, and +swoons upon the rampart of the Rath. Oisīn, when +she has revived, gives her the hound, against Finn's +will, and the Fianna troop away, leaving her to her +sorrow. When the people of Grania's household go +out to fetch in the body of Dermot they find there +Angus Ōg and his company of the People of Dana, +who, after raising three bitter and terrible cries, bear +away the body on a gilded bier, and Angus declares +that though he cannot restore the dead to life, <span class="tei tei-q">“I will +send a soul into him so that he may talk with me +each day.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The End of Grania</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +To a tale like this modern taste demands a romantic +and sentimental ending; and such has actually been +given to it in the retelling by Dr. P. W. Joyce in his +<span class="tei tei-q">“Old Celtic Romances,”</span> as it has to the tale of Deirdre +by almost every modern writer who has handled it.<a id="noteref_190" name="noteref_190" href="#note_190"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">190</span></span></a> +But the Celtic story-teller felt differently. The tale of +the end of Deirdre is horribly cruel, that of Grania +cynical and mocking; neither is in the least sentimental. +Grania is at first enraged with Finn, and sends her sons +abroad to learn feats of arms, so that they may take +vengeance upon him when the time is ripe. But Finn, +wily and far-seeing as he is portrayed in this tale, knows +how to forestall this danger. When the tragedy on Ben +Bulben has begun to grow a little faint in the shallow +soul of Grania, he betakes himself to her, and though +met at first with scorn and indignation he woos her so +sweetly and with such tenderness that at last he brings +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page304">[pg 304]</span> +her to his will, and he bears her back as a bride to +the Hill of Allen. When the Fianna see the pair +coming towards them in this loving guise they burst +into a shout of laughter and derision, <span class="tei tei-q">“so that Grania +bowed her head in shame.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“We trow, O Finn,”</span> cries +Oisīn, <span class="tei tei-q">“that thou wilt keep Grania well from henceforth.”</span> +So Grania made peace between Finn and her +sons, and dwelt with Finn as his wife until he died. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Two Streams of Fian Legends</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It will be noticed that in this legend Finn does not +appear as a sympathetic character. Our interest is all +on the side of Dermot. In this aspect of it the tale is +typical of a certain class of Fian stories. Just as there +were two rival clans within the Fian organisation—the +Clan Bascna and the Clan Morna—who sometimes came +to blows for the supremacy, so there are two streams of +legends seeming to flow respectively from one or other +of these sources, in one of which Finn is glorified, while +in the other he is belittled in favour of Goll mac Morna +or any other hero with whom he comes into conflict. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">End of the Fianna</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The story of the end of the Fianna is told in a number +of pieces, some prose, some poetry, all of them, however, +agreeing in presenting this event as a piece of sober +history, without any of the supernatural and mystical atmosphere +in which nearly all the Fian legends are steeped. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +After the death of Cormac mac Art his son Cairbry +came to the High-Kingship of Ireland. He had a fair +daughter named <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">Sgeimh Solais</span></span> (Light of Beauty), who +was asked in marriage by a son of the King of the Decies. +The marriage was arranged, and the Fianna claimed +a ransom or tribute of twenty ingots of gold, which, it +is said, was customarily paid to them on these occasions. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page305">[pg 305]</span> +It would seem that the Fianna had now grown to be a +distinct power within the State, and an oppressive one, +exacting heavy tributes and burdensome privileges from +kings and sub-kings all over Ireland. Cairbry resolved +to break them; and he thought he had now a good +opportunity to do so. He therefore refused payment +of the ransom, and summoned all the provincial kings +to help him against the Fianna, the main body of +whom immediately went into rebellion for what they +deemed their rights. The old feud between Clan Bascna +and Clan Morna now broke out afresh, the latter standing +by the High King, while Clan Bascna, aided by the King +of Munster and his forces, who alone took their side, +marched against Cairbry. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Battle of Gowra</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +All this sounds very matter-of-fact and probable, but +how much real history there may be in it it is very hard +to say. The decisive battle of the war which ensued +took place at Gowra (Gabhra), the name of which survives +in Garristown, Co. Dublin. The rival forces, when +drawn up in battle array, knelt and kissed the sacred +soil of Erin before they charged. The story of the +battle in the poetical versions, one of which is published +in the Ossianic Society's <span class="tei tei-q">“Transactions,”</span> and another +and finer one in Campbell's <span class="tei tei-q">“The Fians,”</span><a id="noteref_191" name="noteref_191" href="#note_191"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">191</span></span></a> is supposed +to be related by Oisīn to St. Patrick. He lays great +stress on the feats of his son Oscar: +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“My son urged his course</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Through the battalions of Tara</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Like a hawk through a flock of birds,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">Or a rock descending a mountain-side.”</span></div> +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page306">[pg 306]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Death of Oscar</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The fight was <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">à outrance</span></span>, and the slaughter on both +sides tremendous. None but old men and boys, it is +said, were left in Erin after that fight. The Fianna were +in the end almost entirely exterminated, and Oscar slain. +He and the King of Ireland, Cairbry, met in single +combat, and each of them slew the other. While Oscar +was still breathing, though there was not a palm's +breadth on his body without a wound, his father found +him: +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“I found my own son lying down</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">On his left elbow, his shield by his side;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">His right hand clutched the sword,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">The blood poured through his mail</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Oscar gazed up at me—</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Woe to me was that sight!</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">He stretched out his two arms to me,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Endeavouring to rise to meet me.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“I grasped the hand of my son</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">And sat down by his left side;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">And since I sat by him there,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">I have recked nought of the world.”</span></div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +When Finn (in the Scottish version) comes to bewail +his grandson, he cries: +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Woe, that it was not I who fell</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">In the fight of bare sunny Gavra,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">And you were east and west</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">Marching before the Fians, Oscar.”</span></div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But Oscar replies: +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Were it you that fell</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">In the fight of bare sunny Gavra,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">One sigh, east or west,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Would not be heard for you from Oscar.</div> +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page307">[pg 307]</span> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“No man ever knew</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">A heart of flesh was in my breast,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">But a heart of the twisted horn</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">And a sheath of steel over it.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“But the howling of dogs beside me,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">And the wail of the old heroes,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">And the weeping of the women by turns,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">'Tis that vexes my heart.”</span></div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Oscar dies, after thanking the gods for his father's +safety, and Oisīn and Keelta raise him on a bier of spears +and carry him off under his banner, <span class="tei tei-q">“The Terrible +Sheaf,”</span> for burial on the field where he died, and where a +great green burial mound is still associated with his name. +Finn takes no part in the battle. He is said to have +come <span class="tei tei-q">“in a ship”</span> to view the field afterwards, and he +wept over Oscar, a thing he had never done save once +before, for his hound, Bran, whom he himself killed +by accident. Possibly the reference to the ship is an +indication that he had by this time passed away, and came +to revisit the earth from the oversea kingdom of Death. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There is in this tale of the Battle of Gowra a melancholy +grandeur which gives it a place apart in the +Ossianic literature. It is a fitting dirge for a great +legendary epoch. Campbell tells us that the Scottish +crofters and shepherds were wont to put off their bonnets +when they recited it. He adds a strange and thrilling +piece of modern folk-lore bearing on it. Two men, it is +said, were out at night, probably sheep-stealing or on +some other predatory occupation, and telling Fian tales +as they went, when they observed two giant and shadowy +figures talking to each other across the glen. One of +the apparitions said to the other: <span class="tei tei-q">“Do you see that man +down below? I was the second door-post of battle on +the day of Gowra, and that man there knows all about +it better than myself.”</span> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page308">[pg 308]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The End of Finn</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +As to Finn himself, it is strange that in all the +extant mass of the Ossianic literature there should be no +complete narrative of his death. There are references to +it in the poetic legends, and annalists even date it, but +the references conflict with each other, and so do the +dates. There is no clear light to be obtained on the +subject from either annalists or poets. Finn seems to +have melted into the magic mist which enwraps so +many of his deeds in life. Yet a popular tradition says +that he and his great companions, Oscar and Keelta and +Oisīn and the rest, never died, but lie, like Kaiser +Barbarossa, spell-bound in an enchanted cave where +they await the appointed time to reappear in glory and +redeem their land from tyranny and wrong. +</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page309">[pg 309]</span> + +<a name="toc21" id="toc21"></a> +<a name="pdf22" id="pdf22"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%"> +CHAPTER VII: THE VOYAGE OF MAELDŪN +</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Besides the legends which cluster round great +heroic names, and have, or at least pretend to +have, the character of history, there are many +others, great and small, which tell of adventures lying +purely in regions of romance, and out of earthly space +and time. As a specimen of these I give here a +summary of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Voyage of Maeldūn,”</span> a most curious +and brilliant piece of invention, which is found in the +manuscript entitled the <span class="tei tei-q">“Book of the Dun Cow”</span> +(about 1100) and other early sources, and edited, with +a translation (to which I owe the following extracts), +by Dr. Whitley Stokes in the <span class="tei tei-q">“Revue Celtique”</span> for 1888 +and 1889. It is only one of a number of such +wonder-voyages found in ancient Irish literature, but +it is believed to have been the earliest of them all and +model for the rest, and it has had the distinction, in +the abridged and modified form given by Joyce in his +<span class="tei tei-q">“Old Celtic Romances,”</span> of having furnished the theme +for the <span class="tei tei-q">“Voyage of Maeldune”</span> to Tennyson, who +made it into a wonderful creation of rhythm and +colour, embodying a kind of allegory of Irish history. +It will be noticed at the end that we are in the unusual +position of knowing the name of the author of this +piece of primitive literature, though he does not claim +to have composed, but only to have <span class="tei tei-q">“put in order,”</span> +the incidents of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Voyage.”</span> Unfortunately we cannot +tell when he lived, but the tale as we have it probably +dates from the ninth century. Its atmosphere is +entirely Christian, and it has no mythological significance +except in so far as it teaches the lesson that the +oracular injunctions of wizards should be obeyed. No +adventure, or even detail, of importance is omitted in +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page310">[pg 310]</span> +the following summary of the story, which is given +thus fully because the reader may take it as representing +a large and important section of Irish legendary romance. +Apart from the source to which I am indebted, the +<span class="tei tei-q">“Revue Celtique,”</span> I know no other faithful reproduction +in English of this wonderful tale. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The <span class="tei tei-q">“Voyage of Maeldūn”</span> begins, as Irish tales +often do, by telling us of the conception of its hero. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There was a famous man of the sept of the Owens +of Aran, named Ailill Edge-of-Battle, who went with +his king on a foray into another territory. They +encamped one night near a church and convent of +nuns. At midnight Ailill, who was near the church, +saw a certain nun come out to strike the bell for +nocturns, and caught her by the hand. In ancient +Ireland religious persons were not much respected in +time of war, and Ailill did not respect her. When +they parted, she said to him: <span class="tei tei-q">“Whence is thy race, +and what is thy name?”</span> Said the hero: <span class="tei tei-q">“Ailill +of the Edge-of-Battle is my name, and I am of the +Owenacht of Aran, in Thomond.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Not long afterwards Ailill was slain by reavers from +Leix, who burned the church of Doocloone over his head. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In due time a son was born to the woman and she +called his name Maeldūn. He was taken secretly to +her friend, the queen of the territory, and by her +Maeldūn was reared. <span class="tei tei-q">“Beautiful indeed was his +form, and it is doubtful if there hath been in flesh +any one so beautiful as he. So he grew up till he was +a young warrior and fit to use weapons. Great, then, +was his brightness and his gaiety and his playfulness. +In his play he outwent all his comrades in throwing +balls, and in running and leaping and putting stones +and racing horses.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +One day a proud young warrior who had been +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page311">[pg 311]</span> +defeated by him taunted him with his lack of +knowledge of his kindred and descent. Maeldūn +went to his foster-mother, the queen, and said: <span class="tei tei-q">“I +will not eat nor drink till thou tell me who are my +mother and my father.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“I am thy mother,”</span> said the +queen, <span class="tei tei-q">“for none ever loved her son more than I love +thee.”</span> But Maeldūn insisted on knowing all, and the +queen at last took him to his own mother, the nun, +who told him: <span class="tei tei-q">“Thy father was Ailill of the Owens of +Aran.”</span> Then Maeldūn went to his own kindred, and +was well received by them; and with him he took as +guests his three beloved foster-brothers, sons of the +king and queen who had brought him up. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +After a time Maeldūn happened to be among a +company of young warriors who were contending at +putting the stone in the graveyard of the ruined +church of Doocloone. Maeldūn's foot was planted, +as he heaved the stone, on a scorched and blackened +flagstone; and one who was by, a monk named +Briccne,<a id="noteref_192" name="noteref_192" href="#note_192"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">192</span></span></a> said to him: <span class="tei tei-q">“It were better for thee to +avenge the man who was burnt there than to cast +stones over his burnt bones.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Who was that?”</span> asked Maeldūn. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Ailill, thy father,”</span> they told him. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Who slew him?”</span> said he. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Reavers from Leix,”</span> they said, <span class="tei tei-q">“and they destroyed +him on this spot.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Then Maeldūn threw down the stone he was about +to cast, and put his mantle round him and went home; +and he asked the way to Leix. They told him he could +only go there by sea.<a id="noteref_193" name="noteref_193" href="#note_193"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">193</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page312">[pg 312]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At the advice of a Druid he then built him a boat, +or coracle, of skins lapped threefold one over the +other; and the wizard also told him that seventeen +men only must accompany him, and on what day he +must begin the boat and on what day he must put out +to sea. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +So when his company was ready he put out and +hoisted the sail, but had gone only a little way when +his three foster-brothers came down to the beach and +entreated him to take them. <span class="tei tei-q">“Get you home,”</span> said +Maeldūn, <span class="tei tei-q">“for none but the number I have may go +with me.”</span> But the three youths would not be separated +from Maeldūn, and they flung themselves into the +sea. He turned back, lest they should be drowned, +and brought them into his boat. All, as we shall see, +were punished for this transgression, and Maeldūn condemned +to wandering until expiation had been made. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Irish bardic tales excel in their openings. In this +case, as usual, the <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">mise-en-scène</span></span> is admirably contrived. +The narrative which follows tells how, after seeing his +father's slayer on an island, but being unable to land +there, Maeldūn and his party are blown out to sea, +where they visit a great number of islands and have +many strange adventures on them. The tale becomes, +in fact, a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">cento</span></span> of stories and incidents, some not very +interesting, while in others, as in the adventure of +the Island of the Silver Pillar, or the Island of the +Flaming Rampart, or that where the episode of the +eagle takes place, the Celtic sense of beauty, romance, +and mystery find an expression unsurpassed, perhaps, +in literature. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the following rendering I have omitted the verses +given by Joyce at the end of each adventure. They +merely recapitulate the prose narrative, and are not +found in the earliest manuscript authorities. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page313">[pg 313]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Island of the Slaves</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Maeldūn and his crew had rowed all day and half +the night when they came to two small bare islands +with two forts in them, and a noise was heard from +them of armed men quarrelling. <span class="tei tei-q">“Stand off from me,”</span> +cried one of them, <span class="tei tei-q">“for I am a better man than thou. +'Twas I slew Ailill of the Edge-of-Battle and burned the +church of Doocloone over him, and no kinsman has +avenged his death on me. And <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">thou</span></span> hast never done +the like of that.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Then Maeldūn was about to land, and Germān<a id="noteref_194" name="noteref_194" href="#note_194"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">194</span></span></a> and +Diuran the Rhymer cried that God had guided them +to the spot where they would be. But a great wind +arose suddenly and blew them off into the boundless +ocean, and Maeldūn said to his foster-brothers: <span class="tei tei-q">“Ye +have caused this to be, casting yourselves on board in +spite of the words of the Druid.”</span> And they had no +answer, save only to be silent for a little space. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Island of the Ants</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +They drifted three days and three nights, not +knowing whither to row, when at the dawn of the third +day they heard the noise of breakers, and came to an +island as soon as the sun was up. Here, ere they could +land, they met a swarm of ferocious ants, each the size +of a foal, that came down the strand and into the sea +to get at them; so they made off quickly, and saw no +land for three days more. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Island of the Great Birds</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This was a terraced island, with trees all round it, +and great birds sitting on the trees. Maeldūn landed +first alone, and carefully searched the island for any +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page314">[pg 314]</span> +evil thing, but finding none, the rest followed him, and +killed and ate many of the birds, bringing others on +board their boat. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Island of the Fierce Beast</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A great sandy island was this, and on it a beast like +a horse, but with clawed feet like a hound's. He flew +at them to devour them, but they put off in time, and +were pelted by the beast with pebbles from the shore +as they rowed away. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Island of the Giant Horses</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A great, flat island, which it fell by lot to Germān +and Diuran to explore first. They found a vast green +racecourse, on which were the marks of horses' hoofs, +each as big as the sail of a ship, and the shells of +nuts of monstrous size were lying about, and much +plunder. So they were afraid, and took ship hastily +again, and from the sea they saw a horse-race in progress +and heard the shouting of a great multitude +cheering on the white horse or the brown, and saw the +giant horses running swifter than the wind.<a id="noteref_195" name="noteref_195" href="#note_195"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">195</span></span></a> So they +rowed away with all their might, thinking they had +come upon an assembly of demons. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Island of the Stone Door</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A full week passed, and then they found a great, high +island with a house standing on the shore. A door +with a valve of stone opened into the sea, and through +it the sea-waves kept hurling salmon into the house. +Maeldūn and his party entered, and found the house +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page315">[pg 315]</span> +empty of folk, but a great bed lay ready for the +chief to whom it belonged, and a bed for each three +of his company, and meat and drink beside each bed. +Maeldūn and his party ate and drank their fill, and +then sailed off again. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Island of the Apples</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +By the time they had come here they had been a +long time voyaging, and food had failed them, and +they were hungry. This island had precipitous sides +from which a wood hung down, and as they passed +along the cliffs Maeldūn broke off a twig and held it +in his hand. Three days and nights they coasted the +cliff and found no entrance to the island, but by that +time a cluster of three apples had grown on the end of +Maeldūn's rod, and each apple sufficed the crew for +forty days. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Island of the Wondrous Beast</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This island had a fence of stone round it, and within +the fence a huge beast that raced round and round the +island. And anon it went to the top of the island, and +then performed a marvellous feat, viz., it turned its +body round and round inside its skin, the skin remaining +unmoved, while again it would revolve its skin +round and round the body. When it saw the party it +rushed at them, but they escaped, pelted with stones as +they rowed away. One of the stones pierced through +Maeldūn's shield and lodged in the keel of the boat. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Island of the Biting Horses</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Here were many great beasts resembling horses, that +tore continually pieces of flesh from each other's sides, +so that all the island ran with blood. They rowed +hastily away, and were now disheartened and full of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page316">[pg 316]</span> +complaints, for they knew not where they were, nor +how to find guidance or aid in their quest. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Island of the Fiery Swine</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +With great weariness, hunger, and thirst they arrived +at the tenth island, which was full of trees loaded with +golden apples. Under the trees went red beasts, like +fiery swine, that kicked the trees with their legs, when +the apples fell and the beasts consumed them. The +beasts came out at morning only, when a multitude of +birds left the island, and swam out to sea till nones, +when they turned and swam inward again till vespers, +and ate the apples all night. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Maeldūn and his comrades landed at night, and felt +the soil hot under their feet from the fiery swine in +their caverns underground. They collected all the +apples they could, which were good both against hunger +and thirst, and loaded their boat with them and put to +sea once more, refreshed. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Island of the Little Cat</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The apples had failed them when they came hungry and +thirsting to the eleventh island. This was, as it were, +a tall white tower of chalk reaching up to the clouds, +and on the rampart about it were great houses white as +snow. They entered the largest of them, and found +no man in it, but a small cat playing on four stone pillars +which were in the midst of the house, leaping from one +to the other. It looked a little on the Irish warriors, +but did not cease from its play. On the walls of the +houses there were three rows of objects hanging up, +one row of brooches of gold and silver, and one of +neck-torques of gold and silver, each as big as the +hoop of a cask, and one of great swords with gold and +silver hilts. Quilts and shining garments lay in the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page317">[pg 317]</span> +room, and there, also, were a roasted ox and a flitch of +bacon and abundance of liquor. <span class="tei tei-q">“Hath this been left +for us?”</span> said Maeldūn to the cat. It looked at him +a moment, and then continued its play. So there they +ate and drank and slept, and stored up what remained +of the food. Next day, as they made to leave the +house, the youngest of Maeldūn's foster-brothers took +a necklace from the wall, and was bearing it out when +the cat suddenly <span class="tei tei-q">“leaped through him like a fiery +arrow,”</span> and he fell, a heap of ashes, on the floor. +Thereupon Maeldūn, who had forbidden the theft of +the jewel, soothed the cat and replaced the necklace, +and they strewed the ashes of the dead youth on the +sea-shore, and put to sea again. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Island of the Black and the White Sheep</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This had a brazen palisade dividing it in two, and +a flock of black sheep on one side and of white +sheep on the other. Between them was a big man +who tended the flocks, and sometimes he put a +white sheep among the black, when it became black +at once, or a black sheep among the white, when +it immediately turned white.<a id="noteref_196" name="noteref_196" href="#note_196"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">196</span></span></a> By way of an experiment +Maeldūn flung a peeled white wand on the side +of the black sheep. It at once turned black, whereat +they left the place in terror, and without landing. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Island of the Giant Cattle</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A great and wide island with a herd of huge swine +on it. They killed a small pig and roasted it on the +spot, as it was too great to carry on board. The island +rose up into a very high mountain, and Diuran and +Germān went to view the country from the top of it. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page318">[pg 318]</span> +On their way they met a broad river. To try the +depth of the water Germān dipped in the haft of +his spear, which at once was consumed as with liquid +fire. On the other bank was a huge man guarding +what seemed a herd of oxen. He called to them not +to disturb the calves, so they went no further and +speedily sailed away. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Island of the Mill</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Here they found a great and grim-looking mill, and +a giant miller grinding corn in it. <span class="tei tei-q">“Half the corn of +your country,”</span> he said, <span class="tei tei-q">“is ground here. Here comes +to be ground all that men begrudge to each other.”</span> +Heavy and many were the loads they saw going to it, +and all that was ground in it was carried away westwards. +So they crossed themselves and sailed away. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Island of the Black Mourners</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +An island full of black people continually weeping +and lamenting. One of the two remaining foster-brothers +landed on it, and immediately turned black +and fell to weeping like the rest. Two others went to +fetch him; the same fate befell them. Four others +then went with their heads wrapped in cloths, that +they should not look on the land or breathe the air +of the place, and they seized two of the lost ones and +brought them away perforce, but not the foster-brother. +The two rescued ones could not explain their conduct +except by saying that they had to do as they saw others +doing about them. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Island of the Four Fences</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Four fences of gold, silver, brass, and crystal divided +this island into four parts, kings in one, queens in +another, warriors in a third, maidens in the fourth. +</p> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page319">[pg 319]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +On landing, a maiden gave them food like cheese, that +tasted to each man as he wished it to be, and an +intoxicating liquor that put them asleep for three +days. When they awoke they were at sea in their +boat, and of the island and its inhabitants nothing was +to be seen. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Island of the Glass Bridge +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Here we come to one of the most elaborately wrought +and picturesque of all the incidents of the voyage. The +island they now reached had on it a fortress with a +brazen door, and a bridge of glass leading to it. When +they sought to cross the bridge it threw them backward.<a id="noteref_197" name="noteref_197" href="#note_197"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">197</span></span></a> +A woman came out of the fortress with a pail +in her hand, and lifting from the bridge a slab of glass +she let down her pail into the water beneath, and +returned to the fortress. They struck on the brazen +portcullis before them to gain admittance, but the +melody given forth by the smitten metal plunged them +in slumber till the morrow morn. Thrice over this +happened, the woman each time making an ironical +speech about Maeldūn. On the fourth day, however, +she came out to them over the bridge, wearing a white +mantle with a circlet of gold on her hair, two silver +sandals on her rosy feet, and a filmy silken smock next +her skin. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“My welcome to thee, O Maeldūn,”</span> she said, and +she welcomed each man of the crew by his own name. +Then she took them into the great house and allotted +a couch to the chief, and one for each three of his men. +She gave them abundance of food and drink, all out +of her one pail, each man finding in it what he most +desired. When she had departed they asked Maeldūn +if they should woo the maiden for him. <span class="tei tei-q">“How would +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page320">[pg 320]</span> +it hurt you to speak with her?”</span> says Maeldūn. They +do so, and she replies: <span class="tei tei-q">“I know not, nor have ever +known, what sin is.”</span> Twice over this is repeated. +<span class="tei tei-q">“To-morrow,”</span> she says at last, <span class="tei tei-q">“you shall have your +answer.”</span> When the morning breaks, however, they +find themselves once more at sea, with no sign of the +island or fortress or lady. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Island of the Shouting Birds</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +They hear from afar a great cry and chanting, as it +were a singing of psalms, and rowing for a day and +night they come at last to an island full of birds, black, +brown, and speckled, all shouting and speaking. They +sail away without landing. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Island of the Anchorite</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Here they found a wooded island full of birds, and +on it a solitary man, whose only clothing was his hair. +They asked him of his country and kin. He tells them +that he was a man of Ireland who had put to sea<a id="noteref_198" name="noteref_198" href="#note_198"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">198</span></span></a> with +a sod of his native country under his feet. God had +turned the sod into an island, adding a foot's breadth +to it and one tree for every year. The birds are his +kith and kin, and they all wait there till Doomsday, +miraculously nourished by angels. He entertained +them for three nights, and then they sailed away. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Island of the Miraculous Fountain</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This island had a golden rampart, and a soft white +soil like down. In it they found another anchorite +clothed only in his hair. There was a fountain in it +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page321">[pg 321]</span> +which yields whey or water on Fridays and Wednesdays, +milk on Sundays and feasts of martyrs, and ale +and wine on the feasts of Apostles, of Mary, of John +the Baptist, and on the high tides of the year. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Island of the Smithy</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +As they approached this they heard from afar as it +were the clanging of a tremendous smithy, and heard +men talking of themselves. <span class="tei tei-q">“Little boys they seem,”</span> +said one, <span class="tei tei-q">“in a little trough yonder.”</span> They rowed +hastily away, but did not turn their boat, so as not to +seem to be flying; but after a while a giant smith came +out of the forge holding in his tongs a huge mass of +glowing iron, which he cast after them, and all the sea +boiled round it, as it fell astern of their boat. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Sea of Clear Glass</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +After that they voyaged until they entered a sea +that resembled green glass. Such was its purity that +the gravel and the sand of the sea were clearly visible +through it; and they saw no monsters or beasts +therein among the crags, but only the pure gravel and +the green sand. For a long space of the day they were +voyaging in that sea, and great was its splendour and +its beauty.<a id="noteref_199" name="noteref_199" href="#note_199"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">199</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Undersea Island</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +They next found themselves in a sea, thin like mist, +that seemed as if it would not support their boat. In +the depths they saw roofed fortresses, and a fair land +around them. A monstrous beast lodged in a tree there, +with droves of cattle about it, and beneath it an armed +warrior. In spite of the warrior, the beast ever and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page322">[pg 322]</span> +anon stretched down a long neck and seized one of +the cattle and devoured it. Much dreading lest they +should sink through that mist-like sea, they sailed over +it and away. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Island of the Prophecy</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +When they arrived here they found the water rising +in high cliffs round the island, and, looking down, saw +on it a crowd of people, who screamed at them, <span class="tei tei-q">“It is +they, it is they,”</span> till they were out of breath. Then +came a woman and pelted them from below with large +nuts, which they gathered and took with them. As +they went they heard the folk crying to each other: +<span class="tei tei-q">“Where are they now?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“They are gone away.”</span> +<span class="tei tei-q">“They are not.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“It is likely,”</span> says the tale, <span class="tei tei-q">“that +there was some one concerning whom the islanders +had a prophecy that he would ruin their country and +expel them from their land.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Island of the Spouting Water</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Here a great stream spouted out of one side of the +island and arched over it like a rainbow, falling on the +strand at the further side. And when they thrust +their spears into the stream above them they brought +out salmon from it as much as they would, and the +island was filled with the stench of those they could +not carry away. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Island of the Silvern Column</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The next wonder to which they came forms one of +the most striking and imaginative episodes of the +voyage. It was a great silvern column, four-square, +rising from the sea. Each of its four sides was as +wide as two oar-strokes of the boat. Not a sod of +earth was at its foot, but it rose from the boundless +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page323">[pg 323]</span> +ocean and its summit was lost in the sky. From that +summit a huge silver net was flung far away into the +sea, and through a mesh of that net they sailed. As +they did so Diuran hacked away a piece of the net. +<span class="tei tei-q">“Destroy it not,”</span> said Maeldūn, <span class="tei tei-q">“for what we see is +the work of mighty men.”</span> Diuran said: <span class="tei tei-q">“For the +praise of God's name I do this, that our tale may be +believed, and if I reach Ireland again this piece of silver +shall be offered by me on the high altar of Armagh.”</span> +Two ounces and a half it weighed when it was measured +afterwards in Armagh. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“And then they heard a voice from the summit of +yonder pillar, mighty, clear, and distinct. But they +knew not the tongue it spake, or the words it uttered.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Island of the Pedestal</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The next island stood on a foot, or pedestal, which +rose from the sea, and they could find no way of access +to it. In the base of the pedestal was a door, closed +and locked, which they could not open, so they sailed +away, having seen and spoken with no one. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Island of the Women</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Here they found the rampart of a mighty dūn, +enclosing a mansion. They landed to look on it, and +sat on a hillock near by. Within the dūn they saw +seventeen maidens busy at preparing a great bath. In +a little while a rider, richly clad, came up swiftly on a +racehorse, and lighted down and went inside, one of the +girls taking the horse. The rider then went into the +bath, when they saw that it was a woman. Shortly +after that one of the maidens came out and invited +them to enter, saying: <span class="tei tei-q">“The Queen invites you.”</span> +They went into the fort and bathed, and then sat down +to meat, each man with a maiden over against him, and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page324">[pg 324]</span> +Maeldūn opposite to the queen. And Maeldūn was +wedded to the queen, and each of the maidens to one +of his men, and at nightfall canopied chambers were +allotted to each of them. On the morrow morn they +made ready to depart, but the queen would not have +them go, and said: <span class="tei tei-q">“Stay here, and old age will never +fall on you, but ye shall remain as ye are now for +ever and ever, and what ye had last night ye shall have +always. And be no longer a-wandering from island to +island on the ocean.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +She then told Maeldūn that she was the mother +of the seventeen girls they had seen, and her husband +had been king of the island. He was now dead, and +she reigned in his place. Each day she went into the +great plain in the interior of the island to judge the +folk, and returned to the dūn at night. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +So they remained there for three months of winter; +but at the end of that time it seemed they had been +there three years, and the men wearied of it, and longed +to set forth for their own country. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“What shall we find there,”</span> said Maeldūn, <span class="tei tei-q">“that is +better than this?”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But still the people murmured and complained, and +at last they said: <span class="tei tei-q">“Great is the love which Maeldūn has +for his woman. Let him stay with her alone if he will, +but we will go to our own country.”</span> But Maeldūn +would not be left after them, and at last one day, when +the queen was away judging the folk, they went on +board their bark and put out to sea. Before they had +gone far, however, the queen came riding up with a +clew of twine in her hand, and she flung it after them. +Maeldūn caught it in his hand, and it clung to his hand +so that he could not free himself, and the queen, holding +the other end, drew them back to land. And they +stayed on the island another three months. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page325">[pg 325]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Twice again the same thing happened, and at last +the people averred that Maeldūn held the clew on +purpose, so great was his love for the woman. So the +next time another man caught the clew, but it clung to +his hand as before; so Diuran smote off his hand, and +it fell with the clew into the sea. <span class="tei tei-q">“When she saw that +she at once began to wail and shriek, so that all the land +was one cry, wailing and shrieking.”</span> And thus they +escaped from the Island of the Women. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Island of the Red Berries</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +On this island were trees with great red berries +which yielded an intoxicating and slumbrous juice. +They mingled it with water to moderate its power, +and filled their casks with it, and sailed away. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Island of the Eagle</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A large island, with woods of oak and yew on one +side of it, and on the other a plain, whereon were +herds of sheep, and a little lake in it; and there also +they found a small church and a fort, and an ancient +grey cleric, clad only in his hair. Maeldūn asked him +who he was. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“I am the fifteenth man of the monks of St. Brennan +of Birr,”</span> he said. <span class="tei tei-q">“We went on our pilgrimage into +the ocean, and they have all died save me alone.”</span> He +showed them the tablet (? calendar) of the Holy Brennan, +and they prostrated themselves before it, and Maeldūn +kissed it. They stayed there for a season, feeding on +the sheep of the island. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +One day they saw what seemed to be a cloud coming +up from the south-west. As it drew near, however, +they saw the waving of pinions, and <span class="tei tei-corr">perceived</span> that it +was an enormous bird. It came into the island, and, +alighting very wearily on a hill near the lake, it began +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page326">[pg 326]</span> +eating the red berries, like grapes, which grew on a +huge tree-branch as big as a full-grown oak, that it had +brought with it, and the juice and fragments of the +berries fell into the lake, reddening all the water. +Fearful that it would seize them in its talons and bear +them out to sea, they lay hid in the woods and watched +it. After a while, however, Maeldūn went out to the +foot of the hill, but the bird did him no harm, and then +the rest followed cautiously behind their shields, and +one of them gathered the berries off the branch which +the bird held in its talons, but it did them no evil, and +regarded them not at all. And they saw that it was +very old, and its plumage dull and decayed. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At the hour of noon two eagles came up from the +south-west and alit in front of the great bird, and after +resting awhile they set to work picking off the insects +that infested its jaws and eyes and ears. This they +continued till vespers, when all three ate of the berries +again. At last, on the following day, when the great +bird had been completely cleansed, it plunged into the +lake, and again the two eagles picked and cleansed it. +Till the third day the great bird remained preening and +shaking its pinions, and its feathers became glossy and +abundant, and then, soaring upwards, it flew thrice +round the island, and away to the quarter whence it had +come, and its flight was now swift and strong; whence +it was manifest to them that this had been its renewal +from old age to youth, according as the prophet said, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Thy youth is renewed like the eagle's</span></span>.<a id="noteref_200" name="noteref_200" href="#note_200"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">200</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Then Diuran said: <span class="tei tei-q">“Let us bathe in that lake and +renew ourselves where the bird hath been renewed.”</span> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Nay,”</span> said another, <span class="tei tei-q">“for the bird hath left his venom +in it.”</span> But Diuran plunged in and drank of the water. +From that time so long as he lived his eyes were strong +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page327">[pg 327]</span> +and keen, and not a tooth fell from his jaw nor a hair +from his head, and he never knew illness or infirmity. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Thereafter they bade farewell to the anchorite, and +fared forth on the ocean once more. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Island of the Laughing Folk</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Here they found a great company of men laughing +and playing incessantly. They drew lots as to who should +enter and explore it, and it fell to Maeldūn's foster-brother. +But when he set foot on it he at once began +to laugh and play with the others, and could not leave +off, nor would he come back to his comrades. So they +left him and sailed away.<a id="noteref_201" name="noteref_201" href="#note_201"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">201</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Island of the Flaming Rampart</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +They now came in sight of an island which was not +large, and it had about it a rampart of flame that +circled round and round it continually. In one part of +the rampart there was an opening, and when this opening +came opposite to them they saw through it the +whole island, and saw those who dwelt therein, even +men and women, beautiful, many, and wearing adorned +garments, with vessels of gold in their hands. And +the festal music which they made came to the ears of +the wanderers. For a long time they lingered there, +watching this marvel, <span class="tei tei-q">“and they deemed it delightful +to behold.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Island of the Monk of Tory</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Far off among the waves they saw what they took to +be a white bird on the water. Drawing near to it they +found it to be an aged man clad only in the white hair +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page328">[pg 328]</span> +of his body, and he was throwing himself in prostrations +on a broad rock. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“From Torach<a id="noteref_202" name="noteref_202" href="#note_202"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">202</span></span></a> I have come hither,”</span> he said, <span class="tei tei-q">“and +there I was reared. I was cook in the monastery there, +and the food of the Church I used to sell for myself, +so that I had at last much treasure of raiment and +brazen vessels and gold-bound books and all that man +desires. Great was my pride and arrogance.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“One day as I dug a grave in which to bury a churl +who had been brought on to the island, a voice came from +below where a holy man lay buried, and he said: <span class="tei tei-q">‘Put +not the corpse of a sinner on me, a holy, pious person!’</span> ”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +After a dispute the monk buried the corpse elsewhere, +and was promised an eternal reward for doing so. Not +long thereafter he put to sea in a boat with all his +accumulated treasures, meaning apparently to escape +from the island with his plunder. A great wind blew +him far out to sea, and when he was out of sight of +land the boat stood still in one place. He saw near +him a man (angel) sitting on the wave. <span class="tei tei-q">“Whither +goest thou?”</span> said the man. <span class="tei tei-q">“On a pleasant way, +whither I am now looking,”</span> said the monk. <span class="tei tei-q">“It would +not be pleasant to thee if thou knewest what is around +thee,”</span> said the man. <span class="tei tei-q">“So far as eye can see there is +one crowd of demons all gathered around thee, because +of thy covetousness and pride, and theft, and other +evil deeds. Thy boat hath stopped, nor will it move +until thou do my will, and the fires of hell shall get +hold of thee.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +He came near to the boat, and laid his hand on the +arm of the fugitive, who promised to do his will. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Fling into the sea,”</span> he said, <span class="tei tei-q">“all the wealth that is +in thy boat.”</span> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page329">[pg 329]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“It is a pity,”</span> said the monk, <span class="tei tei-q">“that it should go to +loss.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“It shall in nowise go to loss. There will be one +man whom thou wilt profit.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The monk thereupon flung everything into the sea +save one little wooden cup, and he cast away oars and +rudder. The man gave him a provision of whey and +seven cakes, and bade him abide wherever his boat should +stop. The wind and waves carried him hither and +thither till at last the boat came to rest upon the rock +where the wanderers found him. There was nothing +there but the bare rock, but remembering what he was +bidden he stepped out upon a little ledge over which +the waves washed, and the boat immediately left him, +and the rock was enlarged for him. There he remained +seven years, nourished by otters which brought him +salmon out of the sea, and even flaming firewood on +which to cook them, and his cup was filled with good +liquor every day. <span class="tei tei-q">“And neither wet nor heat nor +cold affects me in this place.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At the noon hour miraculous nourishment was +brought for the whole crew, and thereafter the ancient +man said to them: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Ye will all reach your country, and the man that +slew thy father, O Maeldūn, ye will find him in a fortress +before you. And slay him not, but forgive him; +because God hath saved you from manifold great perils, +and ye too are men deserving of death.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Then they bade him farewell and went on their +accustomed way. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Island of the Falcon</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This is uninhabited save for herds of sheep and oxen. +They land on it and eat their fill, and one of them +sees there a large falcon. <span class="tei tei-q">“This falcon,”</span> he says, <span class="tei tei-q">“is +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page330">[pg 330]</span> +like the falcons of Ireland.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Watch it,”</span> says Maeldūn, +<span class="tei tei-q">“and see how it will go from us.”</span> It flew off to +the south-east, and they rowed after it all day till +vespers. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Home-coming</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At nightfall they sighted a land like Ireland; and +soon came to a small island, where they ran their prow +ashore. It was the island where dwelt the man who +had slain Ailill. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +They went up to the dūn that was on the island, +and heard men talking within it as they sat at meat. +One man said: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“It would be ill for us if we saw Maeldūn now.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“That Maeldūn has been drowned,”</span> said another. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Maybe it is he who shall waken you from sleep +to-night,”</span> said a third. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“If he should come now,”</span> said a fourth, <span class="tei tei-q">“what +should we do?”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Not hard to answer that,”</span> said the chief of them. +<span class="tei tei-q">“Great welcome should he have if he were to come, +for he hath been a long space in great tribulation.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Then Maeldūn smote with the wooden clapper +against the door. <span class="tei tei-q">“Who is there?”</span> asked the doorkeeper. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Maeldūn is here,”</span> said he. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +They entered the house in peace, and great welcome +was made for them, and they were arrayed in new +garments. And then they told the story of all the +marvels that God had shown them, according to the +words of the <span class="tei tei-q">“sacred poet,”</span> who said, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Haec olim +meminisse juvabit.</span></span><a id="noteref_203" name="noteref_203" href="#note_203"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">203</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page331">[pg 331]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Then Maeldūn went to his own home and kindred, +and Diuran the Rhymer took with him the piece of +silver that he had hewn from the net of the pillar, and +laid it on the high altar of Armagh in triumph and +exultation at the miracles that God had wrought for +them. And they told again the story of all that had +befallen them, and all the marvels they had seen by +sea and land, and the perils they had endured. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The story ends with the following words: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Now Aed the Fair [Aed Finn<a id="noteref_204" name="noteref_204" href="#note_204"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">204</span></span></a>], chief sage of +Ireland, arranged this story as it standeth here; and he +did so for a delight to the mind, and for the folks of +Ireland after him.”</span> +</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page332">[pg 332]</span> + +<a name="toc23" id="toc23"></a> +<a name="pdf24" id="pdf24"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">CHAPTER VIII: MYTHS AND TALES +OF THE CYMRY</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Bardic Philosophy</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The absence in early Celtic literature of any +world-myth, or any philosophic account of the +origin and constitution of things, was noticed +at the opening of our third chapter. In Gaelic literature +there is, as far as I know, nothing which even +pretends to represent early Celtic thought on this +subject. It is otherwise in Wales. Here there has +existed for a considerable time a body of teaching +purporting to contain a portion, at any rate, of that +ancient Druidic thought which, as Caesar tells us, was +communicated only to the initiated, and never written +down. This teaching is principally to be found in two +volumes entitled <span class="tei tei-q">“Barddas,”</span> a compilation made from +materials in his possession by a Welsh bard and scholar +named Llewellyn Sion, of Glamorgan, towards the end +of the sixteenth century, and edited, with a translation, +by J.A. Williams ap Ithel for the Welsh MS. Society. +Modern Celtic scholars pour contempt on the pretensions +of works like this to enshrine any really +antique thought. Thus Mr. Ivor B. John: <span class="tei tei-q">“All idea +of a bardic esoteric doctrine involving pre-Christian +mythic philosophy must be utterly discarded.”</span> And +again: <span class="tei tei-q">“The nonsense talked upon the subject is +largely due to the uncritical invention of pseudo-antiquaries +of the sixteenth to seventeenth and +eighteenth centuries.”</span><a id="noteref_205" name="noteref_205" href="#note_205"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">205</span></span></a> Still the bardic Order was +certainly at one time in possession of such a doctrine. +That Order had a fairly continuous existence in Wales. +And though no critical thinker would build with any +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page333">[pg 333]</span> +confidence a theory of pre-Christian doctrine on a +document of the sixteenth century, it does not seem +wise to scout altogether the possibility that some +fragments of antique lore may have lingered even so +late as that in bardic tradition. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At any rate, <span class="tei tei-q">“Barddas”</span> is a work of considerable +philosophic interest, and even if it represents nothing +but a certain current of Cymric thought in the sixteenth +century it is not unworthy of attention by the student +of things Celtic. Purely Druidic it does not even +profess to be, for Christian personages and episodes +from Christian history figure largely in it. But we +come occasionally upon a strain of thought which, +whatever else it may be, is certainly not Christian, and +speaks of an independent philosophic system. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In this system two primary existences are contemplated, +God and Cythrawl, who stand respectively for +the principle of energy tending towards life, and the +principle of destruction tending towards nothingness. +Cythrawl is realised in Annwn,<a id="noteref_206" name="noteref_206" href="#note_206"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">206</span></span></a> which may be rendered, +the Abyss, or Chaos. In the beginning there was +nothing but God and Annwn. Organised life began +by the Word—God pronounced His ineffable Name +and the <span class="tei tei-q">“Manred”</span> was formed. The Manred was +the primal substance of the universe. It was conceived +as a multitude of minute indivisible particles—atoms, +in fact—each being a microcosm, for God is complete +in each of them, while at the same time each is a part +of God, the Whole. The totality of being as it now +exists is represented by three concentric circles. The +innermost of them, where life sprang from Annwn, is +called <span class="tei tei-q">“Abred,”</span> and is the stage of struggle and evolution—the +contest of life with Cythrawl. The next is +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page334">[pg 334]</span> +the circle of <span class="tei tei-q">“Gwynfyd,”</span> or Purity, in which life is +manifested as a pure, rejoicing force, having attained +its triumph over evil. The last and outermost circle is +called <span class="tei tei-q">“Ceugant,”</span> or Infinity. Here all predicates fail +us, and this circle, represented graphically not by a +bounding line, but by divergent rays, is inhabited by + +God alone. The following extract from <span class="tei tei-q">“Barddas,”</span> +in which the alleged bardic teaching is conveyed in +catechism form, will serve to show the order of ideas in +which the writer's mind moved: +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/ill-337.png" alt="The Circles of Being" title="The Circles of Being" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">The Circles of Being</div></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Q. Whence didst thou proceed?</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“A. I came from the Great World, having my +beginning in Annwn.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Q. Where art thou now? and how camest thou to +what thou art?</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“A. I am in the Little World, whither I came +having traversed the circle of Abred, and now I am a +Man, at its termination and extreme limits.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Q. What wert thou before thou didst become a +man, in the circle of Abred?</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“A. I was in Annwn the least possible that was +capable of life and the nearest possible to absolute +death; and I came in every form and through every +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page335">[pg 335]</span> +form capable of a body and life to the state of man +along the circle of Abred, where my condition was +severe and grievous during the age of ages, ever since +I was parted in Annwn from the dead, by the gift of +God, and His great generosity, and His unlimited and +endless love.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Q. Through how many different forms didst thou +come, and what happened unto thee?”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“A. Through every form capable of life, in water, in +earth, in air. And there happened unto me every +severity, every hardship, every evil, and every +suffering, and but little was the goodness or Gwynfyd +before I became a man.... Gwynfyd cannot be +obtained without seeing and knowing everything, but +it is not possible to see or to know everything without +suffering everything.... And there can be no full +and perfect love that does not produce those things +which are necessary to lead to the knowledge that +causes Gwynfyd.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Every being, we are told, shall attain to the circle of +Gwynfyd at last.<a id="noteref_207" name="noteref_207" href="#note_207"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">207</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There is much here that reminds us of Gnostic or +Oriental thought. It is certainly very unlike Christian +orthodoxy of the sixteenth century. As a product of +the Cymric mind of that period the reader may take it +for what it is worth, without troubling himself either +with antiquarian theories or with their refutations. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Let us now turn to the really ancient work, which +is not philosophic, but creative and imaginative, produced +by British bards and fabulists of the Middle +Ages. But before we go on to set forth what we +shall find in this literature we must delay a moment to +discuss one thing which we shall not. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page336">[pg 336]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Arthurian Saga</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +For the majority of modern readers who have not +made any special study of the subject, the mention of +early British legend will inevitably call up the glories +of the Arthurian Saga—they will think of the fabled +palace at Caerleon-on-Usk, the Knights of the Round +Table riding forth on chivalrous adventure, the Quest +of the Grail, the guilty love of Lancelot, flower of +knighthood, for the queen, the last great battle by the +northern sea, the voyage of Arthur, sorely wounded, +but immortal, to the mystic valley of Avalon. But as +a matter of fact they will find in the native literature +of mediæval Wales little or nothing of all this—no +Round Table, no Lancelot, no Grail-Quest, no Isle of +Avalon, until the Welsh learned about them from +abroad; and though there was indeed an Arthur in this +literature, he is a wholly different being from the +Arthur of what we now call the Arthurian Saga. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Nennius</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The earliest extant mention of Arthur is to be found in +the work of the British historian Nennius, who wrote his +<span class="tei tei-q">“Historia Britonum”</span> about the year 800. He derives +his authority from various sources—ancient monuments +and writings of Britain and of Ireland (in connexion +with the latter country he records the legend of Partholan), +Roman annals, and chronicles of saints, especially +St. Germanus. He presents a fantastically Romanised +and Christianised view of British history, deriving the +Britons from a Trojan and Roman ancestry. His +account of Arthur, however, is both sober and brief. +Arthur, who, according to Nennius, lived in the sixth +century, was not a king; his ancestry was less noble +than that of many other British chiefs, who, nevertheless, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page337">[pg 337]</span> +for his great talents as a military <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Imperator</span></span>, or <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">dux +bellorum</span></span>, chose him for their leader against the Saxons, +whom he defeated in twelve battles, the last being at +Mount Badon. Arthur's office was doubtless a relic of +Roman military organisation, and there is no reason to +doubt his historical existence, however impenetrable +may be the veil which now obscures his valiant and +often triumphant battlings for order and civilisation in +that disastrous age. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Geoffrey of Monmouth</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Next we have Geoffrey of Monmouth, Bishop of St. +Asaph, who wrote his <span class="tei tei-q">“Historia Regum Britaniæ”</span> in +South Wales in the early part of the twelfth century. +This work is an audacious attempt to make sober +history out of a mass of mythical or legendary matter +mainly derived, if we are to believe the author, from an +ancient book brought by his uncle Walter, Archdeacon +of Oxford, from Brittany. The mention of Brittany +in this connexion is, as we shall see, very significant. +Geoffrey wrote expressly to commemorate the exploits +of Arthur, who now appears as a king, son of Uther +Pendragon and of Igerna, wife of Gorlois, Duke of +Cornwall, to whom Uther gained access in the shape of +her husband through the magic arts of Merlin. He +places the beginning of Arthur's reign in the year 505, +recounts his wars against the Saxons, and says he ultimately +conquered not only all Britain, but Ireland, +Norway, Gaul, and Dacia, and successfully resisted a +demand for tribute and homage from the Romans. +He held his court at Caerleon-on-Usk. While he was +away on the Continent carrying on his struggle with +Rome his nephew Modred usurped his crown and +wedded his wife Guanhumara. Arthur, on this, returned, +and after defeating the traitor at Winchester slew +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page338">[pg 338]</span> +him in a last battle in Cornwall, where Arthur himself +was sorely wounded (A.D. 542). The queen retired +to a convent at Caerleon. Before his death Arthur +conferred his kingdom on his kinsman Constantine, and +was then carried off mysteriously to <span class="tei tei-q">“the isle of Avalon”</span> +to be cured, and <span class="tei tei-q">“the rest is silence.”</span> Arthur's magic +sword <span class="tei tei-q">“Caliburn”</span> (Welsh <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caladvwlch</span></span>; see <a href="#page224" class="tei tei-ref">p. 224</a>, note) +is mentioned by Geoffrey and described as having been +made in Avalon, a word which seems to imply some +kind of fairyland, a Land of the Dead, and may be +related to the Norse <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Valhall</span></span>. It was not until later times +that Avalon came to be identified with an actual site in +Britain (Glastonbury). In Geoffrey's narrative there is +nothing about the Holy Grail, or Lancelot, or the +Round Table, and except for the allusion to Avalon the +mystical element of the Arthurian saga is absent. Like +Nennius, Geoffrey finds a fantastic classical origin for +the Britons. His so-called history is perfectly worthless +as a record of fact, but it has proved a veritable +mine for poets and chroniclers, and has the distinction +of having furnished the subject for the earliest English +tragic drama, <span class="tei tei-q">“Gorboduc,”</span> as well as for Shakespeare's +<span class="tei tei-q">“King Lear”</span>; and its author may be described as the +father—at least on its quasi-historical side—of the +Arthurian saga, which he made up partly out of records +of the historical <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">dux bellorum</span></span> of Nennius and partly out +of poetical amplifications of these records made in +Brittany by the descendants of exiles from Wales, many +of whom fled there at the very time when Arthur was +waging his wars against the heathen Saxons. Geoffrey's +book had a wonderful success. It was speedily translated +into French by Wace, who wrote <span class="tei tei-q">“Li Romans +de Brut”</span> about 1155, with added details from Breton +sources, and translated from Wace's French into Anglo-Saxon +by Layamon, who thus anticipated Malory's +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page339">[pg 339]</span> +adaptations of late French prose romances. Except a +few scholars who protested unavailingly, no one doubted +its strict historical truth, and it had the important effect +of giving to early British history a new dignity in the +estimation of Continental and of English princes. To +sit upon the throne of Arthur was regarded as in itself +a glory by Plantagenet monarchs who had not a trace +of Arthur's or of any British blood. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Saga in Brittany: Marie de France</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Breton sources must next be considered. Unfortunately, +not a line of ancient Breton literature has +come down to us, and for our knowledge of it we must +rely on the appearances it makes in the work of French +writers. One of the earliest of these is the Anglo-Norman +poetess who called herself Marie de France, +and who wrote about 1150 and afterwards. She wrote, +among other things, a number of <span class="tei tei-q">“Lais,”</span> or tales, +which she explicitly and repeatedly tells us were translated +or adapted from Breton sources. Sometimes she +claims to have rendered a writer's original exactly: +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Les contes que jo sai verais</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Dunt li Bretun unt fait les lais</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Vos conterai assez briefment;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Et cief [sauf] di cest coumencement</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">Selunc la lettre è l'escriture.”</span></div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Little is actually said about Arthur in these tales, but +the events of them are placed in his time—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">en cel tems +tint Artus la terre</span></span>—and the allusions, which include a +mention of the Round Table, evidently imply a general +knowledge of the subject among those to whom these +Breton <span class="tei tei-q">“Lais”</span> were addressed. Lancelot is not mentioned, +but there is a <span class="tei tei-q">“Lai”</span> about one Lanval, who is +beloved by Arthur's queen, but rejects her because he +has a fairy mistress in the <span class="tei tei-q">“isle d'Avalon.”</span> Gawain is +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page340">[pg 340]</span> +mentioned, and an episode is told in the <span class="tei tei-q">“Lai de +Chevrefoil”</span> about Tristan and Iseult, whose maid, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Brangien,”</span> is referred to in a way which assumes that +the audience knew the part she had played on Iseult's +bridal night. In short, we have evidence here of the +existence in Brittany of a well-diffused and well-developed +body of chivalric legend gathered about the +personality of Arthur. The legends are so well known +that mere allusions to characters and episodes in them +are as well understood as references to Tennyson's +<span class="tei tei-q">“Idylls”</span> would be among us to-day. The <span class="tei tei-q">“Lais”</span> of +Marie de France therefore point strongly to Brittany as +the true cradle of the Arthurian saga, on its chivalrous and +romantic side. They do not, however, mention the Grail. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Chrestien de Troyes</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Lastly, and chiefly, we have the work of the French +poet Chrestien de Troyes, who began in 1165 to translate +Breton <span class="tei tei-q">“Lais,”</span> like Marie de France, and who +practically brought the Arthurian saga into the poetic +literature of Europe, and gave it its main outline and +character. He wrote a <span class="tei tei-q">“Tristan”</span> (now lost). He (if +not Walter Map) introduced Lancelot of the Lake into +the story; he wrote a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Conte del Graal</span></span>, in which the +Grail legend and Perceval make their first appearance, +though he left the story unfinished, and does not tell +us what the <span class="tei tei-q">“Grail”</span> really was.<a id="noteref_208" name="noteref_208" href="#note_208"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">208</span></span></a> He also wrote a long +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">conte d'aventure</span></span> entitled <span class="tei tei-q">“Erec,”</span> containing the story +of Geraint and Enid. These are the earliest poems +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page341">[pg 341]</span> +we possess in which the Arthur of chivalric legend +comes prominently forward. What were the sources of +Chrestien? No doubt they were largely Breton. Troyes +is in Champagne, which had been united to Blois in 1019 +by Eudes, Count of Blois, and reunited again after a +period of dispossession by Count Theobald de Blois in +1128. Marie, Countess of Champagne, was Chrestien's +patroness. And there were close connexions between +the ruling princes of Blois and of Brittany. Alain II., a +Duke of Brittany, had in the tenth century married a +sister of the Count de Blois, and in the first quarter +of the thirteenth century Jean I. of Brittany married +Blanche de Champagne, while their daughter Alix +married Jean de Chastillon, Count of Blois, in 1254. +It is highly probable, therefore, that through minstrels +who attended their Breton lords at the court of Blois, +from the middle of the tenth century onward, a great +many Breton <span class="tei tei-q">“Lais”</span> and legends found their way into +French literature during the eleventh, twelfth, and +thirteenth centuries. But it is also certain that the +Breton legends themselves had been strongly affected +by French influences, and that to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Matière de France</span></span>, +as it was called by mediæval writers<a id="noteref_209" name="noteref_209" href="#note_209"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">209</span></span></a>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, the legends +of Charlemagne and his Paladins—we owe the Table +Round and the chivalric institutions ascribed to Arthur's +court at Caerleon-on-Usk. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Bleheris</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It must not be forgotten that (as Miss Jessie +L. Weston has emphasised in her invaluable +studies on the Arthurian saga) Gautier de Denain, +the earliest of the continuators or re-workers of +Chrestien de Troyes, mentions as his authority for +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page342">[pg 342]</span> +stories of Gawain one Bleheris, a poet <span class="tei tei-q">“born and +bred in Wales.”</span> This forgotten bard is believed to +be identical with <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">famosus ille fabulator, Bledhericus,</span></span> +mentioned by Giraldus Cambrensis, and with the +Bréris quoted by Thomas of Brittany as an authority +for the Tristan story. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Conclusion as to the Origin of the Arthurian Saga</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the absence, however, of any information as to +when, or exactly what, Bleheris wrote, the opinion +must, I think, hold the field that the Arthurian saga, +as we have it now, is not of Welsh, nor even of pure +Breton origin. The Welsh exiles who colonised part +of Brittany about the sixth century must have brought +with them many stories of the historical Arthur. They +must also have brought legends of the Celtic deity +Artaius, a god to whom altars have been found in +France. These personages ultimately blended into one, +even as in Ireland the Christian St. Brigit blended with +the pagan goddess Brigindo.<a id="noteref_210" name="noteref_210" href="#note_210"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">210</span></span></a> We thus get a mythical +figure combining something of the exaltation of a god +with a definite habitation on earth and a place in history. +An Arthur saga thus arose, which in its Breton (though +not its Welsh) form was greatly enriched by material +drawn in from the legends of Charlemagne and his +peers, while both in Brittany and in Wales it became +a centre round which clustered a mass of floating +legendary matter relating to various Celtic personages, +human and divine. Chrestien de Troyes, working on +Breton material, ultimately gave it the form in which +it conquered the world, and in which it became in the +twelfth and the thirteenth centuries what the Faust +legend was in later times, the accepted vehicle for the +ideals and aspirations of an epoch. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page343">[pg 343]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Saga in Wales</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +From the Continent, and especially from Brittany, the +story of Arthur came back into Wales transformed and +glorified. The late Dr. Heinrich Zimmer, in one of +his luminous studies of the subject, remarks that <span class="tei tei-q">“In +Welsh literature we have definite evidence that the +South-Welsh prince, Rhys ap Tewdwr, who had been +in Brittany, brought from thence in the year 1070 the +knowledge of Arthur's Round Table to Wales, where +of course it had been hitherto unknown.”</span><a id="noteref_211" name="noteref_211" href="#note_211"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">211</span></span></a> And many +Breton lords are known to have followed the banner of +William the Conqueror into England.<a id="noteref_212" name="noteref_212" href="#note_212"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">212</span></span></a> The introducers +of the saga into Wales found, however, a considerable +body of Arthurian matter of a very different character +already in existence there. Besides the traditions of the +historical Arthur, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">dux bellorum</span></span> of Nennius, there was +the Celtic deity, Artaius. It is probably a reminiscence of +this deity whom we meet with under the name of Arthur +in the only genuine Welsh Arthurian story we possess, +the story of Kilhwch and Olwen in the <span class="tei tei-q">“Mabinogion.”</span> +Much of the Arthurian saga derived from Chrestien and +other Continental writers was translated and adapted in +Wales as in other European countries, but as a matter +of fact it made a later and a lesser impression in Wales +than almost anywhere else. It conflicted with existing +Welsh traditions, both historical and mythological; it +was full of matter entirely foreign to the Welsh spirit, +and it remained always in Wales something alien and +unassimilated. Into Ireland it never entered at all. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +These few introductory remarks do not, of course, +profess to contain a discussion of the Arthurian saga—a +vast subject with myriad ramifications, historical, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page344">[pg 344]</span> +mythological, mystical, and what not—but are merely +intended to indicate the relation of that saga to genuine +Celtic literature and to explain why we shall hear so +little of it in the following accounts of Cymric myths +and legends. It was a great spiritual myth which, +arising from the composite source above described, +overran all the Continent, as its hero was supposed +to have done in armed conquest, but it cannot be +regarded as a special possession of the Celtic race, +nor is it at present extant, except in the form of +translation or adaptation, in any Celtic tongue. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Gaelic and Cymric Legend Compared</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The myths and legends of the Celtic race which have +come down to us in the Welsh language are in some +respects of a different character from those which we +possess in Gaelic. The Welsh material is nothing like +as full as the Gaelic, nor so early. The tales of the +<span class="tei tei-q">“Mabinogion”</span> are mainly drawn from the fourteenth-century +manuscript entitled <span class="tei tei-q">“The Red Book of Hergest.”</span> +One of them, the romance of Taliesin, came +from another source, a manuscript of the seventeenth +century. The four oldest tales in the <span class="tei tei-q">“Mabinogion”</span> +are supposed by scholars to have taken their present +shape in the tenth or eleventh century, while several +Irish tales, like the story of Etain and Midir or the +Death of Conary, go back to the seventh or eighth. +It will be remembered that the story of the invasion of +Partholan was known to Nennius, who wrote about +the year 800. As one might therefore expect, the +mythological elements in the Welsh romances are +usually much more confused and harder to decipher than +in the earlier of the Irish tales. The mythic interest +has grown less, the story interest greater; the object +of the bard is less to hand down a sacred text than to +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page345">[pg 345]</span> +entertain a prince's court. We must remember also +that the influence of the Continental romances of +chivalry is clearly perceptible in the Welsh tales; and, +in fact, comes eventually to govern them completely. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Gaelic and Continental Romance</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In many respects the Irish Celt anticipated the ideas +of these romances. The lofty courtesy shown to each +other by enemies,<a id="noteref_213" name="noteref_213" href="#note_213"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">213</span></span></a> the fantastic pride which forbade a +warrior to take advantage of a wounded adversary,<a id="noteref_214" name="noteref_214" href="#note_214"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">214</span></span></a> the +extreme punctilio with which the duties or observances +proper to each man's caste or station were observed<a id="noteref_215" name="noteref_215" href="#note_215"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">215</span></span></a>—all +this tone of thought and feeling which would seem +so strange to us if we met an instance of it in classical +literature would seem quite familiar and natural in +Continental romances of the twelfth and later centuries. +Centuries earlier than that it was a marked feature in +Gaelic literature. Yet in the Irish romances, whether +Ultonian or Ossianic, the element which has since been +considered the most essential motive in a romantic tale +is almost entirely lacking. This is the element of love, +or rather of woman-worship. The Continental fabulist +felt that he could do nothing without this motive of +action. But the <span class="tei tei-q">“lady-love”</span> of the English, French, +or German knight, whose favour he wore, for whose +grace he endured infinite hardship and peril, does not +meet us in Gaelic literature. It would have seemed +absurd to the Irish Celt to make the plot of a serious +story hinge on the kind of passion with which the +mediaeval Dulcinea inspired her faithful knight. In +the two most famous and popular of Gaelic love-tales, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page346">[pg 346]</span> +the tale of Deirdre and <span class="tei tei-q">“The Pursuit of Dermot and +Grania,”</span> the women are the wooers, and the men are +most reluctant to commit what they know to be the +folly of yielding to them. Now this romantic, chivalric +kind of love, which idealised woman into a goddess, and +made the service of his lady a sacred duty to the knight, +though it never reached in Wales the height which it +did in Continental and English romances, is yet clearly +discernible there. We can trace it in <span class="tei tei-q">“Kilhwch and +Olwen,”</span> which is comparatively an ancient tale. It is +well developed in later stories like <span class="tei tei-q">“Peredur”</span> and +<span class="tei tei-q">“The Lady of the Fountain.”</span> It is a symptom of the +extent to which, in comparison with the Irish, Welsh +literature had lost its pure Celtic strain and become +affected—I do not, of course, say to its loss—by foreign +influences. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Gaelic and Cymric Mythology: Nudd</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The oldest of the Welsh tales, those called <span class="tei tei-q">“The +Four Branches of the Mabinogi,”</span><a id="noteref_216" name="noteref_216" href="#note_216"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">216</span></span></a> are the richest in +mythological elements, but these occur in more or less +recognisable form throughout nearly all the mediaeval +tales, and even, after many transmutations, in Malory. +We can clearly discern certain mythological figures +common to all Celtica. We meet, for instance, a +personage called Nudd or Lludd, evidently a solar +deity. A temple dating from Roman times, and +dedicated to him under the name of Nodens, has been +discovered at Lydney, by the Severn. On a bronze +plaque found near the spot is a representation of the +god. He is encircled by a halo and accompanied by +flying spirits and by Tritons. We are reminded of +the Danaan deities and their close connexion with the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page347">[pg 347]</span> +sea; and when we find that in Welsh legend an epithet +is attached to Nudd, meaning <span class="tei tei-q">“of the Silver Hand”</span> +(though no extant Welsh legend tells the meaning of +the epithet), we have no difficulty in identifying this +Nudd with Nuada of the Silver Hand, who led the +Danaans in the battle of Moytura.<a id="noteref_217" name="noteref_217" href="#note_217"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">217</span></span></a> Under his name +Lludd he is said to have had a temple on the site of +St. Paul's in London, the entrance to which, according +to Geoffrey of Monmouth, was called in the British +tongue <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Parth Lludd</span></span>, which the Saxons translated <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ludes +Geat</span></span>, our present Ludgate. +</p> + + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page350">[pg 350]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gods of the House of Dōn</span></span> +</p> + +<pre class="pre tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + + Manogan Māthonwy + | | + | | + | +---------+------+ + | | | + Beli-------+------Dōn Māth + (Death, | (Mother-goddess, (wealth, + Irish Bilé) | Irish Dana) increase) + | + | + | + +----------------+------+--+--------+-------+--------+--------+------+ + | | | | | | | | + | | | | | | | | + Gwydion-----+----Arianrod | Amaethon | Nudd | Nynniaw +(Science and | ("Silver- | (agriculture) | or Ludd | and Peibaw +light; slayer | circle," Dawn- | | (Sky-god) | +of Pryderi) | goddess) | | | | + | | | | | + | Gilvaethwy Govannan | Penardun + | (smith-craft, | (_m_. Llyr) + | Irish Goban) | + +--------+---+---------+ | + | | | Gwyn + Nwyvre Llew Dylan (Warder of +(atmosphere, Llaw (Sea-god) Hades, called + space) Gyffes "Avalon" in + (Sun-god, Somerset) + the Irish + Lugh) +</pre> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page351">[pg 351]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gods of the House Of Llyr</span></span> +</p> + +<pre class="pre tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + Iweriad --+-- Llyr --+-- Penardun --+-- Euroswydd + (=Ireland--_i.e.,_ | (Irish | (dau. of | + western land | Lir) | Dōn) | + of Hades) | | | + | | | + +---------+---------+ | +--------+----------+ + | | | | | + | | | | | + | | | | | + | Branwen--+--Matholwch | Nissyen Evnissyen + | (Love- | (King of | + | goddess) | Ireland) | + | | | + Bran | Manawyddan---Rhiannon +(giant god | (Irish Mana- + of Hades | nan, god of Pwyll--+--Rhiannon +a minstrel; | the Sea, (Head of | +afterwards | enchanter) Hades) | + Urien) | | + Gwern Pryderi---Kicva + (Lord of + Hades) +</pre> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page352">[pg 352]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Arthur and his Kin</span></span> +</p> + +<pre class="pre tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + Anlawdd + | + +--------------------+----+----------------------------------+ + | | | +Yspaddaden Custennin Kilwydd -+- Goleuddydd + | | | + Olwen +---------+-----------+ Kilhwch --- Olwen + | | | + Goreu Erbin Igerna -+- Uther Ben + | | (= Bran) + Geraint | + +-------+-----------------------+ + | | + Arthur Lot -----+---- Gwyar + (=Gwydion) (=Llud) | (Gore, a + | war-goddess) + | + +--------------------------+-------------+-------+ + | | | + Gwalchmai Medrawt Gwalchaved + (Falcon of May, (=Dylan, (Falcon of Summer, + = LLew Llaw later Sir later Sir Galahad; + Gyffes, later Mordred) orig. identical + Sir Gawain) with Gwalchmai) + +</pre> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Llyr and Manawyddan</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Again, when we find a mythological personage named +Llyr, with a son named Manawyddan, playing a prominent +part in Welsh legend, we may safely connect them +with the Irish Lir and his son Mananan, gods of the +sea. Llyr-cester, now Leicester, was a centre of the +worship of Llyr. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Llew Llaw Gyffes</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Finally, we may point to a character in the +<span class="tei tei-q">“Mabinogi,”</span> or tale, entitled <span class="tei tei-q">“Māth Son of Māthonwy.”</span> +The name of this character is given as Llew Llaw +Gyffes, which the Welsh fabulist interprets as <span class="tei tei-q">“The +Lion of the Sure Hand,”</span> and a tale, which we shall +recount later on, is told to account for the name. But +when we find that this hero exhibits characteristics which +point to his being a solar deity, such as an amazingly +rapid growth from childhood into manhood, and when +we are told, moreover, by Professor Rhys that Gyffes +originally meant, not <span class="tei tei-q">“steady”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“sure,”</span> but <span class="tei tei-q">“long,”</span><a id="noteref_218" name="noteref_218" href="#note_218"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">218</span></span></a> +it becomes evident that we have here a dim and broken +reminiscence of the deity whom the Gaels called Lugh +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page348">[pg 348]</span> +of the Long Arm,<a id="noteref_219" name="noteref_219" href="#note_219"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">219</span></span></a> <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">Lugh Lamh Fada</span></span>. The misunderstood +name survived, and round the misunderstanding +legendary matter floating in the popular mind crystallised +itself in a new story. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +These correspondences might be pursued in much +further detail. It is enough here to point to their existence +as evidence of the original community of Gaelic +and Cymric mythology.<a id="noteref_220" name="noteref_220" href="#note_220"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">220</span></span></a> We are, in each literature, +in the same circle of mythological ideas. In Wales, +however, these ideas are harder to discern; the figures +and their relationships in the Welsh Olympus are less +accurately defined and more fluctuating. It would seem +as if a number of different tribes embodied what were +fundamentally the same conceptions under different +names and wove different legends about them. The +bardic literature, as we have it now, bears evidence sometimes +of the prominence of one of these tribal cults, +sometimes of another. To reduce these varying accounts +to unity is altogether impossible. Still, we can do something +to afford the reader a clue to the maze. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Houses of Dōn and of Llyr</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Two great divine houses or families are discernible—that +of Dōn, a mother-goddess (representing the Gaelic +Dana), whose husband is Beli, the Irish Bilé, god of +Death, and whose descendants are the Children of Light; +and the House of Llyr, the Gaelic Lir, who here represents, +not a Danaan deity, but something more like the +Irish Fomorians. As in the case of the Irish myth, the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page349">[pg 349]</span> +two families are allied by intermarriage—Penardun, +a daughter of Dōn, is wedded to Llyr. Dōn herself +has a brother, Māth, whose name signifies wealth or +treasure (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">cf.</span></span> Greek Pluton, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ploutos</span></span>), and they descend +from a figure indistinctly characterised, called Māthonwy. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The House of Arthur</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Into the pantheon of deities represented in the four +ancient Mabinogi there came, at a later time, from +some other tribal source, another group headed by +Arthur, the god Artaius. He takes the place of +Gwydion son of Dōn, and the other deities of his circle +fall more or less accurately into the places of others of +the earlier circle. The accompanying genealogical plans +are intended to help the reader to a general view of the +relationships and attributes of these personages. It +must be borne in mind, however, that these tabular +arrangements necessarily involve an appearance of precision +and consistency which is not reflected in the +fluctuating character of the actual myths taken as a +whole. Still, as a sketch-map of a very intricate and +obscure region, they may help the reader who enters it +for the first time to find his bearings in it, and that is +the only purpose they propose to serve. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Gwyn ap Nudd</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The deity named Gwyn ap Nudd is said, like Finn +in Gaelic legend,<a id="noteref_221" name="noteref_221" href="#note_221"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">221</span></span></a> to have impressed himself more +deeply and lastingly on the Welsh popular imagination +than any of the other divinities. A mighty warrior +and huntsman, he glories in the crash of breaking +spears, and, like Odin, assembles the souls of dead +heroes in his shadowy kingdom, for although he belongs +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page353">[pg 353]</span> +to the kindred of the Light-gods, Hades is his special +domain. The combat between him and Gwythur ap +Greidawl (Victor, son of Scorcher) for Creudylad, +daughter of Lludd, which is to be renewed every May-day +till time shall end, represents evidently the contest +between winter and summer for the flowery and fertile +earth. <span class="tei tei-q">“Later,”</span> writes Mr. Charles Squire, <span class="tei tei-q">“he came +to be considered as King of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tylwyth Teg</span></span>, the Welsh +fairies, and his name as such has hardly yet died out of +his last haunt, the romantic vale of Neath.... He is +the Wild Huntsman of Wales and the West of England, +and it is his pack which is sometimes heard at chase in +waste places by night.”</span><a id="noteref_222" name="noteref_222" href="#note_222"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">222</span></span></a> He figures as a god of war +and death in a wonderful poem from the <span class="tei tei-q">“Black Book +of Caermarthen,”</span> where he is represented as discoursing +with a prince named Gwyddneu Garanhir, who had +come to ask his protection. I quote a few stanzas: +the poem will be found in full in Mr. Squire's excellent +volume: +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“I come from battle and conflict</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">With a shield in my hand;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Broken is my helmet by the thrusting of spears.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Round-hoofed is my horse, the torment of battle,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Fairy am I called,<a id="noteref_223" name="noteref_223" href="#note_223"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">223</span></span></a> Gwyn the son of Nudd,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">The lover of Crewrdilad, the daughter of Lludd</div> +</div> + + + + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“I have been in the place where Gwendolen was slain,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">The son of Ceidaw, the pillar of song,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Where the ravens screamed over blood.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“I have been in the place where Bran was killed,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">The son of Iweridd, of far-extending fame,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Where the ravens of the battlefield screamed.</div> +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page354">[pg 354]</span> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“I have been where Llacheu was slain,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">The son of Arthur, extolled in songs,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">When the ravens screamed over blood.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“I have been where Mewrig was killed,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">The son of Carreian, of honourable fame,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">When the ravens screamed over flesh.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“I have been where Gwallawg was killed,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">The son of Goholeth, the accomplished,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">The resister of Lloegyr,<a id="noteref_224" name="noteref_224" href="#note_224"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">224</span></span></a> the son of Lleynawg.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“I have been where the soldiers of Britain were slain,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">From the east to the north:</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">I am the escort of the grave.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“I have been where the soldiers of Britain were slain,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">From the east to the south:</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">I am alive, they in death.”</span></div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Myrddin, or Merlin</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A deity named Myrddin holds in Arthur's mythological +cycle the place of the Sky- and Sun-god, Nudd. +One of the Welsh Triads tells us that Britain, before +it was inhabited, was called <span lang="cy" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="cy"><span style="font-style: italic">Clas Myrddin</span></span>, Myrddin's +Enclosure. One is reminded of the Irish fashion of +calling any favoured spot a <span class="tei tei-q">“cattle-fold of the sun”</span>—the +name is applied by Deirdre to her beloved Scottish +home in Glen Etive. Professor Rhys suggests that +Myrddin was the deity specially worshipped at Stonehenge, +which, according to British tradition as reported +by Geoffrey of Monmouth, was erected by <span class="tei tei-q">“Merlin,”</span> +the enchanter who represents the form into which +Myrddin had dwindled under Christian influences. +We are told that the abode of Merlin was a house of +glass, or a bush of whitethorn laden with bloom, or a +sort of smoke or mist in the air, or <span class="tei tei-q">“a close neither of +iron nor steel nor timber nor of stone, but of the air +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page355">[pg 355]</span> +without any other thing, by enchantment so strong that +it may never be undone while the world endureth.”</span><a id="noteref_225" name="noteref_225" href="#note_225"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">225</span></span></a> +Finally he descended upon Bardsey Island, <span class="tei tei-q">“off the +extreme westernmost point of Carnarvonshire ... into +it he went with nine attendant bards, taking with him +the 'Thirteen Treasures of Britain,' thenceforth lost to +men.”</span> Professor Rhys points out that a Greek traveller +named Demetrius, who is described as having visited +Britain in the first century A.D., mentions an island in +the west where <span class="tei tei-q">“Kronos”</span> was supposed to be imprisoned +with his attendant deities, and Briareus keeping watch +over him as he slept, <span class="tei tei-q">“for sleep was the bond forged +for him.”</span> Doubtless we have here a version, Hellenised +as was the wont of classical writers on barbaric myths, +of a British story of the descent of the Sun-god into the +western sea, and his imprisonment there by the powers +of darkness, with the possessions and magical potencies +belonging to Light and Life.<a id="noteref_226" name="noteref_226" href="#note_226"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">226</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Nynniaw and Peibaw</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The two personages called Nynniaw and Peibaw who +figure in the genealogical table play a very slight part in +Cymric mythology, but one story in which they appear +is interesting in itself and has an excellent moral. They +are represented<a id="noteref_227" name="noteref_227" href="#note_227"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">227</span></span></a> as two brothers, Kings of Britain, who +were walking together one starlight night. <span class="tei tei-q">“See what +a fine far-spreading field I have,”</span> said Nynniaw. <span class="tei tei-q">“Where +is it?”</span> asked Peibaw. <span class="tei tei-q">“There aloft and as far as you +can see,”</span> said Nynniaw, pointing to the sky. <span class="tei tei-q">“But +look at all my cattle grazing in your field,”</span> said Peibaw. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page356">[pg 356]</span> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Where are they?”</span> said Nynniaw. <span class="tei tei-q">“All the golden +stars,”</span> said Peibaw, <span class="tei tei-q">“with the moon for their shepherd.”</span> +<span class="tei tei-q">“They shall not graze on my field,”</span> cried Nynniaw. +<span class="tei tei-q">“I say they shall,”</span> returned Peibaw. <span class="tei tei-q">“They shall +not.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“They shall.”</span> And so they went on: first they +quarrelled with each other, and then went to war, and +armies were destroyed and lands laid waste, till at last +the two brothers were turned into oxen as a punishment +for their stupidity and quarrelsomeness. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-weight: 700">“</span><span style="font-weight: 700">Mabinogion</span><span style="font-weight: 700">”</span></span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We now come to the work in which the chief +treasures of Cymric myth and legend were collected by +Lady Charlotte Guest sixty years ago, and given to the +world in a translation which is one of the masterpieces +of English literature. The title of this work, the +<span class="tei tei-q">“Mabinogion,”</span> is the plural form of the word <span lang="cy" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="cy"><span style="font-style: italic">Mabinogi</span></span>, +which means a story belonging to the equipment of an +apprentice-bard, such a story as every bard had necessarily +to learn as part of his training, whatever more he +might afterwards add to his <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">répertoire</span></span>. Strictly speaking, +the <span lang="cy" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="cy"><span style="font-style: italic">Mabinogi</span></span> in the volume are only the four tales +given first in Mr. Alfred Nutt's edition, which were +entitled the <span class="tei tei-q">“Four Branches of the Mabinogi,”</span> and +which form a connected whole. They are among the +oldest relics of Welsh mythological saga. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Pwyll, Head of Hades</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The first of them is the story of Pwyll, Prince of +Dyfed, and relates how that prince got his title of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pen +Annwn</span></span>, or <span class="tei tei-q">“Head of Hades”</span>—Annwn being the term +under which we identify in Welsh literature the Celtic +Land of the Dead, or Fairyland. It is a story with a +mythological basis, but breathing the purest spirit of +chivalric honour and nobility. +</p> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page357">[pg 357]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pwyll, it is said, was hunting one day in the woods +of Glyn Cuch when he saw a pack of hounds, not his +own, running down a stag. These hounds were snow-white +in colour, with red ears. If Pwyll had had any +experience in these matters he would have known at +once what kind of hunt was up, for these are the +colours of Faëry—the red-haired man, the red-eared +hound are always associated with magic.<a id="noteref_228" name="noteref_228" href="#note_228"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">228</span></span></a> Pwyll, however, +drove off the strange hounds, and was setting his +own on the quarry when a horseman of noble appearance +came up and reproached him for his discourtesy. +Pwyll offered to make amends, and the story now +develops into the familiar theme of the Rescue of +Fairyland. The stranger's name is Arawn, a king in +Annwn. He is being harried and dispossessed by a +rival, Havgan, and he seeks the aid of Pwyll, whom he +begs to meet Havgan in single combat a year hence. +Meanwhile he will put his own shape on Pwyll, who is +to rule in his kingdom till the eventful day, while +Arawn will go in Pwyll's shape to govern Dyfed. He +instructs Pwyll how to deal with the foe. Havgan +must be laid low with a single stroke—if another is +given to him he immediately revives again as strong as +ever. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pwyll agreed to follow up the adventure, and accordingly +went in Arawn's shape to the kingdom of Annwn. +Here he was placed in an unforeseen difficulty. The +beautiful wife of Arawn greeted him as her husband. +But when the time came for them to retire to rest he +set his face to the wall and said no word to her, nor +touched her at all until the morning broke. Then +they rose up, and Pwyll went to the hunt, and ruled his +kingdom, and did all things as if he were monarch of the +land. And whatever affection he showed to the queen +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page358">[pg 358]</span> +in public during the day, he passed every night even as +this first. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At last the day of battle came, and, like the chieftains +in Gaelic story, Pwyll and Havgan met each other in +the midst of a river-ford. They fought, and at the +first clash Havgan was hurled a spear's length over the +crupper of his horse and fell mortally wounded.<a id="noteref_229" name="noteref_229" href="#note_229"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">229</span></span></a> <span class="tei tei-q">“For +the love of heaven,”</span> said he, <span class="tei tei-q">“slay me and complete +thy work.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“I may yet repent that,”</span> said Pwyll. +<span class="tei tei-q">“Slay thee who may, I will not.”</span> Then Havgan knew +that his end was come, and bade his nobles bear him +off; and Pwyll with all his army overran the two +kingdoms of Annwn, and made himself master of all +the land, and took homage from its princes and lords. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Then he rode off alone to keep his tryst in Glyn +Cuch with Arawn as they had appointed. Arawn +thanked him for all he had done, and added: <span class="tei tei-q">“When +thou comest thyself to thine own dominions thou wilt +see what I have done for thee.”</span> They exchanged +shapes once more, and each rode in his own likeness to +take possession of his own land. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At the court of Annwn the day was spent in joy and +feasting, though none but Arawn himself knew that anything +unusual had taken place. When night came Arawn +kissed and caressed his wife as of old, and she pondered +much as to what might be the cause of his change towards +her, and of his previous change a year and a day before. +And as she was thinking over these things Arawn spoke +to her twice or thrice, but got no answer. He then +asked her why she was silent. <span class="tei tei-q">“I tell thee,”</span> she said, +<span class="tei tei-q">“that for a year I have not spoken so much in this +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page359">[pg 359]</span> +place.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Did not we speak continually?”</span> he said. +<span class="tei tei-q">“Nay,”</span> said she, <span class="tei tei-q">“but for a year back there has been +neither converse nor tenderness between us.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Good +heaven!”</span> thought Arawn, <span class="tei tei-q">“a man as faithful and firm +in his friendship as any have I found for a friend.”</span> +Then he told his queen what had passed. <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou hast +indeed laid hold of a faithful friend,”</span> she said. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +And Pwyll when he came back to his own land +called his lords together and asked them how they +thought he had sped in his kingship during the past +year. <span class="tei tei-q">“Lord,”</span> said they, <span class="tei tei-q">“thy wisdom was never so +great, and thou wast never so kind and free in bestowing +thy gifts, and thy justice was never more worthily +seen than in this year.”</span> Pwyll then told them the +story of his adventure. <span class="tei tei-q">“Verily, lord,”</span> said they, +<span class="tei tei-q">“render thanks unto heaven that thou hast such a +fellowship, and withhold not from us the rule which we +have enjoyed for this year past.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“I take heaven to +witness that I will not withhold it,”</span> said Pwyll. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +So the two kings made strong the friendship that was +between them, and sent each other rich gifts of horses +and hounds and jewels; and in memory of the adventure +Pwyll bore thenceforward the title of <span class="tei tei-q">“Lord of +Annwn.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Wedding of Pwyll and Rhiannon</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Near to the castle of Narberth, where Pwyll had his +court, there was a mound called the Mound of Arberth, +of which it was believed that whoever sat upon it would +have a strange adventure: either he would receive +blows and wounds or he would see a wonder. One +day when all his lords were assembled at Narberth for +a feast Pwyll declared that he would sit on the mound +and see what would befall. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +He did so, and after a little while saw approaching +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page360">[pg 360]</span> +him along the road that led to the mound a lady clad +in garments that shone like gold, and sitting on a +pure white horse. <span class="tei tei-q">“Is there any among you,”</span> said +Pwyll to his men, <span class="tei tei-q">“who knows that lady?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“There +is not,”</span> said they. <span class="tei tei-q">“Then go to meet her and learn +who she is.”</span> But as they rode towards the lady she +moved away from them, and however fast they rode +she still kept an even distance between her and them, +yet never seemed to exceed the quiet pace with which +she had first approached. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Several times did Pwyll seek to have the lady +overtaken and questioned, but all was in vain—none +could draw near to her. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Next day Pwyll ascended the mound again, and once +more the fair lady on her white steed drew near. This +time Pwyll himself pursued her, but she flitted away +before him as she had done before his servants, till at +last he cried : <span class="tei tei-q">“O maiden, for the sake of him thou +best lovest, stay for me.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“I will stay gladly,”</span> said +she, <span class="tei tei-q">“and it were better for thy horse had thou asked +it long since.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pwyll then questioned her as to the cause of her +coming, and she said: <span class="tei tei-q">“I am Rhiannon, the daughter +of Hevydd Hēn,<a id="noteref_230" name="noteref_230" href="#note_230"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">230</span></span></a> and they sought to give me to a +husband against my will. But no husband would I +have, and that because of my love for thee; neither will +I yet have one if thou reject me.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“By heaven!”</span> +said Pwyll, <span class="tei tei-q">“if I might choose among all the ladies +and damsels of the world, thee would I choose.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +They then agree that in a twelvemonth from that +day Pwyll is to come and claim her at the palace of +Hevydd Hēn. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pwyll kept his tryst, with a following of a hundred +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page361">[pg 361]</span> +knights, and found a splendid feast prepared for him, +and he sat by his lady, with her father on the other +side. As they feasted and talked there entered a tall, +auburn-haired youth of royal bearing, clad in satin, +who saluted Pwyll and his knights. Pwyll invited +him to sit down. <span class="tei tei-q">“Nay, I am a suitor to thee,”</span> said +the youth; <span class="tei tei-q">“to crave a boon am I come.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Whatever +thou wilt thou shalt have,”</span> said Pwyll unsuspiciously, +<span class="tei tei-q">“if it be in my power.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Ah,”</span> cried Rhiannon, +<span class="tei tei-q">“wherefore didst thou give that answer?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Hath +he not given it before all these nobles?”</span> said the +youth; <span class="tei tei-q">“and now the boon I crave is to have thy +bride Rhiannon, and the feast and the banquet that are +in this place.”</span> Pwyll was silent. <span class="tei tei-q">“Be silent as long +as thou wilt,”</span> said Rhiannon. <span class="tei tei-q">“Never did man make +worse use of his wits than thou hast done.”</span> She tells +him that the auburn-haired young man is Gwawl, son +of Clud, and is the suitor to escape from whom she +had fled to Pwyll. +</p> + + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pwyll is bound in honour by his word, and Rhiannon +explains that the banquet cannot be given to Gwawl, +for it is not in Pwyll's power, but that she herself will +be his bride in a twelvemonth; Gwawl is to come and +claim her then, and a new bridal feast will be prepared +for him. Meantime she concerts a plan with Pwyll, +and gives him a certain magical bag, which he is to +make use of when the time shall come. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A year passed away, Gwawl appeared according to +the compact, and a great feast was again set forth, in +which he, and not Pwyll, had the place of honour. As +the company were making merry, however, a beggar +clad in rags and shod with clumsy old shoes came into +the hall, carrying a bag, as beggars are wont to do. He +humbly craved a boon of Gwawl. It was merely that +the full of his bag of food might be given him from +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page362">[pg 362]</span> +the banquet. Gwawl cheerfully consented, and an +attendant went to fill the bag. But however much +they put into it it never got fuller—by degrees all +the good things on the tables had gone in; and at last +Gwawl cried: <span class="tei tei-q">“My soul, will thy bag never be full?”</span> +<span class="tei tei-q">“It will not, I declare to heaven,”</span> answered Pwyll—for +he, of course, was the disguised beggar man—<span class="tei tei-q">“unless +some man wealthy in lands and treasure shall +get into the bag and stamp it down with his feet, and +declare, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Enough has been put herein.’</span> ”</span> Rhiannon +urged Gwawl to check the voracity of the bag. He put +his two feet into it; Pwyll immediately drew up the +sides of the bag over Gwawl's head and tied it up. +Then he blew his horn, and the knights he had with +him, who were concealed outside, rushed in, and +captured and bound the followers of Gwawl. <span class="tei tei-q">“What +is in the bag?”</span> they cried, and others answered, <span class="tei tei-q">“A +badger,”</span> and so they played the game of <span class="tei tei-q">“Badger in +the Bag,”</span> striking it and kicking it about the hall. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At last a voice was heard from it. <span class="tei tei-q">“Lord,”</span> cried +Gwawl, <span class="tei tei-q">“if thou wouldst but hear me, I merit not to +be slain in a bag.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“He speaks truth,”</span> said Hevydd +Hēn. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +So an agreement was come to that Gwawl should +provide means for Pwyll to satisfy all the suitors and +minstrels who should come to the wedding, and +abandon Rhiannon, and never seek to have revenge +for what had been done to him. This was confirmed +by sureties, and Gwawl and his men were released and +went to their own territory. And Pwyll wedded +Rhiannon, and dispensed gifts royally to all and +sundry; and at last the pair, when the feasting was +done, journeyed down to the palace of Narberth in +Dyfed, where Rhiannon gave rich gifts, a bracelet and +a ring or a precious stone to all the lords and ladies of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page363">[pg 363]</span> +her new country, and they ruled the land in peace +both that year and the next. But the reader will find +that we have not yet done with Gwawl. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Penance of Rhiannon</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Now Pwyll was still without an heir to the throne, +and his nobles urged him to take another wife. <span class="tei tei-q">“Grant +us a year longer,”</span> said he, <span class="tei tei-q">“and if there be no heir +after that it shall be as you wish.”</span> Before the year's +end a son was born to them in Narberth. But although +six women sat up to watch the mother and the infant, +it happened towards the morning that they all fell +asleep, and Rhiannon also slept, and when the women +awoke, behold, the boy was gone! <span class="tei tei-q">“We shall be +burnt for this,”</span> said the women, and in their terror +they concocted a horrible plot: they killed a cub of +a staghound that had just been littered, and laid the +bones by Rhiannon, and smeared her face and hands +with blood as she slept, and when she woke and asked +for her child they said she had devoured it in the night, +and had overcome them with furious strength when +they would have prevented her—and for all she could +say or do the six women persisted in this story. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +When the story was told to Pwyll he would not put +away Rhiannon, as his nobles now again begged him to +do, but a penance was imposed on her—namely, that +she was to sit every day by the horse-block at the gate +of the castle and tell the tale to every stranger who +came, and offer to carry them on her back into the castle. +And this she did for part of a year. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Finding of Pryderi</span></span><a id="noteref_231" name="noteref_231" href="#note_231"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">231</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Now at this time there lived a man named Teirnyon +of Gwent Is Coed, who had the most beautiful mare in +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page364">[pg 364]</span> +the world, but there was this misfortune attending her, +that although she foaled on the night of every first of +May, none ever knew what became of the colts. At +last Teirnyon resolved to get at the truth of the matter, +and the next night on which the mare should foal he +armed himself and watched in the stable. So the mare +foaled, and the colt stood up, and Teirnyon was admiring +its size and beauty when a great noise was heard outside, +and a long, clawed arm came through the window +of the stable and laid hold of the colt. Teirnyon immediately +smote at the arm with his sword, and severed it +at the elbow, so that it fell inside with the colt, and a +great wailing and tumult was heard outside. He rushed +out, leaving the door open behind him, but could see +nothing because of the darkness of the night, and he +followed the noise a little way. Then he came back, +and behold, at the door he found an infant in swaddling-clothes +and wrapped in a mantle of satin. He took up +the child and brought it to where his wife lay sleeping. +She had no children, and she loved the child when she +saw it, and next day pretended to her women that she +had borne it as her own. And they called its name +Gwri of the Golden Hair, for its hair was yellow as gold; +and it grew so mightily that in two years it was as big +and strong as a child of six; and ere long the colt that +had been foaled on the same night was broken in and +given him to ride. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +While these things were going on Teirnyon heard the +tale of Rhiannon and her punishment. And as the lad +grew up he scanned his face closely and saw that he had +the features of Pwyll Prince of Dyfed. This he told to +his wife, and they agreed that the child should be taken +to Narberth, and Rhiannon released from her penance. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +As they drew near to the castle, Teirnyon and two +knights and the child riding on his colt, there was +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page365">[pg 365]</span> +Rhiannon sitting by the horse-block. <span class="tei tei-q">“Chieftains,”</span> +said she, <span class="tei tei-q">“go not further thus; I will bear every one of +you into the palace, and this is my penance for slaying +my own son and devouring him.”</span> But they would not +be carried, and went in. Pwyll rejoiced to see Teirnyon, +and made a feast for him. Afterwards Teirnyon declared +to Pwyll and Rhiannon the adventure of the man and +the colt, and how they had found the boy. <span class="tei tei-q">“And +behold, here is thy son, lady,”</span> said Teirnyon, <span class="tei tei-q">“and +whoever told that lie concerning thee has done wrong.”</span> +All who sat at table recognised the lad at once as the +child of Pwyll, and Rhiannon cried: <span class="tei tei-q">“I declare to heaven +that if this be true there is an end to my trouble.”</span> And +a chief named Pendaran said: <span class="tei tei-q">“Well hast thou named +thy son Pryderi [trouble], and well becomes him the +name of Pryderi son of Pwyll, Lord of Annwn.”</span> It +was agreed that his name should be Pryderi, and so +he was called thenceforth. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Teirnyon rode home, overwhelmed with thanks and +love and gladness; and Pwyll offered him rich gifts of +horses and jewels and dogs, but he would take none of +them. And Pryderi was trained up, as befitted a king's +son, in all noble ways and accomplishments, and when +his father Pwyll died he reigned in his stead over the +Seven Cantrevs of Dyfed. And he added to them many +other fair dominions, and at last he took to wife Kicva, +daughter of Gwynn Gohoyw, who came of the lineage +of Prince Casnar of Britain. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Tale of Bran and Branwen</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Bendigeid Vran, or <span class="tei tei-q">“Bran the Blessed,”</span> by which +latter name we shall designate him here, when he had +been made King of the Isle of the Mighty (Britain), +was one time in his court at Harlech. And he had +with him his brother Manawyddan son of Llyr, and his +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page366">[pg 366]</span> +sister Branwen, and the two sons, Nissyen and Evnissyen, +that Penardun his mother bore to Eurosswyd. Now +Nissyen was a youth of gentle nature, and would make +peace among his kindred and cause them to be friends +when their wrath was at its highest; but Evnissyen +loved nothing so much as to turn peace into contention +and strife. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +One afternoon, as Bran son of Llyr sat on the rock +of Harlech looking out to sea, he beheld thirteen ships +coming rapidly from Ireland before a fair wind. They +were gaily furnished, bright flags flying from the masts, +and on the foremost ship, when they came near, a man +could be seen holding up a shield with the point +upwards in sign of peace.<a id="noteref_232" name="noteref_232" href="#note_232"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">232</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +When the strangers landed they saluted Bran and +explained their business. Matholwch,<a id="noteref_233" name="noteref_233" href="#note_233"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">233</span></span></a> King of Ireland, +was with them; his were the ships, and he had come to +ask for the hand in marriage of Bran's sister, Branwen, +so that Ireland and Britain might be leagued together +and both become more powerful. <span class="tei tei-q">“Now Branwen was +one of the three chief ladies of the island, and she was +the fairest damsel in the world.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Irish were hospitably entertained, and after +taking counsel with his lords Bran agreed to give +his sister to Matholwch. The place of the wedding +was fixed at Aberffraw, and the company assembled for +the feast in tents because no house could hold the giant +form of Bran. They caroused and made merry in peace +and amity, and Branwen became the bride or the Irish +king. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Next day Evnissyen came by chance to where the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page367">[pg 367]</span> +horses of Matholwch were ranged, and he asked whose +they were. <span class="tei tei-q">“They are the horses of Matholwch, who +is married to thy sister.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“And is it thus,”</span> said he, +<span class="tei tei-q">“they have done with a maiden such as she, and, moreover, +my sister, bestowing her without my consent? +They could offer me no greater insult.”</span> Thereupon +he rushed among the horses and cut off their lips at the +teeth, and their ears to their heads, and their tails close +to the body, and where he could seize the eyelids he cut +them off to the bone. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +When Matholwch heard what had been done he was +both angered and bewildered, and bade his people put to +sea. Bran sent messengers to learn what had happened, +and when he had been informed he sent Manawyddan +and two others to make atonement. Matholwch should +have sound horses for every one that was injured, and +in addition a staff of silver as large and as tall as himself, +and a plate of gold the size of his face. <span class="tei tei-q">“And let him +come and meet me,”</span> he added, <span class="tei tei-q">“and we will make peace +in any way he may desire.”</span> But as for Evnissyen, he +was the son of Bran's mother, and therefore Bran could +not put him to death as he deserved. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Magic Cauldron</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Matholwch accepted these terms, but not very cheerfully, +and Bran now offered another treasure, namely, a +magic cauldron which had the property that if a slain +man were cast into it he would come forth well and +sound, only he would not be able to speak. Matholwch +and Bran then talked about the cauldron, which originally, +it seems, came from Ireland. There was a lake in that +country near to a mound (doubtless a fairy mound) +which was called the Lake of the Cauldron. Here +Matholwch had once met a tall and ill-looking fellow +with a wife bigger than himself, and the cauldron +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page368">[pg 368]</span> +strapped on his back. They took service with +Matholwch. At the end of a period of six weeks +the wife gave birth to a son, who was a warrior fully +armed. We are apparently to understand that this +happened every six weeks, for by the end of the year +the strange pair, who seem to be a war-god and goddess, +had several children, whose continual bickering and the +outrages they committed throughout the land made +them hated. At last, to get rid of them, Matholwch +had a house of iron made, and enticed them into it. +He then barred the door and heaped coals about the +chamber, and blew them into a white heat, hoping to +roast the whole family to death. As soon, however, as +the iron walls had grown white-hot and soft the man +and his wife burst through them and got away, but the +children remained behind and were destroyed. Bran +then took up the story. The man, who was called +Llassar Llaesgyvnewid, and his wife Kymideu Kymeinvoll, +come across to Britain, where Bran took them +in, and in return for his kindness they gave him the +cauldron. And since then they had filled the land +with their descendants, who prospered everywhere and +dwelt in strong fortified burgs and had the best weapons +that ever were seen. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +So Matholwch received the cauldron along with his +bride, and sailed back to Ireland, where Branwen entertained +the lords and ladies of the land, and gave to each, +as he or she took leave, <span class="tei tei-q">“either a clasp or a ring or a +royal jewel to keep, such as it was honourable to be seen +departing with.”</span> And when the year was out Branwen +bore a son to Matholwch, whose name was called Gwern. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Punishment of Branwen</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There occurs now an unintelligible place in the +story. In the second year, it appears, and not till then, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page369">[pg 369]</span> +the men of Ireland grew indignant over the insult to +their king committed by Evnissyen, and took revenge +for it by having Branwen degraded to the position of a +cook, and they caused the butcher every day to give her +a blow on the ears. They also forbade all ships and +ferry-boats to cross to Cambria, and any who came +thence into Ireland were imprisoned so that news of +Branwen's ill-treatment might not come to the ears of +Bran. But Branwen reared up a young starling in a +corner of her kneading-trough, and one day she tied a +letter under its wing and taught it what to do. It flew +away towards Britain, and finding Bran at Caer Seiont +in Arvon, it lit on his shoulder, ruffling its feathers, and +the letter was found and read. Bran immediately prepared +a great hosting for Ireland, and sailed thither +with a fleet of ships, leaving his land of Britain under +his son Caradawc and six other chiefs. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Invasion of Bran</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Soon there came messengers to Matholwch telling him +of a wondrous sight they had seen; a wood was growing +on the sea, and beside the wood a mountain with a high +ridge in the middle of it, and two lakes, one at each +side. And wood and mountain moved towards the +shore of Ireland. Branwen is called up to explain, if +she could, what this meant. She tells them the wood +is the masts and yards of the fleet of Britain, and the +mountain is Bran, her brother, coming into shoal water, +<span class="tei tei-q">“for no ship can contain him”</span>; the ridge is his nose, +the lakes his two eyes.<a id="noteref_234" name="noteref_234" href="#note_234"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">234</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The King of Ireland and his lords at once took +counsel together how they might meet this danger; +and the plan they agreed upon was as follows: A huge +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page370">[pg 370]</span> +hall should be built, big enough to hold Bran—this, it +was hoped, would placate him—there should be a great +feast made there for himself and his men, and Matholwch +should give over the kingdom of Ireland to him and +do homage. All this was done by Branwen's advice. +But the Irish added a crafty device of their own. From +two brackets on each of the hundred pillars in the hall +should be hung two leather bags, with an armed warrior +in each of them ready to fall upon the guests when the +moment should arrive. +</p> + + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Meal-bags</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Evnissyen, however, wandered into the hall before +the rest of the host, and scanning the arrangements +<span class="tei tei-q">“with fierce and savage looks,”</span> he saw the bags which +hung from the pillars. <span class="tei tei-q">“What is in this bag?”</span> said +he to one of the Irish. <span class="tei tei-q">“Meal, good soul,”</span> said the +Irishman. Evnissyen laid his hand on the bag, and +felt about with his fingers till he came to the head of +the man within it. Then <span class="tei tei-q">“he squeezed the head till +he felt his fingers meet together in the brain through +the bone.”</span> He went to the next bag, and asked the +same question. <span class="tei tei-q">“Meal,”</span> said the Irish attendant, but +Evnissyen crushed this warrior's head also, and thus +he did with all the two hundred bags, even in the +case of one warrior whose head was covered with an +iron helm. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Then the feasting began, and peace and concord +reigned, and Matholwch laid down the sovranty of +Ireland, which was conferred on the boy Gwern. And +they all fondled and caressed the fair child till he +came to Evnissyen, who suddenly seized him and flung +him into the blazing fire on the hearth. Branwen +would have leaped after him, but Bran held her back. +Then there was arming apace, and tumult and shouting, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page371">[pg 371]</span> +and the Irish and British hosts closed in battle and +fought until the fall of night. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Death of Evnissyen</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But at night the Irish heated the magic cauldron and +threw into it the bodies of their dead, who came out +next day as good as ever, but dumb. When Evnissyen +saw this he was smitten with remorse for having brought +the men of Britain into such a strait: <span class="tei tei-q">“Evil betide me +if I find not a deliverance therefrom.”</span> So he hid himself +among the Irish dead, and was flung into the +cauldron with the rest at the end of the second day, +when he stretched himself out so that he rent the +cauldron into four pieces, and his own heart burst with +the effort, and he died. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Wonderful Head</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the end, all the Irishmen were slain, and all but +seven of the British besides Bran, who was wounded in +the foot with a poisoned arrow. Among the seven +were Pryderi and Manawyddan. Bran then commanded +them to cut off his head. <span class="tei tei-q">“And take it with you,”</span> +he said, <span class="tei tei-q">“to London, and there bury it in the White +Mount<a id="noteref_235" name="noteref_235" href="#note_235"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">235</span></span></a> looking towards France, and no foreigner shall +invade the land while it is there. On the way the +Head will talk to you, and be as pleasant company as +ever in life. In Harlech ye will be feasting seven years +and the birds of Rhiannon will sing to you. And at +Gwales in Penvro ye will be feasting fourscore years, and +the Head will talk to you and be uncorrupted till ye +open the door looking towards Cornwall. After that +ye may no longer tarry, but set forth to London and +bury the Head.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Then the seven cut off the head of Bran and went +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page372">[pg 372]</span> +forth, and Branwen with them, to do his bidding. But +when Branwen came to land at Aber Alaw she cried, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Woe is me that I was ever born; two islands have +been destroyed because of me.”</span> And she uttered a +loud groan, and her heart broke. They made her a +four-sided grave on the banks of the Alaw, and the place +was called <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ynys Branwen</span></span> to this day.<a id="noteref_236" name="noteref_236" href="#note_236"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">236</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The seven found that in the absence of Bran, Caswallan +son of Beli had conquered Britain and slain the +six captains of Caradawc. By magic art he had thrown +on Caradawc the Veil of Illusion, and Caradawc saw +only the sword which slew and slew, but not him who +wielded it, and his heart broke for grief at the sight. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +They then went to Harlech and remained there seven +years listening to the singing of the birds of Rhiannon—<span class="tei tei-q">“all +the songs they had ever heard were unpleasant +compared thereto.”</span> Then they went to Gwales in +Penvro and found a fair and spacious hall overlooking +the ocean. When they entered it they forgot all the +sorrow of the past and all that had befallen them, and +remained there fourscore years in joy and mirth, the +wondrous Head talking to them as if it were alive. And +bards call this <span class="tei tei-q">“the Entertaining of the Noble Head.”</span> +Three doors were in the hall, and one of them which +looked to Cornwall and to Aber Henvelyn was closed, +but the other two were open. At the end of the time, +Heilyn son of Gwyn said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Evil betide me if I do not +open the door to see if what was said is true.”</span> And +he opened it, and at once remembrance and sorrow fell +upon them, and they set forth at once for London and +buried the Head in the White Mount, where it remained +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page373">[pg 373]</span> +until Arthur dug it up, for he would not have the land +defended but by the strong arm. And this was <span class="tei tei-q">“the +Third Fatal Disclosure”</span> in Britain. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +So ends this wild tale, which is evidently full of mythological +elements, the key to which has long been lost. +The touches of Northern ferocity which occur in it +have made some critics suspect the influence of Norse +or Icelandic literature in giving it its present form. +The character of Evnissyen would certainly lend countenance +to this conjecture. The typical mischief-maker +of course occurs in purely Celtic sagas, but not commonly +in combination with the heroic strain shown in +Evnissyen's end, nor does the Irish <span class="tei tei-q">“poison-tongue”</span> +ascend to anything like the same height of daimonic +malignity. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Tale of Pryderi and Manawyddan</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +After the events of the previous tales Pryderi and +Manawyddan retired to the dominions of the former, +and Manawyddan took to wife Rhiannon, the mother +of his friend. There they lived happily and prosperously +till one day, while they were at the Gorsedd, +or Mound, near Narberth, a peal of thunder was heard +and a thick mist fell so that nothing could be seen all +round. When the mist cleared away, behold, the land +was bare before them—neither houses nor people nor +cattle nor crops were to be seen, but all was desert and +uninhabited. The palace of Narberth was still standing, +but it was empty and desolate—none remained except +Pryderi and Manawyddan and their wives, Kicva and +Rhiannon. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Two years they lived on the provisions they had, and +on the prey they killed, and on wild honey; and then +they began to be weary. <span class="tei tei-q">“Let us go into Lloegyr,”</span><a id="noteref_237" name="noteref_237" href="#note_237"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">237</span></span></a> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page374">[pg 374]</span> +then said Manawyddan, <span class="tei tei-q">“and seek out some craft to +support ourselves.”</span> So they went to Hereford and +settled there, and Manawyddan and Pryderi began to +make saddles and housings, and Manawyddan decorated +them with blue enamel as he had learned from a great +craftsman, Llasar Llaesgywydd. After a time, however, +the other saddlers of Hereford, finding that no man +would purchase any but the work of Manawyddan, conspired +to kill them. And Pryderi would have fought +with them, but Manawyddan held it better to withdraw +elsewhere, and so they did. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +They settled then in another city, where they made +shields such as never were seen, and here, too, in the +end, the rival craftsmen drove them out. And this +happened also in another town where they made shoes; +and at last they resolved to go back to Dyfed. Then +they gathered their dogs about them and lived by hunting +as before. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +One day they started a wild white boar, and chased +him in vain until he led them up to a vast and lofty +castle, all newly built in a place where they had never +seen a building before. The boar ran into the castle, +the dogs followed him, and Pryderi, against the counsel +of Manawyddan, who knew there was magic afoot, went +in to seek for the dogs. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +He found in the centre of the court a marble fountain +beside which stood a golden bowl on a marble slab, and +being struck by the rich workmanship of the bowl, he +laid hold of it to examine it, when he could neither +withdraw his hand nor utter a single sound, but he +remained there, transfixed and dumb, beside the +fountain. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Manawyddan went back to Narberth and told the +story to Rhiannon. <span class="tei tei-q">“An evil companion hast thou +been,”</span> said she, <span class="tei tei-q">“and a good companion hast thou lost.”</span> +</p> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page375">[pg 375]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Next day she went herself to explore the castle. She +found Pryderi still clinging to the bowl and unable to +speak. She also, then, laid hold of the bowl, when the +same fate befell her, and immediately afterwards came +a peal of thunder, and a heavy mist fell, and when it +cleared off the castle had vanished with all that it contained, +including the two spell-bound wanderers. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Manawyddan then went back to Narberth, where only +Kicva, Pryderi's wife, now remained. And when she saw +none but herself and Manawyddan in the place, <span class="tei tei-q">“she +sorrowed so that she cared not whether she lived or died.”</span> +When Manawyddan saw this he said to her, <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou art in +the wrong if through fear of me thou grievest thus. I +declare to thee were I in the dawn of youth I would +keep my faith unto Pryderi, and unto thee also will I +keep it.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Heaven reward thee,”</span> she said, <span class="tei tei-q">“and that +is what I deemed of thee.”</span> And thereupon she took +courage and was glad. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Kicva and Manawyddan then again tried to support +themselves by shoemaking in Lloegyr, but the same +hostility drove them back to Dyfed. This time, however, +Manawyddan took back with him a load of wheat, +and he sowed it, and he prepared three crofts for a +wheat crop. Thus the time passed till the fields were +ripe. And he looked at one of the crofts and said, <span class="tei tei-q">“I +will reap this to-morrow.”</span> But on the morrow when +he went out in the grey dawn he found nothing there +but bare straw—every ear had been cut off from the +stalk and carried away. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Next day it was the same with the second croft. But +on the following night he armed himself and sat up to +watch the third croft to see who was plundering him. +At midnight, as he watched, he heard a loud noise, and +behold, a mighty host of mice came pouring into the +croft, and they climbed up each on a stalk and nibbled +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page376">[pg 376]</span> +off the ears and made away with them. He chased them +in anger, but they fled far faster than he could run, all +save one which was slower in its movements, and this +he barely managed to overtake, and he bound it into +his glove and took it home to Narberth, and told Kicva +what had happened. <span class="tei tei-q">“To-morrow,”</span> he said, <span class="tei tei-q">“I will +hang the robber I have caught,”</span> but Kicva thought it +beneath his dignity to take vengeance on a mouse. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Next day he went up to the Mound of Narberth and +set up two forks for a gallows on the highest part of +the hill. As he was doing this a poor scholar came +towards him, and he was the first person Manawyddan +had seen in Dyfed, except his own companions, since +the enchantment began. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The scholar asked him what he was about and begged +him to let go the mouse—<span class="tei tei-q">“Ill doth it become a man +of thy rank to touch such a reptile as this.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“I will +not let it go, by Heaven,”</span> said Manawyddan, and by +that he abode, although the scholar offered him a pound +of money to let it go free. <span class="tei tei-q">“I care not,”</span> said the +scholar, <span class="tei tei-q">“except that I would not see a man of rank +touching such a reptile,”</span> and with that he went his way. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +As Manawyddan was placing the cross-beam on the +two forks of his gallows, a priest came towards him +riding on a horse with trappings, and the same conversation +ensued. The priest offered three pounds for the +mouse's life, but Manawyddan refused to take any price +for it. <span class="tei tei-q">“Willingly, lord, do thy good pleasure,”</span> said +the priest, and he, too, went his way. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Then Manawyddan put a noose about the mouse's +neck and was about to draw it up when he saw coming +towards him a bishop with a great retinue of sumpter-horses +and attendants. And he stayed his work and +asked the bishop's blessing. <span class="tei tei-q">“Heaven's blessing be +unto thee,”</span> said the bishop; <span class="tei tei-q">“what work art thou +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page377">[pg 377]</span> +upon?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Hanging a thief,”</span> replied Manawyddan. The +bishop offered seven pounds <span class="tei tei-q">“rather than see a man of +thy rank destroying so vile a reptile.”</span> Manawyddan +refused. Four-and-twenty pounds was then offered, +and then as much again, then all the bishop's horses and +baggage—all in vain. <span class="tei tei-q">“Since for this thou wilt not,”</span> +said the bishop, <span class="tei tei-q">“do it at whatever price thou wilt.”</span> +<span class="tei tei-q">“I will do so,”</span> said Manawyddan; <span class="tei tei-q">“I will that Rhiannon +and Pryderi be free.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“That thou shalt have,”</span> said +the (pretended) bishop. Then Manawyddan demands +that the enchantment and illusion be taken off for ever +from the seven Cantrevs of Dyfed, and finally insists +that the bishop shall tell him who the mouse is and why +the enchantment was laid on the country. <span class="tei tei-q">“I am Llwyd +son of Kilcoed,”</span> replies the enchanter, <span class="tei tei-q">“and the mouse +is my wife; but that she is pregnant thou hadst never +overtaken her.”</span> He goes on with an explanation which +takes us back to the first <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mabinogi</span></span> of the Wedding of +Rhiannon. The charm was cast on the land to avenge +the ill that was done Llwyd's friend, Gwawl son of +Clud, with whom Pryderi's father and his knights had +played <span class="tei tei-q">“Badger in the Bag”</span> at the court of Hevydd +Hēn. The mice were the lords and ladies of Llwyd's +court. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The enchanter is then made to promise that no +further vengeance shall be taken on Pryderi, Rhiannon, +or Manawyddan, and the two spell-bound captives +having been restored, the mouse is released. <span class="tei tei-q">“Then +Llwyd struck her with a magic wand, and she was +changed into a young woman, the fairest ever seen.”</span> +And on looking round Manawyddan saw all the land +tilled and peopled as in its best state, and full of herds +and dwellings. <span class="tei tei-q">“What bondage,”</span> he asks, <span class="tei tei-q">“has there +been upon Pryderi and Rhiannon?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Pryderi has had +the knockers of the gate of my palace about his neck, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page378">[pg 378]</span> +and Rhiannon has had the collars of the asses after they +have been carrying hay about her neck.”</span> And such +had been their bondage. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Tale of Māth Son of Māthonwy</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The previous tale was one of magic and illusion in +which the mythological element is but faint. In that +which we have now to consider we are, however, in a +distinctly mythological region. The central motive of +the tale shows us the Powers of Light contending with +those of the Under-world for the prized possessions of +the latter, in this case a herd of magic swine. We are +introduced in the beginning of the story to the deity, +Māth, of whom the bard tells us that he was unable to +exist unless his feet lay in the lap of a maiden, except +when the land was disturbed by war.<a id="noteref_238" name="noteref_238" href="#note_238"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">238</span></span></a> Māth is represented +as lord of Gwynedd, while Pryderi rules over +the one-and-twenty cantrevs of the south. With Māth +were his nephews Gwydion and Gilvaethwy sons of +Dōn, who went the circuit of the land in his stead, +while Māth lay with his feet in the lap of the fairest +maiden of the land and time, Goewin daughter of Pebin +of Dōl Pebin in Arvon. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Gwydion and the Swine of Pryderi</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Gilvaethwy fell sick of love for Goewin, and confided +the secret to his brother Gwydion, who undertook to +help him to his desire. So he went to Māth one day, +and asked his leave to go to Pryderi and beg from him +the gift, for Māth, of a herd of swine which had been +bestowed on him by Arawn King of Annwn. <span class="tei tei-q">“They +are beasts,”</span> he said, <span class="tei tei-q">“such as never were known in +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page379">[pg 379]</span> +this island before ... their flesh is better than the +flesh of oxen.”</span> Māth bade him go, and he and +Gilvaethwy started with ten companions for Dyfed. +They came to Pryderi's palace in the guise of bards, +and Gwydion, after being entertained at a feast, was +asked to tell a tale to the court. After delighting +every one with his discourse he begged for a gift of the +swine. But Pryderi was under a compact with his +people neither to sell nor give them until they had +produced double their number in the land. <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou +mayest exchange them, though,”</span> said Gwydion, and +thereupon he made by magic arts an illusion of twelve +horses magnificently caparisoned, and twelve hounds, +and gave them to Pryderi and made off with the swine +as fast as possible, <span class="tei tei-q">“for,”</span> said he to his companions, +<span class="tei tei-q">“the illusion will not last but from one hour to the +same to-morrow.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The intended result came to pass—Pryderi invaded +the land to recover his swine, Māth went to meet him +in arms, and Gilvaethwy seized his opportunity and +made Goewin his wife, although she was unwilling. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Death of Pryderi</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The war was decided by a single combat between +Gwydion and Pryderi. <span class="tei tei-q">“And by force of strength +and fierceness, and by the magic and charms of +Gwydion, Pryderi was slain. And at Maen Tyriawc, +above Melenryd, was he buried, and there is his +grave.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Penance of Gwydion and Gilvaethwy</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +When Māth came back he found what Gilvaethwy +had done, and he took Goewin to be his queen, but +Gwydion and Gilvaethwy went into outlawry, and +dwelt on the borders of the land. At last they came +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page380">[pg 380]</span> +and submitted themselves for punishment to Māth. +<span class="tei tei-q">“Ye cannot compensate me my shame, setting aside +the death of Pryderi,”</span> he said, <span class="tei tei-q">“but since ye come +hither to be at my will, I shall begin your punishment +forthwith.”</span> So he turned them both into deer, and +bade them come hither again in a twelvemonth. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +They came at the appointed time, bringing with them +a young fawn. And the fawn was brought into human +shape and baptized, and Gwydion and Gilvaethwy were +changed into two wild swine. At the next year's end +they came back with a young one who was treated as +the fawn before him, and the brothers were made into +wolves. Another year passed; they came back again +with a young wolf as before, and this time their penance +was deemed complete, and their human nature was +restored to them, and Māth gave orders to have them +washed and anointed, and nobly clad as was befitting. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Children of Arianrod: Dylan</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The question then arose of appointing another +virgin foot-holder, and Gwydion suggests his sister, +Arianrod. She attends for the purpose, and Māth +asks her if she is a virgin. <span class="tei tei-q">“I know not, lord, other +than that I am,”</span> she says. But she failed in a magical +test imposed by Māth, and gave birth to two sons. +One of these was named Dylan, <span class="tei tei-q">“Son of the Wave,”</span> +evidently a Cymric sea-deity. So soon as he was +baptized <span class="tei tei-q">“he plunged into the sea and swam as well +as the best fish that was therein.... Beneath him +no wave ever broke.”</span> A wild sea-poetry hangs about +his name in Welsh legend. On his death, which took +place, it is said, at the hand of his uncle Govannon, all +the waves of Britain and Ireland wept for him. The +roar of the incoming tide at the mouth of the river +Conway is still called the <span class="tei tei-q">“death-groan of Dylan.”</span> +</p> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page381">[pg 381]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Llew Llaw Gyffes</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The other infant was seized by Gwydion and brought +up under his protection. Like other solar heroes, he +grew very rapidly; when he was four he was as big as +if he were eight, and the comeliest youth that ever was +seen. One day Gwydion took him to visit his mother +Arianrod. She hated the children who had exposed her +false pretensions, and upbraided Gwydion for bringing +the boy into her sight. <span class="tei tei-q">“What is his name?”</span> she asked. +<span class="tei tei-q">“Verily,”</span> said Gwydion, <span class="tei tei-q">“he has not yet a name.”</span> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Then I lay this destiny upon him,”</span> said Arianrod, +<span class="tei tei-q">“that he shall never have a name till one is given him +by me.”</span> On this Gwydion went forth in wrath, and +remained in his castle of Caer Dathyl that night. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Though the fact does not appear in this tale, it must +be remembered that Gwydion is, in the older mythology, +the father of Arianrod's children. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">How Llew Got his Name</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +He was resolved to have a name for his son. Next +day he went to the strand below Caer Arianrod, +bringing the boy with him. Here he sat down by +the beach, and in his character of a master of magic +he made himself look like a shoemaker, and the boy +like an apprentice, and he began to make shoes out of +sedges and seaweed, to which he gave the semblance +of Cordovan leather. Word was brought to Arianrod +of the wonderful shoes that were being made by a +strange cobbler, and she sent her measure for a pair. +Gwydion made them too large. She sent it again, and +he made them too small. Then she came herself to +be fitted. While this was going on, a wren came and +lit on the boat's mast, and the boy, taking up a bow, +shot an arrow that transfixed the leg between the sinew +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page382">[pg 382]</span> +and the bone. Arianrod admired the brilliant shot. +<span class="tei tei-q">“Verily,”</span> she said, <span class="tei tei-q">“with a steady hand (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">llaw gyffes</span></span>) +did the lion (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">llew</span></span>) hit it.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“No thanks to thee,”</span> cried +Gwydion, <span class="tei tei-q">“now he has got a name. Llew Llaw +Gyffes shall he be called henceforward.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We have seen that the name really means the same +thing as the Gaelic Lugh Lamfada, Lugh (Light) of the +Long Arm; so that we have here an instance of a legend +growing up round a misunderstood name inherited from +a half-forgotten mythology. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">How Llew Took Arms</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The shoes went back immediately to sedges and seaweed +again, and Arianrod, angry at being tricked, laid +a new curse on the boy. <span class="tei tei-q">“He shall never bear arms +till I invest him with them.”</span> But Gwydion, going to +Caer Arianrod with the boy in the semblance of two +bards, makes by magic art the illusion of a foray of +armed men round the castle. Arianrod gives them +weapons to help in the defence, and thus again finds +herself tricked by the superior craft of Gwydion. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Flower-Wife of Llew</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Next she said, <span class="tei tei-q">“He shall never have a wife of the +race that now inhabits this earth.”</span> This raised a difficulty +beyond the powers of even Gwydion, and he went to +Māth, the supreme master of magic. <span class="tei tei-q">“Well,”</span> said +Māth, <span class="tei tei-q">“we will seek, I and thou, to form a wife for +him out of flowers.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“So they took the blossoms of +the oak, and the blossoms of the broom, and the +blossoms of the meadow-sweet, and produced from +them a maiden, the fairest and most graceful that man +ever saw. And they baptized her, and gave her the +name of Blodeuwedd, or Flower-face.”</span> They wedded +her to Llew, and gave them the cantrev of Dinodig to +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page383">[pg 383]</span> +reign over, and there Llew and his bride dwelt for a +season, happy, and beloved by all. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Betrayal of Llew</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But Blodeuwedd was not worthy of her beautiful +name and origin. One day when Llew was away on a +visit with Māth, a lord named Gronw Pebyr came +a-hunting by the palace of Llew, and Blodeuwedd +loved him from the moment she looked upon him. +That night they slept together, and the next, and the +next, and then they planned how to be rid of Llew for +ever. But Llew, like the Gothic solar hero Siegfried, +is invulnerable except under special circumstances, and +Blodeuwedd has to learn from him how he may be +slain. This she does under pretence of care for his +welfare. The problem is a hard one. Llew can only +be killed by a spear which has been a year in making, +and has only been worked on during the Sacrifice of +the Host on Sundays. Furthermore, he cannot be +slain within a house or without, on horseback or on +foot. The only way, in fact, is that he should stand +with one foot on a dead buck and the other in a +cauldron, which is to be used for a bath and thatched +with a roof—if he is wounded while in this position +with a spear made as directed the wound may be fatal, +not otherwise. After a year, during which Gronw +wrought at the spear, Blodeuwedd begged Llew to +show her more fully what she must guard against, and +he took up the required position to please her. Gronw, +lurking in a wood hard by, hurled the deadly spear, +and the head, which was poisoned, sank into Llew's +body, but the shaft broke off. Then Llew changed +into an eagle, and with a loud scream he soared up into +the air and was no more seen, and Gronw took his +castle and lands and added them to his own. +</p> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page384">[pg 384]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +These tidings at last reached Gwydion and Māth, +and Gwydion set out to find Llew. He came to the +house of a vassal of his, from whom he learned that a +sow that he had disappeared every day and could not +be traced, but it came home duly each night. Gwydion +followed the sow, and it went far away to the brook +since called Nant y Llew, where it stopped under a tree +and began feeding. Gwydion looked to see what it +ate, and found that it fed on putrid flesh that dropped +from an eagle sitting aloft on the tree, and it seemed +to him that the eagle was Llew. Gwydion sang to it, +and brought it gradually down the tree till it came to +his knee, when he struck it with his magic wand and +restored it to the shape of Llew, but worn to skin and +bone—<span class="tei tei-q">“no one ever saw a more piteous sight.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Healing of Llew</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +When Llew was healed, he and Gwydion took vengeance +on their foes. Blodeuwedd was changed into +an owl and bidden to shun the light of day, and Gronw +was slain by a cast of the spear of Llew that passed +through a slab of stone to reach him, and the slab with +the hole through it made by the spear of Llew remains +by the bank of the river Cynvael in Ardudwy to this +day. And Llew took possession, for the second time, +of his lands, and ruled them prosperously all his days. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The four preceding tales are called the Four +Branches of the Mabinogi, and of the collection called +the <span class="tei tei-q">“Mabinogion”</span> they form the most ancient and +important part. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Dream of Maxen Wledig</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Following the order of the tales in the <span class="tei tei-q">“Mabinogion,”</span> +as presented in Mr. Nutt's edition, we come +next to one which is a pure work of invention, with no +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page385">[pg 385]</span> +mythical or legendary element at all. It recounts how +Maxen Wledig, Emperor of Rome, had a vivid dream, +in which he was led into a strange country, where he +saw a king in an ivory chair carving chessmen with a +steel file from a rod of gold. By him, on a golden +throne, was the fairest of maidens he had ever beheld. +Waking, he found himself in love with the dream-maiden, +and sent messengers far and wide to discover, +if they could, the country and people that had appeared +to him. They were found in Britain. Thither went +Maxen, and wooed and wedded the maiden. In his +absence a usurper laid hold of his empire in Rome, but +with the aid of his British friends he reconquered his +dominions, and many of them settled there with him, +while others went home to Britain. The latter took +with them foreign wives, but, it is said, cut out their +tongues, lest they should corrupt the speech of the +Britons. Thus early and thus powerful was the devotion +to their tongue of the Cymry, of whom the mythical +bard Taliesin prophesied: +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Their God they will praise,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Their speech they will keep,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Their land they will lose,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">Except wild Walia.”</span></div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Story of Lludd and Llevelys</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This tale is associated with the former one in the +section entitled Romantic British History. It tells how +Lludd son of Beli, and his brother Llevelys, ruled +respectively over Britain and France, and how Lludd +sought his brother's aid to stay the three plagues that +were harassing the land. These three plagues were, +first, the presence of a demoniac race called the +Coranians; secondly, a fearful scream that was heard +in every home in Britain on every May-eve, and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page386">[pg 386]</span> +scared the people out of their senses; thirdly, the +unaccountable disappearance of all provisions in the +king's court every night, so that nothing that was +not consumed by the household could be found the +next morning. Lludd and Llevelys talked over these +matters through a brazen tube, for the Coranians could +hear everything that was said if once the winds got +hold of it—a property also attributed to Māth, son of +Māthonwy. Llevelys destroyed the Coranians by giving +to Lludd a quantity of poisonous insects which were +to be bruised up and scattered over the people at an +assembly. These insects would slay the Coranians, +but the people of Britain would be immune to them. +The scream Llevelys explained as proceeding from +two dragons, which fought each other once a year. +They were to be slain by being intoxicated with mead, +which was to be placed in a pit dug in the very centre +of Britain, which was found on measurement to be at +Oxford. The provisions, said Llevelys, were taken +away by a giant wizard, for whom Lludd watched as +directed, and overcame him in combat, and made him +his faithful vassal thenceforward. Thus Lludd and +Llevelys freed the island from its three plagues. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Tales of Arthur</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We next come to five Arthurian tales, one of which, +the tale of Kilhwch and Olwen, is the only native +Arthurian legend which has come down to us in +Welsh literature. The rest, as we have seen, are more +or less reflections from the Arthurian literature as +developed by foreign hands on the Continent. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Kilhwch and Olwen</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Kilhwch was son to Kilydd and his wife Goleuddydd, +and is said to have been cousin to Arthur. His mother +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page387">[pg 387]</span> +having died, Kilydd took another wife, and she, jealous +of her stepson, laid on him a quest which promised to +be long and dangerous. <span class="tei tei-q">“I declare,”</span> she said, <span class="tei tei-q">“that it is +thy destiny”</span>—the Gael would have said <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geis</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“not to +be suited with a wife till thou obtain Olwen daughter of +Yspaddaden Penkawr.”</span><a id="noteref_239" name="noteref_239" href="#note_239"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">239</span></span></a> And Kilhwch reddened at the +name, and <span class="tei tei-q">“love of the maiden diffused itself through +all his frame.”</span> By his father's advice he set out to +Arthur's Court to learn how and where he might find +and woo her. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A brilliant passage then describes the youth in the +flower of his beauty, on a noble steed caparisoned with +gold, and accompanied by two brindled white-breasted +greyhounds with collars of rubies, setting forth on his +journey to King Arthur. <span class="tei tei-q">“And the blade of grass bent +not beneath him, so light was his courser's tread.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Kilhwch at Arthur's Court</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +After some difficulties with the Porter and with +Arthur's seneschal, Kai, who did not wish to admit +the lad while the company were sitting at meat, Kilhwch +was brought into the presence of the King, and declared +his name and his desire. <span class="tei tei-q">“I seek this boon,”</span> he said, +<span class="tei tei-q">“from thee and likewise at the hands of thy warriors,”</span> +and he then enumerates an immense list full of mythological +personages and details—Bedwyr, Gwyn ap Nudd, +Kai, Manawyddan,<a id="noteref_240" name="noteref_240" href="#note_240"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">240</span></span></a> Geraint, and many others, including +<span class="tei tei-q">“Morvran son of Tegid, whom no one struck at in the +battle of Camlan by reason of his ugliness; all thought +he was a devil,”</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“Sandde Bryd Angel, whom no one +touched with a spear in the battle of Camlan because of +his beauty; all thought he was a ministering angel.”</span> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page388">[pg 388]</span> +The list extends to many scores of names and includes +many women, as, for instance, <span class="tei tei-q">“Creiddylad +the daughter of Lludd of the Silver Hand—she was +the most splendid maiden in the three Islands of the +Mighty, and for her Gwythyr the son of Greidawl and +Gwyn the son of Nudd fight every first of May till +doom,”</span> and the two Iseults and Arthur's Queen, +Gwenhwyvar. <span class="tei tei-q">“All these did Kilydd's son Kilhwch +adjure to obtain his boon.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Arthur, however, had never heard of Olwen nor of +her kindred. He promised to seek for her, but at the +end of a year no tidings of her could be found, and +Kilhwch declared that he would depart and leave Arthur +shamed. Kai and Bedwyr, with the guide Kynddelig, +are at last bidden to go forth on the quest. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Servitors of Arthur</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +These personages are very different from those who +are called by the same names in Malory or Tennyson. +Kai, it is said, could go nine days under water. He +could render himself at will as tall as a forest tree. So +hot was his physical constitution that nothing he bore +in his hand could get wetted in the heaviest rain. +<span class="tei tei-q">“Very subtle was Kai.”</span> As for Bedwyr—the later Sir +Bedivere—we are told that none equalled him in swiftness, +and that, though one-armed, he was a match for any +three warriors on the field of battle; his lance made a +wound equal to those of nine. Besides these three there +went also on the quest Gwrhyr, who knew all tongues, +and Gwalchmai son of Arthur's sister Gwyar, and Menw, +who could make the party invisible by magic spells. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Custennin</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The party journeyed till at last they came to a great +castle before which was a flock of sheep kept by a +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page389">[pg 389]</span> +shepherd who had by him a mastiff big as a horse. +The breath of this shepherd, we are told, could burn +up a tree. <span class="tei tei-q">“He let no occasion pass without doing +some hurt or harm.”</span> However, he received the party +well, told them that he was Custennin, brother of +Yspaddaden whose castle stood before them, and +brought them home to his wife. The wife turned out +to be a sister of Kilhwch's mother Goleuddydd, and she +was rejoiced at seeing her nephew, but sorrowful at the +thought that he had come in search of Olwen, <span class="tei tei-q">“for +none ever returned from that quest alive.”</span> Custennin +and his family, it appears, have suffered much at the +hands of Yspaddaden—all their sons but one being +slain, because Yspaddaden envied his brother his share +of their patrimony. So they associated themselves +with the heroes in their quest. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Olwen of the White Track</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Next day Olwen came down to the herdsman's house +as usual, for she was wont to wash her hair there every +Saturday, and each time she did so she left all her +rings in the vessel and never sent for them again. She +is described in one of those pictorial passages in which +the Celtic passion for beauty has found such exquisite +utterance. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The maiden was clothed in a robe of flame-coloured +silk, and about her neck was a collar of ruddy gold on +which were precious emeralds and rubies. More yellow +was her head than the flower of the broom, and her +skin was whiter than the foam of the wave, and fairer +were her hands and her fingers than the blossoms of +the wood-anemone amidst the spray of the meadow +fountain. The eye of the trained hawk, the glance of +the three-mewed falcon, was not brighter than hers. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page390">[pg 390]</span> +Her bosom was more snowy than the breast of the +white swan, her cheek was redder than the reddest +roses. Whoso beheld her was filled with her love. +Four white trefoils sprang up wherever she trod. And +therefore was she called Olwen.”</span><a id="noteref_241" name="noteref_241" href="#note_241"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">241</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Kilhwch and she conversed together and loved each +other, and she bade him go and ask her of her father +and deny him nothing that he might demand. She had +pledged her faith not to wed without his will, for his +life would only last till the time of her espousals. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Yspaddaden</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Next day the party went to the castle and saw +Yspaddaden. He put them off with various excuses, and +as they left flung after them a poisoned dart. Bedwyr +caught it and flung it back, wounding him in the knee, +and Yspaddaden cursed him in language of extraordinary +vigour; the words seem to crackle and spit like +flame. Thrice over this happened, and at last Yspaddaden +declared what must be done to win Olwen. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Tasks of Kilhwch</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A long series of tasks follows. A vast hill is to be +ploughed, sown, and reaped in one day; only Amathaon +son of Dōn can do it, and he will not. Govannon, the +smith, is to rid the ploughshare at each headland, and +he will not do it. The two dun oxen of Gwlwlyd are +to draw the plough, and he will not lend them. Honey +nine times sweeter than that of the bee must be got to +make bragget for the wedding feast. A magic cauldron, +a magic basket out of which comes any meat that a man +desires, a magic horn, the sword of Gwrnach the Giant—all +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page391">[pg 391]</span> +these must be won; and many other secret and +difficult things, some forty in all, before Kilhwch can +call Olwen his own. The most difficult quest is that of +obtaining the comb and scissors that are between the +two ears of Twrch Trwyth, a king transformed into a +monstrous boar. To hunt the boar a number of other +quests must be accomplished—the whelp of Greid son +of Eri is to be won, and a certain leash to hold him, +and a certain collar for the leash, and a chain for the +collar, and Mabon son of Modron for the huntsman +and the horse of Gweddw to carry Mabon, and Gwyn +son of Nudd to help, <span class="tei tei-q">“whom God placed over the +brood of devils in Annwn ... he will never be spared +them,”</span> and so forth to an extent which makes the famous +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">eric</span></span> of the sons of Turenn seem trifling by comparison. +<span class="tei tei-q">“Difficulties shalt thou meet with, and nights without +sleep, in seeking this [bride price], and if thou obtain it +not, neither shalt thou have my daughter.”</span> Kilhwch +has one answer for every demand: <span class="tei tei-q">“It will be easy for +me to accomplish this, although thou mayest think that +it will not be easy. And I shall gain thy daughter and +thou shalt lose thy life.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +So they depart on their way to fulfil the tasks, and +on their way home they fall in with Gwrnach the Giant, +whose sword Kai, pretending to be a sword-polisher, +obtains by a stratagem. On reaching Arthur's Court +again, and telling the King what they have to do, he +promises his aid. First of the marvels they accomplished +was the discovery and liberation of Mabon son +of Modron, <span class="tei tei-q">“who was taken from his mother when +three nights old, and it is not known where he is now, +nor whether he is living or dead.”</span> Gwrhyr inquires of +him from the Ousel of Cilgwri, who is so old that a +smith's anvil on which he was wont to peck has been +worn to the size of a nut, yet he has never heard of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page392">[pg 392]</span> +Mabon. But he takes them to a beast older still, the +Stag of Redynvre, and so on to the Owl of Cwm Cawlwyd, +and the Eagle of Gwern Abwy, and the Salmon of Llyn +Llyw, the oldest of living things, and at last they find +Mabon imprisoned in the stone dungeon of Gloucester, +and with Arthur's help they release him, and so the +second task is fulfilled. In one way or another, by +stratagem, or valour, or magic art, every achievement +is accomplished, including the last and most perilous +one, that of obtaining <span class="tei tei-q">“the blood of the black witch +Orddu, daughter of the white witch Orwen, of Penn +Nart Govid on the confines of Hell.”</span> The combat +here is very like that of Finn in the cave of Keshcorran, +but Arthur at last cleaves the hag in twain, and Kaw of +North Britain takes her blood. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +So then they set forth for the castle of Yspaddaden +again, and he acknowledges defeat. Goreu son of +Custennin cuts off his head, and that night Olwen +became the happy bride of Kilhwch, and the hosts of +Arthur dispersed, every man to his own land. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Dream of Rhonabwy</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Rhonabwy was a man-at-arms under Madawc son of +Maredudd, whose brother Iorwerth rose in rebellion +against him; and Rhonabwy went with the troops of +Madawc to put him down. Going with a few companions +into a mean hut to rest for the night, he lies +down to sleep on a yellow calf-skin by the fire, while +his friends lie on filthy couches of straw and twigs. On +the calf-skin he has a wonderful dream. He sees before +him the court and camp of Arthur—here the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">quasi</span></span>-historical +king, neither the legendary deity of the former +tale nor the Arthur of the French chivalrous romances—as +he moves towards Mount Badon for his great +battle with the heathen. A character named Iddawc is +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page393">[pg 393]</span> +his guide to the King, who smiles at Rhonabwy and +his friends, and asks: <span class="tei tei-q">“Where, Iddawc, didst thou find +these little men?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“I found them, lord, up yonder +on the road.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“It pitieth me,”</span> said Arthur, <span class="tei tei-q">“that +men of such stature as these should have the island in +their keeping, after the men that guarded it of yore.”</span> +Rhonabwy has his attention directed to a stone in the +King's ring. <span class="tei tei-q">“It is one of the properties of that stone +to enable thee to remember that which thou seest here +to-night, and hadst thou not seen the stone, thou +wouldst never have been able to remember aught +thereof.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The different heroes and companions that compose +Arthur's army are minutely described, with all the +brilliant colour and delicate detail so beloved by the +Celtic fabulist. The chief incident narrated is a game +of chess that takes place between Arthur and the knight +Owain son of Urien. While the game goes on, first +the knights of Arthur harry and disturb the Ravens of +Owain, but Arthur, when Owain complains, only says: +<span class="tei tei-q">“Play thy game.”</span> Afterwards the Ravens have the +better of it, and it is Owain's turn to bid Arthur attend +to his game. Then Arthur took the golden chessmen +and crushed them to dust in his hand, and besought +Owain to quiet his Ravens, which was done, and peace +reigned again. Rhonabwy, it is said, slept three days +and nights on the calf-skin before awaking from his +wondrous dream. An epilogue declares that no bard +is expected to know this tale by heart and without a +book, <span class="tei tei-q">“because of the various colours that were upon +the horses, and the many wondrous colours of the arms +and of the panoply, and of the precious scarfs, and of +the virtue-bearing stones.”</span> The <span class="tei tei-q">“Dream of Rhonabwy”</span> +is rather a gorgeous vision of the past than a +story in the ordinary sense of the word. +</p> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page394">[pg 394]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Lady of the Fountain</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We have here a Welsh reproduction of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Conte</span></span> +entitled <span class="tei tei-q">“Le Chevalier au lion”</span> of Chrestien de +Troyes. The principal personage in the tale is Owain +son of Urien, who appears in a character as foreign to +the spirit of Celtic legend as it was familiar on the +Continent, that of knight-errant. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Adventure of Kymon</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We are told in the introduction that Kymon, a +knight of Arthur's Court, had a strange and unfortunate +adventure. Riding forth in search of some +deed of chivalry to do, he came to a splendid castle, +where he was hospitably received by four-and-twenty +damsels, of whom <span class="tei tei-q">“the least lovely was more lovely +than Gwenhwyvar, the wife of Arthur, when she has +appeared loveliest at the Offering on the Day of the +Nativity, or at the feast of Easter.”</span> With them was +a noble lord, who, after Kymon had eaten, asked of +his business. Kymon explained that he was seeking +for his match in combat. The lord of the castle smiled, +and bade him proceed as follows: He should take the +road up the valley and through a forest till he came to +a glade with a mound in the midst of it. On the +mound he would see a black man of huge stature with +one foot and one eye, bearing a mighty iron club. +He was wood-ward of that forest, and would have +thousands of wild animals, stags, serpents, and what +not, feeding around him. He would show Kymon +what he was in quest of. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Kymon followed the instructions, and the black man +directed him to where he should find a fountain under +a great tree; by the side of it would be a silver bowl +on a slab of marble. Kymon was to take the bowl and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page395">[pg 395]</span> +throw a bowlful of water on the slab, when a terrific +storm of hail and thunder would follow—then there +would break forth an enchanting music of singing birds—then +would appear a knight in black armour riding +on a coal-black horse, with a black pennon upon his +lance. <span class="tei tei-q">“And if thou dost not find trouble in that +adventure, thou needst not seek it during the rest of +thy life.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Character of Welsh Romance</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Here let us pause for a moment to point out how +clearly we are in the region of mediæval romance, and +how far from that of Celtic mythology. Perhaps the +Celtic <span class="tei tei-q">“Land of Youth”</span> may have remotely suggested +those regions of beauty and mystery into which the +Arthurian knight rides in quest of adventure. But +the scenery, the motives, the incidents, are altogether +different. And how beautiful they are—how steeped +in the magic light of romance! The colours live and +glow, the forest murmurs in our ears, the breath of +that springtime of our modern world is about us, as +we follow the lonely rider down the grassy track into +an unknown world of peril and delight. While in +some respects the Continental tales are greater than the +Welsh, more thoughtful, more profound, they do not +approach them in the exquisite artistry with which the +exterior aspect of things is rendered, the atmosphere +of enchantment maintained, and the reader led, with +ever-quickening interest, from point to point in the +development of the tale. Nor are these Welsh tales +a whit behind in the noble and chivalrous spirit +which breathes through them. A finer school of +character and of manners could hardly be found in +literature. How strange that for many centuries this +treasure beyond all price should have lain unnoticed in +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page396">[pg 396]</span> +our midst! And how deep must be our gratitude +to the nameless bards whose thought created it, and to +the nobly inspired hand which first made it a possession +for all the English-speaking world! +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Defeat of Kymon</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But to resume our story. Kymon did as he was +bidden, the Black Knight appeared, silently they set +lance in rest and charged. Kymon was flung to earth, +while his enemy, not bestowing one glance upon him, +passed the shaft of his lance through the rein of Kymon's +horse and rode off with it in the direction whence he +had come. Kymon went back afoot to the castle, where +none asked him how he had sped, but they gave him a +new horse, <span class="tei tei-q">“a dark bay palfrey with nostrils as red as +scarlet,”</span> on which he rode home to Caerleon. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Owain and the Black Knight</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Owain was, of course, fired by the tale of Kymon, and +next morning at the dawn of day he rode forth to seek +for the same adventure. All passed as it had done in +Kymon's case, but Owain wounded the Black Knight so +sorely that he turned his horse and fled, Owain pursuing +him hotly. They came to a <span class="tei tei-q">“vast and resplendent +castle.”</span> Across the drawbridge they rode, the outer +portcullis of which fell as the Black Knight passed it. +But so close at his heels was Owain that the portcullis +fell behind him, cutting his horse in two behind the +saddle, and he himself remained imprisoned between +the outer gate of the drawbridge and the inner. While +he was in this predicament a maiden came to him and +gave him a ring. When he wore it with the stone +reversed and clenched in his hand he would become +invisible, and when the servants of the lord of the castle +came for him he was to elude them and follow her. +</p> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page397">[pg 397]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This she did knowing apparently who he was, <span class="tei tei-q">“for as +a friend thou art the most sincere, and as a lover the +most devoted.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Owain did as he was bidden, and the maiden concealed +him. In that night a great lamentation was heard in +the castle—its lord had died of the wound which Owain +had given him. Soon afterwards Owain got sight of the +mistress of the castle, and love of her took entire +possession of him. Luned, the maiden who had rescued +him, wooed her for him, and he became her husband, +and lord of the Castle of the Fountain and all the +dominions of the Black Knight. And he then defended +the fountain with lance and sword as his forerunner +had done, and made his defeated antagonists ransom +themselves for great sums, which he bestowed among +his barons and knights. Thus he abode for three +years. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Search for Owain</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +After this time Arthur, with his nephew Gwalchmai +and with Kymon for guide, rode forth at the head of a +host to search for tidings of Owain. They came to the +fountain, and here they met Owain, neither knowing the +other as their helms were down. And first Kai was +overthrown, and then Gwalchmai and Owain fought, +and after a while Gwalchmai was unhelmed. Owain +said, <span class="tei tei-q">“My lord Gwalchmai, I did not know thee; take +my sword and my arms.”</span> Said Gwalchmai, <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou, +Owain, art the victor; take thou my sword.”</span> Arthur +ended the contention in courtesy by taking the swords +of both, and then they all rode to the Castle of the +Fountain, where Owain entertained them with great joy. +And he went back with Arthur to Caerleon, promising +to his countess that he would remain there but three +months and then return. +</p> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page398">[pg 398]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Owain Forgets his Lady</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But at the Court of Arthur he forgot his love and his +duty, and remained there three years. At the end of that +time a noble lady came riding upon a horse caparisoned +with gold, and she sought out Owain and took the ring +from his hand. <span class="tei tei-q">“Thus,”</span> she said, <span class="tei tei-q">“shall be treated the +deceiver, the traitor, the faithless, the disgraced, and the +beardless.”</span> Then she turned her horse's head and +departed. And Owain, overwhelmed with shame and +remorse, fled from the sight of men and lived in a +desolate country with wild beasts till his body wasted +and his hair grew long and his clothing rotted away. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Owain and the Lion</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In this guise, when near to death from exposure and +want, he was taken in by a certain widowed countess +and her maidens, and restored to strength by magic +balsams; and although they besought him to remain +with them, he rode forth again, seeking for lonely and +desert lands. Here he found a lion in battle with a +great serpent. Owain slew the serpent, and the lion +followed him and played about him as if it had been a +greyhound that he had reared. And it fed him by +catching deer, part of which Owain cooked for himself, +giving the rest to his lion to devour; and the beast +kept watch over him by night. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Release of Luned</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Owain next finds an imprisoned damsel, whose sighs +he hears, though he cannot see her nor she him. Being +questioned, she told him that her name was Luned—she +was the handmaid of a countess whose husband had +left her, <span class="tei tei-q">“and he was the friend I loved best in the +world.”</span> Two of the pages of the countess had traduced +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page399">[pg 399]</span> +him, and because she defended him she was condemned +to be burned if before a year was out he (namely, Owain +son of Urien) had not appeared to deliver her. And +the year would end to-morrow. On the next day Owain +met the two youths leading Luned to execution and did +battle with them. With the help of the lion he overcame +them, rescued Luned, and returned to the Castle +of the Fountain, where he was reconciled with his love. +And he took her with him to Arthur's Court, and she +was his wife there as long as she lived. Lastly comes +an adventure in which, still aided by the lion, he vanquishes +a black giant and releases four-and-twenty noble +ladies, and the giant vows to give up his evil ways and +keep a hospice for wayfarers as long as he should live. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“And thenceforth Owain dwelt at Arthur's Court, +greatly beloved, as the head of his household, until he +went away with his followers; and these were the army +of three hundred ravens which Kenverchyn<a id="noteref_242" name="noteref_242" href="#note_242"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">242</span></span></a> had left +him. And wherever Owain went with these he was victorious. +And this is the tale of the Lady of the Fountain.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Tale of Enid and Geraint</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In this tale, which appears to be based on the +<span class="tei tei-q">“Erec”</span> of Chrestien de Troyes, the main interest is +neither mythological nor adventurous, but sentimental. +How Geraint found and wooed his love as the daughter +of a great lord fallen on evil days; how he jousted for +her with Edeyrn, son of Nudd—a Cymric deity transformed +into the <span class="tei tei-q">“Knight of the Sparrowhawk”</span>; how, +lapped in love of her, he grew careless of his fame +and his duty; how he misunderstood the words she +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page400">[pg 400]</span> +murmured over him as she deemed him sleeping, and +doubted her faith; how despitefully he treated her; +and in how many a bitter test she proved her love +and loyalty—all these things have been made so +familiar to English readers in Tennyson's <span class="tei tei-q">“Enid”</span> +that they need not detain us here. Tennyson, in +this instance, has followed his original very closely. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Legends of the Grail: The Tale of Peredur +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Tale of Peredur is one of great interest and +significance in connexion with the origin of the Grail +legend. Peredur corresponds to the Perceval of +Chrestien de Troyes, to whom we owe the earliest +extant poem on the Grail; but that writer left his +Grail story unfinished, and we never learn from him +what exactly the Grail was or what gave it its importance. +When we turn for light to <span class="tei tei-q">“Peredur,”</span> +which undoubtedly represents a more ancient form of +the legend, we find ourselves baffled. For <span class="tei tei-q">“Peredur”</span> +may be described as the Grail story without the Grail.<a id="noteref_243" name="noteref_243" href="#note_243"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">243</span></span></a> +The strange personages, objects, and incidents which +form the usual setting for the entry upon the scene of +this mystic treasure are all here; we <span class="tei tei-corr">breathe</span> the very +atmosphere of the Grail Castle; but of the Grail itself +there is no word. The story is concerned simply with +the vengeance taken by the hero for the slaying of a +kinsman, and for this end only are the mysteries of the +Castle of Wonders displayed to him. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We learn at the opening of the tale that Peredur was +in the significant position of being a seventh son. To +be a seventh son was, in this world of mystical romance, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page401">[pg 401]</span> +equivalent to being marked out by destiny for fortunes +high and strange. His father, Evrawc, an earl of the +North, and his six brothers had fallen in fight. +Peredur's mother, therefore, fearing a similar fate for +her youngest child, brought him up in a forest, keeping +from him all knowledge of chivalry or warfare and of +such things as war-horses or weapons. Here he grew +up a simple rustic in manner and in knowledge, but of +an amazing bodily strength and activity. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">He Goes Forth in Quest of Adventure</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +One day he saw three knights on the borders of the +forest. They were all of Arthur's Court—Gwalchmai, +Geneir, and Owain. Entranced by the sight, he +asked his mother what these beings were. <span class="tei tei-q">“They +are angels, my son,”</span> said she. <span class="tei tei-q">“By my faith,”</span> said +Peredur, <span class="tei tei-q">“I will go and become an angel with them.”</span> +He goes to meet them, and soon learns what they are. +Owain courteously explains to him the use of a saddle, +a shield, a sword, all the accoutrements of warfare; +and Peredur that evening picked out a bony piebald +draught-horse, and dressed him up in a saddle and +trappings made of twigs, and imitated from those he +had seen. Seeing that he was bent on going forth to +deeds of chivalry, his mother gave him her blessing +and sundry instructions, and bade him seek the Court +of Arthur; <span class="tei tei-q">“there there are the best, and the boldest, +and the most beautiful of men.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">His First Feat of Arms</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Peredur mounted his Rosinante, took for weapons +a handful of sharp-pointed stakes, and rode forth +to Arthur's Court. Here the steward, Kai, rudely +repulsed him for his rustic appearance, but a dwarf +and dwarfess, who had been a year at the Court +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page402">[pg 402]</span> +without speaking one word to any one there, cried: +<span class="tei tei-q">“Goodly Peredur, son of Evrawc; the welcome of +Heaven be unto thee, flower of knights and light of +chivalry.”</span> Kai chastised the dwarfs for breaking +silence by lauding such a fellow as Peredur, and +when the latter demanded to be brought to Arthur, +bade him first go and overcome a stranger knight who +had just challenged the whole Court by throwing a +goblet of wine into the face of Gwenhwyvar, and whom +all shrank from meeting. Peredur went out promptly +to where the ruffian knight was swaggering up and +down, awaiting an opponent, and in the combat that +ensued pierced his skull with one of his sharp stakes +and slew him. Owain then came out and found +Peredur dragging his fallen enemy about. <span class="tei tei-q">“What +art thou doing there?”</span> said Owain. <span class="tei tei-q">“This iron coat,”</span> +said Peredur, <span class="tei tei-q">“will never come off from him; not by +my efforts at any rate.”</span> So Owain showed him how to +unfasten the armour, and Peredur took it, and the +knight's weapons and horse, and rode forth to seek what +further adventures might befall. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Here we have the character of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">der reine Thor</span></span>, the valiant +and pure-hearted simpleton, clearly and vividly drawn. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Peredur on leaving Arthur's Court had many encounters +in which he triumphed with ease, sending the +beaten knights to Caerleon-on-Usk with the message +that he had overthrown them for the honour of Arthur +and in his service, but that he, Peredur, would never +come to the Court again till he had avenged the insult +to the dwarfs upon Kai, who was accordingly reproved +by Arthur and was greatly grieved thereat. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Castle of Wonders</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We now come into what the reader will immediately +recognise as the atmosphere of the Grail legend. Peredur +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page403">[pg 403]</span> +came to a castle beside a lake, where he found a venerable +man with attendants about him who were fishing in the +lake. As Peredur approached, the aged man rose and +went into the castle, and Peredur saw that he was lame. +Peredur entered, and was hospitably received in a great +hall. The aged man asked him, when they had done +their meal, if he knew how to fight with the sword, and +promised to teach him all knightly accomplishments, +and <span class="tei tei-q">“the manners and customs of different countries, +and courtesy and gentleness and noble bearing.”</span> And +he added: <span class="tei tei-q">“I am thy uncle, thy mother's brother.”</span> +Finally, he bade him ride forth, and remember, whatever +he saw that might cause him wonder, not to ask the +meaning of it if no one had the courtesy to inform him. +This is the test of obedience and self-restraint on which +the rest of the adventure turns. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +On next riding forth, Peredur came to a vast desert +wood, beyond which he found a great castle, the Castle +of Wonders. He entered it by the open door, and +found a stately, hoary-headed man sitting in a great hall +with many pages about him, who received Peredur +honourably. At meat Peredur sat beside the lord of +the castle, who asked him, when they had done, if he +could fight with a sword. <span class="tei tei-q">“Were I to receive instruction,”</span> +said Peredur, <span class="tei tei-q">“I think I could.”</span> The lord then +gave Peredur a sword, and bade him strike at a great +iron staple that was in the floor. Peredur did so, and +cut the staple in two, but the sword also flew into two +parts. <span class="tei tei-q">“Place the two parts together,”</span> said the lord. +Peredur did so, and they became one again, both sword +and staple. A second time this was done with the same +result. The third time neither sword nor staple would +reunite. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Thou hast arrived,”</span> said the lord, <span class="tei tei-q">“at two-thirds +of thy strength.”</span> He then declared that he also was +</p> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page404">[pg 404]</span> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Peredur's uncle, and brother to the fisher-lord with +whom Peredur had lodged on the previous night. As +they discoursed, two youths entered the hall bearing a +spear of mighty size, from the point of which three +streams of blood dropped upon the ground, and all the +company when they saw this began wailing and lamenting +with a great outcry, but the lord took no notice and +did not break off his discourse with Peredur. Next +there came in two maidens carrying between them a +large salver, on which, amid a profusion of blood, lay a +man's head. Thereupon the wailing and lamenting +began even more loudly than before. But at last they +fell silent, and Peredur was led off to his chamber. +Mindful of the injunction of the fisher-lord, he had +shown no surprise at what he saw, nor had he asked +the meaning of it. He then rode forth again in quest +of other adventures, which he had in bewildering abundance, +and which have no particular relation to the main +theme. The mystery of the castle is not revealed till +the last pages of the story. The head in the silver dish +was that of a cousin of Peredur's. The lance was the +weapon with which he was slain, and with which also +the uncle of Peredur, the fisher-lord, had been lamed. +Peredur had been shown these things to incite him to +avenge the wrong, and to prove his fitness for the task. +The <span class="tei tei-q">“nine sorceresses of Gloucester”</span> are said to have +been those who worked these evils on the relatives of +Peredur. On learning these matters Peredur, with the +help of Arthur, attacked the sorceresses, who were slain +every one, and the vengeance was accomplished. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Conte del Graal</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The tale of Chrestien de Troyes called the <span class="tei tei-q">“Conte +del Graal”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“Perceval le Gallois”</span> launched the story +in European literature. It was written about the year +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page405">[pg 405]</span> +1180. It agrees in the introductory portion with +<span class="tei tei-q">“Peredur,”</span> the hero being here called Perceval. He +is trained in knightly accomplishments by an aged +knight named Gonemans, who warns him against +talking overmuch and asking questions. When he +comes to the Castle of Wonders the objects brought +into the hall are a blood-dripping lance, a <span class="tei tei-q">“graal”</span> +accompanied by two double-branched candlesticks, the +light of which is put out by the shining of the graal, a +silver plate and sword, the last of which is given to +Perceval. The bleeding head of the Welsh story does +not appear, nor are we told what the graal was. Next +day when Perceval rode forth he met a maiden who +upbraided him fiercely for not having asked the meaning +of what he saw—had he done so the lame king (who is +here identical with the lord of the Castle of Wonders) +would have been made whole again. Perceval's sin in +quitting his mother against her wish was the reason why +he was withholden from asking the question which would +have broken the spell. This is a very crude piece of +invention, for it was manifestly Peredur's destiny to +take arms and achieve the adventure of the Grail, and +he committed no sin in doing so. Later on in the story +Perceval is met by a damsel of hideous appearance, +who curses him for his omission to ask concerning the +lance and the other wonders—had he done so the king +would have been restored and would have ruled his +land in peace, but now maidens will be put to shame, +knights will be slain, widows and orphans will be +made. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This conception of the question episode seems to me +radically different from that which was adopted in the +Welsh version. It is characteristic of Peredur that he +always does as he is told by proper authority. The +question was a test of obedience and self-restraint, and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page406">[pg 406]</span> +he succeeded in the ordeal. In fairy literature one is +often punished for curiosity, but never for discretion +and reserve. The Welsh tale here preserves, I think, +the original form of the story. But the French writers +mistook the omission to ask questions for a failure on +the part of the hero, and invented a shallow and incongruous +theory of the episode and its consequences. +Strange to say, however, the French view found its way +into later versions of the Welsh tale, and such a version +is that which we have in the <span class="tei tei-q">“Mabinogion.”</span> Peredur, +towards the end of the story, meets with a hideous +damsel, the terrors of whose aspect are vividly described, +and who rebukes him violently for not having asked the +meaning of the marvels at the castle: <span class="tei tei-q">“Hadst thou +done so the king would have been restored to health, +and his dominions to peace. Whereas from henceforth +he will have to endure battles and conflicts, and his +knights will perish, and wives will be widowed, and +maidens will be left portionless, and all this is because +of thee.”</span> I regard this loathly damsel as an obvious +interpolation in the Welsh tale. She came into it +straight out of the pages of Chrestien. That she did +not originally belong to the story of Peredur seems +evident from the fact that in this tale the lame lord who +bids Peredur refrain from asking questions is, according +to the damsel, the very person who would have benefited +by his doing so. As a matter of fact, Peredur never +does ask the question, and it plays no part in the conclusion +of the story. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Chrestien's unfinished tale tells us some further +adventures of Perceval and of his friend and fellow-knight, +Gauvain, but never explains the significance of +the mysterious objects seen at the castle. His continuators, +of whom Gautier was the first, tell us that +the Graal was the Cup of the Last Supper and the lance +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page407">[pg 407]</span> +that which had pierced the side of Christ at the Crucifixion; +and that Peredur ultimately makes his way back +to the castle, asks the necessary question, and succeeds his +uncle as lord of the castle and guardian of its treasures. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Wolfram von Eschenbach</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the story as given by Wolfram von Eschenbach, +who wrote about the year 1200—some twenty years +later than Chrestien de Troyes, with whose work he +was acquainted—we meet with a new and unique conception +of the Grail. He says of the knights of the +Grail Castle: +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Si lebent von einem steine</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Des geslähte ist vîl reine . . .</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Es heizet <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">lapsit [lapis] exillîs</span></span>,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">Der stein ist ouch genannt der Grâl.”</span><a id="noteref_244" name="noteref_244" href="#note_244"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">244</span></span></a></div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It was originally brought down from heaven by a +flight of angels and deposited in Anjou, as the worthiest +region for its reception. Its power is sustained by a +dove which every Good Friday comes from heaven and +lays on the Grail a consecrated Host. It is preserved +in the Castle of Munsalväsche [Montsalvat] and guarded +by four hundred knights, who are all, except their king, +vowed to virginity. The king may marry, and is +indeed, in order to maintain the succession, commanded +to do so by the Grail, which conveys its messages to +mankind by writing which appears upon it and which +fades away when deciphered. In the time of Parzival +the king is Anfortas. He cannot die in presence of +the Grail, but he suffers from a wound which, because +he received it in the cause of worldly pride and in +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page408">[pg 408]</span> +seeking after illicit love, the influence of the Grail +cannot heal until the destined deliverer shall break the +spell. This Parzival should have done by asking the +question, <span class="tei tei-q">“What aileth thee, uncle?”</span> The French +version makes Perceval fail in curiosity—Wolfram conceives +the failure as one in sympathy. He fails, at any +rate, and next morning finds the castle empty and his +horse standing ready for him at the gate; as he departs +he is mocked by servitors who appear at the windows +of the towers. After many adventures, which are quite +unlike those either in Chrestien's <span class="tei tei-q">“Conte del Graal”</span> +or in <span class="tei tei-q">“Peredur,”</span> Parzival, who has wedded the maiden +Condwiramur, finds his way back to the Grail Castle—which +no one can reach except those destined and +chosen to do so by the Grail itself—breaks the spell, +and rules over the Grail dominions, his son Loherangrain +becoming the Knight of the Swan, who goes abroad +righting wrongs, and who, like all the Grail knights, is +forbidden to reveal his name and origin to the outside +world. Wolfram tells us that he had the substance of +the tale from the Provençal poet Kyot or Guiot—<span class="tei tei-q">“Kyot, +der meister wol bekannt”</span>—who in his turn—but +this probably is a mere piece of romantic invention—professed +to have found it in an Arabic book in +Toledo, written by a heathen named Flegetanis. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Continuators of Chrestien</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +What exactly may have been the material before +Chrestien de Troyes we cannot tell, but his various +co-workers and continuators, notably Manessier, all +dwell on the Christian character of the objects shown to +Perceval in the castle, and the question arises, How did +they come to acquire this character? The Welsh story, +certainly the most archaic form of the legend, shows +that they did not have it from the beginning. An +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page409">[pg 409]</span> +indication in one of the French continuations to +Chrestien's <span class="tei tei-q">“Conte”</span> may serve to put us on the +track. Gautier, the author of this continuation, tells +us of an attempt on the part of Gauvain [Sir Gawain] +to achieve the adventure of the Grail. He partially +succeeds, and this half-success has the effect of restoring +the lands about the castle, which were desert and +untilled, to blooming fertility. The Grail therefore, +besides its other characters, had a talismanic power in +promoting increase, wealth, and rejuvenation. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Grail a Talisman of Abundance</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The character of a cornucopia, a symbol and agent +of abundance and vitality, clings closely to the Grail in +all versions of the legend. Even in the loftiest and +most spiritual of these, the <span class="tei tei-q">“Parzival”</span> of Wolfram +von Eschenbach, this quality is very strongly marked. +A sick or wounded man who looked on it could not +die within the week, nor could its servitors grow old: +<span class="tei tei-q">“though one looked on it for two hundred years, his +hair would never turn grey.”</span> The Grail knights lived +from it, apparently by its turning into all manner of +food and drink the bread which was presented to it by +pages. Each man had of it food according to his +pleasure, <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">à son gré</span></span>—from this word <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">gré, gréable</span></span>, the +name Gral, which originated in the French versions, +was supposed to be derived.<a id="noteref_245" name="noteref_245" href="#note_245"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">245</span></span></a> It was the satisfaction +of all desires. In Wolfram's poem the Grail, though +connected with the Eucharist, was, as we have seen, a +stone, not a cup. It thus appears as a relic of ancient +stone-worship. It is remarkable that a similar Stone +of Abundance occurs also in the Welsh <span class="tei tei-q">“Peredur,”</span> +though not as one of the mysteries of the castle. It +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page410">[pg 410]</span> +was guarded by a black serpent, which Peredur slew, +and he gave the stone to his friend Etlyn. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Celtic Cauldron of Abundance</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Now the reader has by this time become well +acquainted with an object having the character of a +talisman of abundance and rejuvenation in Celtic myth. +As the Cauldron of the Dagda it came into Ireland +with the Danaans from their mysterious fairy-land. In +Welsh legend Bran the Blessed got it from Ireland, +whither it returned again as part of Branwen's dowry. +In a strange and mystic poem by Taliesin it is represented +as part of the spoils of Hades, or Annwn, +brought thence by Arthur, in a tragic adventure not +otherwise recorded. It is described by Taliesin as +lodged in Caer Pedryvan, the Four-square Castle of +Pwyll; the fire that heated it was fanned by the breath +of nine maidens, its edge was rimmed with pearls, +and it would not cook the food of a coward or man +forsworn:<a id="noteref_246" name="noteref_246" href="#note_246"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">246</span></span></a> +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Am I not a candidate for fame, to be heard in song</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">In Caer Pedryvan, four times revolving?</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">The first word from the cauldron, when was it spoken?</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">By the breath of nine maidens it was gently warmed.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Is it not the cauldron of the chief of Annwn? What is its fashion?</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">A rim of pearls is round its edge.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">It will not cook the food of a coward or one forsworn.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">A sword flashing bright will be raised to him,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">And left in the hand of Lleminawg.</div> +</div> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page411">[pg 411]</span> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">And before the door of the gate of Uffern<a id="noteref_247" name="noteref_247" href="#note_247"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">247</span></span></a> the lamp was burning.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">When we went with Arthur—a splendid labour—</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Except seven, none returned from Caer Vedwyd.<a id="noteref_248" name="noteref_248" href="#note_248"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">248</span></span></a></div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +More remotely still the cauldron represents the Sun, +which appears in the earliest Aryo-Indian myths as a +golden vessel which pours forth light and heat and +fertility. The lance is the lightning-weapon of the +Thunder God, Indra, appearing in Norse mythology +as the hammer of Thor. The quest for these objects +represents the ideas of the restoration by some divine +champion of the wholesome order of the seasons, disturbed +by some temporary derangement such as those +which to this day bring famine and desolation to India. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Now in the Welsh <span class="tei tei-q">“Peredur”</span> we have clearly an +outline of the original Celtic tale, but the Grail does +not appear in it. We may conjecture, however, from +Gautier's continuation of Chrestien's poem that a talisman +of abundance figured in early Continental, probably +Breton, versions of the legend. In one version at +least—that on which Wolfram based his <span class="tei tei-q">“Parzival”</span>—this +talisman was a stone. But usually it would have +been, not a stone, but a cauldron or vessel of some +kind endowed with the usual attributes of the magic +cauldron of Celtic myth. This vessel was associated +with a blood-dripping lance. Here were the suggestive +elements from which some unknown singer, in a flash +of inspiration, transformed the ancient tale of vengeance +and redemption into the mystical romance which at +once took possession of the heart and soul of Christendom. +The magic cauldron became the cup of the +Eucharist, the lance was invested with a more tremendous +guilt than that of the death of Peredur's +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page412">[pg 412]</span> +kinsman.<a id="noteref_249" name="noteref_249" href="#note_249"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">249</span></span></a> Celtic poetry, German mysticism, Christian +chivalry, and ideas of magic which still cling to the +rude stone monuments of Western Europe—all these +combined to make the story of the Grail, and to endow +it with the strange attraction which has led to its +re-creation by artist after artist for seven hundred years. +And who, even now, can say that its course is run at +last, and the towers of Montsalvat dissolved into the +mist from which they sprang? +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Tale of Taliesin</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Alone of the tales in the collection called by Lady +Charlotte Guest the <span class="tei tei-q">“Mabinogion,”</span> the story of the +birth and adventures of the mythical bard Taliesin, the +Amergin of Cymric legend, is not found in the fourteenth-century +manuscript entitled <span class="tei tei-q">“The Red Book of +Hergest.”</span> It is taken from a manuscript of the late +sixteenth or seventeenth century, and never appears to +have enjoyed much popularity in Wales. Much of the +very obscure poetry attributed to Taliesin is to be found +in it, and this is much older than the prose. The object +of the tale, indeed, as Mr. Nutt has pointed out in his +edition of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Mabinogion,”</span> is rather to provide a sort +of framework for stringing together scattered pieces of +verse supposed to be the work of Taliesin than to tell +a connected story about him and his doings. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The story of the birth of the hero is the most interesting +thing in the tale. There lived, it was said, <span class="tei tei-q">“in +the time of Arthur of the Round Table,”</span><a id="noteref_250" name="noteref_250" href="#note_250"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">250</span></span></a> a man named +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page413">[pg 413]</span> +Tegid Voel of Penllyn, whose wife was named Ceridwen. +They have a son named Avagddu, who was the most +ill-favoured man in the world. To compensate for his +lack of beauty, his mother resolved to make him a sage. +So, according to the art of the books of Feryllt,<a id="noteref_251" name="noteref_251" href="#note_251"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">251</span></span></a> she +had recourse to the great Celtic source of magical +influence—a cauldron. She began to boil a <span class="tei tei-q">“cauldron +of inspiration and science for her son, that his reception +might be honourable because of his knowledge of the +mysteries of the future state of the world.”</span> The +cauldron might not cease to boil for a year and a day, +and only in three drops of it were to be found the +magical grace of the brew. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +She put Gwion Bach the son of Gwreang of Llanfair +to stir the cauldron, and a blind man named Morda to +keep the fire going, and she made incantations over it +and put in magical herbs from time to time as Feryllt's +book directed. But one day towards the end of the +year three drops of the magic liquor flew out of the +cauldron and lighted on the finger of Gwion. Like +Finn mac Cumhal on a similar occasion, he put his +finger in his mouth, and immediately became gifted +with supernatural insight. He saw that he had got +what was intended for Avagddu, and he saw also that +Ceridwen would destroy him for it if she could. So he +fled to his own land, and the cauldron, deprived of the +sacred drops, now contained nothing but poison, the +power of which burst the vessel, and the liquor ran into +a stream hard by and poisoned the horses of Gwyddno +Garanhir which drank of the water. Whence the stream +is called the Poison of the Horses of Gwyddno from +that time forth. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Ceridwen now came on the scene and saw that her +year's labour was lost. In her rage she smote Morda +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page414">[pg 414]</span> +with a billet of firewood and struck out his eye, and +she then pursued after Gwion Bach. He saw her and +changed himself into a hare. She became a greyhound. +He leaped into a river and became a fish, and she +chased him as an otter. He became a bird and she a +hawk. Then he turned himself into a grain of wheat +and dropped among the other grains on a threshing-floor, +and she became a black hen and swallowed him. +Nine months afterwards she bore him as an infant; and +she would have killed him, but could not on account of +his beauty, <span class="tei tei-q">“so she wrapped him in a leathern bag, and +cast him into the sea to the mercy of God.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Luck of Elphin</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Now Gwyddno, of the poisoned horses, had a salmon +weir on the strand between Dyvi and Aberystwyth. +And his son Elphin, a needy and luckless lad, one day +fished out the leathern bag as it stuck on the weir. +They opened it, and found the infant within. <span class="tei tei-q">“Behold +a radiant brow!”</span><a id="noteref_252" name="noteref_252" href="#note_252"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">252</span></span></a> said Gwyddno. <span class="tei tei-q">“Taliesin be he +called,”</span> said Elphin. And they brought the child +home very carefully and reared it as their own. And +this was Taliesin, prime bard of the Cymry; and the +first of the poems he made was a lay of praise to Elphin +and promise of good fortune for the future. And +this was fulfilled, for Elphin grew in riches and honour +day after day, and in love and favour with King +Arthur. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +But one day as men praised King Arthur and all his +belongings above measure, Elphin boasted that he had +a wife as virtuous as any at Arthur's Court and a bard +more skilful than any of the King's; and they flung +him into prison until they should see if he could make +good his boast. And as he lay there with a silver chain +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page415">[pg 415]</span> +about his feet, a graceless fellow named Rhun was sent +to court the wife of Elphin and to bring back proofs +of her folly; and it was said that neither maid nor +matron with whom Rhun conversed but was evil-spoken +of. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Taliesin then bade his mistress conceal herself, and +she gave her raiment and jewels to one of the kitchenmaids, +who received Rhun as if she were mistress of +the household. And after supper Rhun plied the maid +with drink, and she became intoxicated and fell in a +deep sleep; whereupon Rhun cut off one of her +fingers, on which was the signet-ring of Elphin that +he had sent his wife a little while before. Rhun +brought the finger and the ring on it to Arthur's +Court. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Next day Elphin was fetched out of prison and +shown the finger and the ring. Whereupon he said: +<span class="tei tei-q">“With thy leave, mighty king, I cannot deny the ring, +but the finger it is on was never my wife's. For this +is the little finger, and the ring fits tightly on it, but +my wife could barely keep it on her thumb. And my +wife, moreover, is wont to pare her nails every Saturday +night, but this nail hath not been pared for a month. +And thirdly, the hand to which this finger belonged +was kneading rye-dough within three days past, but +my wife has never kneaded rye-dough since my wife +she has been.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Then the King was angry because his test had failed, +and he ordered Elphin back to prison till he could prove +what he had affirmed about his bard. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Taliesin, Prime Bard of Britain</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Then Taliesin went to court, and one high day when +the King's bards and minstrels should sing and play +before him, Taliesin, as they passed him sitting quietly +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page416">[pg 416]</span> +in a corner, pouted his lips and played <span class="tei tei-q">“Blerwm, +blerwm”</span> with his finger on his mouth. And when the +bards came to perform before the King, lo ! a spell was +on them, and they could do nothing but bow before +him and play <span class="tei tei-q">“Blerwm, blerwm”</span> with their fingers on +their lips. And the chief of them, Heinin, said: +<span class="tei tei-q">“O king, we be not drunken with wine, but are +dumb through the influence of the spirit that sits in +yon corner under the form of a child.”</span> Then Taliesin +was brought forth, and they asked him who he was and +whence he came. And he sang as follows: +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Primary chief bard am I to Elphin,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">And my original country is the region of the summer stars;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">Idno and Heinin called me Merddin,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">At length every being will call me Taliesin.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“I was with my Lord in the highest sphere,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">On the fall of Lucifer into the depth of hell;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">I have borne a banner before Alexander;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">I know the names of the stars from north to south</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“I was in Canaan when Absalom was slain,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">I was in the court of Dōn before the birth of Gwydion.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">I was at the place of the crucifixion of the merciful Son of God;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">I have been three periods in the prison of Arianrod.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“I have been in Asia with Noah in the ark,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">I have seen the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">I have been in India when Roma was built.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">I am now come here to the remnant of Troia.<a id="noteref_253" name="noteref_253" href="#note_253"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">253</span></span></a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“I have been with my Lord in the ass's manger,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">I strengthened Moses through the waters of Jordan;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">I have been in the firmament with Mary Magdalene;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">I have obtained the Muse from the cauldron of Ceridwen.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“I shall be until the day of doom on the face of the earth;</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">And it is not known whether my body is flesh or fish.</div> +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page417">[pg 417]</span> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Then was I for nine months</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">In the womb of the witch Ceridwen;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em">I was originally little Gwion,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">And at length I am Taliesin.”</span><a id="noteref_254" name="noteref_254" href="#note_254"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">254</span></span></a> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +While Taliesin sang a great storm of wind arose, and +the castle shook with the force of it. Then the King +bade Elphin be brought in before him, and when he +came, at the music of Taliesin's voice and harp the +chains fell open of themselves and he was free. And +many other poems concerning secret things of the past +and future did Taliesin sing before the King and his +lords, and he foretold the coming of the Saxon into +the land, and his oppression of the Cymry, and foretold +also his passing away when the day of his destiny +should come. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">Conclusion</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Here we end this long survey of the legendary literature +of the Celt. The material is very abundant, +and it is, of course, not practicable in a volume of this +size to do more than trace the main current of the +development of the legendary literature down to the +time when the mythical and legendary element entirely +faded out and free literary invention took its place. +The reader of these pages will, however, it is hoped, +have gained a general conception of the subject which +will enable him to understand the significance of such +tales as we have not been able to touch on here, and to +fit them into their proper places in one or other of the +great cycles of Celtic legend. It will be noticed that +we have not entered upon the vast region of Celtic +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page418">[pg 418]</span> +folk-lore. Folk-lore has not been regarded as falling +within the scope of the present work. Folk-lore may +sometimes represent degraded mythology, and sometimes +mythology in the making. In either case, it is +its special characteristic that it belongs to and issues +from a class whose daily life lies close to the earth, +toilers in the field and in the forest, who render with +simple directness, in tales or charms, their impressions +of natural or supernatural forces with which their own +lives are environed. Mythology, in the proper sense +of the word, appears only where the intellect and the +imagination have reached a point of development above +that which is ordinarily possible to the peasant mind—when +men have begun to co-ordinate their scattered +impressions and have felt the impulse to shape them +into poetic creations embodying universal ideas. It is +not, of course, pretended that a hard-and-fast line can +always be drawn between mythology and folk-lore; +still, the distinction seems to me a valid one, and I have +tried to observe it in these pages. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +After the two historical chapters with which our +study has begun, the object of the book has been literary +rather than scientific. I have, however, endeavoured +to give, as the opportunity arose, such results of recent +critical work on the relics of Celtic myth and legend as +may at least serve to indicate to the reader the nature +of the critical problems connected therewith. I hope +that this may have added somewhat to the value of the +work for students, while not impairing its interest for +the general reader. Furthermore, I may claim that +the book is in this sense scientific, that as far as possible +it avoids any adaptation of its material for the popular +taste. Such adaptation, when done for an avowed +artistic purpose, is of course entirely legitimate; if it +were not, we should have to condemn half the great +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page419">[pg 419]</span> +poetry of the world. But here the object has been to +present the myths and legends of the Celt as they +actually are. Crudities have not been refined away, +things painful or monstrous have not been suppressed, +except in some few instances, where it has been necessary +to bear in mind that this volume appeals to a +wider audience than that of scientific students alone. +The reader may, I think, rely upon it that he has here +a substantially fair and not over-idealised account of +the Celtic outlook upon life and the world at a time +when the Celt still had a free, independent, natural life, +working out his conceptions in the Celtic tongue, and +taking no more from foreign sources than he could +assimilate and make his own. The legendary literature +thus presented is the oldest non-classical literature of +Europe. This alone is sufficient, I think, to give it a +strong claim on our attention. As to what other claims +it may have, many pages might be filled with quotations +from the discerning praises given to it by critics not of +Celtic nationality, from Matthew Arnold downwards. +But here let it speak for itself. It will tell us, I believe, +that, as Maeldūn said of one of the marvels he met +with in his voyage into Fairyland: <span class="tei tei-q">“What we see here +was a work of mighty men.”</span> +</p> +</div> + + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page421">[pg 421]</span> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%"> +GLOSSARY AND INDEX +</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +THE PRONUNCIATION OF CELTIC NAMES +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +To render these names accurately without the living voice is impossible. +But with the phonetic renderings given, where required, in the +following index, and with attention to the following general rules, +the reader will get as near to the correct pronunciation as it is at all +necessary for him to do. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I. GAELIC +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Vowels are pronounced as in French or German; thus <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i</span></span> (long) is +like <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ee, e</span></span> (long) like <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">a</span></span> in <span class="tei tei-q">“date,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">u</span></span> (long) like <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">oo</span></span>. A stroke over a +letter signifies length; thus dūn is pronounced <span class="tei tei-q">“doon”</span> (not <span class="tei tei-q">“dewn”</span>). +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ch</span></span> is a guttural, as in the word <span class="tei tei-q">“loch.”</span> It is never pronounced with +a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">t</span></span> sound, as in English <span class="tei tei-q">“chip.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c</span></span> is always like <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">k</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">gh</span></span> is silent, as in English. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +II. CYMRIC +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">w</span></span>, when a consonant, is pronounced as in English; when a vowel, +like <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">oc</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">y</span></span>, when long, is like <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ee</span></span>; when short, like <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">u</span></span> in <span class="tei tei-q">“but.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ch</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c</span></span> as in Gaelic. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">dd</span></span> is like <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">th</span></span> in <span class="tei tei-q">“breathe”</span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">f</span></span> is like <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">v; ff</span></span>like English <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">f</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The sound of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ll</span></span> is perhaps better not attempted by the English +reader. It is a thickened <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">l</span></span>, something between <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">cl</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">th</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Vowels as in Gaelic, but note that there are strictly no diphthongs +in Welsh, in combinations of vowels each is given its own sound. +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">A</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Abred.</span></span> The innermost of three concentric circles representing the totality of being in the Cymric cosmogony—the stage of struggle and evolution, <a href="#page333" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">333</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Abundance.</span></span> See <a href="#idx_stone_of_abundance" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Stone of Abundance</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Æda</span></span> (ay´da). 1. Dwarf of King Fergus mac Leda, <a href="#page247" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">247</a>.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">2. Royal suitor for Vivionn's hand;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Vivionn slain by, <a href="#page287" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">287</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Æd´uans</span></span>. Familiar with plating of copper and tin, <a href="#page44" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">44</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ægira.</span></span> Custom of the priestess of Earth at, in Achæa, ere prophesying, <a href="#page167" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">167</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Æsun.</span></span> Umbrian deity, <a href="#page86" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Æsus.</span></span> Deity mentioned by Lucan, <a href="#page86" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Aed the Fair (Aed Finn)</span></span> (aid). Chief sage of Ireland;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">author of <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Voyage of Maeldūn,”</span> <a href="#page331" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">331</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Aei</span></span> (ay´ee), <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Plain of</span></span>, where Brown Bull of Quelgny meets and slays Bull of Ailell, <a href="#page225" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">African Origin.</span></span> Primitive population of Great Britain and Ireland, evidence of language suggests, <a href="#page78" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Age, Iron.</span></span> The ship a well-recognised form of sepulchral enclosure in cemeteries of the, <a href="#page76" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">76</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ag´noman</span></span>. Nemed's father, <a href="#page98" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">98</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Aideen.</span></span> Wife of Oscar, <a href="#page261" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">dies of grief after Oscar's death, <a href="#page261" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">buried on Ben Edar (Howth), <a href="#page261" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a>, <a href="#page262" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">262</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Aifa</span></span> (eefa). Princess of Land of Shadows;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">war made upon, by Skatha, <a href="#page189" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">189</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cuchulain overcomes by a trick, <a href="#page190" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">190</a>;</div> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page422">[pg 422]</span> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">life spared conditionally by Cuchulain, <a href="#page190" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">190</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">bears a son named Connla, <a href="#page190" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">190</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ailbach</span></span> (el-yach) </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Fortress in Co. Donegal, where Ith hears MacCuill and his brothers are arranging the division of the land, <a href="#page132" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ailill</span></span> (el'yill), or <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ailell.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">1. Son of Laery, treacherously slain by his uncle Covac, <a href="#page152" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">152</a>.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">2. Brother of Eochy; his desperate love for Etain, <a href="#page158" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">158</a>-<a href="#page160" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">160</a>.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">3. King of Connacht, <a href="#page122" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">122</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">Angus Ōg seeks aid of, <a href="#page122" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">122</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">Fergus seeks aid of, <a href="#page202" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">assists in foray against province of Ulster, <a href="#page203" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">203</a>-<a href="#page251" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">251</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">White horned Bull of, slain by Brown Bull of Quelgny, <a href="#page225" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">makes seven years' peace with Ulster, <a href="#page225" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">hound of mac Datho pursues chariot of, <a href="#page244" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">244</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">slain by Conall, <a href="#page245" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">245</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ailill Edge-of-Battle.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Of the sept of the Owens of Aran; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">father of Maeldūn, slain by reavers from Leix, <a href="#page310" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">310</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ailill Olum</span></span> (el-yill olum) </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">King of Munster;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">ravishes Ainé and is slain by her, <a href="#page127" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">127</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ainé.</span></span> </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">A love-goddess, daughter of the Danaan Owel;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ailill Olum and Fitzgerald her lovers, <a href="#page127" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">127</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mother of Earl Gerald, <a href="#page128" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">128</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">still worshipped on Midsummer Eve, <a href="#page128" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">128</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">appears on a St. John's Night, among girls on the Hill, <a href="#page128" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">128</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ainlé.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Brother of Naisi, <a href="#page198" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">198</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Alexander the Great.</span></span> </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Counter-move of Hellas against the East under, <a href="#page22" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">22</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">compact with Celts referred to by Ptolemy Soter, <a href="#page23" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">23</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Allen, Mr. Romilly.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">On Celtic art, <a href="#page29" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">29</a>, <a href="#page30" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">30</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Allen, Hill of.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">In Kildare;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Finn's chief fortress, <a href="#page266" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">266</a>, <a href="#page273" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">273</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ama´sis I</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Human sacrifices abolished by, <a href="#page86" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Amatha´on.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Son of Dōn;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">and the ploughing task, <a href="#page390" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">390</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Amer´gin.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Milesian poet, son of Miled, husband of Skena, <a href="#page133" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">133</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his strange lay, sung when his foot first touched Irish soil, <a href="#page134" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">134</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his judgment, delivered as between the Danaans and Milesians, <a href="#page135" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">135</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">chants incantations to land of Erin, <a href="#page136" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">136</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the Druid, gives judgment as to claims to sovranty of Eremon and Eber, <a href="#page148" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">148</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ollav Fōla compared with, <a href="#page150" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">150</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ammia´nus Marcellin´us.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Gauls described by, <a href="#page42" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">42</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Amor´gin.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Father of Conall of the Victories, <a href="#page177" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">177</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Amyn´tas II.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">King of Macedon, defeated and exiled, <a href="#page23" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">23</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Anglo-Saxon.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Wace's French translation of <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Historia Regum Britaniæ”</span> translated by Layamon into, <a href="#page338" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">338</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Angus.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">A Danaan deity, <a href="#page143" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">143</a>.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">See <a href="#idx_angus_og" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Angus Ōg</a></div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_angus_og" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Angus Ōg (Angus the Young).</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Son of the Dagda, Irish god of love, <a href="#page121" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">121</a>, <a href="#page123" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">wooes and wins Caer, <a href="#page121" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">121</a>-<a href="#page123" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Dermot of the Love spot bred up with, <a href="#page123" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Dermot of the Love spot revived by, <a href="#page123" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">father of Maga, <a href="#page181" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Dermot and Grama rescued by magical devices of, <a href="#page299" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">299</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Dermot's body borne away by, <a href="#page303" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">303</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ankh, The.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Found on Megalithic carvings, <a href="#page77" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a>, <a href="#page78" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the symbol of vitality or resurrection, <a href="#page78" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">An´luan.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Son of Maga;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">rallies to Maev's foray against Ulster, <a href="#page204" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">204</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Conall produces the head of, to Ket, <a href="#page244" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">244</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Annwn</span></span> (annoon).</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Corresponds with Abyss, or Chaos;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the principle of destruction in Cymric cosmogony, <a href="#page333" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">333</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Answerer, The.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Mananan's magical sword, <a href="#page125" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">125</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Aoife</span></span> (eefa).</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Lir's second wife;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">her jealousy of her step children, <a href="#page139" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">139</a>, <a href="#page140" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">140</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">her punishment by Bōv the Red, <a href="#page140" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">140</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Aonbarr</span></span> (ain-barr).</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Mananan's magical steed, <a href="#page125" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">125</a></div> +</div> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page423">[pg 423]</span> + +<div id="idx_apollo" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Apollo.</span></span> Celtic equivalent, Lugh.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Magical services in honour of, described by Hecataeus, <a href="#page58" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">58</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">regarded by Gauls as deity of medicine, <a href="#page87" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>, <a href="#page88" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Aquitan´i</span></span>. One of three peoples inhabiting Gaul when Caesar's conquest began, <a href="#page58" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">58</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Arabia.</span></span> Dolmens found in, <a href="#page53" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Arawn.</span></span> A king in Annwn;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">appeals to Pwyll for help against Havgan, <a href="#page357" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">357</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">exchanges kingdoms for a year with Pwyll, <a href="#page357" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">357</a>-<a href="#page359" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">359</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ard Macha</span></span> (Armagh). Emain Macha now represented by grassy ramparts of a hill-fortress close to, <a href="#page150" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">150</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">significance, <a href="#page251" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">251</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ard Righ</span></span> (ard ree) (<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, High King). Dermot MacKerval, of Ireland, <a href="#page47" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">47</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ardan.</span></span> Brother of Naisi, <a href="#page198" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">198</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ardcullin.</span></span> Cuchulain places <span class="tei tei-corr" style="text-align: left">white</span> round pillar-stone of, <a href="#page207" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">207</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ardee.</span></span> Significance, <a href="#page251" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">251</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ari´anrod</span></span>. Sister of Gwydion;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">proposed as virgin foot-holder to Māth; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Dylan and Llew sons of. <a href="#page380" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">380</a>, <a href="#page381" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">381</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Aristotle.</span></span> Celts and, <a href="#page17" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Armagh.</span></span> Invisible dwelling of Lir on Slieve Fuad in County, <a href="#page125" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">125</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Arnold, Matthew.</span></span> Reference to, in connexion with Celtic legendary literature, <a href="#page419" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">419</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Arr´ian</span></span>. Celtic characteristics, evidence of, regarding, <a href="#page36" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">36</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Artaius.</span></span> A god in Celtic mythology who occupies the place of Gwydion, <a href="#page349" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">349</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Arthur.</span></span> Chosen leader against Saxons, whom he finally defeated in battle of Mount Badon, <a href="#page337" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">337</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Geoffrey of Monmouth's <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Historia Regum Britaniae”</span> commemorates exploits of, <a href="#page337" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">337</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">son of Uther Pendragon and Igerna, <a href="#page337" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">337</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Modred, his nephew, usurps crown of, <a href="#page337" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">337</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Guanhumara, wife of, retires to convent, <a href="#page337" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">337</a>, <a href="#page338" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">338</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">genealogy set forth, <a href="#page352" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">352</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">tales of, in Welsh literature, <a href="#page386" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">386</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Kilhwch at court of, <a href="#page387" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">387</a>, <a href="#page388" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">388</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Dream of Rhonabwy”</span> and, <a href="#page392" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">392</a>, <a href="#page393" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">393</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Owain, son of Urien, plays chess with, <a href="#page393" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">393</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">adventure of Kymon, knight of court of, <a href="#page394" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">394</a>-<a href="#page396" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">396</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Gwenhwyvar, wife of, <a href="#page394" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">394</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Owain at court of, <a href="#page396" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">396</a>, <a href="#page397" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">397</a>, <a href="#page399" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">399</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Peredur at court of, <a href="#page401" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">401</a>, <a href="#page402" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">402</a> </div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Arthurian Saga.</span></span> Mention of early British legend suggests, <a href="#page336" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">336</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the saga in Brittany and Marie de France, <a href="#page339" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">339</a>, <a href="#page340" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">340</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Miss Jessie L. Weston's article on, in the <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Encyc. Britann.,”</span> <a href="#page341" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">341</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Chrestien de Troyes influential in bringing into the poetic literature of Europe the, <a href="#page340" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">340</a>, <a href="#page341" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">341</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">various sources of, discussed, <a href="#page342" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">342</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the saga in Wales, <a href="#page343" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">343</a>, <a href="#page344" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">344</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">never entered Ireland, <a href="#page343" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">343</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">why so little is heard of, in accounts of Cymric myths, <a href="#page344" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">344</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Asa.</span></span> Scandinavian deity, <a href="#page86" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Asal.</span></span> Of the Golden Pillars King, <a href="#page115" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">115</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Asura-Masda.</span></span> Persian deity, <a href="#page86" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Athnurchar</span></span> (ath-nur´char), or <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ardnurchar</span></span> (The Ford of the Sling-cast). The River-ford where Ket slings Conall's <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“brain ball”</span> at Conor mac Nessa, <a href="#page240" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">240</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">significance, <a href="#page251" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">251</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Atlantic, The.</span></span> Aoife's cruelty to her step-children on waters of, <a href="#page140" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">140</a>, <a href="#page141" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">141</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Austria.</span></span> Discovery of pre-Roman necropolis in, <a href="#page28" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">relics found in, developed into the La Tène culture, <a href="#page29" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">29</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Avagddu</span></span> (avagdhoo). Son of Tegid Voel, <a href="#page413" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">413</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">deprived of gift of supernatural insight, <a href="#page413" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">413</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A´valon</span></span>. Land of the Dead;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">bears relation with Norse <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Valhall</span></span>, <a href="#page338" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">338</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">its later identification with Glastonbury, <a href="#page338" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">338</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Avon Dia.</span></span> Duel between Cuchulain and Ferdia causes waters of, to hold back, <a href="#page121" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">121</a></div> +</div> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page424">[pg 424]</span> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">B</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Babylonia.</span></span> The ship symbol in, <a href="#page76" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">76</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Balkans.</span></span> Earliest home of mountain Celts was ranges of, <a href="#page57" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">57</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Balor.</span></span> Ancestor of Lugh, <a href="#page88" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Bres sent to seek aid of, <a href="#page109" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">109</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">informed that Danaans refuse tribute, <a href="#page113" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Fomorian champion, engages Nuada of the Silver Hand, and slain by Lugh, <a href="#page117" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">117</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">one of the names of the god of Death, <a href="#page130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">included in Finn's ancestry, <a href="#page255" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">255</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Banba</span></span> Wife of Danaan king, MacCuill, <a href="#page132" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bann, The River.</span></span> Visited by mac Cecht, <a href="#page175" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Barbarossa, Kaiser.</span></span> Tradition that Finn lies in some enchanted cove spellbound, like, <a href="#page308" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">308</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Barddas.</span></span>”</span> Compilation enshrining Druidic thought, <a href="#page332" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">332</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Christian persons and episodes figure in, <a href="#page333" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">333</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">extract from, in catechism form, <a href="#page334" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">334</a>, <a href="#page335" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">335</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bardic</span></span> differs from popular conception of Danaan deities, <a href="#page104" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">104</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Barrow, The River.</span></span> Visited by mac Cecht, <a href="#page175" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bar´uch</span></span>. A lord of the Red Branch; meets Naisi and Deirdre on landing in Ireland, <a href="#page199" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">persuades Fergus to feast at his house, <a href="#page199" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">dūn, on the Straits of Moyle, <a href="#page251" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">251</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bavb</span></span> (bayv). Calatin's daughter; puts a spell of straying on Niam, <a href="#page230" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Beälcu</span></span> (bay'al-koo). A Connacht champion; rescue of Conall by, <a href="#page244" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">244</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slain by sons owing to a stratagem of Conall's, <a href="#page245" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">245</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Conall slays sons of, <a href="#page245" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">245</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bebo.</span></span> Wife of Iubdan. King of Wee Folk, <a href="#page247" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">247</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bed´wyr</span></span> (bed-weer). Equivalent, Sir Bedivere. One of Arthur's servitors who accompanies Kilhwch on his quest for Olwen, <a href="#page388" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">388</a>-<a href="#page392" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">392</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Belgæ.</span></span> One of three peoples inhabiting Gaul when Cæsar's conquest began, <a href="#page58" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">58</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Beli.</span></span> Cymric god of Death, husband of Dōn;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">corresponds with the Irish Bilé, <a href="#page348" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">348</a>, <a href="#page349" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">349</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Lludd and Llevelys, sons of, <a href="#page385" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">385</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bell, Mr. Arthur</span></span> Reference to a drawing by, showing act of stone-worship, <a href="#page66" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">66</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bel´tené</span></span>. One of the names of the god of Death;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">first of May sacred to, <a href="#page133" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">133</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ben Bulben.</span></span> Dermot of the Love-spot slain by the wild boar of, <a href="#page123" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a>, <a href="#page301" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">301</a>, <a href="#page302" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">302</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Dermot and the Boar of, <a href="#page290" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">290</a>, <a href="#page291" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">291</a></div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_bendigeid" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ben´digeid Vran</span></span>, or <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bran the Blessed.</span></span>”</span> King of the Isle of the Mighty (Britain);</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Manawyddan, his brother, <a href="#page365" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">365</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Branwen, his sister, <a href="#page366" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">366</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">gives Branwen as wife to Matholwch, <a href="#page366" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">366</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">makes atonement for Evnissyen's outrage by giving Matholwch the magic cauldron, &c., <a href="#page367" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">367</a>, <a href="#page368" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">368</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">invades Ireland to succour Branwen, <a href="#page369" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">369</a>, <a href="#page372" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">372</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the wonderful head of, <a href="#page371" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">371</a>, <a href="#page372" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">372</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bertrand, A.</span></span> See pp. <a href="#page55" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">55</a>, <a href="#page64" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">64</a>, <a href="#page83" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bilé</span></span> (bil-ay). One of the names of the god of Death (<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, of the underworld), <a href="#page130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">father of Miled, <a href="#page130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">equivalent, Cymric god Beli, husband of Dōn, <a href="#page348" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">348</a>, <a href="#page349" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">349</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Birōg.</span></span> A Druidess who assists Kian to be avenged on Balor, <a href="#page111" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">111</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Black Knight, The.</span></span> Kymon and, <a href="#page396" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">396</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Owain and, <a href="#page396" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">396</a>-<a href="#page397" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">397</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Black Sainglend</span></span> (sen'glend). Cuchulain's last horse; breaks from him, <a href="#page232" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">232</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Blai.</span></span> Oisīn's Danaan mother, <a href="#page282" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">282</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Blanid.</span></span> Wife of Curoi; sets her love on Cuchulain, <a href="#page228" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">228</a>-<a href="#page229" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">her death, <a href="#page229" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a></div> +</div> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page425">[pg 425]</span> + + +<div id="idx_bleheris" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ble´heris.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">A Welsh poet identical with <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Bledhericus</span></span>, mentioned by Giraldus Cambrensis, and with Bréris, quoted by Thomas of Brittany, <a href="#page342" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">342</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Blerwm, Blerwm</span></span>”</span> (bleroom).</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Sound made by Taliesin by which a spell was put on bards at Arthur's court, <a href="#page416" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">416</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Blodeuwedd</span></span>, or <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Flower-Face.</span></span>”</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The flower-wife of Llew, <a href="#page382" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">382</a>, <a href="#page383" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">383</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Boanna</span></span> (the river Boyne).</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Mother of Angus Ōg, <a href="#page121" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">121</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Book of Armagh.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">References to, <a href="#page104" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">104</a>, <a href="#page147" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">147</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Book of Caermarthen, Black.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Gwyn ap Nudd figures in poem included in, <a href="#page353" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">353</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Book of the Dun Cow.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Reference to, <a href="#page97" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cuchulain makes his reappearance legend of Christian origin in, <a href="#page238" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">238</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Voyage of Maeldūn”</span> is found in, <a href="#page309" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">309</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Book of Hergest, The Red.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Forms main source of tales in the <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Mabinogion,”</span> <a href="#page344" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">344</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the story of Taliesin not found in, <a href="#page412" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">412</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Book of Invasions.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Reference to, <a href="#page106" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">106</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Book of Leinster.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">References to, <a href="#page24" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">24</a>, <a href="#page85" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a>, <a href="#page208" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">208</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bōv the Red.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">King of the Danaans of Munster, brother of the Dagda; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">searches for maiden of Angus Ōg's dream, <a href="#page121" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">121</a>-<a href="#page123" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">goldsmith of, named Len, <a href="#page123" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Aoife's journey to, with her step-children, <a href="#page139" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">139</a>, <a href="#page140" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">140</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Boyne, The River.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Angus Ōg's palace at, <a href="#page121" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">121</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Angus and Caer at, <a href="#page122" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">122</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Milesians land in estuary of, <a href="#page136" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">136</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ethné loses her veil of invisibility while bathing in river, <a href="#page144" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">144</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">church, Kill Ethné, on banks of, <a href="#page145" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">145</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bran.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">See <a href="#idx_bendigeid" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Bendigeid</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Branwen.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Sister of Bran, <a href="#page366" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">366</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">given in marriage to Matholwch, <a href="#page366" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">366</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mother of Gwern, <a href="#page368" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">368</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">degraded because of Evnissyen's outrage, <a href="#page369" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">369</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">brought to Britain, <a href="#page372" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">372</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">her death and burial on the banks of the Alaw, <a href="#page372" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">372</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Brea</span></span> (bray). </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Battle of, reference to Finn's death at, <a href="#page275" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">275</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bregia.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Locality of, <a href="#page168" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">168</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the plains of, viewed by Cuchulain, <a href="#page193" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">193</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">St. Patrick and folk of, <a href="#page282" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">282</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Breg´on.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Son of Miled, father of Ith, <a href="#page130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">tower of, perceived by Ith, <a href="#page132" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Brenos (Brian).</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Under this form, was the god to whom the Celts attributed their victories at the Allia and at Delphi, <a href="#page126" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bres.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">1. Ambassador sent to Firbolgs, by People of Dana, <a href="#page106" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">106</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">slain in battle of Moytura, <a href="#page107" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">107</a>. </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">2. Son of Danaan woman named Eri, chosen as King of Danaan territory in Ireland, <a href="#page107" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">107</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">his ill-government and deposition, <a href="#page107" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">107</a>-<a href="#page108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>. </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">3. Son of Balor; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">learns that the appearance of the sun is the face of Lugh of the Long Arm, <a href="#page123" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bri Leith</span></span> (bree lay). </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Fairy palace of Midir the Proud at, in Co. Longford, <a href="#page124" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">124</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Etain carried to, <a href="#page163" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">163</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Brian.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">One of three sons of Turenn, <a href="#page114" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">114</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Brian.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Equivalent, Brenos.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Son of Brigit (Dana), <a href="#page126" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Briccriu of the Poisoned Tongue</span></span> (bric'roo). </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ulster lord; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">causes strife between Cuchulain and Red Branch heroes as to Championship of Ireland, <a href="#page195" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">summons aid of demon named The Terrible, <a href="#page196" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his suggestion for carving mac Datho's boar, <a href="#page243" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">243</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bridge of the Leaps.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cuchulain at, <a href="#page187" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cuchulain leaps, <a href="#page188" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Brigindo.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Equivalents, Brigit and <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Brigantia,”</span> <a href="#page103" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Brigit</span></span> (g as in <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“get”</span>).</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Irish goddess identical with Dana +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page426">[pg 426]</span> +and <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Brigindo,”</span> &c., <a href="#page103" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a>, <a href="#page126" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">daughter of the god Dagda, <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“The Good,”</span> <a href="#page103" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a>, <a href="#page126" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ecne, grandson of, <a href="#page103" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Britain.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">See <a href="#idx_great_britain" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Great Britain.</a></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Carthaginian trade with, broken down by the Greeks, <a href="#page22" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">22</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">place-names of, Celtic element in, <a href="#page27" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">27</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">under yoke of Rome, <a href="#page35" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">35</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">magic indigenous in, <a href="#page62" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">62</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">votive inscriptions to Æsus, Teutates, and Taranus found in, <a href="#page86" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">dead carried from Gaul to, <a href="#page131" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">131</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ingcel, son of King of, <a href="#page169" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">169</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">visit of Demetrius to, <a href="#page355" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">355</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Bran, King of, <a href="#page365" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">365</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Caradawc rules over in his father's name, <a href="#page369" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">369</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Caswallan conquers, <a href="#page372" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">372</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Third Fatal Disclosure”</span> in, <a href="#page373" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">373</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Britan.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Nedimean chief who settled in Great Britain and gave name to that country, <a href="#page102" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">British Isles.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Sole relics of Celtic empire, on its downfall, <a href="#page34" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">34</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Maev, Grania, Findabair, Deirdre, and Boadicea, women who figure in myths of, <a href="#page43" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">43</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Britons.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Geoffrey of Monmouth, like Nennius, affords a fantastic origin for the, <a href="#page338" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">338</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Brittany.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Mané-er-H´oeck, remarkable tumulus in, <a href="#page63" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">63</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">tumulus of Locmariaker in, markings on similar to those on tumulus at New Grange, Ireland, <a href="#page72" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">72</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">symbol of the feet found in, <a href="#page77" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">book brought from, by Walter, Archdeacon of Oxford, formed basis of Geoffrey of Monmouth's <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Historia Regum Britaniæ,”</span> <a href="#page337" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">337</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Arthurian saga in, <a href="#page339" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">339</a>, <a href="#page340" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">340</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Brogan.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">St. Patrick's scribe, <a href="#page119" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a>, <a href="#page290" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">290</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Brown Bull.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">See <a href="#idx_quelgny" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Quelgny</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Brugh na Boyna</span></span> (broo-na-boyna). </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Pointed out to Cuchulain, <a href="#page193" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">193</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Buddha.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Footprint of, found in India as symbol, <a href="#page77" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the cross-legged, frequent occurrence in religious art of the East and Mexico, <a href="#page87" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Buic</span></span> (boo´ik). </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Son of Banblai; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slain by Cuchulain, <a href="#page211" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Burney's </span><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style="font-variant: small-caps">History of Music.</span><span style="font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Reference to Egyptian legend in, <a href="#page118" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">118</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bury, Professor.</span></span> </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Remarks of, regarding the Celtic world, <a href="#page59" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">59</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-weight: 700">C</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Caer.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Daughter of Ethal Anubal; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">wooed by Angus Ōg, <a href="#page122" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">122</a>, <a href="#page123" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">her dual life, <a href="#page122" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">122</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">accepts the love of Angus Ōg, <a href="#page122" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">122</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Caerleon-on-Usk</span></span>. </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Arthur's court held at, <a href="#page337" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">337</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cæsar, Julius.</span></span> </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Critical account of Gauls, <a href="#page37" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">37</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">religious beliefs of Celts recorded by, <a href="#page51" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a>, <a href="#page52" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">52</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the Belgæ, the Celtæ, and the Aquitani located by, <a href="#page58" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">58</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">affirmation that doctrine of immortality fostered by Druids to promote courage, <a href="#page81" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">81</a>, <a href="#page82" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">82</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">culture superintended by Druids, recorded by, <a href="#page84" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">gods of Aryan Celts equated with Mercury, Apollo, &c., by, <a href="#page86" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cair´bry.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Son of Cormac mac Art, father of Light of Beauty, <a href="#page304" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">304</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">refuses tribute to the Fianna, <a href="#page305" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">305</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Clan Bascna makes war upon, <a href="#page305" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">305</a>-<a href="#page308" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">308</a></div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_caliburn" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Caliburn</span></span> (Welsh <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Caladvwlch</span></span>). </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Magic sword of King Arthur, <a href="#page338" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">338</a>. </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">See <a href="#idx_excalibur" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Excalibur</a>, <a href="#page224" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">224</a>, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">note</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cambren´sis, Giral´dus.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Celts and, <a href="#page21" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Campbell.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Version of battle of Gowra, in his <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“The Fians,”</span> <a href="#page305" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">305</a>-<a href="#page307" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">307</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Car´adawc.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Son of Bran; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">rules Britain in his father's absence, <a href="#page369" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">369</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Carell.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Reputed father of Tuan, <a href="#page100" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">100</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Carpathians.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Earliest home of mountain Celts was ranges of the, <a href="#page57" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">57</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Carthaginians.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Celts conquered +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page427">[pg 427]</span> +Spain from, <a href="#page21" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Greeks break monopoly of trade of, with Britain and Spain, <a href="#page22" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">22</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cas´corach</span></span>. Son of a minstrel of the Danaan Folk;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">and St. Patrick, <a href="#page119" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Castle of Wonders</span></span>. Peredur at, <a href="#page405" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">405</a>, <a href="#page406" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">406</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cas´wallan</span></span>. Son of Beli;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">conquers Britain during Bran's absence, <a href="#page372" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">372</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cathbad.</span></span> Druid;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">wedded to Maga, wife of Ross the Red, <a href="#page181" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his spell of divination overheard by Cuchulain, <a href="#page185" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">185</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">draws Deirdre's horoscope, <a href="#page197" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">197</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">casts evil spells over Naisi and Deirdre, <a href="#page200" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">200</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Catholic Church.</span></span> Mediæal interdicts of, <a href="#page46" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">46</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cato, M. Porcius</span></span>. Observances of, regarding Gauls, <a href="#page37" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">37</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cauldron of Abundance</span></span>. See equivalent, Stone of Abundance;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">also see Grail</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Celtæ</span></span> One of three peoples inhabiting Gaul when Cæar's conquest began, <a href="#page58" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">58</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Celtchar</span></span> (kelt-yar). Son of Hornskin;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">under debility curse, <a href="#page205" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">205</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Celtdom.</span></span> The Golden Age of, in Continental Europe, <a href="#page21" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Celtic</span></span>. Power, diffusion of, in Mid-Europe, <a href="#page26" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">26</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">placenames in Europe, <a href="#page27" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">27</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">artwork relics, story told by, <a href="#page28" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Germanic words, Celtic element in, <a href="#page32" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">32</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">empire, downfall of, <a href="#page34" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">34</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">weak policy of peoples, <a href="#page44" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">44</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">religion, the, <a href="#page46" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">46</a>, <a href="#page47" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">47</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">High Kings, traditional burial-places of, <a href="#page69" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">69</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">doctrine of immortality, origin of so-called <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Celtic,”</span> <a href="#page75" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">75</a>, <a href="#page76" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">76</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">ideas of immortality, <a href="#page78" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a>-<a href="#page87" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">deities, names and attributes of, <a href="#page86" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a>-<a href="#page88" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">conception of death, the, <a href="#page89" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">culture, five factors in ancient, <a href="#page89" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a>, <a href="#page90" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the present-day populations, <a href="#page91" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>, <a href="#page92" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">92</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">cosmogony, the, <a href="#page94" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">94</a>, <a href="#page95" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">things, <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Barddas”</span> a work not unworthy the student of, <a href="#page333" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">333</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Celtica</span></span>. Never inhabited by a single pure and homogeneous race, <a href="#page18" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">18</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Greek type of civilisation preserved by, <a href="#page22" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">22</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">art of enamelling originated in, <a href="#page30" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">30</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the Druids formed the sovran power in, <a href="#page46" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">46</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Brigit (Dana) most widely worshipped goddess in, <a href="#page126" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Celts</span></span>. Term first found in Hecatæus;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">equivalent, Hyperboreans, <a href="#page17" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Herodotus and dwelling-place of, <a href="#page17" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Aristotle and, <a href="#page17" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Hellanicus of Lesbos and, <a href="#page17" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ephorus and, <a href="#page17" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Plato and, <a href="#page17" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">their attack on Rome, a landmark of ancient history, <a href="#page18" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">18</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">described by Dr. T. Rice Holmes, <a href="#page18" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">18</a>, <a href="#page19" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">19</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">dominion of, over Mid-Europe, Gaul, Spain, and the British Isles, <a href="#page20" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">20</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">their place among these races, <a href="#page20" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">20</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Giraldus Cambrensis and, <a href="#page21" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Spain conquered from the Carthaginians by, <a href="#page21" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Northern Italy conquered from the Etruscans by, <a href="#page21" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Vergil and, <a href="#page21" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">conquer the Illyrians, <a href="#page21" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">alliance with the Greeks, <a href="#page22" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">22</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">conquests of, in valleys of Danube and Po, <a href="#page23" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">23</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Alexander makes compact with, <a href="#page23" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">23</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">national oath of, <a href="#page24" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">24</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">welded into unity by Ambicatus, <a href="#page25" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">25</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">defeat Romans, <a href="#page26" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">26</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Germanic peoples and, <a href="#page26" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">26</a>, <a href="#page33" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">33</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">decorative motives derived from Greek art, <a href="#page29" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">29</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">art of enamelling learnt by classical nations from, <a href="#page30" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">30</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">burial rites practised by, <a href="#page33" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">33</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">character, elements comprising, <a href="#page36" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">36</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Strabo's description of, <a href="#page39" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">39</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">love of splendour and methods of warfare, <a href="#page40" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">40</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Polybius' description of warriors in battle of Clastidium, <a href="#page41" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">their influence on European literature and philosophy, <a href="#page49" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a>, <a href="#page50" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">50</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the Religion of the, <a href="#page51" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a>-<a href="#page93" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">93</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">ranges of the Balkans and Carpathians earliest home of mountain, <a href="#page57" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">57</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">musical services of, described by Hecatæus, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page428">[pg 428]</span> +<a href="#page58" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">58</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Switzerland, Burgundy, the Palatinate, Northern France, parts of Britain, &c., occupied by mountain, <a href="#page58" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">58</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">origin of doctrine of immortality, <a href="#page75" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">75</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">idea of immortality and doctrine of transmigration, <a href="#page80" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a>, <a href="#page81" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">81</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the present-day, <a href="#page91" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>, <a href="#page92" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">92</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">no non-Christian conception of origin of things, <a href="#page94" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">94</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">victories at the Alba and at Delphi attributed to Brenos (Brian), <a href="#page126" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">true worship of, paid to elemental forces represented by actual natural phenomena, <a href="#page147" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">147</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cenchos.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Otherwise The Footless; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">related to Vitra, the God of Evil in Vedantic mythology, <a href="#page97" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cer´idwen</span></span>. </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Wife of Tegid, <a href="#page413" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">413</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">sets Gwion Bach and Morda to attend to the magic cauldron, <a href="#page413" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">413</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ceugant</span></span> (Infinity). </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The outermost of three concentric circles representing the totality of being in the Cymric cosmogony, inhabited by God alone, <a href="#page334" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">334</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Chaillu, Du.</span></span> </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">His <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Viking Age,”</span> <a href="#page72" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">72</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Champion of Ireland.</span></span> </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Test at feast of Briccriu, to decide who is the, <a href="#page195" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a>, <a href="#page196" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cuchulain proclaimed such by demon The Terrible, <a href="#page196" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Charlemagne.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Tree- and stone-worship denounced by, <a href="#page66" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">66</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Children of Lir.</span></span> </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Reference to, <a href="#page121" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">121</a></div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_chrestien_de_troyes" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Chrestien de Troyes</span></span>. </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">French poet, influential in bringing the Arthurian saga into the poetic literature of Europe, <a href="#page340" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">340</a>, <a href="#page341" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">341</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Gautier de Denain the earliest continuator of, <a href="#page341" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">341</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">variation of his <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Le Chevalier au lion”</span> seen in <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“The Lady of the Fountain,”</span> <a href="#page394" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">394</a>-<a href="#page399" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">399</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Tale of Enid and Geraint”</span> based on <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Erec”</span> of, <a href="#page399" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">399</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Peredur corresponds to the Perceval of, <a href="#page400" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">400</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Conte del Graal,”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Perceval le Gallois,”</span> <a href="#page303" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">303</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Manessier a continuator of, <a href="#page408" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">408</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Christian.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Symbolism, the hand as emblem of power in, <a href="#page65" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">65</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">faith, heard of by King Cormac ere preached in Ireland by St. Patrick, <a href="#page69" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">69</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">influences in Ireland, and the Milesian myth, <a href="#page138" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">138</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">ideas, gathered around Cuchulain and his lord King Conor of Ulster, <a href="#page239" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">239</a>, <a href="#page240" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">240</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">pagan ideals contrasted with, in Oisīn dialogues, <a href="#page288" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">288</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Myrddin dwindles under influences, <a href="#page354" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">354</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Christianity.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Reference to conversion of Ireland to, <a href="#page83" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">People of Dana in their overthrow, and attitude of, <a href="#page138" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">138</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cuchulain summoned from Hell by St. Patrick to prove truths of, to High King Laery, <a href="#page239" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">239</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">effect of on Irish literature, <a href="#page295" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">295</a>, <a href="#page296" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">296</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Chry´sostom, Dion.</span></span> </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Testimony of, to power of the Druids, <a href="#page83" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Clan Bascna.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">One of the divisions of the Fianna of Erin, <a href="#page252" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">252</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cumhal, father of Finn, chief of, <a href="#page255" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">255</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cairbry causes feud between Clan Morna and, <a href="#page305" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">305</a>-<a href="#page308" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">308</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Clan Calatin.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Sent by men of Erin against Cuchulain, <a href="#page215" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">215</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Fiacha, son of Firaba, cuts off the eight-and-twenty hands of, <a href="#page216" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cuchulain slays, <a href="#page216" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the widow of, gives birth to six children whom Maev has instructed in magic and then looses against Cuchulain, <a href="#page228" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">228</a>-<a href="#page233" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">cause Cuchulain to break his <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geise</span></span>, <a href="#page231" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">231</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Clan Morna.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">One of the divisions of the Fianna of Erin, <a href="#page252" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">252</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Lia becomes treasurer to, <a href="#page255" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">255</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cairbry causes feud between Clan Bascna and, <a href="#page305" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">305</a>-<a href="#page308" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">308</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Clastid´ium</span></span>. </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Battle of, Polybius' description of behaviour of the Gæsati in, <a href="#page41" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cleena.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">A Danaan maiden once living in Mananan's country, the story of, <a href="#page127" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">127</a></div> +</div> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page429">[pg 429]</span> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Clus´ium.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Siege of, Romans play Celts false at, <a href="#page25" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">25</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">vengeance exacted by Celts, <a href="#page26" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">26</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Coffey, George.</span></span> </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">His work on the New Grange tumulus, <a href="#page69" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">69</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Colloquy of the Ancients</span></span>.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">A collection of tales mentioning St Patrick and Cascorach, <a href="#page119" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a>, <a href="#page281" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">281</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">interest of, <a href="#page284" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">284</a>-<a href="#page308" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">308</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Columba, St.</span></span> </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Symbol of the feet and, <a href="#page77" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Comyn, Michael</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Reference to <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Lay of Oisīn in the Land of Youth,”</span> by, <a href="#page253" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">253</a>, <a href="#page276" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">276</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Conall of the Victories</span></span>.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Member of Conary's retinue at Red Hostel, <a href="#page173" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">173</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Amorgin, his father, found by him at Teltin, <a href="#page176" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">176</a>, <a href="#page177" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">177</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">shrinks from test <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">re</span></span> the Championship of Ireland, <a href="#page195" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a>, <a href="#page196" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">under the Debility curse, <a href="#page205" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">205</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">avenges Cuchulain's death by slaying Lewy, <a href="#page233" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“brain ball”</span> causes death of Conor mac Nessa, <a href="#page240" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">240</a>, <a href="#page241" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">241</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mac Datho's boar and, <a href="#page243" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">243</a>, <a href="#page244" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">244</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slays Ket, <a href="#page244" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">244</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Conan mac Lia</span></span>. </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Son of Lia, lord of Luachar; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Finn makes a covenant with, <a href="#page258" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">258</a>, <a href="#page259" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">259</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Conan mac Morna</span></span>; otherwise <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">the Bald.</span></span> </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">His adventure with the Fairy Folk, <a href="#page259" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">259</a>, <a href="#page260" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">260</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">he slays Liagan, <a href="#page260" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">260</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">adventure with the Gilla Dacar's steed, <a href="#page293" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">293</a>-<a href="#page295" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">295</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Conann.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Fomorian king, <a href="#page101" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">101</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Con´ary Mōr</span></span>. </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The singing sword of, <a href="#page121" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">121</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the legend-cycle of the High King, <a href="#page155" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a>-<a href="#page177" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">177</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">descended from Etain Oig, daughter of Etain, <a href="#page164" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">164</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Messbuachalla, his mother, <a href="#page166" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a>, <a href="#page167" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">167</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Desa, his foster-father, <a href="#page167" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">167</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ferlee, Fergar, and Ferrogan, his foster-brothers, <a href="#page167" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">167</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Nemglan commands him go to Tara, <a href="#page168" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">168</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">proclaimed King of Erin, <a href="#page168" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">168</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Nemglan declares his <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geise</span></span>, <a href="#page168" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">168</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">banishment of his foster-brothers, <a href="#page169" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">169</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">lured into breaking his <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geise</span></span>, <a href="#page170" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">170</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the three Reds and, at Da Derga's Hostel, <a href="#page170" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">170</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">visited by the Morrigan at Da Derga's Hostel, <a href="#page172" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">172</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">members of his retinue: Cormac son of Conor, warrior mac Cecht, Conary's three sons, Conall of the Victories, Duftach of Ulster, <a href="#page173" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">173</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">perishes of thirst, <a href="#page175" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Condwiramur.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">A maiden wedded by Parzival, <a href="#page408" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">408</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Conn.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">One of the Children of Lir, <a href="#page142" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">142</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Connacht.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ethal Anubal, prince of the Danaans of, <a href="#page122" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">122</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ailell and Maev, mortal King and Queen of, Angus Ōg seeks their help in efforts to win Caer, <a href="#page122" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">122</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">origin of name, <a href="#page154" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">154</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cuchulain makes a foray upon, <a href="#page193" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">193</a>, <a href="#page194" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">194</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cuchulain descends upon host of, under Maev, <a href="#page209" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">209</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ket a champion, <a href="#page241" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">241</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Queen Maev reigned in, for eighty-eight years, <a href="#page245" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">245</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Connla.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Son of Cuchulain and Aifa, <a href="#page190" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">190</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geise</span></span>, <a href="#page190" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">190</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Aifa sends him to Erin, <a href="#page190" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">190</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his encounters with the men of Ulster, <a href="#page191" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">191</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slain by Cuchulain, <a href="#page191" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">191</a>, <a href="#page192" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">192</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Connla's Well.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Equivalent, Well of Knowledge. </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Sinend's fatal visit to, <a href="#page129" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">129</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Conor mac Nessa</span></span>. </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Son of Fachtna and Nessa, proclaimed King of Ulster in preference to Fergus, <a href="#page180" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cuchulain brought up at court of, <a href="#page183" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">grants arms of manhood to Cuchulain, <a href="#page185" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">185</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">while at a feast on Strand of the Footprints he descries Connla, <a href="#page190" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">190</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his ruse to put Cuchulain under restraint, <a href="#page194" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">194</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Deirdre and, <a href="#page195" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a>-<a href="#page200" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">200</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his guards seize Naisi and Deirdre, <a href="#page201" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">201</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">suffers pangs of the Debility curse, <a href="#page205" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">205</a>-<a href="#page221" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the curse lifted from, <a href="#page222" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">222</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">summons Ulster to arms, <a href="#page222" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">222</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Christian ideas have gathered about end of, <a href="#page239" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">239</a>, <a href="#page240" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">240</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his death caused by Conall's <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“brain ball,”</span> <a href="#page240" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">240</a>, <a href="#page241" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">241</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">he figures in tale entitled <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“The Carving +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page430">[pg 430]</span> +of mac Datho's Boar,”</span> <a href="#page241" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">241</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">sends to mac Datho for his hound, <a href="#page241" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">241</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Constantine.</span></span> Arthur confers his kingdom on, <a href="#page338" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">338</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Conte del Graal.</span></span>”</span> See <a href="#idx_grail" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Grail</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Coran´ians</span></span>. A demoniac race called, harass land of Britain, <a href="#page385" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">385</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Corcady´na</span></span>. Landing of Ith and his ninety warriors at, in Ireland, <a href="#page131" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">131</a>-<a href="#page136" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">136</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cormac.</span></span> 1. Son of Art, King of Ireland;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">story of burial of, <a href="#page69" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">69</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">historical character, <a href="#page225" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Finn and, feasted at Rath Grania, <a href="#page300" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">300</a>.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">2. King of Ulster;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">marries Etain Oig, <a href="#page166" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">puts her away owing to her barrenness, <a href="#page166" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a>.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">3. Son of Conor mac Nessa;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">rallies to Maev's foray against Ulster, <a href="#page205" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">205</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Coronation Stone.</span></span> Now at Westminster Abbey, is the famous Stone of Scone, <a href="#page105" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Lia Fail</span></span> and, <a href="#page105" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Corpre.</span></span> Poet at court of King Bres, <a href="#page108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cosmonogy</span></span>, 1. The Celtic, <a href="#page94" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">94</a>, <a href="#page95" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a>.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">2. The Cymric, <a href="#page332" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">332</a>-<a href="#page335" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">335</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">God and Cythrawl, standing for life and destruction, in, <a href="#page333" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">333</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cotterill, H. B.</span></span> Quotation from his hexameter version of the <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Odyssey,”</span> <a href="#page80" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Craf´tiny</span></span>. King Scoriath's harper;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">sings Moriath's love-lay before Maon, <a href="#page153" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">153</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">discovers Maon's secret deformity, <a href="#page155" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cred´né</span></span>. The artificer of the Danaans, <a href="#page117" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">117</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Creu´dylad (Creiddylad)</span></span>.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Daughter of Lludd; combat for possession of, every May-day, between Gwythur ap Greidawl and Gwyn ap Nudd, <a href="#page353" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">353</a>, <a href="#page388" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">388</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Crimmal.</span></span> Rescued by his nephew, Finn, <a href="#page256" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">256</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Crom Cruach</span></span> (crom croo´ach).</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Gold idol (equivalent, the Bloody Crescent) referred to in <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Book of Leinster,”</span> <a href="#page85" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">worship introduced by King Tiernmas, <a href="#page149" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">149</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cromlechs.</span></span> See <a href="#idx_dolmens" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Dolmens</a>, <a href="#page53" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Crundchu</span></span> (crun´hoo). Son of Agnoman;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Macha comes to dwell with, <a href="#page178" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">178</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cualgné.</span></span> See <a href="#idx_quelgny" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Quelgny</a></div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_cuchulain" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cuchulain (Cuchullin)</span></span> (coo-hoo´lin). Ulster hero in Irish saga, <a href="#page41" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">duel with Ferdia referred to, <a href="#page121" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">121</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Lugh, the father of, by Dectera, <a href="#page123" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a>, <a href="#page182" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">182</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">loved and befriended by goddess Morrigan, <a href="#page126" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his strange birth, <a href="#page182" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">182</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">earliest name Setanta, <a href="#page183" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his inheritance, <a href="#page183" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his name derived from the hound of Cullan, <a href="#page183" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a>, <a href="#page184" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">184</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">claims arms of manhood from Conor, <a href="#page185" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">185</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">wooes Emer, <a href="#page185" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">185</a>, <a href="#page186" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Laeg, charioteer of, <a href="#page185" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">185</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Skatha instructs, in Land of Shadows, <a href="#page187" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a>-<a href="#page189" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">189</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">overcomes Aifa, <a href="#page190" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">190</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">father of Connla by Aifa, <a href="#page190" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">190</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slays Connla, <a href="#page191" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">191</a>, <a href="#page192" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">192</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">returns to Erin, <a href="#page193" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">193</a>-<a href="#page194" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">194</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slays Foill and his brothers, <a href="#page194" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">194</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">met by women of Emania, <a href="#page194" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">194</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">leaps <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“the hero's salmon leap,”</span> <a href="#page195" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the winning of Emer, <a href="#page195" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">proclaimed by The Terrible the Champion of Ireland, <a href="#page195" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a>, <a href="#page196" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">places Maev's host under <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geise</span></span>, <a href="#page207" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">207</a>, <a href="#page208" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">208</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slays Orlam, <a href="#page209" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">209</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the battle-frenzy and <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">rias-tradh</span></span> of, <a href="#page209" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">209</a>, <a href="#page210" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">210</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">compact with Fergus, <a href="#page211" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the Morrigan offers love to, <a href="#page212" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">212</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">threatens to be about his feet in bottom of Ford, <a href="#page212" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">212</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">attacked by the Morrigan while engaged with Loch, <a href="#page213" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">213</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slays Loch, <a href="#page213" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">213</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ferdia consents to go out against, <a href="#page216" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ferdia reproached by, <a href="#page216" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a>, <a href="#page217" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">their struggle, <a href="#page217" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a>-<a href="#page221" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slays Ferdia, <a href="#page220" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">severely wounded by Ferdia, <a href="#page220" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a>, <a href="#page221" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">roused from stupor by sword-play of Fergus, <a href="#page224" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">224</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">rushes into the battle of Garach, <a href="#page224" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">224</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">in Fairyland, <a href="#page225" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a>-<a href="#page228" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">228</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">loved by Fand, <a href="#page226" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">226</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the vengeance of Maev upon, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page431">[pg 431]</span> +<a href="#page228" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">228</a>-<a href="#page233" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">other enemies of Erc, and Lewy son of Curoi, <a href="#page228" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">228</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Blanid, Curoi's wife, sets her love on, <a href="#page228" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">228</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his madness, <a href="#page229" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a>-<a href="#page231" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">231</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Bave personates Niam before, <a href="#page230" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the Morrigan croaks of war before, <a href="#page230" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Dectera and Cathbad urge him wait for Conall of the Victories ere setting forth to battle, <a href="#page230" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the Washer at the Ford seen by, <a href="#page231" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">231</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Clan Calatin cause him to break his <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geise</span></span>, <a href="#page231" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">231</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">finds his foes at Slieve Fuad, <a href="#page232" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">232</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the Grey of Macha being mortally wounded, he takes farewell of, <a href="#page232" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">232</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mortally wounded by Lewy, <a href="#page232" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">232</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his remaining horse, Black Sainglend, breaks away from, <a href="#page232" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">232</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Lewy slays outright, <a href="#page233" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his death avenged by Conall of the Victories, <a href="#page233" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">reappears in later legend of Christian origin found in <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Book of the Dun Cow,”</span> <a href="#page238" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">238</a>, <a href="#page239" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">239</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">St. Patrick's summons from Hell, <a href="#page238" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">238</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cullan.</span></span> His feast to King Conor in Quelgny, <a href="#page183" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cuchulain slays his hound, <a href="#page183" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cuchulain named the Hound of, <a href="#page184" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">184</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his daughter declared responsible for Finn's enchantment, <a href="#page280" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">280</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cumhal</span></span> (coo´al). Chief of the Clan Morna, son of Trenmōr, husband of Murna of the White Neck, the father of Finn, <a href="#page255" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">255</a>, <a href="#page257" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">257</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slain at battle of Knock, <a href="#page255" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">255</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cup-and-ring Markings.</span></span> Meaning of, in connexion with Megalithic monuments, no light on, <a href="#page67" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">67</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">example in Dupaix' <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Monuments of New Spain,”</span> <a href="#page68" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">68</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">reproduction in Lord Kingsborough's <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Antiquities of Mexico,”</span> <a href="#page68" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">68</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cup of the Last Supper</span></span> Identical with the Grail, <a href="#page406" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">406</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">equivalent, the Magic Cauldron, <a href="#page411" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">411</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Curoi</span></span> (coo´roi). Father of Lewy, husband of Blanid, <a href="#page228" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">228</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slain by Cuchulain, <a href="#page229" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cuscrid.</span></span> Son of Conor mac Nessa;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">under Debility curse, <a href="#page205" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">205</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mac Datho's boar and, <a href="#page243" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">243</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Custenn´in</span></span>. Brother of Yspaddaden;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">assists Kilhwch in his quest for Olwen, <a href="#page389" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">389</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cycle-s</span></span>. The, of Irish legend, <a href="#page95" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the Mythological, <a href="#page95" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a>-<a href="#page145" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">145</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the Ultonian, <a href="#page178" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">178</a>-<a href="#page251" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">251</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ossianic, <a href="#page241" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">241</a>-<a href="#page245" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">245</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">certain stories of Ultonian, not centred on Cuchulain, <a href="#page246" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">246</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the Ultonian, time of events of the, <a href="#page252" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">252</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the Ossianic and Ultonian contrasted, <a href="#page253" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">253</a>-<a href="#page255" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">255</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cymric.</span></span> 1. Peoples;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">effect of legends of, on Continental poets, <a href="#page50" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">50</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">2. Myths;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Druidic thought enshrined in Llewellyn Sion's <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Barddas,”</span> edited by by J. A. Williams ap Ithel for the Welsh MS. Society, <a href="#page332" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">332</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">cosmogony, the, <a href="#page333" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">333</a>-<a href="#page335" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">335</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">God and Cythrawl in, <a href="#page333" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">333</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">why so little of Arthurian saga heard in, <a href="#page344" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">344</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">comparison between Gaelic and, <a href="#page344" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">344</a>-<a href="#page368" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">368</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cythrawl.</span></span> God and, two primary existences standing for principles of destruction and life, in Cymric cosmogony, <a href="#page333" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">333</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">realised in <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Annwn”</span> (the Abyss, or Chaos), <a href="#page333" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">333</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">D</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Da Derga.</span></span> A Leinster lord at whose hostel Conary seeks hospitality, <a href="#page170" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">170</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Conary's retinue at, <a href="#page173" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">173</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ingcel and his own sons attack the hostel, <a href="#page174" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">174</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dagda.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“The Good,”</span> or possibly = <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Doctus</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“The Wise”</span> God, and supreme head of the People of Dana, father of Brigit (Dana), <a href="#page103" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the Cauldron of the, one of the treasures of the Danaans, <a href="#page106" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">106</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page432">[pg 432]</span> +magical harp of, <a href="#page118" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">118</a>-<a href="#page119" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">father and chief of the People of Dana, <a href="#page120" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">120</a>, <a href="#page121" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">121</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Kings MacCuill, MacCecht, and MacGrené grandsons of, <a href="#page132" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">portions out spiritual Ireland between the Danaans, <a href="#page136" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">136</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dalan.</span></span> A Druid who discovers to Eochy that Etain has been carried to mound of Bri-Leith, <a href="#page163" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">163</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dalny.</span></span> Queen of Partholan, <a href="#page96" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Daman.</span></span> The Firbolg, father of Ferdia, <a href="#page187" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Damayan´ti and Nala.</span></span> Hindu legend, compared with story of Etain, <a href="#page163" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">163</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dana.</span></span> The People of, Nemedian survivors who return to Ireland, <a href="#page102" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">literal meaning of <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Tuatha De Danann</span></span>, <a href="#page103" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">equivalent Brigit, <a href="#page103" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a>, <a href="#page126" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">name of <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“gods”</span> given to the People of, by Tuan mac Carell, <a href="#page104" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">104</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Milesians conquer the People of, <a href="#page104" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">104</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">origin of People of, according to Tuan mac Carell, <a href="#page105" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">cities of Falias, Gorias, Finias, and Murias, <a href="#page105" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">treasures of the People of, <a href="#page105" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a>, <a href="#page106" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">106</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the Firbolgs and the People of, <a href="#page106" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">106</a>-<a href="#page119" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">gift of Faëry (<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, skill in music) the prerogative of, <a href="#page119" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">daughter of the Dagda and the greatest of Danaan goddesses, <a href="#page126" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Brian (ancient form Brenos), Iuchar, and Iucharba, her sons, <a href="#page126" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Firbolgs and the People of, <a href="#page137" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">137</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">equivalent Dōn, Cymric mother-goddess, <a href="#page348" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">348</a>, <a href="#page349" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">349</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dan´aan-s.</span></span> Send to Balor refusing tribute, <a href="#page113" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">their encounter with the Fomorians, <a href="#page117" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">117</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">power of, exercised by spell of music, <a href="#page118" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">118</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">account of principal gods and attributes of, <a href="#page119" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a>-<a href="#page145" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">145</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">reference to their displacement in Ireland by Milesians, <a href="#page130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">kings, Ireland ruled by three, MacCuill, MacCecht, and MacGrené, <a href="#page132" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the three kings welcome Ith to Ireland, <a href="#page133" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">133</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">dwell in spiritual Ireland, <a href="#page136" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">136</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">myth, the meaning of, <a href="#page137" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">137</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the, after the Milesian conquest, <a href="#page146" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">146</a>, <a href="#page147" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">147</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Donn son of Midir at war with, <a href="#page285" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">285</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">relations of the Church with, very cordial, <a href="#page286" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">286</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Danes.</span></span> Irish monuments plundered by Danes, <a href="#page69" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">69</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Danube.</span></span> Sources of, place of origin of Celts, <a href="#page19" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">19</a>, <a href="#page56" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">56</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dara.</span></span> Son of Fachtna, owner of Brown Bull of Quelgny, <a href="#page202" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Maev's request for loan of Brown Bull, <a href="#page204" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">204</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dark, The.</span></span> Druid;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">changes Saba into a fawn, <a href="#page267" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">267</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his further ill-treatment of, <a href="#page268" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">268</a>, <a href="#page269" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">269</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dead, Land of.</span></span> The Irish Fairyland, <a href="#page96" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">equivalent, <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Spain,”</span> <a href="#page102" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Death.</span></span> The Celtic conception of, <a href="#page89" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">names of Balor and Bilé occur as god of, <a href="#page130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Debility of the Ultonians, The.</span></span> Caused by Macha's curse, <a href="#page179" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">179</a>, <a href="#page180" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">manifested on occasion of Maev's famous cattle-raid of Quelgny (<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Tain Bo Cuailgné</span></span>), <a href="#page180" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Decies.</span></span> Son of King of the, wooes Light of Beauty (<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Sgeimh Solais</span></span>), <a href="#page304" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">304</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dec´tera</span></span>. Mother of Cuchulain by Lugh, <a href="#page123" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">daughter of Druid Cathbad, <a href="#page182" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">182</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">her appearance to Conor mac Nessa after three years' absence, <a href="#page182" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">182</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">her gift of a son to Ulster, Cuchulain, by Lugh, <a href="#page182" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">182</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dee, The River.</span></span> Now the Ford of Ferdia, <a href="#page211" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Deirdre</span></span> (deer´dree). Daughter of Felim, <a href="#page196" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Druid Cathbad draws her horoscope, <a href="#page197" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">197</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Conor decides to wed when of age, <a href="#page197" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">197</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">nursed by Levarcam, <a href="#page197" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">197</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">her love for Naisi, <a href="#page198" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">198</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">carried off by Naisi, <a href="#page198" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">198</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">returns with Naisi to Ireland, <a href="#page198" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">198</a>-<a href="#page200" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">200</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">forced to wed Conor, she dashes herself against a rock and is killed, <a href="#page201" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">201</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the tales of Grania and, compared, <a href="#page296" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">296</a>-<a href="#page304" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">304</a></div> +</div> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page433">[pg 433]</span> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Deities.</span></span> The Celtic, Cæsar on, <a href="#page87" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>, <a href="#page88" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">popular and bardic conception of Danaan, <a href="#page104" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">104</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Demetrius.</span></span> Visit to Britain of, <a href="#page355" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">355</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mentions island where <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Kronos”</span> was imprisoned in sleep while Briareus kept watch over him, <a href="#page355" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">355</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Demna.</span></span> Otherwise Finn.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Birth of, <a href="#page255" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">255</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Deo´ca.</span></span> A princess of Munster;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Children of Lir and, <a href="#page142" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">142</a></div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_dermot_mackerval" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dermot MacKerval.</span></span> Rule of, in Ireland, and the cursing of Tara, <a href="#page47" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">47</a>, <a href="#page48" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">48</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">arrests and tries Hugh Guairy, <a href="#page48" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">48</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">dream of wife of, <a href="#page48" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">48</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dermot of the Love Spot (Dermot O'Dyna).</span></span> Follower of Finn mac Cumhal, lover of Grania, bred up with Angus at palace on Boyne, <a href="#page123" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the typical lover of Irish legend, <a href="#page123" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slain by wild Boar of Ben Bulben, <a href="#page123" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a>, <a href="#page301" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">301</a>, <a href="#page302" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">302</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">friend of Finn's, <a href="#page261" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">described as a Gaelic Adonis, <a href="#page290" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">290</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Donn, father of, <a href="#page290" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">290</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Roc and, <a href="#page290" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">290</a>, <a href="#page291" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">291</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">how Dermot got the Love Spot, <a href="#page292" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">292</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">adventure with Gilla Dacar's steed, <a href="#page293" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">293</a>-<a href="#page295" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">295</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">fight with the Knight of the Well, <a href="#page294" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">294</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">love-story of Grania and, <a href="#page296" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">296</a>-<a href="#page304" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">304</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Derryvar´agh, Lake.</span></span> Aoife's cruelty to her step-children at, <a href="#page139" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">139</a>-<a href="#page142" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">142</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Desa.</span></span> Foster-father of Conary Mōr, <a href="#page167" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">167</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dewy-Red.</span></span> Horse of Conall of the Victories, <a href="#page233" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dialogues.</span></span> Reference to Oisīn-and-Patrick and Keelta-and-Patrick, <a href="#page289" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">289</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Diancecht</span></span> (dee´an-kecht). Physician to the Danaans, <a href="#page108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dineen's Irish Dictionary.</span></span> Reference to, <a href="#page164" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">164</a>, <a href="#page165" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">165</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dinnsenchus</span></span> (din-shen´cus). Ancient tract, preserved in the <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Book of Leinster,”</span> <a href="#page85" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Din´odig.</span></span> Cantrev of, over which Llew and Blodeuwedd reigned, <a href="#page382" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">382</a>, <a href="#page383" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">383</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dinrigh</span></span> (din´ree). Maon slays Covac at, <a href="#page153" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">153</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Diodor´us Sic´ulus.</span></span> A contemporary of Julius Cæsar;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">describes Gauls, <a href="#page41" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a>, <a href="#page42" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">42</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Pythagoras and, <a href="#page80" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dis.</span></span> Pluto, equivalent, <a href="#page88" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dithor´ba.</span></span> Brother of Red Hugh and Kimbay, slain by Macha, <a href="#page151" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">151</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">five sons of, taken captive by Macha, <a href="#page151" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">151</a>, <a href="#page152" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">152</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Diur´an the Rhymer.</span></span> Germān and, companions of Maeldūn on his wonderful voyage, <a href="#page313" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">313</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">returns with piece of silver net, <a href="#page331" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">331</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dodder, The River,</span></span> <a href="#page175" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a></div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_dolmens" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dolmens</span></span> Cromlechs, tumuli and, explanation of, <a href="#page53" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dōn</span></span> (<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">o</span></span> as in <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“bone”</span>).</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">A Cymric mother-goddess, representing the Gaelic Dana, <a href="#page348" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">348</a>, <a href="#page349" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">349</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Penardun, a daughter of <a href="#page349" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">349</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Gwydion, son of, <a href="#page349" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">349</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">genealogy set forth, <a href="#page350" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">350</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Donn.</span></span> 1. Mac Midir, son of Midir the Proud, <a href="#page285" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">285</a>.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">2. Father of Dermot;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">gives his son to be nurtured by Angus Ōg, <a href="#page290" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">290</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Donnybrook.</span></span> Da Derga's hostel at, <a href="#page170" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">170</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Doocloone.</span></span> Ailill slain in church of, <a href="#page310" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">310</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Maeldūn at, <a href="#page311" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">311</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dowth.</span></span> Tumulus of, <a href="#page74" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Druidism.</span></span> Its existence in British Isles, Gaul, &c., <a href="#page82" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">82</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">magical rites of, belief in survived in early Irish Christianity, <a href="#page83" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a></div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_druids" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Druids.</span></span> Doctrines of, <a href="#page37" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">37</a>, <a href="#page39" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">39</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">regarded as intermediaries between God and man, <a href="#page42" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">42</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the sovran power in Celtica, <a href="#page46" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">46</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">suppressed by Emperor Tiberius, <a href="#page62" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">62</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Aryan root for the word discovered, <a href="#page82" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">82</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">testimony of Dion Chrysostom to the power of the, <a href="#page83" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">religious, philosophic and scientific culture superintended by, record of Cæsar regarding, <a href="#page84" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">cosmogonic teaching died with their order, <a href="#page95" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dublin.</span></span> Conary goes toward, <a href="#page167" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">167</a>;</div> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page434">[pg 434]</span> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Conary's foster-brothers land at, for raiding purposes, <a href="#page169" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">169</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dupaix.</span></span> Reference to cup-and-ring markings in book <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Monuments of New Spain,”</span> <a href="#page68" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">68</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dyfed.</span></span> Pryderi and Manawyddan at, <a href="#page374" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">374</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Gwydion and Gilvaethwy at, <a href="#page379" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">379</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dylan</span></span> (<span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Son of the Wave”</span>). Son of Arianrod;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his death-groan the roar of the tide at mouth of the river Conway, <a href="#page380" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">380</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">E</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Eagle of Gwern Abwy, The,</span></span> <a href="#page392" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">392</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Eber Donn</span></span> (Brown Eber). Milesian lord;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his brutal exultation and its sequel, <a href="#page136" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">136</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">reference to, as one of Milesian leaders, <a href="#page148" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">148</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Eber Finn</span></span> (Fair Eber). One of the Milesian leaders, <a href="#page148" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">148</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slain by Eremon, <a href="#page148" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">148</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ecne</span></span> (ec´nay). The god whose grandmother was Dana, <a href="#page103" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Egypt-ian.</span></span> The ship symbol in the sepulchral art of, <a href="#page75" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">75</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Feet of Osiris, symbol of visitation, in, <a href="#page77" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">ideas of immortality, <a href="#page78" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a>-<a href="#page87" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">human sacrifices in, abolished by Amasis I., <a href="#page86" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Eis´irt</span></span>. Bard to King of Wee Folk, <a href="#page247" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">247</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his visit to King Fergus in Ulster, <a href="#page247" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">247</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Elphin.</span></span> Son of Gwyddno;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">finds Taliesin, <a href="#page414" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">414</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his boast of wife and bard at Arthur's court, <a href="#page415" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">415</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the sequel, <a href="#page415" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">415</a>-<a href="#page417" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">417</a> </div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_emain_macha" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Em´ain Mach´a.</span></span> The Morrigan passes through, to warn Cuchulain, <a href="#page127" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">127</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">founding of, with reign of Kimbay, <a href="#page150" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">150</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">equivalent, the Brooch of Macha, <a href="#page150" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">150</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Macha compels five sons of Dithorba to construct ramparts and trenches of, <a href="#page151" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">151</a>, <a href="#page152" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">152</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">appearance of Dectera in fields of, <a href="#page182" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">182</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cuchulain drives back to, <a href="#page186" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">news of Cuchulain's battle-fury brought to, <a href="#page194" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">194</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Fergus returns to, <a href="#page201" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">201</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">boy corps at, go forth to help Cuchulain, <a href="#page214" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">214</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ulster men return to, with great glory, <a href="#page225" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Conall's <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“brain ball”</span> laid up at, <a href="#page240" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">240</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ema´nia</span></span>. Women of, meet Cuchulain, <a href="#page194" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">194</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">sacrifice of boy corps of, avenged by Cuchulain, <a href="#page214" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">214</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cuchulain takes farewell of womenfolk of, <a href="#page231" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">231</a>.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">See <a href="#idx_emain_macha" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Emain Macha</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Emer.</span></span> Daughter of Forgall;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">wooed by Cuchulain, <a href="#page185" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">185</a>-<a href="#page186" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cuchulain seeks and carries off, <a href="#page195" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">becomes Cuchulain's wife, <a href="#page195" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">learns of the tryst between Cuchulain and Fand, <a href="#page226" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">226</a>, <a href="#page228" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">228</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cuchulain sees her corpse in his madness, <a href="#page230" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Enamelling.</span></span> Celts and art of, <a href="#page30" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">30</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Encyclopædia Britannica.</span></span> Article on Arthurian saga in, <a href="#page341" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">341</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Enid.</span></span> The tale of Geraint and, <a href="#page399" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">399</a>, <a href="#page400" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">400</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Eochy</span></span> (yeo´hee). 1. Son of Erc, Firbolg king, husband of Taltiu, or Telta, <a href="#page103" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a>.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">2. King of Ireland;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">reference to appearance of Midir the Proud to, on the Hill of Tara, <a href="#page124" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">124</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">High King of Ireland, wooes and marries Etain, <a href="#page157" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">157</a>, <a href="#page158" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">158</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Midir appears to, and challenges to play chess, <a href="#page161" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a>, <a href="#page162" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">162</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Eph´orus</span></span>. Celts and, <a href="#page17" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a>, <a href="#page36" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">36</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Erc.</span></span> King of Ireland, Cuchulain's foe, <a href="#page228" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">228</a>-<a href="#page233" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mortally wounds the Grey of Macha, <a href="#page232" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">232</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Er´emon</span></span>. First Milesian king of all Ireland, <a href="#page143" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">143</a>, <a href="#page144" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">144</a>, <a href="#page148" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">148</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Eri.</span></span> Mother of King Bres, <a href="#page107" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">107</a>-<a href="#page108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">reveals father of Bres as Elatha, <a href="#page108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Erinn (Erin).</span></span> See <a href="#idx_eriu" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Eriu</a>, <a href="#page132" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">reference to High-Kingship of, <a href="#page152" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">152</a></div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_eriu" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Eriu.</span></span> Wife of Danaan king MacGrené, <a href="#page132" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">dative form, Erinn, poetic name applied to Ireland, <a href="#page132" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Erris Bay.</span></span> The Children of Lir at, <a href="#page141" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">141</a>, <a href="#page142" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">142</a></div> +</div> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page435">[pg 435]</span> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Et´ain</span></span>. </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Second bride of Midir the Proud, <a href="#page156" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">transformed by Fuamnach into a butterfly, <a href="#page156" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">driven by a magic tempest into the fairy palace of Angus, <a href="#page156" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">again the magic tempest drives her forth, <a href="#page156" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">swallowed by Etar, and reappears as a mortal child, <a href="#page156" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a>, <a href="#page157" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">157</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">visited by Eochy, the High King, who wooes and makes her his wife, <a href="#page157" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">157</a>, <a href="#page158" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">158</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the desperate love of Ailill for, <a href="#page158" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">158</a>-<a href="#page160" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">160</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Midir the Proud comes to claim, as his Danaan wife, <a href="#page160" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">160</a>-<a href="#page163" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">163</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">recovered by Eochy, <a href="#page163" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">163</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Etain Oig.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Daughter of Etain, <a href="#page163" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">163</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">King Conary Mōr descended from, <a href="#page164" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">164</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">married Cormac, King of Ulster, <a href="#page165" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">165</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">put away owing to barrenness, <a href="#page166" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">cowherd of Eterskel cares for her one daughter, <a href="#page166" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Et´ar</span></span>. </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Mother of Etain, <a href="#page157" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">157</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Eterskel.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">King of Ireland, whose cowherd cares for Messbuachalla, <a href="#page166" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">on his death he is succeeded by Conary Mōr, <a href="#page167" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">167</a>-<a href="#page169" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">169</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Eth´al A´nubal.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Prince of Danaans of Connacht, father of Caer, <a href="#page122" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">122</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ethlinn</span></span>, or <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ethnea.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Daughter of Balor, <a href="#page110" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">110</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">gives her love to Kian, <a href="#page111" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">111</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">gives birth to three sons, <a href="#page111" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">111</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">one son, Lugh, <a href="#page112" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">112</a>, <a href="#page182" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">182</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">belongs to Finn's ancestry, <a href="#page255" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">255</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ethné.</span></span> </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The tale of, <a href="#page142" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">142</a>-<a href="#page145" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">145</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Etruscans.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Celts conquer Northern Italy from, <a href="#page21" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Europe.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Seeds of freedom and culture in, kept alive by Celtica, <a href="#page22" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">22</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">diffusion of Celtic power in Mid-, <a href="#page26" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">26</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Celtic place-names in, <a href="#page27" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">27</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">what it owes to Celts, <a href="#page49" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">western lands of, dolmens found in, <a href="#page53" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Evniss´yen.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Son of Eurosswyd and Penardun, <a href="#page366" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">366</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mutilates horses of Matholwch, <a href="#page367" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">367</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">atonement made by Bran for his outrage, <a href="#page367" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">367</a>, <a href="#page368" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">368</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slays the warriors hidden in the meal-bags, <a href="#page370" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">370</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">dies in the magic cauldron, <a href="#page371" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">371</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Evrawc.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Father of Peredur, <a href="#page401" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">401</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Evric.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Farmer who befriends Fionuala and her brothers, <a href="#page141" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">141</a></div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_excalibur" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Excalibur.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">See <a href="#idx_caliburn" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Caliburn</a>, <a href="#page338" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">338</a>, and <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">note</span></span>, p. <a href="#page224" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">224</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-weight: 700">F</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fabii.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Romans elect as military tribunes, <a href="#page25" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">25</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fab´ius Ambust´us.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Treachery of three sons of, against Celts, <a href="#page25" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">25</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Facht´na.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The giant, King of Ulster, <a href="#page180" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Nessa, wife of, <a href="#page180" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">father of Conor, <a href="#page180" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">succeeded at death by his half-brother, Fergus, <a href="#page180" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fair Mane.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Woman who nurtured many of the Fianna, <a href="#page262" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">262</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fairy Folk.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Equivalent, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Sidhe</span></span> (shee). The tumulus at New Grange (Ireland) regarded as dwelling-place of, <a href="#page69" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">69</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Coulin</span></span> overheard from, <a href="#page119" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Conary Mōr lured by, into breaking his <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geise</span></span>, <a href="#page170" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">170</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">seal all sources of water against mac Cecht, <a href="#page175" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a>, <a href="#page176" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">176</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Fergus mac Leda and, <a href="#page246" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">246</a>-<a href="#page249" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">249</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Conan mac Morna and, <a href="#page259" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">259</a>, <a href="#page260" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">260</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Keelta and the, <a href="#page266" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">266</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Gwyn ap Nudd, King of Welsh (<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Tylwyth Teg</span></span>), <a href="#page353" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">353</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fairyland.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Land of the Dead, <a href="#page96" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cleena swept back to, by a wave, <a href="#page127" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">127</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Connla's Well in, <a href="#page129" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">129</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">war carried on against, by Eochy, who at last recovers his wife, Etain, <a href="#page163" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">163</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cuchulain in, <a href="#page225" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a>-<a href="#page228" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">228</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Laeg's visit to, <a href="#page226" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">226</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Fergus mac Leda and, <a href="#page246" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">246</a>-<a href="#page249" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">249</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">tales of the Fianna concerned with, <a href="#page252" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">252</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Oisīn's journey to, <a href="#page272" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">272</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the rescue of, by Finn and the Fianna, <a href="#page294" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">294</a>, <a href="#page295" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">295</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">rescue of, by Pwyll, <a href="#page357" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">357</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fal´ias, The City of</span></span> (see Dana), <a href="#page105" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a>, <a href="#page106" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">106</a></div> +</div> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page436">[pg 436]</span> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fand.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The Pearl of Beauty, wife of Mananan;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">sets her love on Cuchulain, <a href="#page226" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">226</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">returns to her home with Mananan, <a href="#page227" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">227</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Faylinn.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The Land of the Wee Folk, <a href="#page246" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">246</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Iubdan, King of, <a href="#page246" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">246</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fedel´ma.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Prophetess from Fairy Mound of Croghan, questioned by Maev, <a href="#page205" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">205</a>, <a href="#page206" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">206</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">her vision of Cuchulain, <a href="#page206" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">206</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Feet Symbol, The Two.</span></span> <a href="#page77" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Felim.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Son of Dall, father of Deirdre, <a href="#page196" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a>, <a href="#page197" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">197</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his feast to Conor and Red Branch heroes, <a href="#page196" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a>, <a href="#page197" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">197</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fer´amorc.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The kingdom of, over which Scoriath is king;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Maon taken to, <a href="#page153" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">153</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fercart´na.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The bard of Curoi, <a href="#page229" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">leaps with Blanid to death, <a href="#page229" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ferdia.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Duel between Cuchulain and, referred to, <a href="#page121" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">121</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">son of the Firbolg, Daman, friend of Cuchulain, <a href="#page187" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a>, <a href="#page188" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">rallies to Maev's foray against Ulster, <a href="#page204" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">204</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">consents to Maev's entreaty that he should meet and fight his friend Cuchulain, <a href="#page216" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the struggle, <a href="#page217" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a>-<a href="#page221" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cuchulain slays, <a href="#page220" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">buried by Maev, <a href="#page221" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fergus.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Nemedian chief who slays Conann, <a href="#page102" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fergus the Great.</span></span> </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Son of Erc;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">stone of Scone used for crowning, <a href="#page105" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">ancestor of British Royal Family, <a href="#page105" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fergus mac Leda</span></span>. </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The Wee Folk and, <a href="#page246" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">246</a>-<a href="#page249" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">249</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">visited by Eisirt, King of Wee Folk's bard, <a href="#page247" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">247</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">visited by Iubdan, King of Wee Folk, <a href="#page247" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">247</a>-<a href="#page249" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">249</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the blemish of Fergus, <a href="#page249" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">249</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fergus mac Roy</span></span>. </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Son of Roy, Fachtna's half-brother;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">succeeds to kingship of Ulster, <a href="#page180" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">loves Nessa, <a href="#page180" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">sent to invite return of Naisi and Deirdre to Ireland, <a href="#page198" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">198</a>-<a href="#page200" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">200</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the rebellion of, <a href="#page201" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">201</a>-<a href="#page251" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">251</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Maev and, <a href="#page202" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">compact with Cuchulain, <a href="#page211" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">reputed author of the <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Tain,”</span> <a href="#page234" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">234</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slain by Ailell, <a href="#page245" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">245</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fergus Truelips.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Rescued from enchanted cave by Goll, <a href="#page278" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">278</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ferguson, Sir Samuel</span></span>. </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Quoted, <a href="#page46" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">46</a>, <a href="#page234" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">234</a>-<a href="#page238" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">238</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his description of King Fergus mac Leda's death, <a href="#page249" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">249</a>-<a href="#page251" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">251</a></div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_feryllt" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Feryllt.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Welsh name of Vergil, <a href="#page413" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">413</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fiacha</span></span> (fee´ach-a). </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Son of Firaba;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">cuts off eight-and-twenty hands of the Clan Calatin, <a href="#page216" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">gives spear to Finn, <a href="#page258" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">258</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fiachra</span></span> (fee´ach-ra). </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">One of the Children of Lir, <a href="#page142" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">142</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fial</span></span> (fee´al). </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Sister of Emer, <a href="#page186" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a></div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_fianna" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fianna</span></span> (fee´anna) <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">of Erin, The.</span></span> </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Explanation of this Order, <a href="#page252" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">252</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Clan Bascna and Clan Morna, clans comprising the, <a href="#page252" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">252</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Goll, captain of the, <a href="#page257" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">257</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Finn made captain of the, <a href="#page258" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">258</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">tests of, <a href="#page264" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">264</a>, <a href="#page265" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">265</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">tales of the, told by Keelta, <a href="#page283" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">283</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">attempt in vain to throw the wether, <a href="#page291" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">291</a>, <a href="#page292" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">292</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the chase of the Hard Gilly and, <a href="#page292" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">292</a>-<a href="#page295" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">295</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">rescue of Fairyland by, <a href="#page294" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">294</a>, <a href="#page295" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">295</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">tribute refused by Cairbry, <a href="#page305" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">305</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">almost all the, slain in battle of Gowra, <a href="#page306" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">306</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fians.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">See <a href="#idx_fianna" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Fianna</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fin´choom.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Dectera's sister, foster-mother to Cuchulain, <a href="#page182" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">182</a>, <a href="#page183" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mother of Conall, <a href="#page243" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">243</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Finchor´y, Island of.</span></span> <a href="#page115" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">115</a>, <a href="#page116" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">116</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Find´abair of the Fair Eye-Brows.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Daughter of Maev;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">offered to Ferdia if he will meet and fight Cuchulain, <a href="#page216" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fin´egas.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Druid, of whom Finn learns poetry and science, <a href="#page256" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">256</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fingen.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Conor mac Nessa's physician;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his pronouncement <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">re</span></span> Conall's <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“brain ball”</span> by which Ket has wounded the king, <a href="#page240" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">240</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fin´ias. The City of</span></span> (see Dana), <a href="#page105" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a>, <a href="#page106" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">106</a></div> +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page437">[pg 437]</span> + +<div id="idx_finn_mac_cumhall" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Finn mac Cumhal</span></span> (fin mac coo´al). Fothad slain in a battle with, <a href="#page81" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">81</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Dermot of the Love Spot a follower of, <a href="#page123" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ossianic Cycle clusters round, <a href="#page252" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">252</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Oisīn, son of, <a href="#page252" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">252</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the coming of, <a href="#page255" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">255</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his Danaan ancestry, <a href="#page255" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">255</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Murna of the White Neck his mother, Cumhal his father, <a href="#page255" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">255</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Demna his original name, <a href="#page255" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">255</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">put out to nurse, <a href="#page256" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">256</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">origin of name Finn (Fair One), <a href="#page256" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">256</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slays Lia, <a href="#page256" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">256</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">taught poetry and science by Druid Finegas, <a href="#page256" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">256</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">eats of the Salmon of Knowledge, <a href="#page256" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">256</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slays goblin at Slieve Fuad, <a href="#page258" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">258</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">made captain of the Fianna of Erin, <a href="#page258" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">258</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">makes a covenant with Conan, <a href="#page258" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">258</a>, <a href="#page259" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">259</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Dermot of the Love Spot, friend of, <a href="#page261" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">weds Grania, <a href="#page261" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Oisīn, son of, <a href="#page261" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Geena mac Luga, one of the men of, <a href="#page262" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">262</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">teaches the maxims of the Fianna to mac Luga, <a href="#page262" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">262</a>, <a href="#page263" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">263</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Murna, the mother of, <a href="#page266" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">266</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Bran and Skolawn, hounds of, <a href="#page266" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">266</a>-<a href="#page269" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">269</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">weds Saba, <a href="#page267" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">267</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Saba taken from, by enchantment, <a href="#page268" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">268</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Niam of the Golden Hair comes to, <a href="#page270" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">270</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">experience in the enchanted cave, <a href="#page277" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">277</a>, <a href="#page278" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">278</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Goll rescues, <a href="#page277" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">277</a>, <a href="#page278" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">278</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">gives his daughter Keva to Goll, <a href="#page278" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">278</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“The Chase of Slievegallion”</span> and, <a href="#page278" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">278</a>-<a href="#page280" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">280</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“The Masque of,”</span> by Mr. Standish O'Grady, <a href="#page280" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">280</a>, <a href="#page281" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">281</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the Hard Gilly (Gilla Dacar) and, <a href="#page292" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">292</a>-<a href="#page295" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">295</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Grania and, <a href="#page296" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">296</a>-<a href="#page304" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">304</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">bewails Oscar's death, <a href="#page306" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">306</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">in all Ossianic literature no complete narrative of death of, <a href="#page308" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">308</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">tradition says he lies in trance in enchanted cave, like Kaiser Barbarossa, <a href="#page308" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">308</a></div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_fintan" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fintan.</span></span> The Salmon of Knowledge, of which Finn eats, <a href="#page256" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">256</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fionuala</span></span> (fee-un-oo´la). Daughter of Lir and step-daughter of Aoife, <a href="#page139" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">139</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Aoife's transformation into swans of Fionuala and, her brothers, <a href="#page140" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">140</a>-<a href="#page142" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">142</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fir-Bolg.</span></span> See <a href="#idx_firbolgs" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Firbolgs</a>, <a href="#page103" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a></div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_firbolgs" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Firbolgs.</span></span> Nemedian survivors who return to Ireland, <a href="#page102" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">name signifies <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Men of the Bags,”</span> <a href="#page102" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a>, <a href="#page103" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">legend regarding, <a href="#page102" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a>, <a href="#page103" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the Fir-Bolg, Fir-Domnan, and Galioin races generally designated as the, <a href="#page103" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the Danaans and the, <a href="#page106" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">106</a>-<a href="#page119" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a>, <a href="#page137" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">137</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fir-dom´nan.</span></span> See <a href="#idx_firbolgs" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Firbolgs</a>, <a href="#page103" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Flegetan´is</span></span>. A heathen writer, whose Arabic book formed a source for poet Kyot, <a href="#page408" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">408</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fohla</span></span> (fō´la). Wife of Danaan King mac Cecht, <a href="#page132" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Foill.</span></span> A son of Nechtan, slain by Cuchulain, <a href="#page194" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">194</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Foll´aman</span></span>. Conor's youngest son;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">leads boy corps against Maev, <a href="#page214" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">214</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fomor´ians</span></span>. A misshapen, violent people representing the powers of evil;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">their battle with the Partholanians, <a href="#page97" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Nemedians in constant warfare with, <a href="#page101" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">101</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">their tyranny over country of Ireland, <a href="#page109" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">109</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">encounter between the Danaans and, <a href="#page117" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">117</a>, <a href="#page118" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">118</a>, <a href="#page137" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">137</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Forbay.</span></span> Son of Conor mac Nessa;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slays Maev, <a href="#page245" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">245</a> </div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ford of Ferdia.</span></span> Place on the River Dee;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">one champion at a time to meet Cuchulain at, <a href="#page211" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the struggle at, between Cuchulain and Ferdia, <a href="#page216" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a>-<a href="#page220" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Forgall the Wily.</span></span> The lord of Lusca, father of Emer, <a href="#page185" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">185</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">meets his death in escaping from Cuchulain, <a href="#page195" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Foth´ad</span></span>. King, slain in battle with Finn mac Cumhal;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">wager as to place of death made by Mongan, <a href="#page81" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">81</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Frag´arach</span></span> (<span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“The Answerer”</span>).</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Terrible sword brought by Lugh from the Land of the Living, <a href="#page113" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">France.</span></span> Place-names of, Celtic element in, <a href="#page27" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">27</a></div> +</div> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page438">[pg 438]</span> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fuamnach</span></span> (foo´am-nach). Wife of Midir the Proud, <a href="#page156" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">her jealousy of a second bride, Etain, <a href="#page156" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">transforms Etain into a butterfly by magic art, <a href="#page156" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a>-<a href="#page158" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">158</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Midir tells of her death, <a href="#page160" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">160</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">G</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gae Bolg.</span></span> The thrust of, taught by Skatha to Cuchulain, <a href="#page188" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a>, <a href="#page189" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">189</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cuchulam slays his son Connla by, <a href="#page192" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">192</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cuchulain slays Loch by, <a href="#page213" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">213</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cuchulain slays Ferdia by, <a href="#page220" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gaelic.</span></span> Cymric language and, <a href="#page35" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">35</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">effect of legends of, on Continental poets, <a href="#page50" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">50</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">bards' ideas of chivalric romance anticipated by, <a href="#page246" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">246</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cymric legend and, compared, <a href="#page344" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">344</a>-<a href="#page419" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">419</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Continental romance and, <a href="#page345" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">345</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gaels.</span></span> Sacrifices of children by, to idol Crom Cruach, <a href="#page85" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gæsat´i</span></span>. Celtic warriors, in battle of Clastidium, <a href="#page41" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Galatia.</span></span> Celtic state of, St. Jerome's attestation <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">re</span></span>, <a href="#page34" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">34</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gal´ioin.</span></span> See <a href="#idx_firbolgs" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Firbolgs</a>, <a href="#page103" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Galles, M. René.</span></span> Tumulus of Mané-er-H´oeck described by, <a href="#page63" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">63</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Garach.</span></span> Mac Roth views Ulster men on Plain of, <a href="#page223" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">223</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the battle of, <a href="#page223" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">223</a>-<a href="#page225" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gaul-s</span></span>. Under Roman yoke, <a href="#page35" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">35</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cæsar's account of, <a href="#page37" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">37</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">described by Diodorus Siculus, <a href="#page41" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a>, <a href="#page42" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">42</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">described by Ammianus Marcellinus, <a href="#page42" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">42</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Dr. Rice Holmes describes, <a href="#page43" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">43</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">commerce on Mediterranean, Bay of Biscay, &c., of, <a href="#page44" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">44</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">religious beliefs and rites described by Julius Cæsar, <a href="#page51" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a>, <a href="#page52" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">52</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">human sacrifices in, <a href="#page84" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">votive inscriptions to Æsus, Teutates, and Taranus, found in, <a href="#page86" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a>, <a href="#page87" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Dis, or Pluto, a most notable god of, <a href="#page88" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">dead carried from, to Britain, <a href="#page131" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">131</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Maon taken to, <a href="#page153" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">153</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gaulois, La Religion des.</span></span>”</span> Reference to, <a href="#page55" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">55</a>, <a href="#page83" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gauvain (Sir Gawain).</span></span> Fellow-knight with Perceval, <a href="#page406" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">406</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gavr´inis</span></span>. Chiromancy at, <a href="#page64" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">64</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Geena mac Luga</span></span>. Son of Luga, one of Finn's men, <a href="#page262" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">262</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Finn teaches the maxims of the Fianna to, <a href="#page262" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">262</a>, <a href="#page263" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">263</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Geis-e</span></span> (singular, gaysh; plural, gaysha). The law of the, <a href="#page164" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">164</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">meaning of this Irish word explained, <a href="#page164" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">164</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">instances: Dermot of the Love Spot, Conary Mōr, and Fergus mac Roy, <a href="#page165" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">165</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Grania puts Dermot under, <a href="#page298" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">298</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gelon.</span></span> Defeat of Hamilcar by, at Himera, <a href="#page22" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">22</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Genealogy.</span></span> Of Conary Mōr, from Eochy, <a href="#page164" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">164</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of Conor mac Nessa, from Ross the Red, <a href="#page181" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of Cuchulain and Conall of the Victories, from Druid Cathbad, <a href="#page181" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of Dōn, <a href="#page350" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">350</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of Llyr, <a href="#page351" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">351</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of Arthur, <a href="#page352" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">352</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Geneir.</span></span> Knight of Arthur's court, <a href="#page401" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">401</a></div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_geoffrey_of_monmouth" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Geoffrey of Monmouth.</span></span> Bishop of St. Asaph;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Historia Regum Britaniæ”</span> written to commemorate Arthur's exploits, <a href="#page337" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">337</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Geraint.</span></span> The tale of Enid and, <a href="#page399" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">399</a>, <a href="#page400" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">400</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gerald, Earl.</span></span> Son of goddess Ainé, <a href="#page128" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">128</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Germān</span></span> (ghermawn—<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">g</span></span> hard). Diuran and, companions of Maeldūn on his wonderful voyage, <a href="#page313" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">313</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Germanic Words.</span></span> Many important, traceable to Celtic origin, <a href="#page32" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">32</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Germans.</span></span> Menace to classical civilisation of, under names of Cimbri and Teutones, <a href="#page31" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">31</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">de Jubainville's explanation regarding, as a subject people, <a href="#page31" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">31</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">overthrow of Celtic supremacy by, <a href="#page33" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">33</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">burial rites practised by, <a href="#page33" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">33</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">chastity of, <a href="#page41" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a> </div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Germany.</span></span> Place-names of, Celtic element in, <a href="#page27" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">27</a></div> +</div> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page439">[pg 439]</span> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gilla Dacar</span></span> (The Hard Gilly). Story of, <a href="#page292" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">292</a>-<a href="#page295" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">295</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gilvaeth´wy</span></span>. Son of Dōn, nephew of Māth, <a href="#page378" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">378</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his love for Goewin, and its sequel, <a href="#page378" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">378</a>-<a href="#page380" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">380</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Giraldus Cambrensis.</span></span> Testimony to the fairness of the Irish Celt, <a href="#page21" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a>.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">See <a href="#idx_bleheris" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Bleheris</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Glen Etive.</span></span> Dwelling place of Naisi and Deirdre, <a href="#page198" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">198</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gloucester.</span></span> Mabon released from prison in, <a href="#page392" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">392</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“nine sorceresses”</span> of, <a href="#page404" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">404</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Glower.</span></span> The strong man of the Wee Folk, <a href="#page246" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">246</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Glyn Cuch.</span></span> Pwyll's hunt in woods of, <a href="#page357" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">357</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Goban the Smith.</span></span> Brother of Kian and Sawan;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">corresponds to Wayland Smith in Germanic legend, <a href="#page110" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">110</a>, <a href="#page117" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">117</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ollav Fōla compared with, <a href="#page150" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">150</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">God.</span></span> Cythrawl and, two primary existences in the Cymric cosmogony, standing for principles of life and destruction, <a href="#page333" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">333</a>-<a href="#page335" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">335</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the ineffable Name of, pronounced, and the <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Manred”</span> formed, <a href="#page333" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">333</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gods.</span></span> Megalithic People's conception of their, <a href="#page86" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a>, <a href="#page87" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of Aryan Celts, equated by Cæsar with Mercury, Apollo, Mars, &c , <a href="#page86" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">triad of, Æsus, Teutates, and Taranus, mentioned by Lucan, <a href="#page86" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Lugh, or Lugus, the god of Light, <a href="#page88" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Goewin</span></span> (go-ay´win). Daughter of Pebin;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Gilvaethwy's love for, and its sequel, <a href="#page378" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">378</a>-<a href="#page380" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">380</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Golasecca.</span></span> A great settlement of the Lowland Celts, in Cisalpine Gaul, <a href="#page56" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">56</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Goleuddydd.</span></span> Wife of Kilydd;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mother of Kilhwch, <a href="#page386" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">386</a>, <a href="#page387" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">387</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Goll mac Morna</span></span>. Son of Morna, captain of the Fianna of Erin, <a href="#page257" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">257</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">swears service to Finn, <a href="#page258" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">258</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Finn recalls the great saying of, <a href="#page267" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">267</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">rescues Finn from the enchanted cave, <a href="#page277" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">277</a>, <a href="#page278" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">278</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Keva of the White Skin given as wife to, <a href="#page278" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">278</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">adventure with the wether, <a href="#page291" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">291</a>, <a href="#page292" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">292</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gonemans.</span></span> Knight who trains Perceval (Peredur), <a href="#page405" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">405</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gorboduc.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Historia Regum Bntaniæ”</span> furnished subject for, <a href="#page337" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">337</a> <a href="#page338" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">338</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gor´ias, The City of</span></span> (see Dana), <a href="#page105" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a>, <a href="#page106" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">106</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gowra (Gabhra)</span></span>. References to Oscar's death at, <a href="#page261" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a>-<a href="#page275" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">275</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">battle of, between Clan Bascna and Clan Morna, <a href="#page305" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">305</a>-<a href="#page309" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">309</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Oscar's death at, <a href="#page305" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">305</a>-<a href="#page308" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">308</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">King of Ireland's death at, <a href="#page306" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">306</a></div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_grail" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Grail.</span></span> Legends of the, <a href="#page400" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">400</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the tale of Peredur and the <a href="#page400" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">400</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Chrestien de Troyes' story of, <a href="#page404" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">404</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">identical with the Cup ot the Last Supper, <a href="#page406" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">406</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Wolfram von Eschenbach's conception of the story of the <a href="#page407" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">407</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">preserved in Castle of Munsalväsche, <a href="#page407" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">407</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the, a talisman of abundance, <a href="#page409" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">409</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">false derivation of the word, from <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">gréable</span></span>, <a href="#page409" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">409</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">true derivation, <a href="#page409" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">409</a>, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">note</span></span>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">combination of Celtic poetry, German mysticism, Christian Chivalry, and ancient sun-myths contained in, <a href="#page411" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">411</a>, <a href="#page412" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">412</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Grania.</span></span> Loved by Dermot of the Love Spot, <a href="#page123" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">elopes with Dermot, <a href="#page261" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">tales of Deirdre and, compared, <a href="#page296" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">296</a>-<a href="#page304" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">304</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">borne to Hill of Allen as Finn's bride, <a href="#page304" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">304</a></div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_great_britain" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Great Britain.</span></span> Western extremity of, is Land of the Dead, <a href="#page131" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">131</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Greece.</span></span> Dolmens found in, <a href="#page53" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">oppression in, of the Firbolgs, <a href="#page102" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a>, <a href="#page103" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Greek-s</span></span>. Celts and, <a href="#page17" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">wars in alliance with Celts, <a href="#page22" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">22</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">break monopoly of Carthaginian trade with Britain and Spain, <a href="#page22" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">22</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">secure overland route across France to Britain <a href="#page22" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">22</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">type of civilisation, Celtica preserved, <a href="#page22" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">22</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Grey of Macha.</span></span> Cuchulain's horse, ridden by Sualtam to +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page440">[pg 440]</span> +rouse men of Ulster, <a href="#page221" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a>, <a href="#page222" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">222</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">resists being harnessed by Laeg, <a href="#page230" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mortally wounded by Erc, <a href="#page232" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">232</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">defends Cuchulain, <a href="#page233" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gronw Pebyr</span></span> (gron´oo payber).</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Loved by Blodeuwedd, <a href="#page383" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">383</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slain by Llew, <a href="#page384" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">384</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guairy, Hugh</span></span> (gwai´ry).</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Arrested for murder, and tried at Tara by Dermot, <a href="#page48" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">48</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guary</span></span> (gwar´y). </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">High King;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">taunts Sanchan Torpest about the <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Tain,”</span> <a href="#page234" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">234</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guest, Lady Charlotte</span></span>. </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Her collections of tales, <a href="#page412" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">412</a></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">See <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Mabinogion”</span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gwalchmai.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Nephew of King Arthur, <a href="#page397" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">397</a>, <a href="#page401" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">401</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gwawl.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Rival of Pwyll's for Rhiannon's hand, <a href="#page361" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">361</a>, <a href="#page362" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">362</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gwenhwyvar</span></span> (gwen´hoo-ivar).</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Wife of King Arthur, <a href="#page394" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">394</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gwern.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Son of Matholwch and Branwen, <a href="#page368" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">368</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">assumes sovranty of Ireland, <a href="#page370" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">370</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gwion Bach.</span></span> Son of Gwreang;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">put to stir magic cauldron by Ceridwen, <a href="#page413" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">413</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">similar action to Finn, <a href="#page413" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">413</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gwlwlyd</span></span> (goo-loo´lid).</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The dun oxen of, <a href="#page390" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">390</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gwreang</span></span> (goo´re-ang).</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Father of Gwion Bach, <a href="#page413" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">413</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gwrnach</span></span> (goor-nach). </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Giant;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the sword of the, <a href="#page390" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">390</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gwyddno Gar´anhir.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Horses of, drink of poisoned stream, hence the stream <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Poison of the Horses of,”</span> <a href="#page413" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">413</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his son Elphin finds Taliesin, <a href="#page414" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">414</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gwydion.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Son of Dōn; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">place in Cymric mythology taken later by the god Artaius, <a href="#page349" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">349</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">nephew of Māth, <a href="#page378" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">378</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the swine of Pryderi and, <a href="#page378" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">378</a>-<a href="#page380" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">380</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gwyn ap Nudd</span></span>. </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">A Cymric deity likened to Finn (Gaelic) and to Odin (Norse), <a href="#page349" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">349</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">combat every May-day between Gwythur ap Greidawl and, <a href="#page353" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">353</a>, <a href="#page388" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">388</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gwynedd.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Māth, lord of, <a href="#page378" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">378</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gwynfyd.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Purity;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the second of three concentric circles representing the totality of being in the Cymric cosmogony, in which life is manifested as a pure, rejoicing force triumphant over evil, <a href="#page334" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">334</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gwythur ap Greidawl (Victor, Son of Scorcher).</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Combat every May-day between Gwyn ap Nudd and, <a href="#page353" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">353</a>, <a href="#page388" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">388</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-weight: 700">H</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hades</span></span> (or <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Annwn</span></span>). </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The Magic Cauldron part of the spoils of, <a href="#page410" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">410</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ham´ilcar.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Defeat of, at Himera, by Gelon, <a href="#page22" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">22</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hamitic, The.</span></span> </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Preserved in syntax of Celtic languages, <a href="#page78" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Havgan.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Rival of Arawn;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mortally wounded by Pwyll, <a href="#page357" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">357</a>,<a href="#page358" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">358</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hecatæ´us of Abdera.</span></span> </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Musical services of Celts (probably of Great Britain) described by, <a href="#page58" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">58</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hecatæus of Miletus.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">First extant mention of <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Celts”</span> by, <a href="#page17" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Heilyn.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Son of Gwynn, <a href="#page372" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">372</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Heinin.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Bard at Arthur's court, <a href="#page416" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">416</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hellan´icus of Lesbos.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Celts and, <a href="#page17" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hero´dotus.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Celts and, <a href="#page17" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a>, <a href="#page56" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">56</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hevydd Hēn.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Father of Rhiannon, <a href="#page360" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">360</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">High Kings of Ireland.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Stone of Destiny used for crowning of, <a href="#page105" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hill of Ainé.</span></span> </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Name of goddess Ainé clings to, <a href="#page128" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">128</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ainé appears, on a St. John's Night, among girls on, <a href="#page128" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">128</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hill of Allen.</span></span> </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Finn's hounds, while returning to, recognise Saba, <a href="#page266" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">266</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Oisīn returns to, <a href="#page273" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">273</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Finn returns to, <a href="#page278" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">278</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">return of the Fianna to, to celebrate the wedding feast of Finn and Tasha, <a href="#page295" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">295</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Finn bears Grania as his bride to, <a href="#page304" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">304</a></div> +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page441">[pg 441]</span> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hill of Keshcorran.</span></span> Finn bewitched by hags on, <a href="#page277" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">277</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hill of Macha.</span></span> Significance, <a href="#page251" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">251</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Historia Britonum.</span></span>”</span> See <a href="#idx_nennius" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Nennius</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Historia Regum Britaniæ</span></span>. See <a href="#idx_geoffrey_of_monmouth" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Furnished subject for <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Gorborduc”</span> and <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“King Lear,”</span> <a href="#page338" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">338</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">wonderful success of, translated by Wace into French, by Layamon into Anglo-Saxon, <a href="#page338" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">338</a>, <a href="#page339" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">339</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Homer.</span></span> His gloomy picture of the departed souls of men conducted to the underworld, <a href="#page79" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">79</a>, <a href="#page80" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">reference to, <a href="#page147" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">147</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Horses of Mananan.</span></span> White-crested waves called, <a href="#page125" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">125</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hound of Ulster.</span></span> See <a href="#idx_cuchulain" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Cuchulain</a>, <a href="#page217" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a>, <a href="#page233" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">element in Gaelic names, <a href="#page184" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">184</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hugh.</span></span> One of the Children of Lir, <a href="#page142" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">142</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hull</span></span>, Miss, referred to, <a href="#page133" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">133</a>, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">note</span></span>; <a href="#page203" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">203</a>, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">note</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hungary.</span></span> Miled's name as a god in a Celtic inscription from, <a href="#page130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hyde, Dr. Douglas.</span></span> Reference to his folk tale about Dermot of the Love Spot. <a href="#page291" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">291</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hyperbor´eans</span></span>. Equivalent to Celts, <a href="#page17" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">I</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Iberians</span></span> Aquitani and, resemblance between, <a href="#page58" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">58</a>, <a href="#page59" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">59</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ilda´nach</span></span> (<span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“The All-Craftsman”</span>). Surname conferred upon Lugh, the Sun-god, <a href="#page113" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Illyrians</span></span> Celts conquer, <a href="#page22" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">22</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Immortality.</span></span> Origin of so-called <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Celtic”</span> doctrine of, <a href="#page75" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">75</a>, <a href="#page76" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">76</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Egyptian and <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Celtic”</span> ideas of, <a href="#page78" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a>-<a href="#page89" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">India.</span></span> Dolmens found in, <a href="#page53" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">symbol of the feet found in, <a href="#page77" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">practice in, of allotting musical modes to seasons of the year, <a href="#page118" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">118</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Indra.</span></span> Hindu sky-deity corresponding to Brown Bull of Quelgny, <a href="#page203" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">203</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ingcel.</span></span> One-eyed chief, son of King of Great Britain, an exile, <a href="#page169" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">169</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Invasion Myths, The, of Ireland.</span></span> See <a href="#idx_myths" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Myths</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Inversken´a</span></span> Ancient name of Kenmore River, so called after Skena, <a href="#page133" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">133</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ireland</span></span> Unique historical position of, <a href="#page35" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">35</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Dermot mac Kerval, High King of, <a href="#page47" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">47</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">apostolised by St Patrick, <a href="#page51" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Lowland Celts founders of lake-dwellings in, <a href="#page56" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">56</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">holy wells in, <a href="#page66" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">66</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">tumulus and symbolic carvings at New Grange in, <a href="#page69" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">69</a>-<a href="#page72" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">72</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">reference to conversion of, to Christianity, <a href="#page83" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Lugh, or Lugus, god of Light, in, <a href="#page88" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">history of, as related by Tuan, <a href="#page98" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">98</a>-<a href="#page100" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">100</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Nemed takes possession of, <a href="#page98" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">98</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Fomorians establish tyranny over, <a href="#page101" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">101</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Standish O'Grady's <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Critical History of,”</span> reference to, <a href="#page119" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a>, <a href="#page120" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">120</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">displacement of Danaans in, by Milesians, <a href="#page130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ith's coming to, <a href="#page130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a>-<a href="#page136" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">136</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">name of Eriu (dative form Erinn), poetic name applied to, <a href="#page132" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Amergin's lay, sung on touching soil of, <a href="#page134" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">134</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Milesian host invade, <a href="#page135" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">135</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the Children of Miled enter upon sovranty of, but henceforth there are two Irelands, the spiritual, occupied by the Danaans, and the earthly by the Milesians, <a href="#page136" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">136</a>-<a href="#page145" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">145</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Eremon, first Milesian king of all, <a href="#page143" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">143</a>, <a href="#page144" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">144</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">reference to Christianity and paganism in, <a href="#page145" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">145</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Milesian settlement of, <a href="#page148" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">148</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ollav Fōla, most distinguished Ollav of, <a href="#page149" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">149</a>—<a href="#page150" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">150</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Maon reigns over, <a href="#page154" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">154</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">raid of Conary's foster-brothers in, <a href="#page169" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">169</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The Terrible decides the Championship of, <a href="#page196" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">proclaims Cuchulain Champion of, <a href="#page196" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Naisi and Deirdre land in, <a href="#page199" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cairbry, son of Cormac mac Art, High King of, <a href="#page304" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">304</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Maeldūn and his companions +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page442">[pg 442]</span> +return to, <a href="#page330" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">330</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the Arthurian saga never entered, <a href="#page343" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">343</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">invaded by Bran, <a href="#page369" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">369</a>-<a href="#page372" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">372</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Matholwch hands over to Gwern the sovranty of, <a href="#page370" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">370</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Irish.</span></span> Element of place-names, found in France, Switzerland, Austria, &c., <a href="#page28" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Spenser's reference to eagerness of, to receive news, <a href="#page37" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">37</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the Ulster hero, Cuchulain, in saga, <a href="#page41" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the tumulus at New Grange in, <a href="#page69" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">69</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Christianity, early, magical rites of Druidism survive in, <a href="#page83" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">legend, four main divisions in cycle of, <a href="#page95" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">folk-melodies, the <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Coulin</span></span>, one of the most beautiful of, <a href="#page119" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">god of Love, Angus Ōg the, <a href="#page121" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">121</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Mythological Cycle,”</span> de Jubainville's, reference to, <a href="#page131" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">131</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">place-names, significance of, <a href="#page250" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">250</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">legend, St. Patrick and, <a href="#page283" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">283</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">literature, effect of Christianity on, <a href="#page295" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">295</a> <a href="#page296" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">296</a></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Irnan.</span></span> Lays Finn under <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geise</span></span> to engage in single combat, <a href="#page278" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">278</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slain by Goll, <a href="#page278" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">278</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Iron Age.</span></span> The ship a well-recognised form of sepulchral enclosure in cemeteries of the, <a href="#page76" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">76</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Island-s</span></span>. Strange adventures of Maeldūn and his companions on wonderful, <a href="#page312" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">312</a>-<a href="#page331" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">331</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of the Slayer, <a href="#page313" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">313</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of the Ants, <a href="#page313" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">313</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of the Great Birds, <a href="#page313" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">313</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of the Fierce Beast, <a href="#page314" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">314</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of the Giant Horses, <a href="#page314" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">314</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of the Stone Door, <a href="#page314" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">314</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of the Apples, <a href="#page315" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">315</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of the Wondrous Beast, <a href="#page315" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">315</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of the Biting Horses, <a href="#page315" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">315</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of the Fiery Swine, <a href="#page316" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">316</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of the Little Cat, <a href="#page316" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">316</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of the Black and White Sheep, <a href="#page317" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">317</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of the Giant Cattle, <a href="#page317" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">317</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of the Mill, <a href="#page318" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">318</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of the Black Mourners, <a href="#page318" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">318</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of the Four Fences, <a href="#page318" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">318</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of the Glass Bridge, <a href="#page319" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">319</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of the Shouting Birds, <a href="#page320" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">320</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of the Anchorite, <a href="#page320" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">320</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of the Miraculous Fountain, <a href="#page320" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">320</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of the Smithy, <a href="#page321" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">321</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of the Sea of Clear Glass, <a href="#page321" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">321</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of the Undersea, <a href="#page321" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">321</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of the Prophecy, <a href="#page322" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">322</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of the Spouting Water, <a href="#page322" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">322</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of the Silvern Column, <a href="#page322" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">322</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of the Pedestal, <a href="#page323" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">323</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of the Women, <a href="#page323" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">323</a>, <a href="#page324" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">324</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of the Red Berries, <a href="#page325" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">325</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of the Eagle, <a href="#page325" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">325</a>-<a href="#page327" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">327</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of the Laughing Folk, <a href="#page327" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">327</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of the Flaming Rampart, <a href="#page327" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">327</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of the Monk of Tory, <a href="#page327" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">327</a>-<a href="#page329" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">329</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of the Falcon, <a href="#page329" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">329</a>, <a href="#page330" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">330</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Islands of the Dead.</span></span> See <a href="#idx_mananan" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Mananan</a>, <a href="#page125" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">125</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Isle of Man.</span></span> Supposed throne of Mananan, <a href="#page125" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">125</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Italy.</span></span> Northern, Celts conquer from Etruscans, <a href="#page21" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a>, <a href="#page25" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">25</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Murgen and Eimena sent to, by Sanchan Torpest, to discover the <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Tain,”</span> <a href="#page234" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">234</a>, <a href="#page235" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">235</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ith.</span></span> Son of Bregon, grandfather of Miled, <a href="#page130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his coming to Ireland, <a href="#page130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a>-<a href="#page136" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">136</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">shores of Ireland perceived by, from Tower of Bregon, <a href="#page132" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">learns of Neit's slaying, <a href="#page132" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">welcomed by mac Cuill and his brothers, <a href="#page133" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">133</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">put to death by the three Danaan Kings, <a href="#page133" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">133</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Iubdan</span></span> (youb-dan). King of the Wee Folk, <a href="#page246" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">246</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Bebo, wife of, <a href="#page247" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">247</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Bebo and, visit King Fergus in Ulster, <a href="#page247" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">247</a>-<a href="#page249" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">249</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Iuchar</span></span> (you´char). One of three sons of Turenn, <a href="#page114" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">114</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Brigit, mother of, <a href="#page126" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Iucharba</span></span> (you-char´ba). One of three sons of Turenn, <a href="#page114" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">114</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Brigit, mother of, <a href="#page126" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">J</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Japan.</span></span> Dolmens found in, <a href="#page53" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jerome, St.</span></span> Attestation of, on Celtic State of Galatia, <a href="#page34" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">34</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">John, Mr. Ivor B.</span></span> His opinion of Celtic mystical writings, <a href="#page332" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">332</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jones, Brynmor.</span></span> Findings of, on origin of populations of Great Britain and Ireland, <a href="#page78" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Joyce, Dr. P.W.</span></span> Reference to his <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Old Celtic Romances,”</span> <a href="#page303" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">303</a>, <a href="#page309" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">309</a>, <a href="#page312" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">312</a></div> +</div> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page443">[pg 443]</span> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jubainville, M. d'Arbois de.</span></span> Great Celtic scholar, <a href="#page18" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">18</a>, <a href="#page23" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">23</a>, <a href="#page24" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">24</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">explanation of, regarding Germans as a subject people, <a href="#page31" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">31</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">record regarding Megalithic People, <a href="#page55" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">55</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">reference of, to Taranus (? Thor), the god of Lightning, <a href="#page87" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">opinion regarding Dis, or Pluto, as representing darkness, death, and evil, <a href="#page88" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">reference to Gaulish god whom Cæsar identifies with Mercury, <a href="#page113" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Brigit identical with Dana, according to, <a href="#page126" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ith's landing in Ireland described in his <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Irish Mythological Cycle,”</span> <a href="#page131" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">131</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his translation of Amergin's strange lay, <a href="#page134" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">134</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">K</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Kai.</span></span> King Arthur's seneschal, <a href="#page387" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">387</a>, <a href="#page388" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">388</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">accompanies Kilhwch on his quest for Olwen, <a href="#page388" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">388</a>-<a href="#page392" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">392</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">refuses Peredur, <a href="#page401" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">401</a>, <a href="#page402" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">402</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Keating.</span></span> Reference to his <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“History of Ireland,”</span> <a href="#page150" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">150</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his reference to Maon, <a href="#page153" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">153</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“History”</span> of, tells of Ket's death, <a href="#page244" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">244</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“History”</span> of, tells of Maev's death, <a href="#page245" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">245</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Keelta mac Ronan</span></span>. Summoned from the dead by Mongan, <a href="#page81" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">81</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">warrior and reciter, one of Finn's chief men, <a href="#page261" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">St. Patrick and, <a href="#page265" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">265</a>, <a href="#page266" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">266</a>, <a href="#page289" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">289</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Finn whispers the tale of his enchantment to, <a href="#page280" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">280</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Oisīn and, resolve to part, <a href="#page282" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">282</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">meets St. Patrick, <a href="#page282" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">282</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">assists Oisīn bury Oscar, <a href="#page307" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">307</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Keevan of the Curling Locks.</span></span> Lover of Cleena, <a href="#page127" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">127</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Keltchar</span></span> (kelt´yar). A lord of Ulster;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mac Datho's boar and, <a href="#page243" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">243</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Kenmare River.</span></span> In Co. Kerry;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">ancient name <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Inverskena,”</span> so called after Skena, <a href="#page133" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">133</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Kenverch´yn</span></span>. The three hundred ravens of, <a href="#page399" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">399</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Kerry.</span></span> Murna marries King of, <a href="#page256" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">256</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Kesair</span></span> (kes´er). Gaulish princess, wife of King Ugainy the Great, <a href="#page152" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">152</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">grandmother of Maon, <a href="#page153" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">153</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ket.</span></span> Son of Maga;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">rallies to Maev's foray against Ulster, <a href="#page204" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">204</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slings Conall's <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“brain ball”</span> at Conor mac Nessa which seven years after leads to his death, <a href="#page240" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">240</a>, <a href="#page241" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">241</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the Boar of mac Datho and, <a href="#page241" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">241</a>-<a href="#page244" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">244</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">death of, told in Keating's <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“History of Ireland,”</span> <a href="#page244" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">244</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Keva of the White Skin.</span></span> Daughter of Finn, given in marriage to Goll mac Morna, <a href="#page278" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">278</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Kian.</span></span> Father of Lugh, <a href="#page109" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">109</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">brother of Sawan and Goban, <a href="#page110" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">110</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the end of, <a href="#page114" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">114</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Kicva.</span></span> Daughter of Gwynn Gohoyw, wife of Pryderi, <a href="#page365" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">365</a>, <a href="#page373" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">373</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Kilhwch</span></span> (kil´hugh). Son to Kilydd and Goleuddydd;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">story of Olwen and, <a href="#page386" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">386</a>-<a href="#page392" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">392</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">accompanied on his quest (to find Olwen) by Kai, Bedwyr, Kynddelig, Bedwyr (Bedivere), Gwrhyr, Gwalchmai, and Menw, <a href="#page388" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">388</a>-<a href="#page392" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">392</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Killarney, Lakes of.</span></span> Ancient name, Locha Lein, given to, by Len, <a href="#page123" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Kilydd.</span></span> Husband of Goleuddydd, father of Kilhwch, <a href="#page386" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">386</a>, <a href="#page387" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">387</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Kimbay (Cimbaoth).</span></span> Irish king;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">reign of, and the founding of Emain Macha, <a href="#page150" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">150</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">brother of Red Hugh and Dithorba, <a href="#page151" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">151</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">compelled to wed Macha, <a href="#page151" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">151</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">King Lear.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Historia Regum Britaniæ”</span> furnished the subject of, <a href="#page337" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">337</a>, <a href="#page338" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">338</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Kingsborough, Lord.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Antiquities of Mexico,”</span> example of cup-and-ring markings reproduced in his book, <a href="#page68" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">68</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Knowledge.</span></span> Nuts of, <a href="#page256" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">256</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the Salmon of, <a href="#page256" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">256</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Kym´ideu Kyme´in-voll.</span></span> Wife of Llassar Llaesgyvnewid, <a href="#page368" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">368</a></div> +</div> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page444">[pg 444]</span> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Kymon.</span></span> A knight of Arthur's court; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the adventure of, <a href="#page394" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">394</a>-<a href="#page399" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">399</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Kyn´ddelig</span></span>. One of Arthur's servitors;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">accompanies Kilhwch on his quest for Olwen, <a href="#page388" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">388</a>-<a href="#page392" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">392</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Kyot (Guiot)</span></span>. Provençal poet; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">and Wolfram von Eschenbach, <a href="#page408" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">408</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">L</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">La Tène Culture</span></span>. Relics found in Austria developed into, <a href="#page29" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">29</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Labra the Mariner.</span></span> See <a href="#idx_maon" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Maon</a>, <a href="#page154" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">154</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Laeg</span></span> (layg). Cuchulain's friend and charioteer, <a href="#page183" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">sent by Cuchulain to rouse men of Ulster, <a href="#page213" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">213</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">visits Fairyland to report on Fand, <a href="#page226" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">226</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the Grey of Macha resists being harnessed by, <a href="#page230" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slain by Lewy, <a href="#page232" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">232</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Laery</span></span> (lay´ry). 1. Son of King Ugainy the Great; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">treacherously slain by his brother Covac, <a href="#page152" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">152</a>.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">2. The Triumphant; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">shrinks from test for the Championship of Ireland, <a href="#page196" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mac Datho's boar and, <a href="#page243" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">243</a>.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">3. Son of Neill; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">sees vision of Cuchulain, <a href="#page239" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">239</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lairgnen</span></span> (lerg-nen). Connacht chief, betrothed to Deoca; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">seizes the Children of Lir, <a href="#page142" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">142</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lake of the Cauldron.</span></span> Place where Matholwch met Llassar Llaesgyvnewid and his wife Kymideu Kymeinvoll, <a href="#page367" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">367</a>, <a href="#page368" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">368</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lake of the Dragon's Mouth.</span></span> Resort of Caer, <a href="#page121" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">121</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Angus Ōg joins his love, Caer, at, <a href="#page122" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">122</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Land of the Dead</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Spain”</span> a synonymous term, <a href="#page130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the western extremity of Great Britain is, according to ancient writer cited by Plutarch, and also according to Procopius, <a href="#page131" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">131</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Land of the Living</span></span>. = Land of the Happy Dead, <a href="#page96" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">gifts which Lugh brought from, <a href="#page113" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Land of Shadows.</span></span> Dwelling-place of Skatha; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cuchulain at, <a href="#page187" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a>-<a href="#page189" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">189</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Land of the Wee Folk.</span></span> See <a href="#idx_wee_folk" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Wee Folk</a> (otherwise, Faylinn), <a href="#page246" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">246</a>, &c.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Land of Youth.</span></span> Identical with <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Land of the Dead,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Land of the Living,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">q.v.</span></span>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">See <a href="#idx_mananan" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Mananan</a>, <a href="#page113" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a>, <a href="#page125" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">125</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cleena once lived in, <a href="#page127" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">127</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Connla's Well in, visited by Sinend, <a href="#page129" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">129</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">still lives in imagination of Irish peasant, <a href="#page137" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">137</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mystic country of People of Dana after their dispossession by Children of Miled, <a href="#page156" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">pagan conception of, referred to, <a href="#page161" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">lover from, visits Messbuachalla, to whom she bears Conary, <a href="#page166" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a>, <a href="#page167" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">167</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Oisīn sees wonders of, <a href="#page272" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">272</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Oisīn returns from, <a href="#page273" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">273</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“The Lady of the Fountain”</span> and the, <a href="#page395" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">395</a>, <a href="#page396" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">396</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Layamon.</span></span> Translator. See <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Historia Regum Britaniæ”</span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Legend.</span></span> The cycles of Irish, <a href="#page95" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Leicester.</span></span> See <a href="#idx_llyr" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Llyr</a></div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_leinster" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Leinster.</span></span> Book of, and de Jubainville, <a href="#page24" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">24</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">ancient tract, the <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Dinnsenchus,”</span> preserved in, <a href="#page85" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">traditional derivation of name, <a href="#page154" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">154</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">men of, rally to Maev's foray against Ulster, <a href="#page205" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">205</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Mesroda, son of Datho, dwelt in province of, <a href="#page241" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">241</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Leix.</span></span> Reavers from, slay Ailill Edge-of-Battle, <a href="#page310" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">310</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Maeldūn's voyage to, <a href="#page311" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">311</a>-<a href="#page331" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">331</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Len.</span></span> Goldsmith of Bōv the Red; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">gave ancient name, Locha Lein, to the Lakes of Killarney, <a href="#page123" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Levar´cam</span></span>. Deirdre's nurse, <a href="#page197" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">197</a>-<a href="#page200" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">200</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Conor questions, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">re</span></span> sons of Usna, <a href="#page199" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lewy.</span></span> Son of Curoi, Cuchulain's foe, <a href="#page228" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">228</a>-<a href="#page233" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slain by Conall of the Victories, <a href="#page233" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lia</span></span> (lee´a). Lord of Luachar, treasurer to the Clan Morna, <a href="#page255" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">255</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slain by Finn, <a href="#page256" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">256</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">father of Conan, <a href="#page258" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">258</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lia Fail</span></span> (lee´a fawl), <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The.</span></span> The Stone of Destiny, <a href="#page121" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">121</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Liagan</span></span> (lee´a-gan). A pirate, slain by Conan mac Morna, <a href="#page260" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">260</a></div> +</div> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page445">[pg 445]</span> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Light-of-Beauty</span></span>. See <a href="#idx_sgeimh_solais" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Sgeimh Solais</a></div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_lir" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lir</span></span> (leer).</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">1. Sea-god, father of Mananan, <a href="#page113" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a>, <a href="#page139" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">139</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">Mananan and, referred to, <a href="#page125" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">125</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">identical with the Greek Oceanus, <a href="#page125" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">125</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">father of Lodan and grandparent of Sinend, <a href="#page129" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">129</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">Cymric deity Llyr corresponds with, <a href="#page347" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">347</a>. </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">2. The Children of, the transformation of, <a href="#page139" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">139</a>-<a href="#page142" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">142</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">their death, <a href="#page142" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">142</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lismore.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“The Dean of Lismore's Book,”</span> by James Macgregor. </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Dean of, described, <a href="#page288" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">288</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Llassar Llaesgyv´newid.</span></span> Husband of Kymideu Kymeinvoll, giver of magic cauldron to Bran, <a href="#page368" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">368</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Llevelys.</span></span> Son of Beli; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">story of Ludd (Nudd) and, <a href="#page385" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">385</a>, <a href="#page386" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">386</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Llew Llaw Gyffes.</span></span> Otherwise <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“The Lion of the Sure Hand.”</span> </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">A hero the subject of the tale <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Māth Son of Māthonwy,”</span> <a href="#page347" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">347</a>, <a href="#page348" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">348</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">identical with the Gaelic deity Lugh of the Long Arm, <a href="#page347" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">347</a>, <a href="#page348" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">348</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">how he got his name, <a href="#page381" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">381</a>, <a href="#page382" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">382</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the flower-wife of, named Blodeuwedd, <a href="#page382" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">382</a>, <a href="#page383" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">383</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slays Gronw Pebyr, who had betrayed him, <a href="#page383" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">383</a>, <a href="#page384" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">384</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lludd.</span></span> See <a href="#idx_nudd" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Nudd</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Llwyd.</span></span> Son of Kilcoed, an enchanter; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">removes magic spell from seven Cantrevs of Dyfed, and from Pryderi and Rhiannon, <a href="#page377" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">377</a></div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_llyr" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Llyr.</span></span> In Welsh legend, father of Manawyddan; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Irish equivalents, Lir and Mananan, <a href="#page347" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">347</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Llyr-cester (now Leicester) once a centre of the worship of, <a href="#page347" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">347</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">house of, corresponds with Gaelic Lir, <a href="#page348" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">348</a>, <a href="#page349" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">349</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Penardun, daughter of Dōn, wife of, <a href="#page349" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">349</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">genealogy set forth, <a href="#page351" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">351</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Loch.</span></span> Son of Mofebis, champion sent by Mae against Cuchulain, <a href="#page212" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">212</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">wounds Cuchulain, but is slain by him, <a href="#page212" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">212</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Loch Gara.</span></span> Lake in Roscommon; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mac Cecht's visit to, <a href="#page176" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">176</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Loch Rory.</span></span> Fergus mac Leda's adventure in, <a href="#page249" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">249</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Loch Ryve.</span></span> Maev retires to island on, and is slain there by Forbay, <a href="#page245" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">245</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lodan.</span></span> Son of Lir, father of goddess Sinend, <a href="#page129" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">129</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Loherangrain.</span></span> Knight of the Swan, son of Parzival, <a href="#page408" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">408</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Loughcrew.</span></span> Great tumulus at, supposed burying-place of Ollav Fōla, <a href="#page150" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">150</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lourdes.</span></span> Cult of waters of, <a href="#page66" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">66</a>, <a href="#page67" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">67</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lucan.</span></span> Triad of deities mentioned by, <a href="#page86" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Luchad</span></span> (loo-chad). Father of Luchta, <a href="#page112" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">112</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Luchta</span></span> (looch-ta). Son of Luchad, <a href="#page112" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">112</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the carpenter of the Danaans, <a href="#page117" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">117</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ludgate.</span></span> For derivation see Nudd</div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_lugh" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lugh</span></span> (loo), or <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lugus.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">1. See <a href="#idx_apollo" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Apollo</a>, <a href="#page58" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">58</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">the god of Light, in Gaul and Ireland, as, <a href="#page88" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">2. Son of Kian, the Sun-god <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">par excellence</span></span> of all Celtica, the coming of, <a href="#page109" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">109</a>-<a href="#page113" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">other names, Ildánach (<span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“The All-Craftsman”</span>) and Lugh Lamfada (Lugh of the Long Arm), <a href="#page113" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a>, <a href="#page123" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">his eric from sons of Turenn for murder of his father, Kian, <a href="#page115" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">115</a>-<a href="#page116" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">116</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">slays Balor and is enthroned in his stead, <a href="#page117" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">117</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">fiery spear of, <a href="#page121" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">121</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">his worship widely spread over Continental Celtica, <a href="#page123" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">father, by Dectera, of Cuchulain, <a href="#page123" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a>, <a href="#page182" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">182</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">Cymric deity Llew Llaw Gyffes corresponds with, <a href="#page347" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">347</a>, <a href="#page348" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">348</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lugh of the Long Arm.</span></span> See <a href="#idx_lugh" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Lugh.</a></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Invincible sword of, <a href="#page105" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a>, <a href="#page106" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">106</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Bres, son of Balor, and, <a href="#page123" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">husband of Dectera and father of Cuchulain, <a href="#page182" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">182</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">appears to Cuchulain and protects the Ford while his son rests, <a href="#page214" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">214</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">fights by his son's side, <a href="#page215" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">215</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cymric hero Llew Llaw Gyfles corresponds with, <a href="#page347" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">347</a>, <a href="#page348" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">348</a></div> +</div> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page446">[pg 446]</span> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Luned.</span></span> Maiden who rescued Owain, <a href="#page397" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">397</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Owain rescues her, <a href="#page398" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">398</a>, <a href="#page399" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">399</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">M</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mabinŏg´ion, The</span><span style="font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span></span> (singular, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Mabinogi</span></span>). </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Reference to story of Kilhwch and Olwen in, <a href="#page343" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">343</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“The Red Book of Hergest,”</span> the main source of the tales of, <a href="#page344" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">344</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Māth Son of Māthonwy,”</span> tale in, <a href="#page347" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">347</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Mr. Alfred Nutt's edition, <a href="#page356" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">356</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Four Branches of the Mabinogi form most important part of, <a href="#page384" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">384</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Peredur's story in, and French version, <a href="#page406" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">406</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the tale of Taliesin and, <a href="#page412" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">412</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mabon.</span></span> Son of Modron, released by Arthur, <a href="#page391" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">391</a>, <a href="#page392" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">392</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Maccecht.</span></span> Danaan king, husband of Fohla, <a href="#page132" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">member of Conary's retinue at Da Derga's Hostel, <a href="#page175" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his search for water, <a href="#page175" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a>, <a href="#page176" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">176</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Maccuill</span></span> (quill). Danaan king, husband of Banba, <a href="#page132" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">at fortress of Aileach, <a href="#page132" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Macgrené.</span></span> Danaan king, husband of Eriu, <a href="#page132" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mythical name Son of the Sun, <a href="#page132" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mac Indoc´, The Plain of</span></span>. Laery and St. Benen on, <a href="#page239" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">239</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">MacKerval, Dermot</span></span>. Rule of, in Ireland, and the cursing of Tara, <a href="#page47" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">47</a>, <a href="#page48" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">48</a>. </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">See <a href="#idx_dermot_mackerval" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Dermot</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Macpherson.</span></span> Pseudo-Ossian poetry of, <a href="#page238" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">238</a></div> + +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mac Roth.</span></span> Maev's steward, named, and the Brown Bull of Quelgny, <a href="#page202" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">sent to view host of Ulster men, <a href="#page223" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">223</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Macedon.</span></span> Attacked by Thracian and Illyrian hordes, <a href="#page23" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">23</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Macha.</span></span> Daughter of Red Hugh, <a href="#page151" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">151</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slays Dithorba and compels Kimbay to wed her, <a href="#page151" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">151</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">captures five sons of Dithorba, <a href="#page151" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">151</a>, <a href="#page152" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">152</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">forms an instance of the intermingling of the attributes of the Danaan with the human race, <a href="#page152" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">152</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">a super-natural being, <a href="#page178" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">178</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">goes to dwell with Crundchu, <a href="#page178" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">178</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">her race against Ultonian horses, <a href="#page179" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">179</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">gives birth to twins and curses the Ultonians, <a href="#page180" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">her curse on men of Ulster, <a href="#page203" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">203</a>-<a href="#page221" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the curse removed from men of Ulster, <a href="#page222" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">222</a></div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_maeldun" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Maeldūn.</span></span> Son of Ailill Edge-of-Battle, <a href="#page310" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">310</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">departs to his own kindred, <a href="#page311" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">311</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">sets out on his wonderful voyage, <a href="#page311" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">311</a>-<a href="#page331" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">331</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Maeldūn, Voyage of</span></span> (mayl'-doon). Found in MS. entitled <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Book of the Dun Cow,”</span> <a href="#page309" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">309</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">reference to Dr. Whitley Stokes' translation in the <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Revue Celtique,”</span> <a href="#page309" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">309</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">theme of Tennyson's <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Voyage of Maeldune”</span> furnished by Joyce's version in <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Old Celtic Romances,”</span> <a href="#page309" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">309</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">narrative of, <a href="#page311" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">311</a>-<a href="#page331" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">331</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Maen Tyriawc</span></span> (ma'en tyr'i-awc). Burial-place of Pryderi, <a href="#page379" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">379</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Maev</span></span> (mayv). Queen of Connacht, <a href="#page122" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">122</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Angus Ōg seeks aid of, <a href="#page122" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">122</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">debility of Ultonians manifested on occasion of Cattle-raid of Quelgny, <a href="#page180" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Fergus seeks aid of, <a href="#page202" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">her famous bull Finnbenach, <a href="#page202" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">her efforts to secure the Brown Bull of Quelgny, <a href="#page204" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">204</a>-<a href="#page246" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">246</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">host of, spreads devastation through the territories of Bregia and Murthemney, <a href="#page209" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">209</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">offers her daughter Findabair of Fair Eyebrows to Ferdia if he will meet Cuchulain, <a href="#page216" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Conor summons men of Ulster against, <a href="#page222" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">222</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">overtaken but spared by Cuchulain, <a href="#page225" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">makes seven years' peace with Ulster, <a href="#page225" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">vengeance of, against Cuchulain, <a href="#page228" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">228</a>-<a href="#page233" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mac Datho's hound and, <a href="#page241" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">241</a>-<a href="#page244" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">244</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">retires to island on Loch Ryve, <a href="#page245" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">245</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slain by Forbay, <a href="#page245" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">245</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Maga.</span></span> Daughter of Angus Ōg, wife of Ross the Red, <a href="#page181" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">wedded also to Druid Cathbad, <a href="#page181" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a></div> +</div> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page447">[pg 447]</span> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Magi.</span></span> Word magic derived from, <a href="#page60" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">60</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">treated by Pliny, <a href="#page61" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a></div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_magic" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Magic.</span></span> The religion of Megalithic People that of, <a href="#page59" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">59</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">origin of word, <a href="#page60" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">60</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Pliny on, <a href="#page61" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">religion of, invented in Persia and by Zoroaster, <a href="#page61" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">traces of, in Megalithic monuments, <a href="#page63" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">63</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Clan Calatin learn, in Ireland, Alba, and Babylon, to practise against Cuchulain, <a href="#page228" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">228</a>-<a href="#page233" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Maitre, M. Albert.</span></span> Inspector of Musée des Antiquités Nationales, <a href="#page64" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">64</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Malory.</span></span> Anticipated by Wace, <a href="#page338" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">338</a>, <a href="#page339" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">339</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cymric myths and, <a href="#page388" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">388</a></div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_mananan" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Man´anan</span></span>. Son of the Sea-god, Lir, <a href="#page113" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a>, <a href="#page139" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">139</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">magical Boat of, brought by Lugh, with Horse of, and sword <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Fragarach</span></span>, from the Land of the Living, <a href="#page113" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a>, <a href="#page121" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">121</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">attributes of Sea-god mostly conferred on, <a href="#page125" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">125</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the most popular deity in Irish mythology, <a href="#page125" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">125</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">lord of sea beyond which Land of Youth or Islands of the Dead were supposed to lie, <a href="#page125" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">125</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">master of tricks and illusions, owned magical possessions—boat, Ocean-Sweeper; steed, Aonbarr; sword, The Answerer, &c. &c., <a href="#page125" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">125</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">reference to daughter of, given to Angus, a Danaan prince, <a href="#page143" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">143</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his wife, Fand, sets her love on Cuchulain, <a href="#page226" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">226</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Fand recovered by, <a href="#page227" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">227</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">shakes his cloak between Fand and Cuchulain, <a href="#page228" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">228</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cymric deity Manawyddan corresponds with, <a href="#page347" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">347</a>, <a href="#page348" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">348</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Manawyddan</span></span> (mana-wudh'en). In Welsh mythology, son of Llyr; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Irish equivalents, Mananan and Lir, <a href="#page347" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">347</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Bendigeid Vran (<span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Bran the Blessed”</span>), his brother, <a href="#page365" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">365</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the tale of Pryderi and, <a href="#page373" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">373</a>-<a href="#page378" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">378</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">weds Rhiannon, <a href="#page373" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">373</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mané-er-h´oeck.</span></span> Remarkable tumulus in Brittany, <a href="#page63" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">63</a>, <a href="#page64" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">64</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Manés.</span></span> Seven outlawed sons of Ailell and Maev, <a href="#page169" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">169</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">their rally to Maev's foray against Ulster, <a href="#page204" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">204</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Manessier.</span></span> A continuator of Chrestien de Troyes, <a href="#page408" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">408</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Man´etho</span></span>. Egyptian historian, reference to human sacrifices, <a href="#page85" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a>, <a href="#page86" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Manred.</span></span> The ineffable Name of God pronounced, and so was formed, <a href="#page333" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">333</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the primal substance of the universe, <a href="#page333" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">333</a></div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_maon" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Maon</span></span> (may'un). Son of Ailill; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">brutal treatment of, by Covac, <a href="#page152" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">152</a>-<a href="#page154" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">154</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">has revenge on Ailill by slaying him and all his nobles, <a href="#page153" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">153</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">weds Moriath, and reigns over Ireland, <a href="#page154" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">154</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">equivalent, <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Labra the Mariner,”</span> <a href="#page154" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">154</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Marcellin´us, Ammian´us.</span></span> Gauls described by, <a href="#page42" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">42</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Marie de France</span></span>. Anglo-Norman poetess; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">sources relating to the Arthurian saga in writings of, <a href="#page339" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">339</a>, <a href="#page340" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">340</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Māth son of Māthonwy</span></span>. Title of tale in the <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Mabinogion,”</span> <a href="#page347" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">347</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Llew Llaw Gyffes, a character in tale of, <a href="#page347" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">347</a>, <a href="#page348" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">348</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">brother of Penardun, <a href="#page349" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">349</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the tale of, <a href="#page378" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">378</a>-<a href="#page384" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">384</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Gwydion and Gilvaethwy, nephews of, <a href="#page378" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">378</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his strange gift of hearing, <a href="#page386" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">386</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Matholwch</span></span> (math'o-law). King of Ireland; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">comes seeking Branwen's hand in marriage, <a href="#page366" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">366</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">wedding of, and Branwen's, celebrated at Aberffraw, <a href="#page366" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">366</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Evnissyen mutilates his horses, <a href="#page367" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">367</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Bran, among other gifts, gives a magic cauldron to, <a href="#page367" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">367</a>, <a href="#page368" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">368</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">father of Gwern, <a href="#page368" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">368</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">informed of Bran's invasion, <a href="#page369" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">369</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">hands sovranty of Ireland to Gwern, <a href="#page370" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">370</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Māthonwy.</span></span> Ancestor of House of Dōn, <a href="#page349" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">349</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Matière de France</span></span>. Source of Round Table and chivalric institutions ascribed to Arthur's court, <a href="#page341" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">341</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Maxen Wledig</span></span> (oo'le-dig). Emperor of Rome; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the dream of, <a href="#page384" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">384</a>, <a href="#page385" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">385</a></div> +</div> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page448">[pg 448]</span> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">May-Day.</span></span> Sacred to Beltené, day on which Sons of Miled began conquest of Ireland, <a href="#page133" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">133</a>, <a href="#page134" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">134</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">combat every, between Gwythur ap Greidawl and Gwyn ap Nudd, <a href="#page353" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">353</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">strange scream heard in Britain on eve of, <a href="#page385" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">385</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Meath.</span></span> Fergus in his battle-fury strikes off the tops of the three <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Maela</span></span> of, <a href="#page224" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">224</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">St. Patrick and the folk of, <a href="#page282" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">282</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Medicine.</span></span> See <a href="#idx_magic" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Magic,</a> <a href="#page60" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">60</a>, <a href="#page61" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Pliny and, <a href="#page61" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Megalithic People.</span></span> Builders of dolmens, cromlechs, &c., <a href="#page52" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">52</a>-<a href="#page93" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">93</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">origin of the, <a href="#page54" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">54</a>-<a href="#page58" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">58</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Professor Ridgeway's contention about, <a href="#page56" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">56</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">their religion that of magic, <a href="#page59" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">59</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">representations of the divine powers under human aspect unknown to, <a href="#page75" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">75</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Druidism imposed on the Celts by the, <a href="#page82" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">82</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">human sacrifices, practice a survival from the, <a href="#page84" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">conception of, regarding their deities, <a href="#page86" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mercury.</span></span> Regarded as chief of the gods by Gauls, <a href="#page87" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Lugh Lamfada identified with, <a href="#page113" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a></div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_merlin" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Merlin.</span></span> See <a href="#idx_myrddin" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Myrddin.</a></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Reference to his magical arts, <a href="#page337" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">337</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">equivalent Myrddin, <a href="#page354" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">354</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">believed by Geoffrey of Monmouth to have erected Stonehenge, <a href="#page354" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">354</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the abode of, described, <a href="#page354" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">354</a>-<a href="#page356" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">356</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mesged´ra</span></span>. The vengeance of, fulfilled, <a href="#page241" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">241</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mesro´da, mac Datho.</span></span> Son of Datho, <a href="#page241" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">241</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the carving of the boar of, <a href="#page241" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">241</a>-<a href="#page244" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">244</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Conor and Maev both send to purchase his hound, <a href="#page241" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">241</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Messbuachalla</span></span> (mess-boo'hala). Only daughter of Etain Oig, <a href="#page166" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">significance, <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“the cowherd's foster-child,”</span> <a href="#page166" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">King Eterskel's promised son and, <a href="#page166" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">visited by a Danaan lover, and birth of Conary, <a href="#page166" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a>, <a href="#page167" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">167</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mexico.</span></span> Cup-and-ring marking in, <a href="#page68" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">68</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">symbol of the feet found in, <a href="#page77" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the cross-legged <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Buddha,”</span> frequent occurrence in religious art of, <a href="#page87" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Midir the Proud</span></span> (mid'eer). A son of the Dagda; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">a type of splendour, <a href="#page124" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">124</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his appearance to King Eochy, <a href="#page124" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">124</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Fuamnach, wife of, <a href="#page156" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Etain, second bride of, <a href="#page156" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">recovers his wife from Eochy, <a href="#page160" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">160</a>-<a href="#page163" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">163</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">yields up Etain, <a href="#page163" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">163</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Miled.</span></span></div> +<div id="idx_sons_of_miled" class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">1. Sons of; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">conquer the People of Dana, <a href="#page100" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">100</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">the coming of, to displace rule in Ireland of Danaans, <a href="#page130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">Bregon, son of, <a href="#page130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">Amergin, son of, <a href="#page133" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">133</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">begin conquest of Ireland on May-day, <a href="#page133" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">133</a>, <a href="#page134" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">134</a>.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">2. A god, represented as, in a Celtic inscription from Hungary, son of Bilé, <a href="#page130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a>. </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">3. Children of; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">resolve to take vengeance for Ith's slaying, <a href="#page133" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">133</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">enter upon the sovranty of Ireland, <a href="#page136" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">136</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Milesian-s</span></span>. See <a href="#idx_sons_of_miled" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Sons of Miled</a>, <a href="#page130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">myth, meaning of, <a href="#page138" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">138</a>-<a href="#page145" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">145</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the early kings, <a href="#page146" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">146</a>-<a href="#page148" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">148</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Minorca.</span></span> Analogous structures (to represent ships) to those in Ireland found in, <a href="#page76" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">76</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mochaen</span></span> (mo-chayn'). Hill of, and Lugh's eric, <a href="#page115" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">115</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Modred.</span></span> King Arthur's nephew;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">usurps his uncle's crown and weds his wife Guanhumara, <a href="#page337" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">337</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Arthur defeats and slays, <a href="#page337" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">337</a>, <a href="#page338" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">338</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mongan.</span></span> Irish chieftain, reincarnation of Finn; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">wager as to place of death of King Fothad, <a href="#page81" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">81</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Montel´ius, Dr. Oscar.</span></span> And the ship symbol, <a href="#page72" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">72</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Moonre´mur.</span></span> A lord of Ulster;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mac Datho's boar and, <a href="#page243" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">243</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Morann.</span></span> Druid; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">prophecy of, concerning Cuchulain, <a href="#page183" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Morc.</span></span> Fomorian king, <a href="#page101" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">101</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Morda.</span></span> A blind man, set by Ceridwen to keep fire under the magic cauldron, <a href="#page413" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">413</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mor´iath</span></span>. Daughter of Scoriath, the King of Feramore; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">her love for Maon and her device +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page449">[pg 449]</span> +to win him back to Ireland, <a href="#page153" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">153</a>, <a href="#page154" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">154</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">curious tale regarding his hair, <a href="#page154" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">154</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Morna.</span></span> Father of Goll, <a href="#page257" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">257</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Morr´igan, The.</span></span> Extraordinary goddess, embodying all that is perverse and horrible among supernatural powers, <a href="#page126" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">her love and friendship for Cuchulain, <a href="#page126" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">her visit to Conary Mōr at Hostel of Da Derga, <a href="#page172" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">172</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">appears to Cuchulain and offers her love, <a href="#page212" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">212</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">her threat to be about his feet in bottom of the Ford, <a href="#page212" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">212</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">attacks Cuchulain, and is wounded by him, <a href="#page213" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">213</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">croaks of war and slaughter before Cuchulain, <a href="#page230" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">settles on the dead Cuchulain's shoulder as a crow, <a href="#page233" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mountains of Mourne.</span></span> Cuchulain on, <a href="#page193" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">193</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Moyrath.</span></span> Battle of, ended resistance of Celtic chiefs to Christianity, <a href="#page51" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Moyslaught</span></span> (<span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“The Plain of Adoration”</span>).</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Idol of Crom Cruach erected on, <a href="#page85" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a>, <a href="#page149" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">149</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Moytura, Plain of.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">1. Scene of First Battle (Co. Sligo) between Danaans and the Firbolgs, <a href="#page106" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">106</a>, <a href="#page107" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">107</a>. </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">2. Scene of Second Battle (Co. Mayo) between Danaans and Fomorians, <a href="#page117" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">117</a>, <a href="#page130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">the Dagda and, <a href="#page120" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">120</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Munsalväsche (Montsalvat), The Castle of</span></span>, where, in W. von Eschenbach's poem, the Grail is preserved, <a href="#page407" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">407</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Munster.</span></span> Ailill Olum, King of, <a href="#page127" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">127</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Hill of Ainé”</span> and goddess Ainé <a href="#page128" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">128</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">origin of name, <a href="#page154" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">154</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mur´ias, The City of</span></span> (see Dana), <a href="#page105" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a>, <a href="#page106" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">106</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Murna of the White Neck.</span></span> Wife of Cumhal, mother of Finn, <a href="#page255" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">255</a>, <a href="#page266" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">266</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">takes refuge in forests of Slieve Bloom, and gives birth to Demna (Finn), <a href="#page255" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">255</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">marries King of Kerry, <a href="#page256" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">256</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Murtagh mac Erc</span></span>. King of Ireland, brother of Fergus the Great; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">lends famous Stone of Scone to Scotland, <a href="#page105" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Murthem´ney</span></span>.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Kian killed on Plain of, <a href="#page114" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">114</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cuchulain of, seen in a vision by prophetess Fedelma, <a href="#page206" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">206</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the carnage of, <a href="#page214" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">214</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">host of Ulster assemble on, <a href="#page229" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cuchulain at his dūn in, <a href="#page230" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mycen´æ</span></span>. Burial chamber of the Atreidæ, ancient dolmen yet stands beside, in, <a href="#page53" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a></div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_myrddin" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Myrddin.</span></span> See <a href="#idx_merlin" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Merlin.</a></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">A deity in Arthur's mythological cycle, corresponds with Sun-god Nudd, <a href="#page354" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">354</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">suggestion of Professor Rhys that chief deity worshipped at Stonehenge was, <a href="#page355" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">355</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">seizes the <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Thirteen Treasures of Britain,”</span> <a href="#page355" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">355</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mythological Cycle, The,</span></span> <a href="#page95" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a>, <a href="#page96" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mythology.</span></span> Comparison between Gaelic and Cymric, <a href="#page346" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">346</a>-<a href="#page348" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">348</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">compared with folklore, <a href="#page418" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">418</a></div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_myths" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Myths.</span></span> Danaan, meaning of, <a href="#page137" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">137</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Milesian, meaning of, <a href="#page138" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">138</a>, <a href="#page139" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">139</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Invasion, of Ireland, <a href="#page138" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">138</a>-<a href="#page145" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">145</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">N</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Naisi</span></span> (nay'see). Son of Usna, loved by Deirdre, <a href="#page198" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">198</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">abducts Deirdre, <a href="#page198" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">198</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ardan and Ainlé, his brothers, <a href="#page198" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">198</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Conor invites return of, <a href="#page198" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">198</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his return under care of Fergus, <a href="#page199" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slain by Owen son of Duracht, <a href="#page201" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">201</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Naqada</span></span> (nak'a-da). Signs on ivory tablets discovered by Flinders Petrie in cemetery at, <a href="#page78" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Narberth.</span></span> Castle where Pwyll had his court, <a href="#page359" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">359</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Pwyll's adventure on the Mound of Arberth, near, <a href="#page359" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">359</a>-<a href="#page365" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">365</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Pryderi and Manawyddan and their wives left desolate at palace of, <a href="#page373" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">373</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Natchrantal</span></span> (na-chran'tal). Famous champion of Maev;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">assists to capture Brown Bull, <a href="#page211" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a></div> +</div> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page450">[pg 450]</span> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nechtan.</span></span> Dūn of the sons of, <a href="#page193" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">193</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cuchulain provokes a fight with sons of, <a href="#page193" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">193</a>, <a href="#page194" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">194</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">sons of, slain, <a href="#page194" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">194</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Neit</span></span> (nayt). </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Danaan king, slain in battle with the Fomorians, <a href="#page132" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nemed.</span></span> Son of Agnoman; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">takes possession of Ireland, <a href="#page98" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">98</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">fights victoriously against Fomorians, his death, <a href="#page101" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">101</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nemedians.</span></span> Sail for Ireland, <a href="#page99" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">99</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">akin to the Partholanians, <a href="#page101" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">101</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">revolt of, against Fomorians, <a href="#page101" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">101</a>, <a href="#page102" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">routed by Fomorians, <a href="#page102" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nemglan.</span></span> Commands Conary go to Tara, <a href="#page168" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">168</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">he declares Conary's <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geise</span></span>, <a href="#page168" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">168</a></div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_nennius" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nennius.</span></span> British historian in whose <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Historia Britonum”</span> (A.D. 800) is found first mention of Arthur, <a href="#page336" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">336</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nessa.</span></span> Daughter of Echid Yellow-heel, wife of Fachtna, mother of Conor, <a href="#page180" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">loved by Fergus, <a href="#page180" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Netherlands.</span></span> Place-names of, Celtic element in, <a href="#page27" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">27</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">New Grange.</span></span> Tumulus at, regarded as dwelling-place of Fairy Folk, <a href="#page69" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">69</a>, <a href="#page70" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">70</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">symbolic carvings at, <a href="#page70" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">70</a>, <a href="#page71" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">71</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the ship symbol at, <a href="#page71" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">71</a>-<a href="#page73" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">73</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Angus Ōg's palace at, <a href="#page121" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">121</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Angus' fairy palace at Brugh na Boyna identical with, <a href="#page143" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">143</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Niam</span></span> (nee'am). </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">1. Wife of Conall of the Victories; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">tends Cuchulain, <a href="#page229" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">Bave puts a spell of straying on her, <a href="#page230" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">2. Of the Golden Hair; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">daughter of the King of the Land of Youth, <a href="#page270" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">270</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">Oisīn departs with, <a href="#page271" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">271</a>, <a href="#page272" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">272</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">permits Oisīn to visit the Land of Erin, <a href="#page273" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">273</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Niss´yen</span></span>. Son of Eurosswyd and Penardun, <a href="#page366" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">366</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nodens.</span></span> See <a href="#idx_nudd" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Nudd</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nuada of the Silver Hand</span></span> (noo'ada). King of the Danaans, <a href="#page107" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">107</a>-<a href="#page108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his encounter with Balor, champion of the Fomorians, <a href="#page117" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">117</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">belongs to Finn's ancestry, <a href="#page255" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">255</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">identical with solar deity in Cymric mythology, viz., Nudd or Lludd, <a href="#page346" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">346</a>, <a href="#page347" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">347</a></div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_nudd" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nudd</span></span>, or <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lludd.</span></span> Roman equivalent, Nodens. </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">A solar deity in Cymric mythology, <a href="#page346" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">346</a>, <a href="#page347" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">347</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">identical with Danaan deity, Nuada of the Silver Hand, <a href="#page347" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">347</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">under name Lludd, said to have had a temple on the site of St. Paul's, <a href="#page347" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">347</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">entrance to Lludd's temple called <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Parth Lludd</span></span> (British), which Saxons translated <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Ludes Geat</span></span>—our present Ludgate, <a href="#page347" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">347</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">story of Llevelys and, <a href="#page385" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">385</a>, <a href="#page386" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">386</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Edeyrn, son of, jousts with Geraint for Enid, <a href="#page399" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">399</a>, <a href="#page400" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">400</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nuts of Knowledge.</span></span> Drop from hazel-boughs into pool where Salmon of Knowledge lived, <a href="#page256" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">256</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nutt, Mr. Alfred.</span></span> Reference to, in connexion with the <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Hill of Ainé,”</span> <a href="#page128" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">128</a>, <a href="#page129" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">129</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">reference to, in connexion with Oisīn-and-Patrick dialogues, <a href="#page288" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">288</a>, <a href="#page289" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">289</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">reference to object of the tale of Taliesin in his edition of the <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Mabinogion,”</span> <a href="#page412" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">412</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nynniaw.</span></span> Peibaw and, brothers, two Kings of Britain, their quarrel over the stars, <a href="#page355" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">355</a>, <a href="#page356" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">356</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">O</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">O'Donovan</span></span>. A great Irish antiquary;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">folk-tale discovered by, <a href="#page109" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">109</a>-<a href="#page119" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">O'Dyna, Cantred of.</span></span> Dermot's patrimony, <a href="#page300" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">300</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">O'Grady</span></span>. </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">1. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Standish.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">References to his <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Critical History of Ireland”</span> on the founding of Emain Macha, <a href="#page119" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a>, <a href="#page120" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">120</a>, <a href="#page151" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">151</a>, <a href="#page152" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">152</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">his <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Masque of Finn”</span> referred to, <a href="#page280" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">280</a>, <a href="#page281" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">281</a> </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">2. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Standish Hayes.</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.00em">Reference to his <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Silva Gadelica,”</span> <a href="#page250" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">250</a>, <a href="#page276" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">276</a>, <a href="#page281" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">281</a> </div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ocean-Sweeper.</span></span> Mananan's magical boat, <a href="#page125" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">125</a></div> +</div> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page451">[pg 451]</span> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Odyssey, The.</span></span> Mr H.B. Cotterill's hexameter version, quotation from, <a href="#page79" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">79</a>, <a href="#page80" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ogma.</span></span> Warrior of Nuada of the Silver Hand, <a href="#page112" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">112</a>, <a href="#page118" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">118</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Oisīn</span></span> (ush'een). Otherwise Little Fawn. </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Son of Finn, greatest poet of the Gael, <a href="#page261" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">father of Oscar, <a href="#page261" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">buries Aideen, <a href="#page261" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">birth of, from Saba, <a href="#page266" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">266</a>-<a href="#page270" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">270</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">loved by Niam of the Golden Hair, <a href="#page270" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">270</a>-<a href="#page272" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">272</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">returns from Land of Youth, <a href="#page273" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">273</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Keelta and, resolve to part, <a href="#page282" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">282</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">assists Keelta bury Oscar, <a href="#page307" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">307</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Old Celtic Romances.</span></span> Reference to Dr. P.W. Joyce's, <a href="#page303" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">303</a>, <a href="#page309" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">309</a>, <a href="#page312" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">312</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ollav.</span></span> Definition of the term, <a href="#page149" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">149</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ollav Fōla.</span></span> Eighteenth King of Ireland from Eremon, the most distinguished Ollav of Ireland, <a href="#page149" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">149</a>-<a href="#page150" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">150</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">compared with Goban the Smith and Amergin the Poet, <a href="#page150" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">150</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Olwen.</span></span> The story of Kilhwch and, <a href="#page386" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">386</a>-<a href="#page392" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">392</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">daughter of Yspaddaden, <a href="#page387" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">387</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">how she got the name <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“She of the White Track,”</span> <a href="#page390" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">390</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">bride of Kilhwch, <a href="#page392" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">392</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Orlam.</span></span> Slain by Cuchulain, <a href="#page209" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">209</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Oscar.</span></span> Son of Oisīn; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slays Linné, <a href="#page261" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Aideen, wife of, <a href="#page261" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">her death after battle of Gowra, <a href="#page261" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">type of hard strength, <a href="#page262" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">262</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">reference to death at battle of Gowra, <a href="#page275" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">275</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his death described, <a href="#page306" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">306</a>, <a href="#page308" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">308</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Osi´ris</span></span>. Feet of, symbol of visitation, in Egypt, <a href="#page77" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ossianic Society.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Transactions”</span> of, <a href="#page278" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">278</a>-<a href="#page280" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">280</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">battle of Gowra (Gabhra) described in, <a href="#page305" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">305</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Os´thanes</span></span>. Earliest writer on subject of magic, <a href="#page62" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">62</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Other-World.</span></span> Keelta summoned from, <a href="#page81" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">81</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">faith of, held by Celts, <a href="#page82" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">82</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Mercury regarded by Gauls as guide of dead to, <a href="#page87" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Owain.</span></span> Son of Urien; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">plays chess with King Arthur, <a href="#page393" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">393</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the Black Knight and, <a href="#page396" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">396</a>-<a href="#page399" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">399</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">seen by Peredur, <a href="#page401" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">401</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Owel.</span></span> Foster-son of Mananan and a Druid, father of Ainé, <a href="#page127" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">127</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Owen.</span></span> Son of Duracht; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slays Naisi and other sons of Usna, <a href="#page201" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">201</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Owens of Aran.</span></span> Ailill, of the sept of, <a href="#page311" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">311</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Maeldūn goes to dwell with, <a href="#page311" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">311</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Owl of Cwm Cawlwyd</span></span> (coom cawl´wŭd), <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The,</span></span> <a href="#page392" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">392</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">P</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Patrick, St.</span></span> Ireland apostolised by, <a href="#page51" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">symbol of the feet and, <a href="#page77" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pasth´olan</span></span>. His coming into Ireland from the West; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his origin, <a href="#page96" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Partholanians.</span></span> Battle between the Fomorians and, <a href="#page97" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">end of race by plague on the Old Plain, <a href="#page97" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Nemedians akin to, <a href="#page101" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">101</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Peibaw.</span></span> Nynniaw and, two brothers, Kings of Britain, their quarrel over the stars, <a href="#page355" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">355</a>, <a href="#page356" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">356</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Penar´dun</span></span>. Daughter of Dōn, wife of Llyr, and also of Eurosswyd, sister of Māth, <a href="#page349" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">349</a>, <a href="#page366" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">366</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mother of Bran, also of Nissyen and Evnissyen, <a href="#page366" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">366</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">People of the Sidhe</span></span> (shee).</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Danaans dwindle into fairies, otherwise the, <a href="#page137" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">137</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Per´diccas II.</span></span> Son of Amyntas II., killed in battle, <a href="#page23" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">23</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Per´edur</span></span>. The tale of, and the origin of the Grail Legend, <a href="#page400" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">400</a>, <a href="#page407" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">407</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">corresponds to Perceval of Chrestien de Troyes, <a href="#page400" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">400</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Per´gamos</span></span>. Black Stone of, subject of embassy from Rome during Second Punic War, <a href="#page66" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">66</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Perilous Glen.</span></span> Cuchulain escapes beasts of, <a href="#page187" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Peronnik</span></span>”</span> folk tale, <a href="#page400" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">400</a>, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">note</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Persia.</span></span> Religion of magic invented in, by Zoroaster, <a href="#page61" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a></div> +</div> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page452">[pg 452]</span> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Petrie, Flinders.</span></span> Discoveries by, <a href="#page78" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">on Egyptian origin of symbol of mother and child, <a href="#page79" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">79</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Philip.</span></span> Younger brother of Perdiccas, <a href="#page23" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">23</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Philo´stratus</span></span>. Reference of, to enamelling by Britons, <a href="#page30" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">30</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Plain of Ill-Luck.</span></span> Cuchulain crosses, <a href="#page187" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Plato.</span></span> Celts and, <a href="#page17" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">evidence of, to Celtic characteristics, <a href="#page36" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">36</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pliny.</span></span> Religion of magic discussed by, <a href="#page61" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Plutarch.</span></span> Land of the Dead referred to by, as the western extremity of Great Britain, <a href="#page131" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">131</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pluto</span></span> (Gk. Pluton). Dis, equivalent;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">god of the Underworld, <a href="#page88" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">associated with wealth, like Celtic gods of the Underworld, <a href="#page349" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">349</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Polyb´ius</span></span>. Description of the Gæsati in battle of Clastidium, <a href="#page41" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Polynesian</span></span>, the practice named <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“tabu”</span> and the Irish <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geis</span></span>, similarity between, <a href="#page165" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">165</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Portugal.</span></span> Place-names of, Celtic element in, <a href="#page27" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">27</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Posidon´ius</span></span>. On bardic institution among Celts, <a href="#page57" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">57</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Procop´ius</span></span>. Land of the Dead referred to by as the western extremity of Great Britain, <a href="#page131" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">131</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Province of the Spearmen</span></span> (Irish, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Laighin</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Ly-in”</span>). See <a href="#idx_leinster" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Leinster,</a> <a href="#page154" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">154</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pryderi</span></span> (pri-dair'y) (Trouble). Son of Pwyll and Rhiannon;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his loss <a href="#page363" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">363</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his restoration by Teirnyon, <a href="#page365" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">365</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Kicva, the wife of, <a href="#page365" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">365</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the tale of Manawyddan and, <a href="#page373" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">373</a>-<a href="#page378" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">378</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Gwydion and the swine of, <a href="#page378" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">378</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his death, <a href="#page379" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">379</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pwyll</span></span> (poo-till; modern Powell). Prince of Dyfed;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">how he got his title <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Pen Annwn</span></span>, or <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Head of Hades,”</span> <a href="#page336" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">336</a>-<a href="#page359" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">359</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his adventure on the Mound of Arberth, near the Castle of Narberth, <a href="#page359" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">359</a>-<a href="#page365" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">365</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">fixes his choice on Rhiannon for wife, <a href="#page360" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">360</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Gwawl's trick on him, <a href="#page361" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">361</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Rhiannon's plan to save Pwyll from Gwawl's power, <a href="#page361" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">361</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">weds Rhiannon, <a href="#page362" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">362</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">imposes a penance on his wife, <a href="#page363" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">363</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his son Pryderi (Trouble) found, <a href="#page365" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">365</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pythag´oras</span></span>. Celtic idea of transmigration and, <a href="#page80" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pyth´eas</span></span>. The German tribes about <a href="#page300" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">300</a> B.C. mentioned by, <a href="#page31" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">31</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Q</div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_quelgny" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Quelgny</span></span>, or <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cuailgné</span></span>. Cattle-raid +of, made by Queen Maev, <a href="#page180" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Brown Bull of, owned by Dara, <a href="#page202" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the theme of the <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Tain Bo Cuailgné”</span> is the Brown Bull of, <a href="#page203" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">203</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Brown Bull of, is Celtic counterpart of Hindu sky-deity, Indra, <a href="#page203" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">203</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Brown Bull of, captured at Slievegallion, Co. Armagh, by Maev, <a href="#page211" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">white-horned Bull of Ailell slain by Brown Bull of, <a href="#page225" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">reputed author of, Fergus mac Roy, <a href="#page234" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">234</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Sanchan Torpest searches for lost lay of, <a href="#page234" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">234</a>-<a href="#page238" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">238</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">R</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rā.</span></span> Egyptian Sun god;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">ship symbol in sepulchral art of Egypt connected with worship of, <a href="#page74" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a>-<a href="#page76" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">76</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rath Grania.</span></span> King Cormac and Finn feasted at, <a href="#page300" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">300</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rath Luachar.</span></span> Lia keeps the Treasure Bag at, <a href="#page255" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">255</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rathcroghan.</span></span> Maev's palace in Roscommon, <a href="#page202" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Red Branch.</span></span> Order of chivalry which had its seat in Emain Macha, <a href="#page178" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">178</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the time of glory of, during Conor's reign, <a href="#page181" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">heroes of, and Cuchulain strive for the Championship of Ireland, <a href="#page195" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a>, <a href="#page196" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Hostel, Naisi and Deirdre at, <a href="#page199" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a>, <a href="#page200" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">200</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">with Cuchulain and Conor passes away the glory of, <a href="#page241" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">241</a></div> +</div> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page453">[pg 453]</span> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Red Hugh.</span></span> Ulster prince, father of Macha, brother of Dithorba and Kimbay, <a href="#page151" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">151</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Red Riders.</span></span> Conary's journey with, <a href="#page170" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">170</a>, <a href="#page171" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">171</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Religion.</span></span> The Celtic, <a href="#page46" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">46</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Megalithic People's, that of Magic, <a href="#page58" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">58</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of Magic, invented in Persia and by Zoroaster, <a href="#page61" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Revue Celtique.</span></span> Dr. Whitley Stokes' translation of the <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Voyage of Maeldūn”</span> in, <a href="#page309" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">309</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rhiannon</span></span> (ree'an-non). Daughter of Hevydd Hēn;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">sets her love on Pwyll, <a href="#page360" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">360</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">marries Pwyll, <a href="#page362" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">362</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">her penance for slaying her son, <a href="#page363" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">363</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">her son Pryderi (Trouble) found, <a href="#page365" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">365</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">wedded to Manawyddan, <a href="#page373" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">373</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rhonabwy</span></span> (rōne'a-bwee). The dream of, <a href="#page392" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">392</a>, <a href="#page393" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">393</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rhun.</span></span> Sent from King Arthur's court to Elphin's wife, <a href="#page415" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">415</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rhys ap Tewdwr</span></span>. South Welsh prince; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">brought knowledge of Round Table to Wales, <a href="#page343" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">343</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rhys, Sir J.</span></span> His views on origin of population of Great Britain and Ireland, <a href="#page78" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">on Myrddin and Merlin, <a href="#page354" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">354</a>, <a href="#page355" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">355</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ridge of the Dead Woman.</span></span> Vivionn buried at, <a href="#page287" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">287</a>, <a href="#page288" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">288</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Roc.</span></span> Angus' steward, <a href="#page290" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">290</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his son crushed to death by Donn, <a href="#page291" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">291</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">then changed into a boar and charged to bring Dermot to death at length, <a href="#page291" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">291</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Romance.</span></span> Gaelic and Continental, <a href="#page345" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">345</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Romans.</span></span> Arthur resists demand for tribute by the, <a href="#page337" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">337</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rome.</span></span> Celts march on and sack, <a href="#page25" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">25</a>, <a href="#page26" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">26</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Britain and Gaul under yoke of, <a href="#page35" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">35</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the empire of Maxen Wledig in, usurped, <a href="#page385" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">385</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ross the Red.</span></span> King of Ulster, husband of Maga, a daughter of Angus Ōg, <a href="#page181" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Roy, his second wife, <a href="#page181" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">originator of the Red Branch, <a href="#page181" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Round Table, The.</span></span> References to, <a href="#page338" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">338</a>, <a href="#page339" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">339</a>, <a href="#page341" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">341</a>, <a href="#page343" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">343</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Roy.</span></span> Second wife of Ross the Red, <a href="#page181" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ru´adan, St.</span></span> Tara cursed by, <a href="#page47" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">47</a>, <a href="#page49" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Russell, Mr. G.W.</span></span> Irish poet;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">fine treatment of myth of Sinend and Connla's Well, <a href="#page129" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">129</a>, <a href="#page130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">S</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Saba.</span></span> Wife of Finn, mother of Oisīn, <a href="#page266" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">266</a>-<a href="#page270" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">270</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sacrifices.</span></span> Practice of human, noted by Cæsar among Celts, <a href="#page84" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">human, in Ireland, <a href="#page85" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Celtic practice of human, paralleled in Mexico and Carthage, <a href="#page85" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of children, to idol Crom Cruach, by Gaels, <a href="#page85" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">in Egypt, practice of human, rare, <a href="#page85" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a>, <a href="#page86" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">St. Benen.</span></span> A companion of St. Patrick, <a href="#page239" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">239</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">St. Finnen.</span></span> Irish abbot;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">legend concernin Tuan mac Carell and, <a href="#page97" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">St. Patrick.</span></span> Record of his mission to Ireland, <a href="#page51" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cascorach and, referred to in the <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Colloquy of the Ancients,”</span> <a href="#page119" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Brogan, the scribe of, <a href="#page119" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ethné aged fifteen hundred years old at coming of, <a href="#page144" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">144</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ethné baptized by, <a href="#page144" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">144</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">summons Cuchulain from Hell, <a href="#page238" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">238</a>, <a href="#page239" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">239</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">name Talkenn given by Irish to, <a href="#page275" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">275</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">met by Keelta, <a href="#page282" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">282</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Irish legend and, <a href="#page283" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">283</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Salmon of Knowledge.</span></span> See <a href="#idx_fintan" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Fintan</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Salmon of Llyn Llyw</span></span> (lin li-oo'), <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The,</span></span> <a href="#page392" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">392</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Samnite War, Third.</span></span> Coincident with breaking up of Celtic Empire, <a href="#page26" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">26</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sanchan Torpest.</span></span> Chief bard of Ireland; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">and the <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Tain,”</span> <a href="#page234" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">234</a>-<a href="#page238" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">238</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sa´wan</span></span>. Brother of Kian and Goban, <a href="#page110" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">110</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Scandinavia.</span></span> Dolmens found in, <a href="#page53" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">symbol of the feet found in, <a href="#page77" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sem´ion</span></span>. Son of Stariat, settlement +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page454">[pg 454]</span> +in Ireland of; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Firbolgs descended from, <a href="#page100" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">100</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sera.</span></span> Father of Partholan, <a href="#page96" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">father of Starn, <a href="#page98" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">98</a></div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_setanta" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Setan´ta</span></span>. Earliest name of <a href="#idx_cuchulain" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Cuchulain</a>, <a href="#page183" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“the little pupil,”</span> harries Maev's hosts, <a href="#page208" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">208</a></div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_sgeimh_solais" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sgeimh Solais</span></span> (skayv sulish) (Light of Beauty). </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Daughter of Cairbry, wooed by son of King of the Decies, <a href="#page304" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">304</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Shannon, The River.</span></span> Myth of Sinend and the Well of Knowledge accounts for name of, <a href="#page129" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">129</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Dithorba's five sons flee over, <a href="#page151" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">151</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mac Cecht visits, <a href="#page175" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Dermot and Grania cross Ford of Luan on the, <a href="#page299" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">299</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ship Symbol, The.</span></span> <a href="#page71" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">71</a>-<a href="#page76" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">76</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sic´ulus, Diodorus.</span></span> A contemporary of Julius Cæsar; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">describes Gauls, <a href="#page41" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a>, <a href="#page42" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">42</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sidhe</span></span> (shee), or <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fairy Folk.</span></span> Tumulus at New Grange (Ireland) regarded as dwelling-place of, <a href="#page69" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">69</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Silva Gadelica.</span></span> Reference to Mr. S.H. O'Grady's work, <a href="#page250" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">250</a>, <a href="#page276" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">276</a>, <a href="#page281" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">281</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sin´end</span></span>. Goddess, daughter of Lir's son, Lodan; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">her fatal visit to Connla's Well, <a href="#page129" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">129</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sign, Llewellyn.</span></span> Welsh bard, compiler of <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Barddas,”</span> <a href="#page332" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">332</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Skatha.</span></span> A mighty woman-warrior of Land of Shadows, <a href="#page187" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">instructs Cuchulain, <a href="#page187" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a>-<a href="#page189" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">189</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">her two special feats, how to leap the Bridge of the Leaps and to use the Gae Bolg, <a href="#page188" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Skena.</span></span> Wife of the poet Amergin;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">her untimely death, <a href="#page133" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">133</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Slayney, The River.</span></span> Visited by mac Cecht, <a href="#page175" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Slievb Bloom.</span></span> Murna takes refuge in forests of, and there Demna (Finn) is born, <a href="#page255" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">255</a></div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_slieve_fuad" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Slieve Fuad</span></span> (sleeve foo'ad) (afterwards Slievegallion). </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Invisible dwelling of Lir on, <a href="#page125" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">125</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cuchulain finds his foe on, <a href="#page232" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">232</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Finn slays goblin at, <a href="#page258" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">258</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Slievegall´ion</span></span>. A fairy mountain;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the Chase of, <a href="#page278" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">278</a>-<a href="#page280" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">280</a>.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">See <a href="#idx_slieve_fuad" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Slieve Fuad</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Slievenamon</span></span> (sleeve-na-mon'). The Brugh of, Finn and Keelta hunt on, <a href="#page284" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">284</a>-<a href="#page286" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">286</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sohrab and Rustum</span></span>. Reference to, <a href="#page192" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">192</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Spain.</span></span> Celts conquer from the Carthaginians, <a href="#page21" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Carthaginian trade with, broken down by Greeks, <a href="#page22" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">22</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">place-names of Celtic element in, <a href="#page27" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">27</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">dolmens found round the Mediterranean coast of, <a href="#page53" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">equivalent, Land of the Dead, <a href="#page102" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Squire, Mr.</span></span> Author of <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Mythol. of Brit. Islands,”</span> <a href="#page348" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">348</a>, <a href="#page353" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">353</a>, <a href="#page411" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">411</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sreng.</span></span> Ambassador sent to People of Dana by Firbolgs, <a href="#page106" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">106</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Stag of Redynvre</span></span> (red-in'vry), <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The</span></span>, <a href="#page392" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">392</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Starn.</span></span> Son of Sera, brother of Partholan, <a href="#page97" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Stokes, Dr. Whitley.</span></span> Reference to, <a href="#page166" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a>, <a href="#page167" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">167</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">reference to his translation of the <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Voyage of Maeldūn”</span> in <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Revue Celtique,”</span> <a href="#page309" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">309</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Stone, Coronation.</span></span> At Westminster Abbey, identical with Stone of Scone, <a href="#page105" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a></div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_stone_of_abundance" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Stone of Abundance.</span></span> Equivalent, Cauldron of Abundance.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The Grail in Wolfram's poem as a, <a href="#page409" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">409</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">similar stone appears in the Welsh <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Peredur,”</span> <a href="#page409" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">409</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">correspondences, the Celtic Cauldron of the Dagda, <a href="#page410" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">410</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">in the Welsh legend Bran obtained the Cauldron, <a href="#page410" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">410</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">in a poem by Taliesin the Cauldron forms part of the spoils of Hades, <a href="#page410" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">410</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Stone of Destiny.</span></span> Otherwise <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Lia Fail</span></span>.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">One of the treasures of the Danaans, <a href="#page105" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Stone of Scone.</span></span> Fabulous origin of, and present depository, <a href="#page105" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Stone-Worship.</span></span> Supposed reason of, <a href="#page65" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">65</a>, <a href="#page66" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">66</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">denounced by Synod of Arles, <a href="#page66" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">66</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">denounced by Charlemagne <a href="#page66" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">66</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">black +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page455">[pg 455]</span> +stone of Pergamos and Second Punic War, <a href="#page66" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">66</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the Grail a relic of ancient, <a href="#page409" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">409</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Stonehenge.</span></span> Dressed stones used in megalithic monument at, <a href="#page54" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">54</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Professor Rhys' suggestion that Myrddin was worshipped at, <a href="#page354" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">354</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Geoffrey of Monmouth and, <a href="#page354" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">354</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Strabo.</span></span> Characteristics of Celts, told by, <a href="#page39" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">39</a>, <a href="#page46" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">46</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Straits of Moyle</span></span> (between Ireland and Scotland). </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Aoife's cruelty to her step-children on the, <a href="#page140" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">140</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Strand of the Footprints.</span></span> How name derived, <a href="#page191" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">191</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sualtam</span></span> (soo'al-tam). Father of Cuchulain (see Lugh), <a href="#page206" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">206</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his attempts to arouse Ulster, <a href="#page221" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his death, <a href="#page222" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">222</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sweden.</span></span> The ship symbol on rock-sculptures of, <a href="#page72" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">72</a>, <a href="#page73" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">73</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Switzerland.</span></span> Place-names of, Celtic element in, <a href="#page27" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">27</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">lake-dwellings in, <a href="#page56" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">56</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">T</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tain Bo Cuailgné</span></span>”</span> (thawn bo quel'gny). Significance, <a href="#page203" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">203</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">tale of, all written out by Finn mac Gorman, Bishop of Kildare, in 1150, <a href="#page225" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the recovery of, <a href="#page234" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">234</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">reputed author, Fergus mac Roy, <a href="#page234" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">234</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Sir S. Ferguson treats of recovery of, in <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Lays of the Western Gael,”</span> <a href="#page234" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">234</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Sanchan Torpest, taunted by High King Guary, resolves to find the lost, <a href="#page234" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">234</a>-<a href="#page236" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">236</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">early Celtic MSS. and, <a href="#page296" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">296</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Taliesin</span></span> (tal-i-es'in). A mythical bard; </div> + +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his prophecy regarding the devotion of the Cymry to their tongue, <a href="#page385" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">385</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the tale of, <a href="#page412" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">412</a>-<a href="#page417" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">417</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">found by Elphin, son of Gwyddno, <a href="#page414" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">414</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">made prime bard of Britain, <a href="#page415" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">415</a>-<a href="#page417" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">417</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Talkenn.</span></span> (Adze-head). Name given by the Irish to St. Patrick, <a href="#page275" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">275</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Taltiu</span></span>, or <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Telta</span></span>. Daughter of the King of the <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Great Plain”</span> (the Land of the Dead), wedded by Eochy mac Erc, <a href="#page103" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tara.</span></span> Seat of the High Kings of Ireland; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the cursing of, <a href="#page47" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">47</a>, <a href="#page48" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">48</a>-<a href="#page49" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Stone of Scone sent to Scotland from, <a href="#page105" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Lugh accuses sons of Turenn at, of his father's murder, <a href="#page115" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">115</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">appearance of Midir the Proud to Eochy on Hill of, <a href="#page124" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">124</a>, <a href="#page161" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Milesian host at, <a href="#page135" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">135</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">institution of triennial Festival at, <a href="#page149" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">149</a>-<a href="#page150" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">150</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">bull-feast at, to decide by divination who should be king in Eterskel's stead, <a href="#page167" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">167</a>, <a href="#page168" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">168</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Conary commanded to go to, by Nemglan, <a href="#page168" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">168</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">proclaimed King of Erin at, <a href="#page168" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">168</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">pointed out to Cuchulain, <a href="#page193" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">193</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cuchulain's head and hand buried at, <a href="#page233" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Finn at, <a href="#page257" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">257</a>, <a href="#page258" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">258</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tar´anus</span></span> (? Thor). Deity mentioned by Lucan, <a href="#page86" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a>, <a href="#page87" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tegid Voel.</span></span> A man of Penllyn, husband of Ceridwen, father of Avagddu, <a href="#page413" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">413</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Teirnyon</span></span> (ter'ny-on). A man of Gwent Is Coed; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">finds Pryderi, <a href="#page364" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">364</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">restores Pryderi, <a href="#page365" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">365</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Telltown (Teltin).</span></span> Palace at, of Telta, Eochy mac Erc's wife, <a href="#page103" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">great battle at, between Danaans and Milesians, <a href="#page136" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">136</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Conall of the Victories makes his way to, after Conary's death, <a href="#page176" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">176</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">pointed out to Cuchulain, <a href="#page193" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">193</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tennyson, Lord.</span></span> Reference to source of his <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Voyage of Maeldune,”</span> <a href="#page309" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">309</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cymric myths and, <a href="#page388" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">388</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">reference to his <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Enid,”</span> <a href="#page400" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">400</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Teutat´es</span></span>. Deity mentioned by Lucan, <a href="#page86" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Teutonic.</span></span> Loyalty of races, <a href="#page45" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">45</a>, <a href="#page46" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">46</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tezcatlipoca.</span></span> Sun-god; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">festival of, in Mexico, <a href="#page77" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Terrible.</span></span> A demon who by strange test decides the Championship of Ireland, <a href="#page196" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a></div> +</div> + + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page456">[pg 456]</span> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Thomas of Brittany.</span></span> See <a href="#idx_bleheris" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Bleheris</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tiberius, Emperor.</span></span> Druids, prophets, and medicine-men suppressed by, <a href="#page62" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">62</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tierna</span></span> (Teer'na). Abbot of Clonmacnois, eleventh-century historian, <a href="#page150" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">150</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tiernmas</span></span> (teern'mas). Fifth Irish king who succeeded Eremon, <a href="#page148" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">148</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">idol Crom Cruach and, <a href="#page148" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">148</a>, <a href="#page149" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">149</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his death, <a href="#page149" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">149</a></div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_tonn_cliodhna" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tonn Cliodhna</span></span> (thown cleena). Otherwise <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Wave of Cleena.”</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">One of the most notable landmarks of Ireland, <a href="#page127" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">127</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tor Mōr.</span></span> Precipitous headland in Tory Island; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ethlinn imprisoned by Balor in tower built on, <a href="#page110" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">110</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tory Island.</span></span> Stronghold of Fomorian power, <a href="#page101" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">101</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">invaded by Nemedians, <a href="#page101" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">101</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tradaban´, The Well of.</span></span> Keelta's praises of, <a href="#page282" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">282</a>, <a href="#page283" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">283</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Transmigration.</span></span> The doctrine of, allegation that Celtic idea of immortality embodied Oriental conception of, <a href="#page80" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">doctrine of, not held by Celts in same way as by Pythagoras and the Orientals, <a href="#page81" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">81</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Welsh Taliessin who became an eagle, <a href="#page100" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">100</a>. </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">See <a href="#idx_tuan_mac_carell" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Tuan mac Carell</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Trendorn.</span></span> Conor's servant, <a href="#page199" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">spies on Deirdre, <a href="#page200" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">200</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">is blinded in one eye by Naisi, <a href="#page200" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">200</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">declares Deirdre's beauty to Conor, <a href="#page200" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">200</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Treon</span></span> (tray'on). Father of Vivionn, <a href="#page287" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">287</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tristan and Iseult</span></span>. Tale of Dermot and Grania paralleled in story as told by Heinrich von Freiberg, <a href="#page299" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">299</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Troyes.</span></span> See <a href="#idx_chrestien_de_troyes" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Chrestien de Troyes</a></div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_tuan_mac_carell" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tuan mac Carell</span></span>. The legend of, recorded in MS. <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Book of the Dun Cow,”</span> <a href="#page97" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">king of all deer in Ireland, <a href="#page99" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">99</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">name of <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“gods”</span> given to the People of Dana by, <a href="#page104" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">104</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tuatha De Danann</span></span> (thoo'a-haw day danawn'). Literal meaning, <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“the folk of the god whose mother is Dana,”</span> <a href="#page103" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tumuli.</span></span> See <a href="#idx_dolmens" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Dolmens</a>, <a href="#page53" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Turenn.</span></span> The quest of the Sons of, <a href="#page113" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a>-<a href="#page116" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">116</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">reference to Lugh in the quest of the Sons of, <a href="#page123" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Twrch Trwyth</span></span> (toorch troo'-with). A king in shape of a monstrous boar, <a href="#page391" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">391</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tyler.</span></span> Reference of, in his <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Primitive Culture,”</span> to festival of Sun-god, Tezcatlipoca, <a href="#page77" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a></div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_tylwyth_teg" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tylwyth Teg.</span></span> Welsh fairies;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Gwyn ap Nudd, King of the, <a href="#page353" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">353</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tyren.</span></span> Sister to Murna, <a href="#page266" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">266</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ullan, husband of, <a href="#page266" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">266</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">changed by a woman of the Fairy Folk into a hound, <a href="#page266" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">266</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">U</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ugainy the Great</span></span> (oo'gany). Ruler of Ireland, &c., husband of Kesair, father of Laery and Covac, <a href="#page152" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">152</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ulster.</span></span> Kingdom of, founded in reign of Kimbay, <a href="#page150" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">150</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Dithorba's five sons expelled from, <a href="#page151" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">151</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Dectera's gift of Cuchulain to, <a href="#page182" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">182</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Conor, King of, <a href="#page180" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a>, <a href="#page190" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">190</a>, <a href="#page191" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">191</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Felim, son of Dall, a lord of, <a href="#page196" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Maev's war against province of, to secure Brown Bull of Quelgny, <a href="#page202" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a>-<a href="#page251" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">251</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">under the Debility curse, <a href="#page205" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">205</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">passes of, guarded by Cuchulain of Murthemney, <a href="#page206" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">206</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">aroused by Sualtam, <a href="#page221" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a>, <a href="#page222" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">222</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Macha's curse lifted from men of, <a href="#page222" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">222</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ailell and Maev make a seven years' peace with, <a href="#page225" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">curse of Macha again on the men of, <a href="#page229" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Wee Folk swarm into <a href="#page248" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">248</a>, <a href="#page249" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">249</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ultonian-s</span></span>. Great fair of, visited by Crundchu, <a href="#page178" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">178</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his boast of Macha's swiftness, <a href="#page179" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">179</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the debility of, caused by Macha's curse, <a href="#page179" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">179</a>, <a href="#page180" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the debility of, descends +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page457">[pg 457]</span> +on Ulster, <a href="#page205" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">205</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cycle, events of, supposed to have happened about time of Christ, <a href="#page252" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">252</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Underworld.</span></span> The cult of, found existing by Celts when they got to Western Europe, <a href="#page82" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">82</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Dis, or Pluto, god of, <a href="#page88" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Māth, god of, <a href="#page349" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">349</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">identical with Land of the Dead, <a href="#page130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Usna.</span></span> Father of Naisi, <a href="#page198" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">198</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">sons of, inquired for by Conor, <a href="#page199" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Uther Pendragon.</span></span> Father of Arthur, <a href="#page337" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">337</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">V</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Valley of the Thrushes</span></span>. Oisīn's spell broken in, <a href="#page274" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">274</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Veil of Illusion, The.</span></span> Thrown over Caradawc by Caswallan, <a href="#page372" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">372</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vercingetorix.</span></span> Celtic chief;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his defeat by Cæsar, his death, <a href="#page40" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">40</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vergil.</span></span> Evidence of Celtic ancestry in name, <a href="#page21" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a>. </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">See <a href="#idx_feryllt" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Feryllt</a>, <a href="#page413" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">413</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vitra.</span></span> The God of Evil in Vedantic mythology, related to <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Cenchos</span></span>, the Footless, <a href="#page97" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vivionn (Bebhionn).</span></span> A young giantess, daughter of Treon, from the Land of Maidens, <a href="#page287" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">287</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slain by Æda, and buried in the place called the Ridge of the Dead, <a href="#page288" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">288</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Voyage of Maeldūn.</span></span> See <a href="#idx_maeldun" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Maeldūn</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">W</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wace.</span></span> Author of <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Li Romans de Brut,”</span> <a href="#page338" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">338</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wales.</span></span> Arthurian saga in, <a href="#page343" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">343</a>, <a href="#page344" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">344</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">prophecy of Taliesin about, <a href="#page385" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">385</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wave of Cleena.</span></span> See <a href="#idx_tonn_cliodhna" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Tonn Cliodhna</a></div> +</div> + +<div id="idx_wee_folk" class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wee Folk, The.</span></span> Fergus mac Leda and, <a href="#page246" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">246</a>-<a href="#page249" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">249</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Iubdan, King of, <a href="#page246" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">246</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Well of Kesair.</span></span> Mac Cecht visits, <a href="#page175" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a> </div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Well of Knowledge.</span></span> Equivalent, Connla's Well. </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Sinend's fatal visit to, <a href="#page129" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">129</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Welsh Fairies.</span></span> See <a href="#idx_tylwyth_teg" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Tylwyth Teg</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Welsh Literature.</span></span> The Arthur in the Arthurian saga wholly different from the Arthur in, <a href="#page336" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">336</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">compared with Irish, <a href="#page344" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">344</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">tales of Arthur in, <a href="#page386" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">386</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Welsh MS. Society.</span></span> Llewellyn Sion's <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Barddas”</span> edited by J.A. Williams ap Ithel for, <a href="#page332" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">332</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Welsh Romance.</span></span> The character of, <a href="#page395" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">395</a>, <a href="#page396" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">396</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Weston, Miss Jessie L.</span></span> Reference to her studies on the Arthurian saga, <a href="#page341" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">341</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">William the Conqueror.</span></span> Reference to, in connexion with Arthurian saga, <a href="#page343" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">343</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wolfram von Eschenbach.</span></span> His story of the Grail, <a href="#page407" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">407</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Y</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yellow Book of Lecan</span></span>. Tale of Cuchulain and Connla in, <a href="#page192" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">192</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Youth.</span></span> The maiden who gave the Love Spot to Dermot, <a href="#page292" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">292</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yspaddaden Penkawr</span></span> (is-pa-dhad'en). Father of Olwen, <a href="#page387" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">387</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the tasks he set Kilhwch, <a href="#page390" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">390</a>-<a href="#page392" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">392</a>; </div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slain by Goreu son of Custennin, <a href="#page392" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">392</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Z</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zimmer, Dr. Heinrich.</span></span> On the source of the Arthurian saga, <a href="#page343" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">343</a></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zoroaster.</span></span> Religion of magic invented by, <a href="#page61" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a></div> +</div> + +</div> + </div> + <div class="tei tei-back" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + + + <div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <dl class="tei tei-list-footnotes"><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_1" name="note_1" href="#noteref_1">1.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In reference to the name <span class="tei tei-q">“Freeman,”</span> Mr. Nicholson adds: +<span class="tei tei-q">“No one was more intensely <span class="tei tei-q">‘English’</span> in his sympathies than the +great historian of that name, and probably no one would have more +strenuously resisted the suggestion that he might be of Welsh +descent; yet I have met his close physical counterpart in a Welsh +farmer (named Evans) living within a few minutes of Pwllheli.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_2" name="note_2" href="#noteref_2">2.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +He speaks of <span class="tei tei-q">“Nyrax, a Celtic city,”</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“Massalia [Marseilles], +a city of Liguria in the land of the Celts”</span> (<span class="tei tei-q">“Fragmenta Hist. +Græc.”</span>). +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_3" name="note_3" href="#noteref_3">3.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In his <span class="tei tei-q">“Premiers Habitants de l'Europe,”</span> vol. ii. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_4" name="note_4" href="#noteref_4">4.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Cæesar's Conquest of Gaul,”</span> pp. 251-327. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_5" name="note_5" href="#noteref_5">5.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The ancients were not very close observers of physical +characteristics. They describe the Celts in almost exactly the same terms as +those which they apply to the Germanic races. Dr. Rice Holmes is +of opinion that the real difference, physically, lay in the fact that +the fairness of the Germans was blond, and that of the Celts red. +In an interesting passage of the work already quoted (p. 315) he +observes that, <span class="tei tei-q">“Making every allowance for the admixture of other +blood, which must have considerably modified the type of the original +Celtic or Gallic invaders of these islands, we are struck by the fact +that among all our Celtic-speaking fellow subjects there are to be +found numerous specimens of a type which also exists in those parts +of Brittany which were colonised by British invaders, and in those +parts of Gaul in which the Gallic invaders appear to have settled +most thickly, as well as in Northern Italy, where the Celtic invaders +were once dominant; and also by the fact that this type, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">even among +the more blond representatives of it, is strikingly different, to the casual as +well as to the scientific observer, from that of the purest representatives of +the ancient Germans</span></span>. The well-known picture of Sir David Wilkie, +<span class="tei tei-q">‘Reading of the Waterloo Gazette,’</span> illustrates, as Daniel Wilson +remarked, the difference between the two types. Put a Perthshire +Highlander side by side with a Sussex farmer. Both will be fair; but +the red hair and beard of the Scot will be in marked contrast with +the fair hair of the Englishman, and their features will differ still +more markedly. I remember teeing two gamekeepers in a railway +carriage running from Inverness to Lairey. They were tall, athletic, +fair men, evidently belonging to the Scandinavian type, which, as +Dr. Beddoe says, is so common in the extreme north of Scotland; +but both in colouring and in general aspect they were utterly +different from the tall, fair Highlanders whom I had seen in Perthshire. +There was not a trace of red in their hair, their long beards +being absolutely yellow. The prevalence of red among the Celtic-speaking +people is, it seems to me, a most striking characteristic. +Not only do we find eleven men in every hundred whose hair is +absolutely red, but underlying the blacks and the dark browns the +lame tint is to be discovered.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_6" name="note_6" href="#noteref_6">6.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +See the map of comparative nigrescence given in Ripley's <span class="tei tei-q">“Races +of Europe,”</span> p. 318. In France, however, the Bretons are not a +dark race relatively to the rest of the population. They are composed +partly of the ancient Gallic peoples and partly of settlers from +Wales who were driven out by the Saxon invasion. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_7" name="note_7" href="#noteref_7">7.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +See for these names Holder's <span class="tei tei-q">“Altceltischer Sprachschatz.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_8" name="note_8" href="#noteref_8">8.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Vergil might possibly mean <span class="tei tei-q">“the very-bright”</span> or illustrious +one, a natural form for a proper name. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ver</span></span> in Gallic names +(Vercingetorix, Vercassivellasimus, &c.) is often an intensive prefix, +like the modern Irish <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">fior</span></span>. The name of the village where Vergil +was born, Andes (now Pietola), is Celtic. His love of nature, his +mysticism, and his strong feeling for a certain decorative quality +in language and rhythm are markedly Celtic qualities. Tennyson's +phrases for him, <span class="tei tei-q">“landscape-lover, lord of language,”</span> are suggestive +in this connexion. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_9" name="note_9" href="#noteref_9">9.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Ptolemy, a friend, and probably, indeed, half-brother, of +Alexander, was doubtless present when this incident took place. +His work has not survived, but is quoted by Arrian and other +historians. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_10" name="note_10" href="#noteref_10">10.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +One is reminded of the folk-tale about Henny Penny, who went +to tell the king that the sky was falling. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_11" name="note_11" href="#noteref_11">11.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Book of Leinster is a manuscript of the twelfth century. +The version of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Táin”</span> given in it probably dates from the +eighth. See de Jubainville, <span class="tei tei-q">“Premiers Habitants,”</span> ii. 316. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_12" name="note_12" href="#noteref_12">12.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Dr. Douglas Hyde in his <span class="tei tei-q">“Literary History of Ireland”</span> (p. 7) +gives a slightly different translation. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_13" name="note_13" href="#noteref_13">13.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is also a testimony to the close accuracy of the narrative of +Ptolemy. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_14" name="note_14" href="#noteref_14">14.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Roman history tells of various conflicts with the Celts during +this period, but de Jubainville has shown that these narratives are +almost entirely mythical. See <span class="tei tei-q">“Premiers Habitants,”</span> ii. 318-323. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_15" name="note_15" href="#noteref_15">15.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">E.g.,</span></span> Moymell (<span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">magh-meala</span></span>), the Plain of Honey, a Gaelic name +for Fairyland, and many place-names. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_16" name="note_16" href="#noteref_16">16.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +For these and many other examples see de Jubainville's +<span class="tei tei-q">“Premiers Habitants,”</span> ii. 255 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_17" name="note_17" href="#noteref_17">17.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Quoted by Mr. Romilly Allen in <span class="tei tei-q">“Celtic Art,”</span> p. 136. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_18" name="note_18" href="#noteref_18">18.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Premiers Habitants,”</span> ii. 355, 356. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_19" name="note_19" href="#noteref_19">19.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Irish is probably an older form of Celtic speech than Welsh. +This is shown by many philological peculiarities of the Irish language, +of which one of the most interesting may here be briefly referred to. +The Goidelic or Gaelic Celts, who, according to the usual theory, +first colonised the British Islands, and who were forced by successive +waves of invasion by their Continental kindred to the extreme west, +had a peculiar dislike to the pronunciation of the letter <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">p</span></span>. Thus +the Indo-European particle <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">pare</span></span>, represented by Greek <span lang="el" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="el"><span style="font-style: italic">παρά</span></span>, beside +or close to, becomes in early Celtic <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">are</span></span>, as in the name <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Are-morici</span></span> +(the Armoricans, those who dwell <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">ar muir</span></span>, by the sea); <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Are-dunum</span></span> +(Ardin, in France); <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Are-cluta</span></span>, the place beside the Clota (Clyde), now +Dumbarton; <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Are-taunon,</span></span> in Germany (near the Taunus Mountains), +&c. When this letter was not simply dropped it was usually changed +into <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c (k, g)</span></span>. But about the sixth century B.C. a remarkable change +passed over the language of the Continental Celts. They gained in +some unexplained way the faculty for pronouncing <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">p</span></span>, and even +substituted it for existing <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c</span></span> sounds; thus the original <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Cretanis</span></span> became +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Pretanis</span></span>, Britain, the numeral <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">qetuares</span></span> (four) became <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">petuares</span></span>, +and so forth. Celtic place-names in Spain show that this change +must have taken place before the Celtic conquest of that country, +500 B.C. Now a comparison of many Irish and Welsh words shows +distinctly this avoidance of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">p</span></span> on the Irish side and lack of any objection +to it on the Welsh. The following are a few illustrations: +</p> +<table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class="tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><colgroup span="3"></colgroup><tbody><tr class="tei tei-row"> +<td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-style: italic">Irish</span></td> +<td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-style: italic">Welsh</span></td> +<td class="tei tei-cell"><span style="font-style: italic">English</span></td> +</tr><tr class="tei tei-row"> +<td class="tei tei-cell">crann</td> +<td class="tei tei-cell">prenn</td> +<td class="tei tei-cell">tree</td> +</tr><tr class="tei tei-row"> +<td class="tei tei-cell">mac</td> +<td class="tei tei-cell">map</td> +<td class="tei tei-cell">ton</td> +</tr><tr class="tei tei-row"> +<td class="tei tei-cell">cenn</td> +<td class="tei tei-cell">pen</td> +<td class="tei tei-cell">head</td> +</tr><tr class="tei tei-row"> +<td class="tei tei-cell">clumh (cluv)</td> +<td class="tei tei-cell">pluv</td> +<td class="tei tei-cell">feather</td> +</tr><tr class="tei tei-row"> +<td class="tei tei-cell">cúig</td> +<td class="tei tei-cell">pimp</td> +<td class="tei tei-cell">five</td> +</tr></tbody></table> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The conclusion that Irish must represent the older form of the +language seems obvious. It is remarkable that even to a comparatively +late date the Irish preserved their dislike to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">p</span></span>. Thus they +turned the Latin <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Pascha</span></span> (Easter) to <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Casg; purpur</span></span>, purple, to <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">corcair, +pulsatio</span></span> (through French <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">pouls</span></span>) to <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">cuisle</span></span>. It must be noted, however, +that Nicholson in his <span class="tei tei-q">“Keltic Researches”</span> endeavours to show +that the so-called Indo-European <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">p</span></span>—that is, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">p</span></span> standing alone and +uncombined with another consonant—was pronounced by the +Goidelic Celts at an early period. The subject can hardly be said to +be cleared up yet. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_20" name="note_20" href="#noteref_20">20.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Irish, says Edmund Spenser, in his <span class="tei tei-q">“View of the Present +State of Ireland,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“use commonyle to send up and down to know +newes, and yf any meet with another, his second woorde is, What newes?”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_21" name="note_21" href="#noteref_21">21.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Compare Spenser: <span class="tei tei-q">“I have heard some greate warriors say, that +in all the services which they had seen abroad in forrayne countreys, +they never saw a more comely horseman than the Irish man, nor that +cometh on more bravely in his charge ... they are very valiante +and hardye, for the most part great endurours of cold, labour, hunger +and all hardiness, very active and stronge of hand, very swift of +foote, very vigilaunte and circumspect in theyr enterprises, very +present in perrils, very great scorners of death.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_22" name="note_22" href="#noteref_22">22.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The scene of the surrender of Vercingetorix is not recounted by +Cæsar, and rests mainly on the authority of Plutarch and of the +historian Florus, but it is accepted by scholars (Mommsen, Long, &c.) +as historic. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_23" name="note_23" href="#noteref_23">23.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +These were a tribe who took their name from the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">gæsum</span></span>, a kind +of Celtic javelin, which was their principal weapon. The torque, +or twisted collar of gold, is introduced as a typical ornament in the +well-known statue of the dying Gaul, commonly called <span class="tei tei-q">“The Dying +Gladiator.”</span> Many examples are preserved in the National Museum +of Dublin. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_24" name="note_24" href="#noteref_24">24.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Cæsar's Conquest of Gaul,”</span> pp. 10, 11. Let it be added +that the aristocratic Celts were, like the Teutons, dolichocephalic—that +is to say, they had heads long in proportion to their breadth. +This is proved by remains found in the basin of the Marne, which +was thickly populated by them. In one case the skeleton of the tall +Gallic warrior was found with his war-car, iron helmet, and sword, +now in the Music de St.-Germain. The inhabitants of the British +Islands are uniformly long-headed, the round-headed <span class="tei tei-q">“Alpine”</span> type +occurring very rarely. Those of modern France are round-headed. The +shape of the head, however, is now known to be by no means a constant +racial character. It alters rapidly in a new environment, as is shown by +measurements of the descendants of immigrants in America. See an +article on this subject by Professor Haddon in <span class="tei tei-q">“Nature,”</span> Nov. 3, 1910. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_25" name="note_25" href="#noteref_25">25.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the <span class="tei tei-q">“Tain Bo Cuailgne,”</span> for instance, the King of Ulster must +not speak to a messenger until the Druid, Cathbad, has questioned +him. One recalls the lines of Sir Samuel Ferguson in his Irish epic +poem, <span class="tei tei-q">“Congal”</span>: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“... For ever since the time +When Cathbad smothered Usnach's sons in that foul sea of slime +Raised by abominable spells at Creeveroe's bloody gate, +Do ruin and dishonour still on priest-led kings await.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_26" name="note_26" href="#noteref_26">26.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-title"><span style="font-style: italic">Celtice</span></span>, Diarmuid mac Cearbhaill. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_27" name="note_27" href="#noteref_27">27.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It was the practice, known in India also, for a person who was +wronged by a superior, or thought himself so, to sit before the doorstep +of the denier of justice and fast until right was done him. In +Ireland a magical power was attributed to the ceremony, the effect +of which would be averted by the other person fasting as well. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_28" name="note_28" href="#noteref_28">28.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Silva Gadelica,”</span> by S.H. O'Grady, p. 73. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_29" name="note_29" href="#noteref_29">29.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The authority here quoted is a narrative contained in a fifteenth-century +vellum manuscript found in Lismore Castle in 1814, and +translated by S.H. O'Grady in his <span class="tei tei-q">“Silva Gadelica.”</span> The narrative +is attributed to an officer of Dermot's court. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_30" name="note_30" href="#noteref_30">30.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +From Greek <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">megas</span></span>, great, and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">lithos</span></span>, a stone. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_31" name="note_31" href="#noteref_31">31.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +See <a href="#page78" class="tei tei-ref">p. 78</a>. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_32" name="note_32" href="#noteref_32">32.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +See Borlase's <span class="tei tei-q">“Dolmens of Ireland,”</span> pp. 605, 606, for a +discussion of this question. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_33" name="note_33" href="#noteref_33">33.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Professor Ridgeway (see Report of the Brit. Assoc. for 1908) has +contended that the Megalithic People spoke an Aryan language; +otherwise he thinks more traces of its influence must have survived +in the Celtic which supplanted it. The weight of authority, as +well as such direct evidence as we possess, seems to be against his view. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_34" name="note_34" href="#noteref_34">34.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +See Holder,<span class="tei tei-q">“Altceltischer Sprachschatz.”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sulb voce</span></span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Hyperboreoi.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_35" name="note_35" href="#noteref_35">35.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Thus the Greek <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">pharmakon</span></span>=medicine, poison, or charm; and I +am informed that the Central African word for magic or charm is +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">mankwala</span></span>, which also means medicine. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_36" name="note_36" href="#noteref_36">36.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +If Pliny meant that it was here first codified and organised he +may be right, but the conceptions on which magic rest are practically +universal, and of immemorial antiquity. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_37" name="note_37" href="#noteref_37">37.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Adopted 451 B.C. Livy entitles them <span class="tei tei-q">“the fountain of all public +and private right.”</span> They stood in the Forum till the third century +A.D., but have now perished, except for fragments preserved in various +commentaries. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_38" name="note_38" href="#noteref_38">38.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +See <span class="tei tei-q">“Revue Archeologique,”</span> t. xii., 1865, <span class="tei tei-q">“Fouilles de René Galles.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_39" name="note_39" href="#noteref_39">39.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Jade is not found in the native state in Europe, nor nearer than China. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_40" name="note_40" href="#noteref_40">40.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Small stones, crystals, and gems were, however, also venerated. +The celebrated Black Stone of Pergamos was the subject of an embassy +from Rome to that city in the time of the Second Punic War, the +Sibylline Books having predicted victory to its possessors. It was +brought to Rome with great rejoicings in the year 205. It is stated +to have been about the size of a man's fist, and was probably a +meteorite. Compare the myth in Hesiod which relates how Kronos +devoured a stone in the belief that it was his offspring, Zeus. It was +then possible to mistake a stone for a god. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_41" name="note_41" href="#noteref_41">41.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Replaced by a photograph in this edition. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_42" name="note_42" href="#noteref_42">42.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +See Sir J. Simpson's <span class="tei tei-q">“Archaic Sculpturings”</span> 1867. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_43" name="note_43" href="#noteref_43">43.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The fact is recorded in the <span class="tei tei-q">“Annals of the Four Masters”</span> +Under the date 861, and in the <span class="tei tei-q">“Annals of Ulster”</span> under 862. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_44" name="note_44" href="#noteref_44">44.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +See <span class="tei tei-q">“Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy,”</span> vol. xxx. pt. i., +1892, and <span class="tei tei-q">“New Grange,”</span> by G. Coffey, 1912. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_45" name="note_45" href="#noteref_45">45.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It must be observed, however, that the decoration was, certainly, +in some, and perhaps in all cases, carried out before the stones were +placed in position. This is also the case at Gavr'inis. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_46" name="note_46" href="#noteref_46">46.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +He has modified this view in his latest work, <span class="tei tei-q">“New Grange,”</span> 1912. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_47" name="note_47" href="#noteref_47">47.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Proc. Royal Irish Acad.,”</span> vol. viii. 1863, p. 400, and G. Coffey, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> p. 30. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_48" name="note_48" href="#noteref_48">48.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Les Sculptures de Rochers de la Suède,”</span> read at the Prehistoric +Congress, Stockholm, 1874; and see G. Coffey, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> p. 60. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_49" name="note_49" href="#noteref_49">49.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Dolmens of Ireland,”</span> pp. 701-704. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_50" name="note_50" href="#noteref_50">50.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_51" name="note_51" href="#noteref_51">51.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A good example from Amaravati (after Fergusson) is given by +Bertrand, <span class="tei tei-q">“Rel. des G.,”</span> p. 389. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_52" name="note_52" href="#noteref_52">52.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Sergi, <span class="tei tei-q">“The Mediterranean Race,”</span> p. 313. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_53" name="note_53" href="#noteref_53">53.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At Lökeberget, Bohuslän; see Monteiius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_54" name="note_54" href="#noteref_54">54.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +See Lord Kingsborough's <span class="tei tei-q">“Antiquities of Mexico,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">passim</span></span>, and +the Humboldt fragment of Mexican painting (reproduced in Churchward's +<span class="tei tei-q">“Signs and Symbols of Primordial Man”</span>). +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_55" name="note_55" href="#noteref_55">55.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +See Sergi, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> p. 290, for the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ankh</span></span> on a French dolmen. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_56" name="note_56" href="#noteref_56">56.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Bulletin de la Soc. d'Anthropologie,”</span> Paris, April 1893. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_57" name="note_57" href="#noteref_57">57.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The Welsh People,”</span> pp. 616-664, where the subject is fully +discussed in an appendix by Professor J. Morris Jones. <span class="tei tei-q">“The pre-Aryan +idioms which still live in Welsh and Irish were derived from a +language allied to Egyptian and the Berber tongues.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_58" name="note_58" href="#noteref_58">58.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Flinders Petrie, <span class="tei tei-q">“Egypt and Israel,”</span> pp. 137, 899. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_59" name="note_59" href="#noteref_59">59.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I quote from Mr. H.B. Cotterill's beautiful hexameter version. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_60" name="note_60" href="#noteref_60">60.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Valerius Maximus (about A.D 30) and other classical writers +mention this practice. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_61" name="note_61" href="#noteref_61">61.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Book V. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_62" name="note_62" href="#noteref_62">62.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +De Jubainville, <span class="tei tei-q">“Irish Mythological Cycle,”</span> p.191 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_63" name="note_63" href="#noteref_63">63.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The etymology of the word <span class="tei tei-q">“Druid”</span> is no longer an unsolved +problem. It had been suggested that the latter part of the word +might be connected with the Aryan root VID, which appears in +<span class="tei tei-q">“wisdom,”</span> in the Latin <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">videre</span></span>, &c., Thurneysen has now shown that +this root in combination with the intensive particle <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">dru</span></span> would yield +the word <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">dru-vids</span></span>, represented in Gaelic by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">draoi</span></span>, a Druid, just as +another intensive, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">su</span></span>, with <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">vids</span></span> yields the Gaelic <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">saoi</span></span>, a sage. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_64" name="note_64" href="#noteref_64">64.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +See Rice Holmes, <span class="tei tei-q">“Cæsar's Conquest,”</span> p. 15, and pp. 532-536. +Rhys, it may be observed, believes that Druidism was the religion of +the aboriginal inhabitants of Western Europe <span class="tei tei-q">“from the Baltic to +Gibraltar”</span> (<span class="tei tei-q">“Celtic Britain,”</span> p. 73). But we only <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">know</span></span> of it +where Celts and dolmen-builders combined. Cæsar remarks of the +Germans that they had no Druids and cared little about sacrificial +ceremonies. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_65" name="note_65" href="#noteref_65">65.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Rel. des Gaulois,”</span> leçon xx. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_66" name="note_66" href="#noteref_66">66.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Quoted by Bertrand, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> p. 279. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_67" name="note_67" href="#noteref_67">67.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The Irish Mythological Cycle,”</span> by d'Arbois de Jubainville, +p. 6l. The <span class="tei tei-q">“Dinnsenchus”</span> in question is an early Christian document. +No trace of a being like Crom Cruach has been found as yet in the +pagan literature of Ireland, nor in the writings of St. Patrick, and I +think it is quite probable that even in the time of St. Patrick human +sacrifices had become only a memory. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_68" name="note_68" href="#noteref_68">68.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A representation of human sacrifice has, however, lately been discovered +in a Temple of the Sun in the ancient Ethiopian capital, Meroë. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_69" name="note_69" href="#noteref_69">69.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“You [Celts] who by cruel blood outpoured think to appease the +pitiless Teutates, the horrid Æsus with his barbarous altars, and +Taranus whose worship is no gentler than that of the Scythian Diana”</span>, +to whom captive were offered up. (Lucan, <span class="tei tei-q">“Pharsalia”</span>, i. 444.) +An altar dedicated to Æsus has been discovered in Paris. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_70" name="note_70" href="#noteref_70">70.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Mont Mercure, Mercœur, Mercoirey, Montmartre (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mons Mercurii</span></span>), +&c. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_71" name="note_71" href="#noteref_71">71.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +To this day in many parts of France the peasantry use terms +like <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">annuit, o'né, anneue</span></span>, &c., all meaning <span class="tei tei-q">“to-night,”</span> for <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">aujourd'hui</span></span> +(Bertrand, <span class="tei tei-q">“Rel. des G.,”</span> p. 356). +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_72" name="note_72" href="#noteref_72">72.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">fili</span></span>, or professional poets, it must be remembered, were a +branch of the Druidic order. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_73" name="note_73" href="#noteref_73">73.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +For instance, Pelagius in the fifth century; Columba, Columbanus, +and St. Gall in the sixth; Fridolin, named <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Viator</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“the +Traveller,”</span> and Fursa in the seventh; Virgilius (Feargal) of Salzburg, +who had to answer at Rome for teaching the sphericity of the +earth, in the eighth; Dicuil, <span class="tei tei-q">“the Geographer,”</span> and Johannes Scotus +Erigena—the master mind of his epoch—in the ninth. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_74" name="note_74" href="#noteref_74">74.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Dealgnaid. I have been obliged here, as occasionally elsewhere, +to modify the Irish names so as to make them pronounceable by +English readers. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_75" name="note_75" href="#noteref_75">75.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +See <a href="#p48_n1" class="tei tei-ref">p. 48, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">note</span></span> 1</a>. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_76" name="note_76" href="#noteref_76">76.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I follow in this narrative R.I. Best's translation of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Irish +Mythological Cycle”</span> of d'Arbois de Jubainville. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_77" name="note_77" href="#noteref_77">77.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +De Jubainville, <span class="tei tei-q">“Irish Mythological Cycle,”</span> p. 75. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_78" name="note_78" href="#noteref_78">78.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pronounced <span class="tei tei-q">“Yeo´hee.”</span> See Glossary for this and other words. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_79" name="note_79" href="#noteref_79">79.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The science of the Druids, as we have seen, was conveyed in +verse, and the professional poets were a branch of the Druidic +Order. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_80" name="note_80" href="#noteref_80">80.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Meyer and Nutt, <span class="tei tei-q">“Voyage of Bran,”</span> ii. 197. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_81" name="note_81" href="#noteref_81">81.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Moytura”</span> means <span class="tei tei-q">“The Plain of the Towers”</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, sepulchral +monuments. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_82" name="note_82" href="#noteref_82">82.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Shakespeare alludes to this in <span class="tei tei-q">“As You Like It.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“I never +was so be-rhymed,”</span> says Rosalind, <span class="tei tei-q">“since Pythagoras' time, that I +was an Irish rat—which I can hardly remember.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_83" name="note_83" href="#noteref_83">83.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Lyons, Leyden, Laon were all in ancient times known as +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lug-dunum,</span></span> the Fortress of Lugh. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Luguvallum</span></span> was the name of a +town near Hadrian's Wall in Roman Britain. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_84" name="note_84" href="#noteref_84">84.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is given by him in a note to the <span class="tei tei-q">“Four Masters,”</span> vol. i. +p. 18, and is also reproduced by de Jubainville. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_85" name="note_85" href="#noteref_85">85.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The other two were <span class="tei tei-q">“The Fate of the Children of Lir”</span> and +<span class="tei tei-q">“The Fate of the Sons of Usna.”</span> The stories of the Quest of the Sons +of Turenn and that of the Children of Lir have been told in full by +the author in his <span class="tei tei-q">“High Deeds of Finn and other Bardic Romances,”</span> +and that of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Sons of Usna”</span> (the Deirdre Legend) by Miss +Eleanor Hull in her <span class="tei tei-q">“Cuchulain,”</span> both published by Harrap and Co +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_86" name="note_86" href="#noteref_86">86.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +O'Curry's translation from the bardic tale, <span class="tei tei-q">“The Battle of +Moytura.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_87" name="note_87" href="#noteref_87">87.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +O'Curry, <span class="tei tei-q">“Manners and Customs,”</span> iii. 214. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_88" name="note_88" href="#noteref_88">88.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The ancient Irish division of the year contained only these three +seasons, including autumn in summer (O'Curry, <span class="tei tei-q">“Manners and +Customs,”</span> iii. 217).] +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_89" name="note_89" href="#noteref_89">89.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +S.H. O'Grady, <span class="tei tei-q">“Silva Gadelica,”</span> p. 191. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_90" name="note_90" href="#noteref_90">90.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pp. 104 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">passim</span></span>. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_91" name="note_91" href="#noteref_91">91.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +O'Grady, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">loc. cit.</span></span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_92" name="note_92" href="#noteref_92">92.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +O'Grady, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">loc. cit.</span></span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_93" name="note_93" href="#noteref_93">93.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +See <a href="#page112" class="tei tei-ref">p. 112</a>. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_94" name="note_94" href="#noteref_94">94.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Miss Hull has discussed this subject fully in the introduction to +her invaluable work, <span class="tei tei-q">“The Cuchullin Saga.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_95" name="note_95" href="#noteref_95">95.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +See the tale of <span class="tei tei-q">“Etain and Midir,”</span> in Chap. IV. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_96" name="note_96" href="#noteref_96">96.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The name Tara is derived from an oblique case of the nominative +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Teamhair</span></span>, meaning <span class="tei tei-q">“the place of the wide prospect.”</span> It is now +a broad grassy hill, in Co. Meath, covered with earthworks representing +the sites of the ancient royal buildings, which can all be +clearly located from ancient descriptions. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_97" name="note_97" href="#noteref_97">97.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A.H. Leahy, <span class="tei tei-q">“Heroic Romances,”</span> i. 27. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_98" name="note_98" href="#noteref_98">98.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +See <a href="#page114" class="tei tei-ref">p. 114</a>. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_99" name="note_99" href="#noteref_99">99.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I cannot agree with Mr. O'Grady's identification of this goddess +with Dana, though the name appears to mean <span class="tei tei-q">“The Great Queen.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_100" name="note_100" href="#noteref_100">100.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Gerald, the fourth Earl of Desmond. He disappeared, it is said, +in 1398, and the legend goes that he still lives beneath the waters of +Loch Gur, and may be seen riding round its banks on his white steed +once every seven years. He was surnamed <span class="tei tei-q">“Gerald the Poet”</span> from +the <span class="tei tei-q">“witty and ingenious”</span> verses he composed in Gaelic. Wizardry, +poetry, and science were all united in one conception in the mind of +the ancient Irish. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_101" name="note_101" href="#noteref_101">101.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Popular Tales of Ireland,”</span> by D. Fitzgerald, in <span class="tei tei-q">“Revue +Celtique,”</span> vol. iv. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_102" name="note_102" href="#noteref_102">102.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The Voyage of Bran,”</span> vol. ii. p. 219. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_103" name="note_103" href="#noteref_103">103.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In Irish, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sionnain</span></span>. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_104" name="note_104" href="#noteref_104">104.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Translation by R.I. Best. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_105" name="note_105" href="#noteref_105">105.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The solar vessels found in dolmen carvings. See Chap. II. +p. 71 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq</span></span>. Note that the Celtic spirits, though invisible, are material +and have weight; not so those in Vergil and Dante. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_106" name="note_106" href="#noteref_106">106.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +De Jubainville, <span class="tei tei-q">“Irish Mythological Cycle,”</span> p. 136. Beltené is +the modern Irish name for the month of May, and is derived from an +ancient root preserved in the Old Irish compound <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">epelta</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“dead.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_107" name="note_107" href="#noteref_107">107.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Irish Mythological Cycle,”</span> p. 138. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_108" name="note_108" href="#noteref_108">108.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I follow again de Jubainville's translation; but in connexion +with this and the previous poems see also Ossianic Society's +<span class="tei tei-q">“Transactions,”</span> vol. v. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_109" name="note_109" href="#noteref_109">109.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Teltin; so named after the goddess Telta. See <a href="#page103" class="tei tei-ref">p. 103</a>. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_110" name="note_110" href="#noteref_110">110.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pronounced <span class="tei tei-q">“Shee.”</span> It means literally the People of the +[Fairy] Mounds. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_111" name="note_111" href="#noteref_111">111.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pronounced <span class="tei tei-q">“Eefa.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_112" name="note_112" href="#noteref_112">112.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This name means <span class="tei tei-q">“The Maid of the Fair Shoulder.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_113" name="note_113" href="#noteref_113">113.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The story here summarised is given in full in the writer's +<span class="tei tei-q">“High Deeds of Finn”</span> (Harrap and Co.). +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_114" name="note_114" href="#noteref_114">114.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It may be mentioned that the syllable <span class="tei tei-q">“Kill,”</span> which enters into +so many Irish place-names (Kilkenny, Killiney, Kilcooley, &c.), +usually represents the Latin <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">cella</span></span>, a monastic cell, shrine, or church. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_115" name="note_115" href="#noteref_115">115.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Cleena (<span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">Cliodhna</span></span>) was a Danaan princess about whom a legend +is told connected with the Bay of Glandore in Co. Cork. See +p. 127. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_116" name="note_116" href="#noteref_116">116.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +See <a href="#page85" class="tei tei-ref">p. 85</a>. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_117" name="note_117" href="#noteref_117">117.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la">Omnia monumenta Scotorum ante Cimbaoth incerta erant.</span>”</span> +Tierna, who died in 1088, was Abbot of Clonmacnois, a great monastic +and educational centre in mediæval Ireland. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_118" name="note_118" href="#noteref_118">118.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Compare the fine poem of a modern Celtic writer (Sir Samuel +Ferguson), <span class="tei tei-q">“The Widow's Cloak”</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, the British Empire in the +days of Queen Victoria. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_119" name="note_119" href="#noteref_119">119.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Critical History of Ireland,”</span> p. 180. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_120" name="note_120" href="#noteref_120">120.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pronounced <span class="tei tei-q">“El´yill.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_121" name="note_121" href="#noteref_121">121.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The ending <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ster</span></span> in three of the names of the Irish provinces is +of Norse origin, and is a relic of the Viking conquests in Ireland. +Connacht, where the Vikings did not penetrate, alone preserves its +Irish name unmodified. Ulster (in Irish <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">Ulaidh</span></span>) is supposed to +derive its name from Ollav Fōla, Munster (<span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">Mumhan</span></span>) from King +Eocho Mumho, tenth in succession from Eremon, and Connacht +was <span class="tei tei-q">“the land of the children of Conn”</span>—he who was called Conn +of the Hundred Battles, and who died A.D. 157. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_122" name="note_122" href="#noteref_122">122.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The reader may, however, be referred to the tale of Etain and +Midir as given in full by A.H. Leahy (<span class="tei tei-q">“Heroic Romances of +Ireland”</span>), and by the writer in his <span class="tei tei-q">“High Deeds of Finn,”</span> and to +the tale of Conary rendered by Sir S. Ferguson (<span class="tei tei-q">“Poems,”</span> 1886), in +what Dr. Whitley Stokes has described as the noblest poem ever +written by an Irishman. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_123" name="note_123" href="#noteref_123">123.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pronounced <span class="tei tei-q">“Yeo´hee.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_124" name="note_124" href="#noteref_124">124.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I quote Mr. A.H. Leahy's translation from a fifteenth-century +Egerton manuscript (<span class="tei tei-q">“Heroic Romances of Ireland,”</span> vol. i. p. 12). +The story is, however, found in much more ancient authorities. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_125" name="note_125" href="#noteref_125">125.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Ogham letters, which were composed of straight lines arranged +in a certain order about the axis formed by the edge of a squared +pillar-stone, were used for sepulchral inscription and writing +generally before the introduction of the Roman alphabet in Ireland. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_126" name="note_126" href="#noteref_126">126.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The reference is to the magic swine of Mananan, which were +killed and eaten afresh every day, and whose meat preserved the +eternal youth of the People of Dana. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_127" name="note_127" href="#noteref_127">127.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +See <a href="#page124" class="tei tei-ref">p. 124</a>. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_128" name="note_128" href="#noteref_128">128.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The meaning quoted will be found in the Dictionary under the +alternative form <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geas</span></span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_129" name="note_129" href="#noteref_129">129.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I quote from Whitley Stokes' translation, <span class="tei tei-title"><span style="font-style: italic">Revue Celtique</span></span>, January +1901, and succeeding numbers. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_130" name="note_130" href="#noteref_130">130.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Bregia was the great plain lying eastwards of Tara between +Boyne and Liffey +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_131" name="note_131" href="#noteref_131">131.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The Destruction of Da Derga's Hostel.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_132" name="note_132" href="#noteref_132">132.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pronounced <span class="tei tei-q">“Koohoo´lin.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_133" name="note_133" href="#noteref_133">133.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +See <a href="#page150" class="tei tei-ref">p. 150</a>. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_134" name="note_134" href="#noteref_134">134.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +See pp. 121-123 for an account of this deity. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_135" name="note_135" href="#noteref_135">135.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is noticeable that among the characters figuring in the +Ultonian legendary cycle many names occur of which the word +<span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">Cu</span></span> (hound) forms a part. Thus we have Curoi, Cucorb, Beälcu, +&c. The reference is no doubt to the Irish wolf-hound, a fine type +of valour and beauty. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_136" name="note_136" href="#noteref_136">136.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Now Lusk, a village on the coast a few miles north of Dublin. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_137" name="note_137" href="#noteref_137">137.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Owing to the similarity of the name the supernatural country +of Skatha, <span class="tei tei-q">“the Shadowy,”</span> was early identified with the islands of +Skye, where the Cuchulain Peaks still bear witness to the legend. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_138" name="note_138" href="#noteref_138">138.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This, of course, was Cuchulain's father, Lugh. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_139" name="note_139" href="#noteref_139">139.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This means probably <span class="tei tei-q">“the belly spear.”</span> With this terrible +weapon Cuchulain was fated in the end to slay his friend Ferdia. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_140" name="note_140" href="#noteref_140">140.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +See genealogical table, p. 181. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_141" name="note_141" href="#noteref_141">141.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Miss Hull, <span class="tei tei-q">“The Cuchullin Saga,”</span> p. lxxii, where the solar +theory of the Brown Bull is dealt with at length. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_142" name="note_142" href="#noteref_142">142.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">cumal</span></span> was the unit of value in Celtic Ireland. It is mentioned +as such by St. Patrick. It meant the price of a woman-slave. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_143" name="note_143" href="#noteref_143">143.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The cune laid on them by Macha. Sec p. 180. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_144" name="note_144" href="#noteref_144">144.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Cuchulain, as the son of the god Lugh, was not subject to the +curse of Macha which afflicted the other Ultonians. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_145" name="note_145" href="#noteref_145">145.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +His reputed father, the mortal husband of Dectera +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_146" name="note_146" href="#noteref_146">146.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the Irish bardic literature, as in the Homeric epics, chastity +formed no part of the masculine ideal either for gods or men. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_147" name="note_147" href="#noteref_147">147.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The Ford of the Forked Pole.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_148" name="note_148" href="#noteref_148">148.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I quote from Standish Hayes O'Grady's translation, in Miss +Hull's <span class="tei tei-q">“Cuchullin Saga.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_149" name="note_149" href="#noteref_149">149.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">Ath Fherdia</span></span>, which is pronounced and now spelt <span class="tei tei-q">“Ardee.”</span> It +is in Co. Louth, at the southern border of the Plain of Murthemney, +which was Cuchulain's territory. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_150" name="note_150" href="#noteref_150">150.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +See <a href="#page126" class="tei tei-ref">p. 126</a>. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_151" name="note_151" href="#noteref_151">151.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In ancient Ireland there were five provinces, Munster being +counted as two, or, as some ancient authorities explain it, the +High King's territory in Meath and Westmeath being reckoned a +separate province. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_152" name="note_152" href="#noteref_152">152.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Clan”</span> in Gaelic means children or offspring. Clan Calatin=the +sons of Calatin. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_153" name="note_153" href="#noteref_153">153.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Together with much that is wild and barbaric in this Irish epic +of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Tain”</span> the reader will be struck by the ideals of courtesy and +gentleness which not infrequently come to light in it. It must be +remembered that, as Mr. A.H. Leahy points out in his <span class="tei tei-q">“Heroic +Romances of Ireland,”</span> the legend of the Raid of Quelgny is, at the very +latest, a century earlier than all other known romances of chivalry, +Welsh or Continental. It is found in the <span class="tei tei-q">“Book of Leinster,”</span> a +manuscript of the twelfth century, as well as in other sources, and +was doubtless considerably older than the date of its transcription +there. <span class="tei tei-q">“The whole thing,”</span> says Mr. Leahy, <span class="tei tei-q">“stands at the very +beginning of the literature of modern Europe.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_154" name="note_154" href="#noteref_154">154.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Another instance of the survival of the oath formula recited by +the Celtic envoys to Alexander the Great. See <a href="#page23" class="tei tei-ref">p. 23</a>. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_155" name="note_155" href="#noteref_155">155.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Rising-out”</span> is the vivid expression used by Irish writers for a +clan or territory going on the war-path. <span class="tei tei-q">“Hosting”</span> is also used +in a similar sense. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_156" name="note_156" href="#noteref_156">156.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +See <a href="#page130" class="tei tei-ref">p. 130</a>. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_157" name="note_157" href="#noteref_157">157.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The sword of Fergus was a fairy weapon called the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caladcholg</span></span> +(hard dinter), a name of which Arthur's more famous <span class="tei tei-q">“Excalibur”</span> +is a Latinised corruption. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_158" name="note_158" href="#noteref_158">158.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The reference is to Deirdre. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_159" name="note_159" href="#noteref_159">159.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +See <a href="#page211" class="tei tei-ref">p. 211</a>. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_160" name="note_160" href="#noteref_160">160.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A.H. Leahy's translation, <span class="tei tei-q">“Heroic Romances of Ireland,”</span> vol. i. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_161" name="note_161" href="#noteref_161">161.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The cloak of Mananan (see <a href="#page125" class="tei tei-ref">p. 125</a>) typifies the sea—here, in its +dividing and estranging power. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_162" name="note_162" href="#noteref_162">162.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This Curoi appears in various tales of the Ultonian Cycle with +attributes which show that he was no mortal king, but a local deity. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_163" name="note_163" href="#noteref_163">163.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This apparition of the Washer of the Ford is of frequent +occurrence in Irish legend. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_164" name="note_164" href="#noteref_164">164.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +See <a href="#page164" class="tei tei-ref">p. 164</a> for the reference to <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">geis</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-q">“His namesake”</span> refers, +of course, to the story of the Hound of Cullan, pp. <a href="#page183" class="tei tei-ref">183</a>, <a href="#page184" class="tei tei-ref">184</a>. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_165" name="note_165" href="#noteref_165">165.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It was a point of honour to refuse nothing to a bard; one king +is said to have given his eye when it was demanded of him. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_166" name="note_166" href="#noteref_166">166.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Craobh Ruadh</span></span>—the Red Branch hostel. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_167" name="note_167" href="#noteref_167">167.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The story is told in full in the author's <span class="tei tei-q">“High Deeds of Finn.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_168" name="note_168" href="#noteref_168">168.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pronounced <span class="tei tei-q">“Bay-al-koo.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_169" name="note_169" href="#noteref_169">169.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Inis Clothrann, now known as Quaker's Island. The pool no +longer exists. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_170" name="note_170" href="#noteref_170">170.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Youb´dan.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_171" name="note_171" href="#noteref_171">171.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Dr. P. W. Joyce's <span class="tei tei-q">“Irish Names of Places”</span> is a storehouse of +information on this subject. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_172" name="note_172" href="#noteref_172">172.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a href="#p211n1" class="tei tei-ref">P. 211, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">note</span></span></a>. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_173" name="note_173" href="#noteref_173">173.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The name is given both to the hill, <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">ard</span></span>, and to the ford, <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">atha</span></span> +beneath it. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_174" name="note_174" href="#noteref_174">174.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pronounced <span class="tei tei-q">“mac Cool.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_175" name="note_175" href="#noteref_175">175.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pronounced <span class="tei tei-q">“Usheen.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_176" name="note_176" href="#noteref_176">176.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Subject, of course, to the possibility that the present revival of +Gaelic as a spoken tongue may lead to the opening of a new chapter +in that history. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_177" name="note_177" href="#noteref_177">177.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +See <span class="tei tei-q">“Ossian and Ossianic Literature,”</span> by Alfred Nutt, p. 4. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_178" name="note_178" href="#noteref_178">178.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Now Castleknock, near Dublin. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_179" name="note_179" href="#noteref_179">179.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the King's County. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_180" name="note_180" href="#noteref_180">180.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The hill still bears the name, Knockanar. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_181" name="note_181" href="#noteref_181">181.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Glanismole, near Dublin. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_182" name="note_182" href="#noteref_182">182.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Talkenn, or <span class="tei tei-q">“Adze-head,”</span> was a name given to St. Patrick by +the Irish. Probably it referred to the shape of his tonsure. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_183" name="note_183" href="#noteref_183">183.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pronounced <span class="tei tei-q">“Sleeve-na-mon´”</span>: accent on last syllable. It +means the Mountain of the [Fairy] Women. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_184" name="note_184" href="#noteref_184">184.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Translation by S.H. O'Grady. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_185" name="note_185" href="#noteref_185">185.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +See <a href="#page105" class="tei tei-ref">p. 105</a>. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_186" name="note_186" href="#noteref_186">186.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Examples of these have been published, with translations, in the +<span class="tei tei-q">“Transactions of the Ossianic Society.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_187" name="note_187" href="#noteref_187">187.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Taken down from the recital of a peasant in Co. Galway and +published at Rennes in Dr. Hyde's <span class="tei tei-q">“An Sgeuluidhe Gaodhalach,”</span> +vol. ii. (no translation). +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_188" name="note_188" href="#noteref_188">188.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Now Athlone (<span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">Atha Luain</span></span>). +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_189" name="note_189" href="#noteref_189">189.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +How significant is this naïve indication that the making of +forays on his neighbours was regarded in Celtic Ireland as the +natural and laudable occupation of a country gentleman! Compare +Spenser's account of the ideals fostered by the Irish bards of his +time, <span class="tei tei-q">“View of the Present State of Ireland,”</span> p. 641 (Globe +edition). +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_190" name="note_190" href="#noteref_190">190.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Dr. John Todhunter, in his <span class="tei tei-q">“Three Irish Bardic Tales,”</span> has +alone, I think, kept the antique ending of the tale of Deirdre. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_191" name="note_191" href="#noteref_191">191.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Waifs and Strays of Celtic Tradition,”</span> Argyllshire Series. +The tale was taken down in verse, word for word, from the dictation +of Roderick mac Fadyen in Tiree, 1868. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_192" name="note_192" href="#noteref_192">192.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Here we have evidently a reminiscence of Briccriu of the +Poisoned Tongue, the mischief-maker of the Ultonians. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_193" name="note_193" href="#noteref_193">193.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Arans are three islands at the entrance of Galway Bay. +They are a perfect museum of mysterious ruins. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_194" name="note_194" href="#noteref_194">194.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pronounced <span class="tei tei-q">“Ghermawn”</span>—the <span class="tei tei-q">“G”</span> hard. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_195" name="note_195" href="#noteref_195">195.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Horse-racing was a particular delight to the ancient Irish, and +is mentioned in a ninth-century poem in praise of May as one of the +attractions of that month. The name of the month of May given +in an ancient Gaulish calendar means <span class="tei tei-q">“the month of horse-racing.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_196" name="note_196" href="#noteref_196">196.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The same phenomenon is recorded as being witnessed by Peredur +in the Welsh tale of that name in the <span class="tei tei-q">“Mabinogion.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_197" name="note_197" href="#noteref_197">197.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Like the bridge to Skatha't dūn, <a href="#page188" class="tei tei-ref">p. 188</a>. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_198" name="note_198" href="#noteref_198">198.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Probably we are to understand that he was an anchorite seeking +for an islet on which to dwell in solitude and contemplation. The +western islands of Ireland abound in the ruins of huts and oratories +built by single monks or little communities. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_199" name="note_199" href="#noteref_199">199.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Tennyson has been particularly happy in his description of +these undersea islands. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_200" name="note_200" href="#noteref_200">200.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Ps. ciii. 5. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_201" name="note_201" href="#noteref_201">201.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This disposes of the last of the foster-brothers, who should not +have joined the party. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_202" name="note_202" href="#noteref_202">202.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Tory Island, off the Donegal coast. There was there a monastery +and a church dedicated to St. Columba. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_203" name="note_203" href="#noteref_203">203.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“One day we shall delight in the remembrance of these things.”</span> +The quotation is from Vergil, <span class="tei tei-q">“Æn.”</span> i. 203 <span class="tei tei-q">“Sacred poet”</span> is a +translation of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">vates sacer</span></span> of Horace. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_204" name="note_204" href="#noteref_204">204.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This sage and poet has not been identified from any other +record. Praise and thanks to him, whoever he may have been. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_205" name="note_205" href="#noteref_205">205.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The Mabinogion,”</span> pp. <a href="#page45" class="tei tei-ref">45</a> and <a href="#page54" class="tei tei-ref">54</a>. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_206" name="note_206" href="#noteref_206">206.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pronounced <span class="tei tei-q">“Annoon.”</span> It was the word used in the early +literature for Hades or Fairyland. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_207" name="note_207" href="#noteref_207">207.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Barddas,”</span> vol. i. pp. 224 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq</span></span>. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_208" name="note_208" href="#noteref_208">208.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Strange as it may seem to us, the character of this object was +by no means fixed from the beginning. In the poem of Wolfram +von Eschenbach it is a stone endowed with magical properties. +The word is derived by the early fabulists from <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">gréable</span></span>, something +pleasant to possess and enjoy, and out of which one could have +<span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">à son gré</span></span>, whatever he chose of good things. The Grail legend will +be dealt with later in connexion with the Welsh tale <span class="tei tei-q">“Peredur.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_209" name="note_209" href="#noteref_209">209.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Distinguished by these from the other great storehouse of +poetic legend, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Matière de Bretagne—i.e.</span></span>, the Arthurian saga. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_210" name="note_210" href="#noteref_210">210.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +See <a href="#page103" class="tei tei-ref">p. 103</a>. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_211" name="note_211" href="#noteref_211">211.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Cultur der Gegenwart,”</span> i. ix. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_212" name="note_212" href="#noteref_212">212.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A list of them is given in Lobineau's <span class="tei tei-q">“Histoire de Bretagne.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_213" name="note_213" href="#noteref_213">213.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +See, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">e.g.,</span></span> pp. <a href="#page243" class="tei tei-ref">243</a> and <a href="#p218n1" class="tei tei-ref">218, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">note</span></span></a>. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_214" name="note_214" href="#noteref_214">214.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +See <a href="#page233" class="tei tei-ref">p. 233</a>, and a similar case in the author's <span class="tei tei-q">“High Deeds of +Finn,”</span> p. 82. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_215" name="note_215" href="#noteref_215">215.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +See <a href="#page232" class="tei tei-ref">p. 232</a>, and the tale of the recovery of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Tain,”</span> <a href="#page234" class="tei tei-ref">p. 234</a>. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_216" name="note_216" href="#noteref_216">216.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Pwyll King of Dyfed,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Bran and Branwen,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Math Sor +of Māthonwy,”</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“Manawyddan Son of Llyr.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_217" name="note_217" href="#noteref_217">217.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +See <a href="#page107" class="tei tei-ref">p. 107</a>. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_218" name="note_218" href="#noteref_218">218.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Hibbert Lectures,”</span> pp. 237-240. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_219" name="note_219" href="#noteref_219">219.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +See pp. <a href="#page88" class="tei tei-ref">88</a>, <a href="#page109" class="tei tei-ref">109</a>, &c. Lugh, of course, = Lux, Light. The +Celtic words <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lamh</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Llaw</span></span> were used indifferently for hand or +arm. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_220" name="note_220" href="#noteref_220">220.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Mr. Squire, in his <span class="tei tei-q">“Mythology of the British Islands,”</span> 1905, +has brought together in a clear and attractive form the most recent +results of studies on this subject. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_221" name="note_221" href="#noteref_221">221.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Finn and Gwyn are respectively the Gaelic and Cymric forms +of the same name, meaning fair or white. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_222" name="note_222" href="#noteref_222">222.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Mythology of the British Islands,”</span> p. 225. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_223" name="note_223" href="#noteref_223">223.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The sense appears to be doubtful here, and is variously rendered. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_224" name="note_224" href="#noteref_224">224.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Lloegyr = Saxon Britain. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_225" name="note_225" href="#noteref_225">225.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Rhys, <span class="tei tei-q">“Hibbert Lectures,”</span> quoting from the ancient saga of +Merlin published by the English Text Society, p. 693. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_226" name="note_226" href="#noteref_226">226.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Mythology of the British Islands,”</span> pp. 325, 326; and Rhys, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Hibbert Lectures,”</span> p. 155 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq</span></span>. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_227" name="note_227" href="#noteref_227">227.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the <span class="tei tei-q">“Iolo MSS.,”</span> collected by Edward Williams. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_228" name="note_228" href="#noteref_228">228.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +See, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>, pp. <a href="#page111" class="tei tei-ref">111</a>, <a href="#page272" class="tei tei-ref">272</a>. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_229" name="note_229" href="#noteref_229">229.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +We see here that we have got far from primitive Celtic legend. +The heroes fight like mediaeval knights on horseback, tilting at each +other with spears, not in chariots or on foot, and not with the +strange weapons which figure in Gaelic battle-tales. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_230" name="note_230" href="#noteref_230">230.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Hēn, <span class="tei tei-q">“the Ancient”</span>; an epithet generally implying a hoary +antiquity associated with mythological tradition. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_231" name="note_231" href="#noteref_231">231.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pronounced <span class="tei tei-q">“Pry-dair´y.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_232" name="note_232" href="#noteref_232">232.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Evidently this was the triangular Norman shield, not the round +or oval Celtic one. It has already been noticed that in these Welsh +tales the knights when they fight tilt at each other with spears. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_233" name="note_233" href="#noteref_233">233.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The reader may pronounce this <span class="tei tei-q">“Matholaw.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_234" name="note_234" href="#noteref_234">234.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Compare the description of Mac Cecht in the tale of the Hostel +of De Derga, p. 173. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_235" name="note_235" href="#noteref_235">235.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Where the Tower of London now stands. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_236" name="note_236" href="#noteref_236">236.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +These stories, in Ireland and in Wales, always attach themselves +to actual burial-places. In 1813 a funeral urn containing ashes and +half-burnt bones was found in the spot traditionally supposed to be +Branwen's sepulchre. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_237" name="note_237" href="#noteref_237">237.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Saxon Britain. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_238" name="note_238" href="#noteref_238">238.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This is a distorted reminiscence of the practice which seems to +have obtained in the courts of Welsh princes, that a high officer +should hold the king's feet in his lap while he sat at meat. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_239" name="note_239" href="#noteref_239">239.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Hawthorn, King of the Giants.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_240" name="note_240" href="#noteref_240">240.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The gods of the family of Dōn are thus conceived as servitors to +Arthur, who in this story is evidently the god Artaius. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_241" name="note_241" href="#noteref_241">241.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“She of the White Track.”</span> Compare the description of Etain, +pp. <a href="#page158" class="tei tei-ref">157</a>, <a href="#page158" class="tei tei-ref">158</a>. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_242" name="note_242" href="#noteref_242">242.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There is no other mention of this Kenverchyn or of how Owain +got his raven-army, also referred to in <span class="tei tei-q">“The Dream of Rhonabwy.”</span> +We have here evidently a piece of antique mythology embedded in +a more modern fabric. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_243" name="note_243" href="#noteref_243">243.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Like the Breton Tale of <span class="tei tei-q">“Peronnik the Fool,”</span> translated in +<span class="tei tei-q">“Le Foyer Bréton,”</span> by Emile Souvestre. The syllable <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Per</span></span> which +occurs in all forms of the hero's name means in Welsh and Cornish +a bowl or vessel (Irish <span lang="ga" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ga"><span style="font-style: italic">coire</span></span>—see <a href="#p35n1" class="tei tei-ref">p. 35, note</a>). No satisfactory derivation +has in any case been found of the latter part of the name. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_244" name="note_244" href="#noteref_244">244.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“They are nourished by a stone of most noble nature ... it +is called <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">lapsit exillîs</span></span>; the stone is also called the Grail.”</span> The term +<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">lapsit exillîs</span></span> appears to be a corruption for <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">lapis ex celis</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“the stone +from heaven.”</span> +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_245" name="note_245" href="#noteref_245">245.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The true derivation is from the Low Latin <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">cratella</span></span>, a small vessel +or chalice. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_246" name="note_246" href="#noteref_246">246.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A similar selective action is ascribed to the Grail by Wolfram. +It can only be lifted by a pure maiden when carried into the hall, +and a heathen cannot see it or be benefited by it. The same idea +is also strongly marked in the story narrating the early history of +the Grail by Robert de Borron, about 1210: the impure and sinful +cannot benefit by it. Borron, however, does not touch upon the +Perceval or <span class="tei tei-q">“quest”</span> portion of the story at all. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_247" name="note_247" href="#noteref_247">247.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Hades. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_248" name="note_248" href="#noteref_248">248.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Caer Vedwyd means the Castle of Revelry. I follow the version +of this poem given by Squire in his <span class="tei tei-q">“Mythology of the British +Islands,”</span> where it may be read in full. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_249" name="note_249" href="#noteref_249">249.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The combination of objects at the Grail Castle is very significant. +They were a sword, a spear, and a vessel, or, in some +versions, a stone. These are the magical treasures brought by the +Danaans into Ireland—a sword, a spear, a cauldron, and a stone. +See pp. 105, 106. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_250" name="note_250" href="#noteref_250">250.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Round Table finds no mention in Cymric legend earlier +than the fifteenth century. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_251" name="note_251" href="#noteref_251">251.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Vergil, in his mediæval character of magician. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_252" name="note_252" href="#noteref_252">252.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Taliesin. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_253" name="note_253" href="#noteref_253">253.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Alluding to the imaginary Trojan ancestry of the Britons. +</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_254" name="note_254" href="#noteref_254">254.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I have somewhat abridged this curious poem. The connexion +with ideas of transmigration, as in the legend of Tuan mac Carell +(see pp. 97-101), is obvious. Tuan's last stage, it may be recalled, +was a fish, and Taliesin was taken in a salmon-weir. +</p></dd></dl> + </div> + + + + + +</div> + +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <div id="pgfooter" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"><pre class="pre tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF THE CELTIC RACE*** +</pre><hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><a name="rightpageheader25" id="rightpageheader25"></a><a name="pgtoc26" id="pgtoc26"></a><a name="pdf27" id="pdf27"></a><h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Credits</span></h1><table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr><th class="tei tei-label tei-label-gloss">October 16, 2010 </th></tr><tr><td class="tei tei-item tei-item-gloss"><table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Project Gutenberg TEI edition 1</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item"><span class="tei tei-respStmt"> + <span class="tei tei-name"> + Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Thierry Alberto, Jimmy O'Regan, + and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at Distributed + Proofreaders Europe. + </span> + </span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><a name="rightpageheader28" id="rightpageheader28"></a><a name="pgtoc29" id="pgtoc29"></a><a name="pdf30" id="pdf30"></a><h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">A Word from Project Gutenberg</span></h1><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This file should be named + 34081-h.html or + 34081-h.zip.</p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This and all associated files of various formats will be found + in: + + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/4/0/8/34081/" class="block tei tei-xref" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">http://www.gutenberg.org</span><span style="font-size: 90%">/dirs/3/4/0/8/34081/</span></a></p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Updated editions will replace the previous one — the old + editions will be renamed.</p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Creating the works from public domain print editions means that + no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the + Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United + States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. + Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this + license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works + to protect the Project Gutenberg™ concept and trademark. 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